Army of the Tennessee - MG Oliver O. Howard XV Corps - MG Peter J. Osterhaus Fort McAllister garrison - Maj George Wayne Anderson Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea","title":"Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)"},{"id":"937760","text":"Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea. Newly invented telegraph enabled more rapid communication between armies and their headquarters capitals. Combat was still usually waged by opposing divisions with skirmish lines on rural battlefields, violent naval engagements by cannon-armed sailing or steam-powered vessels, and assault on military forces defending a town. There was still room for triumphs for the strategy of manoeuvre such as Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, but these depended upon an enemy's unwillingness to entrench. Towards the end of the war, especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of","title":"Military strategy"},{"id":"16476046","text":"Unlike Charleston and Savannah, Wilmington was the central depot for blockade runners throughout most of the Civil War. The Union made several attempts to stop the ships coming and going; but it proved to be a futile effort, as the blockade runners were built for speed. This was made plainly evident on December 23, 1864, when the largest Union fleet ever to assemble in the Atlantic attacked Fort Fisher, a massive fortification protecting the Cape Fear River entrance and Wilmington. While the fleet of 125 \"Men-of-war\" and transports were blockading the harbor, an incoming blockade runner passed through the fleet","title":"Blockade runners of the American Civil War"},{"id":"4151638","text":"illegal night attack by Commander Napoleon Collins, of the U.S. Navy steam sloop-of-war . Towed to sea, she was sent to the United States as a prize, despite the Empire of Brazil's protests at the violation of its sovereignty. Commander Collins was court-martialed and was convicted of violating Brazilian territorial rights, but the verdict was set aside by United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Collins won fame and eventual promotion for his daring capture of the raider. At Newport News, Virginia, on November 28, 1864, \"Florida\" reached the end of her career when she sank under dubious circumstances","title":"CSS Florida (cruiser)"},{"id":"5726093","text":"for such operations. She returned to Port Royal, South Carolina, on 26 November 1864 for service in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Three days later, sailors and marines from \"St. Louis\" went ashore at Boyd's Landing to participate in the combined Army-Navy thrust up the Broad River. Under the command of Comdr. George H. Preble, the expedition was designed to assist General William Tecumseh Sherman as he approached Savannah, Georgia at the end of his march across Georgia. This operation was completed on 29 December. \"St. Louis\" then briefly returned to blockade duty before finally sailing to the Philadelphia Navy","title":"USS St. Louis (1828)"},{"id":"5786907","text":"on the American east coast to guard merchant shipping in convoys. \"Chasseur\" captured or sank 17 vessels before returning home to Baltimore on 25 March 1815, three months after a peace treaty in Ghent, United Netherlands had been signed ending the War of 1812. Perhaps her most famous accomplishment was the capture of the schooner HMS \"St Lawrence\". On the \"Chasseur\"'s return to Baltimore, the national newspaper published in the city, \"Niles Weekly Register\" dubbed the vessel, her captain, and crew the \"pride of Baltimore\" for their achievement. In 1975, after many years of slow decay and decline, Baltimore was","title":"Pride of Baltimore"},{"id":"4141163","text":"a practice that one historian has called delusional. Historian Wilfred B. Yearns concluded, “Only the nearly solid support from occupied districts enabled President Davis to maintain a majority in Congress until the last days of the nation.\" After a two-and-a-half month intercession from the end of the First Congress, the first session of the Second Confederate Congress sat from May 2 until June 14, 1864. During this period, Sherman began his Federal March to the Sea, and Grant advanced to the outskirts of Richmond at Cold Harbor, Virginia. Confederate forces fell back into defensive positions. In his message to Congress","title":"Congress of the Confederate States"},{"id":"8610048","text":"not much fighting in Georgia until September 1863, when Confederates under Braxton Bragg defeated William S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga Creek. In May 1864, William T. Sherman started pursuing the Confederates towards Atlanta, which he captured in September, in advance of his March to the Sea. This six-week campaign destroyed much of the civilian infrastructure of Georgia, decisively shortening the war. When news of the march reached Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, whole Georgian regiments deserted, feeling they were needed at home. The Battle of Columbus, fought on the Georgia-Alabama border on April 16, 1865, is reckoned by some criteria","title":"Georgia in the American Civil War"},{"id":"295020","text":"when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the war's","title":"Nashville, Tennessee"},{"id":"7178647","text":"which camped at Old Church on the old Quaker Road. Additional fighting over the next few days enabled Sherman to close in on Savannah. Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia The Battle of Waynesboro was an American Civil War battle fought on December 4, 1864, towards the end of Sherman's March to the Sea. Union cavalry forces under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick defeated Confederate cavalry led by Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, opening the way for William T. Sherman's armies to approach their objective, Savannah. As Sherman's infantry marched southeast through Georgia, his cavalry under Judson Kilpatrick rode northeastward. In the late afternoon","title":"Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia"},{"id":"8799235","text":"on October 3, 1864. During the first week, he was assisted by 2,000 soldiers of the XX Corps. On October 5, Capt. Poe reported to Gen. Sherman that they had completed positions for thirty guns. Work continued until November 1 with a much smaller work force until preparations for the March to the Sea began. Gen. Sherman realized that the occupation of Atlanta would tie up substantial manpower resources, so he devised a plan to abandon Atlanta. The plan called for the destruction of all military assets within the city, the reorganization of the forces under his command and for","title":"Atlanta in the American Civil War"},{"id":"1221348","text":"saw some skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Charleston and Savannah Railway (today's CSX Transportation) was considered a prized possession and major strategic goal for Union forces. The Battle of Honey Hill, an effort to defend the railroad, was one of the last battles won by southern forces in late 1864, shortly before General William Sherman entered South Carolina after his March to the Sea in Georgia. The area within the city was settled in the 19th century by Isaac Hardee, a native North Carolinean. Through the efforts of his son, Whyte William Hardee, a","title":"Hardeeville, South Carolina"},{"id":"11143266","text":"dispatch vessel. On the day of the steamer's arrival, she began a cruise south through the Confederacy's inland waters as far down the coast as Georgetown, South Carolina. Her mission was to attempt to communicate with General William Tecumseh Sherman who—after completing his march from Atlanta, Georgia, through Georgia to the sea—had swung north to move his army toward Richmond, Virginia, in support of General Ulysses S. Grant's operations against the Confederate capital. This assignment kept the side wheeler busy through the end of January when Porter called her back to the Cape Fear River. For more than a month","title":"USS Bat (1864)"},{"id":"5072401","text":"Franklin–Nashville Campaign The Franklin–Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia during the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's lines of communications and central Tennessee. After a brief attempt to pursue Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta and began his March to the Sea, leaving Union forces under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to deal with Hood's threat. Hood hoped","title":"Franklin–Nashville Campaign"},{"id":"1038244","text":"beginning, and is now leased to CSX. The Union Army occupied the Vinings area during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in 1864 and the subsequent March to the Sea. Pace's home, which had been used as a hospital for Union troops, was destroyed in the process. Vinings recovered after the war, as Governor Brown leased the railroad to Vinings to bring passengers to the springs and pavilions built to encourage a respite from the reconstruction of Atlanta. Vinings was officially recognized as a community in 1904, the same year the one-lane bridge was constructed across the Chattahoochee","title":"Vinings, Georgia"},{"id":"8799244","text":"toward the last moment.\" The work of destroying Atlanta's military assets began under the direction of the Chief Engineer, Capt. Poe, on Nov 12, and would continue until the evening of November 15, 1864. In his official report, Captain Poe states: Gen. Sherman returned to the city on Nov. 14. In his memoirs, he recalls: After a plea by Father Thomas O'Reilly of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Sherman did not burn the city's churches or hospitals. However, the remaining war resources were then destroyed in Atlanta and in Sherman's March to the Sea. One of the major buildings that","title":"Atlanta in the American Civil War"},{"id":"6203711","text":"Sherman pressing Johnston in north Georgia in 1864. The narrative describes the events and battles from Sherman's March to the Sea to Lincoln's assassination and the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Original release by Random House: Vintage Books, a Random House subsidiary, issued the series as trade paperbacks in 1986: Beginning in 1999, Time–Life published a fourteen volume \"40th Anniversary Edition\" with contemporary photographs and illustrations. This edition was sold by subscription, but when Time–Life exited the book business, remaindered copies appeared in bookstores. Relatively few copies of volume 13 were printed, increasing the value of that volume and the","title":"The Civil War: A Narrative"},{"id":"2297112","text":"River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Sherman telegraphed to President","title":"Sherman's March to the Sea"},{"id":"5221638","text":"council protested this order, claiming that most of those who had not fled could not leave on account of their age, sickness, pregnancy, or destitution. In response, Sherman wrote back, accusing the Confederates of hypocrisy for invading Union territory and inflicting pains on American citizens, but only complaining when the reverse was done to them: Union soldiers under Sherman occupied the city for two months and burned much of it on November 15, 1864, in preparation for the March to the Sea. Calhoun is buried in Oakland Cemetery. His son, William Lowndes Calhoun, served as Atlanta's mayor in the 1870s.","title":"James Calhoun"},{"id":"1045472","text":"1864, Sherman's March to the Sea passed through Millen. Prior to the arrival of Union forces, Confederate soldiers evacuated the Camp Lawton prisoners to Savannah. The Union soldiers destroyed Millen's Junction after finding the prison camp and to avoid use of the railway junction. The town was rebuilt after the war. In 1881, the city of Millen was incorporated by an act of the Georgia State Legislature, becoming the county seat of the newly created Jenkins County in 1905. The Downtown Millen Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The county is largely rural","title":"Millen, Georgia"},{"id":"16829587","text":"District with the duties of destroying whiskey stills and tracking down deserters. Soon, Harrison's command was required to oppose Sherman's March to the Sea. When they reached the Savannah area, Sherman's men pillaged Harrison's home and property at Montieth. In December 1864, Harrison was taken prisoner while visiting his devastated property. Harrison was released from prison before the end of the war but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States government. After the Civil War, Harrison returned to the Savannah area. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives for 1865–1866 and served as a","title":"George Paul Harrison Sr."},{"id":"11900580","text":"Governor Joseph E Brown led Georgia through the Civil War while living in the Mansion. During the Civil War, the Mansion was claimed as a \"prize\" during General Sherman's \"March to the Sea\" and Sherman made the Mansion his headquarters, spending the night of November 23, 1864 in the Mansion's family dining room. Following the loss of the capital, The Mansion was used as a boarding house until from 1868 - 1879, when the state loaned it to the newly organized Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and then to Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now Georgia College. The mansion served","title":"Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)"},{"id":"4759004","text":"Battle of Jonesborough The Battle of Jonesborough (modern name Jonesboro) was fought August 31–September 1, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Two Union armies led by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman maneuvered to draw the Army of Tennessee (led by John Bell Hood) away from their defenses at Atlanta, Georgia, where it could be destroyed. Although Hood's army was not destroyed, the city of Atlanta was abandoned and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war. The fall of Atlanta also had far-reaching political as well as military effects on the course of","title":"Battle of Jonesborough"},{"id":"9135945","text":"under Col. Smith D. Atkins attacked the bridge and destroyed a trestlework past Morgan's Lake, but was unable to capture the bridge or seize the Confederate battery at Doctortown on December 19. The Federals withdrew to the Ogeechee River. Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping","title":"Battle of Altamaha Bridge"},{"id":"9135943","text":"Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping open Confederate supply lines to the city. On December 1, 1864, the Fourth Brigade Georgia Militia under Brig. Gen. Henry Kent McCay arrived in Wayne County to prepare a defense of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad bridge over the","title":"Battle of Altamaha Bridge"},{"id":"8386391","text":"from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware River. Meanwhile at sea, \"Lexington\" becomes captured by the British frigate HMS \"Pearl\". Momentarily, Marine Captain Abraham Boyce lead his men and \"Lexington\"s sailors in overtaking the small British prize crew. \"Alfred\" also engaged combat with HMS \"Milford\" on 9 December. Although the British frigate was better-armed, the American ship was able to out-sail their opponent and escape unharmed. The Continental Marines and sailors were able to escape to the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. General Washington attacked the German garrison","title":"History of the United States Marine Corps"},{"id":"4759015","text":"and slip past Federal forces at Jonesborough en route to Lovejoy Station where they encamped during the month of September. That night Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta. The Union forces did succeed in cutting Hood's supply lines, but they had failed to annihilate Hardee's command. Sherman would finally occupy Atlanta the following day on September 2. This had been one of his major goals in the campaign. The Battle of Jonesborough was the final battle of the Atlanta Campaign, and it caused the besieged city of Atlanta to fall into Union hands. On September 4, 1864, General Sherman issued","title":"Battle of Jonesborough"},{"id":"4700416","text":"telegram informing him that \"Alabama\" was at Cherbourg, a French naval port. Capt. Winslow arrived off Cherbourg 14 June 1864, where he found the \"Alabama\" and blockaded her in the harbor. The \"Alabama\" made preparations for fight, and Capt. Raphael Semmes caused Winslow to be informed of this intention through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June 1864, he was lying three miles off the eastern entrance of the harbor when the \"Alabama\" came out, escorted by a French iron-clad and the English yacht \"Deerhound\". Winslow steamed off seven miles from the shore so as to be beyond the","title":"John Ancrum Winslow"},{"id":"9127264","text":"lost in the attempt. Du Pont accepted responsibility for the failure at Charleston by resigning. Fort McAllister would not be subdued by naval bombardment, but would succumb to an infantry assault at the end of Sherman's March to the Sea in December 1864. Battle of Fort McAllister (1863) The First Battle of Fort McAllister was a series of naval attacks that took place from January 27 to March 3, 1863, in Bryan County, Georgia, during the American Civil War. The commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron Rear Adm. Samuel F. Du Pont decided to test operation of new monitors","title":"Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)"},{"id":"4633999","text":"Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia. With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so ruthlessly, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union","title":"Valley Campaigns of 1864"},{"id":"9747193","text":"Beginning November 27, 1864, Davidson was ordered to lead a 4,000 strong cavalry raid from Union held Baton Rouge to sever the M & O Railroad near State Line, Mississippi. The raid was intended to divert resources away from Confederate John Bell Hood's operations near Nashville and to threaten and harass Mobile. Additionally, the raid was to support Sherman's March to the Sea by requiring the Confederates to keep resources in the Mobile, AL theater of operations. After departing Baton Rouge the Davidson's forces reached Greensburg, LA capturing several Confederate prisoners, on November 29, 1864, then to Tangipahoa, LA where","title":"John Davidson (general)"},{"id":"17074660","text":"Oliver O'Brien Oliver Albert O'Brien (1839 – October 1, 1894) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the capture of a blockade runner. Born in 1839 in Boston, O'Brien was still living in that city when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a coxswain on the . On November 28, 1864, he was involved in the capture of the blockade runner \"Beatrice\" off Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbor. O'Brien commanded one of the launches which","title":"Oliver O'Brien"},{"id":"6973177","text":"Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of September 1, burning military supplies and installations, causing a great conflagration in the city. Coincident with Sherman's triumph in Atlanta, Admiral David Farragut won the decisive naval Battle of Mobile Bay on August 24. Steaming past the forts guarding the mouth of the bay, Farragut engaged and forced the surrender of the Confederate fleet defending the city, capturing Admiral Franklin Buchanan. The city itself, long a desired target of Grant's, would remain in Confederate hands until 1865, but the last seaport east of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast was closed, further tightening","title":"Western Theater of the American Civil War"},{"id":"409417","text":"relevant passages in diverging ways. Total war also describes the French \"guerre à outrance\" during the Franco-Prussian War. In his letter to his Chief of Staff, Union General Henry Halleck on 24 December 1864 described that the Union was \"not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies,\" defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In","title":"Total war"},{"id":"17188535","text":"Alabama during the month of October. November 1864 found the Crews' Brigade around Macon fighting the Union's Col. Atkins' 2nd Brigade Cavalry. In December 1864, the Brigade participated in the Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia, part of Sherman's March to the Sea, which culminated in helping Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's evacuation of Savannah, Georgia. The year ended with this note from Major General Wheeler, \"...Allen, Humes, Anderson, Dibrell, Hagen, Crews, Ashby, Harrison and Breckenridge and many other brave men whose gallantry you have so often witnessed are here still to guide and lead you in battles yet to be won..\".","title":"C.C. Crews"},{"id":"4745060","text":"the town. Hood's invasion of Tennessee continued as he attempted to intercept Schofield's retreating army at Spring Hill. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his supply lines from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman elected instead to conduct his March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. He left forces under the command of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, to defend Tennessee and defeat Hood: principally the IV Corps","title":"Battle of Columbia"},{"id":"2699957","text":"South by extensive destruction of property. (On the eve of the march, one soldier wrote that \"[w]e understand... that Sherman intends to use us to Christianize this country.\") In the final stage of the march, Sherman called upon his old Shiloh division, now in the Army of the Tennessee's XV Corps and under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to subdue Fort McAllister, outside Savannah, Georgia. On December 21, the march culminated with the capture of Savannah. The Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia thereby allowed Sherman to present Savannah to Lincoln as a \"Christmas-gift","title":"Army of the Tennessee"},{"id":"1037377","text":"the Civil War, Adairsville was involved on the side of the Confederate States of America in 1861 against the Union. On April 12, 1862, the steam locomotive \"The General\" was pursued from Atlanta and passed through Adairsville as its people the Great Locomotive Chase. After that, Adairians set a three-day street festival in remembrance of the Chase. The Civil War came to the town in full force on May 17, 1864, when the Confederate army failed to defeat Sherman and his Union army during the Atlanta Campaign in the Battle of Adairsville. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Adairsville","title":"Adairsville, Georgia"},{"id":"1916590","text":"and urged President Davis to replace Johnston. Davis removed Johnston from command on July 17, 1864, just outside Atlanta. \"The fate of Atlanta, from the Confederate standpoint, was all but decided by Johnston.\" (His replacement, Lt. Gen. Hood, was left with the \"virtually impossible situation\" of defending Atlanta which he was forced to abandon in September.) Davis's decision to remove Johnston was one of the most controversial of the war. Johnston traveled to Columbia, South Carolina, to begin a virtual retirement. However, as the Confederacy became increasingly concerned about Sherman's March to the Sea across Georgia and then north through","title":"Joseph E. Johnston"},{"id":"15760256","text":"1812 the entire region was under control of the rebels, except for the city of Montevideo itself, which was besieged. On December 31, Vigodet broke out of the city but was defeated in the Battle of Cerrito. Supplied from over the sea, the city still held out until May 17, 1814, when the naval victories of Admiral William Brown, cut off the supply route and the city faced starvation. By the end of June, Vigodet was forced to surrender Montevideo to General Carlos María de Alvear. The following years he stayed in Río de Janeiro, where he tried to take","title":"Gaspar de Vigodet"},{"id":"6936200","text":"1853 until 1856. During the Civil War, control of the railroad was vital to the protection of Savannah and keeping nearby Confederate troops supplied with food and materiel. In December 1864, during his March to the Sea, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman sent part of his Union forces forward to cut the line, which would force Confederate general William Hardee to retreat and abandon Savannah. The mission failed, but sections of the railroad would be severely damaged during Sherman's subsequent 1865 Carolinas Campaign. Following the war, the railroad was reorganized in 1866 as the \"Savannah and Charleston Railroad\" but did","title":"Charleston and Savannah Railway"},{"id":"16566746","text":"of James Island and they marched as far north as Asheville, North Carolina before being recalled to their home state by the Governor. Sherman's troops burned the Arsenal Academy in Columbia during their march to the sea and it never reopened. The Citadel Academy was seized by Union forces when Charleston fell a short time after the Tulifinny battle and they remained until 1882. Battle of Tulifinny The Battle of Tulifinny was an American Civil War engagement fought December 6–9, 1864 in South Carolina during General Sherman's March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign. Outnumbered 5-1 a","title":"Battle of Tulifinny"},{"id":"5427295","text":"CSS Isondiga CSS Isondiga was a small wooden gunboat without masts that served in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. \"Isondiga\" operated in waters around Savannah, Georgia, and in Saint Augustine Creek, Florida, from April 1863 to December 1864, Lieutenant Joel S. Kennard commanding. She accompanied ironclad ram CSS \"Atlanta\" in the engagement in which \"Atlanta\" was captured on June 17, 1863. She escaped from Savannah on December 21, 1864 before the city fell to the forces of U.S. General William T. Sherman. She was later burned by her commanding officer and crew to prevent seizure by","title":"CSS Isondiga"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2297094\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \\\"scorched earth\\\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"571969\",\n \"text\": \"army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 15–16). Meanwhile, after the November elections, Sherman began a march with 62,000 men to the port of Savannah, Georgia, living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage. Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war \\\"hard war,\\\" often seen as a species of total war. At the end of this campaign, known as Sherman's March to the Sea, his troops captured Savannah on December 21, 1864. Sherman then dispatched a famous message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a\",\n \"title\": \"William Tecumseh Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3049335\",\n \"text\": \"left wing (northern column; Army of Georgia) marched following the Georgia railroad, feinting toward Augusta. Sherman's plan was to confuse the Confederate Army as to his objectives. The city he was heading for was Milledgeville, the Georgia state capital, which was captured on November 22, 1864. The ultimate objective of the March was the port city of Savannah, which was captured and occupied on December 21, 1864. Sherman later placed Slocum in command of the newly created Army of Georgia, composed of the XIV Corps and the XX Corps from the Army of the Cumberland, which served as the left\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Warner Slocum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11282192\",\n \"text\": \"march south to Savannah. They lived off the land and, by Sherman's own estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone. Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war \\\"hard war\\\" (in modern times this is known as total war). Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864. Sherman then telegraphed his commander-in-chief, President Abraham Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present. As the 19th century progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and its wealth exponentially, but its ranking among the largest U.S. cities steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most populous\",\n \"title\": \"History of Savannah, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"874853\",\n \"text\": \"the city until July 1782. In December 1804 the state legislature declared Milledgeville the new capital of Georgia. Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacy's sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea. Early on December 21, 1864, local authorities negotiated a peaceful surrender to save Savannah from destruction, and Union troops marched into the city at dawn. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which probably derives from variant names for the Shawnee, a Native American people who migrated to the river in the 1680s. The\",\n \"title\": \"Savannah, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8610064\",\n \"text\": \"of damaging frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. In November 1864, Sherman stripped his army of non-essentials, burned the city of Atlanta, and left it to the Confederates. He began his famous Sherman's March to the Sea, living off the land then burning plantations, wrecking railroads, killing livestock, and freeing slaves. Thousands of escaped slaves followed him as he entered Savannah on December 22. After the loss of Atlanta, the governor withdrew the state's\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4210219\",\n \"text\": \"battery, protecting both the city and Fort Jackson. \\\"Georgia\\\" had been in service about 20 months, when Sherman's March to the Sea captured Savannah by land on December 21, 1864. Her Confederate crew scuttled the ship to prevent her capture and use against the South. \\\"Georgia\\\" is thought never to have fired a shot in combat, although there is a story that she once fired on Union boats that were attempting to approach the city by the river. In 1866 the ship's railroad iron armor was partially salvaged and the wooden hull was shattered by the underwater charges used to\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Georgia (ironclad)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3049339\",\n \"text\": \"pioneers were required to build over 100 miles of corduroy roads. Weather was relatively clear, as it only rained on two days. For Slocum's Army of Georgia, there were no major battles fought during the Savannah campaign. Most of the actions were, by Union accounts, skirmishes or small actions. General Sherman's Army captured two major cities during the March to the Sea. These cities were the Milledgeville, Capitol of Georgia, and Savannah, Georgia, the principal seaport city of Georgia. Both cities were occupied by the Union Army and there was little destruction of property caused by soldiers. Both cities remained\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Warner Slocum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297111\",\n \"text\": \"wing stormed the fort in the Battle of Fort McAllister and captured it within 15 minutes. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war. Now that Sherman had contact with the Navy fleet under Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, he was able to obtain the supplies and siege artillery he required to invest Savannah. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city: Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. On December 20, he led his men across the Savannah\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1498203\",\n \"text\": \"Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman's troops headed south-southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union general George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln, on a peace platform calling for a truce with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta and Hood's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, significantly boosting Northern morale, and Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16034926\",\n \"text\": \"stationed at Atlanta Georgia, May 1864, and the battery strength was reported as 3 officers, 67 enlisted men. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. Two members of Rivers battery were either capture or took the opportunity of the fall of the City of Atlanta to desert. Private Francis M. Brewer is recorded as being captured on September 2, 1864, at Atlanta and subsequently took the oath of allegiance to the Union and was released from prison\",\n \"title\": \"1st Arkansas Light Artillery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3049340\",\n \"text\": \"intact. The Union Army, in both cases, was credited with protecting these cities. In Savannah, the mayor of the city and aldermen thanked General Sherman and Slocum's subordinate, General Geary. Upon reaching Savannah, Slocum took the surrender of the city on December 21, 1864. Slocum then set up fire guards and prevented the city of Savannah from being damaged. On December 22, Sherman telegraphed Abraham Lincoln, presenting Savannah as a Christmas present to Lincoln and the Union. After the capture of the city, Slocum recommended to Sherman that Confederate Gen. William J. Hardee's corps, whose only escape route was north\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Warner Slocum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4887939\",\n \"text\": \"Marching Through Georgia \\\"Marching Through Georgia\\\" (sometimes spelled as \\\"Marching Thru' Georgia\\\" or \\\"Marching Thro Georgia\\\") is a marching song written by Henry Clay Work at the end of the American Civil War in 1865. The title and lyrics of the song refer to U.S. Army major general William T. Sherman's \\\"March to the Sea\\\" to capture the Confederate city of Savannah, Georgia in late 1864. The song became widely popular with Union Army veterans after the American Civil War. The song, sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, tells of marching through Georgian territory, freeing slaves,\",\n \"title\": \"Marching Through Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4458\",\n \"text\": \"Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. While the military war was coming to an end, the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years, known as the Reconstruction Era. The American Civil\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297095\",\n \"text\": \"The operation broke the back of the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. Sherman's bold move of operating deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be one of the major achievements of the war and is also considered to be the early example of modern total war. Sherman's \\\"March to the Sea\\\" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7460716\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Griswoldville The Battle of Griswoldville was the first battle of Sherman's March to the Sea, fought November 22, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Union Army brigade under Brig. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt fought three brigades of Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. Pleasant J. Philips, at Griswoldville, near Macon, Georgia, and continued its march toward Savannah. Sherman, victorious in the lengthy Atlanta Campaign, had refitted his army and recently departed from Atlanta on a march designed to reach the Atlantic Coast at Savannah. The right wing of Sherman's force was the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Griswoldville\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19612627\",\n \"text\": \"in December 1864. The loss of Fort McAllister opened the way to the sea for General Sherman, allowing him to link up with the Union Navy, resupply his forces, and bring the City of Savannah to its knees. Supervising the forts under his command, he was constantly sought out for his artillery expertise. During General Sherman's March to the Sea Anderson was placed in charge of the City of Charleston in December 1864. He was involved in the planning and execution of the city's evacuation before his transfer to Augusta, Georgia before returning to Savannah to lead refugees out of\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Clifford Anderson, SR\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15162050\",\n \"text\": \"and chaotic, with troops milling around inside the Crater. This allowed Lee to repulse the breakthrough. Despite the setback with the Crater incident and a Congressional investigation that followed, Grant was able to lock in Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia at Petersburg. Grant's Union siege at Petersburg allowed the Union war effort on other fronts to finally bear fruit. Sherman took Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and began his March to the Sea in November. With victories at Atlanta and Mobile Bay, Lincoln was re-elected President and the war effort continued. On October 19, after three battles, Philip\",\n \"title\": \"Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297119\",\n \"text\": \"full bloom during World War II when both Axis and Allied powers deliberately and indiscriminately bombed enemy and enemy-controlled cities to create terror or disrupt war production in order to win the war by any means at their disposal — including extensive incendiary raids and the dropping of two atomic bombs. Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1498214\",\n \"text\": \"citizens including William Markham, Jonathan Norcross, and Edward Rawson, met a captain on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, and surrendered the city, asking for \\\"protection to non-combatants and private property\\\". Sherman, who was in Jonesborough at the time of surrender, sent a telegram to Washington on September 3, reading, \\\"Atlanta is ours, and fairly won\\\". He then established his headquarters there on September 7, where he stayed for over two months. On November 15, the army departed east toward Savannah, on what became known as \\\"Sherman's March to the Sea\\\". The fall of Atlanta and the success\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759016\",\n \"text\": \"Special Field Order # 64. General Sherman announced to his troops that “The army having accomplished its undertaking in the complete reduction and occupation of Atlanta will occupy the place and the country near it until a new campaign is planned in concert with the other grand armies of the United States.” The capture of Atlanta greatly aided the re-election of Abraham Lincoln in November, and hastened the end of the war. Hood led his defeated army away from Atlanta and to the west, opening the way for Sherman's March to the Sea and resulting in the virtual destruction of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jonesborough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4548\",\n \"text\": \"of Lincoln as president. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his \\\"March to the Sea\\\". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3049312\",\n \"text\": \"left wing of Gen. William T. Sherman's famous \\\"March to the Sea\\\" to Savannah on the Atlantic coast through Georgia and afterwards turning north through the Carolinas, commanding the XIV and XX Corps, comprising the Army of Georgia. During this campaign, he captured the then state capital of Georgia, Milledgeville and the Atlantic coast seaport of Savannah. In the Carolinas campaign, Slocum's army saw victories in the battles of Averasborough and Bentonville, North Carolina. The \\\"March to the Sea\\\" and the Carolinas campaign were crucial to the overall Union victory in the Civil War. After the surrender of Confederate forces,\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Warner Slocum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19031604\",\n \"text\": \"assure you. These men were not prepared to give you anything\\\". Hazen could see across the marsh to the rice mill where General Sherman watched and waited, anxious for a signal that the fort was theirs. Looking back to Anderson he spoke, \\\"Get to the rear, George, and report to me later.\\\". Fort McAllister is where Sherman's March to the Sea ended, and where the war ended for Major Anderson. \\\"The fort never surrendered, it was captured by overwhelming force\\\", recalled Anderson. General Hazen agreed with Anderson's accounting of the battle, reporting that his forces fought \\\"the garrison through the\",\n \"title\": \"George Wayne Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7460722\",\n \"text\": \"monument and interpretive wayside markers are at the site on Baker Road near the intersection with Griswoldville Road. Battle of Griswoldville The Battle of Griswoldville was the first battle of Sherman's March to the Sea, fought November 22, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Union Army brigade under Brig. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt fought three brigades of Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. Pleasant J. Philips, at Griswoldville, near Macon, Georgia, and continued its march toward Savannah. Sherman, victorious in the lengthy Atlanta Campaign, had refitted his army and recently departed from Atlanta on a march designed to reach the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Griswoldville\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16618080\",\n \"text\": \"The second battle of Acapulco was preceded by a three-month blockade implemented by French naval division of the Pacific Ocean and ordered by the French Consul of San Francisco in March 1864. The city surrendered on June 3, and the French troops entered the town without resistance. The French captured three smaller boats and relieved the siege allowing American ships to dock in the harbor unless they unload passengers or goods. Admiral Bouët sent for a garrison of Algerian Riflemen Battalion of 474 men from Vera Cruz in May and they took the city on June 3–4. They pursued the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Acapulco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14424548\",\n \"text\": \"Capture of Columbia The capture of Columbia occurred February 17–18, 1865, during the Carolinas Campaign of the American Civil War. The state capital of Columbia, South Carolina, was captured by Union forces under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman. Much of the city was burned although it is not clear which side caused the fires. Following the fall of Savannah, Georgia, at the end of his \\\"March to the Sea\\\", Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman turned his combined armies northward to unite with Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and to cut General Robert E. Lee's supply lines to the\",\n \"title\": \"Capture of Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3325605\",\n \"text\": \"the West. Grant's Wilderness Campaign forced Lee into Petersburg, Virginia. There he waged—and with Lee, pioneered—trench warfare at the Siege of Petersburg. In the meantime, General Sherman seized Atlanta, securing President Lincoln's reelection. He then began his famous March to the Sea which devastated Georgia and South Carolina. Lee attempted to escape from Petersburg in March–April 1865, but was trapped by Grant's superior number of forces. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Court House. Four years of bloody warfare had come to a conclusion. The Union began the war with overwhelming long-term advantages in manpower, industry, and financing. It took a\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1849–1865)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6634076\",\n \"text\": \"Meridian Campaign The Meridian Campaign or Meridian Expedition took place from February 3 – March 6, 1864, from Vicksburg, Mississippi to Meridian, Mississippi, by the Union Army of the Tennessee, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman captured Meridian, Mississippi, inflicting heavy damage to it. The campaign is viewed by historians as a prelude to Sherman's March to the Sea (Savannah Campaign) in that a large swath of damage and destruction was inflicted on Central Mississippi as Sherman marched across the state and back. The columns were under the command of Brigadier General William Sooy Smith and Colonel James\",\n \"title\": \"Meridian Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268953\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea during the American Civil War. Union forces overwhelmed a small Confederate force defending the strategically important Fort McAllister near Savannah, Georgia, a major Federal objective. As Sherman's armies neared Savannah on December 10, following their lengthy march from Atlanta, his troops were in need of supplies. Just off the coast was Admiral John A. Dahlgren's fleet waiting with the needed supplies, as well as mail that had not been delivered\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2940263\",\n \"text\": \"Georgia seceded from the Union and on February 8 joined other Southern states to form the Confederate States of America. Georgia contributed nearly one hundred thousand soldiers to the war effort. The first major battle in the state was the Battle of Chickamauga, a Confederate victory, and the last major Confederate victory in the west. In 1864, William Tecumseh Sherman's armies invaded Georgia as part of the Atlanta Campaign. The burning of Atlanta (which was a commercially vital railroad hub but not yet the state capital) was followed by Sherman's March to the Sea, which devastated a wide swath from\",\n \"title\": \"History of Georgia (U.S. state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12216514\",\n \"text\": \"in for a siege, which lasted until September 2. After occupying Atlanta for two and a half months, the Union forces then set out on Sherman's March to the Sea, with the 46th among the ranks, on November 15, ending with the capture of Savannah, Georgia, on December 22. From Savannah, the 46th turned north with Sherman's army and marched through South Carolina and into North Carolina in what became known as the Carolinas Campaign. At the Bennett Place near Durham, North Carolina, Confederate Gen. Joe Johnston surrendered his forces to Sherman. With hostilities now being ended, the regiment continued\",\n \"title\": \"46th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3120977\",\n \"text\": \"Army in a series of costly frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. The Atlanta Campaign followed the Union victory in the Battles for Chattanooga in November 1863; Chattanooga was known as the \\\"Gateway to the South\\\", and its capture opened that gateway. After Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to general-in-chief of all Union armies, he left his favorite subordinate from his time in command of the Western Theater, William T. Sherman, in charge of\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2495793\",\n \"text\": \"in the vicinity; a battle in 1863 was a minor action associated with a reconnaissance in force by Confederate cavalry leader Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn on April 10. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his railroad supply line from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman decided instead to cut his main army off from these lines and \\\"live off the land\\\" in his famed March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah. By doing so, he would\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Franklin (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12732850\",\n \"text\": \"the Confederate service.\\\" On December 16, 1861, Wayne was commissioned a brigadier general. Through his orders, the men of Georgia guarded the crossings of Chattahoochee River. After being ordered to Manassas, Virginia, Wayne resigned his commission as a brigadier general and he instead just stuck to his duties as adjutant and inspector-general until the end of the war. Although, he did briefly see action during the Savannah Campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea). He commanded Confederate troops at the Battle of Ball's Ferry November 23–26, 1864. In this action, he was unsuccessful in stopping Union forces from crossing the Oconee\",\n \"title\": \"Henry C. Wayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8930104\",\n \"text\": \"1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union) The 1st Battalion of Georgia Infantry (Union) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, despite being organized from a state that had seceded from the Union. In late 1864, the Federal armies under William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta and were marching towards the Atlantic Ocean and the port city of Savannah. At the end of October, efforts were made to recruit loyal men to join the Federal army for duty in the rear lines to free up veterans for front-line combat duty. A number of men\",\n \"title\": \"1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6634088\",\n \"text\": \"men. The total aggregate of men present and absent on the Meridian expedition was 38,071 men. The total casualties during the Meridian expedition was 150 during the Okolona battle. The total campaign casualty figures are unknown. Meridian Campaign The Meridian Campaign or Meridian Expedition took place from February 3 – March 6, 1864, from Vicksburg, Mississippi to Meridian, Mississippi, by the Union Army of the Tennessee, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman captured Meridian, Mississippi, inflicting heavy damage to it. The campaign is viewed by historians as a prelude to Sherman's March to the Sea (Savannah Campaign) in\",\n \"title\": \"Meridian Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19031606\",\n \"text\": \"William Tecumseh Sherman's forces were able to link up with the Union Navy delivering much needed supplies, and clearing the way to Savannah. The Confederate leadership realized the hopelessness of the situation following McAllister's capture and withdrew their remaining forces into South Carolina. In a telegram dated December 22, 1864, General Sherman presented the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift to President Lincoln. During the evening that the fort fell, Anderson was being held at the Anderson family home, Lebanon plantation the new headquarters of General William Babcock Hazen. General Hazen and Lt. Col. Strong invited General Sherman to\",\n \"title\": \"George Wayne Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5390138\",\n \"text\": \"refuge in towns like Thomasville and Valdosta in south Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea from Summer to Autumn 1864. On December 19, 1864, the Battle of Altamaha Bridge took place at Atlantic and Gulf's trestle over the Altamaha River near Doctortown. The Confederate victory temporarily kept the only train route from coastal Georgia to south Georgia open. The railroad sustained some damage the during Civil War compared to other railroads in Georgia. An estimated of the Atlantic and Gulfs railing was irreparably destroyed with the total damage running . The damaged section was from\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–1879)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"434032\",\n \"text\": \"soon captured Mobile Bay and Atlanta and now controlled the Shenandoah Valley, ensuring Lincoln's reelection in November. Sherman convinced Grant and Lincoln to send his army to march on Savannah and devastate the Confederate heartland. Sherman cut a 60-mile path of destruction of Southern infrastructure unopposed, reached the Atlantic Ocean, and captured Savannah on December 22. On December 16, after much prodding by Grant, the Union Army under Thomas smashed Hood's Confederate Army at Nashville. It was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy, with Lee's forces at Petersburg being the only significant obstacle remaining. By March 1865, Grant\",\n \"title\": \"Ulysses S. Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3215556\",\n \"text\": \"of Atlanta and East Point with lackluster results. Sherman resorted to a flanking movement to defeat the Confederates under Hood. Schofield was sent to cut off Hardee's retreat at Jonesboro but failed to move. He became embroiled in a further controversy, when placed under General Stanley commanding the US IV Corps, on August 30, 1864. Sherman, after the fall of Atlanta, took the majority of his forces on a March to the Sea through Georgia. Schofield's Army of the Ohio was detached to join Major General George H. Thomas in Tennessee. When Confederate General John Bell Hood invaded Tennessee and\",\n \"title\": \"John Schofield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6167969\",\n \"text\": \"imposing structure served as city hall for nearly twenty years. It was so solidly built that the first company hired to raze it actually went out of business before completing the job. The current city hall, designed by G. Lloyd Preacher, was completed in February 1930. Located in South Downtown at 68 Mitchell Street SW, the building occupies the site of the house that General William Tecumseh Sherman took as the headquarters of his occupation after his Atlanta Campaign and before his March to the Sea (Sept.–Nov., 1864). The house was one of the few buildings in Atlanta that Sherman\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta City Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8930106\",\n \"text\": \"guarded the railroads near the Etowah River until mid-July 1865. The battalion was mustered out in Dawson County on July 19, 1865. 1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union) The 1st Battalion of Georgia Infantry (Union) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, despite being organized from a state that had seceded from the Union. In late 1864, the Federal armies under William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta and were marching towards the Atlantic Ocean and the port city of Savannah. At the end of October, efforts were made to recruit loyal men to\",\n \"title\": \"1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799228\",\n \"text\": \"was in Atlanta and that Gen. Scofield was in Decatur. At the time of his report to Halleck, he had not heard from Gen. Howard, but he assumed he was in East Point. He promised his troops rest and pay. The federal forces occupied Atlanta until November 15/16 when they began their \\\"March to the Sea\\\". During this approximately 73 days, General Sherman and his troops would not only keep an eye on Gen. Hood and the Confederate army, but evacuate all civilians from Atlanta, build their own shelters, construct fortifications, forage for fresh food, some would get a furloughs\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2940307\",\n \"text\": \"his army of non-essentials and began his famous Sherman's March to the Sea, living off the land and burning plantations, wrecking railroads, and killing the livestock. Thousands of escaped slaves followed his troops across the region as he entered Savannah on December 22. After the loss of Atlanta, the governor withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army. They did not try to stop Sherman. Sherman's March was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy in terms of economics and psychology. Sherman estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100 million (about $1.4\",\n \"title\": \"History of Georgia (U.S. state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20103725\",\n \"text\": \"Charleston in the wake of the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on April 7. Guided by the former slave, three boatloads of sailors landed surrounded the house where the Confederates were staying and captured all but one of them. In May, 1863, a force of 12 riflemen was sent by Dutch to the island on a raid of corn stored on several of the island's estates to help support the contrabands of nearby camps. In December 1864, William T. Sherman had successfully captured Savannah in his March to the Sea. During his campaign, a large number of slaves had fled\",\n \"title\": \"Edisto Island during the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6962531\",\n \"text\": \"at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a major railroad hub and manufacturing center, making it a target for the Union Army. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his \\\"March to the Sea,\\\" making Atlanta the only major American city to ever be destroyed by war. Atlanta's first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgia's state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville. By the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of\",\n \"title\": \"Downtown Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"35736\",\n \"text\": \"decision to retreat from Atlanta, and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, and on September 7, Sherman ordered the city's civilian population to evacuate. On November 11, 1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Army's March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlanta's remaining military assets. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt. Due to the city's superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3121004\",\n \"text\": \"of Tennessee—and Sherman has been criticized for allowing his opponent to escape. However, the capture of Atlanta made an enormous contribution to Union morale and was an important factor in the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. The Atlanta Campaign was followed by Federal initiatives in two directions: almost immediately, to the northwest, the pursuit of Hood in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign; and after the presidential election of 1864, to the east in Sherman's March to the Sea. Gallery: the Atlanta Campaign from the \\\"Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies\\\". Gallery: Additional maps. Notes Citations Atlanta\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6973183\",\n \"text\": \"the destruction was significant and spawned hatred for generations. Most of the resistance to Sherman's armies was from Georgia militia and home guards, although Joseph Wheeler's cavalry corps from the Army of Tennessee and some troops from the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida were also present but scattered. At Savannah on December 17, Sherman encountered about 10,000 defending troops under Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee. Following lengthy artillery bombardments, Hardee abandoned the city and Sherman entered on December 22, 1864. He telegraphed to President Lincoln, \\\"I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah\",\n \"title\": \"Western Theater of the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2547191\",\n \"text\": \"backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28. As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas was a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who\",\n \"title\": \"Black-eyed pea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5329019\",\n \"text\": \"important center for materiel. As the Civil War moved into Georgia in 1864, there was fear that US General William Tecumseh Sherman's troops would move to attack Augusta and her massive gunpowder factory. But Sherman's march through the South left Augusta untouched. As a result, the city ended the war in reasonably better physical and economic condition than many Southern cities. The population had doubled and hard currency was available to finance recovery, including expansion of the canal. The canal was enlarged in 1875. A boom era saw the construction of the Enterprise Mill, King Mill, and Sibley Mill, the\",\n \"title\": \"Augusta Canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3234171\",\n \"text\": \"of volunteers on August 8, 1864 (for his service at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain), and was appointed commanding officer of the XIV Corps during the Atlanta Campaign, a post he retained until the end of the war. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general in the regular army on March 20, 1865. During the March to the Sea, his actions during the Ebenezer Creek passing and his ruthlessness toward the freed slaves have caused his legacy to be clouded in continued controversy. As Sherman's army proceeded toward Savannah, Georgia, on December 9, 1864, Davis ordered a pontoon bridge\",\n \"title\": \"Jefferson C. Davis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"951545\",\n \"text\": \"as the main campus of Georgia College and State University. In 1837 the General Assembly provided for the establishment of the state's first mental asylum, today known as Central State Hospital. When the state of Georgia seceded from the Union in January 1861 during a legislative session held in Milledgeville, Baldwin County became a target for Union forces. When Union general William T. Sherman's made his devastating March to the Sea through Georgia, his troops occupied the capital city in November 1864. Sherman and his Union armies burned the state penitentiary, vandalized the city, and held a mock session of\",\n \"title\": \"Baldwin County, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7712455\",\n \"text\": \"F. Lyon Jr. (1850–1906), and a grandson Richard F. Lyon III (1884–1964). Richard Lyon and his brother John were both attorneys in Dougherty County, Georgia. Lyon owned the house that Gen. Sherman took as his headquarters during his occupation of Atlanta, Fulton County, between his Atlanta Campaign and his March to the Sea in 1864. The current Atlanta City Hall stands on the site of this house. After the Civil War, Lyon moved his family to Macon, Bibb County, Georgia, where he lived until his death. His nephew, Thomas R. Lyon, was also a resident of Albany, Georgia, being active\",\n \"title\": \"Richard F. Lyon (judge)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5072403\",\n \"text\": \"Mississippi. Hood resigned his commission shortly thereafter and the Army of Tennessee ceased to exist as an effective fighting force. At the conclusion of his successful Atlanta Campaign, Sherman occupied the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, and Hood, who was forced to evacuate the city, regrouped at Lovejoy's Station. For almost a month, the normally aggressive Sherman took little action while his men sat about idly, and many left the army at the end of their enlistments. On September 21, Hood moved his forces to Palmetto, Georgia, where on September 25, he was visited by Confederate President Jefferson\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin–Nashville Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10125043\",\n \"text\": \"of the farms in Georgia in his \\\"March to the Sea\\\". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman turned North through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Lee's army from the south. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Confederate general Jubal Early crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy, Early attacked Fort Stevens, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268958\",\n \"text\": \"as a division commander at Shiloh and a corps commander at Vicksburg. With his supply line now open, Sherman could now prepare for the siege and capture of Savannah, a goal he would achieve by Christmas. Military Division of the Mississippi - MG William T. Sherman
Army of the Tennessee - MG Oliver O. Howard XV Corps - MG Peter J. Osterhaus Fort McAllister garrison - Maj George Wayne Anderson Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"937760\",\n \"text\": \"Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea. Newly invented telegraph enabled more rapid communication between armies and their headquarters capitals. Combat was still usually waged by opposing divisions with skirmish lines on rural battlefields, violent naval engagements by cannon-armed sailing or steam-powered vessels, and assault on military forces defending a town. There was still room for triumphs for the strategy of manoeuvre such as Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, but these depended upon an enemy's unwillingness to entrench. Towards the end of the war, especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of\",\n \"title\": \"Military strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16476046\",\n \"text\": \"Unlike Charleston and Savannah, Wilmington was the central depot for blockade runners throughout most of the Civil War. The Union made several attempts to stop the ships coming and going; but it proved to be a futile effort, as the blockade runners were built for speed. This was made plainly evident on December 23, 1864, when the largest Union fleet ever to assemble in the Atlantic attacked Fort Fisher, a massive fortification protecting the Cape Fear River entrance and Wilmington. While the fleet of 125 \\\"Men-of-war\\\" and transports were blockading the harbor, an incoming blockade runner passed through the fleet\",\n \"title\": \"Blockade runners of the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4151638\",\n \"text\": \"illegal night attack by Commander Napoleon Collins, of the U.S. Navy steam sloop-of-war . Towed to sea, she was sent to the United States as a prize, despite the Empire of Brazil's protests at the violation of its sovereignty. Commander Collins was court-martialed and was convicted of violating Brazilian territorial rights, but the verdict was set aside by United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Collins won fame and eventual promotion for his daring capture of the raider. At Newport News, Virginia, on November 28, 1864, \\\"Florida\\\" reached the end of her career when she sank under dubious circumstances\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Florida (cruiser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5726093\",\n \"text\": \"for such operations. She returned to Port Royal, South Carolina, on 26 November 1864 for service in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Three days later, sailors and marines from \\\"St. Louis\\\" went ashore at Boyd's Landing to participate in the combined Army-Navy thrust up the Broad River. Under the command of Comdr. George H. Preble, the expedition was designed to assist General William Tecumseh Sherman as he approached Savannah, Georgia at the end of his march across Georgia. This operation was completed on 29 December. \\\"St. Louis\\\" then briefly returned to blockade duty before finally sailing to the Philadelphia Navy\",\n \"title\": \"USS St. Louis (1828)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5786907\",\n \"text\": \"on the American east coast to guard merchant shipping in convoys. \\\"Chasseur\\\" captured or sank 17 vessels before returning home to Baltimore on 25 March 1815, three months after a peace treaty in Ghent, United Netherlands had been signed ending the War of 1812. Perhaps her most famous accomplishment was the capture of the schooner HMS \\\"St Lawrence\\\". On the \\\"Chasseur\\\"'s return to Baltimore, the national newspaper published in the city, \\\"Niles Weekly Register\\\" dubbed the vessel, her captain, and crew the \\\"pride of Baltimore\\\" for their achievement. In 1975, after many years of slow decay and decline, Baltimore was\",\n \"title\": \"Pride of Baltimore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4141163\",\n \"text\": \"a practice that one historian has called delusional. Historian Wilfred B. Yearns concluded, “Only the nearly solid support from occupied districts enabled President Davis to maintain a majority in Congress until the last days of the nation.\\\" After a two-and-a-half month intercession from the end of the First Congress, the first session of the Second Confederate Congress sat from May 2 until June 14, 1864. During this period, Sherman began his Federal March to the Sea, and Grant advanced to the outskirts of Richmond at Cold Harbor, Virginia. Confederate forces fell back into defensive positions. In his message to Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Congress of the Confederate States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8610048\",\n \"text\": \"not much fighting in Georgia until September 1863, when Confederates under Braxton Bragg defeated William S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga Creek. In May 1864, William T. Sherman started pursuing the Confederates towards Atlanta, which he captured in September, in advance of his March to the Sea. This six-week campaign destroyed much of the civilian infrastructure of Georgia, decisively shortening the war. When news of the march reached Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, whole Georgian regiments deserted, feeling they were needed at home. The Battle of Columbus, fought on the Georgia-Alabama border on April 16, 1865, is reckoned by some criteria\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295020\",\n \"text\": \"when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the war's\",\n \"title\": \"Nashville, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7178647\",\n \"text\": \"which camped at Old Church on the old Quaker Road. Additional fighting over the next few days enabled Sherman to close in on Savannah. Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia The Battle of Waynesboro was an American Civil War battle fought on December 4, 1864, towards the end of Sherman's March to the Sea. Union cavalry forces under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick defeated Confederate cavalry led by Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, opening the way for William T. Sherman's armies to approach their objective, Savannah. As Sherman's infantry marched southeast through Georgia, his cavalry under Judson Kilpatrick rode northeastward. In the late afternoon\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799235\",\n \"text\": \"on October 3, 1864. During the first week, he was assisted by 2,000 soldiers of the XX Corps. On October 5, Capt. Poe reported to Gen. Sherman that they had completed positions for thirty guns. Work continued until November 1 with a much smaller work force until preparations for the March to the Sea began. Gen. Sherman realized that the occupation of Atlanta would tie up substantial manpower resources, so he devised a plan to abandon Atlanta. The plan called for the destruction of all military assets within the city, the reorganization of the forces under his command and for\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1221348\",\n \"text\": \"saw some skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Charleston and Savannah Railway (today's CSX Transportation) was considered a prized possession and major strategic goal for Union forces. The Battle of Honey Hill, an effort to defend the railroad, was one of the last battles won by southern forces in late 1864, shortly before General William Sherman entered South Carolina after his March to the Sea in Georgia. The area within the city was settled in the 19th century by Isaac Hardee, a native North Carolinean. Through the efforts of his son, Whyte William Hardee, a\",\n \"title\": \"Hardeeville, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11143266\",\n \"text\": \"dispatch vessel. On the day of the steamer's arrival, she began a cruise south through the Confederacy's inland waters as far down the coast as Georgetown, South Carolina. Her mission was to attempt to communicate with General William Tecumseh Sherman who—after completing his march from Atlanta, Georgia, through Georgia to the sea—had swung north to move his army toward Richmond, Virginia, in support of General Ulysses S. Grant's operations against the Confederate capital. This assignment kept the side wheeler busy through the end of January when Porter called her back to the Cape Fear River. For more than a month\",\n \"title\": \"USS Bat (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5072401\",\n \"text\": \"Franklin–Nashville Campaign The Franklin–Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia during the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's lines of communications and central Tennessee. After a brief attempt to pursue Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta and began his March to the Sea, leaving Union forces under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to deal with Hood's threat. Hood hoped\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin–Nashville Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1038244\",\n \"text\": \"beginning, and is now leased to CSX. The Union Army occupied the Vinings area during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in 1864 and the subsequent March to the Sea. Pace's home, which had been used as a hospital for Union troops, was destroyed in the process. Vinings recovered after the war, as Governor Brown leased the railroad to Vinings to bring passengers to the springs and pavilions built to encourage a respite from the reconstruction of Atlanta. Vinings was officially recognized as a community in 1904, the same year the one-lane bridge was constructed across the Chattahoochee\",\n \"title\": \"Vinings, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799244\",\n \"text\": \"toward the last moment.\\\" The work of destroying Atlanta's military assets began under the direction of the Chief Engineer, Capt. Poe, on Nov 12, and would continue until the evening of November 15, 1864. In his official report, Captain Poe states: Gen. Sherman returned to the city on Nov. 14. In his memoirs, he recalls: After a plea by Father Thomas O'Reilly of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Sherman did not burn the city's churches or hospitals. However, the remaining war resources were then destroyed in Atlanta and in Sherman's March to the Sea. One of the major buildings that\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6203711\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman pressing Johnston in north Georgia in 1864. The narrative describes the events and battles from Sherman's March to the Sea to Lincoln's assassination and the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Original release by Random House: Vintage Books, a Random House subsidiary, issued the series as trade paperbacks in 1986: Beginning in 1999, Time–Life published a fourteen volume \\\"40th Anniversary Edition\\\" with contemporary photographs and illustrations. This edition was sold by subscription, but when Time–Life exited the book business, remaindered copies appeared in bookstores. Relatively few copies of volume 13 were printed, increasing the value of that volume and the\",\n \"title\": \"The Civil War: A Narrative\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297112\",\n \"text\": \"River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Sherman telegraphed to President\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5221638\",\n \"text\": \"council protested this order, claiming that most of those who had not fled could not leave on account of their age, sickness, pregnancy, or destitution. In response, Sherman wrote back, accusing the Confederates of hypocrisy for invading Union territory and inflicting pains on American citizens, but only complaining when the reverse was done to them: Union soldiers under Sherman occupied the city for two months and burned much of it on November 15, 1864, in preparation for the March to the Sea. Calhoun is buried in Oakland Cemetery. His son, William Lowndes Calhoun, served as Atlanta's mayor in the 1870s.\",\n \"title\": \"James Calhoun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1045472\",\n \"text\": \"1864, Sherman's March to the Sea passed through Millen. Prior to the arrival of Union forces, Confederate soldiers evacuated the Camp Lawton prisoners to Savannah. The Union soldiers destroyed Millen's Junction after finding the prison camp and to avoid use of the railway junction. The town was rebuilt after the war. In 1881, the city of Millen was incorporated by an act of the Georgia State Legislature, becoming the county seat of the newly created Jenkins County in 1905. The Downtown Millen Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The county is largely rural\",\n \"title\": \"Millen, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16829587\",\n \"text\": \"District with the duties of destroying whiskey stills and tracking down deserters. Soon, Harrison's command was required to oppose Sherman's March to the Sea. When they reached the Savannah area, Sherman's men pillaged Harrison's home and property at Montieth. In December 1864, Harrison was taken prisoner while visiting his devastated property. Harrison was released from prison before the end of the war but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States government. After the Civil War, Harrison returned to the Savannah area. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives for 1865–1866 and served as a\",\n \"title\": \"George Paul Harrison Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11900580\",\n \"text\": \"Governor Joseph E Brown led Georgia through the Civil War while living in the Mansion. During the Civil War, the Mansion was claimed as a \\\"prize\\\" during General Sherman's \\\"March to the Sea\\\" and Sherman made the Mansion his headquarters, spending the night of November 23, 1864 in the Mansion's family dining room. Following the loss of the capital, The Mansion was used as a boarding house until from 1868 - 1879, when the state loaned it to the newly organized Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and then to Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now Georgia College. The mansion served\",\n \"title\": \"Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759004\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Jonesborough The Battle of Jonesborough (modern name Jonesboro) was fought August 31–September 1, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Two Union armies led by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman maneuvered to draw the Army of Tennessee (led by John Bell Hood) away from their defenses at Atlanta, Georgia, where it could be destroyed. Although Hood's army was not destroyed, the city of Atlanta was abandoned and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war. The fall of Atlanta also had far-reaching political as well as military effects on the course of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jonesborough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9135945\",\n \"text\": \"under Col. Smith D. Atkins attacked the bridge and destroyed a trestlework past Morgan's Lake, but was unable to capture the bridge or seize the Confederate battery at Doctortown on December 19. The Federals withdrew to the Ogeechee River. Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9135943\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping open Confederate supply lines to the city. On December 1, 1864, the Fourth Brigade Georgia Militia under Brig. Gen. Henry Kent McCay arrived in Wayne County to prepare a defense of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad bridge over the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386391\",\n \"text\": \"from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware River. Meanwhile at sea, \\\"Lexington\\\" becomes captured by the British frigate HMS \\\"Pearl\\\". Momentarily, Marine Captain Abraham Boyce lead his men and \\\"Lexington\\\"s sailors in overtaking the small British prize crew. \\\"Alfred\\\" also engaged combat with HMS \\\"Milford\\\" on 9 December. Although the British frigate was better-armed, the American ship was able to out-sail their opponent and escape unharmed. The Continental Marines and sailors were able to escape to the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. General Washington attacked the German garrison\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States Marine Corps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759015\",\n \"text\": \"and slip past Federal forces at Jonesborough en route to Lovejoy Station where they encamped during the month of September. That night Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta. The Union forces did succeed in cutting Hood's supply lines, but they had failed to annihilate Hardee's command. Sherman would finally occupy Atlanta the following day on September 2. This had been one of his major goals in the campaign. The Battle of Jonesborough was the final battle of the Atlanta Campaign, and it caused the besieged city of Atlanta to fall into Union hands. On September 4, 1864, General Sherman issued\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jonesborough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4700416\",\n \"text\": \"telegram informing him that \\\"Alabama\\\" was at Cherbourg, a French naval port. Capt. Winslow arrived off Cherbourg 14 June 1864, where he found the \\\"Alabama\\\" and blockaded her in the harbor. The \\\"Alabama\\\" made preparations for fight, and Capt. Raphael Semmes caused Winslow to be informed of this intention through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June 1864, he was lying three miles off the eastern entrance of the harbor when the \\\"Alabama\\\" came out, escorted by a French iron-clad and the English yacht \\\"Deerhound\\\". Winslow steamed off seven miles from the shore so as to be beyond the\",\n \"title\": \"John Ancrum Winslow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9127264\",\n \"text\": \"lost in the attempt. Du Pont accepted responsibility for the failure at Charleston by resigning. Fort McAllister would not be subdued by naval bombardment, but would succumb to an infantry assault at the end of Sherman's March to the Sea in December 1864. Battle of Fort McAllister (1863) The First Battle of Fort McAllister was a series of naval attacks that took place from January 27 to March 3, 1863, in Bryan County, Georgia, during the American Civil War. The commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron Rear Adm. Samuel F. Du Pont decided to test operation of new monitors\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4633999\",\n \"text\": \"Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia. With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so ruthlessly, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union\",\n \"title\": \"Valley Campaigns of 1864\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9747193\",\n \"text\": \"Beginning November 27, 1864, Davidson was ordered to lead a 4,000 strong cavalry raid from Union held Baton Rouge to sever the M & O Railroad near State Line, Mississippi. The raid was intended to divert resources away from Confederate John Bell Hood's operations near Nashville and to threaten and harass Mobile. Additionally, the raid was to support Sherman's March to the Sea by requiring the Confederates to keep resources in the Mobile, AL theater of operations. After departing Baton Rouge the Davidson's forces reached Greensburg, LA capturing several Confederate prisoners, on November 29, 1864, then to Tangipahoa, LA where\",\n \"title\": \"John Davidson (general)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074660\",\n \"text\": \"Oliver O'Brien Oliver Albert O'Brien (1839 – October 1, 1894) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the capture of a blockade runner. Born in 1839 in Boston, O'Brien was still living in that city when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a coxswain on the . On November 28, 1864, he was involved in the capture of the blockade runner \\\"Beatrice\\\" off Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbor. O'Brien commanded one of the launches which\",\n \"title\": \"Oliver O'Brien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6973177\",\n \"text\": \"Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of September 1, burning military supplies and installations, causing a great conflagration in the city. Coincident with Sherman's triumph in Atlanta, Admiral David Farragut won the decisive naval Battle of Mobile Bay on August 24. Steaming past the forts guarding the mouth of the bay, Farragut engaged and forced the surrender of the Confederate fleet defending the city, capturing Admiral Franklin Buchanan. The city itself, long a desired target of Grant's, would remain in Confederate hands until 1865, but the last seaport east of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast was closed, further tightening\",\n \"title\": \"Western Theater of the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"409417\",\n \"text\": \"relevant passages in diverging ways. Total war also describes the French \\\"guerre à outrance\\\" during the Franco-Prussian War. In his letter to his Chief of Staff, Union General Henry Halleck on 24 December 1864 described that the Union was \\\"not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies,\\\" defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In\",\n \"title\": \"Total war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17188535\",\n \"text\": \"Alabama during the month of October. November 1864 found the Crews' Brigade around Macon fighting the Union's Col. Atkins' 2nd Brigade Cavalry. In December 1864, the Brigade participated in the Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia, part of Sherman's March to the Sea, which culminated in helping Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's evacuation of Savannah, Georgia. The year ended with this note from Major General Wheeler, \\\"...Allen, Humes, Anderson, Dibrell, Hagen, Crews, Ashby, Harrison and Breckenridge and many other brave men whose gallantry you have so often witnessed are here still to guide and lead you in battles yet to be won..\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"C.C. Crews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4745060\",\n \"text\": \"the town. Hood's invasion of Tennessee continued as he attempted to intercept Schofield's retreating army at Spring Hill. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his supply lines from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman elected instead to conduct his March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. He left forces under the command of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, to defend Tennessee and defeat Hood: principally the IV Corps\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2699957\",\n \"text\": \"South by extensive destruction of property. (On the eve of the march, one soldier wrote that \\\"[w]e understand... that Sherman intends to use us to Christianize this country.\\\") In the final stage of the march, Sherman called upon his old Shiloh division, now in the Army of the Tennessee's XV Corps and under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to subdue Fort McAllister, outside Savannah, Georgia. On December 21, the march culminated with the capture of Savannah. The Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia thereby allowed Sherman to present Savannah to Lincoln as a \\\"Christmas-gift\",\n \"title\": \"Army of the Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1037377\",\n \"text\": \"the Civil War, Adairsville was involved on the side of the Confederate States of America in 1861 against the Union. On April 12, 1862, the steam locomotive \\\"The General\\\" was pursued from Atlanta and passed through Adairsville as its people the Great Locomotive Chase. After that, Adairians set a three-day street festival in remembrance of the Chase. The Civil War came to the town in full force on May 17, 1864, when the Confederate army failed to defeat Sherman and his Union army during the Atlanta Campaign in the Battle of Adairsville. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Adairsville\",\n \"title\": \"Adairsville, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1916590\",\n \"text\": \"and urged President Davis to replace Johnston. Davis removed Johnston from command on July 17, 1864, just outside Atlanta. \\\"The fate of Atlanta, from the Confederate standpoint, was all but decided by Johnston.\\\" (His replacement, Lt. Gen. Hood, was left with the \\\"virtually impossible situation\\\" of defending Atlanta which he was forced to abandon in September.) Davis's decision to remove Johnston was one of the most controversial of the war. Johnston traveled to Columbia, South Carolina, to begin a virtual retirement. However, as the Confederacy became increasingly concerned about Sherman's March to the Sea across Georgia and then north through\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph E. Johnston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15760256\",\n \"text\": \"1812 the entire region was under control of the rebels, except for the city of Montevideo itself, which was besieged. On December 31, Vigodet broke out of the city but was defeated in the Battle of Cerrito. Supplied from over the sea, the city still held out until May 17, 1814, when the naval victories of Admiral William Brown, cut off the supply route and the city faced starvation. By the end of June, Vigodet was forced to surrender Montevideo to General Carlos María de Alvear. The following years he stayed in Río de Janeiro, where he tried to take\",\n \"title\": \"Gaspar de Vigodet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6936200\",\n \"text\": \"1853 until 1856. During the Civil War, control of the railroad was vital to the protection of Savannah and keeping nearby Confederate troops supplied with food and materiel. In December 1864, during his March to the Sea, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman sent part of his Union forces forward to cut the line, which would force Confederate general William Hardee to retreat and abandon Savannah. The mission failed, but sections of the railroad would be severely damaged during Sherman's subsequent 1865 Carolinas Campaign. Following the war, the railroad was reorganized in 1866 as the \\\"Savannah and Charleston Railroad\\\" but did\",\n \"title\": \"Charleston and Savannah Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16566746\",\n \"text\": \"of James Island and they marched as far north as Asheville, North Carolina before being recalled to their home state by the Governor. Sherman's troops burned the Arsenal Academy in Columbia during their march to the sea and it never reopened. The Citadel Academy was seized by Union forces when Charleston fell a short time after the Tulifinny battle and they remained until 1882. Battle of Tulifinny The Battle of Tulifinny was an American Civil War engagement fought December 6–9, 1864 in South Carolina during General Sherman's March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign. Outnumbered 5-1 a\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Tulifinny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5427295\",\n \"text\": \"CSS Isondiga CSS Isondiga was a small wooden gunboat without masts that served in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. \\\"Isondiga\\\" operated in waters around Savannah, Georgia, and in Saint Augustine Creek, Florida, from April 1863 to December 1864, Lieutenant Joel S. Kennard commanding. She accompanied ironclad ram CSS \\\"Atlanta\\\" in the engagement in which \\\"Atlanta\\\" was captured on June 17, 1863. She escaped from Savannah on December 21, 1864 before the city fell to the forces of U.S. General William T. Sherman. She was later burned by her commanding officer and crew to prevent seizure by\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Isondiga\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \\\"scorched earth\\\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\\n\\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 203,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \\\"scorched earth\\\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\\n\\ntitle of Savannah, Georgia context: south Savannah. lived off the land, by Sherman's estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone. Sherman called this harsh tactic warhard war\\\" ( modern times this is known total war). Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864 Sh then telegraphed his commander-in-chief, Abraham Lincoln, offering city as a Christmas present the19th progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and wealth exponentially but its ranking among the largest U.S. steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most popul\\ntitle: William Tecumseh Sherman: in the battles (November 30) and Nashville (December1–16)., after,erman began a march62 men to the of Savannah, Georgia living off the land by his more than0 million in property. harsh t of \\\"hard,\\\" species of the end of this, as Sea, Savannah 2 186.erman then dispatched a famous message to, him city as\\ntitle Prescy of Lincoln ofms in his the\\\". Following the through Carolina to Lee army During the, Confederate general Jubal Early crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy, Early attacked Fort Stevens, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed\\n\\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 492,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14061,\n \"ratio\": \"28.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78776,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78776,"string":"78,776"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Since a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["🎅","Santa claus rituals","Origins of Santa Claus","Santy Claus","Santa Claus in North American culture","Święty Mikołaj","Santa klause","Santa Claus in North America","Santa letters","Baba Nuwail","Santa Claus rituals","Santa Claus On A Fire Truck","Santa klaus","Santa claus","Sanat claus","Santa","Swiety Mikolaj","Santa Claus in Northern American culture","Santa Claus Office","Christmas grotto","American Santa Claus","Santa Claus","Santa Hat","Santa-san","Kerstman","Santa claus in northern american culture","Weihnachtsmann","Mall Santa","Letters to Santa","The Santa","بابا نويل"],"string":"[\n \"🎅\",\n \"Santa claus rituals\",\n \"Origins of Santa Claus\",\n \"Santy Claus\",\n \"Santa Claus in North American culture\",\n \"Święty Mikołaj\",\n \"Santa klause\",\n \"Santa Claus in North America\",\n \"Santa letters\",\n \"Baba Nuwail\",\n \"Santa Claus rituals\",\n \"Santa Claus On A Fire Truck\",\n \"Santa klaus\",\n \"Santa claus\",\n \"Sanat claus\",\n \"Santa\",\n \"Swiety Mikolaj\",\n \"Santa Claus in Northern American culture\",\n \"Santa Claus Office\",\n \"Christmas grotto\",\n \"American Santa Claus\",\n \"Santa Claus\",\n \"Santa Hat\",\n \"Santa-san\",\n \"Kerstman\",\n \"Santa claus in northern american culture\",\n \"Weihnachtsmann\",\n \"Mall Santa\",\n \"Letters to Santa\",\n \"The Santa\",\n \"بابا نويل\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Santa Claus"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9439697","text":"The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \"tracked Santa Claus\" in their own metropolitan areas through","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"6014905","text":"Gazette-Telegraph\" in December 1955 with a misprinted telephone number to call Santa Claus sparked numerous Christmas Eve telephone calls by children on December 24, 1955, to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, asking about Santa Claus, and led to the current NORAD Tracks Santa program. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for feature writing. It was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2014 for national reporting for reporting by David Philipps \"... expanding the examination of how wounded combat veterans are mistreated, focusing on loss of benefits for life after discharge by the","title":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)"},{"id":"9114070","text":"an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey. Eventually, NORAD, which was renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981, openly published a hotline number for the general public to call to get updates on Santa Claus's progress. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. Each volunteer handles about forty telephone calls per hour, and the team typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9439696","text":"such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \"Santa hotline\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"9114063","text":"NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\" in the \"New York Sun\". On December 24, 1948, the United States Air Force issued a communique claiming that an \"early warning radar net to the north\" had detected \"one unidentified sleigh, powered by","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"2998605","text":"-- Distant Early Warning Line of radars, the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1958. The bi-national operation of total North America Defense. North American Air Defense Modernization program in 1985. To this day, The Ogdensburg Agreement stands paramount in all background military operations between the United States and Canada. The DEW-Line has been dismantled due to Satellite Improvement Technology and now relies on innovation driven by the Internet. Many outposts still physically stand, like in Sudbury Ontario, but have been cut in service and are nothing but dead historical monuments. Ogdensburg Agreement The Ogdensburg Agreement","title":"Ogdensburg Agreement"},{"id":"9114078","text":"York Air National Guard and the U.S. Naval Reserve Navy Information Bureau (NIB) 1118 at Fort Carson, Colorado, as have the Canadian Armed Forces. Other U.S. federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have helped publicize the service. Former First Lady Michelle Obama has participated in the program each year since 2009, answering phone calls. According to Gerry Bowler, a history professor at the University of Manitoba, the NORAD Tracks Santa program is \"one of the few modern additions to the centuries-old Santa Claus story that have stuck.\" Bowler","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9114079","text":"stated that the program \"takes an essential element of the Santa Claus story—his travels on Christmas Eve—and looks at it through a technological lens,\" therefore bringing the Santa Claus mythology into the modern era. NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\"","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"2767084","text":"deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties. The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"3922434","text":"making them very difficult to track. On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD. A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979. \"They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,\" says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"536292","text":"Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas\", and a Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" program. Every year on Christmas Eve, \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"9114066","text":"on November 30 a child trying to reach Santa Claus on a hotline number provided in a Sears advertisement misdialed the number and instead reached Shoup at his desk at CONAD. Shoup responded gruffly to the child, and no additional Santa Claus-related calls came in to CONAD. However, when a member of Shoup's staff placed a picture of Santa Claus on a board used to track unidentified aircraft that December, Shoup saw a public relations opportunity for CONAD, and he asked CONAD's public relations officer, Colonel Barney Oldfield, to inform the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh. In","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9114069","text":"informed him that the Associated Press and United Press International were awaiting reports that CONAD again was tracking Santa Claus. Shoup agreed that Oldfield should announce it again, and the annual tradition was born. In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \"S. Claus\" which it identified as \"undoubtedly friendly\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"12908972","text":"as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the","title":"Christmas in the post-war United States"},{"id":"7749423","text":"strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.","title":"Canada"},{"id":"9114068","text":"story further, adding that the child had dialed the \"red telephone\"—an impossibility, because the hotline was connected with the Strategic Air Command by an enclosed cable, and no one could dial into from the outside—rather than the regular phone on Shoup's desk, that it was a misprint in an advertisement that led the child to call him rather than the child misdialing the number, and that a flood of calls had come in from children on Christmas Eve 1955 rather than from just one child on November 30. Shoup did not intend to repeat the stunt in 1956, but Oldfield","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"536282","text":"late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and Canada \"agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces.\" In late 1958, Canada and the United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"2767025","text":"Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"12908989","text":"inquiring about Santa. He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in. Three years later, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued. Mr. Jingeling, the Keeper of the Keys to Santa's Workshop, was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle's Department Store in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers. The costumed character was first played by Max","title":"Christmas in the post-war United States"},{"id":"9114064","text":"eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet , heading 180 degrees.\" The Associated Press passed this \"report\" along to the general public. It was the first time that the United States Armed Forces issued a statement about tracking Santa Claus's sleigh on Christmas Eve, although it was a one-time event, not repeated over the next several years. The program originated before the actual formation of NORAD, as an annual event on December 24, 1955. According to legend, a Sears department store placed an advertisement in the Colorado Springs newspaper \"The Gazette\", which told children that they could place a call to Santa","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"16659185","text":"presence of Premiere Global Services (PGi) as its main tenant. Since PGi moved out in 2011, the building has been at 45% occupancy and its main tenant has been Time Warner Cable's customer service center. The building went into foreclosure in 2012. By April 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the need for a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to be located in a new, underground Combat Operations Center in the Colorado Springs, Colorado area. Building the Combat Operations Center within a granite mountain in the Colorado Springs area was shown","title":"Chidlaw Building"},{"id":"2985872","text":"Canada in the Cold War During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances. It was an ally of the United States, but there were several foreign policy differences between the two countries over the course of the Cold War. Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 1958 and played a leading role in United Nations peacekeeping operations – from the Korean War to the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force during the Suez","title":"Canada in the Cold War"},{"id":"9114065","text":"Claus and included the number \"ME 2-6681\". A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center as one digit was misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \"red telephone\" hotline that connected CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command. Colonel Harry Shoup, who was a Crew Commander on duty, answered the first call and supposedly told his staff to give all children who called in later a \"current location\" for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 1955 appears to be that","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"536272","text":"North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"3020579","text":"Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centered at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado, command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and US governments, and by collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the Bell System of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the US","title":"Distant Early Warning Line"},{"id":"2767142","text":"any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters. In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"3657512","text":"Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program. The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in","title":"Royal Canadian Air Force"},{"id":"3922435","text":"minutes. Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). \"Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,\" says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent. The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"13166988","text":"the text messaging service company, Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) noticed the \"HJK\" code. ARINC officials, worried that the South Korean pilots might be sending a coded message for help, notified North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Taking no chances, NORAD scrambled F-15 jets from Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage to intercept the 747, with Alaska air traffic control (ATC) asking the pilots coded questions. ATC instructed the flight to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply complied","title":"Korean Air Flight 85"},{"id":"8898317","text":"ground-based sensors, air-to-air refuelling tankers and fighter aircraft, controlled by a sophisticated command and control network to deter, detect and defend against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace. The two other Regions consist of the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR). Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle,","title":"Continental NORAD Region"},{"id":"9040273","text":"the House of Commons during the fall session. The deal would likely have passed with the support of the Bloc Québécois. On September 19, the House voted in favor of the deal 172 to 116 in first reading which eliminated its final hurdle until its official realization However, Canada has not fully complied to all conditions of the deal before October 1, 2006, the deadline date for both countries to comply. In 2006, following a debate and vote in the House of Commons, the Harper government renewed the NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command, initially created in 1957) agreement with","title":"Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government"},{"id":"20406406","text":"Station Bagotville, as well as the USAF's Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville were the nearest bases for interceptor aircraft that would respond to anything detected by the Moisie main radar. Following the 1958 partnership between the USAF and RCAF to form the North American Aerospace Defence Command or NORAD, many Pinetree Line radar stations were upgraded for automation and consolidation of intercept data. No. 211 Aircraft Warning Squadron became No. 211 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron in November 1956. In July 1958 RCAF Station Moisie was placed on increased alert due to the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In May 1959, RCAF","title":"CFS Moisie"},{"id":"10989409","text":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international aircraft and Transport Canada handles Canadian requests. Any","title":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"},{"id":"7760721","text":"of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well. At 8:32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by","title":"September 11 attacks"},{"id":"536290","text":"by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aero\"space\" Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"2767083","text":"military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down. Thus by default Canada was the air defence \"front trenches\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"9114067","text":"his release to the press, Oldfield added that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas.\" Over the following years, the legend of how the annual event originated began to change. By 1961, Shoup's version of the story was that he had not been gruff with the child, but instead had identified himself as Santa Claus when he spoke to the child on the phone. Shoup and his family later modified the","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"11537366","text":"9/11 story \"did come from the interrogations.\" For more than two years after the attacks, officials with North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances. Authorities suggested that US air defenses had reacted quickly, that jets had been scrambled in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.. The Commission reported a year later that audiotapes from NORAD's Northeast headquarters and other evidence showed clearly that the","title":"Criticism of the 9/11 Commission"},{"id":"5970985","text":"nursery rhymes and stories. On June 16, 1958, \"Slippery the Seal\" escaped from a pool into the nearby Thames River. Ten days later, amid intense publicity and \"sightings\" of various degrees of reliability, the sea lion turned up 400 km away near Sandusky, Ohio. After several days on display to record-breaking crowds, the Americans returned Slippery. The mayor of London proclaimed \"Slippery Day\" and thousands lined the streets to see Slippery's return. An \"international incident\" staged between Storybook and the Toledo Zoo was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt. The park also includes a carousel, a miniature train","title":"Springbank Park"},{"id":"1186233","text":"brands are now the trademarks of the Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas, though the company has stopped production of these beers.) In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government. The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed","title":"Bellefontaine, Ohio"},{"id":"15544328","text":"Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq. In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required. In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while","title":"123d Fighter Squadron"},{"id":"8920541","text":"95 solo hours. The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City, which had occurred five years and one month earlier. U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol, and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation, but that these were precautionary measures only. The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism. LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash.","title":"2006 New York City plane crash"},{"id":"3158285","text":"Continental Air Command (CONAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) formally separated in 1956. Partridge was relieved of his command of CONAD and Lt. General Joseph H. Atkinson assumed control of ADC. The \"Interceptor\" magazine was produced by the Air Defense Command at the Ent Air Force Base by 1959 and then the Aerospace Defense Command into the mid-1970s. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the base on 12 September 1957. This command is an international organization, taking operational control of Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Air Defense Command","title":"Ent Air Force Base"},{"id":"12417140","text":"ship began a regular cycle of 3- to 4-week at-sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command. Operating with search aircraft, \"Interceptor\" could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States. Patrolling off the coast of Canada she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified \"AGR-8\", radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, \"Interceptor\" for the next 7 years operated with NORAD in forming an important link in the nation's defenses. \"Interceptor\" was struck from","title":"USS Interceptor (AGR-8)"},{"id":"14811760","text":"since 1850. A geomagnetic storm in February 1956 interfered with radio communications and prompted a search for the British submarine \"Acheron\" after it lost radio contact. Intense red aurora displays frightened people in Europe on 11 February 1958 and were visible from many US cities as far south as the 40th parallel. This geomagnetic storm caused a radio blackout over North America. Aurora displays were visible over New York, on 13 November 1960 and 1 October 1961. Solar cycle 19 Solar cycle 19 was the nineteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar","title":"Solar cycle 19"},{"id":"1246041","text":"to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build","title":"McChord Field"},{"id":"1762557","text":"a \"massive\" reservoir for diesel fuel and a \"huge\" battery bank with redundant power generators. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack. In 1957, the","title":"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"},{"id":"10989420","text":"and Special Flight Rules Area to avoid confusion. Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international","title":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"},{"id":"1762573","text":"2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM. Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM","title":"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"},{"id":"20530526","text":"happened and make sure it never happens again\". In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as \"totally inexcusable\", adding, The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process. Commander David Benham, a spokesman for U.S. Pacific Command, confirmed to media that there was no imminent missile threat to Hawaii. A spokesman for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated that \"NORAD did not see anything that indicated any sort of threat to","title":"2018 Hawaii false missile alert"},{"id":"11428204","text":"Pennsylvania at 10:03 after the passengers onboard revolted. Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was confirmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive flight following, report unusual observances, and aid search and rescue in the event of an emergency. The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September 11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the hijackings of Flights 11, 77, 93, or 175","title":"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"19818772","text":"the DND response to the Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka in 2004 and operations related to Canada's Role in the Afghanistan War. Brett was appointed to the position of NORAD J3 from 2005 to 2008. He was responsible to execute NORAD's missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America on authority of the Commander NORAD (first Admiral Timothy J. Keating and then Gen Gene Renuart. While there, Brett also led a team to transform the command centres of NORAD and United States Northern Command. The new command centre opened in 2008 He also","title":"Brett Cairns"},{"id":"8900342","text":"The Trindade Island's UFO The Trindade Island's UFO refers to an unidentified flying object which was seen and photographed over the Trindade Island on January 16, 1958. The photographs were rumored as being a hoax. In August 2010, a major T.V. show in Brazil aired information stating that the original photographer had made \"hoax\" photographs in the past. At 12:00 p.m. on January 16, 1958, Brazilian ship \"Almirante Saldanha\", taking part in projects of the International Geophysical Year, was preparing to sail away from Ilha de Trindade, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. Among the crew of","title":"The Trindade Island's UFO"},{"id":"114652","text":"D. B. Cooper D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the northwest United States, in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on the afternoon of Wednesday, He extorted $200,000 in ransom () and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or identified. It remains the only unsolved case of air piracy in commercial aviation history. Available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did","title":"D. B. Cooper"},{"id":"18564487","text":"the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the \"nerve center\" for NORAD. The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus. NORAD used to","title":"Cheyenne Mountain"},{"id":"8388629","text":"geometric structure of the channel. Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS \"Saranac\" was one of the rock's first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act. The event was","title":"Seymour Narrows"},{"id":"3342789","text":"North Warning System The North Warning System (NWS) is a joint United States and Canadian early-warning radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region. It replaced the Distant Early Warning Line system in the late 1980s. The NWS consists of both long range AN/FPS-117 and short range AN/FPS-124 surveillance radars, operated and maintained by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Alaska Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska controls the stations in Alaska; the Canada East and Canada","title":"North Warning System"},{"id":"4796696","text":"CL-415 water bomber took place at the airport until production ended in 2015. North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada","title":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"},{"id":"11428234","text":"contract and begin plans to re-open the bidding process. Planning for terrorist use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating from other countries. The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quoting Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: \"We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue, ...\". Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive","title":"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"1464289","text":"Manhattan closed. 9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later. 9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93. 9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan. 9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State,","title":"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"4796693","text":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at","title":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"},{"id":"1464257","text":"NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner. 8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: \"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'\". New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on. 8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off","title":"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"783871","text":"its cancellation. In June 1957, when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power, the aircraft's prospects began to noticeably change. Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was \"rampant Liberal spending\". Nonetheless, by 1958, the parent company had become Canada's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock, steel and coal, electronics, and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner. In August 1957, the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) Agreement with the","title":"Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow"},{"id":"747490","text":"Defcon status from 4 to 3. The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under UNSC 339. The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after NORAD saw on-screen indications that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched. No attempt was made to use the \"red telephone\" hotline to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the","title":"World War III"},{"id":"4261892","text":"national income (GNI). Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation \"Not to be confused with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, also abbreviated NORAD.\" The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In matters regarding Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad’s functions are laid down in the agency’s terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and","title":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation"},{"id":"3922436","text":"Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"6036950","text":"Ontario and home ported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. On 7/8 December 1989, two merchant vessels, \"Capitaine Torres\" and \"Johanna B\", sent distress signals during a storm off the coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. \"Sir Wilfred Grenfell\" was dispatched to aid \"Capitaine Torres\" but by the time the ship had arrived, the merchant had sunk and the crew of 18 were lost due to the poor visibility and high seas during the storm. The Coast Guard ship spent the following day searching for survivors, finding only two empty life rafts. In 1993, the Sea Shepherd","title":"CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell"},{"id":"536291","text":"Warning Center's mission \"expanded to include the interior airspace of North America.\" The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced on 28 July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base with Cheyenne Mountain in \"warm standby\" staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado is a setting of the 1983 film \"WarGames\" and the television series \"Jeremiah\" and \"Stargate SG-1\". As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"536277","text":"agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency. The Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"11063170","text":"the 1958 mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia and the absurdist American white supremacist coda to the spectacular rescue of a handful of Canadian men. Nearly a week after the collapse of the deepest coal mine in the world, long after all the missing were presumed dead, two groups of miners—injured and desperately dehydrated—were discovered a vertical mile underground. The worldwide focus on the rescue of the first group—through newspapers, television news reports, and movie theater news-reels—inspired a few highly placed officials in the administration of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, a staunch segregationist, to invite the survivors and their","title":"Melissa Fay Greene"},{"id":"8898315","text":"Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle, an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from further terrorist aggression from inside and outside U.S. borders. CONR is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,and has responsibility over two air defense sectors: the Western Air Defense Sector at McChord Air Force Base, Washington state and the","title":"Continental NORAD Region"},{"id":"536273","text":"general or equivalent. CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"1552760","text":"was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf. On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the \"Canary Wharf bomb\". The towers at Canary Wharf where evacuated as a precaution on September 11, 2001 following the attacks on the World Trade Centre and The Pentagon in the United States. There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at","title":"One Canada Square"},{"id":"9114072","text":"phone calls. In 2015, more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian military personnel volunteered to staff the phone lines. The NORAD Tracks Santa program has always made use of a variety of media. From the 1950s to 1996, these were the telephone hotline, newspapers, radio, phonograph records and television. Many television newscasts in North America feature NORAD Tracks Santa as part of their weather updates on Christmas Eve. From 1997 to the present, the program has had a highly publicized internet presence. As mobile media and social media have become popular and widespread as methods of direct communication, these newer media","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"19175278","text":"first time, the Japan Air Self Defense Force. According to American and Canadian officials, the exercises were canceled at their initiative. Exercise Vigilant Eagle Exercise Vigilant Eagle is a series of trilateral military exercises involving the armed forces of Canada, Russia, and the United States. The exercise is designed to prepare the Russian Air Force and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to undertake coordinated air intercept missions against hijacked civilian aircraft. Four such exercises have been held. Billed by its Russian, American, and Canadian participants as a first-of-its-kind exercise for the former Cold War adversaries, Vigilant Eagle was","title":"Exercise Vigilant Eagle"},{"id":"3946679","text":"Ames Research Center to build of offices. In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to \"track Santa\" in 3-D for the first time. In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with","title":"Google"},{"id":"17090307","text":"time when the founder's son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, filed a patent for the iconic plastic bricks in 1958. Measuring the success of any advertising effort, including an anniversary celebration, can be difficult. Sometimes an anniversary generates negative publicity, such as the tenth anniversary of the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which was largely seen as a colossal business blunder. A report in \"The Guardian\" suggested that corporate anniversaries do not always lead to \"happy returns\": Corporate anniversary In marketing, a Corporate anniversary is a celebration of a firm's continued existence after a particular number of years. The celebration is","title":"Corporate anniversary"},{"id":"1766158","text":"as a 'Patriot' group, a group that \"advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines\". The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9, 1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch named the new organization after John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and military intelligence officer who was shot and killed by communist forces in China in August 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, and the first American casualty of the Cold War. Jimmy","title":"John Birch Society"},{"id":"7760722","text":"8:53 am. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air","title":"September 11 attacks"},{"id":"3683448","text":"SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \"\"The Talking Atlas\"\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet","title":"SCORE (satellite)"},{"id":"3572723","text":"Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a \"leading role\" in the Socialist Caucus. The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness. The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism. In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch","title":"New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus"},{"id":"3246476","text":"week later than Great Britain, on September 10, 1939. The United States did not enter the war until December 7, 1941. One of the first formal agreements for military cooperation was made in August 1940. Known as the Ogdensburg Agreement, it established the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. Both the United States and Canada are founding members of the United Nations as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They signed the NORAD Agreement in 1957 and created the North American Air Defense Command to defend the continent against attacks from the USSR. In the 1942 \"Quebec Agreement\", the","title":"Canada and weapons of mass destruction"},{"id":"9495225","text":"27th AD directed a hostile intercept of a \"declared unknown\" aircraft (without proper IFF), but the \"interceptor pilot remembered...that opening bomb bay doors was to be considered a hostile act only after declaration of an Air Defense Emergency or Warning Yellow or Red\" (the SAC B-47 was on an Radar Bomb Scoring bomb run near the Los Angeles Bomb Plot.) The 27th AD was designated 1 of 23 NORAD divisions effective 10 June 1958 by NORAD General Order 6. The \"27th Air Division (Rocky Mountain)\" was to transfer to the midwest with command of 2 NORAD sectors (Reno and Denver","title":"27th Air Division"},{"id":"536287","text":"1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to \"test\", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two \"continuity of government\" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"11563652","text":"the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command. On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes","title":"101st Intelligence Squadron"},{"id":"208903","text":"fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by Avro Canada in Malton, Ontario, to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet attack. The interceptor had been under development","title":"John Diefenbaker"},{"id":"1613266","text":"of Prince George, and was closed in 1988. It was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre. On June 25, 1956, at just after 7 o'clock, a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane built in 1943 (Serial Number 8300, bearing Canadian Registration CF-HSC) flown by Frank Samuel Pynn, out of the Prince George Airport, was observed flying in an unsafe manner, it went into a half roll, seemed to fall over on its back and nosed into a deep ravine in the cut-banks on the north","title":"Prince George, British Columbia"},{"id":"11619341","text":"of Operations through vigilant detection, rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces. In 1958, in response to the threat of long-range Soviet bombers, the U.S. and Canada signed a treaty creating the bi-national North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), responsible for both countries’ air defense and air sovereignty. Air Defense Sectors were established soon after, including the New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS) headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Responsibility for air defense of the Northeast changed with various reorganizations. In 1983, the 24th Air Division was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base to","title":"Eastern Air Defense Sector"},{"id":"13247534","text":"the \"Bone Wars,\" beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and","title":"Timeline of United States discoveries"},{"id":"19192218","text":"24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be","title":"Google Santa Tracker"},{"id":"435791","text":"Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that \"NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed\" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23. The \"9/11 Commission Report\" stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked. The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony. A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"963662","text":"the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost, north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (140 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: \"Just watch me.\" Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet under his chairmanship advised the Governor General to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier","title":"October Crisis"},{"id":"7097016","text":"pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission","title":"History of Laos since 1945"},{"id":"379742","text":"during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an \"Air Threat Conference Call\" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control command center, which had the most information about the hijackings, in the call. According to the staff report: Operators worked feverishly to include the FAA in this teleconference, but they had equipment problems and difficulty finding secure phone numbers. NORAD asked three times before","title":"Communication during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"812020","text":"centre at the base. Manned by American as well as Canadian military personnel, the centre, situated 60 storeys underground to withstand a nuclear strike, monitored Canada's northern, east-central and Atlantic airspace, identifying and tracking all air traffic in this airspace, and responding to airborne emergencies, crime, and suspicious, unknown and potentially hostile aircraft. In 1983 this responsibility was expanded to all of Canada, and in October 2006 the base's NORAD operations (as of 1981, called North American Aerospace Defence Command) moved into a new, state-of-the-art facility above ground where it continues to provide surveillance, identification and tracking of aircraft, and","title":"North Bay, Ontario"},{"id":"3151388","text":"revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity and in evaluating the scientific value of the project. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years, and despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially recognized its involvement in the study. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik","title":"Project A119"},{"id":"19192213","text":"Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they","title":"Google Santa Tracker"},{"id":"17079665","text":"last to be heard. The most reported is \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", though \"Autumn\" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal \"SOS\" was first put to use when the \"Titanic\" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the \"SOS\" signal at the time, preferring the older \"CQD\" code, \"SOS\" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on \"Titanic\", Jack Phillips, sent both \"SOS\" and \"CQD\" as distress calls. The \"Titanic\" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims,","title":"Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic"},{"id":"536283","text":"initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had \"average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions\", including \"cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program\" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"8982685","text":"drugs via air into North America and supports international defense and peacekeeping commitments. The Squadron was activated at the air defence radar station at St. Margarets, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1953 with the signing of the Pinetree Agreement. In 1963 it became part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, the North American Air Defence Command's (NORAD's) computerized defence network, and became North Bay's Alternate Command Post and Automated Back-up Interceptor Control Unit, taking over in the event that North Bay—center for (then) the air defence of north, east-central and Atlantic Canada—was destroyed or otherwise put out of action. In 1988","title":"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9439697\",\n \"text\": \"The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \\\"tracked Santa Claus\\\" in their own metropolitan areas through\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6014905\",\n \"text\": \"Gazette-Telegraph\\\" in December 1955 with a misprinted telephone number to call Santa Claus sparked numerous Christmas Eve telephone calls by children on December 24, 1955, to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, asking about Santa Claus, and led to the current NORAD Tracks Santa program. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for feature writing. It was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2014 for national reporting for reporting by David Philipps \\\"... expanding the examination of how wounded combat veterans are mistreated, focusing on loss of benefits for life after discharge by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114070\",\n \"text\": \"an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey. Eventually, NORAD, which was renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981, openly published a hotline number for the general public to call to get updates on Santa Claus's progress. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. Each volunteer handles about forty telephone calls per hour, and the team typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9439696\",\n \"text\": \"such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \\\"Santa hotline\\\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114063\",\n \"text\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \\\"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\\\" in the \\\"New York Sun\\\". On December 24, 1948, the United States Air Force issued a communique claiming that an \\\"early warning radar net to the north\\\" had detected \\\"one unidentified sleigh, powered by\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2998605\",\n \"text\": \"-- Distant Early Warning Line of radars, the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1958. The bi-national operation of total North America Defense. North American Air Defense Modernization program in 1985. To this day, The Ogdensburg Agreement stands paramount in all background military operations between the United States and Canada. The DEW-Line has been dismantled due to Satellite Improvement Technology and now relies on innovation driven by the Internet. Many outposts still physically stand, like in Sudbury Ontario, but have been cut in service and are nothing but dead historical monuments. Ogdensburg Agreement The Ogdensburg Agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Ogdensburg Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114078\",\n \"text\": \"York Air National Guard and the U.S. Naval Reserve Navy Information Bureau (NIB) 1118 at Fort Carson, Colorado, as have the Canadian Armed Forces. Other U.S. federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have helped publicize the service. Former First Lady Michelle Obama has participated in the program each year since 2009, answering phone calls. According to Gerry Bowler, a history professor at the University of Manitoba, the NORAD Tracks Santa program is \\\"one of the few modern additions to the centuries-old Santa Claus story that have stuck.\\\" Bowler\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114079\",\n \"text\": \"stated that the program \\\"takes an essential element of the Santa Claus story—his travels on Christmas Eve—and looks at it through a technological lens,\\\" therefore bringing the Santa Claus mythology into the modern era. NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \\\"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767084\",\n \"text\": \"deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties. The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922434\",\n \"text\": \"making them very difficult to track. On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD. A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979. \\\"They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,\\\" says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536292\",\n \"text\": \"Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas\\\", and a Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the \\\"NORAD Tracks Santa\\\" program. Every year on Christmas Eve, \\\"NORAD Tracks Santa\\\" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114066\",\n \"text\": \"on November 30 a child trying to reach Santa Claus on a hotline number provided in a Sears advertisement misdialed the number and instead reached Shoup at his desk at CONAD. Shoup responded gruffly to the child, and no additional Santa Claus-related calls came in to CONAD. However, when a member of Shoup's staff placed a picture of Santa Claus on a board used to track unidentified aircraft that December, Shoup saw a public relations opportunity for CONAD, and he asked CONAD's public relations officer, Colonel Barney Oldfield, to inform the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh. In\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114069\",\n \"text\": \"informed him that the Associated Press and United Press International were awaiting reports that CONAD again was tracking Santa Claus. Shoup agreed that Oldfield should announce it again, and the annual tradition was born. In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \\\"S. Claus\\\" which it identified as \\\"undoubtedly friendly\\\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12908972\",\n \"text\": \"as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\\\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in the post-war United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7749423\",\n \"text\": \"strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.\",\n \"title\": \"Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114068\",\n \"text\": \"story further, adding that the child had dialed the \\\"red telephone\\\"—an impossibility, because the hotline was connected with the Strategic Air Command by an enclosed cable, and no one could dial into from the outside—rather than the regular phone on Shoup's desk, that it was a misprint in an advertisement that led the child to call him rather than the child misdialing the number, and that a flood of calls had come in from children on Christmas Eve 1955 rather than from just one child on November 30. Shoup did not intend to repeat the stunt in 1956, but Oldfield\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536282\",\n \"text\": \"late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and Canada \\\"agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces.\\\" In late 1958, Canada and the United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767025\",\n \"text\": \"Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12908989\",\n \"text\": \"inquiring about Santa. He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in. Three years later, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued. Mr. Jingeling, the Keeper of the Keys to Santa's Workshop, was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle's Department Store in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers. The costumed character was first played by Max\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in the post-war United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114064\",\n \"text\": \"eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet , heading 180 degrees.\\\" The Associated Press passed this \\\"report\\\" along to the general public. It was the first time that the United States Armed Forces issued a statement about tracking Santa Claus's sleigh on Christmas Eve, although it was a one-time event, not repeated over the next several years. The program originated before the actual formation of NORAD, as an annual event on December 24, 1955. According to legend, a Sears department store placed an advertisement in the Colorado Springs newspaper \\\"The Gazette\\\", which told children that they could place a call to Santa\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16659185\",\n \"text\": \"presence of Premiere Global Services (PGi) as its main tenant. Since PGi moved out in 2011, the building has been at 45% occupancy and its main tenant has been Time Warner Cable's customer service center. The building went into foreclosure in 2012. By April 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the need for a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to be located in a new, underground Combat Operations Center in the Colorado Springs, Colorado area. Building the Combat Operations Center within a granite mountain in the Colorado Springs area was shown\",\n \"title\": \"Chidlaw Building\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2985872\",\n \"text\": \"Canada in the Cold War During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances. It was an ally of the United States, but there were several foreign policy differences between the two countries over the course of the Cold War. Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 1958 and played a leading role in United Nations peacekeeping operations – from the Korean War to the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force during the Suez\",\n \"title\": \"Canada in the Cold War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114065\",\n \"text\": \"Claus and included the number \\\"ME 2-6681\\\". A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center as one digit was misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \\\"red telephone\\\" hotline that connected CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command. Colonel Harry Shoup, who was a Crew Commander on duty, answered the first call and supposedly told his staff to give all children who called in later a \\\"current location\\\" for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 1955 appears to be that\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536272\",\n \"text\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020579\",\n \"text\": \"Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centered at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado, command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and US governments, and by collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the Bell System of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the US\",\n \"title\": \"Distant Early Warning Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767142\",\n \"text\": \"any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters. In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3657512\",\n \"text\": \"Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program. The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Canadian Air Force\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922435\",\n \"text\": \"minutes. Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). \\\"Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,\\\" says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent. The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13166988\",\n \"text\": \"the text messaging service company, Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) noticed the \\\"HJK\\\" code. ARINC officials, worried that the South Korean pilots might be sending a coded message for help, notified North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Taking no chances, NORAD scrambled F-15 jets from Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage to intercept the 747, with Alaska air traffic control (ATC) asking the pilots coded questions. ATC instructed the flight to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply complied\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Air Flight 85\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8898317\",\n \"text\": \"ground-based sensors, air-to-air refuelling tankers and fighter aircraft, controlled by a sophisticated command and control network to deter, detect and defend against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace. The two other Regions consist of the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR). Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle,\",\n \"title\": \"Continental NORAD Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9040273\",\n \"text\": \"the House of Commons during the fall session. The deal would likely have passed with the support of the Bloc Québécois. On September 19, the House voted in favor of the deal 172 to 116 in first reading which eliminated its final hurdle until its official realization However, Canada has not fully complied to all conditions of the deal before October 1, 2006, the deadline date for both countries to comply. In 2006, following a debate and vote in the House of Commons, the Harper government renewed the NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command, initially created in 1957) agreement with\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20406406\",\n \"text\": \"Station Bagotville, as well as the USAF's Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville were the nearest bases for interceptor aircraft that would respond to anything detected by the Moisie main radar. Following the 1958 partnership between the USAF and RCAF to form the North American Aerospace Defence Command or NORAD, many Pinetree Line radar stations were upgraded for automation and consolidation of intercept data. No. 211 Aircraft Warning Squadron became No. 211 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron in November 1956. In July 1958 RCAF Station Moisie was placed on increased alert due to the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In May 1959, RCAF\",\n \"title\": \"CFS Moisie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10989409\",\n \"text\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international aircraft and Transport Canada handles Canadian requests. Any\",\n \"title\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760721\",\n \"text\": \"of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well. At 8:32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by\",\n \"title\": \"September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536290\",\n \"text\": \"by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aero\\\"space\\\" Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767083\",\n \"text\": \"military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down. Thus by default Canada was the air defence \\\"front trenches\\\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114067\",\n \"text\": \"his release to the press, Oldfield added that \\\"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas.\\\" Over the following years, the legend of how the annual event originated began to change. By 1961, Shoup's version of the story was that he had not been gruff with the child, but instead had identified himself as Santa Claus when he spoke to the child on the phone. Shoup and his family later modified the\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11537366\",\n \"text\": \"9/11 story \\\"did come from the interrogations.\\\" For more than two years after the attacks, officials with North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances. Authorities suggested that US air defenses had reacted quickly, that jets had been scrambled in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.. The Commission reported a year later that audiotapes from NORAD's Northeast headquarters and other evidence showed clearly that the\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of the 9/11 Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5970985\",\n \"text\": \"nursery rhymes and stories. On June 16, 1958, \\\"Slippery the Seal\\\" escaped from a pool into the nearby Thames River. Ten days later, amid intense publicity and \\\"sightings\\\" of various degrees of reliability, the sea lion turned up 400 km away near Sandusky, Ohio. After several days on display to record-breaking crowds, the Americans returned Slippery. The mayor of London proclaimed \\\"Slippery Day\\\" and thousands lined the streets to see Slippery's return. An \\\"international incident\\\" staged between Storybook and the Toledo Zoo was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt. The park also includes a carousel, a miniature train\",\n \"title\": \"Springbank Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1186233\",\n \"text\": \"brands are now the trademarks of the Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas, though the company has stopped production of these beers.) In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government. The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed\",\n \"title\": \"Bellefontaine, Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15544328\",\n \"text\": \"Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq. In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required. In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while\",\n \"title\": \"123d Fighter Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8920541\",\n \"text\": \"95 solo hours. The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City, which had occurred five years and one month earlier. U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol, and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation, but that these were precautionary measures only. The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism. LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash.\",\n \"title\": \"2006 New York City plane crash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3158285\",\n \"text\": \"Continental Air Command (CONAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) formally separated in 1956. Partridge was relieved of his command of CONAD and Lt. General Joseph H. Atkinson assumed control of ADC. The \\\"Interceptor\\\" magazine was produced by the Air Defense Command at the Ent Air Force Base by 1959 and then the Aerospace Defense Command into the mid-1970s. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the base on 12 September 1957. This command is an international organization, taking operational control of Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Air Defense Command\",\n \"title\": \"Ent Air Force Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12417140\",\n \"text\": \"ship began a regular cycle of 3- to 4-week at-sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command. Operating with search aircraft, \\\"Interceptor\\\" could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States. Patrolling off the coast of Canada she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified \\\"AGR-8\\\", radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, \\\"Interceptor\\\" for the next 7 years operated with NORAD in forming an important link in the nation's defenses. \\\"Interceptor\\\" was struck from\",\n \"title\": \"USS Interceptor (AGR-8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14811760\",\n \"text\": \"since 1850. A geomagnetic storm in February 1956 interfered with radio communications and prompted a search for the British submarine \\\"Acheron\\\" after it lost radio contact. Intense red aurora displays frightened people in Europe on 11 February 1958 and were visible from many US cities as far south as the 40th parallel. This geomagnetic storm caused a radio blackout over North America. Aurora displays were visible over New York, on 13 November 1960 and 1 October 1961. Solar cycle 19 Solar cycle 19 was the nineteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar\",\n \"title\": \"Solar cycle 19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1246041\",\n \"text\": \"to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build\",\n \"title\": \"McChord Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1762557\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"massive\\\" reservoir for diesel fuel and a \\\"huge\\\" battery bank with redundant power generators. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack. In 1957, the\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10989420\",\n \"text\": \"and Special Flight Rules Area to avoid confusion. Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international\",\n \"title\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1762573\",\n \"text\": \"2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM. Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20530526\",\n \"text\": \"happened and make sure it never happens again\\\". In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as \\\"totally inexcusable\\\", adding, The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process. Commander David Benham, a spokesman for U.S. Pacific Command, confirmed to media that there was no imminent missile threat to Hawaii. A spokesman for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated that \\\"NORAD did not see anything that indicated any sort of threat to\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Hawaii false missile alert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11428204\",\n \"text\": \"Pennsylvania at 10:03 after the passengers onboard revolted. Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was confirmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive flight following, report unusual observances, and aid search and rescue in the event of an emergency. The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September 11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the hijackings of Flights 11, 77, 93, or 175\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19818772\",\n \"text\": \"the DND response to the Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka in 2004 and operations related to Canada's Role in the Afghanistan War. Brett was appointed to the position of NORAD J3 from 2005 to 2008. He was responsible to execute NORAD's missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America on authority of the Commander NORAD (first Admiral Timothy J. Keating and then Gen Gene Renuart. While there, Brett also led a team to transform the command centres of NORAD and United States Northern Command. The new command centre opened in 2008 He also\",\n \"title\": \"Brett Cairns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8900342\",\n \"text\": \"The Trindade Island's UFO The Trindade Island's UFO refers to an unidentified flying object which was seen and photographed over the Trindade Island on January 16, 1958. The photographs were rumored as being a hoax. In August 2010, a major T.V. show in Brazil aired information stating that the original photographer had made \\\"hoax\\\" photographs in the past. At 12:00 p.m. on January 16, 1958, Brazilian ship \\\"Almirante Saldanha\\\", taking part in projects of the International Geophysical Year, was preparing to sail away from Ilha de Trindade, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. Among the crew of\",\n \"title\": \"The Trindade Island's UFO\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114652\",\n \"text\": \"D. B. Cooper D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the northwest United States, in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on the afternoon of Wednesday, He extorted $200,000 in ransom () and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or identified. It remains the only unsolved case of air piracy in commercial aviation history. Available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did\",\n \"title\": \"D. B. Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18564487\",\n \"text\": \"the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the \\\"nerve center\\\" for NORAD. The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus. NORAD used to\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8388629\",\n \"text\": \"geometric structure of the channel. Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS \\\"Saranac\\\" was one of the rock's first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act. The event was\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Narrows\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3342789\",\n \"text\": \"North Warning System The North Warning System (NWS) is a joint United States and Canadian early-warning radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region. It replaced the Distant Early Warning Line system in the late 1980s. The NWS consists of both long range AN/FPS-117 and short range AN/FPS-124 surveillance radars, operated and maintained by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Alaska Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska controls the stations in Alaska; the Canada East and Canada\",\n \"title\": \"North Warning System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4796696\",\n \"text\": \"CL-415 water bomber took place at the airport until production ended in 2015. North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11428234\",\n \"text\": \"contract and begin plans to re-open the bidding process. Planning for terrorist use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating from other countries. The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quoting Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: \\\"We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue, ...\\\". Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1464289\",\n \"text\": \"Manhattan closed. 9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later. 9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93. 9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan. 9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State,\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4796693\",\n \"text\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1464257\",\n \"text\": \"NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner. 8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: \\\"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'\\\". New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on. 8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"783871\",\n \"text\": \"its cancellation. In June 1957, when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power, the aircraft's prospects began to noticeably change. Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was \\\"rampant Liberal spending\\\". Nonetheless, by 1958, the parent company had become Canada's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock, steel and coal, electronics, and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner. In August 1957, the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) Agreement with the\",\n \"title\": \"Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"747490\",\n \"text\": \"Defcon status from 4 to 3. The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under UNSC 339. The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after NORAD saw on-screen indications that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched. No attempt was made to use the \\\"red telephone\\\" hotline to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the\",\n \"title\": \"World War III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4261892\",\n \"text\": \"national income (GNI). Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation \\\"Not to be confused with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, also abbreviated NORAD.\\\" The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In matters regarding Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad’s functions are laid down in the agency’s terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and\",\n \"title\": \"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922436\",\n \"text\": \"Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6036950\",\n \"text\": \"Ontario and home ported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. On 7/8 December 1989, two merchant vessels, \\\"Capitaine Torres\\\" and \\\"Johanna B\\\", sent distress signals during a storm off the coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. \\\"Sir Wilfred Grenfell\\\" was dispatched to aid \\\"Capitaine Torres\\\" but by the time the ship had arrived, the merchant had sunk and the crew of 18 were lost due to the poor visibility and high seas during the storm. The Coast Guard ship spent the following day searching for survivors, finding only two empty life rafts. In 1993, the Sea Shepherd\",\n \"title\": \"CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536291\",\n \"text\": \"Warning Center's mission \\\"expanded to include the interior airspace of North America.\\\" The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced on 28 July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base with Cheyenne Mountain in \\\"warm standby\\\" staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado is a setting of the 1983 film \\\"WarGames\\\" and the television series \\\"Jeremiah\\\" and \\\"Stargate SG-1\\\". As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that \\\"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536277\",\n \"text\": \"agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency. The Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11063170\",\n \"text\": \"the 1958 mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia and the absurdist American white supremacist coda to the spectacular rescue of a handful of Canadian men. Nearly a week after the collapse of the deepest coal mine in the world, long after all the missing were presumed dead, two groups of miners—injured and desperately dehydrated—were discovered a vertical mile underground. The worldwide focus on the rescue of the first group—through newspapers, television news reports, and movie theater news-reels—inspired a few highly placed officials in the administration of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, a staunch segregationist, to invite the survivors and their\",\n \"title\": \"Melissa Fay Greene\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8898315\",\n \"text\": \"Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle, an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from further terrorist aggression from inside and outside U.S. borders. CONR is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,and has responsibility over two air defense sectors: the Western Air Defense Sector at McChord Air Force Base, Washington state and the\",\n \"title\": \"Continental NORAD Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536273\",\n \"text\": \"general or equivalent. CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1552760\",\n \"text\": \"was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf. On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the \\\"Canary Wharf bomb\\\". The towers at Canary Wharf where evacuated as a precaution on September 11, 2001 following the attacks on the World Trade Centre and The Pentagon in the United States. There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at\",\n \"title\": \"One Canada Square\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114072\",\n \"text\": \"phone calls. In 2015, more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian military personnel volunteered to staff the phone lines. The NORAD Tracks Santa program has always made use of a variety of media. From the 1950s to 1996, these were the telephone hotline, newspapers, radio, phonograph records and television. Many television newscasts in North America feature NORAD Tracks Santa as part of their weather updates on Christmas Eve. From 1997 to the present, the program has had a highly publicized internet presence. As mobile media and social media have become popular and widespread as methods of direct communication, these newer media\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19175278\",\n \"text\": \"first time, the Japan Air Self Defense Force. According to American and Canadian officials, the exercises were canceled at their initiative. Exercise Vigilant Eagle Exercise Vigilant Eagle is a series of trilateral military exercises involving the armed forces of Canada, Russia, and the United States. The exercise is designed to prepare the Russian Air Force and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to undertake coordinated air intercept missions against hijacked civilian aircraft. Four such exercises have been held. Billed by its Russian, American, and Canadian participants as a first-of-its-kind exercise for the former Cold War adversaries, Vigilant Eagle was\",\n \"title\": \"Exercise Vigilant Eagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3946679\",\n \"text\": \"Ames Research Center to build of offices. In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to \\\"track Santa\\\" in 3-D for the first time. In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with\",\n \"title\": \"Google\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17090307\",\n \"text\": \"time when the founder's son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, filed a patent for the iconic plastic bricks in 1958. Measuring the success of any advertising effort, including an anniversary celebration, can be difficult. Sometimes an anniversary generates negative publicity, such as the tenth anniversary of the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which was largely seen as a colossal business blunder. A report in \\\"The Guardian\\\" suggested that corporate anniversaries do not always lead to \\\"happy returns\\\": Corporate anniversary In marketing, a Corporate anniversary is a celebration of a firm's continued existence after a particular number of years. The celebration is\",\n \"title\": \"Corporate anniversary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1766158\",\n \"text\": \"as a 'Patriot' group, a group that \\\"advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines\\\". The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9, 1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch named the new organization after John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and military intelligence officer who was shot and killed by communist forces in China in August 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, and the first American casualty of the Cold War. Jimmy\",\n \"title\": \"John Birch Society\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760722\",\n \"text\": \"8:53 am. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air\",\n \"title\": \"September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3683448\",\n \"text\": \"SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \\\"\\\"The Talking Atlas\\\"\\\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"SCORE (satellite)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572723\",\n \"text\": \"Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a \\\"leading role\\\" in the Socialist Caucus. The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness. The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism. In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch\",\n \"title\": \"New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3246476\",\n \"text\": \"week later than Great Britain, on September 10, 1939. The United States did not enter the war until December 7, 1941. One of the first formal agreements for military cooperation was made in August 1940. Known as the Ogdensburg Agreement, it established the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. Both the United States and Canada are founding members of the United Nations as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They signed the NORAD Agreement in 1957 and created the North American Air Defense Command to defend the continent against attacks from the USSR. In the 1942 \\\"Quebec Agreement\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Canada and weapons of mass destruction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9495225\",\n \"text\": \"27th AD directed a hostile intercept of a \\\"declared unknown\\\" aircraft (without proper IFF), but the \\\"interceptor pilot remembered...that opening bomb bay doors was to be considered a hostile act only after declaration of an Air Defense Emergency or Warning Yellow or Red\\\" (the SAC B-47 was on an Radar Bomb Scoring bomb run near the Los Angeles Bomb Plot.) The 27th AD was designated 1 of 23 NORAD divisions effective 10 June 1958 by NORAD General Order 6. The \\\"27th Air Division (Rocky Mountain)\\\" was to transfer to the midwest with command of 2 NORAD sectors (Reno and Denver\",\n \"title\": \"27th Air Division\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536287\",\n \"text\": \"1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to \\\"test\\\", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two \\\"continuity of government\\\" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11563652\",\n \"text\": \"the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command. On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes\",\n \"title\": \"101st Intelligence Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208903\",\n \"text\": \"fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by Avro Canada in Malton, Ontario, to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet attack. The interceptor had been under development\",\n \"title\": \"John Diefenbaker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1613266\",\n \"text\": \"of Prince George, and was closed in 1988. It was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre. On June 25, 1956, at just after 7 o'clock, a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane built in 1943 (Serial Number 8300, bearing Canadian Registration CF-HSC) flown by Frank Samuel Pynn, out of the Prince George Airport, was observed flying in an unsafe manner, it went into a half roll, seemed to fall over on its back and nosed into a deep ravine in the cut-banks on the north\",\n \"title\": \"Prince George, British Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619341\",\n \"text\": \"of Operations through vigilant detection, rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces. In 1958, in response to the threat of long-range Soviet bombers, the U.S. and Canada signed a treaty creating the bi-national North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), responsible for both countries’ air defense and air sovereignty. Air Defense Sectors were established soon after, including the New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS) headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Responsibility for air defense of the Northeast changed with various reorganizations. In 1983, the 24th Air Division was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base to\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Air Defense Sector\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13247534\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Bone Wars,\\\" beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States discoveries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19192218\",\n \"text\": \"24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \\\"felt like it could be\",\n \"title\": \"Google Santa Tracker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435791\",\n \"text\": \"Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that \\\"NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed\\\" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23. The \\\"9/11 Commission Report\\\" stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked. The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony. A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"963662\",\n \"text\": \"the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost, north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (140 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: \\\"Just watch me.\\\" Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet under his chairmanship advised the Governor General to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier\",\n \"title\": \"October Crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7097016\",\n \"text\": \"pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission\",\n \"title\": \"History of Laos since 1945\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"379742\",\n \"text\": \"during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an \\\"Air Threat Conference Call\\\" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control command center, which had the most information about the hijackings, in the call. According to the staff report: Operators worked feverishly to include the FAA in this teleconference, but they had equipment problems and difficulty finding secure phone numbers. NORAD asked three times before\",\n \"title\": \"Communication during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"812020\",\n \"text\": \"centre at the base. Manned by American as well as Canadian military personnel, the centre, situated 60 storeys underground to withstand a nuclear strike, monitored Canada's northern, east-central and Atlantic airspace, identifying and tracking all air traffic in this airspace, and responding to airborne emergencies, crime, and suspicious, unknown and potentially hostile aircraft. In 1983 this responsibility was expanded to all of Canada, and in October 2006 the base's NORAD operations (as of 1981, called North American Aerospace Defence Command) moved into a new, state-of-the-art facility above ground where it continues to provide surveillance, identification and tracking of aircraft, and\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay, Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3151388\",\n \"text\": \"revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity and in evaluating the scientific value of the project. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years, and despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially recognized its involvement in the study. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik\",\n \"title\": \"Project A119\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19192213\",\n \"text\": \"Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \\\"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\\\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they\",\n \"title\": \"Google Santa Tracker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17079665\",\n \"text\": \"last to be heard. The most reported is \\\"Nearer, My God, to Thee\\\", though \\\"Autumn\\\" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal \\\"SOS\\\" was first put to use when the \\\"Titanic\\\" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the \\\"SOS\\\" signal at the time, preferring the older \\\"CQD\\\" code, \\\"SOS\\\" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on \\\"Titanic\\\", Jack Phillips, sent both \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"CQD\\\" as distress calls. The \\\"Titanic\\\" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims,\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536283\",\n \"text\": \"initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had \\\"average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions\\\", including \\\"cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program\\\" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8982685\",\n \"text\": \"drugs via air into North America and supports international defense and peacekeeping commitments. The Squadron was activated at the air defence radar station at St. Margarets, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1953 with the signing of the Pinetree Agreement. In 1963 it became part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, the North American Air Defence Command's (NORAD's) computerized defence network, and became North Bay's Alternate Command Post and Automated Back-up Interceptor Control Unit, taking over in the event that North Bay—center for (then) the air defence of north, east-central and Atlantic Canada—was destroyed or otherwise put out of action. In 1988\",\n \"title\": \"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Santa Claus context: The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \\\"tracked Santa Claus\\\" in their own metropolitan areas through\\n\\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 199,\n \"origin_tokens\": 199,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Santa Cla context: such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \\\"Santa hotline\\\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.\\n\\ntitle: NOR Tracks Santa context Cla and number \\\"ME 2-6681 A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center one digit misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \\\"red telephone hotline CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command Colonel Harry Shoup, who was arew Commander on duty answered the first call and supposedly told staff give all children who called in later acurrent location for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 195 appears to be that\\n\\ntitleburg Ag Distant Line radars, the the Aerospace DefNOR) in 19. The bi-n of Northense. North American Airense Modern in195. day, The Ogdensburgreement operations between States and. TheWLine has beenmant due toelliteprovement on Internet Many out still physically stand, like in Ontario, cut in nothing but dead monuments Ogdensburg Agre Ogdens Agreement\\n\\n:: 11ile Warning Centered by. Over the years the the,.). Under Mountainers NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM\\n\\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 498,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14229,\n \"ratio\": \"28.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78777,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78777,"string":"78,777"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"For a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan."},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan"],"string":"[\n \"Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"346814","text":", the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the","title":"Geography of Russia"},{"id":"4515200","text":"the Estonian Santa Claus (\"Jõuluvana\" or \"Old man of Christmas\"), the Finnish Santa Claus (\"Joulupukki\" or \"Yule Goat\"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures. Some people also say, that Ded Moroz is Santa Claus's grandfather. The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany. In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"459550","text":"well as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,","title":"Winter Olympic Games"},{"id":"341334","text":"and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval","title":"Russia"},{"id":"4325200","text":"all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest. Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on. After the dinner comes the time for gifts. Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree, with name stickers. An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the \"fight\" between Christmas beings. During communism, when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence, communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional \"Ded Moroz\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") in the place of Little Jesus won. Now Santa Claus is attacking, by means of advertising and Hollywood film production. Many people, Christians","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"17540413","text":"Kazakh and Kyrgyz name. Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper,","title":"Ayaz Ata"},{"id":"9927213","text":"Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation--including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country. Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development found in 2001 that only three tropical economies","title":"Geography and wealth"},{"id":"13678861","text":"Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole contains the world’s highest mountains, including all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters (5 miles), is the source of 10 major rivers, and forms a formidable global ecological buffer.","title":"Third Pole"},{"id":"6525530","text":"used in parallel. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the ethnic divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time and most ethnic Uyghurs following Ürümqi Time. Some local authorities are now using both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature. The coexistence of two timezones within","title":"Time in China"},{"id":"19885956","text":"of the database. Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for","title":"Xinjiang Time"},{"id":"13678865","text":"knowledge of this situation, and its potential implications, outside the immediate vicinity; a special effort is needed to raise awareness of the fragility of the mountain social-ecological system. Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole","title":"Third Pole"},{"id":"5633666","text":"outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a \"Father Christmas\" type character with only traces of the original \"Nisse\" and in some respects indistinguishable from \"Santa\". In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their Julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart – Father Frost in 2011. In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to Julemanden: \"Rensdyrvej\" translates as \"Reindeer Way\", while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December. Julemanden Julemanden can be directly","title":"Julemanden"},{"id":"437404","text":"Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"19885951","text":"Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for civil purposes, while","title":"Xinjiang Time"},{"id":"152463","text":"such as the Council of Europe, and is seeking membership in NATO and accession to the European Union. Georgia is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, London, Toronto (Canada), Omaha (USA), Eureka (USA), Odate (Japan), Shenyang (China) and Tirana. Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which","title":"Geography of Georgia (country)"},{"id":"1458032","text":"China. Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing","title":"Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"437489","text":"Chess Champion in 2004. Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include basketball, judo, team handball, baseball, taekwondo, and futsal. General information Media Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast;","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"4118094","text":"of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,","title":"Geography of Europe"},{"id":"14626685","text":"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the","title":"Visa policy of Turkey"},{"id":"222264","text":"devoted to the problem of the Aral Sea alone), but few practical programs have gone into operation. In 1994 the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to give Kazakhstan $62 million to help the country overcome ecological problems. Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia","title":"Geography of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"4515192","text":"Ded Moroz Ded Moroz (, \"Ded Moroz\" ; , \"Dzyed Maróz\"; , \"Did Moróz\"; Russian diminutive , \"Dédushka Moróz\"; / \"Deda Mraz\"; also Morozko () is a fictional character similar to that of Father Christmas and Santa Claus and has its roots in Slavic paganism mythology. The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in East Slavic countries and is an important part of Russian culture. The literal translation is \"Grandfather Frost\", but depending on the language it can also be translated as \"Old Man Frost\". Ded Moroz is depicted as bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"363747","text":"had spanned eleven time zones and incorporated a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, the Soviet Union shared land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shared its maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the US state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. With an area of , the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the third most populous, with over 288 million people as of","title":"Soviet Union"},{"id":"5407754","text":"those who are citizens or official residents from countries outside the European Union or outside one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport/identity card. Proof of residency can be established through government issued residency documents. Eurail Passes come in 4 types of traveler categories The Eurail Global Pass is valid in all 28 participating countries, as of 2018: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,","title":"Eurail"},{"id":"87378","text":"Terror. Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().","title":"Central Asia"},{"id":"17442552","text":"Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high","title":"Arctic Circle"},{"id":"437412","text":"northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"87310","text":"Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan (). Afghanistan","title":"Central Asia"},{"id":"13126676","text":"and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein also observe Central European Time. Moldova, Transnistria, Kaliningrad Oblast (Kaliningrad Time), Ukraine (apart from Crimea) and Northern Cyprus observe the Eastern European Time. Belarus, Russia (western part, including Crimea) and Turkey use Further-eastern European Time. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh use time. Kazakhstan use . London and others: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and","title":"Time in Europe"},{"id":"222251","text":"Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east. There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range,","title":"Geography of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"222365","text":"for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan. Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time. On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017. The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K.","title":"Foreign relations of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"13231427","text":"Mongolia; and the islanders in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa and Kiribati. Europe: every country except Albania, Croatia and the Ukraine Middle East: Israel and Egypt West Asia: Turkey, Georgia, Iran and the Yemen Central Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan (the Karakoram Highway), Nepal Everest Base Camp, India, Kashmir and Ladakh South-east Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Burma East Asia: southwest and northwest China (the Silk Road) and Japan North America: the United States and Canada Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Cuba South America: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia West Africa: Mali North","title":"Patrick Richardson"},{"id":"72453","text":"interpreted liberally from the beginning, when Turkey was admitted, to include transcontinental states (such as Georgia and Azerbaijan) and states that are geographically Asian but socio-politically European (such as Armenia and Cyprus). Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exceptions of Belarus (human rights concerns), Kazakhstan (human rights concerns), and the Vatican City (a theocracy), as well as some of the territories with limited recognition. Besides the status as a full member, the Council of Europe has established other instruments for cooperation and participation of non-member states: observer, applicant, special guest, and partner for","title":"Council of Europe"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"2786428","text":"morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine and Artois). The tradition is also celebrated in territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Curaçao and Suriname. Sinterklaas is the primary source of the popular Christmas icon of Santa Claus. \"Sinterklaas\" is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes","title":"Sinterklaas"},{"id":"13862385","text":"south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).","title":"Meet the Stans"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"17540410","text":"Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper, sometimes with influence of","title":"Ayaz Ata"},{"id":"254658","text":"point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to","title":"Mongolia"},{"id":"434295","text":"Geography of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers (approximately the size of Spain or California), Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers from west to east and 930 kilometers from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. As","title":"Geography of Uzbekistan"},{"id":"1408682","text":"new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round. Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent reconstruction. Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The town of Kosava, near which Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church. From 1st of January 2018 residents","title":"Brest, Belarus"},{"id":"3165237","text":"Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (Non-Resident), Yemen. Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,","title":"Apostolic Nunciature"},{"id":"3266899","text":"rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline. A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching population declines in the 2020-25 period include Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of","title":"Population decline"},{"id":"293264","text":"Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC. All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to","title":"New Year"},{"id":"12887552","text":"EAAF, mostly within a single country, the Russian Federation, though sixteen of the 30 countries encompassed by the CAF are located in the AEWA area. They are: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China People's Republic of, Georgia, Iran Republic of, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom Chagos Islands and Uzbekistan. The remaining countries in the Central Asian Flyway are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened","title":"Central Asian Flyway"},{"id":"10893268","text":"Tolerance\" with its symbolism of love, peace and friendship - has been presented on all five continents in over 30 metropolises of this world - always in the very heart of the cities. The bears have been displayed at the following Stations since the beginning of the tour in 2002: Berlin (Germany), Kitzbuehel (Austria), Hong Kong, Istanbul (Turkey), Tokyo (Japon), Seoul (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vienna (Austria), Cairo (Egypt), Jerusalem (Israel), Warsaw (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), Pyongyang (North Korea), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo (Uruguay), Astana (Kazakhstan), Helsinki (Finland), Sofia (Bulgaria), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), New Delhi (India), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Paris (France),","title":"Klaus and Eva Herlitz"},{"id":"222101","text":"generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"14587059","text":"reunion in Ithaca, as he re-imagines the ancient journey of Odysseus, visiting tiny hamlets with names like Troy (Oregon), Sparta (Wisconsin), Iliad (Montana), Calypso (Montana) and Apollo (Pennsylvania). Upon its publication in June 2010, \"Turn Left at the Trojan Horse\" was selected to the Indie Next \"Great Reads\" list, as chosen by independent booksellers, and subsequently made the Indie Travel Literature Bestseller list. \"This is how a quest should be done...\" wrote a reviewer in the Los Angeles Times. He also recounts his journey in an interview on Minnesota Public Radio's \"All Things Considered.\" Herzog’s first published book for adults","title":"Brad Herzog"},{"id":"222102","text":"of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic. It shares borders of with Russia, with Uzbekistan, with China, with Kyrgyzstan, and with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau, and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N, and longitudes 46° and 88° E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"4515203","text":"New Year celebrations, however \"Qar Qızı\" is rarely present at the festivities. Ded Moroz is \"Dzied Maroz\" () in Belarusian language. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character, but was a replacement of the local Śviaty Mikałaj – whom soviet authorities disapproved for its christian origins. The official residence of \"Dzied Maroz\" in Belarus is declared to be in Bialowieza Forest. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (\"Dyado Koleda\", Grandfather Koleda), with \"Dyado Mraz\" (Дядо Мраз, \"Grandfather Frost\") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"4740664","text":"expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration. The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic","title":"Post-Soviet states"},{"id":"13862384","text":"Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan). Travelling from the far north-west of Kazakhstan by the Russian border, he visits a former Soviet weapons lab, goes east to the Chinese border,","title":"Meet the Stans"},{"id":"6553756","text":"old company for the last 12 years and business takes priority over family. Scott also learns that Laura and Neil divorced and Carol moved away years ago. Scott goes to find Lucy and Neil, who are vacationing at the North Pole, which Frost has turned into a tourist resort. Christmas is now \"Frostmas\", the elves are miserable, and the reindeer are confined to a petting zoo. When Scott finds Lucy and Neil, Neil states that Charlie didn't want him to be his father, causing the divorce between him and Laura. Scott confronts Frost and tricks him into recording his voice","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"2022350","text":"one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following \"single\" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on","title":"Landlocked country"},{"id":"5020487","text":"from both the left and the right. He has compiled the list of \"The World’s 10 Worst Dictators\" for \"Parade\" magazine for the last several years. In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: \"Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators\". These men are: Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Kim Jong-il (North Korea), Than Shwe (Burma), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Hu Jintao (China), King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia), Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenistan), Seyed Ali Khamanei (Iran), Teodoro Obiang Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), King Mswati III (Swaziland), Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan), Aleksandr Lukashenko (Belarus), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Isaias Afwerki (Eritrea), Bashar al-Assad","title":"David Wallechinsky"},{"id":"437411","text":"electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy sector, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. Uzbekistan has an area of . It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area and the 2nd largest by population. Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches from west to east and from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"222913","text":"pits in hazardous locations. Water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. \"Illegal hunting\" of very rare species such as the snow leopard and the Marco Polo sheep. Environment - international agreements:
\"party to:\" Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
\"signed, but not ratified:\" none of the selected agreements In response to the internationally recognized environmental crisis of the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea, the five states sharing the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,","title":"Geography of Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"17562198","text":"zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-\"Iron Curtain\") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with","title":"Border barrier"},{"id":"222250","text":"sites and tunnels were closed by 1995. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama met with Nazarbayev at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. and discussed intensifying their strategic relationship and bilateral cooperation to increase nuclear safety, regional stability, and economic prosperity. History of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical \"crossroads\" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct \"Pithecanthropus\" and \"Sinanthropus\" one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. Neanderthals were present from","title":"History of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"14850105","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Moldova. Moldova, officially the \"Republic of Moldova\" is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the devolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Nistru has been under the \"de facto\" control of the breakaway government of","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova"},{"id":"14418701","text":"Arabia. As of 2015, at least fourteen member states of the European Union maintain criminal blasphemy or religious insult laws. These are Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France (Alsace-Moselle region only, long unenforced, and officially repealed in January 2017 ), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland only). Turkey also has similar laws. In 2009 six US states still had anti-blasphemy laws on their books: Massachusetts, Michigan, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, but law professor Sarah Barringer Gordon states that they are \"rarely enforced.\" Blasphemy Day Blasphemy Day, also known as International","title":"Blasphemy Day"},{"id":"16706315","text":"and calculated to be near the Manor house of Estate of Safyanov in Saldam (modern Tuva, Russia) at . There is a monument commemorating that fact in the estate garden. Geographical Center of Asian Continent () is the name of a monument indicating the supposed geographical center of the Asian continent. It is located about 20 km south-west of Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. The measurement on which it is based dates to 1992. It was based on calculating the geographical center of 49 Asian countries (including the island states of Cyprus and Japan, and counting Palestine and Sikkim","title":"Geographical midpoint of Asia"},{"id":"2388828","text":"the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \"PyeongChang\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies","title":"Pyeongchang County"},{"id":"1394419","text":"many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate","title":"Tourism in Russia"},{"id":"13613727","text":"mixture of Arabic Caliphate and Persia. Other lands with real-life analogies include Cathay (China), Ind (India), Naggaroth (northern North America), Ulthuan (Atlantis), Lustria (Mesoamerica), Norsca (Scandinavia) and the island of Albion (British Isles); however, very little official information has been released for these locales. While the setting of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay shares traits, such as the existence of elves and goblins, with other popular fantasy settings, it is technologically set slightly later than classic fantasy – close to the early Renaissance era in terms of technology and society. Firearms are readily available, though expensive and unreliable, and a growing mercantile","title":"Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay"},{"id":"222079","text":"Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"77651","text":"Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and Macau), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Sahrawi Republic, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,","title":"Christmas"},{"id":"4674767","text":"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland","title":"Interrail"},{"id":"6532938","text":"Kanas Lake Kanas Lake (, , Қанас Көли, Xiao'erjing: كَانَاسِ خٗ) is a lake in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The lake is located in a valley in the Altai Mountains, near the very northern tip of Xinjiang, and the province's borders with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The lake was formed around 200,000 years ago during the Quaternary period as a result of glacier movement. The crescent moon shaped lake has an estimated water storage capacity of 53.8 billion cubic meters, coupled with an average depth of around 120 meters. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with","title":"Kanas Lake"},{"id":"1457951","text":"Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, which has helped preserve its ancient culture, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of","title":"Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"7393793","text":"can be booked through Internet. A few trains can transport passengers out of China to places such as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Moscow in Russia, Almaty in Kazakhstan, P'yŏngyang in North Korea, Hanoi in Vietnam and so on. Tickets can only be bought through travel agents near the departure station. Passenger rail transport in China Passenger rail transport is one of the principal means of transport in the People's Republic of China, with rail passenger traffic exceeding 1.86 billion railway trips in 2011. It is operated by the China Railway Corporation(CR). The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel","title":"Passenger rail transport in China"},{"id":"346813","text":"Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about , to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain. Extending for","title":"Geography of Russia"},{"id":"2649602","text":"the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru. The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau,","title":"Antipodes"},{"id":"432520","text":"winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate \"two\" sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use (120°E), so solar \"noon\" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet. Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries,","title":"Time zone"},{"id":"415556","text":"is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (), the Sea of Marmara (), and the Dardanelles (); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of , is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country. Land boundaries: \"border countries:\" Greece , Bulgaria , Georgia , Armenia , Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) , Iran , Iraq , Syria . Coastline: \"Maritime claims:\" \"exclusive economic zone:\" in the Black Sea only: to","title":"Geography of Turkey"},{"id":"18924735","text":"occurred during this era of easing geo-political tensions as well. To date, 15 visits have been made to Russia (which is partially in Eastern Europe as well as the only country in Northern Asia), 14 to Poland, five to the Czech Republic, five to Romania, four to Hungary, four to Ukraine, two to Bulgaria, one to Belarus, and one to Slovakia. Additionally, six visits were made to the Soviet Union prior to its collapse. One visit was also made to Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution. Moldova is the only Eastern European country which has not been visited by a sitting","title":"United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia"},{"id":"12217178","text":"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. The last President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were part of the Soviet Union before its official dissolution in 1991. At the start of the 21st century, 96% of the international border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan had been determined. In 2001, after mutual agreements, the border line in only three disputed areas (Bagys, Arnasai and Nsan) remained undrawn. By September 2002, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had fully resolved the course of their 2,440 km-long shared","title":"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations"},{"id":"434296","text":"the Caspian Sea is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two \"doubly landlocked\" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is Liechtenstein. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast","title":"Geography of Uzbekistan"},{"id":"19479030","text":"World Nomad Games World Nomad Games () are an international sport competition dedicated to ethnic sports practiced in Central Asia. The countries taking part in those games are the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia (especially Sakha, Buryatia, Altay, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan republics, etc.) as well as other countries like Mongolia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Philippines and the United States. The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan; however, Turkey has been announced as the host of the fourth games. The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition","title":"World Nomad Games"},{"id":"13510595","text":"has delivered medical relief in over 120 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bali, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Union of Myanmar, Nagorno Karabakh Republic,","title":"Project C.U.R.E."},{"id":"4515202","text":"of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Eastern bloc and in the former Yugoslavia. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions. In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as \"Şaxta Baba\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") and his companion Snegurochka is known as \"Qar Qızı\" (\"Snow Girl\"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. \"Şaxta Baba\" brings gifts to children at","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"14437981","text":"in 2005 these firms were shut down by the government. Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan. The Republic of Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"10041836","text":"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published","title":"Every Inch a King"},{"id":"13620949","text":"issued by can obtain a visa on arrival provided holding a pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kazakhstan are able to visit the border districts of Issyk-Kul, Talas and Chui regions of Kyrgyzstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. From 1 September 2017 citizens of all countries and","title":"Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"543929","text":"3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced \"de facto\" and in some cases","title":"Violence against LGBT people"},{"id":"9669317","text":"Azerbaijan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Croatia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Japan, Lithuania, Maldives, Moldavia, Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Chad, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Grenada, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Paraguay, Portugal, Samoa, Sweden, and Uruguay. , 59 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances (ICAED) is a global network of organisations of families of disappeared and NGO's campaigning in a nonviolent manner against the practice of enforced disappearances at","title":"International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance"},{"id":"17251302","text":"A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and holders of diplomatic passports of Estonia, India and Uzbekistan do not require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. Holders of diplomatic passports of Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States may obtain a free visa on arrival. Visa-free agreement","title":"Visa policy of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"12822508","text":"Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% \"No\" to 49.42% \"Yes\". Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic states, Russia, the United States (via Alaska), Canada, Norway and Denmark (via Greenland), are limited to a economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a ten-year period to make claims to extend its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in","title":"Canadian sovereignty"},{"id":"1394433","text":"and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies","title":"Tourism in Russia"},{"id":"7050701","text":"Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom","title":"International Driving Permit"},{"id":"1966089","text":"and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold. Despite its well-deserved reputation as a generally snowy, icy northern country, the Soviet Union included other major climatic zones as well. According to Soviet geographers, most of their country is located in the temperate zone, which for them included all of the European portion except the southern part of Crimea and the Caucasus, all of Siberia, the Soviet Far East, and the plains of Soviet Central Asia and the southern Kazakh","title":"Geography of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"4515213","text":"Tajik police. On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that \"Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year’s tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them\". However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures. In 2014, Ukraine has attempted to replace Ded Moroz with Saint Nicholas","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"18661387","text":"his competitors. The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018. China was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a \"higher level.\" Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Moldova, North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan and Venezuela. Western reaction to the election result was predominantly","title":"2018 Russian presidential election"},{"id":"13774300","text":"program was initially started on 15 July 2014 providing unilateral visa free access to 10 countries and in July 2015 it was further extended to a total of 19 countries and then to 43 in January 2017. These countries are: Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kyrgyzstan are able to visit the border districts of Almaty and Jambul regions of Kazakhstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia,","title":"Visa policy of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"11524416","text":"the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as \"mostly unfree\" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively. Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as \"repressed\". Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year. In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that \"[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living","title":"Indices of economic freedom"},{"id":"254628","text":"Mongolia Mongolia (; \"Monggol Ulus\" in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only separates them. At , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated unitary sovereign state in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind","title":"Mongolia"},{"id":"236383","text":"of languages that can be shown to have common ancestry. Linguists recognize many hundreds of language families, although some of them can possibly be grouped into larger units as more evidence becomes available and in-depth studies are carried out. At present, there are also dozens of language isolates: languages that cannot be shown to be related to any other languages in the world. Among them are Basque, spoken in Europe, Zuni of New Mexico, Purépecha of Mexico, Ainu of Japan, Burushaski of Pakistan, and many others. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European","title":"Language"},{"id":"11749880","text":"United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and on 27 March 2017 the United Kingdom formally requested such a withdrawal. It is not decided what the future state of Ireland will be, although it has been suggested that Ireland will stay in the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area, because it wants to keep the lack of border control at its land border. Three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – can be considered as \"de facto\" within the Schengen Area. They do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround","title":"Schengen Area"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"346814\",\n \"text\": \", the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515200\",\n \"text\": \"the Estonian Santa Claus (\\\"Jõuluvana\\\" or \\\"Old man of Christmas\\\"), the Finnish Santa Claus (\\\"Joulupukki\\\" or \\\"Yule Goat\\\"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures. Some people also say, that Ded Moroz is Santa Claus's grandfather. The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany. In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459550\",\n \"text\": \"well as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,\",\n \"title\": \"Winter Olympic Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"341334\",\n \"text\": \"and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval\",\n \"title\": \"Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325200\",\n \"text\": \"all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest. Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on. After the dinner comes the time for gifts. Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree, with name stickers. An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the \\\"fight\\\" between Christmas beings. During communism, when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence, communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional \\\"Ded Moroz\\\" (\\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") in the place of Little Jesus won. Now Santa Claus is attacking, by means of advertising and Hollywood film production. Many people, Christians\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540413\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakh and Kyrgyz name. Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \\\"Frost Father\\\", although the name is often translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \\\"Кар Кызы\\\" or \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden\\\"), his granddaughter and helper,\",\n \"title\": \"Ayaz Ata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9927213\",\n \"text\": \"Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation--including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country. Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development found in 2001 that only three tropical economies\",\n \"title\": \"Geography and wealth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678861\",\n \"text\": \"Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \\\"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\\\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole contains the world’s highest mountains, including all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters (5 miles), is the source of 10 major rivers, and forms a formidable global ecological buffer.\",\n \"title\": \"Third Pole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6525530\",\n \"text\": \"used in parallel. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the ethnic divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time and most ethnic Uyghurs following Ürümqi Time. Some local authorities are now using both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature. The coexistence of two timezones within\",\n \"title\": \"Time in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19885956\",\n \"text\": \"of the database. Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for\",\n \"title\": \"Xinjiang Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678865\",\n \"text\": \"knowledge of this situation, and its potential implications, outside the immediate vicinity; a special effort is needed to raise awareness of the fragility of the mountain social-ecological system. Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \\\"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\\\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole\",\n \"title\": \"Third Pole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5633666\",\n \"text\": \"outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a \\\"Father Christmas\\\" type character with only traces of the original \\\"Nisse\\\" and in some respects indistinguishable from \\\"Santa\\\". In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their Julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart – Father Frost in 2011. In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to Julemanden: \\\"Rensdyrvej\\\" translates as \\\"Reindeer Way\\\", while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December. Julemanden Julemanden can be directly\",\n \"title\": \"Julemanden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437404\",\n \"text\": \"Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19885951\",\n \"text\": \"Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for civil purposes, while\",\n \"title\": \"Xinjiang Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152463\",\n \"text\": \"such as the Council of Europe, and is seeking membership in NATO and accession to the European Union. Georgia is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, London, Toronto (Canada), Omaha (USA), Eureka (USA), Odate (Japan), Shenyang (China) and Tirana. Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Georgia (country)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458032\",\n \"text\": \"China. Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \\\"Kyrgyzstan\\\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437489\",\n \"text\": \"Chess Champion in 2004. Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include basketball, judo, team handball, baseball, taekwondo, and futsal. General information Media Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast;\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4118094\",\n \"text\": \"of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14626685\",\n \"text\": \"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222264\",\n \"text\": \"devoted to the problem of the Aral Sea alone), but few practical programs have gone into operation. In 1994 the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to give Kazakhstan $62 million to help the country overcome ecological problems. Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515192\",\n \"text\": \"Ded Moroz Ded Moroz (, \\\"Ded Moroz\\\" ; , \\\"Dzyed Maróz\\\"; , \\\"Did Moróz\\\"; Russian diminutive , \\\"Dédushka Moróz\\\"; / \\\"Deda Mraz\\\"; also Morozko () is a fictional character similar to that of Father Christmas and Santa Claus and has its roots in Slavic paganism mythology. The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in East Slavic countries and is an important part of Russian culture. The literal translation is \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\", but depending on the language it can also be translated as \\\"Old Man Frost\\\". Ded Moroz is depicted as bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363747\",\n \"text\": \"had spanned eleven time zones and incorporated a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, the Soviet Union shared land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shared its maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the US state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. With an area of , the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the third most populous, with over 288 million people as of\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5407754\",\n \"text\": \"those who are citizens or official residents from countries outside the European Union or outside one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport/identity card. Proof of residency can be established through government issued residency documents. Eurail Passes come in 4 types of traveler categories The Eurail Global Pass is valid in all 28 participating countries, as of 2018: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,\",\n \"title\": \"Eurail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87378\",\n \"text\": \"Terror. Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17442552\",\n \"text\": \"Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high\",\n \"title\": \"Arctic Circle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437412\",\n \"text\": \"northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87310\",\n \"text\": \"Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan (). Afghanistan\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13126676\",\n \"text\": \"and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein also observe Central European Time. Moldova, Transnistria, Kaliningrad Oblast (Kaliningrad Time), Ukraine (apart from Crimea) and Northern Cyprus observe the Eastern European Time. Belarus, Russia (western part, including Crimea) and Turkey use Further-eastern European Time. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh use time. Kazakhstan use . London and others: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and\",\n \"title\": \"Time in Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222251\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east. There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222365\",\n \"text\": \"for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan. Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time. On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017. The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K.\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign relations of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13231427\",\n \"text\": \"Mongolia; and the islanders in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa and Kiribati. Europe: every country except Albania, Croatia and the Ukraine Middle East: Israel and Egypt West Asia: Turkey, Georgia, Iran and the Yemen Central Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan (the Karakoram Highway), Nepal Everest Base Camp, India, Kashmir and Ladakh South-east Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Burma East Asia: southwest and northwest China (the Silk Road) and Japan North America: the United States and Canada Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Cuba South America: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia West Africa: Mali North\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72453\",\n \"text\": \"interpreted liberally from the beginning, when Turkey was admitted, to include transcontinental states (such as Georgia and Azerbaijan) and states that are geographically Asian but socio-politically European (such as Armenia and Cyprus). Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exceptions of Belarus (human rights concerns), Kazakhstan (human rights concerns), and the Vatican City (a theocracy), as well as some of the territories with limited recognition. Besides the status as a full member, the Council of Europe has established other instruments for cooperation and participation of non-member states: observer, applicant, special guest, and partner for\",\n \"title\": \"Council of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2786428\",\n \"text\": \"morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine and Artois). The tradition is also celebrated in territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Curaçao and Suriname. Sinterklaas is the primary source of the popular Christmas icon of Santa Claus. \\\"Sinterklaas\\\" is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Sinterklaas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13862385\",\n \"text\": \"south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).\",\n \"title\": \"Meet the Stans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540410\",\n \"text\": \"Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \\\"Frost Father\\\", although the name is often translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \\\"Кар Кызы\\\" or \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden\\\"), his granddaughter and helper, sometimes with influence of\",\n \"title\": \"Ayaz Ata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"254658\",\n \"text\": \"point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to\",\n \"title\": \"Mongolia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"434295\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers (approximately the size of Spain or California), Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers from west to east and 930 kilometers from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. As\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1408682\",\n \"text\": \"new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round. Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent reconstruction. Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The town of Kosava, near which Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church. From 1st of January 2018 residents\",\n \"title\": \"Brest, Belarus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3165237\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (Non-Resident), Yemen. Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,\",\n \"title\": \"Apostolic Nunciature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3266899\",\n \"text\": \"rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline. A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching population declines in the 2020-25 period include Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of\",\n \"title\": \"Population decline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"293264\",\n \"text\": \"Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC. All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to\",\n \"title\": \"New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12887552\",\n \"text\": \"EAAF, mostly within a single country, the Russian Federation, though sixteen of the 30 countries encompassed by the CAF are located in the AEWA area. They are: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China People's Republic of, Georgia, Iran Republic of, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom Chagos Islands and Uzbekistan. The remaining countries in the Central Asian Flyway are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asian Flyway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10893268\",\n \"text\": \"Tolerance\\\" with its symbolism of love, peace and friendship - has been presented on all five continents in over 30 metropolises of this world - always in the very heart of the cities. The bears have been displayed at the following Stations since the beginning of the tour in 2002: Berlin (Germany), Kitzbuehel (Austria), Hong Kong, Istanbul (Turkey), Tokyo (Japon), Seoul (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vienna (Austria), Cairo (Egypt), Jerusalem (Israel), Warsaw (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), Pyongyang (North Korea), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo (Uruguay), Astana (Kazakhstan), Helsinki (Finland), Sofia (Bulgaria), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), New Delhi (India), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Paris (France),\",\n \"title\": \"Klaus and Eva Herlitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222101\",\n \"text\": \"generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14587059\",\n \"text\": \"reunion in Ithaca, as he re-imagines the ancient journey of Odysseus, visiting tiny hamlets with names like Troy (Oregon), Sparta (Wisconsin), Iliad (Montana), Calypso (Montana) and Apollo (Pennsylvania). Upon its publication in June 2010, \\\"Turn Left at the Trojan Horse\\\" was selected to the Indie Next \\\"Great Reads\\\" list, as chosen by independent booksellers, and subsequently made the Indie Travel Literature Bestseller list. \\\"This is how a quest should be done...\\\" wrote a reviewer in the Los Angeles Times. He also recounts his journey in an interview on Minnesota Public Radio's \\\"All Things Considered.\\\" Herzog’s first published book for adults\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Herzog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222102\",\n \"text\": \"of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic. It shares borders of with Russia, with Uzbekistan, with China, with Kyrgyzstan, and with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau, and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N, and longitudes 46° and 88° E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515203\",\n \"text\": \"New Year celebrations, however \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" is rarely present at the festivities. Ded Moroz is \\\"Dzied Maroz\\\" () in Belarusian language. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character, but was a replacement of the local Śviaty Mikałaj – whom soviet authorities disapproved for its christian origins. The official residence of \\\"Dzied Maroz\\\" in Belarus is declared to be in Bialowieza Forest. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (\\\"Dyado Koleda\\\", Grandfather Koleda), with \\\"Dyado Mraz\\\" (Дядо Мраз, \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4740664\",\n \"text\": \"expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration. The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic\",\n \"title\": \"Post-Soviet states\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13862384\",\n \"text\": \"Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan). Travelling from the far north-west of Kazakhstan by the Russian border, he visits a former Soviet weapons lab, goes east to the Chinese border,\",\n \"title\": \"Meet the Stans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553756\",\n \"text\": \"old company for the last 12 years and business takes priority over family. Scott also learns that Laura and Neil divorced and Carol moved away years ago. Scott goes to find Lucy and Neil, who are vacationing at the North Pole, which Frost has turned into a tourist resort. Christmas is now \\\"Frostmas\\\", the elves are miserable, and the reindeer are confined to a petting zoo. When Scott finds Lucy and Neil, Neil states that Charlie didn't want him to be his father, causing the divorce between him and Laura. Scott confronts Frost and tricks him into recording his voice\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2022350\",\n \"text\": \"one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following \\\"single\\\" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on\",\n \"title\": \"Landlocked country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020487\",\n \"text\": \"from both the left and the right. He has compiled the list of \\\"The World’s 10 Worst Dictators\\\" for \\\"Parade\\\" magazine for the last several years. In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: \\\"Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators\\\". These men are: Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Kim Jong-il (North Korea), Than Shwe (Burma), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Hu Jintao (China), King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia), Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenistan), Seyed Ali Khamanei (Iran), Teodoro Obiang Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), King Mswati III (Swaziland), Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan), Aleksandr Lukashenko (Belarus), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Isaias Afwerki (Eritrea), Bashar al-Assad\",\n \"title\": \"David Wallechinsky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437411\",\n \"text\": \"electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy sector, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. Uzbekistan has an area of . It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area and the 2nd largest by population. Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches from west to east and from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222913\",\n \"text\": \"pits in hazardous locations. Water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. \\\"Illegal hunting\\\" of very rare species such as the snow leopard and the Marco Polo sheep. Environment - international agreements:
\\\"party to:\\\" Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
\\\"signed, but not ratified:\\\" none of the selected agreements In response to the internationally recognized environmental crisis of the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea, the five states sharing the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17562198\",\n \"text\": \"zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-\\\"Iron Curtain\\\") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with\",\n \"title\": \"Border barrier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222250\",\n \"text\": \"sites and tunnels were closed by 1995. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama met with Nazarbayev at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. and discussed intensifying their strategic relationship and bilateral cooperation to increase nuclear safety, regional stability, and economic prosperity. History of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical \\\"crossroads\\\" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct \\\"Pithecanthropus\\\" and \\\"Sinanthropus\\\" one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. Neanderthals were present from\",\n \"title\": \"History of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14850105\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Moldova. Moldova, officially the \\\"Republic of Moldova\\\" is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the devolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Nistru has been under the \\\"de facto\\\" control of the breakaway government of\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14418701\",\n \"text\": \"Arabia. As of 2015, at least fourteen member states of the European Union maintain criminal blasphemy or religious insult laws. These are Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France (Alsace-Moselle region only, long unenforced, and officially repealed in January 2017 ), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland only). Turkey also has similar laws. In 2009 six US states still had anti-blasphemy laws on their books: Massachusetts, Michigan, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, but law professor Sarah Barringer Gordon states that they are \\\"rarely enforced.\\\" Blasphemy Day Blasphemy Day, also known as International\",\n \"title\": \"Blasphemy Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16706315\",\n \"text\": \"and calculated to be near the Manor house of Estate of Safyanov in Saldam (modern Tuva, Russia) at . There is a monument commemorating that fact in the estate garden. Geographical Center of Asian Continent () is the name of a monument indicating the supposed geographical center of the Asian continent. It is located about 20 km south-west of Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. The measurement on which it is based dates to 1992. It was based on calculating the geographical center of 49 Asian countries (including the island states of Cyprus and Japan, and counting Palestine and Sikkim\",\n \"title\": \"Geographical midpoint of Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2388828\",\n \"text\": \"the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \\\"PyeongChang\\\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies\",\n \"title\": \"Pyeongchang County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394419\",\n \"text\": \"many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13613727\",\n \"text\": \"mixture of Arabic Caliphate and Persia. Other lands with real-life analogies include Cathay (China), Ind (India), Naggaroth (northern North America), Ulthuan (Atlantis), Lustria (Mesoamerica), Norsca (Scandinavia) and the island of Albion (British Isles); however, very little official information has been released for these locales. While the setting of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay shares traits, such as the existence of elves and goblins, with other popular fantasy settings, it is technologically set slightly later than classic fantasy – close to the early Renaissance era in terms of technology and society. Firearms are readily available, though expensive and unreliable, and a growing mercantile\",\n \"title\": \"Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222079\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"77651\",\n \"text\": \"Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and Macau), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Sahrawi Republic, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4674767\",\n \"text\": \"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Interrail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6532938\",\n \"text\": \"Kanas Lake Kanas Lake (, , Қанас Көли, Xiao'erjing: كَانَاسِ خٗ) is a lake in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The lake is located in a valley in the Altai Mountains, near the very northern tip of Xinjiang, and the province's borders with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The lake was formed around 200,000 years ago during the Quaternary period as a result of glacier movement. The crescent moon shaped lake has an estimated water storage capacity of 53.8 billion cubic meters, coupled with an average depth of around 120 meters. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with\",\n \"title\": \"Kanas Lake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457951\",\n \"text\": \"Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \\\"Kyrgyzstan\\\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, which has helped preserve its ancient culture, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7393793\",\n \"text\": \"can be booked through Internet. A few trains can transport passengers out of China to places such as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Moscow in Russia, Almaty in Kazakhstan, P'yŏngyang in North Korea, Hanoi in Vietnam and so on. Tickets can only be bought through travel agents near the departure station. Passenger rail transport in China Passenger rail transport is one of the principal means of transport in the People's Republic of China, with rail passenger traffic exceeding 1.86 billion railway trips in 2011. It is operated by the China Railway Corporation(CR). The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel\",\n \"title\": \"Passenger rail transport in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"346813\",\n \"text\": \"Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about , to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain. Extending for\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649602\",\n \"text\": \"the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru. The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau,\",\n \"title\": \"Antipodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432520\",\n \"text\": \"winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate \\\"two\\\" sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use (120°E), so solar \\\"noon\\\" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet. Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries,\",\n \"title\": \"Time zone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415556\",\n \"text\": \"is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (), the Sea of Marmara (), and the Dardanelles (); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of , is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country. Land boundaries: \\\"border countries:\\\" Greece , Bulgaria , Georgia , Armenia , Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) , Iran , Iraq , Syria . Coastline: \\\"Maritime claims:\\\" \\\"exclusive economic zone:\\\" in the Black Sea only: to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18924735\",\n \"text\": \"occurred during this era of easing geo-political tensions as well. To date, 15 visits have been made to Russia (which is partially in Eastern Europe as well as the only country in Northern Asia), 14 to Poland, five to the Czech Republic, five to Romania, four to Hungary, four to Ukraine, two to Bulgaria, one to Belarus, and one to Slovakia. Additionally, six visits were made to the Soviet Union prior to its collapse. One visit was also made to Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution. Moldova is the only Eastern European country which has not been visited by a sitting\",\n \"title\": \"United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12217178\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. The last President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were part of the Soviet Union before its official dissolution in 1991. At the start of the 21st century, 96% of the international border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan had been determined. In 2001, after mutual agreements, the border line in only three disputed areas (Bagys, Arnasai and Nsan) remained undrawn. By September 2002, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had fully resolved the course of their 2,440 km-long shared\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"434296\",\n \"text\": \"the Caspian Sea is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two \\\"doubly landlocked\\\" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is Liechtenstein. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19479030\",\n \"text\": \"World Nomad Games World Nomad Games () are an international sport competition dedicated to ethnic sports practiced in Central Asia. The countries taking part in those games are the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia (especially Sakha, Buryatia, Altay, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan republics, etc.) as well as other countries like Mongolia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Philippines and the United States. The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan; however, Turkey has been announced as the host of the fourth games. The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition\",\n \"title\": \"World Nomad Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13510595\",\n \"text\": \"has delivered medical relief in over 120 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bali, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Union of Myanmar, Nagorno Karabakh Republic,\",\n \"title\": \"Project C.U.R.E.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515202\",\n \"text\": \"of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Eastern bloc and in the former Yugoslavia. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions. In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as \\\"Şaxta Baba\\\" (\\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") and his companion Snegurochka is known as \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" (\\\"Snow Girl\\\"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. \\\"Şaxta Baba\\\" brings gifts to children at\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14437981\",\n \"text\": \"in 2005 these firms were shut down by the government. Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan. The Republic of Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10041836\",\n \"text\": \"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published\",\n \"title\": \"Every Inch a King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13620949\",\n \"text\": \"issued by can obtain a visa on arrival provided holding a pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kazakhstan are able to visit the border districts of Issyk-Kul, Talas and Chui regions of Kyrgyzstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. From 1 September 2017 citizens of all countries and\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"543929\",\n \"text\": \"3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced \\\"de facto\\\" and in some cases\",\n \"title\": \"Violence against LGBT people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9669317\",\n \"text\": \"Azerbaijan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Croatia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Japan, Lithuania, Maldives, Moldavia, Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Chad, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Grenada, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Paraguay, Portugal, Samoa, Sweden, and Uruguay. , 59 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances (ICAED) is a global network of organisations of families of disappeared and NGO's campaigning in a nonviolent manner against the practice of enforced disappearances at\",\n \"title\": \"International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17251302\",\n \"text\": \"A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and holders of diplomatic passports of Estonia, India and Uzbekistan do not require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. Holders of diplomatic passports of Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States may obtain a free visa on arrival. Visa-free agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12822508\",\n \"text\": \"Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% \\\"No\\\" to 49.42% \\\"Yes\\\". Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic states, Russia, the United States (via Alaska), Canada, Norway and Denmark (via Greenland), are limited to a economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a ten-year period to make claims to extend its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian sovereignty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394433\",\n \"text\": \"and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7050701\",\n \"text\": \"Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"International Driving Permit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1966089\",\n \"text\": \"and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold. Despite its well-deserved reputation as a generally snowy, icy northern country, the Soviet Union included other major climatic zones as well. According to Soviet geographers, most of their country is located in the temperate zone, which for them included all of the European portion except the southern part of Crimea and the Caucasus, all of Siberia, the Soviet Far East, and the plains of Soviet Central Asia and the southern Kazakh\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515213\",\n \"text\": \"Tajik police. On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that \\\"Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year’s tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them\\\". However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures. In 2014, Ukraine has attempted to replace Ded Moroz with Saint Nicholas\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18661387\",\n \"text\": \"his competitors. The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018. China was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a \\\"higher level.\\\" Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Moldova, North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan and Venezuela. Western reaction to the election result was predominantly\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Russian presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13774300\",\n \"text\": \"program was initially started on 15 July 2014 providing unilateral visa free access to 10 countries and in July 2015 it was further extended to a total of 19 countries and then to 43 in January 2017. These countries are: Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kyrgyzstan are able to visit the border districts of Almaty and Jambul regions of Kazakhstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia,\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11524416\",\n \"text\": \"the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as \\\"mostly unfree\\\" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively. Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as \\\"repressed\\\". Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year. In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that \\\"[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living\",\n \"title\": \"Indices of economic freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"254628\",\n \"text\": \"Mongolia Mongolia (; \\\"Monggol Ulus\\\" in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only separates them. At , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated unitary sovereign state in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind\",\n \"title\": \"Mongolia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236383\",\n \"text\": \"of languages that can be shown to have common ancestry. Linguists recognize many hundreds of language families, although some of them can possibly be grouped into larger units as more evidence becomes available and in-depth studies are carried out. At present, there are also dozens of language isolates: languages that cannot be shown to be related to any other languages in the world. Among them are Basque, spoken in Europe, Zuni of New Mexico, Purépecha of Mexico, Ainu of Japan, Burushaski of Pakistan, and many others. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European\",\n \"title\": \"Language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11749880\",\n \"text\": \"United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and on 27 March 2017 the United Kingdom formally requested such a withdrawal. It is not decided what the future state of Ireland will be, although it has been suggested that Ireland will stay in the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area, because it wants to keep the lack of border control at its land border. Three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – can be considered as \\\"de facto\\\" within the Schengen Area. They do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround\",\n \"title\": \"Schengen Area\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Geography of Russia context: , the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the\\n\\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Meet the Stans context: south Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).\\n\\ntitle Ayaz Ata context: Kaz Kyrgyz Ay A Ay Ata , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar that of Cla or Russian Ded Moroz The literal translation of the name would \\\"rost\\\", although name translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was of Moon light and caused by weather Literary depictions Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Karı (atar:Кар Кы orQar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden granddaughter helper,\\ntitle Ayta: Ay (, , , ) a winter god and aional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar Cla Moroz The translation of name \\\"rost often translated \\\"Grandfather F He was created of light and caused. Literary depict of Ayaz Ata commonly show accompanied K \\\" Кзы \\\"Qıı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maaugh and helper with\\ntitle: Central Asia T. Asia Asia st Chinaistan region ofistan,loquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().\\n\\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 514,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15953,\n \"ratio\": \"31.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78778,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78778,"string":"78,778"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Name the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\""},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["John Lennon - Happy Xmas"],"string":"[\n \"John Lennon - Happy Xmas\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"John Lennon - Happy Xmas"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5068010","text":"The Man Who Sold the World \"The Man Who Sold the World\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \"MTV Unplugged\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked","title":"The Man Who Sold the World"},{"id":"11817711","text":"It's Four in the Morning \"It's Four in the Morning\" (also known as \"Four in the Morning\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \"Hello Walls.\" The song was written by Jerry Chesnut. The song was the title track to his 1971 album and became one of his best-known hits. It was also a major smash in the UK, somewhat rare for a country song, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in","title":"It's Four in the Morning"},{"id":"1314261","text":"James Taylor James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit in 1971 with his recording of \"You've Got a Friend\", written by Carole King in the same year. His 1976 \"Greatest Hits\" album was certified Diamond and","title":"James Taylor"},{"id":"6857326","text":"chart. The song was also a hit for Shirley Bassey at the same time in the United Kingdom. It has since been covered by a large number of artists. The song became a Gold record. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1971. Richard Carpenter of Carpenters heard the song during an evening of relaxation at the movies while on tour. He decided it would be ideal for the duo. It became a hit for them in 1971, reaching No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart and No. 1 for three weeks on the US","title":"For All We Know (1970 song)"},{"id":"18389719","text":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number 1 single \"You're My World\". The song was originally written in the key of G major and","title":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"},{"id":"112093","text":"terms of a plea agreement. Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison","title":"Don McLean"},{"id":"3044915","text":"(beating the six-week stay at the top of \"Close to You\"). The song also helped them to win two Grammy Awards in 1971: for the Best New Artist (The Carpenters) and Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus (\"Close to You\"). For Williams, the song was a personal victory; it was his first collaboration with Nichols that resulted in a hit single, and it opened the door to many more thereafter. In 1998, the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for recordings \"of lasting quality or historical significance\". A 1981 cover version by Lee McDonald","title":"We've Only Just Begun"},{"id":"110163","text":"to record Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua\". For the next two years, she had numerous solo hits – including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four, 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-20 singles included \"The Right Combination\" and \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Wagoner, 1971); \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\", (with Wagoner) \"Touch Your Woman\", (1972) \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Although her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"6356027","text":"It's Too Late (Carole King song) \"It's Too Late\" is a rock ballad from Carole King's 1971 album \"Tapestry\". Toni Stern wrote the lyrics and King wrote the music. It was released as a single in April 1971 and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. Sales were later gold-certified by the RIAA. \"Billboard\" ranked \"It's Too Late\" and its fellow A-side, \"I Feel the Earth Move\", as the No. 3 record for 1971. The lyrics describe the blameless end of a loving relationship. Music critic Dave Marsh saw implicit feminism because the woman left","title":"It's Too Late (Carole King song)"},{"id":"995817","text":"set of seat covers for his car. It was re-released in 1972 to become a worldwide hit. Stewart's 1971 solo album \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" made him a household name when the B-side of his minor hit \"Reason to Believe\", \"Maggie May\", (co-written with Martin Quittenton) started receiving radio play. The album and the single occupied number one in both the US and the UK simultaneously, a chart first, in September. Set off by a striking mandolin part (by Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne), \"Maggie May\" was also named in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs that","title":"Rod Stewart"},{"id":"112060","text":"Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison song and a surprise number","title":"Don McLean"},{"id":"19586541","text":"Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came third in 'Best Single' behind \"Eleanor Rigby\" by Zoot and \"Eagle Rock\" by Daddy Cool. \"Mr","title":"Mr America (song)"},{"id":"7268140","text":"final single from that album, peaking at #62 on the ARIA singles chart upon its debut, on the chart dated week commencing 23 November 1998. In 2009, the original version of \"Coconut\" was made available on the compilation \"The 1995 Sessions\". Coconut (song) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\"","title":"Coconut (song)"},{"id":"18389721","text":"UK. British recording artist Emma Bunton covered the song for her third studio album \"Life in Mono\". Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number","title":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"},{"id":"4735073","text":"the King. Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty","title":"Tony Christie"},{"id":"3073209","text":"Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in the Jazz & Pop critics' poll for best album of 1971. It has been an enduring critical success, including a number 172 ranking on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album is a mixture of rock, country, blues, soul, and folk, and includes Stewart's breakthrough hit, \"Maggie May\", as","title":"Every Picture Tells a Story"},{"id":"15267747","text":"blur, seemingly in the nude, and also contains the phrases \"Woosh!!\" and \"Don't look Ethel!\" the latter of which is part of the lyrics to the primary single of the album. \"The Streak\" proved to be an even bigger success than Stevens' 1970 hit \"Everything Is Beautiful,\" reaching #1 in the US, Canada, UK, and New Zealand. Its follow-up single, \"The Moonlight Special,\" was lifted from this album but did not fare as well on the charts. Stevens' 1971 single, \"Bridget the Midget (The Queen of the Blues),\" first appeared on a collection called \"Ray Stevens' Greatest Hits\" but was","title":"Boogity Boogity"},{"id":"6006162","text":"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 was Carole King's first concert performance in front of an audience. Performed on June 18, 1971, it was released years later, in 1996, as an album. This album has seventeen live songs. Some songs included: \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\", \"You've Got a Friend\", \"Child of Mine\", \"I Feel the Earth Move\", \"It's Too Late\", \"Beautiful\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\", \"After All This Time\", \"Carry Your Load\", \"Song of Long Ago\" and \"Home Again\". James Taylor, a friend of King, accompanied her","title":"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971"},{"id":"3420084","text":"beginning July 3, 1971. Several songs on \"Tapestry\" were recorded by other artists and became hits while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 cover of \"You've Got a Friend\" hit number one in the US and number four in the UK, and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of \"Where You Lead\" reached number 40 while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit \"Sweet Inspiration\" reached number 37 the following year. Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album. The","title":"Tapestry (Carole King album)"},{"id":"4735059","text":"Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty hits in","title":"Tony Christie"},{"id":"3665227","text":"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \"Sweet Baby James\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the Carole King standard \"You've Got a Friend\", which became his only #1 on the \"Billboard\" charts on July 31, 1971. The week before, the album itself reached","title":"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon"},{"id":"15764229","text":"member, Paul King, a cover of Lead Belly's Have a Whiff on Me, and a cover of Elvis Presley's \"Milk Cow Blues\". Lady Rose (song) Lady Rose is a song and single by British group Mungo Jerry. Written by the group's lead vocalist Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray, it was the band's third single. The song entered the UK charts at #30 in May 1971 and reached #5 in June, finally leaving the chart in August 1971. It also reached number one in Japan. Like the group's debut single, \"In the Summertime,\" it was a maxi-single playing at","title":"Lady Rose (song)"},{"id":"4840043","text":"version of \"Where Did Our Love Go\" in 1971 (#6 R&B, #15 pop); Brother To Brother's \"In The Bottle\" in 1974 (#9 R&B, #46 pop); Linda Jones' \"Your Precious Love\" in 1972 (#15 R&B, #74 pop); and The Whatnauts' 1971 hit, \"I'll Erase Away Your Pain\" (#14 R&B, #71 pop). The Moments also had considerable success in the UK with three Top 10 hits including \"Girls\" (#3) in 1975 and All Platinum also had its own label in the UK for a few years during the mid-1970s. All Platinum purchased Chess Records with assistance from the European record concern, Polygram","title":"All Platinum Records"},{"id":"8533377","text":"a parallel in reality, but only after the fact. It never occurred to me that there could be anything quite like that.\" Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by","title":"Timothy (song)"},{"id":"3796187","text":"Life on Mars (song) \"Life on Mars?\", also known as \"(Is There) Life on Mars?\", is a song by David Bowie, first released in 1971 on the album \"Hunky Dory\" and also released as a single. The song, with cryptic lyrics by Bowie and prominent piano by Rick Wakeman, has been described by BBC Radio 2 as \"a cross between a Broadway musical and a Salvador Dalí painting.\" When released as a single in 1973, \"Life on Mars?\" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for thirteen weeks. A music video was filmed by","title":"Life on Mars (song)"},{"id":"4417358","text":"pop single of 1971. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo Or Group during the 14th Grammy Awards. The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song) \"Joy to the World\" is a song written by Hoyt Axton and made famous by the band Three Dog Night. The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric, \"Jeremiah was a bullfrog.\" Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth","title":"Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)"},{"id":"20807576","text":"Side A Side B Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She","title":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"},{"id":"6119113","text":"1970, \"I Hear You Knocking\" reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks. It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1971. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1972, the song was included on his first solo album, \"Rockpile\". Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of \"Let's Work Together\" by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded","title":"I Hear You Knocking"},{"id":"19586542","text":"America\" peaking at number 9 in its seventh week on the chart, on 6 February 1971. Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came","title":"Mr America (song)"},{"id":"4720278","text":"Jimmy Reed. Those five songs were Since I Met You Baby, It's Just A Matter of Time, Endlessly, Empty Arms, and Bright Lights, Big City, all of which hit #1 on the Billboard country charts. In 1969, \"Billboard magazine\" named Sonny James Country Music's Artist of the Year. In February 1971, James was the first country artist whose music went into space; he made a special music recording for the crew of Apollo 14. They later presented him with one of the small American flags that they had carried to the Moon. In 1973, James produced Marie Osmond's first three","title":"Sonny James"},{"id":"12466854","text":"the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in November 1971. It knocked off \"Maggie May\" by Rod Stewart which had spent the previous month at number one. The single also reached #1 in Canada and #4 in the United Kingdom. It became Cher's best-selling single at that point, selling more than 3 million copies worldwide. As of November 2011, Billboard reported the digital sales of \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" to be 212,000 in the US. The song describes the life of a girl, the narrator of the song, who was \"born in the wagon of a traveling show\". Her mother \"used to dance","title":"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves"},{"id":"3724440","text":"appeared on almost all his compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective, \"\". A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set \"Five Guys Walk into a Bar...\". A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of \"MTV Unplugged\" is included on the album \"Unplugged...and Seated\". In October 1971, the song went to number one in the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and the United States. \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" achieved the same status at the","title":"Maggie May"},{"id":"8533367","text":"Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by Joel Whitburn. On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it spent two weeks at #13. In Canada, the song reached #9. According","title":"Timothy (song)"},{"id":"8020029","text":"Birth, Jerry Vale, Dennis Brown, Andrea Bocelli and Frances Yip among others. The Como version would be one of his most influential records, and in February 1971 it became his first song to reach the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in more than 12 years, peaking at #10. The song's peak on the Hot 100 chart came just weeks after concluding a four-week run at number one on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. On the UK Singles Chart, the single reached #4 in 1971. Elvis Presley recorded \"It's Impossible\" on stage at the Las Vegas Hilton February 16,","title":"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"},{"id":"9407026","text":"by Aretha Franklin's rendition of Simon and Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\", the song re-positioned at number one for two more weeks starting June 12 through June 19. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 13 song for 1971. The song went on to receive gold certification selling more than one million units in the U.S. The song's popularity had DJs playing the long version that was available on the \"Soulful Tapestry\" album. This was rare at the time. The song is said to have been a major contributor to the structure, sound, and grit of the pre-disco movement that would","title":"Want Ads"},{"id":"5486357","text":"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song) \"Family Affair\" is a 1971 number-one hit single recorded by Sly and the Family Stone for the Epic Records label. Their first new material since the double a-sided single \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\"/ \"Everybody Is a Star\" nearly two years prior, \"Family Affair\" became the third and final number-one pop single for the band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine later ranked the song #139 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song version by John Legend, Joss Stone, and Van Hunt, won the Grammy Award for","title":"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)"},{"id":"8014046","text":"co-writer of the song, for both the \"Ultimate\" CD and DVD, and it was credited to the moniker Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as \"We Lost the Road\", \"When Do I\", \"If I Were the Sky\", \"Bring Out the Thoughts in Me\" and \"Ellan Vannin\". The group's later song \"My World\" followed along the same musical ideas on this song. Robin Gibb's remarked on the song, \"The whole thing took about an hour to complete. The song reached the number one spot, to our great satisfaction.\" The song","title":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"},{"id":"7922436","text":"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is a song by Paul and Linda McCartney from the album \"Ram\". Released in the United States as a single on 2 August 1971, it reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 4 September 1971, making it the first of a string of post-Beatles, McCartney-penned singles to top the US pop chart during the 1970s and 1980s. \"Billboard\" ranked the song as number 22 on its Top Pop Singles of 1971 year-end chart. It became McCartney's first gold record as a solo artist. \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is composed of several unfinished song","title":"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"},{"id":"1685986","text":"My Song, Ma\"), which became a top 20 hit in the US, #3 in Canada, and a minor one in the UK. Over the next year, the group released a number of singles to little recognition, but it was in June 1971 that they released their breakthrough hit, \"Never Ending Song of Love\" (the first of many hit songs to be produced by David Mackay, and a cover of the American hit by Delaney & Bonnie). The song became a big hit in the UK, spending five weeks at No.2 in the singles chart and was one of the biggest","title":"The New Seekers"},{"id":"9354998","text":"You're My Man \"You're My Man\" is a popular No. 1 country hit by country artist Lynn Anderson from 1971. This song was immediately released after Anderson's song \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\" became a major country and pop hit in February 1971. The song was very successful, reaching the top of the country charts in June 1971, and was Anderson's second No. 1 country hit. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard and Cashbox Country Charts. \"You're My Man\" was a major Adult Contemporary hit, placing at No. 6. \"You're My Man\" spent one week at","title":"You're My Man"},{"id":"12863170","text":"her 2012 album \"\". Irish singer, Pauline Scanlon covers it on her 2016 album Gossamer. Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song) \"Joan of Arc\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released as a single in March 1971 from his third album, \"Songs of Love and Hate\". The song lasts almost six-and-a-half minutes, and is composed of four stanzas of eight lines each with a \"la-la\" refrain. The song is constructed mainly as a dialogue between Joan of Arc and the fire which is consuming her as she burns at the stake, after having been found guilty","title":"Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song)"},{"id":"4811284","text":"\"The Flying Nun\" and \"Hazel\". In 2005, \"Is This The Way To Amarillo\", a song Greenfield had written with Sedaka in the early 1970s, reached #1 on the UK charts in the original 1971 version by Tony Christie. The video featured an all-star celebrity line-up lip-synching the track, and the proceeds went to charity. The record stayed at #1 for 7 weeks, and became the UK's best-selling record of the millennium to that time. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, by his late teens Greenfield formed a songwriting partnership with Neil Sedaka, a friend whom he had first met as","title":"Howard Greenfield"},{"id":"895372","text":"followed: \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\", \"I'll Meet You Halfway\", \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\", \"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\", \"Am I Losing You\", \"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\", \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\", and \"A Friend and a Lover\". These singles were showcased on million-selling albums including \"Up To Date\", \"Sound Magazine\", \"Shopping Bag\", \"Notebook\", \"Crossword Puzzle\", and \"Bulletin Board\". Their holiday album \"A Partridge Family Christmas Card\" was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971. Record sales success was replicated internationally, with both The Partridge Family (group) and David Cassidy","title":"The Partridge Family"},{"id":"4828206","text":"to release the song, releasing it on January 17, 1971, sending 100,000 copies of the song to radio stations across the country. The initial success of this led to a further 100,000 to reach demand, selling over 200,000 copies within a week. The song was issued without Gordy's knowledge. The song eventually became a huge success, reaching the top of the charts within a month in March of the year, staying at number-one for five weeks on the Billboard R&B charts and one week at number-one on the Cashbox pop chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it reached number two,","title":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)"},{"id":"12020575","text":"Tap Turns on the Water \"Tap Turns on the Water\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to be used as a football song","title":"Tap Turns on the Water"},{"id":"11465047","text":"of All Time\", published in the February 1999 edition of Q magazine. Daily Mail readers ranked it on their \"500 Greatest Songs Ever\". Under the original title and version by John Kongos, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\", the song made it into the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for 14 weeks – reaching No. 4 in May 1971. Other than the recordings by Def Leppard and Happy Mondays, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\" has been covered by numerous artists in many different music genres. These include The Party Boys in 1987, when it got to number 1","title":"Christos Demetriou"},{"id":"8278756","text":"& The Supremes \"Someday We'll Be Together\" and Freda Payne's number three hit (number one in the UK) \"Band of Gold\". In 1971, Coffey recorded \"Scorpio\" which was a million selling instrumental single that peaked in the US at number nine on the \"Billboard\" Hot Soul Singles chart and at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The instrumental track featured the former Motown \"funk brother\", Bob Babbitt on bass. On January 8, 1972 Coffey became the first white artist to perform on the television show \"Soul Train\", playing \"Scorpio\". \"Scorpio\" received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry","title":"Dennis Coffey"},{"id":"20807575","text":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\" by Butterscotch.","title":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"},{"id":"5034423","text":"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West) \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\" is an innuendo-laden comedy or novelty song, written and performed by the English comedian Benny Hill. The song was first performed on television in 1970, and released as a successful recording, topping the UK Singles Chart in 1971, reaching the Christmas number one spot. The lyric's story line is inspired by Hill's early experience as a milkman for Hann's Dairies in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Market Street, mentioned in the lyrics, is a real-life street in Eastleigh. The song tells the fictional exploits of Ernie Price, a 52-year-old","title":"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)"},{"id":"3134556","text":"much airtime to one person. King's 1971 releases included a version of Bob Dylan's \"Baby, You've Been On My Mind\", released as Nemo, which failed to chart; \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\", also as Nemo; \"Sugar, Sugar\" as Sakkarin; \"Leap Up and Down (Wave Your Knickers in the Air)\" by St Cecelia (this one a real band, rather than a pseudonym), which went to number 12; and \"Lazy Bones\", \"Flirt\" and \"Hooked On A Feeling\" released under his own name. Bell Records asked King to produce four songs for the Bay City Rollers, including their first hit, \"Keep","title":"Jonathan King"},{"id":"20983326","text":"House of the King \"House of the King\" is an instrumental by the Dutch rock band Focus. It was released as a single in January 1971 and reached No. 10 on the Dutch charts and sold well across Europe. In the UK, it was issued on both the group's first album, \"In And Out of Focus\" and the 1972 double album \"Focus 3\". The song is in a baroque pop style. It was written by guitarist Jan Akkerman and based on an improvised instrumental that the group performed after the plug was pulled on a concert in Majorca in June","title":"House of the King"},{"id":"6125699","text":"Music (Carole King album) Music is the third album by American singer-songwriter Carole King. It is a continuation of the style laid down in \"Tapestry\". The album was released in December 1971 and quickly rose to the top of the charts. It features songs such as \"It's Going to Take Some Time\" (US No. 12 by The Carpenters), \"Sweet Seasons,\" a No. 9 hit for Carole King, and \"Brother, Brother\". While not as groundbreaking or as successful as King's Tapestry album, \"Carole King: Music\" experienced immediate success and was certified gold on December 9, 1971, days after release. It was","title":"Music (Carole King album)"},{"id":"12170681","text":"An Old Fashioned Love Song \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" is a 1971 song written by Paul Williams and performed by the American pop-rock band Three Dog Night. Chuck Negron performed the lead vocal on this track. Taken as the lead single from their 1971 album, \"Harmony\", the song peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in December 1971, becoming the band's seventh top-ten hit. It was Three Dog Night's first record to top the U.S. easy listening chart. It reached number two in Canada. Its lyrics suggest the straightforward and melodic nature of the tune: \"Just","title":"An Old Fashioned Love Song"},{"id":"3017936","text":"You're So Vain \"You're So Vain\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty. The song is ranked at #92 on \"Billboard\"' s Greatest Songs of All-Time. \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the","title":"You're So Vain"},{"id":"9096577","text":"Rose Garden (album) Rose Garden is a multi-million selling, RIAA Platinum-certified studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson. It was released in late 1970 as the title song was climbing country and pop music charts around the world. The single went on to top the Country charts, where it stayed at the number 1 position for five weeks. It reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop chart in early 1971 and hit number 1 in both \"Cash Box\" and \"Record World\". It was an international top five pop hit in numerous countries. Anderson received a Grammy Award for","title":"Rose Garden (album)"},{"id":"1498478","text":"Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: their first release \"After the Fire Is Gone\" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; \"Lead Me On\" (1971); \"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man\" (1973); \"As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone\" (1974); and \"Feelins'\" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what became one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972–1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the \"Vocal Duo of the Year\" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the \"Best Vocal Duet\" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and","title":"Loretta Lynn"},{"id":"14169479","text":"of \"Yesterday's Wine\" which became a #1 single, remaining so for one week and spending a total of ten weeks on the chart. The song inspired the title of their first duet LP, \"A Taste of Yesterday's Wine\", and was a natural fit for the two singers who, who were often singled out as two of the finest interpreters of pure country music and had both battled many personal demons over the course of their respective careers. Yesterday's Wine (song) \"Yesterday's Wine\" is the title track of the 1971 album of the same name by Willie Nelson. The track was","title":"Yesterday's Wine (song)"},{"id":"12020576","text":"by the supporters of Bristol Rovers. Tap Turns on the Water \"Tap Turns on the Water\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to","title":"Tap Turns on the Water"},{"id":"8959897","text":"charted at No. 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 8 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In December 2018 the song was the subject of an episode of BBC Radio 4's \"Soul Music\", examining the song's influence on people including Mitchell's biographer David Yaffe. River (Joni Mitchell song) \"River\" is a Christmas folk song by Joni Mitchell, from her 1971 album \"Blue\". Although never released as a single, it has become one of Mitchell's most recorded songs. The song is about the recent breakup of a romantic relationship, with the singer longing to escape her emotional bonds as they","title":"River (Joni Mitchell song)"},{"id":"2784254","text":"loved and placed with his artist Tony Christie who recorded and released it in 1971. The song did relatively well on the UK singles chart, reaching the Top 20. It lay dormant for more than three decades, when UK comic Peter Kay lip-synched it for a 2002 video in his TV series \"Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights\". For the 2005 annual Comic Relief charity drive, he solicited a number of celebrity friends of his and updated the video, and it became an enormous hit. The original 1971 Tony Christie single was re-released to radio and CD/download sales, and hit No. 1","title":"Neil Sedaka"},{"id":"3665229","text":"Awards both for Taylor (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male) and King (Song of the Year). All songs by James Taylor unless otherwise noted. Side One Side Two Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \"Sweet Baby James\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the","title":"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon"},{"id":"14053128","text":"After the Fire Is Gone \"After the Fire Is Gone\" is a song written by L. E. White, and recorded by American country music artists Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty as a duet. It was released in January 1971 as the only single from the LP \"We Only Make Believe\". \"After the Fire Is Gone\" was the first number one on the U.S. country chart for Lynn and Twitty as a duo. It spent two weeks at number one and a total of 14 weeks on the chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the single peaked at number 56. In","title":"After the Fire Is Gone"},{"id":"7268137","text":"Coconut (song) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\" did best in Canada, where it peaked at #5. It was used in the films \"Reservoir Dogs\", \"Practical Magic\" and \"\". In 1998, a cover version was released by Australian singer Dannii Minogue as a single, peaking at #62 on the","title":"Coconut (song)"},{"id":"10188403","text":"Don't Pull Your Love \"Don't Pull Your Love\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \"Don't Pull Your Love\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung by Rob","title":"Don't Pull Your Love"},{"id":"16590661","text":"Santa Claus and His Old Lady \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\" is a bit by Cheech and Chong, one of their best-known comedy routines. It was the duo's first single. \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\" did not appear on the duo's eponymous debut album, although the B-side, \"Dave,\" did. It has since received continued airplay on radio stations during the Christmas season, particularly those that switch to temporary all-Christmas music formats. It peaked at number 4 on the \"Billboard\" Christmas Singles chart upon its release in 1971, then peaked again at number 3 on the same chart in","title":"Santa Claus and His Old Lady"},{"id":"3073215","text":"retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: \"Without greatly altering his approach, Rod Stewart perfected his blend of hard rock, folk, and blues on his masterpiece, \"Every Picture Tells a Story\".\" Notes On the album's liner notes, the names of two alcoholic beverages (Martell Brandy and Mateus Rosé) are interspersed amongst the personnel credits. Technical Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in","title":"Every Picture Tells a Story"},{"id":"13173266","text":"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \"Yo-Yo\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard Hot 100\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \"Phase III\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version of the song for","title":"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)"},{"id":"4862260","text":"album and a third single, \"Togetherness\". The song \"The Great White Horse\" peaked at No. 8 and was the most successful Owens-Raye duet. Raye's biggest year as a solo artist came in 1971, when she issued three consecutive Top Ten hits: \"L.A. International Airport\", \"Pitty, Pitty, Patter\", and \"(I've Got A) Happy Heart\". The title track of 1972's \"My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own\" also reached the Top Ten. Although not her biggest country hit, \"L.A. International Airport\" became Raye's signature song, peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Country Chart, and a minor hit on the \"Billboard\"","title":"Susan Raye"},{"id":"1598016","text":"and spent five weeks at number one on the Soul Singles chart between March 27 and April 24, 1971. The follow-up single, \"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)\", peaked at number-four on the Hot 100, and also went number-one on the R&B chart. The third, and final, single, \"Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)\", peaked at number-nine on the Hot 100, while also rising to number-one on the R&B chart, thus making Gaye the first male solo artist to place three top ten singles on the Hot 100 off one album, as well as the first artist to place three","title":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)"},{"id":"8014047","text":"was sung live for the first time in 1971, in a performance that was notable as drummer Geoff Bridgford's first appearance with the band. Although failing to chart on the UK Singles Chart, the song became the Bee Gees' first US number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and also reached number four on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1971. In Spain, it was released under the title \"Cómo Puedes Arreglar Un Corazón Destrozada\". Following the release of \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\", the song was nominated for a","title":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"},{"id":"7183005","text":"at number five in the US and number two in the UK in March 1971. In Australia, the song spent one week at number one. In France, the song was also a number one hit. This song is referenced in John Lennon's \"How Do You Sleep?\" in the line \"The only thing you done was 'Yesterday', and since you've gone you're just 'Another Day'\". It was featured prominently in a 2009 episode of \"The Simpsons\" titled \"Bart Gets a 'Z'\", and has also been included in several films, such as \"50 First Dates\" (2004) and \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009). Another","title":"Another Day (Paul McCartney song)"},{"id":"11359123","text":"You're Lookin' at Country \"You're Lookin' at Country\" is a country music song written and made famous by Loretta Lynn in 1971. The song peaked at #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs and reached #1 on the Canada Country Tracks chart on \"RPM\". Lynn wrote \"You're Lookin' At Country\" in response to viewing the open country while touring on the road. Lynn said in an interview that she was inspired by all the meadows and hills that she saw while passing through the country to write this song. The song was unlike anything Lynn had been releasing at the","title":"You're Lookin' at Country"},{"id":"3017947","text":"it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973, also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973, her first number one on either chart. \"You're So Vain\" was Simon's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973. The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres, peaking at number 41. You're So Vain \"You're So Vain\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972.","title":"You're So Vain"},{"id":"11817713","text":"music video to air on CMT when the cable television channel first launched on March 5, 1983 as CMTV. The song was covered by Tom Jones on his 1985 album \"Tender Loving Care\". His version peaked at number 36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in 1986. It's Four in the Morning \"It's Four in the Morning\" (also known as \"Four in the Morning\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \"Hello Walls.\" The","title":"It's Four in the Morning"},{"id":"3669502","text":"You've Got a Friend \"You've Got a Friend\" is a 1971 song written by Carole King. It was first recorded by King, and included in her album \"Tapestry\". Another well-known version is by James Taylor from his album \"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon\". His was released as a single in 1971 reaching number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The two versions were recorded simultaneously in 1971 with shared musicians. \"You've Got a Friend\" won Grammy Awards both for Taylor (Best Male Pop Vocal Performance) and King (Song of the","title":"You've Got a Friend"},{"id":"10983342","text":"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\" — also known simply as \"Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law. It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\". The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre. Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and","title":"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me"},{"id":"12167129","text":"L. Russell Brown Lawrence \"Larry\" Russell Brown (born June 29, 1940), known as L. Russell Brown, is an American lyricist and composer. He is most noted for his songs, co-written with Irwin Levine, \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\" and \"Knock Three Times\"—international hits for the 1970s pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn. He also co-wrote \"C'mon Marianne\" for The Four Seasons, and The Partridge Family 1971 song, \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\". Born in Newark, New Jersey, Brown began his songwriting career when he was sixteen with the R&B label Fury Records. Co-writing","title":"L. Russell Brown"},{"id":"10188406","text":"CD1 CD2 Don't Pull Your Love \"Don't Pull Your Love\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \"Don't Pull Your Love\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung","title":"Don't Pull Your Love"},{"id":"8014043","text":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \"Trafalgar\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \"Cashbox\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \"Country Woman\". The song appears in the","title":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"},{"id":"3028936","text":"\"Me & Jerry\". During the 1970 television season, he was a regular on \"The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour\", and in 1971, he issued his biggest hit, the chart-topper \"When You're Hot, You're Hot\", which is a story song, with the majority of the lyrics being talked out rather than sung. The song concerns the singer's near success shooting dice, a police raid, and a judge who is supposedly a fishing buddy of the singer, but who nevertheless sends him down for gambling. Aside from being a major crossover hit, \"When You're Hot, You're Hot\" earned Reed the Grammy Award for","title":"Jerry Reed"},{"id":"4702148","text":"Peace Train \"Peace Train\" is a 1971 song by Cat Stevens, taken from his album \"Teaser and the Firecat\". The song climbed to No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the week of October 9, 1971, becoming Stevens' first US Top 10 hit. The song also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart. It is also featured on \"The Very Best of Cat Stevens\" compilation album. He re-recorded the song for War Child in 2003. In a 1970s concert he introduces the song with the revelation that he wrote the song whilst on a","title":"Peace Train"},{"id":"19638673","text":"was included as part of the extended LP version of \"Stars on 45,\" a number one medley hit from 1981. Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again \"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway which in 1971 became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes. This sad song is about having that rainy day feeling, saying that his tears will be falling like rain, as if it were on a Monday, hoping that it was sunny like a Sunday instead. Part of","title":"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again"},{"id":"9350796","text":"How Can I Unlove You \"How Can I Unlove You\" is the name of a No. 1 country hit by country music singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1971. \"How Can I Unlove You\", was released as a single in August 1971, shortly after her previous hit, \"You're My Man\", peaked at No. 1 on the country charts, where it spent three weeks at the top. Anderson had recently enjoyed what would ultimately be the biggest hit of her career, \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\", in February 1971. \"How Can I Unlove You\" reached No. 63 on the Pop","title":"How Can I Unlove You"},{"id":"5759958","text":"A compilation of these remixes entitled \"Open Your Box\" was released in April 2007. Open Your Box \"Open Your Box\" is a song by Yoko Ono, released on 12 March 1971 as the B-side of John Lennon's single \"Power to the People\". It was remixed and re-released by Orange Factory in 2001. In 1971, Ono's risqué lyrics were received in controversy (\"box\" is slang for vagina). She sings, \"Open your box, open your trousers, open your sex, open your legs, open open open open open\". The record was banned from radio in Britain, and was played on-air only when echo","title":"Open Your Box"},{"id":"13173267","text":"his self-titled 1971 album. Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \"Yo-Yo\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard Hot 100\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \"Phase III\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version","title":"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)"},{"id":"3373232","text":"and an array of others, covered by singers such as Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, BJ Thomas, John Denver, Waylon Jennings, Jonathan Edwards, and Anne Murray. Axton also sang a couple of duets with Linda Ronstadt, including \"Lion in Winter\" and \"When the Morning Comes\" (a top 40 country hit). His composition \"Joy to the World\", as performed by Three Dog Night, was #1 on the charts for six straight weeks in 1971, making it the top hit of the year. He named his record label \"Jeremiah\" after the bullfrog mentioned in the song. He sang the jingle \"Head For the","title":"Hoyt Axton"},{"id":"1448689","text":"Make It Through the Night\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \"For the Good Times\" (Ray Price) won \"Song of the Year\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \"Me","title":"Kris Kristofferson"},{"id":"8014049","text":"in 2001. How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \"Trafalgar\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \"Cashbox\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \"Country Woman\". The song appears","title":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"},{"id":"1355683","text":"hit singles with Christmas songs in the 1970s; \"Merry Xmas Everybody\" by Slade, \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\" by Wizzard and \"Lonely This Christmas\" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular. The top ten most played Christmas songs in the UK based on a 2012 survey conducted by PRS for Music, who collect and pay royalties to its 75,000 song-writing and composing members, are as follows: Included in the 2009 and 2008 lists are such other titles as Jona Lewie's \"Stop the Cavalry\", Bruce Springsteen's \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\", Elton John's \"Step into Christmas\",","title":"Christmas music"},{"id":"2721224","text":"had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans, and In 1983, following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song, Evans hanged himself. Harry Nilsson, at the time best known for his hit \"Everybody's Talkin'\" and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night's \"One\", heard Badfinger's recording of \"Without You\" at a party, and mistook it for a Beatles song. After realising it was not, he decided to cover the song for his album \"Nilsson Schmilsson\" in 1971. The song was released as a single in October 1971, and it stayed","title":"Without You (Badfinger song)"},{"id":"13377582","text":"after a long struggle with cancer. His No. 1 from 1971, \"My Sweet Lord\" was re-issued and shot straight to the top of the charts. Though it only remained there a week, it entered the record books, being the first time in UK chart history a posthumous release has taken over from another posthumous release by another artist. Returning to number one after April in 2001, the Stereophonics returned to the top with their third album, \"Just Enough Education to Perform\". Spawning two No. 5 singles, the album remained at the top for 3 weeks in this return, one more","title":"2002 in British music charts"},{"id":"1312080","text":"witnessed an act of police brutality at an anti-war rally in Berkeley. Upon hearing the song, Berry Gordy refused its release due to his feelings of the song being \"too political\" for radio. Gaye responded by going on strike from recording until the label released the song. Released in 1971, it reached No. 1 on the R&B charts within a month, staying there for five weeks. It also reached the top spot on Cashbox's pop chart for a week and reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 and the Record World chart, selling over two million copies. After giving an","title":"Marvin Gaye"},{"id":"7391610","text":"first single release, reached number one in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number four on the UK Singles Chart. \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" was her first number one in US as a solo artist on both \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and the Adult Contemporary chart, it also reached number one in Canada and in Japan. The song was performed live on \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\", featuring Cher dressed as a gypsy wearing a huge wig singing in front of a wagon. The second and last single was the opening track \"The Way of Love\". It peaked at #7","title":"Chér (1971 album)"},{"id":"2778341","text":"No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart, becoming an international success. In the United Kingdom, the single reached No. 3 and in Germany it peaked at No. 1 and stayed there for four weeks. The album \"Rose Garden\" was released in 1971 and was also hugely successful, receiving platinum certification by the RIAA. Anderson won the Academy of Country Music's \"Top Female Vocalist\" Award and the Country Music Association's \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" Award in 1970 and 1971, respectively. In addition, she won a Grammy Award. Lynn Anderson had two No. 1 hit singles on the Billboard country chart","title":"Lynn Anderson"},{"id":"18921778","text":"Take Me (George Jones song) \"Take Me\" is a song written by George Jones and Leon Payne. Jones originally released the song on the Musicor label in 1966 and scored a No. 8 hit. However, the song is best remembered for being the first single release by Jones and his third wife Tammy Wynette in 1971 on Epic Records. That version was also a top ten hit, peaking at No. 9. Jones wrote \"Take Me\" with Leon Payne, who is perhaps best known for his hits \"I Love You Because\", \"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart\", and for","title":"Take Me (George Jones song)"},{"id":"15077594","text":"UK, and awarded her with Gold certification and the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female. George Harrison's recording of \"My Sweet Lord\" made it to number one pop for four weeks, number 10 Easy Listening, and number one UK for five weeks while earning Gold certification from the RIAA. From the liner notes for the original album: Love Story (Andy Williams album) Love Story is the twenty-seventh studio album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released on February 3, 1971, by Columbia Records. This was another in his series of cover albums, but the title track,","title":"Love Story (Andy Williams album)"},{"id":"8386108","text":"Anticipation (song) \"Anticipation\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon, and the lead single from her 1971 album of the same name. The song peaked at number 13 on the \"Billboard\" pop singles chart and at number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. The song ranked number 72 on \"Billboard\"s Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972, and garnered Simon a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Female Vocalist. Simon wrote the song on the guitar in 15 minutes, as she awaited Cat Stevens to pick her up for a date. \"Anticipation\" is one of Simon's biggest hits.","title":"Anticipation (song)"},{"id":"4828193","text":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song) \"What's Going On\" is a song by American recording artist Marvin Gaye, released in 1971 on the Motown subsidiary Tamla. Originally inspired by a police brutality incident witnessed by Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson, the song was composed by Benson, Al Cleveland and Gaye and produced by Gaye himself. The song marked Gaye's departure from the Motown Sound towards more personal material. Later topping the Hot Soul Singles chart for five weeks and crossing over to number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it would sell over two million copies, becoming Gaye's second-most successful Motown song","title":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)"},{"id":"14492490","text":"Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song) \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" is a 1971 single by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose. Written by Eddie Cornelius, it was a big success in the American R&B and pop charts reaching the U.S. R&B Top 20 and the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 No. 3 in July. The song also charted in Canada, reaching No. 10. \"Billboard\" ranked \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" as the No. 15 song for 1971. The record was awarded a gold disc on 2 August 1971 for one million sales by the Recording Industry Association","title":"Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song)"},{"id":"8000272","text":"Ten with two different versions of the same song. Apart from Sedaka's own reworking of the song, by far the most successful cover of \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" was done by the Partridge Family in 1972. While only a medium hit in North America, their version reached number 3 in both the UK and Australia. \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" has been covered by numerous other artists over the years, including: German version: \"Abschiednehmen ist so schwer\" French version: \"Moi je pense encore à toi\" Portuguese version: \"O Superstar\" Spanish version: \"Qué triste es el primer adiós\"","title":"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5068010\",\n \"text\": \"The Man Who Sold the World \\\"The Man Who Sold the World\\\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \\\"MTV Unplugged\\\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Who Sold the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11817711\",\n \"text\": \"It's Four in the Morning \\\"It's Four in the Morning\\\" (also known as \\\"Four in the Morning\\\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \\\"Hello Walls.\\\" The song was written by Jerry Chesnut. The song was the title track to his 1971 album and became one of his best-known hits. It was also a major smash in the UK, somewhat rare for a country song, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in\",\n \"title\": \"It's Four in the Morning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1314261\",\n \"text\": \"James Taylor James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \\\"Fire and Rain\\\" and had his first No. 1 hit in 1971 with his recording of \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\", written by Carole King in the same year. His 1976 \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" album was certified Diamond and\",\n \"title\": \"James Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6857326\",\n \"text\": \"chart. The song was also a hit for Shirley Bassey at the same time in the United Kingdom. It has since been covered by a large number of artists. The song became a Gold record. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1971. Richard Carpenter of Carpenters heard the song during an evening of relaxation at the movies while on tour. He decided it would be ideal for the duo. It became a hit for them in 1971, reaching No. 3 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart and No. 1 for three weeks on the US\",\n \"title\": \"For All We Know (1970 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18389719\",\n \"text\": \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\\\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\\\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \\\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\\\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number 1 single \\\"You're My World\\\". The song was originally written in the key of G major and\",\n \"title\": \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112093\",\n \"text\": \"terms of a plea agreement. Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \\\"American Pie\\\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \\\"And I Love You So\\\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \\\"Vincent\\\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \\\"Crying\\\", a cover of the Roy Orbison\",\n \"title\": \"Don McLean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3044915\",\n \"text\": \"(beating the six-week stay at the top of \\\"Close to You\\\"). The song also helped them to win two Grammy Awards in 1971: for the Best New Artist (The Carpenters) and Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus (\\\"Close to You\\\"). For Williams, the song was a personal victory; it was his first collaboration with Nichols that resulted in a hit single, and it opened the door to many more thereafter. In 1998, the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for recordings \\\"of lasting quality or historical significance\\\". A 1981 cover version by Lee McDonald\",\n \"title\": \"We've Only Just Begun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110163\",\n \"text\": \"to record Jimmie Rodgers' \\\"Mule Skinner Blues\\\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \\\"Joshua\\\". For the next two years, she had numerous solo hits – including her signature song \\\"Coat of Many Colors\\\" (number four, 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-20 singles included \\\"The Right Combination\\\" and \\\"Burning the Midnight Oil\\\" (both duets with Wagoner, 1971); \\\"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\\\", (with Wagoner) \\\"Touch Your Woman\\\", (1972) \\\"My Tennessee Mountain Home\\\" and \\\"Travelin' Man\\\" (1973). Although her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6356027\",\n \"text\": \"It's Too Late (Carole King song) \\\"It's Too Late\\\" is a rock ballad from Carole King's 1971 album \\\"Tapestry\\\". Toni Stern wrote the lyrics and King wrote the music. It was released as a single in April 1971 and reached number 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. Sales were later gold-certified by the RIAA. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked \\\"It's Too Late\\\" and its fellow A-side, \\\"I Feel the Earth Move\\\", as the No. 3 record for 1971. The lyrics describe the blameless end of a loving relationship. Music critic Dave Marsh saw implicit feminism because the woman left\",\n \"title\": \"It's Too Late (Carole King song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"995817\",\n \"text\": \"set of seat covers for his car. It was re-released in 1972 to become a worldwide hit. Stewart's 1971 solo album \\\"Every Picture Tells a Story\\\" made him a household name when the B-side of his minor hit \\\"Reason to Believe\\\", \\\"Maggie May\\\", (co-written with Martin Quittenton) started receiving radio play. The album and the single occupied number one in both the US and the UK simultaneously, a chart first, in September. Set off by a striking mandolin part (by Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne), \\\"Maggie May\\\" was also named in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \\\"500 Songs that\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112060\",\n \"text\": \"Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \\\"American Pie\\\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \\\"And I Love You So\\\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \\\"Vincent\\\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \\\"Crying\\\", a cover of the Roy Orbison song and a surprise number\",\n \"title\": \"Don McLean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19586541\",\n \"text\": \"Mr America (song) \\\"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \\\"Mr. America\\\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \\\"Mr America\\\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \\\"Composer of the Year\\\". The song came third in 'Best Single' behind \\\"Eleanor Rigby\\\" by Zoot and \\\"Eagle Rock\\\" by Daddy Cool. \\\"Mr\",\n \"title\": \"Mr America (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268140\",\n \"text\": \"final single from that album, peaking at #62 on the ARIA singles chart upon its debut, on the chart dated week commencing 23 November 1998. In 2009, the original version of \\\"Coconut\\\" was made available on the compilation \\\"The 1995 Sessions\\\". Coconut (song) \\\"Coconut\\\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \\\"Nilsson Schmilsson\\\". It was on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \\\"Billboard\\\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \\\"Coconut\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Coconut (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18389721\",\n \"text\": \"UK. British recording artist Emma Bunton covered the song for her third studio album \\\"Life in Mono\\\". Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\\\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\\\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \\\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\\\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number\",\n \"title\": \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735073\",\n \"text\": \"the King. Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \\\"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\\\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \\\"Las Vegas\\\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073209\",\n \"text\": \"Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in the Jazz & Pop critics' poll for best album of 1971. It has been an enduring critical success, including a number 172 ranking on \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album is a mixture of rock, country, blues, soul, and folk, and includes Stewart's breakthrough hit, \\\"Maggie May\\\", as\",\n \"title\": \"Every Picture Tells a Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15267747\",\n \"text\": \"blur, seemingly in the nude, and also contains the phrases \\\"Woosh!!\\\" and \\\"Don't look Ethel!\\\" the latter of which is part of the lyrics to the primary single of the album. \\\"The Streak\\\" proved to be an even bigger success than Stevens' 1970 hit \\\"Everything Is Beautiful,\\\" reaching #1 in the US, Canada, UK, and New Zealand. Its follow-up single, \\\"The Moonlight Special,\\\" was lifted from this album but did not fare as well on the charts. Stevens' 1971 single, \\\"Bridget the Midget (The Queen of the Blues),\\\" first appeared on a collection called \\\"Ray Stevens' Greatest Hits\\\" but was\",\n \"title\": \"Boogity Boogity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6006162\",\n \"text\": \"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 was Carole King's first concert performance in front of an audience. Performed on June 18, 1971, it was released years later, in 1996, as an album. This album has seventeen live songs. Some songs included: \\\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\\\", \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\", \\\"Child of Mine\\\", \\\"I Feel the Earth Move\\\", \\\"It's Too Late\\\", \\\"Beautiful\\\", \\\"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\\\", \\\"After All This Time\\\", \\\"Carry Your Load\\\", \\\"Song of Long Ago\\\" and \\\"Home Again\\\". James Taylor, a friend of King, accompanied her\",\n \"title\": \"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3420084\",\n \"text\": \"beginning July 3, 1971. Several songs on \\\"Tapestry\\\" were recorded by other artists and became hits while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 cover of \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\" hit number one in the US and number four in the UK, and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of \\\"Where You Lead\\\" reached number 40 while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit \\\"Sweet Inspiration\\\" reached number 37 the following year. Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tapestry (Carole King album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735059\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \\\"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\\\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \\\"Las Vegas\\\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty hits in\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3665227\",\n \"text\": \"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \\\"Sweet Baby James\\\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the Carole King standard \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\", which became his only #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts on July 31, 1971. The week before, the album itself reached\",\n \"title\": \"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15764229\",\n \"text\": \"member, Paul King, a cover of Lead Belly's Have a Whiff on Me, and a cover of Elvis Presley's \\\"Milk Cow Blues\\\". Lady Rose (song) Lady Rose is a song and single by British group Mungo Jerry. Written by the group's lead vocalist Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray, it was the band's third single. The song entered the UK charts at #30 in May 1971 and reached #5 in June, finally leaving the chart in August 1971. It also reached number one in Japan. Like the group's debut single, \\\"In the Summertime,\\\" it was a maxi-single playing at\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Rose (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4840043\",\n \"text\": \"version of \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" in 1971 (#6 R&B, #15 pop); Brother To Brother's \\\"In The Bottle\\\" in 1974 (#9 R&B, #46 pop); Linda Jones' \\\"Your Precious Love\\\" in 1972 (#15 R&B, #74 pop); and The Whatnauts' 1971 hit, \\\"I'll Erase Away Your Pain\\\" (#14 R&B, #71 pop). The Moments also had considerable success in the UK with three Top 10 hits including \\\"Girls\\\" (#3) in 1975 and All Platinum also had its own label in the UK for a few years during the mid-1970s. All Platinum purchased Chess Records with assistance from the European record concern, Polygram\",\n \"title\": \"All Platinum Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533377\",\n \"text\": \"a parallel in reality, but only after the fact. It never occurred to me that there could be anything quite like that.\\\" Timothy (song) \\\"Timothy\\\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \\\"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"Timothy (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3796187\",\n \"text\": \"Life on Mars (song) \\\"Life on Mars?\\\", also known as \\\"(Is There) Life on Mars?\\\", is a song by David Bowie, first released in 1971 on the album \\\"Hunky Dory\\\" and also released as a single. The song, with cryptic lyrics by Bowie and prominent piano by Rick Wakeman, has been described by BBC Radio 2 as \\\"a cross between a Broadway musical and a Salvador Dalí painting.\\\" When released as a single in 1973, \\\"Life on Mars?\\\" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for thirteen weeks. A music video was filmed by\",\n \"title\": \"Life on Mars (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4417358\",\n \"text\": \"pop single of 1971. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo Or Group during the 14th Grammy Awards. The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song) \\\"Joy to the World\\\" is a song written by Hoyt Axton and made famous by the band Three Dog Night. The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric, \\\"Jeremiah was a bullfrog.\\\" Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20807576\",\n \"text\": \"Side A Side B Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" and \\\"It's Up to You Petula\\\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \\\"What's Happening\\\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \\\"United We Stand\\\" by Brotherhood of Man, \\\"Take Me in Your Arms\\\" by Jefferson, and \\\"Don't You Know (She\",\n \"title\": \"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6119113\",\n \"text\": \"1970, \\\"I Hear You Knocking\\\" reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks. It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1971. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1972, the song was included on his first solo album, \\\"Rockpile\\\". Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded\",\n \"title\": \"I Hear You Knocking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19586542\",\n \"text\": \"America\\\" peaking at number 9 in its seventh week on the chart, on 6 February 1971. Mr America (song) \\\"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \\\"Mr. America\\\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \\\"Mr America\\\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \\\"Composer of the Year\\\". The song came\",\n \"title\": \"Mr America (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4720278\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Reed. Those five songs were Since I Met You Baby, It's Just A Matter of Time, Endlessly, Empty Arms, and Bright Lights, Big City, all of which hit #1 on the Billboard country charts. In 1969, \\\"Billboard magazine\\\" named Sonny James Country Music's Artist of the Year. In February 1971, James was the first country artist whose music went into space; he made a special music recording for the crew of Apollo 14. They later presented him with one of the small American flags that they had carried to the Moon. In 1973, James produced Marie Osmond's first three\",\n \"title\": \"Sonny James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12466854\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in November 1971. It knocked off \\\"Maggie May\\\" by Rod Stewart which had spent the previous month at number one. The single also reached #1 in Canada and #4 in the United Kingdom. It became Cher's best-selling single at that point, selling more than 3 million copies worldwide. As of November 2011, Billboard reported the digital sales of \\\"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\\\" to be 212,000 in the US. The song describes the life of a girl, the narrator of the song, who was \\\"born in the wagon of a traveling show\\\". Her mother \\\"used to dance\",\n \"title\": \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3724440\",\n \"text\": \"appeared on almost all his compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective, \\\"\\\". A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set \\\"Five Guys Walk into a Bar...\\\". A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of \\\"MTV Unplugged\\\" is included on the album \\\"Unplugged...and Seated\\\". In October 1971, the song went to number one in the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and the United States. \\\"Every Picture Tells a Story\\\" achieved the same status at the\",\n \"title\": \"Maggie May\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533367\",\n \"text\": \"Timothy (song) \\\"Timothy\\\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \\\"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\\\" by Joel Whitburn. On the U.S. \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100, it spent two weeks at #13. In Canada, the song reached #9. According\",\n \"title\": \"Timothy (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8020029\",\n \"text\": \"Birth, Jerry Vale, Dennis Brown, Andrea Bocelli and Frances Yip among others. The Como version would be one of his most influential records, and in February 1971 it became his first song to reach the top ten of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in more than 12 years, peaking at #10. The song's peak on the Hot 100 chart came just weeks after concluding a four-week run at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Easy Listening chart. On the UK Singles Chart, the single reached #4 in 1971. Elvis Presley recorded \\\"It's Impossible\\\" on stage at the Las Vegas Hilton February 16,\",\n \"title\": \"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9407026\",\n \"text\": \"by Aretha Franklin's rendition of Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\", the song re-positioned at number one for two more weeks starting June 12 through June 19. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the No. 13 song for 1971. The song went on to receive gold certification selling more than one million units in the U.S. The song's popularity had DJs playing the long version that was available on the \\\"Soulful Tapestry\\\" album. This was rare at the time. The song is said to have been a major contributor to the structure, sound, and grit of the pre-disco movement that would\",\n \"title\": \"Want Ads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5486357\",\n \"text\": \"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song) \\\"Family Affair\\\" is a 1971 number-one hit single recorded by Sly and the Family Stone for the Epic Records label. Their first new material since the double a-sided single \\\"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\\\"/ \\\"Everybody Is a Star\\\" nearly two years prior, \\\"Family Affair\\\" became the third and final number-one pop single for the band. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine later ranked the song #139 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song version by John Legend, Joss Stone, and Van Hunt, won the Grammy Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8014046\",\n \"text\": \"co-writer of the song, for both the \\\"Ultimate\\\" CD and DVD, and it was credited to the moniker Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as \\\"We Lost the Road\\\", \\\"When Do I\\\", \\\"If I Were the Sky\\\", \\\"Bring Out the Thoughts in Me\\\" and \\\"Ellan Vannin\\\". The group's later song \\\"My World\\\" followed along the same musical ideas on this song. Robin Gibb's remarked on the song, \\\"The whole thing took about an hour to complete. The song reached the number one spot, to our great satisfaction.\\\" The song\",\n \"title\": \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7922436\",\n \"text\": \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey \\\"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\\\" is a song by Paul and Linda McCartney from the album \\\"Ram\\\". Released in the United States as a single on 2 August 1971, it reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on 4 September 1971, making it the first of a string of post-Beatles, McCartney-penned singles to top the US pop chart during the 1970s and 1980s. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked the song as number 22 on its Top Pop Singles of 1971 year-end chart. It became McCartney's first gold record as a solo artist. \\\"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\\\" is composed of several unfinished song\",\n \"title\": \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1685986\",\n \"text\": \"My Song, Ma\\\"), which became a top 20 hit in the US, #3 in Canada, and a minor one in the UK. Over the next year, the group released a number of singles to little recognition, but it was in June 1971 that they released their breakthrough hit, \\\"Never Ending Song of Love\\\" (the first of many hit songs to be produced by David Mackay, and a cover of the American hit by Delaney & Bonnie). The song became a big hit in the UK, spending five weeks at No.2 in the singles chart and was one of the biggest\",\n \"title\": \"The New Seekers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9354998\",\n \"text\": \"You're My Man \\\"You're My Man\\\" is a popular No. 1 country hit by country artist Lynn Anderson from 1971. This song was immediately released after Anderson's song \\\"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\\\" became a major country and pop hit in February 1971. The song was very successful, reaching the top of the country charts in June 1971, and was Anderson's second No. 1 country hit. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard and Cashbox Country Charts. \\\"You're My Man\\\" was a major Adult Contemporary hit, placing at No. 6. \\\"You're My Man\\\" spent one week at\",\n \"title\": \"You're My Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12863170\",\n \"text\": \"her 2012 album \\\"\\\". Irish singer, Pauline Scanlon covers it on her 2016 album Gossamer. Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song) \\\"Joan of Arc\\\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released as a single in March 1971 from his third album, \\\"Songs of Love and Hate\\\". The song lasts almost six-and-a-half minutes, and is composed of four stanzas of eight lines each with a \\\"la-la\\\" refrain. The song is constructed mainly as a dialogue between Joan of Arc and the fire which is consuming her as she burns at the stake, after having been found guilty\",\n \"title\": \"Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4811284\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Flying Nun\\\" and \\\"Hazel\\\". In 2005, \\\"Is This The Way To Amarillo\\\", a song Greenfield had written with Sedaka in the early 1970s, reached #1 on the UK charts in the original 1971 version by Tony Christie. The video featured an all-star celebrity line-up lip-synching the track, and the proceeds went to charity. The record stayed at #1 for 7 weeks, and became the UK's best-selling record of the millennium to that time. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, by his late teens Greenfield formed a songwriting partnership with Neil Sedaka, a friend whom he had first met as\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Greenfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"895372\",\n \"text\": \"followed: \\\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\\\", \\\"I'll Meet You Halfway\\\", \\\"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\\\", \\\"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\\\", \\\"Am I Losing You\\\", \\\"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\\\", \\\"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\\\", and \\\"A Friend and a Lover\\\". These singles were showcased on million-selling albums including \\\"Up To Date\\\", \\\"Sound Magazine\\\", \\\"Shopping Bag\\\", \\\"Notebook\\\", \\\"Crossword Puzzle\\\", and \\\"Bulletin Board\\\". Their holiday album \\\"A Partridge Family Christmas Card\\\" was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971. Record sales success was replicated internationally, with both The Partridge Family (group) and David Cassidy\",\n \"title\": \"The Partridge Family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4828206\",\n \"text\": \"to release the song, releasing it on January 17, 1971, sending 100,000 copies of the song to radio stations across the country. The initial success of this led to a further 100,000 to reach demand, selling over 200,000 copies within a week. The song was issued without Gordy's knowledge. The song eventually became a huge success, reaching the top of the charts within a month in March of the year, staying at number-one for five weeks on the Billboard R&B charts and one week at number-one on the Cashbox pop chart. On the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, it reached number two,\",\n \"title\": \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12020575\",\n \"text\": \"Tap Turns on the Water \\\"Tap Turns on the Water\\\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to be used as a football song\",\n \"title\": \"Tap Turns on the Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11465047\",\n \"text\": \"of All Time\\\", published in the February 1999 edition of Q magazine. Daily Mail readers ranked it on their \\\"500 Greatest Songs Ever\\\". Under the original title and version by John Kongos, \\\"He's Gonna Step on You Again\\\", the song made it into the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for 14 weeks – reaching No. 4 in May 1971. Other than the recordings by Def Leppard and Happy Mondays, \\\"He's Gonna Step on You Again\\\" has been covered by numerous artists in many different music genres. These include The Party Boys in 1987, when it got to number 1\",\n \"title\": \"Christos Demetriou\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8278756\",\n \"text\": \"& The Supremes \\\"Someday We'll Be Together\\\" and Freda Payne's number three hit (number one in the UK) \\\"Band of Gold\\\". In 1971, Coffey recorded \\\"Scorpio\\\" which was a million selling instrumental single that peaked in the US at number nine on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Soul Singles chart and at number six on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The instrumental track featured the former Motown \\\"funk brother\\\", Bob Babbitt on bass. On January 8, 1972 Coffey became the first white artist to perform on the television show \\\"Soul Train\\\", playing \\\"Scorpio\\\". \\\"Scorpio\\\" received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Coffey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20807575\",\n \"text\": \"Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" and \\\"It's Up to You Petula\\\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \\\"What's Happening\\\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \\\"United We Stand\\\" by Brotherhood of Man, \\\"Take Me in Your Arms\\\" by Jefferson, and \\\"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\\\" by Butterscotch.\",\n \"title\": \"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5034423\",\n \"text\": \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West) \\\"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\\\" is an innuendo-laden comedy or novelty song, written and performed by the English comedian Benny Hill. The song was first performed on television in 1970, and released as a successful recording, topping the UK Singles Chart in 1971, reaching the Christmas number one spot. The lyric's story line is inspired by Hill's early experience as a milkman for Hann's Dairies in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Market Street, mentioned in the lyrics, is a real-life street in Eastleigh. The song tells the fictional exploits of Ernie Price, a 52-year-old\",\n \"title\": \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3134556\",\n \"text\": \"much airtime to one person. King's 1971 releases included a version of Bob Dylan's \\\"Baby, You've Been On My Mind\\\", released as Nemo, which failed to chart; \\\"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\\\", also as Nemo; \\\"Sugar, Sugar\\\" as Sakkarin; \\\"Leap Up and Down (Wave Your Knickers in the Air)\\\" by St Cecelia (this one a real band, rather than a pseudonym), which went to number 12; and \\\"Lazy Bones\\\", \\\"Flirt\\\" and \\\"Hooked On A Feeling\\\" released under his own name. Bell Records asked King to produce four songs for the Bay City Rollers, including their first hit, \\\"Keep\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20983326\",\n \"text\": \"House of the King \\\"House of the King\\\" is an instrumental by the Dutch rock band Focus. It was released as a single in January 1971 and reached No. 10 on the Dutch charts and sold well across Europe. In the UK, it was issued on both the group's first album, \\\"In And Out of Focus\\\" and the 1972 double album \\\"Focus 3\\\". The song is in a baroque pop style. It was written by guitarist Jan Akkerman and based on an improvised instrumental that the group performed after the plug was pulled on a concert in Majorca in June\",\n \"title\": \"House of the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6125699\",\n \"text\": \"Music (Carole King album) Music is the third album by American singer-songwriter Carole King. It is a continuation of the style laid down in \\\"Tapestry\\\". The album was released in December 1971 and quickly rose to the top of the charts. It features songs such as \\\"It's Going to Take Some Time\\\" (US No. 12 by The Carpenters), \\\"Sweet Seasons,\\\" a No. 9 hit for Carole King, and \\\"Brother, Brother\\\". While not as groundbreaking or as successful as King's Tapestry album, \\\"Carole King: Music\\\" experienced immediate success and was certified gold on December 9, 1971, days after release. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Music (Carole King album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12170681\",\n \"text\": \"An Old Fashioned Love Song \\\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\\\" is a 1971 song written by Paul Williams and performed by the American pop-rock band Three Dog Night. Chuck Negron performed the lead vocal on this track. Taken as the lead single from their 1971 album, \\\"Harmony\\\", the song peaked at number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in December 1971, becoming the band's seventh top-ten hit. It was Three Dog Night's first record to top the U.S. easy listening chart. It reached number two in Canada. Its lyrics suggest the straightforward and melodic nature of the tune: \\\"Just\",\n \"title\": \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3017936\",\n \"text\": \"You're So Vain \\\"You're So Vain\\\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \\\"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\\\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty. The song is ranked at #92 on \\\"Billboard\\\"' s Greatest Songs of All-Time. \\\"You're So Vain\\\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the\",\n \"title\": \"You're So Vain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9096577\",\n \"text\": \"Rose Garden (album) Rose Garden is a multi-million selling, RIAA Platinum-certified studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson. It was released in late 1970 as the title song was climbing country and pop music charts around the world. The single went on to top the Country charts, where it stayed at the number 1 position for five weeks. It reached number 3 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop chart in early 1971 and hit number 1 in both \\\"Cash Box\\\" and \\\"Record World\\\". It was an international top five pop hit in numerous countries. Anderson received a Grammy Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Rose Garden (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1498478\",\n \"text\": \"Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: their first release \\\"After the Fire Is Gone\\\" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; \\\"Lead Me On\\\" (1971); \\\"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man\\\" (1973); \\\"As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone\\\" (1974); and \\\"Feelins'\\\" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what became one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972–1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the \\\"Vocal Duo of the Year\\\" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the \\\"Best Vocal Duet\\\" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and\",\n \"title\": \"Loretta Lynn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14169479\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Yesterday's Wine\\\" which became a #1 single, remaining so for one week and spending a total of ten weeks on the chart. The song inspired the title of their first duet LP, \\\"A Taste of Yesterday's Wine\\\", and was a natural fit for the two singers who, who were often singled out as two of the finest interpreters of pure country music and had both battled many personal demons over the course of their respective careers. Yesterday's Wine (song) \\\"Yesterday's Wine\\\" is the title track of the 1971 album of the same name by Willie Nelson. The track was\",\n \"title\": \"Yesterday's Wine (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12020576\",\n \"text\": \"by the supporters of Bristol Rovers. Tap Turns on the Water \\\"Tap Turns on the Water\\\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to\",\n \"title\": \"Tap Turns on the Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8959897\",\n \"text\": \"charted at No. 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 8 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In December 2018 the song was the subject of an episode of BBC Radio 4's \\\"Soul Music\\\", examining the song's influence on people including Mitchell's biographer David Yaffe. River (Joni Mitchell song) \\\"River\\\" is a Christmas folk song by Joni Mitchell, from her 1971 album \\\"Blue\\\". Although never released as a single, it has become one of Mitchell's most recorded songs. The song is about the recent breakup of a romantic relationship, with the singer longing to escape her emotional bonds as they\",\n \"title\": \"River (Joni Mitchell song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2784254\",\n \"text\": \"loved and placed with his artist Tony Christie who recorded and released it in 1971. The song did relatively well on the UK singles chart, reaching the Top 20. It lay dormant for more than three decades, when UK comic Peter Kay lip-synched it for a 2002 video in his TV series \\\"Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights\\\". For the 2005 annual Comic Relief charity drive, he solicited a number of celebrity friends of his and updated the video, and it became an enormous hit. The original 1971 Tony Christie single was re-released to radio and CD/download sales, and hit No. 1\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Sedaka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3665229\",\n \"text\": \"Awards both for Taylor (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male) and King (Song of the Year). All songs by James Taylor unless otherwise noted. Side One Side Two Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \\\"Sweet Baby James\\\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14053128\",\n \"text\": \"After the Fire Is Gone \\\"After the Fire Is Gone\\\" is a song written by L. E. White, and recorded by American country music artists Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty as a duet. It was released in January 1971 as the only single from the LP \\\"We Only Make Believe\\\". \\\"After the Fire Is Gone\\\" was the first number one on the U.S. country chart for Lynn and Twitty as a duo. It spent two weeks at number one and a total of 14 weeks on the chart. On the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, the single peaked at number 56. In\",\n \"title\": \"After the Fire Is Gone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268137\",\n \"text\": \"Coconut (song) \\\"Coconut\\\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \\\"Nilsson Schmilsson\\\". It was on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \\\"Billboard\\\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \\\"Coconut\\\" did best in Canada, where it peaked at #5. It was used in the films \\\"Reservoir Dogs\\\", \\\"Practical Magic\\\" and \\\"\\\". In 1998, a cover version was released by Australian singer Dannii Minogue as a single, peaking at #62 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Coconut (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10188403\",\n \"text\": \"Don't Pull Your Love \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, as well as \\\"Billboard\\\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung by Rob\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Pull Your Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16590661\",\n \"text\": \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady \\\"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\\\" is a bit by Cheech and Chong, one of their best-known comedy routines. It was the duo's first single. \\\"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\\\" did not appear on the duo's eponymous debut album, although the B-side, \\\"Dave,\\\" did. It has since received continued airplay on radio stations during the Christmas season, particularly those that switch to temporary all-Christmas music formats. It peaked at number 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Christmas Singles chart upon its release in 1971, then peaked again at number 3 on the same chart in\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073215\",\n \"text\": \"retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: \\\"Without greatly altering his approach, Rod Stewart perfected his blend of hard rock, folk, and blues on his masterpiece, \\\"Every Picture Tells a Story\\\".\\\" Notes On the album's liner notes, the names of two alcoholic beverages (Martell Brandy and Mateus Rosé) are interspersed amongst the personnel credits. Technical Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in\",\n \"title\": \"Every Picture Tells a Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13173266\",\n \"text\": \"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \\\"Yo-Yo\\\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \\\"Billboard Hot 100\\\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \\\"Phase III\\\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version of the song for\",\n \"title\": \"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4862260\",\n \"text\": \"album and a third single, \\\"Togetherness\\\". The song \\\"The Great White Horse\\\" peaked at No. 8 and was the most successful Owens-Raye duet. Raye's biggest year as a solo artist came in 1971, when she issued three consecutive Top Ten hits: \\\"L.A. International Airport\\\", \\\"Pitty, Pitty, Patter\\\", and \\\"(I've Got A) Happy Heart\\\". The title track of 1972's \\\"My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own\\\" also reached the Top Ten. Although not her biggest country hit, \\\"L.A. International Airport\\\" became Raye's signature song, peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Country Chart, and a minor hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Raye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598016\",\n \"text\": \"and spent five weeks at number one on the Soul Singles chart between March 27 and April 24, 1971. The follow-up single, \\\"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)\\\", peaked at number-four on the Hot 100, and also went number-one on the R&B chart. The third, and final, single, \\\"Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)\\\", peaked at number-nine on the Hot 100, while also rising to number-one on the R&B chart, thus making Gaye the first male solo artist to place three top ten singles on the Hot 100 off one album, as well as the first artist to place three\",\n \"title\": \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8014047\",\n \"text\": \"was sung live for the first time in 1971, in a performance that was notable as drummer Geoff Bridgford's first appearance with the band. Although failing to chart on the UK Singles Chart, the song became the Bee Gees' first US number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and also reached number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Adult Contemporary chart. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1971. In Spain, it was released under the title \\\"Cómo Puedes Arreglar Un Corazón Destrozada\\\". Following the release of \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\", the song was nominated for a\",\n \"title\": \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7183005\",\n \"text\": \"at number five in the US and number two in the UK in March 1971. In Australia, the song spent one week at number one. In France, the song was also a number one hit. This song is referenced in John Lennon's \\\"How Do You Sleep?\\\" in the line \\\"The only thing you done was 'Yesterday', and since you've gone you're just 'Another Day'\\\". It was featured prominently in a 2009 episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" titled \\\"Bart Gets a 'Z'\\\", and has also been included in several films, such as \\\"50 First Dates\\\" (2004) and \\\"The Lovely Bones\\\" (2009). Another\",\n \"title\": \"Another Day (Paul McCartney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11359123\",\n \"text\": \"You're Lookin' at Country \\\"You're Lookin' at Country\\\" is a country music song written and made famous by Loretta Lynn in 1971. The song peaked at #5 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs and reached #1 on the Canada Country Tracks chart on \\\"RPM\\\". Lynn wrote \\\"You're Lookin' At Country\\\" in response to viewing the open country while touring on the road. Lynn said in an interview that she was inspired by all the meadows and hills that she saw while passing through the country to write this song. The song was unlike anything Lynn had been releasing at the\",\n \"title\": \"You're Lookin' at Country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3017947\",\n \"text\": \"it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973, also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973, her first number one on either chart. \\\"You're So Vain\\\" was Simon's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973. The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres, peaking at number 41. You're So Vain \\\"You're So Vain\\\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972.\",\n \"title\": \"You're So Vain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11817713\",\n \"text\": \"music video to air on CMT when the cable television channel first launched on March 5, 1983 as CMTV. The song was covered by Tom Jones on his 1985 album \\\"Tender Loving Care\\\". His version peaked at number 36 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart in 1986. It's Four in the Morning \\\"It's Four in the Morning\\\" (also known as \\\"Four in the Morning\\\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \\\"Hello Walls.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"It's Four in the Morning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3669502\",\n \"text\": \"You've Got a Friend \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\" is a 1971 song written by Carole King. It was first recorded by King, and included in her album \\\"Tapestry\\\". Another well-known version is by James Taylor from his album \\\"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon\\\". His was released as a single in 1971 reaching number 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The two versions were recorded simultaneously in 1971 with shared musicians. \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\" won Grammy Awards both for Taylor (Best Male Pop Vocal Performance) and King (Song of the\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Friend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10983342\",\n \"text\": \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me \\\"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\\\" — also known simply as \\\"Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\\\" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law. It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album \\\"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\\\". The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre. Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and\",\n \"title\": \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12167129\",\n \"text\": \"L. Russell Brown Lawrence \\\"Larry\\\" Russell Brown (born June 29, 1940), known as L. Russell Brown, is an American lyricist and composer. He is most noted for his songs, co-written with Irwin Levine, \\\"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\\\" and \\\"Knock Three Times\\\"—international hits for the 1970s pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn. He also co-wrote \\\"C'mon Marianne\\\" for The Four Seasons, and The Partridge Family 1971 song, \\\"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\\\". Born in Newark, New Jersey, Brown began his songwriting career when he was sixteen with the R&B label Fury Records. Co-writing\",\n \"title\": \"L. Russell Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10188406\",\n \"text\": \"CD1 CD2 Don't Pull Your Love \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, as well as \\\"Billboard\\\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Pull Your Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8014043\",\n \"text\": \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \\\"Trafalgar\\\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \\\"Cashbox\\\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \\\"Country Woman\\\". The song appears in the\",\n \"title\": \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3028936\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Me & Jerry\\\". During the 1970 television season, he was a regular on \\\"The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour\\\", and in 1971, he issued his biggest hit, the chart-topper \\\"When You're Hot, You're Hot\\\", which is a story song, with the majority of the lyrics being talked out rather than sung. The song concerns the singer's near success shooting dice, a police raid, and a judge who is supposedly a fishing buddy of the singer, but who nevertheless sends him down for gambling. Aside from being a major crossover hit, \\\"When You're Hot, You're Hot\\\" earned Reed the Grammy Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Reed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4702148\",\n \"text\": \"Peace Train \\\"Peace Train\\\" is a 1971 song by Cat Stevens, taken from his album \\\"Teaser and the Firecat\\\". The song climbed to No. 7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the week of October 9, 1971, becoming Stevens' first US Top 10 hit. The song also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart. It is also featured on \\\"The Very Best of Cat Stevens\\\" compilation album. He re-recorded the song for War Child in 2003. In a 1970s concert he introduces the song with the revelation that he wrote the song whilst on a\",\n \"title\": \"Peace Train\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19638673\",\n \"text\": \"was included as part of the extended LP version of \\\"Stars on 45,\\\" a number one medley hit from 1981. Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again \\\"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\\\" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway which in 1971 became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes. This sad song is about having that rainy day feeling, saying that his tears will be falling like rain, as if it were on a Monday, hoping that it was sunny like a Sunday instead. Part of\",\n \"title\": \"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9350796\",\n \"text\": \"How Can I Unlove You \\\"How Can I Unlove You\\\" is the name of a No. 1 country hit by country music singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1971. \\\"How Can I Unlove You\\\", was released as a single in August 1971, shortly after her previous hit, \\\"You're My Man\\\", peaked at No. 1 on the country charts, where it spent three weeks at the top. Anderson had recently enjoyed what would ultimately be the biggest hit of her career, \\\"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\\\", in February 1971. \\\"How Can I Unlove You\\\" reached No. 63 on the Pop\",\n \"title\": \"How Can I Unlove You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5759958\",\n \"text\": \"A compilation of these remixes entitled \\\"Open Your Box\\\" was released in April 2007. Open Your Box \\\"Open Your Box\\\" is a song by Yoko Ono, released on 12 March 1971 as the B-side of John Lennon's single \\\"Power to the People\\\". It was remixed and re-released by Orange Factory in 2001. In 1971, Ono's risqué lyrics were received in controversy (\\\"box\\\" is slang for vagina). She sings, \\\"Open your box, open your trousers, open your sex, open your legs, open open open open open\\\". The record was banned from radio in Britain, and was played on-air only when echo\",\n \"title\": \"Open Your Box\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13173267\",\n \"text\": \"his self-titled 1971 album. Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \\\"Yo-Yo\\\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \\\"Billboard Hot 100\\\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \\\"Phase III\\\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version\",\n \"title\": \"Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3373232\",\n \"text\": \"and an array of others, covered by singers such as Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, BJ Thomas, John Denver, Waylon Jennings, Jonathan Edwards, and Anne Murray. Axton also sang a couple of duets with Linda Ronstadt, including \\\"Lion in Winter\\\" and \\\"When the Morning Comes\\\" (a top 40 country hit). His composition \\\"Joy to the World\\\", as performed by Three Dog Night, was #1 on the charts for six straight weeks in 1971, making it the top hit of the year. He named his record label \\\"Jeremiah\\\" after the bullfrog mentioned in the song. He sang the jingle \\\"Head For the\",\n \"title\": \"Hoyt Axton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448689\",\n \"text\": \"Make It Through the Night\\\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \\\"For the Good Times\\\" (Ray Price) won \\\"Song of the Year\\\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \\\"Sunday Morning Coming Down\\\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \\\"Me\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Kristofferson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8014049\",\n \"text\": \"in 2001. How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \\\"Trafalgar\\\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \\\"Cashbox\\\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \\\"Country Woman\\\". The song appears\",\n \"title\": \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355683\",\n \"text\": \"hit singles with Christmas songs in the 1970s; \\\"Merry Xmas Everybody\\\" by Slade, \\\"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\\\" by Wizzard and \\\"Lonely This Christmas\\\" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular. The top ten most played Christmas songs in the UK based on a 2012 survey conducted by PRS for Music, who collect and pay royalties to its 75,000 song-writing and composing members, are as follows: Included in the 2009 and 2008 lists are such other titles as Jona Lewie's \\\"Stop the Cavalry\\\", Bruce Springsteen's \\\"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\\\", Elton John's \\\"Step into Christmas\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2721224\",\n \"text\": \"had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans, and In 1983, following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song, Evans hanged himself. Harry Nilsson, at the time best known for his hit \\\"Everybody's Talkin'\\\" and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night's \\\"One\\\", heard Badfinger's recording of \\\"Without You\\\" at a party, and mistook it for a Beatles song. After realising it was not, he decided to cover the song for his album \\\"Nilsson Schmilsson\\\" in 1971. The song was released as a single in October 1971, and it stayed\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Badfinger song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13377582\",\n \"text\": \"after a long struggle with cancer. His No. 1 from 1971, \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\" was re-issued and shot straight to the top of the charts. Though it only remained there a week, it entered the record books, being the first time in UK chart history a posthumous release has taken over from another posthumous release by another artist. Returning to number one after April in 2001, the Stereophonics returned to the top with their third album, \\\"Just Enough Education to Perform\\\". Spawning two No. 5 singles, the album remained at the top for 3 weeks in this return, one more\",\n \"title\": \"2002 in British music charts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1312080\",\n \"text\": \"witnessed an act of police brutality at an anti-war rally in Berkeley. Upon hearing the song, Berry Gordy refused its release due to his feelings of the song being \\\"too political\\\" for radio. Gaye responded by going on strike from recording until the label released the song. Released in 1971, it reached No. 1 on the R&B charts within a month, staying there for five weeks. It also reached the top spot on Cashbox's pop chart for a week and reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 and the Record World chart, selling over two million copies. After giving an\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Gaye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7391610\",\n \"text\": \"first single release, reached number one in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number four on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\\\" was her first number one in US as a solo artist on both \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and the Adult Contemporary chart, it also reached number one in Canada and in Japan. The song was performed live on \\\"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\\\", featuring Cher dressed as a gypsy wearing a huge wig singing in front of a wagon. The second and last single was the opening track \\\"The Way of Love\\\". It peaked at #7\",\n \"title\": \"Chér (1971 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2778341\",\n \"text\": \"No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart, becoming an international success. In the United Kingdom, the single reached No. 3 and in Germany it peaked at No. 1 and stayed there for four weeks. The album \\\"Rose Garden\\\" was released in 1971 and was also hugely successful, receiving platinum certification by the RIAA. Anderson won the Academy of Country Music's \\\"Top Female Vocalist\\\" Award and the Country Music Association's \\\"Female Vocalist of the Year\\\" Award in 1970 and 1971, respectively. In addition, she won a Grammy Award. Lynn Anderson had two No. 1 hit singles on the Billboard country chart\",\n \"title\": \"Lynn Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18921778\",\n \"text\": \"Take Me (George Jones song) \\\"Take Me\\\" is a song written by George Jones and Leon Payne. Jones originally released the song on the Musicor label in 1966 and scored a No. 8 hit. However, the song is best remembered for being the first single release by Jones and his third wife Tammy Wynette in 1971 on Epic Records. That version was also a top ten hit, peaking at No. 9. Jones wrote \\\"Take Me\\\" with Leon Payne, who is perhaps best known for his hits \\\"I Love You Because\\\", \\\"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart\\\", and for\",\n \"title\": \"Take Me (George Jones song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15077594\",\n \"text\": \"UK, and awarded her with Gold certification and the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female. George Harrison's recording of \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\" made it to number one pop for four weeks, number 10 Easy Listening, and number one UK for five weeks while earning Gold certification from the RIAA. From the liner notes for the original album: Love Story (Andy Williams album) Love Story is the twenty-seventh studio album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released on February 3, 1971, by Columbia Records. This was another in his series of cover albums, but the title track,\",\n \"title\": \"Love Story (Andy Williams album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386108\",\n \"text\": \"Anticipation (song) \\\"Anticipation\\\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon, and the lead single from her 1971 album of the same name. The song peaked at number 13 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop singles chart and at number 3 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Adult Contemporary chart. The song ranked number 72 on \\\"Billboard\\\"s Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972, and garnered Simon a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Female Vocalist. Simon wrote the song on the guitar in 15 minutes, as she awaited Cat Stevens to pick her up for a date. \\\"Anticipation\\\" is one of Simon's biggest hits.\",\n \"title\": \"Anticipation (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4828193\",\n \"text\": \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song) \\\"What's Going On\\\" is a song by American recording artist Marvin Gaye, released in 1971 on the Motown subsidiary Tamla. Originally inspired by a police brutality incident witnessed by Renaldo \\\"Obie\\\" Benson, the song was composed by Benson, Al Cleveland and Gaye and produced by Gaye himself. The song marked Gaye's departure from the Motown Sound towards more personal material. Later topping the Hot Soul Singles chart for five weeks and crossing over to number two on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, it would sell over two million copies, becoming Gaye's second-most successful Motown song\",\n \"title\": \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14492490\",\n \"text\": \"Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song) \\\"Treat Her Like a Lady\\\" is a 1971 single by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose. Written by Eddie Cornelius, it was a big success in the American R&B and pop charts reaching the U.S. R&B Top 20 and the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 No. 3 in July. The song also charted in Canada, reaching No. 10. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked \\\"Treat Her Like a Lady\\\" as the No. 15 song for 1971. The record was awarded a gold disc on 2 August 1971 for one million sales by the Recording Industry Association\",\n \"title\": \"Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8000272\",\n \"text\": \"Ten with two different versions of the same song. Apart from Sedaka's own reworking of the song, by far the most successful cover of \\\"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\\\" was done by the Partridge Family in 1972. While only a medium hit in North America, their version reached number 3 in both the UK and Australia. \\\"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\\\" has been covered by numerous other artists over the years, including: German version: \\\"Abschiednehmen ist so schwer\\\" French version: \\\"Moi je pense encore à toi\\\" Portuguese version: \\\"O Superstar\\\" Spanish version: \\\"Qué triste es el primer adiós\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Who Sold the World context: The Man Who Sold the World \\\"The Man Who Sold the World\\\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \\\"MTV Unplugged\\\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked\\n\\nName the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \\\"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\\\"\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 233,\n \"origin_tokens\": 234,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again context: was included as part of the extended LP version of \\\"Stars on 45,\\\" a number one medley hit from 1981. Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again \\\"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\\\" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway which in 1971 became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes. This sad song is about having that rainy day feeling, saying that his tears will be falling like rain, as if it were on a Monday, hoping that it was sunny like a Sunday instead. Part of\\n\\ntitle: Anticip (song) context: Anticipation (song) \\\"Anticipation\\\" is song and performed by Carly Simon the lead single from her 197 of the same name. The song peaked at number 13 on the \\\"Bill pop singles chart and at 3 on theBillboard\\\" Adult Contemporary chart. The song number 72 on \\\"Billboard\\\"s Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972, and garnered Simon a Grammy Award nomination for Pop Female Vist. Simon wrote the song on the guitar in 15 minutes, as await Cat Stevens to pick her up for a dateAnticipation\\\" one Simon' biggest hits.\\n: T (' Happen Ton: Something T ('s G Happen Tonight)Something T (Something'sonnaappen Tonight)\\\" is song recording Cilla Black,1971. Written by songwritaway Roger Tells MeSomething's Gonna Happen Tonight was released on 5 November 197 and became a major success Black number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the of 197 single produced George Martin, produced her single \\\"You're My The was originally in the key of G major\\n: Co final from that, atA singles chart upon, chart . In0 made \\\"The5 Sessions\\\".utsong) \\\"Coconut\\\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \\\"Nilsson Schmilsson\\\". It was on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \\\"Billboard\\\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \\\"Coconut\\\"\\n\\nName the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \\\"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\\\"\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 586,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14960,\n \"ratio\": \"25.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78779,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78779,"string":"78,779"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"According to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Seven swans a-swimming"],"string":"[\n \"Seven swans a-swimming\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Seven swans a-swimming"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2999243","text":"tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. and so on until On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and","title":"Cumulative song"},{"id":"17271131","text":"day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached","title":"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"},{"id":"9457961","text":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"1355693","text":"\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\" by Tim Minchin, \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" by Bucko & Champs, \"Christmas Photo\" by John Williamson, \"Go Santa, Go\" by The Wiggles, and","title":"Christmas music"},{"id":"11403074","text":"Yule (what is now known as The 12 Days of Christmas), twelve candles are used. One is used each night symbolizing the twelve months, until the 31 of December when the \"July Moon shines.\" On that night a thirteenth candle is used for the new coming month of January. The candles always burn below but on the last night, the candle is again transferred upward- this is the sun, which is spilled in order to return to the earth from the gloom of another peace. The SS-Julleuchter was considered both an award and trophy of the German Schutzstaffel that was","title":"Julleuchter"},{"id":"9457973","text":"adjective \"French\" in \"three French hens\", probably simply means \"foreign\". According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770. William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were \"all birds\"—the \"five gold rings\" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant. Others suggest the gold rings refer to \"five goldspinks\"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch; or even canaries. However, the","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"2373305","text":"on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as Paramony (Greek Παραμονή \"Eve\"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters, in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday, to show that, according to Orthodox theology, the","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"2373318","text":"liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the \"Book of Common Prayer\" for Matins. Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", and lighting a yule log","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"11330303","text":"chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True","title":"Christmas Price Index"},{"id":"6246624","text":"For Christmas Is You', 'Merry Christmas Everyone', 'Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer', 'Santa Claus is Coming to Town', and, finally, 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' (featuring Year 13 singing the coveted 'Five Gold Rings'). The school shares Christmas cake and everyone is given a tangerine. Songs are usually led by the Lay Chaplain and accompanied by the Director of Music; they become increasingly raucous as the Party progresses. Commonly, some male members of staff are required to stand up and sing 'We Three Kings' in front of the congregation. The school offers the Duke of Edinburgh Award. Sport is also a","title":"Rye St Antony School"},{"id":"9457962","text":"associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\" (now often \"five golden rings\"). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \"my true love\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"9457980","text":"in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"9457965","text":"the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"17271130","text":"can stick into their ear, and a thing on the other end which one cannot stick anywhere, because it's bent.) (NOTE: The original version stated the word \"naked\" before \"lady\", however, because of the risqué subject, Sherman was advised to drop the word \"naked\" for airplay and public release purposes.) Sixth day: A hammered aluminum nutcracker. (\"And all that other stuff.\") Seventh day: A pink satin pillow that says \"San Diego\", with fringe all around it, and all that other stuff. (Which is the last mention of earlier gifts until the last verse.) Eighth day: An indoor plastic birdbath. Ninth","title":"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"},{"id":"9457981","text":"the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"9457966","text":"Christmas\". Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, \"Chants Populaires des Flamands de France\" (1856), runs as follows: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded \"in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais\". The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game. The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"9457967","text":"day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" as \"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\" The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children, \"Mirth without Mischief\", as a Twelfth Night \"memories-and-forfeits\" game, in which a leader recited a verse, each of the","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"19516198","text":"5% returned the gift to the giver. Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity, while those aged 25 to 34 \"simply threw them away\". Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes, and include items like perfumes and cosmetics, ornaments, and clothing. songs: Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according","title":"Christmas gift"},{"id":"5661385","text":"\"Black Hawk Down\" and \"Three Kings\". Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted Christmas gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of Iraq. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.","title":"Red Sleigh Down"},{"id":"2373303","text":"of the Theotokos\", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the \"Third Day of the Nativity\", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or \"leave-taking\" of the Nativity). The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle () and Gospel () during the Divine Liturgy. The Sunday after the","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"1608720","text":"including William Shakespeare's poem \"The Phoenix and the Turtle\" (where \"turtle\" refers to the turtle dove). The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss. One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Turtle doves also are featured in the song, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", as the gift \"my true love gives to me\" on the second day of Christmas. If added cumulatively, by the end of the song, the recipient has been given 22. Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of a spiritual from the Georgia Sea Islands.","title":"European turtle dove"},{"id":"9457976","text":"and so would hardly need to be secretly encoded. The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for \"Five gold rings\". Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me\", are","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"2373302","text":"both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance. The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free. During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i. e. Christmas Eve) is \"The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ\", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the \"Synaxis","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"4461447","text":"Distaff Day Distaff Day, also called Roc Day, is 7 January, the day after the feast of the Epiphany. It is also known as Saint Distaff's Day, one of the many unofficial holidays in Catholic nations. Many St. Distaff's Day gatherings are held, large and small, throughout local fiber community. The distaff, or rock, used in spinning was the medieval symbol of women's work. In many European cultural traditions, women resumed their household work after the twelve days of Christmas. Women of all classes would spend their evenings spinning on the wheel. During the day, they would carry a drop","title":"Distaff Day"},{"id":"19516190","text":"Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition, is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus. The tradition of gift-giving in general is an old one, but it became associated with Christian feast of Christmas more recently. In ancient Rome, gift giving may have occurred near the","title":"Christmas gift"},{"id":"9457971","text":"According to \"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\", \"Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty.\" (It is also worth noting that exactly 364 gifts","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"2918801","text":"Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is considered to be inauspicious. On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, the start of Christmastide, it is customary for most households in Christendom to attend a service of worship or Mass, in which they receive Holy Communion. During the season of Christmastide, in many Christian households, a gift is given for each of the Twelve Days of Christmastide, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the festive season, respectively. The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition,","title":"Christmastide"},{"id":"15176034","text":"principal religious ceremonies and involves the placement of the silver crown on the head of the \"emperor\", or persons destined to hold it in the ceremony, by the parish priest. Similarly, after ritually kissing the dove on the silver sceptre, the faithful are empowered to rise with the crowns while benedictions are made in the name of the Holy Spirit, while the hymn is played. Immediately following this ceremony, the cortege is reformed and proceeds to exit the church, with the priest singing the \"Magnificat\" once again. Traditionally, on the seventh Sunday following Easter (Pentecost Sunday) the faithful realize the","title":"Cult of the Holy Spirit"},{"id":"17342372","text":"With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic. Rosca de reyes ('kings' crown') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, \"Dia de los Reyes Magos\", which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ.","title":"Pan dulce"},{"id":"9457970","text":"\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake.\" Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \"is to be said in one breath\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"12871519","text":"the song is usually dated. The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning \"intonent hodie voces ecclesie\", written in honour of Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of Russia, sailors and children – to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day, 6 December. Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ('Submersum, -sum, -sum puerum'; 'Reddens vir-, vir-, vir- ginibus'). In 'intonent hodie', these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution, respectively. The","title":"Personent hodie"},{"id":"2373319","text":"on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed. Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In most Western","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"2373310","text":"Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"3816621","text":"referred as \"Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos\", or \"Three Kings' Day\". It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men's camels. The three kings will then take the grass to feed the camels and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5),","title":"Epiphany (holiday)"},{"id":"12345257","text":"and stick them under eaves, on fields, meadows, vineyards, and apiaries. It is believed this will help that the ensuing year be happy and fruitful. A good sign that this will be the case is when there is a lot of snow on Christmas Day. The third day of Christmas coincides with St. Stephen's Day, which is the slava of many Serbian families. It is also the slava of Republika Srpska. In this way, many Serbs celebrate two important holidays, Christmas and slava, within three days. During the Twelve Days of Christmas (7 January – 18 January on the Gregorian","title":"Serbian Christmas traditions"},{"id":"16992821","text":"parents are named Joseph (Ed Quinn) and Mary (Holly Elissa), and the solution is in the hidden message of the popular Christian holiday song \"The 12 Days of Christmas\", where a different disaster corresponds to each day and the \"five gold rings\" provide a messianic gift. \"The 12 Disasters of Christmas\" first premiered on the Syfy network on December 8, 2012 at 9PM Eastern. It became Syfy's most watched television film on its premiere since February 2013. The DVD version was released on January 6, 2014. The film received negative ratings, but critics have noted that the film is entertaining","title":"The 12 Disasters of Christmas"},{"id":"9457972","text":"are given, one for each day of the year besides Christmas.) An anonymous \"antiquarian\", writing in 1867, speculated that \"pear-tree\" is a corruption of French \"perdrix\" (partridge), and \"colley\" a corruption of French \"collet\" (ruff, hence \"we at once have a bird with a ruff, \"i.e.\", the ruff-pigeon\"). Cecil Sharp, writing in 1916, observed that \"from the constancy in English, French, and Languedoc versions of the 'merry little partridge,' I suspect that 'pear-tree' is really \"perdrix\" (Old French \"pertriz\") carried into England\"; and \"juniper tree\" in some English versions may have been \"joli perdrix,\" [pretty partridge]. Sharp also suggests the","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"10783744","text":"the Spring Concert, held in April. The proceeds from one or more of these concerts is annually donated to charity. The VGs also perform annually at the Annual Christmas Concert of the Virginia Glee Club in honor of the two groups' long-standing relationship. Traditionally, when the Glee Club performs \"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" the eighth day is sung by the VGs, an homage to the original octet which formed out of the Glee Club. The group has received requests to perform in several prestigious venues, including the White House, at which the group performed in 1991 for George H.","title":"Virginia Gentlemen"},{"id":"1355645","text":"Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work \"Messe de minuit pour Noël\". Other examples include: In Austria, Belgium and Germany, Christmas is celebrated by some with children dressing as \"The Three Kings\", carrying a star on a pole. Going from house to house from New Year's Day to 6 January, the children sing religious songs and are called \"star singers\". They are often rewarded with sweets or money, which is typically given to a local church or charity. \"C.M.B\" is written in chalk on houses they have visited. Although this is sometimes taken","title":"Christmas carol"},{"id":"2786442","text":"that \"Sinterklaas\" has really given them presents. This may be done through a note that is \"found\", explaining where the presents are hidden, as though Zwarte Piet visited them and left a burlap sack of presents with them. Sometimes a neighbor will knock on the door (pretending to be a Zwarte Piet) and leave the sack outside for the children to retrieve; this varies per family. When the presents arrive, the living room is decked out with them, much as on Christmas Day in English-speaking countries. On 6 December \"Sinterklaas\" departs without any ado, and all festivities are over. In","title":"Sinterklaas"},{"id":"9457964","text":"indicated in \"italics\";
(b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"1670140","text":"Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called \"Día de Reyes\", and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (\"las octavitas\"). In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface. A tradition","title":"Biblical Magi"},{"id":"4313156","text":"\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \"The Wren [Wran] Song\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\", as the last song in \"Children's Medley\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \"to bury the wren\". Wren Day Wren Day,","title":"Wren Day"},{"id":"845619","text":"Moirai were supposed to appear three nights after a child's birth to determine the course of its life, as in the story of Meleager and the firebrand taken from the hearth and preserved by his mother to extend his life. Bruce Karl Braswell from readings in the lexicon of Hesychius, associates the appearance of the Moirai at the family \"hearth\" on the \"seventh\" day with the ancient Greek custom of waiting seven days after birth to decide whether to accept the infant into the Gens and to give it a name, cemented with a ritual at the hearth. At Sparta","title":"Moirai"},{"id":"4325188","text":"displays. December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, the last one held on Christmas Eve. The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas, and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico. It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas, and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season. Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary, but most families set up a \"pesebre\" (manger scene), sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines,","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"95477","text":"of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: \"Note on how to put the Christmas branch, \"scilicet\": On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the \"altar-mor\".\" The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed.","title":"Christmas tree"},{"id":"14375634","text":"beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian Calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian Calendar. This day is called by Serbs the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with \"Christ is Born,\" which should be responded to with \"Truly He is Born.\" This holiday surpasses all the other celebrated by Serbs, with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These","title":"Serb traditions"},{"id":"1355715","text":"ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 26, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period \"preceding\" Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the \"Twelve Days of Christmas\", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so","title":"Christmas music"},{"id":"10178504","text":"build-up occurs on 6 December, when it is Nikolaustag, a day commemorating Saint Nicholas. On the evening of 5 December children in Germany place a \"Nikolausstiefel\" (a boot or a hoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance to Santa Claus in the US, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs). In Switzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front","title":"Weihnachten"},{"id":"14719809","text":"a universalized application of the concept of Shabbat—the 7th day of the week—the sanctified 'day of rest'. The Ten Commandments state (Exodus 20:8): “Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. Six days shall you work and perform all of your labors. And on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath day unto the Lord your God, you shall do no work... For in six days God made the heavens and the earth, the oceans and all therein, and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore God hath blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it.” This tradition maintains that each day","title":"Year 6000"},{"id":"17970820","text":"Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,","title":"Economics of Christmas"},{"id":"1378853","text":"guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem). During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \"Christkindl\", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Hungary, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives his sweet gifts on 6 December,","title":"Christmas Eve"},{"id":"2918804","text":"the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of \"musical and theatrical presentations\". In Russia, Christmastide, understood as the period between Orthodox Christmas and Epiphany, is often referred to as \"Svyatki\". During this period, Russians perform fortunetelling by the use of shadows, candles, wax, and boots to predict future marriages. Maidens who participate in the ceremony have to shed everything that \"hinders\" the flow","title":"Christmastide"},{"id":"2373308","text":"Silvestro\" in Italian, \"Silvesternacht\" in German, \"Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre\" in French, and \"סילבסטר\" in Hebrew). New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"6579247","text":"party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light up fireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other. The exact date that ends Jul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the old \"gisladag\" or \"Tjuendedag\", the twentieth day, on January 13, also called Epiphany Day. By Candlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed. Christmas in Norway Jul","title":"Christmas in Norway"},{"id":"18821642","text":"libations are being offered.) Therefore, every fifty-seventh day of the sixty-day cycle they mount to heaven and personally report our misdeeds to the Director of Fates. Further, during the night of the last day of the month the hearth god also ascends to heaven and makes an oral report of a man's wrongs. For the more important misdeeds [\"ji\" 紀 \"12 year period; discipline; mark\"] a whole period of three hundred days is deducted. For the minor ones they deduct one reckoning [\"suan\" 算 \"calculate; count\"], a reckoning being three days. Personally, I have not yet been able to determine","title":"Three Corpses"},{"id":"6020960","text":"Australia; as \"Secret Santa\", \"Kris Kringle\", or \"Manita-Manito\" in the Philippines; as \"Angelito\" in the Dominican Republic; and as \"Wichteln\" or \"Julklapp\" in Germany. \"Wichteln\" is what a \"Wichtel\", a wight, does, a good deed. In Poland, the tradition is celebrated on the day of 6 December (Mikołajki), in Ukraine — on December, 19th (Mykolay). All of these names derive from traditional Christmas gift-bringers: the American custom is named after Santa Claus, or St Nicholas (Poland and Ukraine), while \"Chris Kindle\" and \"Kris Kringle\" are both corruptions of the original name of the Austrian gift-bringer \"Christkindl\", which means the \"Christ","title":"Secret Santa"},{"id":"17206688","text":"Familiar songs that use this effect are significantly stronger than that with a relatively simple three-bar song, examples like \"Backe, backe Kuchen\" include \"\" or the Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The text records what was probably a common practice when composed. That is to say, the bakers after baking bread \"called\" with a horn to signal to the women of the neighborhood, that the residual heat of the oven could now be used to bake the women's own cakes. Also, where the bread was baked on certain days in the common village oven, there was a signal","title":"Backe, backe Kuchen"},{"id":"9465349","text":"which will be used as the \"badnik\" (бъдник). After the man brings it into the house, a hole is bored in one end of the \"badnik\" and filled with wine, cooking oil, and incense. The hole is plugged, and that end of the log is wrapped with a white linen cloth before the \"badnik\" is festively burned on the hearth. In Greece, a large log was lit on the hearth on Christmas Eve and kept burning or smoldering through the Twelve Days of Christmas. This was done as a protection against the demons called \"Kallikantzaroi\", believed to be emerging from","title":"Badnjak (Serbian)"},{"id":"15133574","text":"In the traditional Nicholas-walk, on 6 December, St. Nicholas comes clothed in a bishop’s attire, a long red coat and a red cap on his head, holding a shepherd’s crook in one hand, and carrying a sack full of gifts on his back. He cannot be seen because he arrives in the middle of the night when good little children are already fast asleep, so you'd better not try to stay up so late, otherwise he won't give you any presents, only a birch stick (virgács). Before 24 December, people decorate their houses and start to cook and bake. At","title":"Christmas in Hungary"},{"id":"1378846","text":"Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as \"the Third Day of the Nativity\". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents. Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5","title":"Christmas Eve"},{"id":"9465315","text":"burning from the Eve. The first visit the family receives that day is considered important, comparable to New Years Day first-footing in the British Isles. The family may choose someone, usually a young male, to be their first visitor, known as a \"polaznik\", before the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with \"Christ is Born\", to which they reply \"Truly He is Born.\" The \"polaznik\" then approaches the \"ognjište\" and repeatedly strikes the burning log with","title":"Badnjak (Serbian)"},{"id":"872994","text":"to Aeneas under the title \"Iuppiter Indiges\" (Jupiter in-the-earth). Trophonius was a son of Erginus, king of Minyan Orchomenus and brother of Agamedes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, \"those whom the gods love die young\", comes from this story. Alternatively, according to Pausanias they built a treasure chamber","title":"Trophonius"},{"id":"10024612","text":"The song also reached number four in Australia and number six in New Zealand. The song has been covered by Zoot Woman. 7 Days (Craig David song) \"7 Days\" is a song by English singer Craig David. It was released on 24 July 2000 as the second single from his debut studio album, \"Born to Do It\" (2000). \"7 Days\" is David's biggest worldwide hit to date, hitting number one in the United Kingdom and number ten in the United States, and receiving a Gold certification sale in the UK. In 2001, the song was nominated for the BRIT Award","title":"7 Days (Craig David song)"},{"id":"7182056","text":"during Bright Week (Easter Week) the priest holds a special Paschal trikirion (triple candlestick) and the deacon holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve. In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a wreath of candles. In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an Advent wreath, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of","title":"Ceremonial use of lights"},{"id":"9457968","text":"players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"20437046","text":"Hunt the Wren Hunt the Wren is a traditional custom carried out on the Isle of Man on the 26 December, St. Stephen's Day. It consists of groups of people going around villages and towns singing and dancing a traditional song and dance around a decorated wren pole. The tradition on the Isle of Man is closely related to similar practices carried out across Europe, particularly Wren Day in Ireland. It has been suggested that the tradition probably originates in sacrificial practices due to the reverence with which the wren is held outside of this one day of the year,","title":"Hunt the Wren"},{"id":"5073804","text":"named Hussein. In arabic, Hussein is also referred to as Hussaina or Hossein/a. Shia Muslims believe that Hussein sacrificed his soul for the sake of humanity and not only Islam, which places him in the highest levels of heaven. In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. Hence its relationship to Christ's arrival The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, \"Great Hosanna\"). \"Hosanna\" was","title":"Hosanna"},{"id":"1497100","text":"the observance of its own regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system. William & Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads \"Twas the Night Before Finals\", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song \"The Twelve Days","title":"College of William & Mary"},{"id":"19516195","text":"With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the","title":"Christmas gift"},{"id":"5350403","text":"a Christian feast falling on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Spirit, in the guise of flames, upon the apostles at the \"Feast of the Harvest\" (Ex. 23:16), also known as Whitsunday, enabling the apostles to spread the news of Christ in all languages, (glossolalia or the \"gift of tongues\") (Acts 2). Pinksteren was also a celebration of the change of the seasons and of spring renewal. Various customs are intended to invoke the growth and fertility of fields and pastures. These include, for example, setting up Pentecost trees (\"pinksterkrone\"), that have the","title":"Pinkster"},{"id":"4325298","text":"on Epiphany. Nowadays, although Santa Claus (\"Pai Natal\") is more popular, in some regions people still believe that it is the \"Menino Jesus\" (Baby Jesus) who brings presents to children. In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas (Serbian: Божић, \"Božić\" or more formally Рождество Христово, Rozhdestvo Hristovo, \"Nativity of Christ\") is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"3816592","text":"men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The \"Phota\" form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve), when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called \"small sanctification\", \"Protagiasi\" or \"Enlightment\" is practiced on","title":"Epiphany (holiday)"},{"id":"2373304","text":"Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"2217349","text":"He rested from all work, 2) He blessed the Shabbat, and 3) God sanctified the seventh day, which means He set it apart for only Holy use. The ten commandments in Exodus 20:8-12 explain further that, \"six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Shabbat of the Lord your God, in that day you shall do no work\". According to the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites were living in the Sinai for forty years, they built a Tabernacle ( translit: \"mishkan\", \"Place of [Divine] dwelling\"); this was viewed as the abode of","title":"Jewish symbolism"},{"id":"9439675","text":"comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"9457977","text":"made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \"Five gold(en) rings,\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \"Two turtle doves\" getting a 4/4 bar with \"And a\" on its fourth beat and \"Partridge in a pear tree\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \"Partridge in a pear tree.\" \"On the\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"3841583","text":"days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as \"\"melakhot\"\"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah","title":"Convenience"},{"id":"2373306","text":"steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days, is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"685","text":"applicable only to the souls in purgatory, is granted to the faithful, who devoutly visit a cemetery and pray for the departed. The indulgence is plenary, under the usual conditions, each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on any other days of the year. \"Visit to a Church or Oratory on All Souls Day. PLENARY INDULGENCE. A plenary indulgence, applicable ONLY to the souls in purgatory, may be obtained by those who, on All Souls Day, piously visit a church, public oratory, or -for those entitled to use it, a semi public","title":"All Souls' Day"},{"id":"11845828","text":"that of any of the Ten Commandments, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (, , ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus (, , , ). Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use \"Lord's Day\" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day \"my Sabbath\" () and \"to the \" (); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking","title":"Biblical Sabbath"},{"id":"2999242","text":"a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows: On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent (\"or \"gave\"\") to me A partridge in a pear","title":"Cumulative song"},{"id":"4325292","text":"left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus (called ) or, according to older traditions, by Baby Jesus himself. In some regions children receive gifts earlier (at St. Lucy's Day) or later (on Epiphany). December 26, (St. Stephen's Day, in Italian Giorno di Santo Stefano), is also a public holiday in Italy. Festivities extend to the end of the year and then to the Epiphany. On January 6 (Epiphany, in Italian Epifania) decorations are usually taken down, and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pire (called \"\"falò\"\"), to symbolize, along with the end of the Christmas","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"4636746","text":"in order to sprinkle the blood of a sacrificial bull onto the \"mercy seat\", as an atonement for himself and his family, the other priests, the Tabernacle, and the people of Israel; the directions specify that incense was first burnt in the Holy of Holies so that a cloud rose up and appeared above the cover of the Ark. Some biblical scholars regard this ritual as an evolution from the simpler sin offering for the first day of the seventh month, given in the book of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 45:18-20); though the Masoretic Text renders this as the \"seventh day of","title":"Mercy seat"},{"id":"4325152","text":"the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on January 6 but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year. Some children leave their shoes out, in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside. But the celebrations do not end there, since 2011, as mandated by the Catholic Church, they are on the second Sunday of January in honor of the Lord Jesus's baptism in the Jordan (the Solemnity of the Lord's Baptism or in Spanish \"Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor\"). The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"9457979","text":"a flourish on the words \"Five Gold Rings\". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses. In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody. Cecil Sharp's \"Folk Songs from Somerset\" (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody. Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"2669503","text":"the wise men (or Magi) brought gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Tradition names them Caspar, Melchior and Balthazar. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of Jesus, Mary and Joseph. The Twelve Days of Christmas begin on Christmas Day (December 25) and end on January 5, eve of the traditional date of the Epiphany. In other parts of the world, it is sometimes referred to as \"Old Christmas\" or \"Old Christmas Day\", so called for the same reasons as in Ireland.","title":"Little Christmas"},{"id":"2659000","text":"and obligations. The \"king cake\" takes its name from the biblical kings. In Western Christian liturgical tradition, the Solemnity of Epiphany—commemorated on January 6—celebrates the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child. The Eve of Epiphany (the night of January 5) is popularly known as Twelfth Night (the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from Christmas Eve until this night). The season for king cake extends from the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Twelfth Night and Epiphany Day), up until the end of Shrovetide: Mardi Gras, \"Fat Tuesday,\" or Shrove Tuesday; the day before the start of","title":"King cake"},{"id":"4325208","text":"the night often served with fried carp. The famous sachertorte and different kinds of chocolates are served as dessert. The Austrians also have special crescent shaped cookies served during Christmas time. In Germany Christmas traditions vary by region. Till the reformation Saint Nicholas' Day, December 6, Saint Nicholas was the main provider of Christmas presents. Nikolaus still puts goodies in children's shoes on that day. Sometimes St. Nicholas visits children in kindergarten, schools or at public events. They have to recite a short poem or sing a song in order to get sweets or a small gift. \"Knecht Ruprecht\" (the","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"4325333","text":"are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day. Many people do not exchange gifts on Christmas, since this is already done during a separate holiday (Sinterklaas) a few weeks before Christmas. In Twente people will blow the mid-winter horns around Christmas. The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany, or \"Driekoningen\". On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns, re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts. In return they are rewarded with cakes","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"4325207","text":"beginning of Christmas in Austria. On Christmas Eve (December 24) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing Christmas carols like \"Silent Night, Holy Night\". Gifts that are placed under the tree are opened after dinner on Christmas Eve. Austrian Christmas tradition has it that it is the Christ Child himself who decorates the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve and brings the children their Christmas presents, and it is to him that their letters and wish lists are addressed in the weeks before Christmas. The Christmas Eve dinner is the main event of","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"4325254","text":"replaced by incandescent or LED lamps. A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree. Just before the Christmas festivities begin, people usually take a Christmas sauna. The tradition is very old; unlike on normal days, when one would go to the sauna in the evening, on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset. This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours. Afterwards, they dress up in clean clothes for the Christmas dinner or joulupöytä, which is","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"4325275","text":"secular. Even so, most families do set up a \"Julkrubba\" (\"Christmas Crib\"). On January 13 (locally known as \"knutdagen\" or \"tjugondag knut\", English = twentiethday Christmas), 20 days after Christmas, the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Christmas (Croatian: \"Božić\", Slovene: \"Božič\") is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday. The festivities begin on Saint Nicholas's Day on December 6 (in Slovenia) or St. Lucy's on December 13 depending on what region (in Croatia). St. Lucy or St. Nicholas brings children presents, and St. Nicholas is said to","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"7492247","text":"of \"Liichtmëssdag\" is a holiday centered around children. In small groups, they roam the streets in the afternoon or evening of February 2, holding a lighted lantern or homemade wand, singing traditional songs at each house or store, especially \"Léiwer Härgottsblieschen\". In exchange for the music, they hope to receive a reward in the form of sweets or loose change (formerly bacon, peas, or biscuits). This festivity officially finalizes the end of Christmas for Christians in Puerto Rico; the festivities include a procession where the statue of the \"Virgen de la Candelaria\" is carried on the shoulders. Others follow with","title":"Candlemas"},{"id":"1750279","text":"times seven years, so that you have the time of the seven sabbaths of years, \"namely\", forty-nine years. You shall then sound a ram's horn abroad on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the day of atonement you shall sound a horn all through your land. You shall thus consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim a release through the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you (Leviticus 25:1-4, 8-10, NASB). If counting is measured back 17 cycles from Ezekiel's Jubilee that began in Tishri of 574 BC, the first year of the first","title":"Jubilee (biblical)"},{"id":"10024604","text":"who is playing \"7 Days\" on the radio. Having left the TV on the previous night, David sees a story on the news about a firefighter who rescued a baby from a burning building. He turns the TV off and stands up, and as he does, the DJ says \"Just rewind and come again\". A rewinding noise is heard and the song starts again; a few hours later, David is walking around Southampton and is on the way to see his friends. He sees a busker with a guitar and an open case for donations but walks past him. He","title":"7 Days (Craig David song)"},{"id":"5196442","text":"reprises, \"Present – The Very Best of Steeleye Span\". The title of the album is derived from the \"Cutty Wren\" ceremony. A wren in a cage is paraded as if it were a king. This rite was carried out on December 26, Saint Stephen's Day, and is connected to early Christmas celebrations. The song \"The King\", appearing on the album, addresses this, and is often performed as a Christmas carol. Steeleye Span returned to this subject on \"Live at Last\" with \"Hunting the Wren\" and on \"Time\" with the song \"The Cutty Wren\". The custom of Wrenboys is mostly associated","title":"Please to See the King"},{"id":"52143","text":"such as Hungary, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia, 26 December is celebrated as a Second Christmas Day. There are competing theories for the origins of the term, none of which are definitive. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" gives the earliest attestations from Britain in the 1830s, defining it as \"the first week-day after Christmas-day, observed as a holiday on which post-men, errand-boys, and servants of various kinds expect to receive a Christmas-box\". The term \"Christmas-box\" dates back to the 17th century, and among other things meant: A present or gratuity given at Christmas: in Great Britain, usually confined to gratuities","title":"Boxing Day"},{"id":"10515571","text":"to ceremonies such as christening. The purpose is to recognise and celebrate the arrival of a child and welcome him or her in the family and circle of friends. The structure often reflects that of more traditional naming ceremonies, with a formal ceremony led by a humanist celebrant in which the parents name 'guide parents', 'mentors' or 'supporting adults' instead of godparents. This is often followed by a celebratory party. In Islam, the baby is named on the seventh day by the mother and father who make a decision together on what the child should be called. They choose an","title":"Naming ceremony"},{"id":"17271128","text":"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \"might have been a hot number.\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \"For Swingin' Livers Only!\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the","title":"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2999243\",\n \"text\": \"tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. and so on until On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and\",\n \"title\": \"Cumulative song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17271131\",\n \"text\": \"day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \\\"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\\\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \\\"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\\\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \\\"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\\\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". The song reached\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457961\",\n \"text\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355693\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \\\"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\\\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\\\" by Tim Minchin, \\\"Aussie Jingle Bells\\\" by Bucko & Champs, \\\"Christmas Photo\\\" by John Williamson, \\\"Go Santa, Go\\\" by The Wiggles, and\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11403074\",\n \"text\": \"Yule (what is now known as The 12 Days of Christmas), twelve candles are used. One is used each night symbolizing the twelve months, until the 31 of December when the \\\"July Moon shines.\\\" On that night a thirteenth candle is used for the new coming month of January. The candles always burn below but on the last night, the candle is again transferred upward- this is the sun, which is spilled in order to return to the earth from the gloom of another peace. The SS-Julleuchter was considered both an award and trophy of the German Schutzstaffel that was\",\n \"title\": \"Julleuchter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457973\",\n \"text\": \"adjective \\\"French\\\" in \\\"three French hens\\\", probably simply means \\\"foreign\\\". According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770. William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were \\\"all birds\\\"—the \\\"five gold rings\\\" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant. Others suggest the gold rings refer to \\\"five goldspinks\\\"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch; or even canaries. However, the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373305\",\n \"text\": \"on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as Paramony (Greek Παραμονή \\\"Eve\\\"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters, in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday, to show that, according to Orthodox theology, the\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373318\",\n \"text\": \"liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the \\\"Book of Common Prayer\\\" for Matins. Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", and lighting a yule log\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11330303\",\n \"text\": \"chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" and \\\"The True Cost of Christmas.\\\" The \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \\\"True\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Price Index\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6246624\",\n \"text\": \"For Christmas Is You', 'Merry Christmas Everyone', 'Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer', 'Santa Claus is Coming to Town', and, finally, 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' (featuring Year 13 singing the coveted 'Five Gold Rings'). The school shares Christmas cake and everyone is given a tangerine. Songs are usually led by the Lay Chaplain and accompanied by the Director of Music; they become increasingly raucous as the Party progresses. Commonly, some male members of staff are required to stand up and sing 'We Three Kings' in front of the congregation. The school offers the Duke of Edinburgh Award. Sport is also a\",\n \"title\": \"Rye St Antony School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457962\",\n \"text\": \"associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \\\"five gold rings\\\" (now often \\\"five golden rings\\\"). \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \\\"my true love\\\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457980\",\n \"text\": \"in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457965\",\n \"text\": \"the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \\\"Les Douze Mois\\\" (\\\"The Twelve Months\\\") (also known as \\\"La Perdriole\\\"—\\\"The Partridge\\\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \\\"The Twelve Days of\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17271130\",\n \"text\": \"can stick into their ear, and a thing on the other end which one cannot stick anywhere, because it's bent.) (NOTE: The original version stated the word \\\"naked\\\" before \\\"lady\\\", however, because of the risqué subject, Sherman was advised to drop the word \\\"naked\\\" for airplay and public release purposes.) Sixth day: A hammered aluminum nutcracker. (\\\"And all that other stuff.\\\") Seventh day: A pink satin pillow that says \\\"San Diego\\\", with fringe all around it, and all that other stuff. (Which is the last mention of earlier gifts until the last verse.) Eighth day: An indoor plastic birdbath. Ninth\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457981\",\n \"text\": \"the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457966\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas\\\". Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, \\\"Chants Populaires des Flamands de France\\\" (1856), runs as follows: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded \\\"in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais\\\". The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game. The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457967\",\n \"text\": \"day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the \\\"Oxford English Dictionary\\\" as \\\"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\\\" The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children, \\\"Mirth without Mischief\\\", as a Twelfth Night \\\"memories-and-forfeits\\\" game, in which a leader recited a verse, each of the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19516198\",\n \"text\": \"5% returned the gift to the giver. Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity, while those aged 25 to 34 \\\"simply threw them away\\\". Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes, and include items like perfumes and cosmetics, ornaments, and clothing. songs: Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas gift\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5661385\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Black Hawk Down\\\" and \\\"Three Kings\\\". Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted Christmas gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of Iraq. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.\",\n \"title\": \"Red Sleigh Down\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373303\",\n \"text\": \"of the Theotokos\\\", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the \\\"Third Day of the Nativity\\\", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or \\\"leave-taking\\\" of the Nativity). The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle () and Gospel () during the Divine Liturgy. The Sunday after the\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1608720\",\n \"text\": \"including William Shakespeare's poem \\\"The Phoenix and the Turtle\\\" (where \\\"turtle\\\" refers to the turtle dove). The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss. One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Turtle doves also are featured in the song, \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", as the gift \\\"my true love gives to me\\\" on the second day of Christmas. If added cumulatively, by the end of the song, the recipient has been given 22. Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of a spiritual from the Georgia Sea Islands.\",\n \"title\": \"European turtle dove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457976\",\n \"text\": \"and so would hardly need to be secretly encoded. The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for \\\"Five gold rings\\\". Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as \\\"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me\\\", are\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373302\",\n \"text\": \"both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance. The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free. During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i. e. Christmas Eve) is \\\"The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ\\\", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the \\\"Synaxis\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4461447\",\n \"text\": \"Distaff Day Distaff Day, also called Roc Day, is 7 January, the day after the feast of the Epiphany. It is also known as Saint Distaff's Day, one of the many unofficial holidays in Catholic nations. Many St. Distaff's Day gatherings are held, large and small, throughout local fiber community. The distaff, or rock, used in spinning was the medieval symbol of women's work. In many European cultural traditions, women resumed their household work after the twelve days of Christmas. Women of all classes would spend their evenings spinning on the wheel. During the day, they would carry a drop\",\n \"title\": \"Distaff Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19516190\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition, is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus. The tradition of gift-giving in general is an old one, but it became associated with Christian feast of Christmas more recently. In ancient Rome, gift giving may have occurred near the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas gift\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457971\",\n \"text\": \"According to \\\"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\\\", \\\"Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty.\\\" (It is also worth noting that exactly 364 gifts\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2918801\",\n \"text\": \"Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is considered to be inauspicious. On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, the start of Christmastide, it is customary for most households in Christendom to attend a service of worship or Mass, in which they receive Holy Communion. During the season of Christmastide, in many Christian households, a gift is given for each of the Twelve Days of Christmastide, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the festive season, respectively. The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmastide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15176034\",\n \"text\": \"principal religious ceremonies and involves the placement of the silver crown on the head of the \\\"emperor\\\", or persons destined to hold it in the ceremony, by the parish priest. Similarly, after ritually kissing the dove on the silver sceptre, the faithful are empowered to rise with the crowns while benedictions are made in the name of the Holy Spirit, while the hymn is played. Immediately following this ceremony, the cortege is reformed and proceeds to exit the church, with the priest singing the \\\"Magnificat\\\" once again. Traditionally, on the seventh Sunday following Easter (Pentecost Sunday) the faithful realize the\",\n \"title\": \"Cult of the Holy Spirit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17342372\",\n \"text\": \"With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic. Rosca de reyes ('kings' crown') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, \\\"Dia de los Reyes Magos\\\", which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ.\",\n \"title\": \"Pan dulce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457970\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake.\\\" Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \\\"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\\\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \\\"is to be said in one breath\\\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12871519\",\n \"text\": \"the song is usually dated. The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning \\\"intonent hodie voces ecclesie\\\", written in honour of Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of Russia, sailors and children – to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day, 6 December. Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ('Submersum, -sum, -sum puerum'; 'Reddens vir-, vir-, vir- ginibus'). In 'intonent hodie', these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution, respectively. The\",\n \"title\": \"Personent hodie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373319\",\n \"text\": \"on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed. Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In most Western\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373310\",\n \"text\": \"Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3816621\",\n \"text\": \"referred as \\\"Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos\\\", or \\\"Three Kings' Day\\\". It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men's camels. The three kings will then take the grass to feed the camels and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5),\",\n \"title\": \"Epiphany (holiday)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12345257\",\n \"text\": \"and stick them under eaves, on fields, meadows, vineyards, and apiaries. It is believed this will help that the ensuing year be happy and fruitful. A good sign that this will be the case is when there is a lot of snow on Christmas Day. The third day of Christmas coincides with St. Stephen's Day, which is the slava of many Serbian families. It is also the slava of Republika Srpska. In this way, many Serbs celebrate two important holidays, Christmas and slava, within three days. During the Twelve Days of Christmas (7 January – 18 January on the Gregorian\",\n \"title\": \"Serbian Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16992821\",\n \"text\": \"parents are named Joseph (Ed Quinn) and Mary (Holly Elissa), and the solution is in the hidden message of the popular Christian holiday song \\\"The 12 Days of Christmas\\\", where a different disaster corresponds to each day and the \\\"five gold rings\\\" provide a messianic gift. \\\"The 12 Disasters of Christmas\\\" first premiered on the Syfy network on December 8, 2012 at 9PM Eastern. It became Syfy's most watched television film on its premiere since February 2013. The DVD version was released on January 6, 2014. The film received negative ratings, but critics have noted that the film is entertaining\",\n \"title\": \"The 12 Disasters of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457972\",\n \"text\": \"are given, one for each day of the year besides Christmas.) An anonymous \\\"antiquarian\\\", writing in 1867, speculated that \\\"pear-tree\\\" is a corruption of French \\\"perdrix\\\" (partridge), and \\\"colley\\\" a corruption of French \\\"collet\\\" (ruff, hence \\\"we at once have a bird with a ruff, \\\"i.e.\\\", the ruff-pigeon\\\"). Cecil Sharp, writing in 1916, observed that \\\"from the constancy in English, French, and Languedoc versions of the 'merry little partridge,' I suspect that 'pear-tree' is really \\\"perdrix\\\" (Old French \\\"pertriz\\\") carried into England\\\"; and \\\"juniper tree\\\" in some English versions may have been \\\"joli perdrix,\\\" [pretty partridge]. Sharp also suggests the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10783744\",\n \"text\": \"the Spring Concert, held in April. The proceeds from one or more of these concerts is annually donated to charity. The VGs also perform annually at the Annual Christmas Concert of the Virginia Glee Club in honor of the two groups' long-standing relationship. Traditionally, when the Glee Club performs \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\\\" the eighth day is sung by the VGs, an homage to the original octet which formed out of the Glee Club. The group has received requests to perform in several prestigious venues, including the White House, at which the group performed in 1991 for George H.\",\n \"title\": \"Virginia Gentlemen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355645\",\n \"text\": \"Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work \\\"Messe de minuit pour Noël\\\". Other examples include: In Austria, Belgium and Germany, Christmas is celebrated by some with children dressing as \\\"The Three Kings\\\", carrying a star on a pole. Going from house to house from New Year's Day to 6 January, the children sing religious songs and are called \\\"star singers\\\". They are often rewarded with sweets or money, which is typically given to a local church or charity. \\\"C.M.B\\\" is written in chalk on houses they have visited. Although this is sometimes taken\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas carol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2786442\",\n \"text\": \"that \\\"Sinterklaas\\\" has really given them presents. This may be done through a note that is \\\"found\\\", explaining where the presents are hidden, as though Zwarte Piet visited them and left a burlap sack of presents with them. Sometimes a neighbor will knock on the door (pretending to be a Zwarte Piet) and leave the sack outside for the children to retrieve; this varies per family. When the presents arrive, the living room is decked out with them, much as on Christmas Day in English-speaking countries. On 6 December \\\"Sinterklaas\\\" departs without any ado, and all festivities are over. In\",\n \"title\": \"Sinterklaas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457964\",\n \"text\": \"indicated in \\\"italics\\\";
(b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \\\"The Yule Days\\\", has been likened to \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \\\"The Twelve Days\\\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \\\"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\\\" (1842), runs as follows: \\\"Pippin go aye\\\" (also spelled \\\"papingo-aye\\\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1670140\",\n \"text\": \"Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called \\\"Día de Reyes\\\", and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (\\\"las octavitas\\\"). In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface. A tradition\",\n \"title\": \"Biblical Magi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4313156\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\\\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \\\"The Wren [Wran] Song\\\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \\\"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\\\", as the last song in \\\"Children's Medley\\\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \\\"to bury the wren\\\". Wren Day Wren Day,\",\n \"title\": \"Wren Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"845619\",\n \"text\": \"Moirai were supposed to appear three nights after a child's birth to determine the course of its life, as in the story of Meleager and the firebrand taken from the hearth and preserved by his mother to extend his life. Bruce Karl Braswell from readings in the lexicon of Hesychius, associates the appearance of the Moirai at the family \\\"hearth\\\" on the \\\"seventh\\\" day with the ancient Greek custom of waiting seven days after birth to decide whether to accept the infant into the Gens and to give it a name, cemented with a ritual at the hearth. At Sparta\",\n \"title\": \"Moirai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325188\",\n \"text\": \"displays. December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, the last one held on Christmas Eve. The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas, and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico. It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas, and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season. Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary, but most families set up a \\\"pesebre\\\" (manger scene), sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95477\",\n \"text\": \"of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: \\\"Note on how to put the Christmas branch, \\\"scilicet\\\": On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the \\\"altar-mor\\\".\\\" The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed.\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas tree\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14375634\",\n \"text\": \"beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian Calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian Calendar. This day is called by Serbs the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with \\\"Christ is Born,\\\" which should be responded to with \\\"Truly He is Born.\\\" This holiday surpasses all the other celebrated by Serbs, with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These\",\n \"title\": \"Serb traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355715\",\n \"text\": \"ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 26, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period \\\"preceding\\\" Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the \\\"Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10178504\",\n \"text\": \"build-up occurs on 6 December, when it is Nikolaustag, a day commemorating Saint Nicholas. On the evening of 5 December children in Germany place a \\\"Nikolausstiefel\\\" (a boot or a hoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance to Santa Claus in the US, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs). In Switzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front\",\n \"title\": \"Weihnachten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14719809\",\n \"text\": \"a universalized application of the concept of Shabbat—the 7th day of the week—the sanctified 'day of rest'. The Ten Commandments state (Exodus 20:8): “Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. Six days shall you work and perform all of your labors. And on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath day unto the Lord your God, you shall do no work... For in six days God made the heavens and the earth, the oceans and all therein, and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore God hath blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it.” This tradition maintains that each day\",\n \"title\": \"Year 6000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17970820\",\n \"text\": \"Vienna \\\"December market\\\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". PNC compiles both a \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" and \\\"The True Cost of Christmas.\\\" The \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \\\"True Cost of Christmas,\\\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,\",\n \"title\": \"Economics of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378853\",\n \"text\": \"guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem). During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \\\"Christkindl\\\", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Hungary, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives his sweet gifts on 6 December,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Eve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2918804\",\n \"text\": \"the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of \\\"musical and theatrical presentations\\\". In Russia, Christmastide, understood as the period between Orthodox Christmas and Epiphany, is often referred to as \\\"Svyatki\\\". During this period, Russians perform fortunetelling by the use of shadows, candles, wax, and boots to predict future marriages. Maidens who participate in the ceremony have to shed everything that \\\"hinders\\\" the flow\",\n \"title\": \"Christmastide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373308\",\n \"text\": \"Silvestro\\\" in Italian, \\\"Silvesternacht\\\" in German, \\\"Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre\\\" in French, and \\\"סילבסטר\\\" in Hebrew). New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6579247\",\n \"text\": \"party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light up fireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other. The exact date that ends Jul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the old \\\"gisladag\\\" or \\\"Tjuendedag\\\", the twentieth day, on January 13, also called Epiphany Day. By Candlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed. Christmas in Norway Jul\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in Norway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18821642\",\n \"text\": \"libations are being offered.) Therefore, every fifty-seventh day of the sixty-day cycle they mount to heaven and personally report our misdeeds to the Director of Fates. Further, during the night of the last day of the month the hearth god also ascends to heaven and makes an oral report of a man's wrongs. For the more important misdeeds [\\\"ji\\\" 紀 \\\"12 year period; discipline; mark\\\"] a whole period of three hundred days is deducted. For the minor ones they deduct one reckoning [\\\"suan\\\" 算 \\\"calculate; count\\\"], a reckoning being three days. Personally, I have not yet been able to determine\",\n \"title\": \"Three Corpses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6020960\",\n \"text\": \"Australia; as \\\"Secret Santa\\\", \\\"Kris Kringle\\\", or \\\"Manita-Manito\\\" in the Philippines; as \\\"Angelito\\\" in the Dominican Republic; and as \\\"Wichteln\\\" or \\\"Julklapp\\\" in Germany. \\\"Wichteln\\\" is what a \\\"Wichtel\\\", a wight, does, a good deed. In Poland, the tradition is celebrated on the day of 6 December (Mikołajki), in Ukraine — on December, 19th (Mykolay). All of these names derive from traditional Christmas gift-bringers: the American custom is named after Santa Claus, or St Nicholas (Poland and Ukraine), while \\\"Chris Kindle\\\" and \\\"Kris Kringle\\\" are both corruptions of the original name of the Austrian gift-bringer \\\"Christkindl\\\", which means the \\\"Christ\",\n \"title\": \"Secret Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17206688\",\n \"text\": \"Familiar songs that use this effect are significantly stronger than that with a relatively simple three-bar song, examples like \\\"Backe, backe Kuchen\\\" include \\\"\\\" or the Christmas carol \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". The text records what was probably a common practice when composed. That is to say, the bakers after baking bread \\\"called\\\" with a horn to signal to the women of the neighborhood, that the residual heat of the oven could now be used to bake the women's own cakes. Also, where the bread was baked on certain days in the common village oven, there was a signal\",\n \"title\": \"Backe, backe Kuchen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9465349\",\n \"text\": \"which will be used as the \\\"badnik\\\" (бъдник). After the man brings it into the house, a hole is bored in one end of the \\\"badnik\\\" and filled with wine, cooking oil, and incense. The hole is plugged, and that end of the log is wrapped with a white linen cloth before the \\\"badnik\\\" is festively burned on the hearth. In Greece, a large log was lit on the hearth on Christmas Eve and kept burning or smoldering through the Twelve Days of Christmas. This was done as a protection against the demons called \\\"Kallikantzaroi\\\", believed to be emerging from\",\n \"title\": \"Badnjak (Serbian)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15133574\",\n \"text\": \"In the traditional Nicholas-walk, on 6 December, St. Nicholas comes clothed in a bishop’s attire, a long red coat and a red cap on his head, holding a shepherd’s crook in one hand, and carrying a sack full of gifts on his back. He cannot be seen because he arrives in the middle of the night when good little children are already fast asleep, so you'd better not try to stay up so late, otherwise he won't give you any presents, only a birch stick (virgács). Before 24 December, people decorate their houses and start to cook and bake. At\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378846\",\n \"text\": \"Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as \\\"the Third Day of the Nativity\\\". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents. Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Eve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9465315\",\n \"text\": \"burning from the Eve. The first visit the family receives that day is considered important, comparable to New Years Day first-footing in the British Isles. The family may choose someone, usually a young male, to be their first visitor, known as a \\\"polaznik\\\", before the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with \\\"Christ is Born\\\", to which they reply \\\"Truly He is Born.\\\" The \\\"polaznik\\\" then approaches the \\\"ognjište\\\" and repeatedly strikes the burning log with\",\n \"title\": \"Badnjak (Serbian)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872994\",\n \"text\": \"to Aeneas under the title \\\"Iuppiter Indiges\\\" (Jupiter in-the-earth). Trophonius was a son of Erginus, king of Minyan Orchomenus and brother of Agamedes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, \\\"those whom the gods love die young\\\", comes from this story. Alternatively, according to Pausanias they built a treasure chamber\",\n \"title\": \"Trophonius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10024612\",\n \"text\": \"The song also reached number four in Australia and number six in New Zealand. The song has been covered by Zoot Woman. 7 Days (Craig David song) \\\"7 Days\\\" is a song by English singer Craig David. It was released on 24 July 2000 as the second single from his debut studio album, \\\"Born to Do It\\\" (2000). \\\"7 Days\\\" is David's biggest worldwide hit to date, hitting number one in the United Kingdom and number ten in the United States, and receiving a Gold certification sale in the UK. In 2001, the song was nominated for the BRIT Award\",\n \"title\": \"7 Days (Craig David song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7182056\",\n \"text\": \"during Bright Week (Easter Week) the priest holds a special Paschal trikirion (triple candlestick) and the deacon holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve. In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a wreath of candles. In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an Advent wreath, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of\",\n \"title\": \"Ceremonial use of lights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457968\",\n \"text\": \"players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \\\"Ten Days of Christmas\\\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" was also widely popular in the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20437046\",\n \"text\": \"Hunt the Wren Hunt the Wren is a traditional custom carried out on the Isle of Man on the 26 December, St. Stephen's Day. It consists of groups of people going around villages and towns singing and dancing a traditional song and dance around a decorated wren pole. The tradition on the Isle of Man is closely related to similar practices carried out across Europe, particularly Wren Day in Ireland. It has been suggested that the tradition probably originates in sacrificial practices due to the reverence with which the wren is held outside of this one day of the year,\",\n \"title\": \"Hunt the Wren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5073804\",\n \"text\": \"named Hussein. In arabic, Hussein is also referred to as Hussaina or Hossein/a. Shia Muslims believe that Hussein sacrificed his soul for the sake of humanity and not only Islam, which places him in the highest levels of heaven. In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. Hence its relationship to Christ's arrival The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, \\\"Great Hosanna\\\"). \\\"Hosanna\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Hosanna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1497100\",\n \"text\": \"the observance of its own regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system. William & Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads \\\"Twas the Night Before Finals\\\", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song \\\"The Twelve Days\",\n \"title\": \"College of William & Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19516195\",\n \"text\": \"With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas gift\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5350403\",\n \"text\": \"a Christian feast falling on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Spirit, in the guise of flames, upon the apostles at the \\\"Feast of the Harvest\\\" (Ex. 23:16), also known as Whitsunday, enabling the apostles to spread the news of Christ in all languages, (glossolalia or the \\\"gift of tongues\\\") (Acts 2). Pinksteren was also a celebration of the change of the seasons and of spring renewal. Various customs are intended to invoke the growth and fertility of fields and pastures. These include, for example, setting up Pentecost trees (\\\"pinksterkrone\\\"), that have the\",\n \"title\": \"Pinkster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325298\",\n \"text\": \"on Epiphany. Nowadays, although Santa Claus (\\\"Pai Natal\\\") is more popular, in some regions people still believe that it is the \\\"Menino Jesus\\\" (Baby Jesus) who brings presents to children. In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas (Serbian: Божић, \\\"Božić\\\" or more formally Рождество Христово, Rozhdestvo Hristovo, \\\"Nativity of Christ\\\") is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3816592\",\n \"text\": \"men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The \\\"Phota\\\" form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve), when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called \\\"small sanctification\\\", \\\"Protagiasi\\\" or \\\"Enlightment\\\" is practiced on\",\n \"title\": \"Epiphany (holiday)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373304\",\n \"text\": \"Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \\\"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\\\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217349\",\n \"text\": \"He rested from all work, 2) He blessed the Shabbat, and 3) God sanctified the seventh day, which means He set it apart for only Holy use. The ten commandments in Exodus 20:8-12 explain further that, \\\"six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Shabbat of the Lord your God, in that day you shall do no work\\\". According to the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites were living in the Sinai for forty years, they built a Tabernacle ( translit: \\\"mishkan\\\", \\\"Place of [Divine] dwelling\\\"); this was viewed as the abode of\",\n \"title\": \"Jewish symbolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9439675\",\n \"text\": \"comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457977\",\n \"text\": \"made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \\\"Five gold(en) rings,\\\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \\\"Two turtle doves\\\" getting a 4/4 bar with \\\"And a\\\" on its fourth beat and \\\"Partridge in a pear tree\\\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \\\"Partridge in a pear tree.\\\" \\\"On the\\\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3841583\",\n \"text\": \"days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as \\\"\\\"melakhot\\\"\\\"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah\",\n \"title\": \"Convenience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373306\",\n \"text\": \"steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days, is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"685\",\n \"text\": \"applicable only to the souls in purgatory, is granted to the faithful, who devoutly visit a cemetery and pray for the departed. The indulgence is plenary, under the usual conditions, each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on any other days of the year. \\\"Visit to a Church or Oratory on All Souls Day. PLENARY INDULGENCE. A plenary indulgence, applicable ONLY to the souls in purgatory, may be obtained by those who, on All Souls Day, piously visit a church, public oratory, or -for those entitled to use it, a semi public\",\n \"title\": \"All Souls' Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11845828\",\n \"text\": \"that of any of the Ten Commandments, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (, , ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus (, , , ). Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use \\\"Lord's Day\\\" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day \\\"my Sabbath\\\" () and \\\"to the \\\" (); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking\",\n \"title\": \"Biblical Sabbath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2999242\",\n \"text\": \"a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows: On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent (\\\"or \\\"gave\\\"\\\") to me A partridge in a pear\",\n \"title\": \"Cumulative song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325292\",\n \"text\": \"left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus (called ) or, according to older traditions, by Baby Jesus himself. In some regions children receive gifts earlier (at St. Lucy's Day) or later (on Epiphany). December 26, (St. Stephen's Day, in Italian Giorno di Santo Stefano), is also a public holiday in Italy. Festivities extend to the end of the year and then to the Epiphany. On January 6 (Epiphany, in Italian Epifania) decorations are usually taken down, and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pire (called \\\"\\\"falò\\\"\\\"), to symbolize, along with the end of the Christmas\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4636746\",\n \"text\": \"in order to sprinkle the blood of a sacrificial bull onto the \\\"mercy seat\\\", as an atonement for himself and his family, the other priests, the Tabernacle, and the people of Israel; the directions specify that incense was first burnt in the Holy of Holies so that a cloud rose up and appeared above the cover of the Ark. Some biblical scholars regard this ritual as an evolution from the simpler sin offering for the first day of the seventh month, given in the book of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 45:18-20); though the Masoretic Text renders this as the \\\"seventh day of\",\n \"title\": \"Mercy seat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325152\",\n \"text\": \"the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on January 6 but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year. Some children leave their shoes out, in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside. But the celebrations do not end there, since 2011, as mandated by the Catholic Church, they are on the second Sunday of January in honor of the Lord Jesus's baptism in the Jordan (the Solemnity of the Lord's Baptism or in Spanish \\\"Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor\\\"). The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457979\",\n \"text\": \"a flourish on the words \\\"Five Gold Rings\\\". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses. In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody. Cecil Sharp's \\\"Folk Songs from Somerset\\\" (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody. Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2669503\",\n \"text\": \"the wise men (or Magi) brought gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Tradition names them Caspar, Melchior and Balthazar. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of Jesus, Mary and Joseph. The Twelve Days of Christmas begin on Christmas Day (December 25) and end on January 5, eve of the traditional date of the Epiphany. In other parts of the world, it is sometimes referred to as \\\"Old Christmas\\\" or \\\"Old Christmas Day\\\", so called for the same reasons as in Ireland.\",\n \"title\": \"Little Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2659000\",\n \"text\": \"and obligations. The \\\"king cake\\\" takes its name from the biblical kings. In Western Christian liturgical tradition, the Solemnity of Epiphany—commemorated on January 6—celebrates the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child. The Eve of Epiphany (the night of January 5) is popularly known as Twelfth Night (the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from Christmas Eve until this night). The season for king cake extends from the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Twelfth Night and Epiphany Day), up until the end of Shrovetide: Mardi Gras, \\\"Fat Tuesday,\\\" or Shrove Tuesday; the day before the start of\",\n \"title\": \"King cake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325208\",\n \"text\": \"the night often served with fried carp. The famous sachertorte and different kinds of chocolates are served as dessert. The Austrians also have special crescent shaped cookies served during Christmas time. In Germany Christmas traditions vary by region. Till the reformation Saint Nicholas' Day, December 6, Saint Nicholas was the main provider of Christmas presents. Nikolaus still puts goodies in children's shoes on that day. Sometimes St. Nicholas visits children in kindergarten, schools or at public events. They have to recite a short poem or sing a song in order to get sweets or a small gift. \\\"Knecht Ruprecht\\\" (the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325333\",\n \"text\": \"are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day. Many people do not exchange gifts on Christmas, since this is already done during a separate holiday (Sinterklaas) a few weeks before Christmas. In Twente people will blow the mid-winter horns around Christmas. The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany, or \\\"Driekoningen\\\". On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns, re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts. In return they are rewarded with cakes\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325207\",\n \"text\": \"beginning of Christmas in Austria. On Christmas Eve (December 24) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing Christmas carols like \\\"Silent Night, Holy Night\\\". Gifts that are placed under the tree are opened after dinner on Christmas Eve. Austrian Christmas tradition has it that it is the Christ Child himself who decorates the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve and brings the children their Christmas presents, and it is to him that their letters and wish lists are addressed in the weeks before Christmas. The Christmas Eve dinner is the main event of\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325254\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by incandescent or LED lamps. A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree. Just before the Christmas festivities begin, people usually take a Christmas sauna. The tradition is very old; unlike on normal days, when one would go to the sauna in the evening, on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset. This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours. Afterwards, they dress up in clean clothes for the Christmas dinner or joulupöytä, which is\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325275\",\n \"text\": \"secular. Even so, most families do set up a \\\"Julkrubba\\\" (\\\"Christmas Crib\\\"). On January 13 (locally known as \\\"knutdagen\\\" or \\\"tjugondag knut\\\", English = twentiethday Christmas), 20 days after Christmas, the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Christmas (Croatian: \\\"Božić\\\", Slovene: \\\"Božič\\\") is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday. The festivities begin on Saint Nicholas's Day on December 6 (in Slovenia) or St. Lucy's on December 13 depending on what region (in Croatia). St. Lucy or St. Nicholas brings children presents, and St. Nicholas is said to\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7492247\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Liichtmëssdag\\\" is a holiday centered around children. In small groups, they roam the streets in the afternoon or evening of February 2, holding a lighted lantern or homemade wand, singing traditional songs at each house or store, especially \\\"Léiwer Härgottsblieschen\\\". In exchange for the music, they hope to receive a reward in the form of sweets or loose change (formerly bacon, peas, or biscuits). This festivity officially finalizes the end of Christmas for Christians in Puerto Rico; the festivities include a procession where the statue of the \\\"Virgen de la Candelaria\\\" is carried on the shoulders. Others follow with\",\n \"title\": \"Candlemas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1750279\",\n \"text\": \"times seven years, so that you have the time of the seven sabbaths of years, \\\"namely\\\", forty-nine years. You shall then sound a ram's horn abroad on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the day of atonement you shall sound a horn all through your land. You shall thus consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim a release through the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you (Leviticus 25:1-4, 8-10, NASB). If counting is measured back 17 cycles from Ezekiel's Jubilee that began in Tishri of 574 BC, the first year of the first\",\n \"title\": \"Jubilee (biblical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10024604\",\n \"text\": \"who is playing \\\"7 Days\\\" on the radio. Having left the TV on the previous night, David sees a story on the news about a firefighter who rescued a baby from a burning building. He turns the TV off and stands up, and as he does, the DJ says \\\"Just rewind and come again\\\". A rewinding noise is heard and the song starts again; a few hours later, David is walking around Southampton and is on the way to see his friends. He sees a busker with a guitar and an open case for donations but walks past him. He\",\n \"title\": \"7 Days (Craig David song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5196442\",\n \"text\": \"reprises, \\\"Present – The Very Best of Steeleye Span\\\". The title of the album is derived from the \\\"Cutty Wren\\\" ceremony. A wren in a cage is paraded as if it were a king. This rite was carried out on December 26, Saint Stephen's Day, and is connected to early Christmas celebrations. The song \\\"The King\\\", appearing on the album, addresses this, and is often performed as a Christmas carol. Steeleye Span returned to this subject on \\\"Live at Last\\\" with \\\"Hunting the Wren\\\" and on \\\"Time\\\" with the song \\\"The Cutty Wren\\\". The custom of Wrenboys is mostly associated\",\n \"title\": \"Please to See the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"52143\",\n \"text\": \"such as Hungary, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia, 26 December is celebrated as a Second Christmas Day. There are competing theories for the origins of the term, none of which are definitive. The \\\"Oxford English Dictionary\\\" gives the earliest attestations from Britain in the 1830s, defining it as \\\"the first week-day after Christmas-day, observed as a holiday on which post-men, errand-boys, and servants of various kinds expect to receive a Christmas-box\\\". The term \\\"Christmas-box\\\" dates back to the 17th century, and among other things meant: A present or gratuity given at Christmas: in Great Britain, usually confined to gratuities\",\n \"title\": \"Boxing Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10515571\",\n \"text\": \"to ceremonies such as christening. The purpose is to recognise and celebrate the arrival of a child and welcome him or her in the family and circle of friends. The structure often reflects that of more traditional naming ceremonies, with a formal ceremony led by a humanist celebrant in which the parents name 'guide parents', 'mentors' or 'supporting adults' instead of godparents. This is often followed by a celebratory party. In Islam, the baby is named on the seventh day by the mother and father who make a decision together on what the child should be called. They choose an\",\n \"title\": \"Naming ceremony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17271128\",\n \"text\": \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \\\"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\\\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \\\"might have been a hot number.\\\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \\\"For Swingin' Livers Only!\\\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Cumulative song context: tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. and so on On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and\\n\\nAccording to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 214,\n \"origin_tokens\": 215,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) context: \\\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \\\"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\\\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \\\"is to be said in one breath\\\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:\\n\\ntitle: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song context in of the song, a total 364 items twelfth day. This began and maintained byNC. Two pr created referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas former is an index of the costs of one set each of the gifts by the True to the singer of the song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas The latter is cumulative cost of all the g with the repetitions listed in the song The mentioned in\\n\\ntitle music context \\\"The Twelve of been re to the, exampleOnelfth day of my true to me 2ts prattling, 11bats nagging, 10 lizardsaping,9 wats, ingo dig, pos6 bgas dan 5aroos koalasudd 3 kookurr la 2 galah gum Other Australian includeWhite in the Sun\\\" Minchin Jing Bells\\\" &Christ Ph\\\" William \\\"Go,\\\" The Wigg,\\n:song indicated\\\";br items that not at versionicsulative from, \\\"The Days haskened to \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \\\"The Twelve Days\\\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \\\"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\\\" (1842), runs as follows: \\\"Pippin go aye\\\" (also spelled \\\"papingo-aye\\\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In\\n\\nAccording to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 543,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14306,\n \"ratio\": \"26.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78780,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78780,"string":"78,780"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["T Ros","Feddy Roosevelt","26th President of the United States","Trust Buster","The Cowboy President","Teddy roosevelt","Theodore Roosavelt","President Theodore Roosevelt","Theodor roosevelt","Teddy Rose","Teddy Roosevelt","Theodore roosevelt","T. Roosevelt","Teodoro Roosevelt","T. Roosevelt Administration","Teddy Roosvelt","Teddy Rosevelt","Roosevelt, Theodore","Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy","T Roosevelt","Cowboy of the Dakotas","Teddy Roose","Theodore Roosevelt"],"string":"[\n \"T Ros\",\n \"Feddy Roosevelt\",\n \"26th President of the United States\",\n \"Trust Buster\",\n \"The Cowboy President\",\n \"Teddy roosevelt\",\n \"Theodore Roosavelt\",\n \"President Theodore Roosevelt\",\n \"Theodor roosevelt\",\n \"Teddy Rose\",\n \"Teddy Roosevelt\",\n \"Theodore roosevelt\",\n \"T. Roosevelt\",\n \"Teodoro Roosevelt\",\n \"T. Roosevelt Administration\",\n \"Teddy Roosvelt\",\n \"Teddy Rosevelt\",\n \"Roosevelt, Theodore\",\n \"Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy\",\n \"T Roosevelt\",\n \"Cowboy of the Dakotas\",\n \"Teddy Roose\",\n \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Theodore Roosevelt"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"413903","text":"President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active","title":"Theodore Roosevelt"},{"id":"9516092","text":"the Army denied the nomination, citing a lack of official records documenting his case. Smith's commander at Honey Hill had not included an account of Smith's actions in the official battle report. It was not until January 16, 2001, 137 years after the Battle of Honey Hill, that Smith was recognized; President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to several of Smith's descendants during a ceremony at the White House on that day. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was also posthumously awarded the medal at the same ceremony, for his actions during the Spanish–American War. Smith's official Medal of Honor","title":"Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor)"},{"id":"2719480","text":"to award a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor to President Theodore Roosevelt for his charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War. Congress eventually passed legislation asking the president to grant the honor, and President Clinton awarded the medal in January 2001. Lazio also sponsored the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act, which, after being passed and signed into law in 2000, directed the U.S. Attorney General to review the government's internment of Italian nationals during World War II. In addition to his position on the Financial Services Committee, Lazio also served on the House's Energy and","title":"Rick Lazio"},{"id":"590962","text":"gallant army which it was my honor to command\". Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001, when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. MacArthur's citation, written by Marshall, read: As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese, MacArthur received many other accolades. The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a \"Chief of Chiefs\", which he acknowledged as from","title":"Douglas MacArthur"},{"id":"413804","text":"recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill (part of the San Juan Heights) as \"the great day of my life\" and \"my crowded hour\". In 2001, Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions; he had been nominated during the war, but Army officials, annoyed at his grabbing the headlines, blocked it. After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as \"Colonel Roosevelt\" or \"The Colonel\", though \"Teddy\" remained much more popular with the public, even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker. Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him \"Colonel\" or \"Theodore\". After leaving Cuba","title":"Theodore Roosevelt"},{"id":"2921914","text":"took extensive X-rays. As a result of these consultations and full-body X-rays, we absolutely ruled out anything beyond a blunt-force injury to the head.\" Brown was buried with full state honors in his hometown. On January 8, 2001, Brown was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The award was accepted by Brown's widow, Alma Brown. President Clinton also established the Ron Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility. The Conference Board administers the privately funded award. The U.S. Department of Commerce also gives out the annual Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award in his honor.","title":"Ron Brown (U.S. politician)"},{"id":"17503650","text":"and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor: Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz. Since 1979, 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five","title":"Medal of Honor"},{"id":"17503640","text":"two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars, emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, who was presented the flag posthumously. President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4, 2005. A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the in","title":"Medal of Honor"},{"id":"2285701","text":"in January 2001 President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to descendants of a Civil War soldier. Although 'The Report of the inquiry into unresolved recognition for past acts of naval and military gallantry and valour' released in March 2013 did not recommend any belated Victoria Cross for Australia awards, it did recommend a Unit Citation for Gallantry to HMAS \"Yarra\" for February and March 1942. Similarly, Australian Bravery Awards have been gazetted years after the action being commended, including a Commendation for Brave Conduct awarded in 1987 to Robert Anderson for his courage in rescuing a child from","title":"Australian honours system"},{"id":"11071003","text":"Honorary citizenship Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, an individual may be named an honorary citizen of the United States. Since 1963, it has been awarded to only eight individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires unanimous approval in both houses of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985; Nelson Mandela in 2001; the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006; Aung","title":"Honorary citizenship"},{"id":"1288309","text":"of Freedom with Distinction during a farewell press conference at the White House honoring Biden and his wife. Obama said he was awarding the Medal of Freedom to Biden for \"faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations.\" It was the first and only time Obama awarded the Medal of Freedom with the additional honor of distinction, an honor which his three predecessors had reserved only for President Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II, respectively. On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed","title":"Joe Biden"},{"id":"2093956","text":"its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who eventually became vice president and later president of the United States, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on July 1, 1898. For unclear reasons, Linares failed to reinforce this position, choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish hilltop entrenchments, while typically well-concealed, were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire, which made return fire at the","title":"Battle of San Juan Hill"},{"id":"12158080","text":"extraordinary action on November 1–2, 1950. In 2001, U.S. Representative Todd Tiahrt began a campaign to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun. Before leaving office on September 16, 2009, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren sent Tiahrt a letter, agreeing that Kapaun was worthy of the honor. Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also agreed. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Senate Bill 1867, Section 586) contains an authorization and a request to the President to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun posthumously for acts of valor during the Battle of","title":"Emil Kapaun"},{"id":"9456070","text":"Living presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number","title":"Living presidents of the United States"},{"id":"14651739","text":"he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa","title":"Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"},{"id":"1371213","text":"the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a living former president (\"Ronald Reagan\" was christened in 2001 while President Reagan was still alive). Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship’s namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship’s namesake (the 41st President). The rays of light that appear on the seal’s horizon represent Bush’s concept of a \"thousand","title":"USS George H.W. Bush"},{"id":"34216","text":"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and","title":"Bill Clinton"},{"id":"10827805","text":"Bill Clinton presented Hajiro the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000. Twenty-one other former U.S. military personnel of Asian descent also received the Medal of Honor during the ceremony, fifteen of them posthumously. In 2004, the French awarded Hajiro the Legion of Honor. Hajiro was the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient for seven months. He died on January 21, 2011 in Waipahu, Hawaii. Hajiro's military awards include: Hajiro's official Medal of Honor citation reads: \"Citation\": For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life beyond and the call of","title":"Barney F. Hajiro"},{"id":"435428","text":"his research on the sinking of \"Indianapolis\" for a class history project, an assignment which eventually led to a United States Congressional investigation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that \"he is exonerated for the loss of \"Indianapolis\"\". President Bill Clinton signed the resolution. The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the sinking of his ship. In July 2001, the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay's","title":"USS Indianapolis (CA-35)"},{"id":"307170","text":"as chosen by the president, but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). Recipients are selected by the president, either on the president's own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once; Colin Powell received two awards, his second being With Distinction; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples (in","title":"Presidential Medal of Freedom"},{"id":"34331","text":"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in","title":"Bill Clinton"},{"id":"342940","text":"Reagan\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded","title":"Ronald Reagan"},{"id":"5611908","text":"home. At the time of his death, Ruff was part of Vice President Al Gore's legal team in the Florida recount case. Ruff was survived by his wife of 38 years, Susan (Sue) Willis Ruff, as well as his mother, two daughters, two granddaughters, and a half-sister, Carla Ruff. On his death, his \"New York Times\" obituary described him as \"one of Washington's most influential if least self-important lawyers.\" On January 8, 2001, Ruff was posthumously awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton. Charles Ruff Charles Frederick Carson Ruff (August 1, 1939 – November 19, 2000) was a prominent","title":"Charles Ruff"},{"id":"13751798","text":"the small hill later called Kettle Hill. \"Teddy\" was nominated for the redesigned Medal of Honor and when the US Army investigated the claim, they denied the medal. For other reasons, the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001 to Roosevelt. There was no mention of \"Lt. Jules G. Ord\" or 10th Cavalry Regiment. Jules Garesche Ord Jules Garesche \"Gary\" Ord (September 9, 1866 – July 1, 1898) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was killed in action after leading the charge of Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry up San Juan Hill. History now records","title":"Jules Garesche Ord"},{"id":"2737484","text":"duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 12-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006. U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations U.S. President Barack Obama – 0 presentations U.S. President Donald Trump – 0 presentations Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for","title":"Congressional Space Medal of Honor"},{"id":"885738","text":"Economics\" by a friend and fellow progressive economist Richard Parker renewed interest in Galbraith's life journey and legacy. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of the few people to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President Bill Clinton. He was a recipient of Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1997 and, in 2001, awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties","title":"John Kenneth Galbraith"},{"id":"6580669","text":"1930, #33 Harry Truman 1950, #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1946, #36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1964, #37 Richard Nixon 1971, #38 Gerald Ford 1975 (also a Distinguished Eagle Scout), #39 Jimmy Carter 1978, #40 Ronald Reagan 1982, #41 George H.W. Bush 1990, #42 Bill Clinton 1997, #43 George W. Bush 2002, and #44 Barack Obama 2013. Eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #7 Heber J. Grant 1938, #8 George Albert Smith 1934, #9 David O. McKay 1953, #11 Harold B. Lee 1963, #12 Spencer W. Kimball 1984, #13 Ezra Taft","title":"Silver Buffalo Award"},{"id":"7707068","text":"World War II. The award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 1997. During a ceremony conducted on January 13 of that year, President Bill Clinton bestowed the Medal of Honor on seven African-American veterans of World War II. Only one of the recipients, Vernon J. Baker, was still alive to receive his award in person. Watson's military awards include the Medal of Honor, Purple Heart, Army Good Conduct Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. Watson had no known next of kin, so his medals are displayed in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum in Fort","title":"George Watson (Medal of Honor)"},{"id":"844102","text":"and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. He married a","title":"Ellsworth Bunker"},{"id":"17503653","text":"of medals. At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review, the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans, six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker. In 1998, a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000. Twenty of these medals went","title":"Medal of Honor"},{"id":"5203176","text":"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It is still awarded","title":"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor"},{"id":"1743414","text":"counts of theft of government property. He was sentenced to two years in prison on December 4, 1985. The Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in 1988. Morison became \"the only [American] government official ever convicted for giving classified information to the press\" up to that time. Following Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1998 appeal for a pardon for Morison, President Bill Clinton pardoned him on January 20, 2001, the last day of his presidency, despite the CIA's opposition to the pardon. The successful prosecution of Morison was used to warn against the publication of leaked information. In May 1986,","title":"Espionage Act of 1917"},{"id":"18842479","text":"Clinton family The Clinton family is a prominent American political family related to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), and his wife Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–13), Senator from New York (2001–09) and the First Lady of the United States (1993–2001). Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a major political party in United States history. The Clintons (Bill and Hillary) are the first married couple to each be nominated for president.","title":"Clinton family"},{"id":"6736399","text":"during World War II. In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer. In 1965, Marcelite J. Harris became the first female African American United States Air Force officer. Some of the most notable African-American Army units that served in World War II: Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps: On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II. The only living recipient was First Lieutenant Vernon Baker. The","title":"Military history of African Americans"},{"id":"7170868","text":"Vernon Baker Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States Government for his valorous actions during World War II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5–6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy. Baker was the only living black American World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997. He died in 2010 at the age of 90. Baker was","title":"Vernon Baker"},{"id":"11393647","text":"to the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon and became a celebrity after the ship escaped the Yangtze and returned to Britain. He later succumbed to an infection and died shortly after. Tributes poured in and his obituary appeared in \"The Times\". He was posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the only cat ever to earn the award, and was buried with full naval honours. Tarawa was a kitten rescued from a pillbox during the Battle of Tarawa by the United States Coast Guard. She was a mascot aboard an LST, but did not get along with the LST's other mascot, a","title":"Ship's cat"},{"id":"12444128","text":"Nations. It is the only presidential memorial to depict a First Lady. In 1998, President Bill Clinton established the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights to honor outstanding American promoters of rights in the United States. The award was first awarded on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, honoring Eleanor Roosevelt's role as the \"driving force\" in the development of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The award was presented from 1998 to the end of the Clinton Administration in 2001. In 2010, then-Secretary of State of the United States Hillary Clinton revived the Eleanor","title":"Eleanor Roosevelt"},{"id":"3608444","text":"the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years. On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended. Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors. The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue. Hence, former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush (now deceased), Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and current President","title":"Presidential $1 Coin Program"},{"id":"1986635","text":"taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102. In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read, Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come. Douglas donated her medal","title":"Marjory Stoneman Douglas"},{"id":"7242134","text":"was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His widow, the former Arlene Marrow, received his medal from President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony on January 13, 1997. On that day, Clinton also awarded the medal to six other previously neglected African-American World War II veterans, including Vernon Baker, who was the only one living when awarded. Citation: For extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy in the vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy, on December 26, 1944, while serving as a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division. During the preceding few weeks, Lieutenant Fox served with the","title":"John R. Fox"},{"id":"5203182","text":"public safety officers. Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It","title":"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor"},{"id":"2281138","text":"and the loss by his would-be successor, Vice President Al Gore, in the 2000 presidential election. Thus, Clinton's partisan legacy remains complex and uncertain. Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob","title":"Presidency of Bill Clinton"},{"id":"5071736","text":"Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted","title":"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"},{"id":"7170874","text":"soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that ten black Distinguished Service Cross recipients have their military awards upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to seven of the World War II veterans; Baker was the only living recipient of the medal at the time. Baker's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945, near Viareggio, Italy. Then Second Lieutenant Baker demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations, personnel,","title":"Vernon Baker"},{"id":"20521751","text":"Living vice presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living vice presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first vice President of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the vice presidential oath of office. Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Mike Pence, there are five living former vice presidents: Walter Mondale (1977–1981), Dan Quayle (1989–1993), Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2009–2017). Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history: Living vice","title":"Living vice presidents of the United States"},{"id":"8234148","text":"Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. He was posthumously advanced to the rank of Brigadier General effective March 27, 2018 as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act. Day's actions from 26 August 1967 through 14 March","title":"Bud Day"},{"id":"6396700","text":"Presidents Harry S. Truman of Missouri (1945–1953) and Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas (1963–1969), respectively; and the earlier Kennedy brothers of 35th President John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts (1961–1963), Senators Robert F. Kennedy of New York and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts who carried the flag for modern American liberalism. Since the presidential election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last eleven presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 (with 39th President Jimmy Carter of Georgia, 1977–1981), 1992 and 1996 (with 42nd President Bill Clinton of Arkansas, 1993–2001) and 2008 and 2012 (with 44th President","title":"History of the United States Democratic Party"},{"id":"6736386","text":"Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in six African Americans being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II. Vernon Baker was the only recipient who was still alive to receive his award. Some of the most notable African-American units which served in World War I were: Support units included: A complete list of","title":"Military history of African Americans"},{"id":"1168743","text":"Murphy was the posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor, presented to his parents, Daniel and Maureen, on October 22, 2007, by President George W. Bush. Lt. Murphy was the first sailor since Vietnam more than 35 previously to receive the Medal of Honor, and the only Navy recipient for actions in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The park that bears his name is now known as Navy SEAL Lt. Michael P. Murphy Memorial Park. It is a fitting tribute since Lt. Murphy was head Lifeguard and Beach Manager of this park and beach during high school and summer recess","title":"Lake Ronkonkoma, New York"},{"id":"11268203","text":"Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Moto's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Moto's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed","title":"Kaoru Moto"},{"id":"18306767","text":"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy is a private award for philanthropy, bestowed by the Carnegie family of institutions. In recent years the medal has been presented in New York. The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy was inaugurated on December 10, 2001 by representatives of the more than twenty institutions Andrew Carnegie established all over the world. This award, created at the centennial observance of Mr. Carnegie’s official career as a philanthropist, is given to one or more individuals who, like Mr. Carnegie, have dedicated their private wealth to the public good and who have led impressive careers","title":"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy"},{"id":"284119","text":"for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Reagan and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002, at the United States Capitol building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on","title":"Nancy Reagan"},{"id":"194077","text":"Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, Aaron threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park, respectively. On January 8, 2001, Hank Aaron was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting Miller Park with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the","title":"Hank Aaron"},{"id":"17503638","text":"for each succeeding act that justified award.\" As of 2014, no attachments are authorized for the Medal of Honor. On October 23, 2002, was enacted, modifying , authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to each person whom a Medal of Honor is awarded. In the case of a posthumous award, the flag will be presented to whomever the Medal of Honor is presented to, which in most cases will be the primary next of kin of the deceased awardee. The flag was based on a concept by retired U.S. Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of","title":"Medal of Honor"},{"id":"5577045","text":"the Distinguished Service Cross in World War II. Congress reviewed the records to determine whether they were unfairly denied the military's highest award for valor. On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton, bestowed the Medal of Honor on Davila and 21 other World War II servicemen of Asian descent at a White House ceremony. Only seven of 22 recipients were still alive when the medals were handed out. Previously only two of the 40,000-plus Asian-Americans who served in World War II had been awarded the Medal of Honor. Army Secretary Louis Caldera inducted the soldiers into the Pentagon's Hall of","title":"Rudolph B. Davila"},{"id":"8181026","text":"list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL WILLIAM DAVID MORGAN
United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad","title":"William D. Morgan"},{"id":"703167","text":"82 awarded to Marines in World War II. Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine. The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954. The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name (1961–1993) and (2001–present). On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the \"Reunion of Honor\" was held","title":"Battle of Iwo Jima"},{"id":"3075994","text":"his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was","title":"Arthur MacArthur Jr."},{"id":"6580667","text":"Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the","title":"Silver Buffalo Award"},{"id":"17586521","text":"is one such award which is routinely presented posthumously to service members killed in action. The presentation in the United States Armed Forces of posthumous rank has become less common in the 21st century, but was widely used during the era of the Vietnam War and prior. One of the most famous posthumous promotions was that of George Washington to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. The promotion took place in 1976, 177 years after Washington's death. Promotions can occasionally be unintentionally posthumous. For instance, the Arctic explorer Captain Sir John Franklin of the Royal","title":"Posthumous promotion"},{"id":"1643357","text":"Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation","title":"Richard E. Byrd"},{"id":"2023146","text":"guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996. On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a highly controversial presidential pardon. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President Jimmy Carter, a fellow Democrat, said, \"I don't think there is any","title":"Marc Rich"},{"id":"13914517","text":"Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \"The President is Missing\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior","title":"Post-presidency of Bill Clinton"},{"id":"5062390","text":"Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United","title":"Presidential Citizens Medal"},{"id":"2281062","text":"Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period","title":"Presidency of Bill Clinton"},{"id":"11224601","text":"II led to Nakamura's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Nakamura, aged 22 at his death, was buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park, Seattle, Washington. The William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse in Seattle, Washington is named in his honor. Private First Class Nakamura's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished","title":"William K. Nakamura"},{"id":"307171","text":"chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from","title":"Presidential Medal of Freedom"},{"id":"7654524","text":"posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above","title":"William D. Halyburton Jr."},{"id":"788427","text":"USS Ronald Reagan USS \"Ronald Reagan\" (CVN-76) is a , nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still alive at the time. As of May 2012, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer","title":"USS Ronald Reagan"},{"id":"2162622","text":"of survivor guilt, asks his wife \"Did I live a good life?\" After his work on \"Rough Riders\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \"The Wind and the Lion\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \"Rough Riders (miniseries)\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \"American Graffiti\" was inspired by Milius, who was a","title":"John Milius"},{"id":"3260027","text":"1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast in January 1945. After the war, Endo would eventually settle in Chicago, Illinois, where she died of cancer on April 14, 2006. In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent a letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom, the same honor that had already been awarded to Fred Korematsu in 1998 and posthumously to Gordon Hirabayashi in 2012. Ex parte Endo Ex parte Endo, or Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), was a United States","title":"Ex parte Endo"},{"id":"7754505","text":"In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America","title":"Gerald Ford"},{"id":"10777183","text":"the mainland. For his actions in August 1944, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. This award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor after Congress directed the Secretary of the Army to review all awards of the DSC to Americans of Japanese and Pacific Islands descent to determine if racial bias had influenced the awards process. Nakae was one of 22 Americans of Japanese descent who received the Medal of Honor on June 21, 2000 (about two years after his death) by President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March","title":"Masato Nakae"},{"id":"8667219","text":"a \"Lieutenant General\" (now three stars), it seemed, somewhat incongruously, that all later full four star and higher generals were considered to outrank Washington. This issue was resolved in the bicentennial year of 1976 when Washington was, by act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, this promotion being backdated to July 4, 1976, making Washington permanently the senior military officer of the United States. Washington was the first American president under the United States Constitution, and was unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 and again in 1792; he remains the only president","title":"Legacy of George Washington"},{"id":"8172409","text":"States in December 1951 and interred in Lewisburg Cemetery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on January 7, 1953 by Secretary of the Navy Daniel A. Kimball in Washington, D.C. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart awarded for his fatal wounds, 2ndLt Ramer's decorations include the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SECOND LIEUTENANT GEORGE H. RAMER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth","title":"George H. Ramer"},{"id":"7507361","text":"Garza yelled \"Grenade\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while","title":"Emilio A. De La Garza"},{"id":"7707125","text":"Dutch town of Margraten. His grave can be found in plot P, row 9, grave 9. PFC James had received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge prior to his death. Posthumously, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (as of September 23, 2006), the World War II Victory Medal, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. On January 13, 1997, PFC James' Medal of Honor was presented to his widow by President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony in which six other African-American soldiers were also awarded the Medal of Honor","title":"Willy F. James Jr."},{"id":"1518437","text":"became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–69), Jimmy Carter (1977–81), George H. W. Bush (1989–93), Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region. The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In","title":"Southern United States"},{"id":"4103592","text":"Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. It is situated on of land located","title":"Clinton Presidential Center"},{"id":"7546254","text":"wounds, and was mortally wounded. Captain Graham is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Organized Marine Corps Reserve Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnamese Service Medal with one bronze star, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CAPTAIN JAMES A. GRAHAM
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service","title":"James A. Graham"},{"id":"5920692","text":"and Rivers,\" by the entry, \"Yorks 8 Islands.\" The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, \"York's Dry Creek\", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana. This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed \"Custer Creek\". In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army. York (explorer) York (1770 – before 1832) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he","title":"York (explorer)"},{"id":"10205329","text":"Woodrow W. Keeble Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been","title":"Woodrow W. Keeble"},{"id":"18878805","text":"the War Ministry Building in Tokyo. In 1946, Farrow was interred with honors at the Arlington National Cemetery, Section 12, Grave 157. Farrow was posthumously given multiple awards. These included the Order of the Sacred Tripod (寶鼎勳章) of the Republic of China, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Purple Heart. He was also awarded the Prisoner of War Medal, which, by authorization of Congress in 1985, was given to all members of the United States Armed Forces who had been a prisoner of war after 5 April 1917. He is the namesake of the Arnold Air Society’s William Glover Farrow","title":"William G. Farrow"},{"id":"2481618","text":"along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President","title":"Félix Houphouët-Boigny"},{"id":"10980945","text":"posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Tanouye's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, Tanouye was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart","title":"Ted T. Tanouye"},{"id":"4103618","text":"available. These are thanks to the generosity of The Bank of America Foundation. The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening. Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the","title":"Clinton Presidential Center"},{"id":"7596731","text":"was mortally wounded and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and sacrifice of life. The Medal of Honor was presented to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on 20 Apr 1970. Jenkins is buried at Sister Spring Baptist Cemetery in Interlachen, Florida. Jenkins' military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT H. JENKINS JR.
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following","title":"Robert H. Jenkins Jr."},{"id":"7957","text":"City Hall. In 2016, the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to US president Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an \"Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal\", which was awarded for the only time ever. Aachen is twinned with: Aachen Aachen () or Bad Aachen, French","title":"Aachen"},{"id":"20266543","text":"Reagan administration officials, accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair; and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999. In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of 140 people on his last day in office, January 20, 2001, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich and his own brother, Roger Clinton, were heavily criticized. President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio on August 25, 2017. Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court. Trump's pardon was met with widespread criticism from political opponents, and was relatively unusual because it","title":"Federal pardons in the United States"},{"id":"14088165","text":"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961. On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General","title":"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal"},{"id":"10669466","text":"decoration in the United States bestowed \"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine","title":"Hispanic Americans in World War II"},{"id":"284463","text":"achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this","title":"Nobel Prize"},{"id":"2074800","text":"was first bestowed during World War II. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is an octagonal bronze medal. The obverse depicts an eagle holding a fouled anchor over a globe. The word \"Heroism\" is inscribed below the globe. The ribbon of the medal is three equal stripes of navy blue, old gold, and apple red. Navy and Marine Corps Medal The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest non-combat decoration awarded for heroism by the United States Department of the Navy to the members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The medal was established by","title":"Navy and Marine Corps Medal"},{"id":"215171","text":"Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the \"Jackie Robinson Award\". Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American. President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984, and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only","title":"Jackie Robinson"},{"id":"3329640","text":"Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war. On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service as a top American in South Vietnam. For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian so honored in Vietnam. Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, \"\", in which","title":"John Paul Vann"},{"id":"4910229","text":"now Section 127, Row C, Seat 9, and the seat bottom is now padded. The first person to sit in \"Buck's seat\" was Buck O'Neil's brother, Warren. On December 7, 2006, O'Neil was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush; the award was given to his brother, Warren, on his behalf on December 15. He was chosen due to his \"excellence and determination both on and off the baseball field\", according to the White House news release. He joins such sports notables as Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, and Jack Nicklaus in receiving the","title":"Buck O'Neil"},{"id":"14590965","text":"the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. On April 18, 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces (though neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing). Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied","title":"Douglas MacArthur in World War II"},{"id":"11178887","text":"for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Ono's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Private First Class Ono's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily","title":"Frank H. Ono"},{"id":"8234174","text":"heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor","title":"Bud Day"},{"id":"7613401","text":"— the Medal of Honor. Initially buried in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Cemetery on Guam, PFC Witek's remains were reinterred in the Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois, in 1949. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS FRANK P. WITEK UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division, during the","title":"Frank P. Witek"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"413903\",\n \"text\": \"President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9516092\",\n \"text\": \"the Army denied the nomination, citing a lack of official records documenting his case. Smith's commander at Honey Hill had not included an account of Smith's actions in the official battle report. It was not until January 16, 2001, 137 years after the Battle of Honey Hill, that Smith was recognized; President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to several of Smith's descendants during a ceremony at the White House on that day. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was also posthumously awarded the medal at the same ceremony, for his actions during the Spanish–American War. Smith's official Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2719480\",\n \"text\": \"to award a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor to President Theodore Roosevelt for his charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War. Congress eventually passed legislation asking the president to grant the honor, and President Clinton awarded the medal in January 2001. Lazio also sponsored the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act, which, after being passed and signed into law in 2000, directed the U.S. Attorney General to review the government's internment of Italian nationals during World War II. In addition to his position on the Financial Services Committee, Lazio also served on the House's Energy and\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Lazio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"590962\",\n \"text\": \"gallant army which it was my honor to command\\\". Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001, when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. MacArthur's citation, written by Marshall, read: As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese, MacArthur received many other accolades. The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a \\\"Chief of Chiefs\\\", which he acknowledged as from\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas MacArthur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"413804\",\n \"text\": \"recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill (part of the San Juan Heights) as \\\"the great day of my life\\\" and \\\"my crowded hour\\\". In 2001, Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions; he had been nominated during the war, but Army officials, annoyed at his grabbing the headlines, blocked it. After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as \\\"Colonel Roosevelt\\\" or \\\"The Colonel\\\", though \\\"Teddy\\\" remained much more popular with the public, even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker. Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him \\\"Colonel\\\" or \\\"Theodore\\\". After leaving Cuba\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2921914\",\n \"text\": \"took extensive X-rays. As a result of these consultations and full-body X-rays, we absolutely ruled out anything beyond a blunt-force injury to the head.\\\" Brown was buried with full state honors in his hometown. On January 8, 2001, Brown was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The award was accepted by Brown's widow, Alma Brown. President Clinton also established the Ron Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility. The Conference Board administers the privately funded award. The U.S. Department of Commerce also gives out the annual Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award in his honor.\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Brown (U.S. politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503650\",\n \"text\": \"and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor: Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz. Since 1979, 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503640\",\n \"text\": \"two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars, emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, who was presented the flag posthumously. President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4, 2005. A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the in\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2285701\",\n \"text\": \"in January 2001 President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to descendants of a Civil War soldier. Although 'The Report of the inquiry into unresolved recognition for past acts of naval and military gallantry and valour' released in March 2013 did not recommend any belated Victoria Cross for Australia awards, it did recommend a Unit Citation for Gallantry to HMAS \\\"Yarra\\\" for February and March 1942. Similarly, Australian Bravery Awards have been gazetted years after the action being commended, including a Commendation for Brave Conduct awarded in 1987 to Robert Anderson for his courage in rescuing a child from\",\n \"title\": \"Australian honours system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11071003\",\n \"text\": \"Honorary citizenship Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, an individual may be named an honorary citizen of the United States. Since 1963, it has been awarded to only eight individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires unanimous approval in both houses of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985; Nelson Mandela in 2001; the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006; Aung\",\n \"title\": \"Honorary citizenship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1288309\",\n \"text\": \"of Freedom with Distinction during a farewell press conference at the White House honoring Biden and his wife. Obama said he was awarding the Medal of Freedom to Biden for \\\"faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations.\\\" It was the first and only time Obama awarded the Medal of Freedom with the additional honor of distinction, an honor which his three predecessors had reserved only for President Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II, respectively. On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Biden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2093956\",\n \"text\": \"its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who eventually became vice president and later president of the United States, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on July 1, 1898. For unclear reasons, Linares failed to reinforce this position, choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish hilltop entrenchments, while typically well-concealed, were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire, which made return fire at the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of San Juan Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12158080\",\n \"text\": \"extraordinary action on November 1–2, 1950. In 2001, U.S. Representative Todd Tiahrt began a campaign to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun. Before leaving office on September 16, 2009, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren sent Tiahrt a letter, agreeing that Kapaun was worthy of the honor. Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also agreed. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Senate Bill 1867, Section 586) contains an authorization and a request to the President to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun posthumously for acts of valor during the Battle of\",\n \"title\": \"Emil Kapaun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9456070\",\n \"text\": \"Living presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number\",\n \"title\": \"Living presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14651739\",\n \"text\": \"he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa\",\n \"title\": \"Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371213\",\n \"text\": \"the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a living former president (\\\"Ronald Reagan\\\" was christened in 2001 while President Reagan was still alive). Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship’s namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship’s namesake (the 41st President). The rays of light that appear on the seal’s horizon represent Bush’s concept of a \\\"thousand\",\n \"title\": \"USS George H.W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34216\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10827805\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Clinton presented Hajiro the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000. Twenty-one other former U.S. military personnel of Asian descent also received the Medal of Honor during the ceremony, fifteen of them posthumously. In 2004, the French awarded Hajiro the Legion of Honor. Hajiro was the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient for seven months. He died on January 21, 2011 in Waipahu, Hawaii. Hajiro's military awards include: Hajiro's official Medal of Honor citation reads: \\\"Citation\\\": For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life beyond and the call of\",\n \"title\": \"Barney F. Hajiro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435428\",\n \"text\": \"his research on the sinking of \\\"Indianapolis\\\" for a class history project, an assignment which eventually led to a United States Congressional investigation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that \\\"he is exonerated for the loss of \\\"Indianapolis\\\"\\\". President Bill Clinton signed the resolution. The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the sinking of his ship. In July 2001, the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay's\",\n \"title\": \"USS Indianapolis (CA-35)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307170\",\n \"text\": \"as chosen by the president, but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). Recipients are selected by the president, either on the president's own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once; Colin Powell received two awards, his second being With Distinction; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples (in\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Medal of Freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34331\",\n \"text\": \"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342940\",\n \"text\": \"Reagan\\\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5611908\",\n \"text\": \"home. At the time of his death, Ruff was part of Vice President Al Gore's legal team in the Florida recount case. Ruff was survived by his wife of 38 years, Susan (Sue) Willis Ruff, as well as his mother, two daughters, two granddaughters, and a half-sister, Carla Ruff. On his death, his \\\"New York Times\\\" obituary described him as \\\"one of Washington's most influential if least self-important lawyers.\\\" On January 8, 2001, Ruff was posthumously awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton. Charles Ruff Charles Frederick Carson Ruff (August 1, 1939 – November 19, 2000) was a prominent\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Ruff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13751798\",\n \"text\": \"the small hill later called Kettle Hill. \\\"Teddy\\\" was nominated for the redesigned Medal of Honor and when the US Army investigated the claim, they denied the medal. For other reasons, the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001 to Roosevelt. There was no mention of \\\"Lt. Jules G. Ord\\\" or 10th Cavalry Regiment. Jules Garesche Ord Jules Garesche \\\"Gary\\\" Ord (September 9, 1866 – July 1, 1898) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was killed in action after leading the charge of Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry up San Juan Hill. History now records\",\n \"title\": \"Jules Garesche Ord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2737484\",\n \"text\": \"duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 12-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006. U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations U.S. President Barack Obama – 0 presentations U.S. President Donald Trump – 0 presentations Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for\",\n \"title\": \"Congressional Space Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"885738\",\n \"text\": \"Economics\\\" by a friend and fellow progressive economist Richard Parker renewed interest in Galbraith's life journey and legacy. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of the few people to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President Bill Clinton. He was a recipient of Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1997 and, in 2001, awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties\",\n \"title\": \"John Kenneth Galbraith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580669\",\n \"text\": \"1930, #33 Harry Truman 1950, #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1946, #36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1964, #37 Richard Nixon 1971, #38 Gerald Ford 1975 (also a Distinguished Eagle Scout), #39 Jimmy Carter 1978, #40 Ronald Reagan 1982, #41 George H.W. Bush 1990, #42 Bill Clinton 1997, #43 George W. Bush 2002, and #44 Barack Obama 2013. Eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #7 Heber J. Grant 1938, #8 George Albert Smith 1934, #9 David O. McKay 1953, #11 Harold B. Lee 1963, #12 Spencer W. Kimball 1984, #13 Ezra Taft\",\n \"title\": \"Silver Buffalo Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7707068\",\n \"text\": \"World War II. The award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 1997. During a ceremony conducted on January 13 of that year, President Bill Clinton bestowed the Medal of Honor on seven African-American veterans of World War II. Only one of the recipients, Vernon J. Baker, was still alive to receive his award in person. Watson's military awards include the Medal of Honor, Purple Heart, Army Good Conduct Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. Watson had no known next of kin, so his medals are displayed in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum in Fort\",\n \"title\": \"George Watson (Medal of Honor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"844102\",\n \"text\": \"and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. He married a\",\n \"title\": \"Ellsworth Bunker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503653\",\n \"text\": \"of medals. At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review, the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans, six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker. In 1998, a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000. Twenty of these medals went\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203176\",\n \"text\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \\\"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\\\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It is still awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743414\",\n \"text\": \"counts of theft of government property. He was sentenced to two years in prison on December 4, 1985. The Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in 1988. Morison became \\\"the only [American] government official ever convicted for giving classified information to the press\\\" up to that time. Following Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1998 appeal for a pardon for Morison, President Bill Clinton pardoned him on January 20, 2001, the last day of his presidency, despite the CIA's opposition to the pardon. The successful prosecution of Morison was used to warn against the publication of leaked information. In May 1986,\",\n \"title\": \"Espionage Act of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18842479\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton family The Clinton family is a prominent American political family related to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), and his wife Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–13), Senator from New York (2001–09) and the First Lady of the United States (1993–2001). Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a major political party in United States history. The Clintons (Bill and Hillary) are the first married couple to each be nominated for president.\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6736399\",\n \"text\": \"during World War II. In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer. In 1965, Marcelite J. Harris became the first female African American United States Air Force officer. Some of the most notable African-American Army units that served in World War II: Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps: On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II. The only living recipient was First Lieutenant Vernon Baker. The\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of African Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7170868\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Baker Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States Government for his valorous actions during World War II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5–6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy. Baker was the only living black American World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997. He died in 2010 at the age of 90. Baker was\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393647\",\n \"text\": \"to the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon and became a celebrity after the ship escaped the Yangtze and returned to Britain. He later succumbed to an infection and died shortly after. Tributes poured in and his obituary appeared in \\\"The Times\\\". He was posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the only cat ever to earn the award, and was buried with full naval honours. Tarawa was a kitten rescued from a pillbox during the Battle of Tarawa by the United States Coast Guard. She was a mascot aboard an LST, but did not get along with the LST's other mascot, a\",\n \"title\": \"Ship's cat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12444128\",\n \"text\": \"Nations. It is the only presidential memorial to depict a First Lady. In 1998, President Bill Clinton established the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights to honor outstanding American promoters of rights in the United States. The award was first awarded on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, honoring Eleanor Roosevelt's role as the \\\"driving force\\\" in the development of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The award was presented from 1998 to the end of the Clinton Administration in 2001. In 2010, then-Secretary of State of the United States Hillary Clinton revived the Eleanor\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3608444\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years. On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended. Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors. The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue. Hence, former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush (now deceased), Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and current President\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential $1 Coin Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1986635\",\n \"text\": \"taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102. In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read, Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come. Douglas donated her medal\",\n \"title\": \"Marjory Stoneman Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7242134\",\n \"text\": \"was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His widow, the former Arlene Marrow, received his medal from President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony on January 13, 1997. On that day, Clinton also awarded the medal to six other previously neglected African-American World War II veterans, including Vernon Baker, who was the only one living when awarded. Citation: For extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy in the vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy, on December 26, 1944, while serving as a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division. During the preceding few weeks, Lieutenant Fox served with the\",\n \"title\": \"John R. Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203182\",\n \"text\": \"public safety officers. Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \\\"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\\\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It\",\n \"title\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281138\",\n \"text\": \"and the loss by his would-be successor, Vice President Al Gore, in the 2000 presidential election. Thus, Clinton's partisan legacy remains complex and uncertain. Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5071736\",\n \"text\": \"Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted\",\n \"title\": \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7170874\",\n \"text\": \"soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that ten black Distinguished Service Cross recipients have their military awards upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to seven of the World War II veterans; Baker was the only living recipient of the medal at the time. Baker's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945, near Viareggio, Italy. Then Second Lieutenant Baker demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations, personnel,\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20521751\",\n \"text\": \"Living vice presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living vice presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first vice President of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the vice presidential oath of office. Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Mike Pence, there are five living former vice presidents: Walter Mondale (1977–1981), Dan Quayle (1989–1993), Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2009–2017). Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history: Living vice\",\n \"title\": \"Living vice presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8234148\",\n \"text\": \"Bud Day George Everette \\\"Bud\\\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. He was posthumously advanced to the rank of Brigadier General effective March 27, 2018 as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act. Day's actions from 26 August 1967 through 14 March\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6396700\",\n \"text\": \"Presidents Harry S. Truman of Missouri (1945–1953) and Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas (1963–1969), respectively; and the earlier Kennedy brothers of 35th President John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts (1961–1963), Senators Robert F. Kennedy of New York and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts who carried the flag for modern American liberalism. Since the presidential election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last eleven presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 (with 39th President Jimmy Carter of Georgia, 1977–1981), 1992 and 1996 (with 42nd President Bill Clinton of Arkansas, 1993–2001) and 2008 and 2012 (with 44th President\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States Democratic Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6736386\",\n \"text\": \"Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in six African Americans being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II. Vernon Baker was the only recipient who was still alive to receive his award. Some of the most notable African-American units which served in World War I were: Support units included: A complete list of\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of African Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1168743\",\n \"text\": \"Murphy was the posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor, presented to his parents, Daniel and Maureen, on October 22, 2007, by President George W. Bush. Lt. Murphy was the first sailor since Vietnam more than 35 previously to receive the Medal of Honor, and the only Navy recipient for actions in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The park that bears his name is now known as Navy SEAL Lt. Michael P. Murphy Memorial Park. It is a fitting tribute since Lt. Murphy was head Lifeguard and Beach Manager of this park and beach during high school and summer recess\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Ronkonkoma, New York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11268203\",\n \"text\": \"Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Moto's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Moto's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed\",\n \"title\": \"Kaoru Moto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18306767\",\n \"text\": \"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy is a private award for philanthropy, bestowed by the Carnegie family of institutions. In recent years the medal has been presented in New York. The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy was inaugurated on December 10, 2001 by representatives of the more than twenty institutions Andrew Carnegie established all over the world. This award, created at the centennial observance of Mr. Carnegie’s official career as a philanthropist, is given to one or more individuals who, like Mr. Carnegie, have dedicated their private wealth to the public good and who have led impressive careers\",\n \"title\": \"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284119\",\n \"text\": \"for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Reagan and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002, at the United States Capitol building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"194077\",\n \"text\": \"Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, Aaron threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park, respectively. On January 8, 2001, Hank Aaron was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting Miller Park with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Aaron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503638\",\n \"text\": \"for each succeeding act that justified award.\\\" As of 2014, no attachments are authorized for the Medal of Honor. On October 23, 2002, was enacted, modifying , authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to each person whom a Medal of Honor is awarded. In the case of a posthumous award, the flag will be presented to whomever the Medal of Honor is presented to, which in most cases will be the primary next of kin of the deceased awardee. The flag was based on a concept by retired U.S. Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5577045\",\n \"text\": \"the Distinguished Service Cross in World War II. Congress reviewed the records to determine whether they were unfairly denied the military's highest award for valor. On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton, bestowed the Medal of Honor on Davila and 21 other World War II servicemen of Asian descent at a White House ceremony. Only seven of 22 recipients were still alive when the medals were handed out. Previously only two of the 40,000-plus Asian-Americans who served in World War II had been awarded the Medal of Honor. Army Secretary Louis Caldera inducted the soldiers into the Pentagon's Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph B. Davila\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8181026\",\n \"text\": \"list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL WILLIAM DAVID MORGAN
United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad\",\n \"title\": \"William D. Morgan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703167\",\n \"text\": \"82 awarded to Marines in World War II. Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine. The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954. The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name (1961–1993) and (2001–present). On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the \\\"Reunion of Honor\\\" was held\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Iwo Jima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3075994\",\n \"text\": \"his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur MacArthur Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580667\",\n \"text\": \"Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the\",\n \"title\": \"Silver Buffalo Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17586521\",\n \"text\": \"is one such award which is routinely presented posthumously to service members killed in action. The presentation in the United States Armed Forces of posthumous rank has become less common in the 21st century, but was widely used during the era of the Vietnam War and prior. One of the most famous posthumous promotions was that of George Washington to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. The promotion took place in 1976, 177 years after Washington's death. Promotions can occasionally be unintentionally posthumous. For instance, the Arctic explorer Captain Sir John Franklin of the Royal\",\n \"title\": \"Posthumous promotion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1643357\",\n \"text\": \"Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation\",\n \"title\": \"Richard E. Byrd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2023146\",\n \"text\": \"guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996. On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a highly controversial presidential pardon. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President Jimmy Carter, a fellow Democrat, said, \\\"I don't think there is any\",\n \"title\": \"Marc Rich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13914517\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \\\"The President is Missing\\\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior\",\n \"title\": \"Post-presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5062390\",\n \"text\": \"Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \\\"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\\\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Citizens Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281062\",\n \"text\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11224601\",\n \"text\": \"II led to Nakamura's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Nakamura, aged 22 at his death, was buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park, Seattle, Washington. The William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse in Seattle, Washington is named in his honor. Private First Class Nakamura's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished\",\n \"title\": \"William K. Nakamura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307171\",\n \"text\": \"chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \\\"Bear\\\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Medal of Freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7654524\",\n \"text\": \"posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above\",\n \"title\": \"William D. Halyburton Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788427\",\n \"text\": \"USS Ronald Reagan USS \\\"Ronald Reagan\\\" (CVN-76) is a , nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still alive at the time. As of May 2012, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer\",\n \"title\": \"USS Ronald Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2162622\",\n \"text\": \"of survivor guilt, asks his wife \\\"Did I live a good life?\\\" After his work on \\\"Rough Riders\\\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \\\"The Wind and the Lion\\\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \\\"Rough Riders (miniseries)\\\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \\\"American Graffiti\\\" was inspired by Milius, who was a\",\n \"title\": \"John Milius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3260027\",\n \"text\": \"1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast in January 1945. After the war, Endo would eventually settle in Chicago, Illinois, where she died of cancer on April 14, 2006. In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent a letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom, the same honor that had already been awarded to Fred Korematsu in 1998 and posthumously to Gordon Hirabayashi in 2012. Ex parte Endo Ex parte Endo, or Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), was a United States\",\n \"title\": \"Ex parte Endo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7754505\",\n \"text\": \"In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Ford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10777183\",\n \"text\": \"the mainland. For his actions in August 1944, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. This award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor after Congress directed the Secretary of the Army to review all awards of the DSC to Americans of Japanese and Pacific Islands descent to determine if racial bias had influenced the awards process. Nakae was one of 22 Americans of Japanese descent who received the Medal of Honor on June 21, 2000 (about two years after his death) by President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March\",\n \"title\": \"Masato Nakae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8667219\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"Lieutenant General\\\" (now three stars), it seemed, somewhat incongruously, that all later full four star and higher generals were considered to outrank Washington. This issue was resolved in the bicentennial year of 1976 when Washington was, by act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, this promotion being backdated to July 4, 1976, making Washington permanently the senior military officer of the United States. Washington was the first American president under the United States Constitution, and was unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 and again in 1792; he remains the only president\",\n \"title\": \"Legacy of George Washington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8172409\",\n \"text\": \"States in December 1951 and interred in Lewisburg Cemetery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on January 7, 1953 by Secretary of the Navy Daniel A. Kimball in Washington, D.C. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart awarded for his fatal wounds, 2ndLt Ramer's decorations include the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SECOND LIEUTENANT GEORGE H. RAMER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth\",\n \"title\": \"George H. Ramer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7507361\",\n \"text\": \"Garza yelled \\\"Grenade\\\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while\",\n \"title\": \"Emilio A. De La Garza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7707125\",\n \"text\": \"Dutch town of Margraten. His grave can be found in plot P, row 9, grave 9. PFC James had received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge prior to his death. Posthumously, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (as of September 23, 2006), the World War II Victory Medal, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. On January 13, 1997, PFC James' Medal of Honor was presented to his widow by President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony in which six other African-American soldiers were also awarded the Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Willy F. James Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1518437\",\n \"text\": \"became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–69), Jimmy Carter (1977–81), George H. W. Bush (1989–93), Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region. The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In\",\n \"title\": \"Southern United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4103592\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. It is situated on of land located\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton Presidential Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7546254\",\n \"text\": \"wounds, and was mortally wounded. Captain Graham is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Organized Marine Corps Reserve Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnamese Service Medal with one bronze star, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CAPTAIN JAMES A. GRAHAM
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service\",\n \"title\": \"James A. Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5920692\",\n \"text\": \"and Rivers,\\\" by the entry, \\\"Yorks 8 Islands.\\\" The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, \\\"York's Dry Creek\\\", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana. This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed \\\"Custer Creek\\\". In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army. York (explorer) York (1770 – before 1832) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he\",\n \"title\": \"York (explorer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10205329\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow W. Keeble Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow W. Keeble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878805\",\n \"text\": \"the War Ministry Building in Tokyo. In 1946, Farrow was interred with honors at the Arlington National Cemetery, Section 12, Grave 157. Farrow was posthumously given multiple awards. These included the Order of the Sacred Tripod (寶鼎勳章) of the Republic of China, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Purple Heart. He was also awarded the Prisoner of War Medal, which, by authorization of Congress in 1985, was given to all members of the United States Armed Forces who had been a prisoner of war after 5 April 1917. He is the namesake of the Arnold Air Society’s William Glover Farrow\",\n \"title\": \"William G. Farrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481618\",\n \"text\": \"along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President\",\n \"title\": \"Félix Houphouët-Boigny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10980945\",\n \"text\": \"posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Tanouye's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, Tanouye was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart\",\n \"title\": \"Ted T. Tanouye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4103618\",\n \"text\": \"available. These are thanks to the generosity of The Bank of America Foundation. The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening. Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton Presidential Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7596731\",\n \"text\": \"was mortally wounded and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and sacrifice of life. The Medal of Honor was presented to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on 20 Apr 1970. Jenkins is buried at Sister Spring Baptist Cemetery in Interlachen, Florida. Jenkins' military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT H. JENKINS JR.
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following\",\n \"title\": \"Robert H. Jenkins Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7957\",\n \"text\": \"City Hall. In 2016, the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to US president Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an \\\"Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal\\\", which was awarded for the only time ever. Aachen is twinned with: Aachen Aachen () or Bad Aachen, French\",\n \"title\": \"Aachen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20266543\",\n \"text\": \"Reagan administration officials, accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair; and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999. In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of 140 people on his last day in office, January 20, 2001, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich and his own brother, Roger Clinton, were heavily criticized. President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio on August 25, 2017. Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court. Trump's pardon was met with widespread criticism from political opponents, and was relatively unusual because it\",\n \"title\": \"Federal pardons in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14088165\",\n \"text\": \"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961. On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General\",\n \"title\": \"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10669466\",\n \"text\": \"decoration in the United States bestowed \\\"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\\\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine\",\n \"title\": \"Hispanic Americans in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284463\",\n \"text\": \"achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this\",\n \"title\": \"Nobel Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074800\",\n \"text\": \"was first bestowed during World War II. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is an octagonal bronze medal. The obverse depicts an eagle holding a fouled anchor over a globe. The word \\\"Heroism\\\" is inscribed below the globe. The ribbon of the medal is three equal stripes of navy blue, old gold, and apple red. Navy and Marine Corps Medal The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest non-combat decoration awarded for heroism by the United States Department of the Navy to the members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The medal was established by\",\n \"title\": \"Navy and Marine Corps Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215171\",\n \"text\": \"Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the \\\"Jackie Robinson Award\\\". Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American. President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984, and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3329640\",\n \"text\": \"Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war. On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service as a top American in South Vietnam. For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian so honored in Vietnam. Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, \\\"\\\", in which\",\n \"title\": \"John Paul Vann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4910229\",\n \"text\": \"now Section 127, Row C, Seat 9, and the seat bottom is now padded. The first person to sit in \\\"Buck's seat\\\" was Buck O'Neil's brother, Warren. On December 7, 2006, O'Neil was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush; the award was given to his brother, Warren, on his behalf on December 15. He was chosen due to his \\\"excellence and determination both on and off the baseball field\\\", according to the White House news release. He joins such sports notables as Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, and Jack Nicklaus in receiving the\",\n \"title\": \"Buck O'Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14590965\",\n \"text\": \"the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. On April 18, 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces (though neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing). Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas MacArthur in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11178887\",\n \"text\": \"for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Ono's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Private First Class Ono's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily\",\n \"title\": \"Frank H. Ono\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8234174\",\n \"text\": \"heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \\\"Bud\\\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7613401\",\n \"text\": \"— the Medal of Honor. Initially buried in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Cemetery on Guam, PFC Witek's remains were reinterred in the Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois, in 1949. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS FRANK P. WITEK UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division, during the\",\n \"title\": \"Frank P. Witek\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\\n\\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 207,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on\\n\\ntitle Brown (U.S. politician context: X-ray. As a these and full-body X-rays, absolutely ruled out anything beyond aunt-force to the Brown was buried with state hon in his homet. On January8, 2001, Brown was posthumously with the President Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The accepted by Brown's widow, Al Brown Clinton established the Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility The Conference Board administers the privately funded award U.S Department Commerce also gives out the annualald H. American Innovator Award honor.\\n\\ntitle presidents United Living pres United article shows the variation in the number of living presidents the United States inauguration of the president the 1 present The includes have theath of (ons served as Acting United as President the Continental Congress are not.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there four living former pres: Jimmy19191), Bill Clinton (1993–20),. Bush (20020), and Barack Obama002).\\n\\ntitleidents the StatesSageamps the of and was of the legendaryidersated an which Prizet the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa\\n\\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 514,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14480,\n \"ratio\": \"28.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78781,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78781,"string":"78,781"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"July 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Wascally wabbit","Bugs Rabbit","Väiski Vemmelsääri","Bugs bunny","Bugs the Bunny","Vaiski Vemmelsaari","What's Up, Doc%3F (catchphrase)","Buggs Bunny","BUgs Bunny","Bugs Bunny","%22Ain't I a stinker%22","Bugs Bunny's Prototype","Happy Rabbit (character)","Vaiski","Bug bunny","Bugs Bunny Prototype","Left turn at Albuquerque","Hare Jordan","Pesky wabbit"],"string":"[\n \"Wascally wabbit\",\n \"Bugs Rabbit\",\n \"Väiski Vemmelsääri\",\n \"Bugs bunny\",\n \"Bugs the Bunny\",\n \"Vaiski Vemmelsaari\",\n \"What's Up, Doc%3F (catchphrase)\",\n \"Buggs Bunny\",\n \"BUgs Bunny\",\n \"Bugs Bunny\",\n \"%22Ain't I a stinker%22\",\n \"Bugs Bunny's Prototype\",\n \"Happy Rabbit (character)\",\n \"Vaiski\",\n \"Bug bunny\",\n \"Bugs Bunny Prototype\",\n \"Left turn at Albuquerque\",\n \"Hare Jordan\",\n \"Pesky wabbit\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bugs Bunny"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"12668685","text":"start of the story reading, \"Starring Bugs Bunny\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \"...Camera\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \"A Wild Hare\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"605443","text":"Camera\"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established. While \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \"A Wild Hare\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"4785760","text":"A Wild Hare A Wild Hare, reissued as The Wild Hare, is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon supervised by Tex Avery (credited as Fred Avery on the original issue). The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance. The title is a play on \"wild hair\", the first of many puns between \"hare\" and \"hair\" that would appear in Bugs Bunny titles. The pun is carried further by a bar of \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\" playing in the underscore of the opening credits. Various directors at the Warner Bros.","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"1268441","text":"and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over \"Termite Terrace\", while Tex Avery took over the \"Merrie Melodies\" department. The 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger","title":"Golden age of American animation"},{"id":"11184516","text":"and many others, including the Rudy Larriva-directed Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote shorts. When handling long-eared characters such as Bugs or Wile E., Ross occasionally tilted or waved an ear in otherwise-static scenes. As the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), generally regarded as the first appearance of Bugs Bunny, Ross had a first person view of the creation of the character. In the interview of Ross, published in Animato magazine #19, Virgil recalls (on page 17) how the character of Bugs Bunny came to be. He says in the interview, \"We received orders from the story department that","title":"Virgil Ross"},{"id":"12668688","text":"slightly modified again for the 2011 series \"The Looney Tunes Show\" and yet again for the 2015 series \"Wabbit\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\".","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12668674","text":"Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\". Several published first person accounts, encyclopedic references, and Warner Bros.' own published material describe the inception of the name","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"549993","text":"artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \"Looney Tunes\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \"Pinocchio\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar","title":"Mel Blanc"},{"id":"605433","text":"Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"5423437","text":"a planet where shooting stars are made. The short won the 1940 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included \"A Wild Hare\" by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon \"Puss Gets the Boot\", with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of \"Go West\" (1940). Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens, sail up into the Milky Way in a hot air balloon. Once in","title":"The Milky Way (1940 film)"},{"id":"4372497","text":"is barely recognizable compared to his more familiar later form. Bugs' first official appearance would come two years later in \"A Wild Hare\". Additionally, this marks the only time the prototype was seen chewing on a carrot. This cartoon also introduces the rabbit repeating a well-known Groucho Marx line for the first time that would become part of Bugs Bunny's lexicon. The exact wording, in this first appearance, is \"'Course you know that this means war!\" The proto-Bugs' rendering in this cartoon is a direct impression of Groucho, including dropping the trailing \"r\" of \"war\". Ben Hardaway voices Bugs for","title":"Porky's Hare Hunt"},{"id":"12799005","text":"ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \"I Love to Singa\" (1936, ranked 8th), \"King-Size Canary\" (1947, ranked 13th), \"Red Hot Riding Hood\" (1943, ranked 14th), \"Bad Luck Blackie\" (1949, ranked 15th), \"Ventriloquist Cat\" (1950, ranked 19th), \"Little Rural Riding Hood\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \"A Wild Hare\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)","title":"Northwest Hounded Police"},{"id":"970942","text":"the film and the Eddie Murphy vehicle \"Hong Kong Phooey\" was leaked on December 28, 2012. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains,","title":"Marvin the Martian"},{"id":"605493","text":"Hunt\"), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon \"Elmer's Candid Camera\"). Bugs initially starred in the color \"Merrie Melodies\" shorts following the success of 1940's \"A Wild Hare\" (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut), and formally joined the \"Looney Tunes\" series with the release of \"Buckaroo Bugs\" in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color \"Looney Tunes\" with the 1942 cartoon \"The Hep Cat\". The final black-and-white \"Looney Tunes\" short was \"Puss n' Booty\" in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in","title":"Looney Tunes"},{"id":"605473","text":"Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \"What's up, Doc?\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \"What's up, dogs?\" to the antagonists in \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\", \"What's up, Duke?\" to the knight in \"Knight-mare Hare,\" and \"What's","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"970929","text":"Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains, Marvin can be actually evil at most points, and not just daft; although, like the others,","title":"Marvin the Martian"},{"id":"12668684","text":"harass. This tormenting eventually drives Elmer insane, causing him to jump into a lake and nearly drown. The rabbit saves him, ensures that Elmer is all right now - and then kicks him straight back into the lake. This was followed by Tex Avery's final-design setting \"A Wild Hare\", but that was itself followed by one more cartoon to the same effect as \"...Camera\", that was inadvertently produced first before the former. \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (January 4, 1941), originally intended and meant to be the final experimental cartoon, bore a title card shoehorned in between the opening credits and the","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"4785761","text":"cartoon studio had been experimenting with cartoons focused on a hunter pursuing a rabbit since 1938, with varied approaches to the characters of both rabbit and hunter. Elmer approaches one of Bugs' holes, puts down a carrot, and hides behind a tree. Bugs' arm reaches out of the hole, feels around, and snatches the carrot. He reaches out again and finds Elmer's double-barreled shotgun. His arm quickly pops back into the hole before returning to drop the eaten stub of Elmer's carrot and apologetically caress the end of the barrel. Elmer shoves his gun into Bugs' hole, and thus causes","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"459170","text":"Daffy Duck (who debuted in 1937's \"Porky's Duck Hunt\"), Elmer Fudd (\"Elmer's Candid Camera\", 1940), Bugs Bunny (\"A Wild Hare\", 1940), and Tweety (\"A Tale of Two Kitties\", 1942) would achieve star power. By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Studios as the most successful producer of animated shorts. Warner Bros. bought Schlesinger's cartoon unit in 1944 and renamed it Warner Bros. Cartoons. However, senior management treated the unit with indifference, beginning with the installation of Edward Selzer as senior producer, whom the creative staff considered an interfering incompetent. Jack Warner had little regard for the company's short","title":"Warner Bros."},{"id":"605477","text":"in the 1940 short \"A Wild Hare\" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent \"per se\", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"605446","text":"of \"A Wild Hare\"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the prototype rabbit in \"Candid Camera\", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After \"Pet Rabbit\", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the \"Wild Hare\" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the \"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"17770869","text":"spent working mostly under Chuck Jones and Tex Avery. For the cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), Avery asked Givens to redesign a rabbit character previously designed by director Ben Hardaway and character designer Charles Thorson, which Avery thought had potential, but was \"too cute\" in his existing design. Givens, therefore, created the first official design for the rabbit, now named Bugs Bunny. Givens' design was subsequently refined by fellow animator Robert McKimson (under whom Givens would frequently work in the decades ahead) two years later. Givens' initial spell at the studio ended when he was drafted during World War II,","title":"Bob Givens"},{"id":"1789987","text":"to thee\". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming \"Farewell to Thee\" as Bugs walks out of sight, ending the cartoon. Among all of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, this is the only one to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short, in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' \"Paul Bunyan\" and Terrytoons' \"Sidney's Family Tree\". It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after \"A Wild Hare\" in 1940 and \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" in 1941. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon. In the \"Tiny","title":"Knighty Knight Bugs"},{"id":"5226551","text":"Elmer's Pet Rabbit Elmer's Pet Rabbit is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon. The short was released on January 4, 1941. Starring Elmer Fudd and, ostensibly, Bugs Bunny, it is the first cartoon in which the name Bugs Bunny is given (on a title card, edited onto the end of the opening title following the success of \"A Wild Hare\"), but the rabbit is also somewhat the same as the one seen and heard in \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" and other pre-Bugs shorts. It was directed by Chuck Jones (his first cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny) and written by Rich Hogan. Voices are","title":"Elmer's Pet Rabbit"},{"id":"605445","text":"had been in \"Hare-um Scare-um\" and as cool and collected as in \"Prest-O Change-O\". Immediately following on \"A Wild Hare\", Bob Clampett's \"Patient Porky\" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' \"Wild Hare\" visual design, but his goofier pre-\"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, \"featuring Bugs Bunny,\" at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"5288865","text":"Elmer's Candid Camera Elmer's Candid Camera is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 2, 1940, by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearance of a redesigned Elmer Fudd (voiced by Arthur Q. Bryan), and the fourth starring appearance of the anthropomorphic rabbit character that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc). Elmer is reading a book on how to photograph wildlife. He walks and whistles at the same time when holding the camera. He finds a rabbit and wants to take a picture of him. As he tries","title":"Elmer's Candid Camera"},{"id":"605444","text":"uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" \"A Wild Hare\" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12668686","text":"mouth, and his ears were changed slightly as well. It is worth noting, however, that \"Patient Porky\" (September 14, 1940) featured a cameo by this prototype Bugs Bunny. The cartoon was so successful that WB decided to keep him on as a recurring character, eventually becoming the studio's most popular cartoon character. The character's name, previously only used on model sheets, became the official all-purpose name as well, with one modification: the apostrophe was dropped from his first name (now pronounced \"bugs\" rather than \"bugs-es\"). A title card saying \"featuring Bugs Bunny\" was slapped onto \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" after initial","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12846659","text":"The Tortoise and the Hare (film) The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1935 American animated short film released on January 5, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Wilfred Jackson. Based on an Aesop's fable of the same name, it won the 1934 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. This cartoon is also believed to be one of the inspirations for Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in 1940. Max Hare is the heavy favorite to win a major sporting event---he's cocky, athletic and incredibly fast. His challenger, Toby Tortoise, is teased and jeered for","title":"The Tortoise and the Hare (film)"},{"id":"5288914","text":"Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned house. They soon","title":"Prest-O Change-O"},{"id":"8596361","text":"Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator. This cartoon is included on disc 3 of the \"\" DVD set and also included on disc 2 of the \"\" Blu-ray box set with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This short is also available on disc 1 of \"The Essential Bugs Bunny\". Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's","title":"Haredevil Hare"},{"id":"6793742","text":"Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity, originality, excitement, and story construction, particularly compared to Avery's","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"12668675","text":"and of the character. A model sheet by Charlie Thorson describes this prototype character as \"Bugs' Bunny\" (note the apostrophe) but in most of the cartoons the character is unnamed. Virgil Ross, the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" describes how the character came to be named in the interview published by \"Animato!\" magazine #19. Mel Blanc often told the story of the creation of the character and its name. He suggested that the character be named after the character's initial director, Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway. Blanc's own book, \"That's Not All Folks\" published by Warner Books in 1988, describes the \"tough","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"1618170","text":"Rabbit\" (although in the same cartoon, when he tries to gain Bugs Bunny's trust, he cleverly invents the alias \"Square-deal Sam\"), \"Riff Raff Sam\" in \"Sahara Hare\", \"Sam Schultz\" in \"Big House Bunny\", \"Seagoin' Sam\" in \"Buccaneer Bunny\", \"Shanghai Sam\" in \"Mutiny on the Bunny\", and \"Von Schamm the Hessian\" in \"Bunker Hill Bunny\" and many others. During the golden age of American animation, Yosemite Sam appeared in 33 shorts. Animator Friz Freleng introduced the redesigned or renamed character in the 1945 cartoon \"Hare Trigger\". With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice and short stature (in two early gags","title":"Yosemite Sam"},{"id":"5288917","text":"feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned","title":"Prest-O Change-O"},{"id":"4474437","text":"money. After Bugs realizes he may have been tricked the entire time, Cecil and his cousins appear behind him, each with a dollar in hand, and kiss him. DVD - \"\", Disc One Blu-ray/DVD - \"\", Disc Two Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes","title":"Tortoise Beats Hare"},{"id":"6793744","text":"animated characters scared when Casper appears at the funeral. Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity,","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"12798991","text":"Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict) on the run from Droopy, who is trailing the wolf in order to capture him. The title is a play on words on \"North West Mounted Police\", a 1940 film. Jeff Lenburg notes that one of the animators of the film was Preston Blair, who produced some of his best work while working under Tex Avery, including this","title":"Northwest Hounded Police"},{"id":"8305441","text":"Bushy Hare Bushy Hare is a Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Cartoon made in 1949, released in 1950, directed by Robert McKimson. Bugs winds up in the Australian Outback, where he is switched with a baby kangaroo and has to deal with an aborigine hunter. The title is a play on \"bushy hair\" along with aborigines stereotypically being from \"the bush\" country. The baby kangaroo is played by Hippety Hopper, in a cameo appearance. This is the only cartoon in which Hippety Hopper is not paired with Sylvester the Cat, and the only one in which the character speaks (with one","title":"Bushy Hare"},{"id":"8324232","text":"A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which was a shorter and slightly differed version of the character. The plot is a twist on the usual Elmer-chasing-Bugs cartoon, with the bunny's pursuer this time being a dopey Native American. The","title":"A Feather in His Hare"},{"id":"6793743","text":"seminal earlier work \"A Wild Hare\". Willoughby later appears in other Warner Brothers animated shorts, including \"The Heckling Hare\" (1941), \"The Crackpot Quail\" (1941), and \"Nutty News\" (1942), as the lead dog of a fox hunting party. A fundamentally similar character, Laramore, appears in \"To Duck or Not to Duck\" (1943), albeit with a fully brown coat of fur. Willoughby's brief career was essentially over before the end of World War II. Willoughby was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene \"Acme's Funeral\" from the 1988 film \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\". He also appears with other","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"4474435","text":"Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes on the screen while eating an obligatory carrot and absent-mindedly begins reading them, grossly mispronouncing all of them in the process (e.g. for \"Avery\" over the correct ) except for the word \"story,\" the first names of Dave","title":"Tortoise Beats Hare"},{"id":"4372496","text":"Porky's Hare Hunt Porky's Hare Hunt is a 1938 animated short movie directed by Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton, which stars Porky Pig as a hunter whose prey is an unnamed rabbit. The rabbit's hyperactive personality and laughing voice provided by Mel Blanc predated the 1940 Walter Lantz/Universal Pictures release \"Knock Knock\" which starred Andy Panda and introduced cartoon audiences to Woody Woodpecker which was created for the Lantz studio by Hardaway after his departure from the Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio. This cartoon marked the first appearance of the rabbit that would evolve into Bugs Bunny, who","title":"Porky's Hare Hunt"},{"id":"4785765","text":"stiff leg towards his rabbit hole (recalling \"The Spirit of '76\"). In a rare promotional broadcast, \"A Wild Hare\" was loosely adapted for the radio as a sketch performed by Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan on the April 11, 1941, edition of \"The Al Pearce Show\". The sketch was followed by a scripted interview with Leon Schlesinger. Although the script is available for public online viewing, , no recording of the broadcast is known to exist. \"A Wild Hare\", due to it setting the stage for Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, is available on many home video releases. A","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"6322735","text":"yet unnamed, embryonic rabbit was later named in an early model sheet as \"Bugs' Bunny\". A new drawing of a redesigned rabbit had been requested by the story department as described by Virgil Ross, the animator of \"A Wild Hare\" in an interview published in \"Animato\" magazine issue #19. Animator Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway inadvertently christened him when \"his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character\" was labeled \"Bugs's Bunny\" by a fellow employee, as described in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\". When Freleng returned to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman, while Tex Avery eventually created his own","title":"Ben Hardaway"},{"id":"12668683","text":"below. The hunter then finds the rabbit. He explains to the hunter how poor he is. He then shocks the hunter, who falls to the ground. The hunter then tells the now-hiding hare he can whip the rabbit and his whole family, then he's suddenly surrounded by a lot of rabbits that look like the first rabbit. Jones directed the next experimental cartoon, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (March 2, 1940, First Official Elmer Fudd). In this cartoon, Elmer has come to the country to photograph wildlife. As he tries to photograph a rabbit, the rabbit finds him a convenient victim to","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"6464135","text":"Hair-Raising Hare Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \"Rudolph\" and then \"Gossamer\". One dark night, as the camera pans across a dark, empty forest, Bugs is heard singing a stanza of \"Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart\" (introduced in \"Hollywood Canteen\"). When the camera zooms in on Bugs' rabbit hole, he pokes up, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells","title":"Hair-Raising Hare"},{"id":"8596355","text":"Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's nasal voice for this first film is different from the later one he is most known for, which was similar to one that Blanc used for the emcee in \"What's Cookin' Doc?\", for just one line, where the emcee says, \"Shall we give it to him, folks?\" The title","title":"Haredevil Hare"},{"id":"12389705","text":"Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball Bunny\",","title":"Playboy Penguin"},{"id":"605442","text":"hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a \"smart aleck\" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from \"The Tortoise and the Hare\" (1935), and the round, soft bunnies from \"Little Hiawatha\" (1937). In Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. \"Candid","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"8324235","text":"other Turner-owned networks (TBS and TNT) in the days before Cartoon Network became a channel, but has now fallen out of favor due to the American Indian character being deemed a stereotype. A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which","title":"A Feather in His Hare"},{"id":"12247087","text":"result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: \"Wabbit Twouble\"; \"The Wacky Wabbit\"; \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\"; \"Any Bonds Today?\"; and \"Fresh Hare\". He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being","title":"Elmer Fudd"},{"id":"3156697","text":"Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new love interest for their first known date. Donald tried to woo her and hug her, but at first Daisy acts shy and has her back turned to her visitor. But Donald soon notices her tail feathers taking the form of a hand and signaling for him to","title":"Mr. Duck Steps Out"},{"id":"5227008","text":"The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, \"All This and","title":"The Heckling Hare"},{"id":"12231610","text":"Fame\" offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation. The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949),","title":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"},{"id":"12247078","text":"identical to his counterpart in \"Camera\". In the interim, the two starred in \"A Wild Hare\". Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and \"What's Up, Doc?\" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure (designed by Robert Givens, which would be reused soon later in Jones' \"Good Night Elmer\", this time without a red nose) and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances,","title":"Elmer Fudd"},{"id":"12668676","text":"little stinker\" that was the eventual version of the redesigned character as directed by Tex Avery. Warner Brothers' own published descriptions of the creation of the character's name can be found in \"Animation Magazine\" published in 1990. Therein it is described that the Hardaway unit's model sheet came to be known by fellow animators as \"Bugs' Bunny\". Ben Hardaway and Cal Dalton began the experiment in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (released April 30, 1938). In the cartoon Porky Pig is hunting and fires at several rabbits. Soon, Porky and his dog meet the rabbit and try to outwit him in the","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12231609","text":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949), \"Bully for Bugs\" (1955) and \"Rabbit of Seville\" (1950). \"The Looney Tunes Hall of","title":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"},{"id":"813969","text":"Bunny cartoons: \"A Wild Hare\", \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", \"All This and Rabbit Stew\", and \"The Heckling Hare\". During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including travelogue parodies (\"The Isle of Pingo Pongo\"), fractured fairy-tales (\"The Bear's Tale\"), Hollywood caricature films (\"Hollywood Steps Out\"), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (\"The Crack-Pot Quail\"). Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to \"The Heckling Hare\". In Avery's original version, Bugs and the hunting dog were to fall off a cliff \"three times\", milking the gag to","title":"Tex Avery"},{"id":"6494498","text":"Bugs Bunny Rides Again Bugs Bunny Rides Again is a 1948 Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" short, released in 1948, directed by Friz Freleng, and written by Tedd Pierce and Michael Maltese. The short is both part of the Western and a parody of the genre's conventions. Voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It is the second cartoon to pair them, after their first encounter in 1945's \"Hare Trigger\". The title is a typical Western reference, as in \"The Lone Ranger rides again\", and also suggests a reference to the 1940 Jack","title":"Bugs Bunny Rides Again"},{"id":"4785763","text":"covers his eyes, and asks \"Guess who?\". Elmer tries the names of contemporary screen beauties whose names exploited his accent, before he guesses the rabbit. Bugs responds \"Hmm... Could be!\", kisses Elmer, and dives into a hole. Elmer sticks his head into the hole and gets another kiss from Bugs; whereafter he wipes his mouth and decides to set a trap. When Bugs puts a skunk in the trap, Fudd blindly grabs the skunk and carries it over to the watching Bugs to brag; and when Elmer sees his mistake, Bugs gives him a kiss on the nose, whereupon Fudd","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"12389707","text":"employee. Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball","title":"Playboy Penguin"},{"id":"8869566","text":"initially with Cal Howard, and then Ben Hardaway. Dalton later admitted feeling aggrieved about the fact that while he was meant to be nominally in charge of Freleng's former unit, he tended to be overshadowed by the presence of the more experienced Hardaway. Cal Dalton's major contribution to the legacy of Warner Bros. animation was having co-directed \"Hare-um Scare-um\" in 1939 with Hardaway. The short featured a gray and white rabbit that served as the prototype for Bugs Bunny. Dalton directed or co-directed a total of 17 Warner Bros. cartoons from 1938 through 1940. He spent the rest of his","title":"Cal Dalton"},{"id":"2274996","text":"of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive. Animator Chuck Jones introduced the character in the 1946 cartoon \"Hair-Raising Hare\". In it, Bugs Bunny is lured to the lair of a mad scientist (a caricature of actor Peter Lorre) Gossamer (Looney Tunes) Gossamer is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of cartoons. The character is a hairy, orange monster. His rectangular body is perched","title":"Gossamer (Looney Tunes)"},{"id":"3437162","text":"Cecil Turtle Cecil Turtle is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of films. Though he made only three theatrical appearances, Cecil has the unusual distinction in that he is one of the very few characters who was able to beat Bugs Bunny, and the only one to do so three times in a row and at the rabbit's own game. Animator Tex Avery introduced Cecil in the short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", released on March 15, 1941. Even from the cartoon's opening titles, Avery lets on that Bugs Bunny is about to meet","title":"Cecil Turtle"},{"id":"10493158","text":"would not occur again until (Blooper) Bunny in 1991. The cartoon's final scene is a nod to the ending of 1939's \"A Day at the Zoo\", which featured Elmer's prototype Egghead being swallowed up by a lion. Elmer Fudd is hunting for Bugs Bunny using his \"Wabbit Detector\". As he is searching, Bugs misleads Elmer, who walks off a cliff. Later Elmer gives chase to Bugs and Bugs hitches a ride in a car not noticing Elmer is the driver. When Bugs realizes that, Elmer stops the car at a movie theater. Bugs pays his admission to get in the","title":"Hare Do"},{"id":"4655614","text":"to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, \"A Wild Hare\" by Avery), and Tweety (1942, \"A Tale of Two Kitties\" by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the \"Looney Tune Lockout\"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all","title":"Warner Bros. Cartoons"},{"id":"9038104","text":"can tell the difference between both cuts by the tinting of the color). Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in","title":"Hare Ribbin'"},{"id":"8305442","text":"line at the end); like Bugs, Hippety is voiced by Mel Blanc. Bugs pops out in Golden Gate Park and encounters a man, who asks Bugs to hold his balloons while he ties his shoelaces. Bugs complies, but soon finds himself drifting off into the ocean. Eventually he clashes in midair with a stork delivering a kangaroo joey, leading to Bugs getting switched with the joey, brought to Australia, and dropped into a kangaroo's arms. Bugs refuses to be the kangaroo's baby, but feels guilty after the kangaroo starts crying and agrees to be its 'baby'. After a wild ride","title":"Bushy Hare"},{"id":"10201470","text":"Rabbit Transit (film) Rabbit Transit is an 8-minute \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng, released in 1947, and starring Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle. The title is a play on \"Rapid Transit\". Cecil and Bugs had previously raced each other in 1941's \"Tortoise Beats Hare\" and 1943's \"Tortoise Wins By a Hare\". This cartoon was their final encounter. Unlike \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\", this cartoon presumes that Bugs and Cecil have never met before now. While relaxing in a steam bath, Bugs reads about the original fable and, as he did reading the credits of \"Tortoise Beats Hare\",","title":"Rabbit Transit (film)"},{"id":"1268453","text":"would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was \"Puss Gets the Boot\" (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters \"Tom and Jerry\". \"Puss Gets the Boot\" did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best","title":"Golden age of American animation"},{"id":"12368162","text":"to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is","title":"Snoopy"},{"id":"3218290","text":"that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. \"Knock Knock\" was Marsales' final score for Lantz. As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, \"Knock Knock\" is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for Happy Rabbit, a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon \"Hare-um Scare-um\". This cartoon is also notable for featuring a very crude","title":"Knock Knock (1940 film)"},{"id":"3156699","text":"kisses. The short stands out among other Donald shorts of the period for its use of modern music and surreal situations throughout. After this short, the idea of a permanent love interest for Donald was well established. However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself. Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new","title":"Mr. Duck Steps Out"},{"id":"12368144","text":"Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an","title":"Snoopy"},{"id":"9038094","text":"Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in the open title sequence. The short opens with a dog with a Russian","title":"Hare Ribbin'"},{"id":"10584195","text":"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare Hurdy-Gurdy Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short, copyrighted in 1948 and released in 1950 and re-issued in 1961 as a Blue Ribbon, which is directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. Bugs has to deal with Grusome Gorilla while trying to make some money playing a street organ. While Bugs is sitting in Central Park, he looks through the wanted ads, finally focusing on a job as a Hurdy-Gurdy (actually, a street organ), thinking at first of 'the masters - Beethoven, Brahms, Bach' (pronounced by Bugs as 'Beat-hoven,' 'Brammz,' and 'Batch'), but soon thinking of","title":"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare"},{"id":"605486","text":"Looney Tunes Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series \"Merrie Melodies\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters. \"Looney Tunes\" name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series \"Silly Symphonies\". They initially showcased musical compositions whose rights were held by Warner's music publishing interests","title":"Looney Tunes"},{"id":"10201429","text":"go, George? Which way did he go?\" long ago became a catchphrase, as did \"Thanks a lot, George, thanks a lot!\" Of Fox and Hounds Of Fox and Hounds is a 9-minute 1940 Tex Avery film which introduced Willoughby the Dog. Tex Avery did the voice of Willoughby, and Mel Blanc did George the Fox. The film focuses on a sly fox, George, and a lovable but dimwitted hound, Willoughby, who repeatedly asks George where the fox went, never suspecting that his \"friend\" George is the fox. Invariably, George the Fox tells Willoughby that the fox is on the other","title":"Of Fox and Hounds"},{"id":"9051459","text":"Hyde and Hare Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Bugs comes out of his rabbit hole in a city park every morning because a kind gentleman keeps coming to feed him a carrot (\"Well, here I go again with the 'timid little rabbit' routine. It's shameful, but - eh, it's a living!\"). At first feigning the on-all-fours posture of a real rabbit, Bugs eventually stands","title":"Hyde and Hare"},{"id":"813967","text":"of storylines among the directors was commonplace, \"A Wild Hare\" was a double throwback. Avery had directed the '37 short, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" featuring Porky Pig which introduced \"Daffy Duck.\" Hardaway remade this as \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" introducing the rabbit. So Avery went back to the \"hunter and prey\" framework, and incorporating Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\", gag for gag, and altering the design of Elmer Fudd. Polishing the timing, and expanding the Groucho Marx smart-aleck attitude already present in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", making Bugs a kind of Brooklyn-esque super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who","title":"Tex Avery"},{"id":"2306820","text":"Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\". The character was first introduced in \"Detective Comics\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \"Robin, The Boy Wonder\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \"winged\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.","title":"Dick Grayson"},{"id":"4047035","text":"for So Little\" (1949) which won that same year for \"Best Documentary Short Subject.\" Maltese was also the voice of the Lou Costello-esque character in \"Wackiki Wabbit\" (1943). Some of his earlier works include \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\" and \"Fresh Hare\", \"Hare Trigger\" (which introduced Yosemite Sam), \"Baseball Bugs\" for Freleng; \"Bear Feat\", \"Rabbit of Seville\", and \"Rabbit Fire\" for Jones. Some of his best-known cartoons are \"Feed the Kitty\", \"Beep, Beep\", \"Rabbit Seasoning\", \"Don't Give Up the Sheep\", \"Duck Amuck\", \"Bully for Bugs\", \"Bewitched Bunny\", \"From A to Z-Z-Z-Z\", and \"Beanstalk Bunny\". These were all directed by","title":"Michael Maltese"},{"id":"4285329","text":"and dancing a hopak. As Bugs and Elmer dive off a cliff, Bugs drinks some \"Hare Tonic (Stops Falling Hare)\" and screeches to a halt in mid-air, while the dream Elmer continues to careen toward earth, finally crash-landing into the real Elmer's snoozing body as he wakes up with a start, exclaiming \"Ooh, what a howwible nightmare!\". Elmer dashes back to the cartoon's original background, pieces his Warner contract back together, and agrees to finish what he started. The chase through the log begins anew. Bugs faces the audience in a closeup, closing with the catchphrase from the \"Beulah\" character","title":"The Big Snooze"},{"id":"3437166","text":"it is Avery's parody of the 1935 Disney \"Silly Symphony\", \"The Tortoise and the Hare\". Avery left Warner Bros. before he could produce any new cartoons featuring Cecil. However, he introduced a similar character in 1943 named Droopy Dog. Droopy would even take some of his tricks from his slow-and-steady predecessor, such as using his relatives to help him outsmart a wolf. Bob Clampett took Avery's scenario and altered it for his film \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\" released on February 20, 1943. The title is an appropriate pun on \"hair\". Bugs again challenges Cecil to a race after viewing","title":"Cecil Turtle"},{"id":"4212831","text":"Fresh Hare Fresh Hare is a Warner Bros. theatrical Merrie Melodies cartoon. It was directed by Isadore \"Friz\" Freleng, written by Michael Maltese, and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It was released to theatres on August 22, 1942, and is a play on the term \"fresh air\". In this short, the rotund early-1940s version of Elmer Fudd is portrayed as a Mountie, in pursuit of Bugs Bunny, who is wanted dead or alive (though preferably dead). After following rabbit tracks to a burrow, Elmer tries to lure Bugs out; he initially succeeds in getting Bugs handcuffed, but somehow Bugs worms his","title":"Fresh Hare"},{"id":"9404433","text":"the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with \"Of Mice and Men\" parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, \"à la\" Lennie, \"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\", such as the episodes \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" or \"Falling Hare\". The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\" (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \"I will name him George,","title":"Of Mice and Men in popular culture"},{"id":"13094376","text":"to pack his hole with explosives. However, Bugs diverts the dynamite under the house foundation. Sam then lights the fuse, but realizes too late that his house is about to be blown up. In the end, the cabin flies away, much like how the cabin did in the tornado in the 1939 film adaptation of \"The Wizard of Oz\". A dazed Sam, upon realizing his fate, remarks: \"I've got a cabin in the sky!\" (a reference to the 1943 MGM film \"Cabin in the Sky\"), as his house floats upward. The Fair-Haired Hare The Fair-Haired Hare is a Looney Tunes","title":"The Fair-Haired Hare"},{"id":"8797581","text":"Willie Howard transforms himself \"to a woman, to a variety of famous performers..., to a western sheriff, to an Indian chief.\" One example is the film \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1942) where a mixed company of actors uses their skills in adopting roles to survive in Occupied Poland. A Hare Grows in Manhattan A Hare Grows In Manhattan is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, released on March 22, 1947 and directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Bugs Bunny and a pack of dogs (the leader being a bulldog who resembles Hector). Unlike many cases","title":"A Hare Grows in Manhattan"},{"id":"5227014","text":"article for \"The Hollywood Reporter\". During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in \"Daffy Duck and Egghead\" (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on \"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\", Daffy Duck tells the audience, \"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\" Daffy also says \"Here we go again!\" at the end of \"Along Came Daffy\" (1947). The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed","title":"The Heckling Hare"},{"id":"10011706","text":"Bugs has played Groucho Marx to avoid Elmer. The first time was Friz Freleng's cartoon \"Slick Hare\" (1947), but Elmer comes much closer to catching Bugs in that Groucho scene than in the one in \"Wideo Wabbit\", by means of disguise as Groucho's brother Harpo. When Bugs is masquerading as Liberace and playing the piano, the part where he gets his fingers tied in a knot was lifted from another Freleng cartoon \"Rhapsody Rabbit\" (1946). When Elmer is tracking Bugs' footprints while giving tips, music is reused from \"A Wild Hare\" where Bugs taps on Elmer's head and introduces his","title":"Wideo Wabbit"},{"id":"15818880","text":"footage of Disney performing as Mickey Mouse, it was seen on the behind the scenes of the 1997 VHS and 2000 DVD of Fun and Fancy Free on a feature called The Making of Fun and Fancy Free, and it was included on the 2004 DVD release \"\" as an easter egg. Edited portions of the footage were also seen in earlier releases. In September 1940, a one-page adaptation of \"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\" appeared in \"Good Housekeeping\" magazine. In this version Pete discovers Pluto by seeing his tail sticking out of the suitcase. Instead of being kicked off","title":"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip"},{"id":"8169378","text":"cannonball bounces off of the face of the dam and back into the muzzle of the cannon) and he is launched into a police paddy wagon instead and hauled away for attempting to destroy the Cooler Dam. \"He's not foolin' me--he'll be back...\" says Bugs as he watches his nemesis being taken away. \"Like, uh, in about 20 years?\" Wet Hare Wet Hare is a 1962 animated short film in the \"Looney Tunes\" series produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. In this cartoon, Bugs Bunny finds himself at odds with Blacque Jacque Shellacque, a ruthless lumberjack with a French Canadian","title":"Wet Hare"},{"id":"3521259","text":"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century Duck Dodgers in the 24½ Century (spoken as \"twenty-fourth-and-a-half\") is a 1952 Merrie Melodies color cartoon from Warner Bros., first released on July 25, 1953, that stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny. He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's \"The Hasty Hare\".","title":"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century"},{"id":"962912","text":"and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix. In 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy","title":"Sidekick"},{"id":"11281364","text":"Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel \"Gulliver's Travels\". A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present. After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to","title":"Mars"},{"id":"4785762","text":"a struggle in which the barrel is bent into a bow. Elmer frantically digs into the hole while Bugs emerges from a nearby hole with another carrot in his hand, lifts Fudd's hat, and raps the top of his head until Elmer notices; then chews his carrot and delivers his definitive line, \"What's up, Doc?\". When Elmer replies that \"[he's] hunting 'wabbits'\", Bugs chews his carrot and asks what a wabbit is; then teases Elmer by with every aspect of Fudd's description until Elmer suspects that Bugs is a rabbit. Bugs confirms this, hides behind a tree, sneaks behind Elmer,","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"14831679","text":"Cats, once as a short instrumental and once as a lengthy vocal version in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number featuring a turban-wearing band and the heavily-mustached Colonna as a veiled \"girl friend.\" On October 28, 1938, the Midwestern jazz novelty group, The Hoosier Hot Shots, released a curtailed version of song as a single. In 1940 the song was used in the Warner Brothers Porky Pig cartoon \"Ali-Baba Bound\"; two years later, it was used as the opening theme of the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Case of the Missing Hare\" over the credits and up to the first view of","title":"Girl Friend of the Whirling Dervish"},{"id":"7040482","text":"Gorilla My Dreams Gorilla My Dreams is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated short, released in 1948, starring Bugs Bunny. The short was directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. The story is a parody of the many 'jungle' movies that were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Tarzan movies. The title is a play on the expression \"Girl o' My Dreams\". This is the ninth Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the title does not refer to \"hare\", \"rabbit\", or \"bunny\". The short featured Gruesome Gorilla, who reappeared in \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\" and as a","title":"Gorilla My Dreams"},{"id":"3296712","text":"waiting for the crook wherever he turns up. Avery had used a similar gag in his 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", which in turn was an expansion/exaggeration of the premise of his \"The Blow Out\" (1936). In fact, this cartoon shows that early ideas about Droopy's personality were already germinating, as that film's Cecil Turtle has similarities to Droopy. Droopy's meek, deadpan voice and personality were modeled after the character Wallace Wimple on the radio comedy \"Fibber McGee and Molly\"; actor Bill Thompson, who played Wimple, was the original voice of Droopy. During his time in the US","title":"Droopy"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"12668685\",\n \"text\": \"start of the story reading, \\\"Starring Bugs Bunny\\\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \\\"...Camera\\\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605443\",\n \"text\": \"Camera\\\"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established. While \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785760\",\n \"text\": \"A Wild Hare A Wild Hare, reissued as The Wild Hare, is a 1940 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon supervised by Tex Avery (credited as Fred Avery on the original issue). The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance. The title is a play on \\\"wild hair\\\", the first of many puns between \\\"hare\\\" and \\\"hair\\\" that would appear in Bugs Bunny titles. The pun is carried further by a bar of \\\"I'm Just Wild About Harry\\\" playing in the underscore of the opening credits. Various directors at the Warner Bros.\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268441\",\n \"text\": \"and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over \\\"Termite Terrace\\\", while Tex Avery took over the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" department. The 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger\",\n \"title\": \"Golden age of American animation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11184516\",\n \"text\": \"and many others, including the Rudy Larriva-directed Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote shorts. When handling long-eared characters such as Bugs or Wile E., Ross occasionally tilted or waved an ear in otherwise-static scenes. As the animator for \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), generally regarded as the first appearance of Bugs Bunny, Ross had a first person view of the creation of the character. In the interview of Ross, published in Animato magazine #19, Virgil recalls (on page 17) how the character of Bugs Bunny came to be. He says in the interview, \\\"We received orders from the story department that\",\n \"title\": \"Virgil Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668688\",\n \"text\": \"slightly modified again for the 2011 series \\\"The Looney Tunes Show\\\" and yet again for the 2015 series \\\"Wabbit\\\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit\\\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668674\",\n \"text\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit\\\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\". Several published first person accounts, encyclopedic references, and Warner Bros.' own published material describe the inception of the name\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549993\",\n \"text\": \"artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \\\"Eh, what's up, doc?\\\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \\\"Pinocchio\\\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Blanc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605433\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5423437\",\n \"text\": \"a planet where shooting stars are made. The short won the 1940 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\", with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of \\\"Go West\\\" (1940). Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens, sail up into the Milky Way in a hot air balloon. Once in\",\n \"title\": \"The Milky Way (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4372497\",\n \"text\": \"is barely recognizable compared to his more familiar later form. Bugs' first official appearance would come two years later in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Additionally, this marks the only time the prototype was seen chewing on a carrot. This cartoon also introduces the rabbit repeating a well-known Groucho Marx line for the first time that would become part of Bugs Bunny's lexicon. The exact wording, in this first appearance, is \\\"'Course you know that this means war!\\\" The proto-Bugs' rendering in this cartoon is a direct impression of Groucho, including dropping the trailing \\\"r\\\" of \\\"war\\\". Ben Hardaway voices Bugs for\",\n \"title\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12799005\",\n \"text\": \"ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \\\"I Love to Singa\\\" (1936, ranked 8th), \\\"King-Size Canary\\\" (1947, ranked 13th), \\\"Red Hot Riding Hood\\\" (1943, ranked 14th), \\\"Bad Luck Blackie\\\" (1949, ranked 15th), \\\"Ventriloquist Cat\\\" (1950, ranked 19th), \\\"Little Rural Riding Hood\\\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \\\"Dumb-Hounded\\\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Hounded Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970942\",\n \"text\": \"the film and the Eddie Murphy vehicle \\\"Hong Kong Phooey\\\" was leaked on December 28, 2012. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains,\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin the Martian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605493\",\n \"text\": \"Hunt\\\"), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\"). Bugs initially starred in the color \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" shorts following the success of 1940's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut), and formally joined the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series with the release of \\\"Buckaroo Bugs\\\" in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" with the 1942 cartoon \\\"The Hep Cat\\\". The final black-and-white \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" short was \\\"Puss n' Booty\\\" in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in\",\n \"title\": \"Looney Tunes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605473\",\n \"text\": \"Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \\\"What's up, dogs?\\\" to the antagonists in \\\"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\\\", \\\"What's up, Duke?\\\" to the knight in \\\"Knight-mare Hare,\\\" and \\\"What's\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970929\",\n \"text\": \"Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains, Marvin can be actually evil at most points, and not just daft; although, like the others,\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin the Martian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668684\",\n \"text\": \"harass. This tormenting eventually drives Elmer insane, causing him to jump into a lake and nearly drown. The rabbit saves him, ensures that Elmer is all right now - and then kicks him straight back into the lake. This was followed by Tex Avery's final-design setting \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", but that was itself followed by one more cartoon to the same effect as \\\"...Camera\\\", that was inadvertently produced first before the former. \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" (January 4, 1941), originally intended and meant to be the final experimental cartoon, bore a title card shoehorned in between the opening credits and the\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785761\",\n \"text\": \"cartoon studio had been experimenting with cartoons focused on a hunter pursuing a rabbit since 1938, with varied approaches to the characters of both rabbit and hunter. Elmer approaches one of Bugs' holes, puts down a carrot, and hides behind a tree. Bugs' arm reaches out of the hole, feels around, and snatches the carrot. He reaches out again and finds Elmer's double-barreled shotgun. His arm quickly pops back into the hole before returning to drop the eaten stub of Elmer's carrot and apologetically caress the end of the barrel. Elmer shoves his gun into Bugs' hole, and thus causes\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459170\",\n \"text\": \"Daffy Duck (who debuted in 1937's \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\"), Elmer Fudd (\\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\", 1940), Bugs Bunny (\\\"A Wild Hare\\\", 1940), and Tweety (\\\"A Tale of Two Kitties\\\", 1942) would achieve star power. By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Studios as the most successful producer of animated shorts. Warner Bros. bought Schlesinger's cartoon unit in 1944 and renamed it Warner Bros. Cartoons. However, senior management treated the unit with indifference, beginning with the installation of Edward Selzer as senior producer, whom the creative staff considered an interfering incompetent. Jack Warner had little regard for the company's short\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605477\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1940 short \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent \\\"per se\\\", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605446\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the prototype rabbit in \\\"Candid Camera\\\", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After \\\"Pet Rabbit\\\", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the \\\"Wild Hare\\\" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the \\\"Wild Hare\\\" voice characterization. \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17770869\",\n \"text\": \"spent working mostly under Chuck Jones and Tex Avery. For the cartoon \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), Avery asked Givens to redesign a rabbit character previously designed by director Ben Hardaway and character designer Charles Thorson, which Avery thought had potential, but was \\\"too cute\\\" in his existing design. Givens, therefore, created the first official design for the rabbit, now named Bugs Bunny. Givens' design was subsequently refined by fellow animator Robert McKimson (under whom Givens would frequently work in the decades ahead) two years later. Givens' initial spell at the studio ended when he was drafted during World War II,\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Givens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1789987\",\n \"text\": \"to thee\\\". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming \\\"Farewell to Thee\\\" as Bugs walks out of sight, ending the cartoon. Among all of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, this is the only one to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short, in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' \\\"Paul Bunyan\\\" and Terrytoons' \\\"Sidney's Family Tree\\\". It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" in 1940 and \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" in 1941. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon. In the \\\"Tiny\",\n \"title\": \"Knighty Knight Bugs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5226551\",\n \"text\": \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit Elmer's Pet Rabbit is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon. The short was released on January 4, 1941. Starring Elmer Fudd and, ostensibly, Bugs Bunny, it is the first cartoon in which the name Bugs Bunny is given (on a title card, edited onto the end of the opening title following the success of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\"), but the rabbit is also somewhat the same as the one seen and heard in \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" and other pre-Bugs shorts. It was directed by Chuck Jones (his first cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny) and written by Rich Hogan. Voices are\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605445\",\n \"text\": \"had been in \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\" and as cool and collected as in \\\"Prest-O Change-O\\\". Immediately following on \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", Bob Clampett's \\\"Patient Porky\\\" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' \\\"Wild Hare\\\" visual design, but his goofier pre-\\\"Wild Hare\\\" voice characterization. The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, \\\"featuring Bugs Bunny,\\\" at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288865\",\n \"text\": \"Elmer's Candid Camera Elmer's Candid Camera is a 1940 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 2, 1940, by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearance of a redesigned Elmer Fudd (voiced by Arthur Q. Bryan), and the fourth starring appearance of the anthropomorphic rabbit character that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc). Elmer is reading a book on how to photograph wildlife. He walks and whistles at the same time when holding the camera. He finds a rabbit and wants to take a picture of him. As he tries\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer's Candid Camera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605444\",\n \"text\": \"uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\" \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668686\",\n \"text\": \"mouth, and his ears were changed slightly as well. It is worth noting, however, that \\\"Patient Porky\\\" (September 14, 1940) featured a cameo by this prototype Bugs Bunny. The cartoon was so successful that WB decided to keep him on as a recurring character, eventually becoming the studio's most popular cartoon character. The character's name, previously only used on model sheets, became the official all-purpose name as well, with one modification: the apostrophe was dropped from his first name (now pronounced \\\"bugs\\\" rather than \\\"bugs-es\\\"). A title card saying \\\"featuring Bugs Bunny\\\" was slapped onto \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" after initial\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12846659\",\n \"text\": \"The Tortoise and the Hare (film) The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1935 American animated short film released on January 5, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Wilfred Jackson. Based on an Aesop's fable of the same name, it won the 1934 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. This cartoon is also believed to be one of the inspirations for Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in 1940. Max Hare is the heavy favorite to win a major sporting event---he's cocky, athletic and incredibly fast. His challenger, Toby Tortoise, is teased and jeered for\",\n \"title\": \"The Tortoise and the Hare (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288914\",\n \"text\": \"Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned house. They soon\",\n \"title\": \"Prest-O Change-O\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8596361\",\n \"text\": \"Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator. This cartoon is included on disc 3 of the \\\"\\\" DVD set and also included on disc 2 of the \\\"\\\" Blu-ray box set with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This short is also available on disc 1 of \\\"The Essential Bugs Bunny\\\". Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's\",\n \"title\": \"Haredevil Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793742\",\n \"text\": \"Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (of which the title of \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity, originality, excitement, and story construction, particularly compared to Avery's\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668675\",\n \"text\": \"and of the character. A model sheet by Charlie Thorson describes this prototype character as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\" (note the apostrophe) but in most of the cartoons the character is unnamed. Virgil Ross, the animator for \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" describes how the character came to be named in the interview published by \\\"Animato!\\\" magazine #19. Mel Blanc often told the story of the creation of the character and its name. He suggested that the character be named after the character's initial director, Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway. Blanc's own book, \\\"That's Not All Folks\\\" published by Warner Books in 1988, describes the \\\"tough\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1618170\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit\\\" (although in the same cartoon, when he tries to gain Bugs Bunny's trust, he cleverly invents the alias \\\"Square-deal Sam\\\"), \\\"Riff Raff Sam\\\" in \\\"Sahara Hare\\\", \\\"Sam Schultz\\\" in \\\"Big House Bunny\\\", \\\"Seagoin' Sam\\\" in \\\"Buccaneer Bunny\\\", \\\"Shanghai Sam\\\" in \\\"Mutiny on the Bunny\\\", and \\\"Von Schamm the Hessian\\\" in \\\"Bunker Hill Bunny\\\" and many others. During the golden age of American animation, Yosemite Sam appeared in 33 shorts. Animator Friz Freleng introduced the redesigned or renamed character in the 1945 cartoon \\\"Hare Trigger\\\". With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice and short stature (in two early gags\",\n \"title\": \"Yosemite Sam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288917\",\n \"text\": \"feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned\",\n \"title\": \"Prest-O Change-O\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474437\",\n \"text\": \"money. After Bugs realizes he may have been tricked the entire time, Cecil and his cousins appear behind him, each with a dollar in hand, and kiss him. DVD - \\\"\\\", Disc One Blu-ray/DVD - \\\"\\\", Disc Two Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \\\"Fred Avery\\\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare,\\\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes\",\n \"title\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793744\",\n \"text\": \"animated characters scared when Casper appears at the funeral. Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (of which the title of \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity,\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798991\",\n \"text\": \"Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \\\"Dumb-Hounded\\\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict) on the run from Droopy, who is trailing the wolf in order to capture him. The title is a play on words on \\\"North West Mounted Police\\\", a 1940 film. Jeff Lenburg notes that one of the animators of the film was Preston Blair, who produced some of his best work while working under Tex Avery, including this\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Hounded Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305441\",\n \"text\": \"Bushy Hare Bushy Hare is a Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Cartoon made in 1949, released in 1950, directed by Robert McKimson. Bugs winds up in the Australian Outback, where he is switched with a baby kangaroo and has to deal with an aborigine hunter. The title is a play on \\\"bushy hair\\\" along with aborigines stereotypically being from \\\"the bush\\\" country. The baby kangaroo is played by Hippety Hopper, in a cameo appearance. This is the only cartoon in which Hippety Hopper is not paired with Sylvester the Cat, and the only one in which the character speaks (with one\",\n \"title\": \"Bushy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8324232\",\n \"text\": \"A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \\\"hair\\\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \\\"Super-Rabbit\\\" to \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\", which was a shorter and slightly differed version of the character. The plot is a twist on the usual Elmer-chasing-Bugs cartoon, with the bunny's pursuer this time being a dopey Native American. The\",\n \"title\": \"A Feather in His Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793743\",\n \"text\": \"seminal earlier work \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Willoughby later appears in other Warner Brothers animated shorts, including \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\" (1941), \\\"The Crackpot Quail\\\" (1941), and \\\"Nutty News\\\" (1942), as the lead dog of a fox hunting party. A fundamentally similar character, Laramore, appears in \\\"To Duck or Not to Duck\\\" (1943), albeit with a fully brown coat of fur. Willoughby's brief career was essentially over before the end of World War II. Willoughby was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene \\\"Acme's Funeral\\\" from the 1988 film \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\". He also appears with other\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474435\",\n \"text\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \\\"Fred Avery\\\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare,\\\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes on the screen while eating an obligatory carrot and absent-mindedly begins reading them, grossly mispronouncing all of them in the process (e.g. for \\\"Avery\\\" over the correct ) except for the word \\\"story,\\\" the first names of Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4372496\",\n \"text\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt Porky's Hare Hunt is a 1938 animated short movie directed by Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton, which stars Porky Pig as a hunter whose prey is an unnamed rabbit. The rabbit's hyperactive personality and laughing voice provided by Mel Blanc predated the 1940 Walter Lantz/Universal Pictures release \\\"Knock Knock\\\" which starred Andy Panda and introduced cartoon audiences to Woody Woodpecker which was created for the Lantz studio by Hardaway after his departure from the Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio. This cartoon marked the first appearance of the rabbit that would evolve into Bugs Bunny, who\",\n \"title\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785765\",\n \"text\": \"stiff leg towards his rabbit hole (recalling \\\"The Spirit of '76\\\"). In a rare promotional broadcast, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was loosely adapted for the radio as a sketch performed by Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan on the April 11, 1941, edition of \\\"The Al Pearce Show\\\". The sketch was followed by a scripted interview with Leon Schlesinger. Although the script is available for public online viewing, , no recording of the broadcast is known to exist. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", due to it setting the stage for Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, is available on many home video releases. A\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6322735\",\n \"text\": \"yet unnamed, embryonic rabbit was later named in an early model sheet as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\". A new drawing of a redesigned rabbit had been requested by the story department as described by Virgil Ross, the animator of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" in an interview published in \\\"Animato\\\" magazine issue #19. Animator Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway inadvertently christened him when \\\"his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character\\\" was labeled \\\"Bugs's Bunny\\\" by a fellow employee, as described in the \\\"Encyclopædia Britannica\\\". When Freleng returned to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman, while Tex Avery eventually created his own\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Hardaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668683\",\n \"text\": \"below. The hunter then finds the rabbit. He explains to the hunter how poor he is. He then shocks the hunter, who falls to the ground. The hunter then tells the now-hiding hare he can whip the rabbit and his whole family, then he's suddenly surrounded by a lot of rabbits that look like the first rabbit. Jones directed the next experimental cartoon, \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" (March 2, 1940, First Official Elmer Fudd). In this cartoon, Elmer has come to the country to photograph wildlife. As he tries to photograph a rabbit, the rabbit finds him a convenient victim to\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6464135\",\n \"text\": \"Hair-Raising Hare Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \\\"Rudolph\\\" and then \\\"Gossamer\\\". One dark night, as the camera pans across a dark, empty forest, Bugs is heard singing a stanza of \\\"Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart\\\" (introduced in \\\"Hollywood Canteen\\\"). When the camera zooms in on Bugs' rabbit hole, he pokes up, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells\",\n \"title\": \"Hair-Raising Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8596355\",\n \"text\": \"Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's nasal voice for this first film is different from the later one he is most known for, which was similar to one that Blanc used for the emcee in \\\"What's Cookin' Doc?\\\", for just one line, where the emcee says, \\\"Shall we give it to him, folks?\\\" The title\",\n \"title\": \"Haredevil Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12389705\",\n \"text\": \"Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \\\"Frigid Hare\\\" and he re-appeared in \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \\\"Frigid Hare\\\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Playboy Penguin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605442\",\n \"text\": \"hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a \\\"smart aleck\\\" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare\\\" (1935), and the round, soft bunnies from \\\"Little Hiawatha\\\" (1937). In Jones' \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. \\\"Candid\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8324235\",\n \"text\": \"other Turner-owned networks (TBS and TNT) in the days before Cartoon Network became a channel, but has now fallen out of favor due to the American Indian character being deemed a stereotype. A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \\\"hair\\\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \\\"Super-Rabbit\\\" to \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"A Feather in His Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247087\",\n \"text\": \"result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: \\\"Wabbit Twouble\\\"; \\\"The Wacky Wabbit\\\"; \\\"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\\\"; \\\"Any Bonds Today?\\\"; and \\\"Fresh Hare\\\". He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer Fudd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3156697\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new love interest for their first known date. Donald tried to woo her and hug her, but at first Daisy acts shy and has her back turned to her visitor. But Donald soon notices her tail feathers taking the form of a hand and signaling for him to\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227008\",\n \"text\": \"The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, \\\"All This and\",\n \"title\": \"The Heckling Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12231610\",\n \"text\": \"Fame\\\" offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation. The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), \\\"Birdy and the Beast\\\" (1944), \\\"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\\\" (1948), \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\" (1952), \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\" (1952), \\\"One Froggy Evening\\\" (1955), \\\"Duck Amuck\\\" (1953), \\\"Another Froggy Evening\\\" (1995), \\\"Fast and Furry-ous\\\" (1949), \\\"Ali Baba Bunny\\\" (1957), \\\"Knighty Knight Bugs\\\" (1958), \\\"High Diving Hare\\\" (1949),\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247078\",\n \"text\": \"identical to his counterpart in \\\"Camera\\\". In the interim, the two starred in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and \\\"What's Up, Doc?\\\" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure (designed by Robert Givens, which would be reused soon later in Jones' \\\"Good Night Elmer\\\", this time without a red nose) and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances,\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer Fudd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668676\",\n \"text\": \"little stinker\\\" that was the eventual version of the redesigned character as directed by Tex Avery. Warner Brothers' own published descriptions of the creation of the character's name can be found in \\\"Animation Magazine\\\" published in 1990. Therein it is described that the Hardaway unit's model sheet came to be known by fellow animators as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\". Ben Hardaway and Cal Dalton began the experiment in \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (released April 30, 1938). In the cartoon Porky Pig is hunting and fires at several rabbits. Soon, Porky and his dog meet the rabbit and try to outwit him in the\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12231609\",\n \"text\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), \\\"Birdy and the Beast\\\" (1944), \\\"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\\\" (1948), \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\" (1952), \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\" (1952), \\\"One Froggy Evening\\\" (1955), \\\"Duck Amuck\\\" (1953), \\\"Another Froggy Evening\\\" (1995), \\\"Fast and Furry-ous\\\" (1949), \\\"Ali Baba Bunny\\\" (1957), \\\"Knighty Knight Bugs\\\" (1958), \\\"High Diving Hare\\\" (1949), \\\"Bully for Bugs\\\" (1955) and \\\"Rabbit of Seville\\\" (1950). \\\"The Looney Tunes Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"813969\",\n \"text\": \"Bunny cartoons: \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", \\\"All This and Rabbit Stew\\\", and \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\". During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including travelogue parodies (\\\"The Isle of Pingo Pongo\\\"), fractured fairy-tales (\\\"The Bear's Tale\\\"), Hollywood caricature films (\\\"Hollywood Steps Out\\\"), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (\\\"The Crack-Pot Quail\\\"). Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\". In Avery's original version, Bugs and the hunting dog were to fall off a cliff \\\"three times\\\", milking the gag to\",\n \"title\": \"Tex Avery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6494498\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again Bugs Bunny Rides Again is a 1948 Warner Bros. \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" short, released in 1948, directed by Friz Freleng, and written by Tedd Pierce and Michael Maltese. The short is both part of the Western and a parody of the genre's conventions. Voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It is the second cartoon to pair them, after their first encounter in 1945's \\\"Hare Trigger\\\". The title is a typical Western reference, as in \\\"The Lone Ranger rides again\\\", and also suggests a reference to the 1940 Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785763\",\n \"text\": \"covers his eyes, and asks \\\"Guess who?\\\". Elmer tries the names of contemporary screen beauties whose names exploited his accent, before he guesses the rabbit. Bugs responds \\\"Hmm... Could be!\\\", kisses Elmer, and dives into a hole. Elmer sticks his head into the hole and gets another kiss from Bugs; whereafter he wipes his mouth and decides to set a trap. When Bugs puts a skunk in the trap, Fudd blindly grabs the skunk and carries it over to the watching Bugs to brag; and when Elmer sees his mistake, Bugs gives him a kiss on the nose, whereupon Fudd\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12389707\",\n \"text\": \"employee. Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \\\"Frigid Hare\\\" and he re-appeared in \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \\\"Frigid Hare\\\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \\\"8 Ball\",\n \"title\": \"Playboy Penguin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8869566\",\n \"text\": \"initially with Cal Howard, and then Ben Hardaway. Dalton later admitted feeling aggrieved about the fact that while he was meant to be nominally in charge of Freleng's former unit, he tended to be overshadowed by the presence of the more experienced Hardaway. Cal Dalton's major contribution to the legacy of Warner Bros. animation was having co-directed \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\" in 1939 with Hardaway. The short featured a gray and white rabbit that served as the prototype for Bugs Bunny. Dalton directed or co-directed a total of 17 Warner Bros. cartoons from 1938 through 1940. He spent the rest of his\",\n \"title\": \"Cal Dalton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274996\",\n \"text\": \"of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive. Animator Chuck Jones introduced the character in the 1946 cartoon \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\". In it, Bugs Bunny is lured to the lair of a mad scientist (a caricature of actor Peter Lorre) Gossamer (Looney Tunes) Gossamer is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of cartoons. The character is a hairy, orange monster. His rectangular body is perched\",\n \"title\": \"Gossamer (Looney Tunes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437162\",\n \"text\": \"Cecil Turtle Cecil Turtle is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of films. Though he made only three theatrical appearances, Cecil has the unusual distinction in that he is one of the very few characters who was able to beat Bugs Bunny, and the only one to do so three times in a row and at the rabbit's own game. Animator Tex Avery introduced Cecil in the short \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", released on March 15, 1941. Even from the cartoon's opening titles, Avery lets on that Bugs Bunny is about to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10493158\",\n \"text\": \"would not occur again until (Blooper) Bunny in 1991. The cartoon's final scene is a nod to the ending of 1939's \\\"A Day at the Zoo\\\", which featured Elmer's prototype Egghead being swallowed up by a lion. Elmer Fudd is hunting for Bugs Bunny using his \\\"Wabbit Detector\\\". As he is searching, Bugs misleads Elmer, who walks off a cliff. Later Elmer gives chase to Bugs and Bugs hitches a ride in a car not noticing Elmer is the driver. When Bugs realizes that, Elmer stops the car at a movie theater. Bugs pays his admission to get in the\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4655614\",\n \"text\": \"to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\" by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" by Avery), and Tweety (1942, \\\"A Tale of Two Kitties\\\" by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the \\\"Looney Tune Lockout\\\"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros. Cartoons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9038104\",\n \"text\": \"can tell the difference between both cuts by the tinting of the color). Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \\\"hair ribbon\\\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Ribbin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305442\",\n \"text\": \"line at the end); like Bugs, Hippety is voiced by Mel Blanc. Bugs pops out in Golden Gate Park and encounters a man, who asks Bugs to hold his balloons while he ties his shoelaces. Bugs complies, but soon finds himself drifting off into the ocean. Eventually he clashes in midair with a stork delivering a kangaroo joey, leading to Bugs getting switched with the joey, brought to Australia, and dropped into a kangaroo's arms. Bugs refuses to be the kangaroo's baby, but feels guilty after the kangaroo starts crying and agrees to be its 'baby'. After a wild ride\",\n \"title\": \"Bushy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201470\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit Transit (film) Rabbit Transit is an 8-minute \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng, released in 1947, and starring Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle. The title is a play on \\\"Rapid Transit\\\". Cecil and Bugs had previously raced each other in 1941's \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\" and 1943's \\\"Tortoise Wins By a Hare\\\". This cartoon was their final encounter. Unlike \\\"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\\\", this cartoon presumes that Bugs and Cecil have never met before now. While relaxing in a steam bath, Bugs reads about the original fable and, as he did reading the credits of \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Rabbit Transit (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268453\",\n \"text\": \"would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\" (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\". \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\" did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Golden age of American animation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368162\",\n \"text\": \"to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" movies and television specials, like \\\"The Peanuts Movie\\\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is\",\n \"title\": \"Snoopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3218290\",\n \"text\": \"that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. \\\"Knock Knock\\\" was Marsales' final score for Lantz. As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, \\\"Knock Knock\\\" is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for Happy Rabbit, a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\". This cartoon is also notable for featuring a very crude\",\n \"title\": \"Knock Knock (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3156699\",\n \"text\": \"kisses. The short stands out among other Donald shorts of the period for its use of modern music and surreal situations throughout. After this short, the idea of a permanent love interest for Donald was well established. However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself. Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368144\",\n \"text\": \"Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" movies and television specials, like \\\"The Peanuts Movie\\\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an\",\n \"title\": \"Snoopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9038094\",\n \"text\": \"Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \\\"hair ribbon\\\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in the open title sequence. The short opens with a dog with a Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Ribbin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10584195\",\n \"text\": \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare Hurdy-Gurdy Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short, copyrighted in 1948 and released in 1950 and re-issued in 1961 as a Blue Ribbon, which is directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. Bugs has to deal with Grusome Gorilla while trying to make some money playing a street organ. While Bugs is sitting in Central Park, he looks through the wanted ads, finally focusing on a job as a Hurdy-Gurdy (actually, a street organ), thinking at first of 'the masters - Beethoven, Brahms, Bach' (pronounced by Bugs as 'Beat-hoven,' 'Brammz,' and 'Batch'), but soon thinking of\",\n \"title\": \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605486\",\n \"text\": \"Looney Tunes Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series \\\"Silly Symphonies\\\". They initially showcased musical compositions whose rights were held by Warner's music publishing interests\",\n \"title\": \"Looney Tunes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201429\",\n \"text\": \"go, George? Which way did he go?\\\" long ago became a catchphrase, as did \\\"Thanks a lot, George, thanks a lot!\\\" Of Fox and Hounds Of Fox and Hounds is a 9-minute 1940 Tex Avery film which introduced Willoughby the Dog. Tex Avery did the voice of Willoughby, and Mel Blanc did George the Fox. The film focuses on a sly fox, George, and a lovable but dimwitted hound, Willoughby, who repeatedly asks George where the fox went, never suspecting that his \\\"friend\\\" George is the fox. Invariably, George the Fox tells Willoughby that the fox is on the other\",\n \"title\": \"Of Fox and Hounds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9051459\",\n \"text\": \"Hyde and Hare Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \\\"neither hide nor hair.\\\" Bugs comes out of his rabbit hole in a city park every morning because a kind gentleman keeps coming to feed him a carrot (\\\"Well, here I go again with the 'timid little rabbit' routine. It's shameful, but - eh, it's a living!\\\"). At first feigning the on-all-fours posture of a real rabbit, Bugs eventually stands\",\n \"title\": \"Hyde and Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"813967\",\n \"text\": \"of storylines among the directors was commonplace, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was a double throwback. Avery had directed the '37 short, \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\" featuring Porky Pig which introduced \\\"Daffy Duck.\\\" Hardaway remade this as \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" introducing the rabbit. So Avery went back to the \\\"hunter and prey\\\" framework, and incorporating Jones' \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\", gag for gag, and altering the design of Elmer Fudd. Polishing the timing, and expanding the Groucho Marx smart-aleck attitude already present in \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", making Bugs a kind of Brooklyn-esque super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who\",\n \"title\": \"Tex Avery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2306820\",\n \"text\": \"Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \\\"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\\\". The character was first introduced in \\\"Detective Comics\\\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \\\"Robin, The Boy Wonder\\\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \\\"winged\\\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Grayson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047035\",\n \"text\": \"for So Little\\\" (1949) which won that same year for \\\"Best Documentary Short Subject.\\\" Maltese was also the voice of the Lou Costello-esque character in \\\"Wackiki Wabbit\\\" (1943). Some of his earlier works include \\\"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\\\" and \\\"Fresh Hare\\\", \\\"Hare Trigger\\\" (which introduced Yosemite Sam), \\\"Baseball Bugs\\\" for Freleng; \\\"Bear Feat\\\", \\\"Rabbit of Seville\\\", and \\\"Rabbit Fire\\\" for Jones. Some of his best-known cartoons are \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\", \\\"Beep, Beep\\\", \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\", \\\"Don't Give Up the Sheep\\\", \\\"Duck Amuck\\\", \\\"Bully for Bugs\\\", \\\"Bewitched Bunny\\\", \\\"From A to Z-Z-Z-Z\\\", and \\\"Beanstalk Bunny\\\". These were all directed by\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Maltese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4285329\",\n \"text\": \"and dancing a hopak. As Bugs and Elmer dive off a cliff, Bugs drinks some \\\"Hare Tonic (Stops Falling Hare)\\\" and screeches to a halt in mid-air, while the dream Elmer continues to careen toward earth, finally crash-landing into the real Elmer's snoozing body as he wakes up with a start, exclaiming \\\"Ooh, what a howwible nightmare!\\\". Elmer dashes back to the cartoon's original background, pieces his Warner contract back together, and agrees to finish what he started. The chase through the log begins anew. Bugs faces the audience in a closeup, closing with the catchphrase from the \\\"Beulah\\\" character\",\n \"title\": \"The Big Snooze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437166\",\n \"text\": \"it is Avery's parody of the 1935 Disney \\\"Silly Symphony\\\", \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare\\\". Avery left Warner Bros. before he could produce any new cartoons featuring Cecil. However, he introduced a similar character in 1943 named Droopy Dog. Droopy would even take some of his tricks from his slow-and-steady predecessor, such as using his relatives to help him outsmart a wolf. Bob Clampett took Avery's scenario and altered it for his film \\\"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\\\" released on February 20, 1943. The title is an appropriate pun on \\\"hair\\\". Bugs again challenges Cecil to a race after viewing\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4212831\",\n \"text\": \"Fresh Hare Fresh Hare is a Warner Bros. theatrical Merrie Melodies cartoon. It was directed by Isadore \\\"Friz\\\" Freleng, written by Michael Maltese, and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It was released to theatres on August 22, 1942, and is a play on the term \\\"fresh air\\\". In this short, the rotund early-1940s version of Elmer Fudd is portrayed as a Mountie, in pursuit of Bugs Bunny, who is wanted dead or alive (though preferably dead). After following rabbit tracks to a burrow, Elmer tries to lure Bugs out; he initially succeeds in getting Bugs handcuffed, but somehow Bugs worms his\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9404433\",\n \"text\": \"the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, \\\"à la\\\" Lennie, \\\"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\\\", such as the episodes \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" or \\\"Falling Hare\\\". The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In \\\"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\\\" (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \\\"I will name him George,\",\n \"title\": \"Of Mice and Men in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13094376\",\n \"text\": \"to pack his hole with explosives. However, Bugs diverts the dynamite under the house foundation. Sam then lights the fuse, but realizes too late that his house is about to be blown up. In the end, the cabin flies away, much like how the cabin did in the tornado in the 1939 film adaptation of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". A dazed Sam, upon realizing his fate, remarks: \\\"I've got a cabin in the sky!\\\" (a reference to the 1943 MGM film \\\"Cabin in the Sky\\\"), as his house floats upward. The Fair-Haired Hare The Fair-Haired Hare is a Looney Tunes\",\n \"title\": \"The Fair-Haired Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8797581\",\n \"text\": \"Willie Howard transforms himself \\\"to a woman, to a variety of famous performers..., to a western sheriff, to an Indian chief.\\\" One example is the film \\\"To Be or Not to Be\\\" (1942) where a mixed company of actors uses their skills in adopting roles to survive in Occupied Poland. A Hare Grows in Manhattan A Hare Grows In Manhattan is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, released on March 22, 1947 and directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Bugs Bunny and a pack of dogs (the leader being a bulldog who resembles Hector). Unlike many cases\",\n \"title\": \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227014\",\n \"text\": \"article for \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\". During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in \\\"Daffy Duck and Egghead\\\" (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on \\\"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\\\", Daffy Duck tells the audience, \\\"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\\\" Daffy also says \\\"Here we go again!\\\" at the end of \\\"Along Came Daffy\\\" (1947). The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed\",\n \"title\": \"The Heckling Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10011706\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs has played Groucho Marx to avoid Elmer. The first time was Friz Freleng's cartoon \\\"Slick Hare\\\" (1947), but Elmer comes much closer to catching Bugs in that Groucho scene than in the one in \\\"Wideo Wabbit\\\", by means of disguise as Groucho's brother Harpo. When Bugs is masquerading as Liberace and playing the piano, the part where he gets his fingers tied in a knot was lifted from another Freleng cartoon \\\"Rhapsody Rabbit\\\" (1946). When Elmer is tracking Bugs' footprints while giving tips, music is reused from \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" where Bugs taps on Elmer's head and introduces his\",\n \"title\": \"Wideo Wabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15818880\",\n \"text\": \"footage of Disney performing as Mickey Mouse, it was seen on the behind the scenes of the 1997 VHS and 2000 DVD of Fun and Fancy Free on a feature called The Making of Fun and Fancy Free, and it was included on the 2004 DVD release \\\"\\\" as an easter egg. Edited portions of the footage were also seen in earlier releases. In September 1940, a one-page adaptation of \\\"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\\\" appeared in \\\"Good Housekeeping\\\" magazine. In this version Pete discovers Pluto by seeing his tail sticking out of the suitcase. Instead of being kicked off\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8169378\",\n \"text\": \"cannonball bounces off of the face of the dam and back into the muzzle of the cannon) and he is launched into a police paddy wagon instead and hauled away for attempting to destroy the Cooler Dam. \\\"He's not foolin' me--he'll be back...\\\" says Bugs as he watches his nemesis being taken away. \\\"Like, uh, in about 20 years?\\\" Wet Hare Wet Hare is a 1962 animated short film in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. In this cartoon, Bugs Bunny finds himself at odds with Blacque Jacque Shellacque, a ruthless lumberjack with a French Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Wet Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3521259\",\n \"text\": \"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century Duck Dodgers in the 24½ Century (spoken as \\\"twenty-fourth-and-a-half\\\") is a 1952 Merrie Melodies color cartoon from Warner Bros., first released on July 25, 1953, that stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\" (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny. He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's \\\"The Hasty Hare\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"962912\",\n \"text\": \"and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix. In 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy\",\n \"title\": \"Sidekick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11281364\",\n \"text\": \"Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel \\\"Gulliver's Travels\\\". A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\" (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present. After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to\",\n \"title\": \"Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785762\",\n \"text\": \"a struggle in which the barrel is bent into a bow. Elmer frantically digs into the hole while Bugs emerges from a nearby hole with another carrot in his hand, lifts Fudd's hat, and raps the top of his head until Elmer notices; then chews his carrot and delivers his definitive line, \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\". When Elmer replies that \\\"[he's] hunting 'wabbits'\\\", Bugs chews his carrot and asks what a wabbit is; then teases Elmer by with every aspect of Fudd's description until Elmer suspects that Bugs is a rabbit. Bugs confirms this, hides behind a tree, sneaks behind Elmer,\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14831679\",\n \"text\": \"Cats, once as a short instrumental and once as a lengthy vocal version in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number featuring a turban-wearing band and the heavily-mustached Colonna as a veiled \\\"girl friend.\\\" On October 28, 1938, the Midwestern jazz novelty group, The Hoosier Hot Shots, released a curtailed version of song as a single. In 1940 the song was used in the Warner Brothers Porky Pig cartoon \\\"Ali-Baba Bound\\\"; two years later, it was used as the opening theme of the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Case of the Missing Hare\\\" over the credits and up to the first view of\",\n \"title\": \"Girl Friend of the Whirling Dervish\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7040482\",\n \"text\": \"Gorilla My Dreams Gorilla My Dreams is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated short, released in 1948, starring Bugs Bunny. The short was directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. The story is a parody of the many 'jungle' movies that were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Tarzan movies. The title is a play on the expression \\\"Girl o' My Dreams\\\". This is the ninth Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the title does not refer to \\\"hare\\\", \\\"rabbit\\\", or \\\"bunny\\\". The short featured Gruesome Gorilla, who reappeared in \\\"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\\\" and as a\",\n \"title\": \"Gorilla My Dreams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3296712\",\n \"text\": \"waiting for the crook wherever he turns up. Avery had used a similar gag in his 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" short \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", which in turn was an expansion/exaggeration of the premise of his \\\"The Blow Out\\\" (1936). In fact, this cartoon shows that early ideas about Droopy's personality were already germinating, as that film's Cecil Turtle has similarities to Droopy. Droopy's meek, deadpan voice and personality were modeled after the character Wallace Wimple on the radio comedy \\\"Fibber McGee and Molly\\\"; actor Bill Thompson, who played Wimple, was the original voice of Droopy. During his time in the US\",\n \"title\": \"Droopy\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Development of Bugs Bunny context: start of the story reading, \\\"Starring Bugs Bunny\\\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \\\"...Camera\\\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his\\n\\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 201,\n \"origin_tokens\": 201,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Bugs Bunny context: Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray\\n\\ntitle Development of Bugs Bunny context modified again the0 Looney Tunes Show and yet for the 2015 seriesWabbit\\\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of B Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making first official appearance in Tex Avery' \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939 in Motion Picture Herald, in review for short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\".\\ntitle Ben Hardaway, embonic rabb later an early model sheet A ofigned rabbit had been requested story Virgil,ator \\\" H in an interview published \\\"Animato\\\" #9. \\\"ugsawayadently christ \\\"his cas sketch of a proposed rabbit character\\\" wasabeled \\\"Bs Bun fellow employeelopædia Freleng.19, Hard was demoted back to storyman, while Tex histitleny's design is tier the models is. Whileys\\\" firstros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc\\n\\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 524,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15140,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78782,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78782,"string":"78,782"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"According to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["All the kings horses and all the kings men"],"string":"[\n \"All the kings horses and all the kings men\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"All the kings horses and all the kings men"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"570347","text":"Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"14141068","text":"of topicality about it).\" Newman also said: \"It's such a mad word, nursery rhymes, when you think about it logically. There's actually quite an interesting story behind some of them. Like Humpty Dumpty - we all think it's about an egg falling off a wall. But really, Humpty Dumpty was a cannon in the English Civil War that one of the sides managed to blow up, and it fell down. So all the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again - that's the origins of it. Some of these stories are true, and real news","title":"The News at Bedtime"},{"id":"570339","text":"As a character and literary allusion, he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture, particularly English author Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1872), in which he was described as an egg. The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026. The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language. The common text from 1954 is:Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men Couldn't put Humpty together again. It is","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"1913198","text":"(\"all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.\") Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. The third rhyme said to have come from Colchester is Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, which was written by Jane Taylor who lived in the town's Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title \"The Star\". Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of Camelot, on","title":"Colchester"},{"id":"570360","text":"to put him together again is representative of this principle, as it would be highly unlikely (though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"570358","text":"album inspired by Lewis Carroll called \"The Mad Hatter\", 1978). In the Dolly Parton song \"Starting Over Again\", it's all the king's horses and all the king's men who can't put the divorced couple back together again. In an extra verse in one version of ABBA's \"On and On and On\", Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall. The Australian children’s television programme Play School, in the song \"Oomba Baroomba\", says: Humpty Dumpty sat up in bed, Eating yellow bananas. Where do you think he put the skins? Down his striped pyjamas! TurboTax, a U.S.","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"570341","text":"Four-score Men and Four-score more, Could not make Humpty Dumpty where he was before. William Carey Richards (1818–1892) quoted the poem in 1843, commenting, \"when we were five years old ... the following parallel lines... were propounded as a riddle ... Humpty-dumpty, reader, is the Dutch or something else for an egg\". A manuscript addition to a copy of \"Mother Goose's Melody\" published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: \"Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again\". It was published in 1810 in a version of \"Gammer Gurton's Garland\" as: Humpty Dumpty sate on a","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"979282","text":"(\"All the king's horses and all the king's men / Couldn't put Humpty together again\"). An allusion similar to that was made more explicitly a quarter-century earlier in the Robert Penn Warren novel \"All the King's Men\", which describes the career of a fictional corrupt governor, loosely based on Huey Long. Dick Snyder of Simon & Schuster purchased the right to publish the book through the agent David Obst. The authors received an advance of $55,000. In his memoir, Michael Korda said of the book's publication that it \"transformed book publishing into a red-hot part of media\" and books became","title":"All the President's Men"},{"id":"12661132","text":"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me, I'll Read to You: Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\" series. It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley. The book is retellings of nursery rhymes. It has retellings such as Humpty Dumpty chatting with his doctor and Little Miss Muffet explaining 'curds and whey' to the spider. Other rhymes include \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\", \"Simple Simon\", and \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\". It was reviewed","title":"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You"},{"id":"1951118","text":"Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of","title":"Culture of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"570338","text":"Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"6036642","text":"or her help. All the nursery rhymes in the land have gotten mixed up, with none of the inhabitants possessing the items necessary for their rhyme to exist. And so, the child will find themselves helping Humpty Dumpty find a ladder to scramble onto a wall, bringing the little lamb back to Mary and seeking out a pail for Jack and Jill, among others. Gameplay is again rather simple. The AGI system, similar to the one used extensively in previous Sierra games (e.g. the Quest series: \"King's Quest\", \"Police Quest\", etc.), is utilized in the 1987 version. The player controls","title":"Mixed-Up Mother Goose"},{"id":"570352","text":"their places in the air with his thumb) \"nose in the middle, mouth under. It's always the same. Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose, for instance—or the mouth at the top—that would be \"some\" help.\" Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825–77) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth-century stage productions of pantomime versions, music, and rhyme. The character is also a common literary allusion, particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct once","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"570345","text":"shell. Professor David Daube suggested in \"The Oxford Magazine\" of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a \"tortoise\" siege engine, an armoured frame, used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War. This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack, but without evidence that the rhyme was connected. The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia, but it was derided by others as \"ingenuity for","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"16486239","text":"All the King's Men All the King's Men is a novel by Robert Penn Warren first published in 1946. Its title is drawn from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. In 1947, Warren won the Pulitzer Prize for \"All the King's Men.\" It was adapted for a film in 1949 and 2006; the 1949 version won the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is rated as the 36th greatest novel of the 20th century by Modern Library, and it was chosen as one of \"Time\" magazine's 100 best novels since 1923. \"All the King's Men\" portrays the dramatic, and theatrical political","title":"All the King's Men"},{"id":"18988974","text":"but confidentially, it stinks.\"\". It is then revealed that the garden is full of litter and trash. The page turns to Humpty Dumpty. Humpty, like the rhyme says, falls off the wall and appears unharmed. However, when he gets up it is revealed that the part where his butt cheeks are at are cracked. The next page shows Jack and Jill as a teenage couple. As the narrator recites the rhyme, Jack and Jill go behind the well. The narrator is stumped and repeats \"\"to fetch a pail of water\"\" but nothing happens. The narrator does it again and Jack","title":"A Gander at Mother Goose"},{"id":"570342","text":"wall, Humpti Dumpti had a great fall; Threescore men and threescore more, Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before. In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell published a collected version as: Humpty Dumpty lay in a beck. With all his sinews around his neck; Forty Doctors and forty wrights Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty to rights! According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", in the 17th century the term \"humpty dumpty\" referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale. The riddle probably exploited, for misdirection, the fact that \"humpty dumpty\" was also eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for a short and","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"119478","text":"an important artefact, as are John Playford's \"The Dancing Master\" and Robert Harley's \"Roxburghe Ballads\" collections. Some of the best-known songs are \"Greensleeves\", \"Pastime with Good Company\", \"Maggie May\" and \"Spanish Ladies\" amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses are red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle\" and \"Humpty Dumpty\". Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas","title":"England"},{"id":"570353","text":"broken, or a short and fat person. Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in \"Through the Looking-Glass\", including L. Frank Baum's \"Mother Goose in Prose\" (1901), where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king, having witnessed Humpty's \"death\" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him. In Neil Gaiman's early short story \"The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds\", the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir-style hardboiled crime story, involving other characters from popular nursery rhymes. Robert Rankin","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"6491462","text":"All the King's Horses (short story) \"All the King's Horses\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \"Welcome to the Monkey House\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed on the Asiatic mainland. With him are his two sons, his wife, the pilot and co-pilot, and ten enlisted men. The sixteen prisoners are held captive","title":"All the King's Horses (short story)"},{"id":"8995668","text":"in the grounds of Colchester Castle there stands a monument marking the site of the execution. The siege is commonly believed to have inspired the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty, which is said to have been the nickname of a large Royalist cannon strategically placed on the wall next to St Mary's Church. The Parliamentary bombardment of 14 July damaged the wall, causing \"Humpty Dumpty\" to be destroyed. Other stories attribute the name Humpty Dumpty not to a cannon but to a Royalist sniper, \"One-Eyed Thompson\", who occupied the belfry of St Mary's Church and was shot down by Parliament forces.","title":"Siege of Colchester"},{"id":"1913197","text":"a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. Colchester is also the most widely credited source of the rhyme Humpty Dumpty. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls (\"Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall\") and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, \"Humpty Dumpty\" being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (\"Humpty Dumpty had a great fall\") and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians","title":"Colchester"},{"id":"10201516","text":"All the King's Men (1999 film) All the King's Men is a feature-length World War I television drama by the BBC starring David Jason, first broadcast on Remembrance Sunday, 14 November 1999. The film derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme and is based on a 1992 book, \"The Vanished Battalion\" by the film's co-producer, Nigel McCrery. The drama was based on co-producer Nigel McCrery's non-fiction book \"The Vanished Battalion\". The book was first published in 1992 and was republished in 1997 and 1999 as \"All the King's Men: one of the greatest mysteries of","title":"All the King's Men (1999 film)"},{"id":"15089324","text":"toys. Most episodes contain a sequence of a shop. If Chris runs it, Pui comes as different nursery rhyme characters such as the Grand Old Duke of York, Little Bo Peep, Incy Wincy Spider, Little Miss Muffet, Old MacDonald, Granny Humpty and Twinkle the star. If Pui runs it, Chris enters as one of Humpty Dumpty, the Hey Diddle cow, Jack from \"Jack and Jill\", Pat the Baker, or Wee Willie Winkie. The format of the show is similar to that of \"Play School\" – the BBC programme from the '60s and '80s. Series one had 40 episodes beginning with","title":"Show Me Show Me"},{"id":"2562196","text":"re-cast, was made in 2000, followed by a fourth (with some roles again re-cast) in 2001. The show's distinctive theme song, with the lyrics \"Have you ever... ever felt like this?\" was sung by Tamsin West, who played the lead female role of Linda Twist in the first series. It borrowed lines from popular nursery rhymes such as \"There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly\", \"Humpty Dumpty\" and \"Rain Rain Go Away\". Making a show about children which spanned more than a decade meant many changes in actors were required, as the child actors became too old for","title":"Round the Twist"},{"id":"430794","text":"\"crabs\" and \"feathers\". Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in \"Jabberwocky\". In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall. Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: \"\"All the king's horses and all the king's men\"\" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting","title":"Through the Looking-Glass"},{"id":"16273326","text":"\"Love's to Blame\") and three others entitled \"Broken Lullabies\", \"Believe Me Now\", and \"Something's Gotta Give\". \"Love's to Blame\" was co-written by St. James. In 2009, they signed on with Warner Music Group with Ben Glover as their producer. They changed their name to \"For King & Country\", after a British battle cry. Luke said, \"We wanted a band name that carried more meaning. We were in the studio recording our debut record that Joel had the idea of All The King's Men, like the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. Our producer overheard our conversation and swung around in his chair","title":"For King & Country (band)"},{"id":"16255140","text":"All the King's Horses (play) All the King's Horses is a play written by Irish-born journalist and playwright John McDonnell in 1961. The play takes its title from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. The plot concerns an elderly Irish woman, Kate Houlihan, who dies and leaves her fortune equally between her two nephews Michael and William. Michael is a Southern Irish Republican and William is a Northern Irish Orangeman. To inherit the fortune Michael and William must spend a month in peace in Kate's cottage. The two men find they are unable to live in peace so Kate's solicitor, Mr","title":"All the King's Horses (play)"},{"id":"19828985","text":"we have any consistency on this show? Why couldn't we just have had an hour focused on Barnes and nothing else? It would have been much more entertaining.\" Vinnie Mancuso of \"New York Observer\" wrote, \"That's right, 'Blood Rush' centered around \"Gotham\"s resident Humpty Dumpty, Captain Nathaniel Barnes, who all the king's horses and all the king's men can't stop from becoming a veiny rage-monster because some girl's poison blood fell into his eyeball. Just like the nursery rhyme says. Look it up. I'm nailing this.\" MaryAnn Sleasman of \"TV.com\" wrote, \"Penguin and Nygma's complex and deliciously tragic relationship could","title":"Blood Rush"},{"id":"10612506","text":"on the Music for Pleasure label. Another similar album was released in 1983, called \"The Drunken Sailor\". The rights for \"Music for Pleasure\" were sold to \"EMI Gold\", who released an hour-long cassette called \"Favourite Nursery Rhymes\" in 1985. It contained all these tracks except \"Old Woman Tossed Up in a Blanket\" and \"Boys and Girls come out to Play\". Two tracks were missing from \"The Drunken Sailor\". In its place there was a new track - \"Humpty Dumpty\", with leads vocals by Bob Johnson. In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \"The Children's Collection\". One CD","title":"My Very Favourite Nursery Rhymes"},{"id":"570340","text":"a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\" (London, 1870), as outlined below: \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key bes \\major { %\\new Lyrics \\lyricmode { » The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold's \"Juvenile Amusements\" in 1797 with the lyrics: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"570346","text":"ingenuity's sake\" and declared to be a spoof. The link was nevertheless popularised by a children's opera \"All the King's Men\" by Richard Rodney Bennett, first performed in 1969. From 1996, the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary-at-the-Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648. In 1648, Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall. The story given was that a large cannon, which the website claimed was colloquially called","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"6004827","text":"if he killed the children. Humpty says he is innocent, and explains that he found them “near the river” as they floated up to him. Sad the children had died so close to Christmas, Humpty had tried to give them one last holiday. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Humpty Dumpty is first seen as an inmate at Arkham Asylum at the same time that Resurrection Man is incarcerated there. Humpty Dumpty has a knack of disassembling and reassembling different items. Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics.","title":"Humpty Dumpty (comics)"},{"id":"6491465","text":"player, Barzov suggests a rematch with no lives at stake. Kelly declines, but says he will play at a later time if Barzov insists on it. All the King's Horses (short story) \"All the King's Horses\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \"Welcome to the Monkey House\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed","title":"All the King's Horses (short story)"},{"id":"9673588","text":"been inspired by the mole in Hans Christian Andersen's \"Thumbelina\" or possibly Moley in Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\". \"Diggory Delvet\" and the last rhyme in the book about a guinea pig are two of the few limericks written for children by someone other than Edward Lear. The sixth rhyme is a single stanza and accompanied by an illustration depicting a pig in a dress sitting in a high-backed chair and peeling potatoes: The seventh and last rhyme is a limerick about an \"amiable guinea-pig\" (the first guinea pig in Potter's work) who brushes his hair back like","title":"Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"},{"id":"11611484","text":"sliding down the poker. He balances very badly\"). She soon leaves him alone, however, when she sees the poetry-book in which \"Jabberwocky\" is written. When Alice sees the White King next, in a later chapter, he is, along with many other characters in the story, the size of a normal adult. Humpty Dumpty, as a chesspiece, is \"taken\" (symbolised by his notorious fall from where he sits) and the White King appears with his soldiers, presumably in hopes of putting him back together. He and Alice begin characteristic Wonderland/Looking-Glass banter, as well as the usual Carrollian word play (\"I only","title":"White King (Through the Looking-Glass)"},{"id":"570350","text":"Alice, \"whether you \"can\" make words mean so many different things.\" \"The question is,\" said Humpty Dumpty, \"which is to be master—that's all.\" Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. \"They've a temper, some of them—particularly verbs, they're the proudest—adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs—however, \"I\" can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! That's what \"I\" say!\" This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case \"Liversidge v. Anderson\" (1942), where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"6953379","text":"had backlit scoring in preset units of scoring rather than mechanical reel or electronic LED scoring. The table was virtually recreated in pinball simulation video game, \"Microsoft Pinball Arcade\". Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \"Humpty Dumpty\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \"flipper bumpers\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward","title":"Humpty Dumpty (pinball)"},{"id":"9661454","text":"in the song \"Gus: The Theatre Cat.\" Gus appears shortly after the start of Act II of \"Cats\" where he and Jellylorum provide highlights of his career, contrasting his present state with his acting heyday: \"He has acted with Irving, he's acted with Tree.\" He and Jellylorum stress in particular his creation of the role of Firefrorefiddle, the Fiend of the Fell. In its only major deviation from the poem, the song modifies the line \"He once played a Tiger — could do it again — Which an Indian Colonel pursued down a drain.\" to \"I once played Growltiger -","title":"Gus: The Theatre Cat"},{"id":"9637803","text":"is also in play here. A theme related to this concerns creative energy (both generative and imaginative). Or, rather, the lack of creative energy that is depicted in the poem - both visually and aurally. Bloom, referring to Blake's \"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell\", says that \"the Human, standing still, becomes the wholly natural\", and is, quoting Blake, \"unable to do other than to repeat the same dull round over again\" (just like the Sunflower). Only when the \"contraries\" (including \"Reason and Energy\") in the human condition are married together in \"creative strife\", will a way out of repeating","title":"Ah! Sun-flower"},{"id":"9075156","text":"The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack and Jill, Simple Simon, Georgie Porgie, Humpty Dumpty, and the others are worried when Mother Goose has to visit her sister who lives beyond the Moon. Meanwhile, Count Walktwist","title":"The Wacky World of Mother Goose"},{"id":"6781652","text":"St John logo also appears on the windows of a hut dedicated to first aid at a Church Fair shown in an episode of \"Jeeves and Wooster\". In 2016, the UK St John Ambulance organisation, via its website, launched a campaign for baby CPR featuring a song by animated nursery rhyme characters, including Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, Incy Wincy Spider and The Cat and The Fiddle. Topics related to St John Ambulance and the Order: Similar movements: St John Ambulance St John Ambulance is the name of a number of affiliated organisations in different countries, which teach and provide","title":"St John Ambulance"},{"id":"979281","text":"which chronicled the last months of Nixon's presidency, starting around the time their previous book ended. Woodward and Bernstein had considered the idea of writing a book about Watergate, but did not commit until actor Robert Redford expressed interest in purchasing the film rights. In \"Telling the Truth About Lies: The Making of \"All the President's Men,\"\" Woodward noted that Redford played an important role in changing the book's narrative from a story about the Watergate events to one about their investigations and reportage of the story. The name of the book alludes to the nursery rhyme about Humpty Dumpty","title":"All the President's Men"},{"id":"10817518","text":"to Bristol and from there to Gloucester, was placed on the walls of Llanthony Secunda and directed at Gloucester's City Wall. It was hoped by the besieging monarch, Charles I, that this cannon would break the siege and win him control of the city. The cannon misfired and exploded on the first shot. Some believe this to be the origin of the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme; but this is disputed. The true origins of Humpty Dumpty are unknown but the idea that it refers to the Royalist cannon during the Siege of Gloucester is often cited as fact. The remains","title":"Llanthony Secunda"},{"id":"6953378","text":"Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \"Humpty Dumpty\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \"flipper bumpers\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward instead of inward and were not placed at the bottom of the table near the main outhole. Like all early pinball tables, \"Humpty Dumpty\" was constructed with wood and","title":"Humpty Dumpty (pinball)"},{"id":"17337260","text":"of Humpty's shell, which are then used to put Humpty together again. But, just before they place the last piece, Diggs and the pigs are beaten up under cover of darkness, only to find, when light returns, that Humpty's body has been taken. Diggs decides to head to the Frying Pan, a jazz club owned by Humpty, to see his girlfriend Itsy Bitsy in hopes of getting a new lead. He is physically barred from entry by Seeno, Hearno, and Speakno, but finds a way around them. Itsy lets Diggs hide in her dressing room while she performs a number,","title":"Diggs Nightcrawler"},{"id":"12798055","text":"beat him beyond his tolerance. He ran as far away as Bunhill (H) or Holloway (C), where he heard \"London Bells\" (B), Bow bells (C), or the bells of \"Bow Church\" (H), that seemed to be telling him, \"Turn again Whittington, Lord Mayor of London\" (H). which persuaded him to retrace his steps. (The wording of the bells' message differ slightly according to the textual source). The ship was driven off course to the Barbary Coast, where the Moorish king purchased the entire cargo for a load of gold, and insisted on entertaining the English traders with a","title":"Dick Whittington and His Cat"},{"id":"7924877","text":"of the economic changes in the following decades were also due to increased transportation and agricultural mechanization. Notable people who were born or live in Cawood include: Henry Monson, a founding New Zealand settler. Michael Lyons FRBS FRSA who is a contemporary British artist and former Vice-President, Royal British Society of Sculptors. Notable people who died in Cawood include six Archbishops of York: William Greenfield, William Melton, Thomas Rotherham, John Thoresby, William Zouche and George Montaigne Also the children's nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty may refer to Cardinal Wolsey's 'great fall' at Cawood, when he was arrested by King Henry VIII's","title":"Cawood"},{"id":"570348","text":"he claimed to have found them in an \"old dusty library, [in] an even older book\", but did not state what the book was or where it was found. It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme, and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme, which do not mention horses and men. Humpty Dumpty appears in Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1872). Alice's remark that he is \"exactly like an egg\" he finds \"very provoking\"; Alice clarifies that","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"9075157","text":"the Crooked Man is up to no good and will stop at nothing to rule the land, so it's up to the good characters to try and stop him. The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack","title":"The Wacky World of Mother Goose"},{"id":"16658565","text":"Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \"Old King Cole\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \"fiddlers three\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to become Baa Baa Black Sheep) and","title":"Mother Goose Melodies"},{"id":"1951119","text":"Sixpence\", \"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary\", \"Old King Cole\" and \"Humpty Dumpty\". Many of these rhymes are based on figures in British history, for example \"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat\" (from 1805) is about going to see the Queen. The 1730 rhyme \"As I was going to St Ives\" (southern English town) is in the form of a riddle. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work by John Awdlay, a Shropshire chaplain who lists 25 \"caroles of Cristemas\", probably sung by groups of 'wassailers', who went from house to house. Some of the most notable carols from the UK","title":"Culture of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"6004822","text":"Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics. Unlike many of Batman's enemies, he is not deliberately malevolent. Humpty Dumpty first appeared in the 2003 graphic novel \"\" and was created by Dan Slott and Ryan Sook. Humphry Dumpler is a hulking man with an egg-shaped head who speaks in rhyme and has a compulsive desire to \"repair\" that which he considers to be broken. He is shown in flashback to have been the victim of inexplicable, almost supernaturally bad luck almost since birth, illustrated by countless tragedies through his life. Eventually, he became determined to","title":"Humpty Dumpty (comics)"},{"id":"570354","text":"used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy-tale character murderer in \"The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse\" (2002). Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels \"The Well of Lost Plots\" (2003) and \"The Big Over Easy\" (2005), which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder. Humpty Dumpty appears as a lead villain in the DreamWorks animation \"Puss in Boots\" (2011). The 1925 song \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\", most notably sung by Dean Martin, Doris Day and Bobby Darin, mentions","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"1871067","text":"number of alternatives have been found including a note that in Warwickshire in 1892 the song was sung of both the Duke of York and the King of France; from 1894 that it was sung of Napoleon. The oldest version of the song that survives is from 1642, under the title 'Old Tarlton's song', attributed to the stage clown Richard Tarlton (1530–1588) with the lyrics: The King of France with forty thousand men, Came up a hill and so came downe againe. As a result, the argument has been made that it may have been a common satirical verse that","title":"The Grand Old Duke of York"},{"id":"16658566","text":"the Cat, Cow and Little Dog. Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \"Old King Cole\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \"fiddlers three\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to","title":"Mother Goose Melodies"},{"id":"7186591","text":"Unbirthday An unbirthday (originally written un-birthday) is an event that is typically celebrated on any or all of the 364 (365 on leap years) days in which it is not the person's birthday. It is a neologism coined by Lewis Carroll in his \"Through the Looking-Glass\", giving rise to \"The Unbirthday Song\" in the 1951 Disney animated feature film \"Alice in Wonderland\". One's unbirthday should not be confused with one's half-birthday, which only occurs once a year. In \"Through the Looking-Glass\", Humpty Dumpty is wearing a cravat (which Alice at first mistakes for a belt) which he says was given","title":"Unbirthday"},{"id":"13289686","text":"group Danny Diaz & The Checkmates and it was the song that first brought Polly Brown & Pickettywitch to notice when they appeared on ITV's \" Opportunity Knocks\" television talent show. It was also the B side of Pickettywitch's 1969 debut single \"You Got Me So I Don't Know\". Solomon Grundy (song) \"Solomon Grundy\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \"Digging The Foundations\" album that featured the hit single \"In the","title":"Solomon Grundy (song)"},{"id":"14287219","text":"2010 British Soap Awards, and was nominated in the \"Best Live Event Coverage\" category of the Broadcast Digital Awards 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics. Tom Sutcliffe of \"The Independent\" rated \"EastEnders Live\" 4 out of 5, noting that there were \"a couple of moments where the seams showed\", but that \"half the fun in watching was seeing if you could spot them\". He praised \"EastEnders\" for not \"playing safe\" by including stunt work, and commented that Ian Beale's line: \"I wish we could go back and do it all again. Do it right this time.\" could potentially have","title":"EastEnders Live"},{"id":"13505948","text":"strong French accent. Here is van Rooten's version of \"Humpty Dumpty\": The original English nursery rhymes that correspond to the numbered poems in \"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\" are as follows: Ten of the \"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\" have been set to music by Lawrence Whiffin. An earlier example of homophonic translation (in this case French-to-English) is \"Frayer Jerker\" (Frère Jacques) in \"Anguish Languish\" (1956). A later book in the English-to-French genre is \"N'Heures Souris Rames\" (\"Nursery Rhymes\"), published in 1980 by Ormonde de Kay. It contains some forty nursery rhymes, among which are \"Coucou doux de Ledoux (Cock-A-Doodle-Doo)\", \"Signe, garçon.","title":"Mots d'Heures"},{"id":"570357","text":"Rooten's 1967 book \"Mots d'Heures\", a collection of homophonically translated poetry, includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text, beginning \"\"Un petit d'un petit, S'étonne aux Halles...\"\". It has also been used as a common motif in popular music, including Hank Thompson's \"Humpty Dumpty Heart\" (1948), The Monkees' \"All the King's Horses\" (1966), Aretha Franklin's \"All the King's Horses\" (1972), Tori Amos's \"Humpty Dumpty\" (1992), and Travis's \"The Humpty Dumpty Love Song\" (2001). In jazz, Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea wrote different compositions, both titled \"Humpty Dumpty\". (In Corea's case, however, it is a part of a concept","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"13251220","text":"Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and Henry's problems in producing suitable offspring. Occasionally an extra verse is added: \"I danced o'er the water, I danced o'er the sea, And all the birds in the air, Couldn't catch me\" It was parodied by Roald Dahl in his poetry book \"Rhyme Stew (1989).\" I Had a Little Nut Tree 'I Had a Little Nut Tree' is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3749. The most common modern version is: I had a little nut tree, Nothing would it bear, But a silver nutmeg And","title":"I Had a Little Nut Tree"},{"id":"6690995","text":"the royalties they receive for their poems, like Humpty Dumpty, Little Miss Muffet, Mary Mary Quite Contrary and Old King Cole. While on their quest to find the murderer, several PPPs are killed. Humpty Dumpty is boiled with a lens above his pool, Bill Winkie – cheated out of the rights to his nursery rhyme by the writer, but a natural detective – simply vanishes while investigating the case, Little Boy Blue is pierced with his crook – the crook impaling him in the rear and exiting through his mouth, Jack Spratt is fried in his ex-wife's diner, Little Tommy","title":"The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse"},{"id":"501246","text":"ram and could be used in confined spaces. Battering rams had an important effect on the evolution of defensive walls, which were constructed ever more ingeniously in a bid to nullify the effects of siege engines. Historical instances of the usage of battering rams in sieges of major cities include: There is a popular myth in Gloucester that the famous children's rhyme, Humpty Dumpty, is about a battering ram used in the siege of Gloucester in 1643, during the English Civil War. However, the story is almost certainly untrue; during the siege, which lasted only one month, no battering rams","title":"Battering ram"},{"id":"11869563","text":"Mole. He did some arrangement work for Frankie Trumbauer and Bix Beiderbecke, including the nursery rhyme \"Humpty Dumpty\". Livingston played on the 1928 Brunswick recording of \"Room 1411\" as a member of Benny Goodman's group Bennie Goodman and His Boys, which also featured Glenn Miller, Jimmy McPartland, Bud Freeman, and Ben Pollack. He worked with Fred Elizalde in London in 1929, then returned to New York City to play with Paul Whiteman. His stint with Whiteman, which lasted from 1930 to 1933, was mainly as an arranger, though he played occasionally. Later in the 1930s he worked with Benny Goodman","title":"Fud Livingston"},{"id":"6004823","text":"understand the mechanics of the world around him in an attempt to see what made things go wrong for him and attempt to fix them. In his crimes, Humpty disassembles and reassembles mechanical devices that upset him in some way. The devices he \"fixes\" cause numerous accidents, such as a subway train derailing. Humpty Dumpty's final crime is to adjust the gears in a clock tower, causing one of its hands to fly off, provoking a chain reaction in which dozens of enormous signs crashed to the streets, killing dozens of people. When Batgirl tries to apprehend him, she dislocates","title":"Humpty Dumpty (comics)"},{"id":"3956513","text":"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \"Teddy Bear\", plus \"Butterfly\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \"Let's Twist Again\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann","title":"Kal Mann"},{"id":"7883931","text":"Three Little Kittens \"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the \"Mother Goose\" collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published","title":"Three Little Kittens"},{"id":"5653692","text":"Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods is an American food company, operating as a subsidiary of Old Dutch Foods, that packages and sells snack foods. The company is named after the nursery rhyme character and features the character as the company logo. Humpty Dumpty Potato Chip Company, Inc. was founded in 1947 in Scarborough, Maine, USA by George Robinson and Norman Cole, producing ketchup-flavoured and sour-cream-and-clam-flavoured chips, among others. The company was acquired by Borden, Inc. in February 1989. In January 2000, it was then sold to the Canadian firm Small Fry, formally adopting the name Humpty Dumpty","title":"Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods"},{"id":"15298643","text":"after the nursery rhyme 'Polly Put The Kettle On', which ends when a character called Sukey is instructed to take the kettle off again. Thus the name is a reference to ending police kettles. Sukey Sukey is an organisation which emerged in Britain on 28 January 2011, with the aim of improving communications among participants in the student demonstrations. Its immediate aim was to counteract the police tactics of kettling, by co-ordinating information electronically and transmitting it to the protesters, allowing them to avoid the police kettle. Sukey was founded by Sam Carlisle and Sam Gaus during the occupation by","title":"Sukey"},{"id":"13550825","text":"developed the idea, imbuing it with a sense of shame and guilt, \"As when a dog goes to his own vomit and becomes abominable, so is a fool who returns in his wickedness to his own sin.\" This was due to the contemporary idea of the fool as ungodly. The Second Epistle of Peter refers to the proverb (), \"But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\" Kipling cites this in his poem \"The Gods of","title":"As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly"},{"id":"9026140","text":"Brother Where You Bound (song) \"Brother Where You Bound\" is the epic length title track to Supertramp's 1985 album of the same name. Written and sung by keyboardist Rick Davies, it is the longest song Supertramp ever recorded clocking in at 16 and a half minutes (surpassing \"Try Again\" from their 1970 self titled debut album by more than three minutes). The introduction to the track features a reading from George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", fragments of spoken news reports, and the final lines from the nursery rhyme \"Oranges and Lemons\". An excerpt from \"The Internationale\" can also be heard","title":"Brother Where You Bound (song)"},{"id":"2850537","text":"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in 'our time' as the simplified nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\". The supposed original was invented (by back formation) by J. R. R. Tolkien. The title of this version is given in \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\". In the Inn at Bree (\"At the Sign of the Prancing Pony\", \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" Chapter 9) Frodo jumps on a table and recites \"a ridiculous song\" invented by Bilbo. \"Here it is in full,\"","title":"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late"},{"id":"5178344","text":"is written in rhythmic verse that flows easily and has simple rhymes like \"Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules Morse as big as a horse\". Characters, events and therefore language are repetitive and cumulative, after the manner of \"Old MacDonald had a farm\". Each book contains a twist or some sort of conclusion at the end. The repetitions permit a young child to anticipate what is coming next, and repeat the words. \"Schnitzel von Krumm with a very low tum, Bitzer Maloney all skinny and bony, Muffin McClay like a bundle of hay, Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules","title":"Hairy Maclary"},{"id":"3153937","text":"Little Miss Muffet \"Little Miss Muffet\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \"Songs for the Nursery\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The first explanation is","title":"Little Miss Muffet"},{"id":"6130921","text":"crossover between various fairy tales and nursery rhymes. It focuses on a mentally disturbed Little Red Riding Hood, an inmate at the \"Everafter Maximum Security Asylum and Home for the Fantastically Traumatized,\" a mental institution in the fictional realm of Grimmoire. Red's mind snapped after a traumatizing reencounter with the Big Bad Wolf, portrayed as a black, demonic creature, causing her to replay the events in her mind under pressure and sending her into a psychotic, murderous state. Humpty Dumpty is the corrupt president of Grimmoire and founder of Everafter, with the Crooked Man as its head psychiatrist. Other staff","title":"Snafu Comics"},{"id":"13289685","text":"Solomon Grundy (song) \"Solomon Grundy\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \"Digging The Foundations\" album that featured the hit single \"In the Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)\", and it was the B side of their minor American hit single \"My Little Chickadee\". The singer pronounces it \"Solomon Grandy\" throughout the song, even though it foils the rhyme. It was also released as a single by Hong Kong beat","title":"Solomon Grundy (song)"},{"id":"14589713","text":"edits \"Humpty Dumpty\" under the direction of Steven Slon. \"Humpty Dumpty\" is one of two children's publications in the U.S. Kids family of magazines, which are published by the Children’s Better Health Institute, a division of the nonprofit Saturday Evening Post Society. Its sister publication under the U.S. Kids banner is \"Jack and Jill\" (for children ages 6 to 12). Humpty Dumpty (magazine) Humpty Dumpty is a bimonthly American magazine for children 2 to 6 years old that takes its title from the nursery rhyme of the same name. The magazine features short stories, poems, nonfiction articles, games, comics, recipes,","title":"Humpty Dumpty (magazine)"},{"id":"17588590","text":"Traditional rhyme A traditional rhyme is generally a saying, sometimes a proverb or an idiom, couched in the form of a rhyme and often passed down from generation to generation with no record of its original authorship. Many nursery rhymes may be counted as traditional rhymes. Examples of a traditional rhyme include the historically significant \"Ring Around the Rosie\", the doggerel love poem \"Roses Are Red\", and the wedding rhyme \"Something old, something new\". However, traditional rhymes are not necessarily ancient. As an example, the schoolchildren's rhyme commonly noting the end of a school year, \"no more pencils, no more","title":"Traditional rhyme"},{"id":"2693773","text":"having his friends round to play and is mostly the one who finds the polka dot shorts. He sometimes talks in rhyme and when his friends argue or do something he doesn't like, he often interrupts them with \"Excuse me\". Bibble: Polkaroo's mischievous pet which looks like a multi-coloured mop head covered in pom-poms. Often seen moving about making a \"bibbly\" sound, hence his name. He likes to pull pranks, and sometimes annoys the others with them. Humpty: (Voiced by Tony Daniels) A big green egg with purplish hair and a white nose. He wears a burgundy coloured suit patterned","title":"Polka Dot Shorts"},{"id":"18900561","text":"by families of the victims of Pan Am Flight 103 for the nursery rhyme, \"It's raining babies and luggage and limbs and Daddy doesn't come home\", which explicitly describes the debris from the disintegrating plane falling into Lockerbie, sung in the fashion of that of a nursery rhyme. Go, Stewie, Go! \"Go, Stewie, Go!\" is the 13th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 14, 2010. The episode features Stewie after he auditions, cross-dressed under the pseudonym Karina Smirnoff, for a female role in","title":"Go, Stewie, Go!"},{"id":"2681918","text":"what we can safely call Beanotown, but instead in the fantasy world \"Wonderland\" which was also home to Humpty Dumpty and other nursery rhyme characters. Pansy was later revived by Bill Hill, John Geering and Evi De Bono and reappeared in the first issue of \"Sparky\", dated 23 January 1965. The strip also returned to \"The Beano\" from 1989 to 1993, drawn by Barry Glennard. In 2012 Pansy returned to \"The Beano\" in the \"Funsize Funnies\" section, drawn by Nigel Parkinson. She returned for a second run later on, where she was drawn and written by Kev F. Sutherland. Pansy","title":"Pansy Potter"},{"id":"6004824","text":"her arms. Humpty promptly slips her arms back into their sockets and surrenders to her. Revealing that she had tracked him by his overdue library books, her sole question was why he had borrowed a book on human anatomy. Humpty takes her to his home to reveal he had dissected his abusive grandmother and sewn her back together with bootlace in an ill-thought attempt to \"fix\" her. He is a model prisoner at Arkham Asylum and is given various small projects to pass the time, such as repairing a broken mirror or fixing Ventriloquist's Scarface dummy. He befriends the financial","title":"Humpty Dumpty (comics)"},{"id":"1535091","text":"Aaron Cash; and the patients. There is a particular focus on previously unknown residents: Jane Doe, a cypher who assumes the identities of those she kills; Junkyard Dog, a man obsessed with trash; Doodlebug, an artist who uses blood in his paintings; the hulking bruiser Lunkhead; Death Rattle, a cult leader who speaks to the dead; and Humpty Dumpty, an obese idiot savant obsessed with taking apart and repairing various objects. The driving force is the recent admission of a ruthless investor, Warren \"The Great White Shark\" White, as well as the demonic element suggested by the title. White, facing","title":"Arkham Asylum"},{"id":"15992936","text":"then Tweety fakes his screaming and sets a hand grenade with its pin pulled next to him. Thinking it was the bird itself, the cat grabs the grenade. The real Tweety says, \"He got it and he can have it.\" The cat blows up and Tweety then confesses, \"You know, I get rid of more putty tats that way!\", then drew a line on the tree of how many cats he got rid of. \"Birdy and the Beast\" is available uncut and digitally remastered on Looney Tunes Platinum Collection Volume 2 DVD and Blu-Ray set. Birdy and the Beast Birdy","title":"Birdy and the Beast"},{"id":"8345219","text":"I think you want me to touch you/How can I when you build the great wall around you?\" This particular lyric likely inspired the cover art of Amos standing at an upside-down teacup shaped wall. This visual theme also occurred in the music video, which showed Amos lamenting on a rocky beach in England. The single peaked at #51 in the UK, but did not chart in other countries. One of the B-sides on the single, \"Humpty Dumpty\", is exclusive to this release. The B-side, \"Sugar\", was included on the Australian B-sides album, \"More Pink: The B-Sides\", in 1994 and","title":"China (Tori Amos song)"},{"id":"16029776","text":"lure the Great Terror out of the town, but Humpty and the Goose are knocked off the same bridge, where Puss left Humpty, with him holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the baby Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle. Puss' efforts to save the town make him a hero among the townspeople. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from","title":"Puss in Boots (video game)"},{"id":"14234787","text":"Tottenham, Tottenham \"Tottenham, Tottenham\" was a single released by the English football team Tottenham Hotspur, with uncredited accompaniment by Chas & Dave, in 1982. It reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Chas Hodges and Dave Peacock of Chas & Dave. According to Hodges, he was inspired by Chubby Checker's \"Let's Twist Again\" for the theme of the song. The lyrics \"We're gonna do it like we did last year\" came from \"Yeah, let's twist again, like we did last year\", as Tottenham won the FA Cup the previous year. The song was the","title":"Tottenham, Tottenham"},{"id":"19396189","text":"a suburban neighbourhood in Markham, Ontario. \"The House that Jack Built\" draws its name from the famous children's rhyme, This Is the House That Jack Built . In this series, Massey intersperses the rhyme with his own lived experience and exploration of male sexuality. The opening image in his photographic suite shows a replica of Massey's Toronto studio with its filing cabinets, work table, stool and ladder to a loft. Overlaid atop this interior view is a montage of images that reflect on each verse of the rhyme, but with some unexpected twists. The verse \"This is the maiden all forlorn\"","title":"John Massey (artist)"},{"id":"3153962","text":"origins in St. Hubert, the patron saint of dogs. It has also been suggested that the rhyme refers to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refusing Henry VIII's divorce from Queen Catherine of Aragon, but the connection is based on speculation. Old Mother Hubbard \"Old Mother Hubbard\" is an English-language nursery rhyme, first printed in 1805 and among the most popular publications of the nineteenth century. The exact origin and meaning of the rhyme is disputed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19334. The first published version by Sarah Catherine Martin is associated with a historic cottage in Yealmpton, Devon","title":"Old Mother Hubbard"},{"id":"570344","text":"it may have been originally posed as a riddle. There are also various theories of an original \"Humpty Dumpty\". One, advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley, posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England, depicted as humpbacked in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare's play, and who was defeated, despite his armies, at Bosworth Field in 1485. \"Punch\" in 1842 suggested jocularly that the rhyme was a metaphor for the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey; just as Wolsey was not buried in his intended tomb, so Humpty Dumpty was not buried in his","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"5460871","text":"book was the first novel Fforde wrote, however, he failed in its publication. It was massively re-written following the success of the Thursday Next novels. A follow-up, entitled \"The Fourth Bear\", was published in July 2006. The book is satirical, based on many nursery rhymes, fables, and the like. The main character Jack Spratt is based on Jack Sprat, and the secondary character is Mary Mary, both from nursery rhymes. They investigate events such as the Three Little Pigs and Humpty Dumpty. People from such sources are known in the book as PDRs, \"persons of dubious reality\". The book begins","title":"The Big Over Easy"},{"id":"3153939","text":"is the original. Little Miss Muffet \"Little Miss Muffet\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \"Songs for the Nursery\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The","title":"Little Miss Muffet"},{"id":"12375334","text":"from the tale, \"Merry Christmas\", was popularized following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with \"Bah! Humbug!\" dismissive of the festive spirit. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's \"Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern\" (1833), with the first appearance in print of \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\", \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\" and \"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen\". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public. A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker","title":"Culture of England"},{"id":"570343","text":"clumsy person. The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged, whereas an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known. Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as \"Boule Boule\" in French, \"Lille Trille\" in Swedish and Norwegian, and \"Runtzelken-Puntzelken\" or \"Humpelken-Pumpelken\" in different parts of Germany—although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English. The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, possibly because","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"13138714","text":"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes is the only album released by the short lived group Terry, Blair & Anouchka. Terry, Blair & Anouchka were formed shortly after the dissolution of Terry's previous musical project The Colourfield. All three members shared a love for '60s pop, as well as kitschy mainstream pop, as evidenced on the trio's cover of Captain & Tennille's \"Love Will Keep Us Together.\" \"Missing\" was released as a single in November 1989, followed by \"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhyme\" in February 1990. Both singles reached the lower end of the UK Singles Chart. \"Ultra Modern","title":"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes"},{"id":"10612511","text":"but two tracks from \"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\". In their place there was a new track - \"Humpty Dumpty\". In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \"The Children's Collection\". One CD consisted of a different selection of these tracks. The same two tracks were missing from \"The Drunken Sailor\", but all the tracks from \"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\" were present. Running time about 35 minutes. These tracks have not been publicly available since 1989. Producer Tim Hart. Engineer Dave Bascombe, Jerry Boys. Recorded 1983 LP - side one LP - side two Park Records have","title":"The Drunken Sailor and other Kids Favourites"},{"id":"20570115","text":"to do it again. In other words, a man of violent temper is always getting into difficulties; you have no sooner helped him out of one than he has plunged madly into another. Like the irascible person in the old nursery rhyme, who \"jumped into a bramble bush and scratched out both his eyes\", he is no sooner extricated than \"with all his might and main, he jumps into another bush and puts them out again.\" Shutter also says humor is often used to communicate morality claiming \"Can a man take fire in his bosom And his clothes not be","title":"The Bible and humor"},{"id":"11624422","text":"15 on the \"Cashbox\" Top 100, and number 11 in Canada. This ballad is an upbeat love song about finally finding the right person and experiencing love after being lonely for an extended period of time. It is a happy answer to Carmen's more melancholy hits the year before, \"All By Myself\" and \"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again.\" It has been hailed as \"the best Beach Boys song Brian Wilson \"never\" wrote.\" Back-up vocals for \"She Did It\" were provided by Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys, whose 1968 hit \"Do It Again\" is credited by Carmen with being","title":"She Did It"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"570347\",\n \"text\": \"Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \\\"all the King's men\\\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \\\"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\\\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \\\"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\\\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14141068\",\n \"text\": \"of topicality about it).\\\" Newman also said: \\\"It's such a mad word, nursery rhymes, when you think about it logically. There's actually quite an interesting story behind some of them. Like Humpty Dumpty - we all think it's about an egg falling off a wall. But really, Humpty Dumpty was a cannon in the English Civil War that one of the sides managed to blow up, and it fell down. So all the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again - that's the origins of it. Some of these stories are true, and real news\",\n \"title\": \"The News at Bedtime\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570339\",\n \"text\": \"As a character and literary allusion, he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture, particularly English author Lewis Carroll's \\\"Through the Looking-Glass\\\" (1872), in which he was described as an egg. The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026. The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language. The common text from 1954 is: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men Couldn't put Humpty together again. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1913198\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.\\\") Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. The third rhyme said to have come from Colchester is Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, which was written by Jane Taylor who lived in the town's Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title \\\"The Star\\\". Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of Camelot, on\",\n \"title\": \"Colchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570360\",\n \"text\": \"to put him together again is representative of this principle, as it would be highly unlikely (though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570358\",\n \"text\": \"album inspired by Lewis Carroll called \\\"The Mad Hatter\\\", 1978). In the Dolly Parton song \\\"Starting Over Again\\\", it's all the king's horses and all the king's men who can't put the divorced couple back together again. In an extra verse in one version of ABBA's \\\"On and On and On\\\", Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall. The Australian children’s television programme Play School, in the song \\\"Oomba Baroomba\\\", says: Humpty Dumpty sat up in bed, Eating yellow bananas. Where do you think he put the skins? Down his striped pyjamas! TurboTax, a U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570341\",\n \"text\": \"Four-score Men and Four-score more, Could not make Humpty Dumpty where he was before. William Carey Richards (1818–1892) quoted the poem in 1843, commenting, \\\"when we were five years old ... the following parallel lines... were propounded as a riddle ... Humpty-dumpty, reader, is the Dutch or something else for an egg\\\". A manuscript addition to a copy of \\\"Mother Goose's Melody\\\" published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: \\\"Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again\\\". It was published in 1810 in a version of \\\"Gammer Gurton's Garland\\\" as: Humpty Dumpty sate on a\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"979282\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"All the king's horses and all the king's men / Couldn't put Humpty together again\\\"). An allusion similar to that was made more explicitly a quarter-century earlier in the Robert Penn Warren novel \\\"All the King's Men\\\", which describes the career of a fictional corrupt governor, loosely based on Huey Long. Dick Snyder of Simon & Schuster purchased the right to publish the book through the agent David Obst. The authors received an advance of $55,000. In his memoir, Michael Korda said of the book's publication that it \\\"transformed book publishing into a red-hot part of media\\\" and books became\",\n \"title\": \"All the President's Men\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12661132\",\n \"text\": \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me, I'll Read to You: Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the \\\"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\\\" series. It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley. The book is retellings of nursery rhymes. It has retellings such as Humpty Dumpty chatting with his doctor and Little Miss Muffet explaining 'curds and whey' to the spider. Other rhymes include \\\"Old Mother Hubbard\\\", \\\"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\\\", \\\"Simple Simon\\\", and \\\"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\\\". It was reviewed\",\n \"title\": \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1951118\",\n \"text\": \"Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \\\"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\\\", \\\"Roses Are Red\\\", \\\"Jack and Jill\\\", \\\"Cock a doodle doo\\\", \\\"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\\\", \\\"The Grand Old Duke of York\\\", \\\"London Bridge Is Falling Down\\\", \\\"Hey Diddle Diddle\\\", \\\"Three Blind Mice\\\", \\\"Little Miss Muffet\\\", \\\"Pat-a-cake\\\", \\\"Pop Goes the Weasel\\\", \\\"The Queen of Hearts\\\", \\\"Polly Put the Kettle On\\\", \\\"Peter Piper\\\", \\\"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\\\", \\\"Hickory Dickory Dock\\\", \\\"One for Sorrow\\\", \\\"This Old Man\\\", \\\"Simple Simon\\\", \\\"Old Mother Hubbard\\\", \\\"Little Bo Peep\\\", \\\"Sing a Song of\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570338\",\n \"text\": \"Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \\\"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\\\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6036642\",\n \"text\": \"or her help. All the nursery rhymes in the land have gotten mixed up, with none of the inhabitants possessing the items necessary for their rhyme to exist. And so, the child will find themselves helping Humpty Dumpty find a ladder to scramble onto a wall, bringing the little lamb back to Mary and seeking out a pail for Jack and Jill, among others. Gameplay is again rather simple. The AGI system, similar to the one used extensively in previous Sierra games (e.g. the Quest series: \\\"King's Quest\\\", \\\"Police Quest\\\", etc.), is utilized in the 1987 version. The player controls\",\n \"title\": \"Mixed-Up Mother Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570352\",\n \"text\": \"their places in the air with his thumb) \\\"nose in the middle, mouth under. It's always the same. Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose, for instance—or the mouth at the top—that would be \\\"some\\\" help.\\\" Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825–77) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth-century stage productions of pantomime versions, music, and rhyme. The character is also a common literary allusion, particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct once\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570345\",\n \"text\": \"shell. Professor David Daube suggested in \\\"The Oxford Magazine\\\" of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a \\\"tortoise\\\" siege engine, an armoured frame, used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War. This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack, but without evidence that the rhyme was connected. The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia, but it was derided by others as \\\"ingenuity for\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16486239\",\n \"text\": \"All the King's Men All the King's Men is a novel by Robert Penn Warren first published in 1946. Its title is drawn from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. In 1947, Warren won the Pulitzer Prize for \\\"All the King's Men.\\\" It was adapted for a film in 1949 and 2006; the 1949 version won the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is rated as the 36th greatest novel of the 20th century by Modern Library, and it was chosen as one of \\\"Time\\\" magazine's 100 best novels since 1923. \\\"All the King's Men\\\" portrays the dramatic, and theatrical political\",\n \"title\": \"All the King's Men\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18988974\",\n \"text\": \"but confidentially, it stinks.\\\"\\\". It is then revealed that the garden is full of litter and trash. The page turns to Humpty Dumpty. Humpty, like the rhyme says, falls off the wall and appears unharmed. However, when he gets up it is revealed that the part where his butt cheeks are at are cracked. The next page shows Jack and Jill as a teenage couple. As the narrator recites the rhyme, Jack and Jill go behind the well. The narrator is stumped and repeats \\\"\\\"to fetch a pail of water\\\"\\\" but nothing happens. The narrator does it again and Jack\",\n \"title\": \"A Gander at Mother Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570342\",\n \"text\": \"wall, Humpti Dumpti had a great fall; Threescore men and threescore more, Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before. In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell published a collected version as: Humpty Dumpty lay in a beck. With all his sinews around his neck; Forty Doctors and forty wrights Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty to rights! According to the \\\"Oxford English Dictionary\\\", in the 17th century the term \\\"humpty dumpty\\\" referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale. The riddle probably exploited, for misdirection, the fact that \\\"humpty dumpty\\\" was also eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for a short and\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119478\",\n \"text\": \"an important artefact, as are John Playford's \\\"The Dancing Master\\\" and Robert Harley's \\\"Roxburghe Ballads\\\" collections. Some of the best-known songs are \\\"Greensleeves\\\", \\\"Pastime with Good Company\\\", \\\"Maggie May\\\" and \\\"Spanish Ladies\\\" amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as \\\"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\\\", \\\"Roses are red\\\", \\\"Jack and Jill\\\", \\\"London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle\\\" and \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". Traditional English Christmas carols include \\\"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\", \\\"The First Noel\\\" and \\\"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\\\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570353\",\n \"text\": \"broken, or a short and fat person. Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in \\\"Through the Looking-Glass\\\", including L. Frank Baum's \\\"Mother Goose in Prose\\\" (1901), where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king, having witnessed Humpty's \\\"death\\\" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him. In Neil Gaiman's early short story \\\"The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds\\\", the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir-style hardboiled crime story, involving other characters from popular nursery rhymes. Robert Rankin\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6491462\",\n \"text\": \"All the King's Horses (short story) \\\"All the King's Horses\\\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \\\"Welcome to the Monkey House\\\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed on the Asiatic mainland. With him are his two sons, his wife, the pilot and co-pilot, and ten enlisted men. The sixteen prisoners are held captive\",\n \"title\": \"All the King's Horses (short story)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8995668\",\n \"text\": \"in the grounds of Colchester Castle there stands a monument marking the site of the execution. The siege is commonly believed to have inspired the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty, which is said to have been the nickname of a large Royalist cannon strategically placed on the wall next to St Mary's Church. The Parliamentary bombardment of 14 July damaged the wall, causing \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" to be destroyed. Other stories attribute the name Humpty Dumpty not to a cannon but to a Royalist sniper, \\\"One-Eyed Thompson\\\", who occupied the belfry of St Mary's Church and was shot down by Parliament forces.\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Colchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1913197\",\n \"text\": \"a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. Colchester is also the most widely credited source of the rhyme Humpty Dumpty. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls (\\\"Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall\\\") and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (\\\"Humpty Dumpty had a great fall\\\") and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians\",\n \"title\": \"Colchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201516\",\n \"text\": \"All the King's Men (1999 film) All the King's Men is a feature-length World War I television drama by the BBC starring David Jason, first broadcast on Remembrance Sunday, 14 November 1999. The film derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme and is based on a 1992 book, \\\"The Vanished Battalion\\\" by the film's co-producer, Nigel McCrery. The drama was based on co-producer Nigel McCrery's non-fiction book \\\"The Vanished Battalion\\\". The book was first published in 1992 and was republished in 1997 and 1999 as \\\"All the King's Men: one of the greatest mysteries of\",\n \"title\": \"All the King's Men (1999 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15089324\",\n \"text\": \"toys. Most episodes contain a sequence of a shop. If Chris runs it, Pui comes as different nursery rhyme characters such as the Grand Old Duke of York, Little Bo Peep, Incy Wincy Spider, Little Miss Muffet, Old MacDonald, Granny Humpty and Twinkle the star. If Pui runs it, Chris enters as one of Humpty Dumpty, the Hey Diddle cow, Jack from \\\"Jack and Jill\\\", Pat the Baker, or Wee Willie Winkie. The format of the show is similar to that of \\\"Play School\\\" – the BBC programme from the '60s and '80s. Series one had 40 episodes beginning with\",\n \"title\": \"Show Me Show Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2562196\",\n \"text\": \"re-cast, was made in 2000, followed by a fourth (with some roles again re-cast) in 2001. The show's distinctive theme song, with the lyrics \\\"Have you ever... ever felt like this?\\\" was sung by Tamsin West, who played the lead female role of Linda Twist in the first series. It borrowed lines from popular nursery rhymes such as \\\"There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly\\\", \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" and \\\"Rain Rain Go Away\\\". Making a show about children which spanned more than a decade meant many changes in actors were required, as the child actors became too old for\",\n \"title\": \"Round the Twist\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"430794\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"crabs\\\" and \\\"feathers\\\". Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in \\\"Jabberwocky\\\". In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall. Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: \\\"\\\"All the king's horses and all the king's men\\\"\\\" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting\",\n \"title\": \"Through the Looking-Glass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16273326\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love's to Blame\\\") and three others entitled \\\"Broken Lullabies\\\", \\\"Believe Me Now\\\", and \\\"Something's Gotta Give\\\". \\\"Love's to Blame\\\" was co-written by St. James. In 2009, they signed on with Warner Music Group with Ben Glover as their producer. They changed their name to \\\"For King & Country\\\", after a British battle cry. Luke said, \\\"We wanted a band name that carried more meaning. We were in the studio recording our debut record that Joel had the idea of All The King's Men, like the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. Our producer overheard our conversation and swung around in his chair\",\n \"title\": \"For King & Country (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16255140\",\n \"text\": \"All the King's Horses (play) All the King's Horses is a play written by Irish-born journalist and playwright John McDonnell in 1961. The play takes its title from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. The plot concerns an elderly Irish woman, Kate Houlihan, who dies and leaves her fortune equally between her two nephews Michael and William. Michael is a Southern Irish Republican and William is a Northern Irish Orangeman. To inherit the fortune Michael and William must spend a month in peace in Kate's cottage. The two men find they are unable to live in peace so Kate's solicitor, Mr\",\n \"title\": \"All the King's Horses (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19828985\",\n \"text\": \"we have any consistency on this show? Why couldn't we just have had an hour focused on Barnes and nothing else? It would have been much more entertaining.\\\" Vinnie Mancuso of \\\"New York Observer\\\" wrote, \\\"That's right, 'Blood Rush' centered around \\\"Gotham\\\"s resident Humpty Dumpty, Captain Nathaniel Barnes, who all the king's horses and all the king's men can't stop from becoming a veiny rage-monster because some girl's poison blood fell into his eyeball. Just like the nursery rhyme says. Look it up. I'm nailing this.\\\" MaryAnn Sleasman of \\\"TV.com\\\" wrote, \\\"Penguin and Nygma's complex and deliciously tragic relationship could\",\n \"title\": \"Blood Rush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10612506\",\n \"text\": \"on the Music for Pleasure label. Another similar album was released in 1983, called \\\"The Drunken Sailor\\\". The rights for \\\"Music for Pleasure\\\" were sold to \\\"EMI Gold\\\", who released an hour-long cassette called \\\"Favourite Nursery Rhymes\\\" in 1985. It contained all these tracks except \\\"Old Woman Tossed Up in a Blanket\\\" and \\\"Boys and Girls come out to Play\\\". Two tracks were missing from \\\"The Drunken Sailor\\\". In its place there was a new track - \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\", with leads vocals by Bob Johnson. In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \\\"The Children's Collection\\\". One CD\",\n \"title\": \"My Very Favourite Nursery Rhymes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570340\",\n \"text\": \"a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \\\"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\\\" (London, 1870), as outlined below: \\\\new Staff « \\\\clef treble \\\\key bes \\\\major { %\\\\new Lyrics \\\\lyricmode { » The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold's \\\"Juvenile Amusements\\\" in 1797 with the lyrics: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570346\",\n \"text\": \"ingenuity's sake\\\" and declared to be a spoof. The link was nevertheless popularised by a children's opera \\\"All the King's Men\\\" by Richard Rodney Bennett, first performed in 1969. From 1996, the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary-at-the-Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648. In 1648, Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall. The story given was that a large cannon, which the website claimed was colloquially called\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004827\",\n \"text\": \"if he killed the children. Humpty says he is innocent, and explains that he found them “near the river” as they floated up to him. Sad the children had died so close to Christmas, Humpty had tried to give them one last holiday. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Humpty Dumpty is first seen as an inmate at Arkham Asylum at the same time that Resurrection Man is incarcerated there. Humpty Dumpty has a knack of disassembling and reassembling different items. Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics.\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6491465\",\n \"text\": \"player, Barzov suggests a rematch with no lives at stake. Kelly declines, but says he will play at a later time if Barzov insists on it. All the King's Horses (short story) \\\"All the King's Horses\\\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \\\"Welcome to the Monkey House\\\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed\",\n \"title\": \"All the King's Horses (short story)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9673588\",\n \"text\": \"been inspired by the mole in Hans Christian Andersen's \\\"Thumbelina\\\" or possibly Moley in Kenneth Grahame's \\\"The Wind in the Willows\\\". \\\"Diggory Delvet\\\" and the last rhyme in the book about a guinea pig are two of the few limericks written for children by someone other than Edward Lear. The sixth rhyme is a single stanza and accompanied by an illustration depicting a pig in a dress sitting in a high-backed chair and peeling potatoes: The seventh and last rhyme is a limerick about an \\\"amiable guinea-pig\\\" (the first guinea pig in Potter's work) who brushes his hair back like\",\n \"title\": \"Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11611484\",\n \"text\": \"sliding down the poker. He balances very badly\\\"). She soon leaves him alone, however, when she sees the poetry-book in which \\\"Jabberwocky\\\" is written. When Alice sees the White King next, in a later chapter, he is, along with many other characters in the story, the size of a normal adult. Humpty Dumpty, as a chesspiece, is \\\"taken\\\" (symbolised by his notorious fall from where he sits) and the White King appears with his soldiers, presumably in hopes of putting him back together. He and Alice begin characteristic Wonderland/Looking-Glass banter, as well as the usual Carrollian word play (\\\"I only\",\n \"title\": \"White King (Through the Looking-Glass)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570350\",\n \"text\": \"Alice, \\\"whether you \\\"can\\\" make words mean so many different things.\\\" \\\"The question is,\\\" said Humpty Dumpty, \\\"which is to be master—that's all.\\\" Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. \\\"They've a temper, some of them—particularly verbs, they're the proudest—adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs—however, \\\"I\\\" can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! That's what \\\"I\\\" say!\\\" This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case \\\"Liversidge v. Anderson\\\" (1942), where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6953379\",\n \"text\": \"had backlit scoring in preset units of scoring rather than mechanical reel or electronic LED scoring. The table was virtually recreated in pinball simulation video game, \\\"Microsoft Pinball Arcade\\\". Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \\\"flipper bumpers\\\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (pinball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9661454\",\n \"text\": \"in the song \\\"Gus: The Theatre Cat.\\\" Gus appears shortly after the start of Act II of \\\"Cats\\\" where he and Jellylorum provide highlights of his career, contrasting his present state with his acting heyday: \\\"He has acted with Irving, he's acted with Tree.\\\" He and Jellylorum stress in particular his creation of the role of Firefrorefiddle, the Fiend of the Fell. In its only major deviation from the poem, the song modifies the line \\\"He once played a Tiger — could do it again — Which an Indian Colonel pursued down a drain.\\\" to \\\"I once played Growltiger -\",\n \"title\": \"Gus: The Theatre Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9637803\",\n \"text\": \"is also in play here. A theme related to this concerns creative energy (both generative and imaginative). Or, rather, the lack of creative energy that is depicted in the poem - both visually and aurally. Bloom, referring to Blake's \\\"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell\\\", says that \\\"the Human, standing still, becomes the wholly natural\\\", and is, quoting Blake, \\\"unable to do other than to repeat the same dull round over again\\\" (just like the Sunflower). Only when the \\\"contraries\\\" (including \\\"Reason and Energy\\\") in the human condition are married together in \\\"creative strife\\\", will a way out of repeating\",\n \"title\": \"Ah! Sun-flower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9075156\",\n \"text\": \"The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack and Jill, Simple Simon, Georgie Porgie, Humpty Dumpty, and the others are worried when Mother Goose has to visit her sister who lives beyond the Moon. Meanwhile, Count Walktwist\",\n \"title\": \"The Wacky World of Mother Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6781652\",\n \"text\": \"St John logo also appears on the windows of a hut dedicated to first aid at a Church Fair shown in an episode of \\\"Jeeves and Wooster\\\". In 2016, the UK St John Ambulance organisation, via its website, launched a campaign for baby CPR featuring a song by animated nursery rhyme characters, including Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, Incy Wincy Spider and The Cat and The Fiddle. Topics related to St John Ambulance and the Order: Similar movements: St John Ambulance St John Ambulance is the name of a number of affiliated organisations in different countries, which teach and provide\",\n \"title\": \"St John Ambulance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"979281\",\n \"text\": \"which chronicled the last months of Nixon's presidency, starting around the time their previous book ended. Woodward and Bernstein had considered the idea of writing a book about Watergate, but did not commit until actor Robert Redford expressed interest in purchasing the film rights. In \\\"Telling the Truth About Lies: The Making of \\\"All the President's Men,\\\"\\\" Woodward noted that Redford played an important role in changing the book's narrative from a story about the Watergate events to one about their investigations and reportage of the story. The name of the book alludes to the nursery rhyme about Humpty Dumpty\",\n \"title\": \"All the President's Men\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10817518\",\n \"text\": \"to Bristol and from there to Gloucester, was placed on the walls of Llanthony Secunda and directed at Gloucester's City Wall. It was hoped by the besieging monarch, Charles I, that this cannon would break the siege and win him control of the city. The cannon misfired and exploded on the first shot. Some believe this to be the origin of the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme; but this is disputed. The true origins of Humpty Dumpty are unknown but the idea that it refers to the Royalist cannon during the Siege of Gloucester is often cited as fact. The remains\",\n \"title\": \"Llanthony Secunda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6953378\",\n \"text\": \"Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \\\"flipper bumpers\\\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward instead of inward and were not placed at the bottom of the table near the main outhole. Like all early pinball tables, \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" was constructed with wood and\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (pinball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17337260\",\n \"text\": \"of Humpty's shell, which are then used to put Humpty together again. But, just before they place the last piece, Diggs and the pigs are beaten up under cover of darkness, only to find, when light returns, that Humpty's body has been taken. Diggs decides to head to the Frying Pan, a jazz club owned by Humpty, to see his girlfriend Itsy Bitsy in hopes of getting a new lead. He is physically barred from entry by Seeno, Hearno, and Speakno, but finds a way around them. Itsy lets Diggs hide in her dressing room while she performs a number,\",\n \"title\": \"Diggs Nightcrawler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798055\",\n \"text\": \"beat him beyond his tolerance. He ran as far away as Bunhill (H) or Holloway (C), where he heard \\\"London Bells\\\" (B), Bow bells (C), or the bells of \\\"Bow Church\\\" (H), that seemed to be telling him, \\\"Turn again Whittington, Lord Mayor of London\\\" (H). which persuaded him to retrace his steps. (The wording of the bells' message differ slightly according to the textual source). The ship was driven off course to the Barbary Coast, where the Moorish king purchased the entire cargo for a load of gold, and insisted on entertaining the English traders with a\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Whittington and His Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7924877\",\n \"text\": \"of the economic changes in the following decades were also due to increased transportation and agricultural mechanization. Notable people who were born or live in Cawood include: Henry Monson, a founding New Zealand settler. Michael Lyons FRBS FRSA who is a contemporary British artist and former Vice-President, Royal British Society of Sculptors. Notable people who died in Cawood include six Archbishops of York: William Greenfield, William Melton, Thomas Rotherham, John Thoresby, William Zouche and George Montaigne Also the children's nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty may refer to Cardinal Wolsey's 'great fall' at Cawood, when he was arrested by King Henry VIII's\",\n \"title\": \"Cawood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570348\",\n \"text\": \"he claimed to have found them in an \\\"old dusty library, [in] an even older book\\\", but did not state what the book was or where it was found. It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme, and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme, which do not mention horses and men. Humpty Dumpty appears in Lewis Carroll's \\\"Through the Looking-Glass\\\" (1872). Alice's remark that he is \\\"exactly like an egg\\\" he finds \\\"very provoking\\\"; Alice clarifies that\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9075157\",\n \"text\": \"the Crooked Man is up to no good and will stop at nothing to rule the land, so it's up to the good characters to try and stop him. The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack\",\n \"title\": \"The Wacky World of Mother Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16658565\",\n \"text\": \"Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \\\"Old King Cole\\\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \\\"fiddlers three\\\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to become Baa Baa Black Sheep) and\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Goose Melodies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1951119\",\n \"text\": \"Sixpence\\\", \\\"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary\\\", \\\"Old King Cole\\\" and \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". Many of these rhymes are based on figures in British history, for example \\\"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat\\\" (from 1805) is about going to see the Queen. The 1730 rhyme \\\"As I was going to St Ives\\\" (southern English town) is in the form of a riddle. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work by John Awdlay, a Shropshire chaplain who lists 25 \\\"caroles of Cristemas\\\", probably sung by groups of 'wassailers', who went from house to house. Some of the most notable carols from the UK\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004822\",\n \"text\": \"Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics. Unlike many of Batman's enemies, he is not deliberately malevolent. Humpty Dumpty first appeared in the 2003 graphic novel \\\"\\\" and was created by Dan Slott and Ryan Sook. Humphry Dumpler is a hulking man with an egg-shaped head who speaks in rhyme and has a compulsive desire to \\\"repair\\\" that which he considers to be broken. He is shown in flashback to have been the victim of inexplicable, almost supernaturally bad luck almost since birth, illustrated by countless tragedies through his life. Eventually, he became determined to\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570354\",\n \"text\": \"used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy-tale character murderer in \\\"The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse\\\" (2002). Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels \\\"The Well of Lost Plots\\\" (2003) and \\\"The Big Over Easy\\\" (2005), which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder. Humpty Dumpty appears as a lead villain in the DreamWorks animation \\\"Puss in Boots\\\" (2011). The 1925 song \\\"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\\\", most notably sung by Dean Martin, Doris Day and Bobby Darin, mentions\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1871067\",\n \"text\": \"number of alternatives have been found including a note that in Warwickshire in 1892 the song was sung of both the Duke of York and the King of France; from 1894 that it was sung of Napoleon. The oldest version of the song that survives is from 1642, under the title 'Old Tarlton's song', attributed to the stage clown Richard Tarlton (1530–1588) with the lyrics: The King of France with forty thousand men, Came up a hill and so came downe againe. As a result, the argument has been made that it may have been a common satirical verse that\",\n \"title\": \"The Grand Old Duke of York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16658566\",\n \"text\": \"the Cat, Cow and Little Dog. Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \\\"Old King Cole\\\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \\\"fiddlers three\\\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Goose Melodies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7186591\",\n \"text\": \"Unbirthday An unbirthday (originally written un-birthday) is an event that is typically celebrated on any or all of the 364 (365 on leap years) days in which it is not the person's birthday. It is a neologism coined by Lewis Carroll in his \\\"Through the Looking-Glass\\\", giving rise to \\\"The Unbirthday Song\\\" in the 1951 Disney animated feature film \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\". One's unbirthday should not be confused with one's half-birthday, which only occurs once a year. In \\\"Through the Looking-Glass\\\", Humpty Dumpty is wearing a cravat (which Alice at first mistakes for a belt) which he says was given\",\n \"title\": \"Unbirthday\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13289686\",\n \"text\": \"group Danny Diaz & The Checkmates and it was the song that first brought Polly Brown & Pickettywitch to notice when they appeared on ITV's \\\" Opportunity Knocks\\\" television talent show. It was also the B side of Pickettywitch's 1969 debut single \\\"You Got Me So I Don't Know\\\". Solomon Grundy (song) \\\"Solomon Grundy\\\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \\\"Digging The Foundations\\\" album that featured the hit single \\\"In the\",\n \"title\": \"Solomon Grundy (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14287219\",\n \"text\": \"2010 British Soap Awards, and was nominated in the \\\"Best Live Event Coverage\\\" category of the Broadcast Digital Awards 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics. Tom Sutcliffe of \\\"The Independent\\\" rated \\\"EastEnders Live\\\" 4 out of 5, noting that there were \\\"a couple of moments where the seams showed\\\", but that \\\"half the fun in watching was seeing if you could spot them\\\". He praised \\\"EastEnders\\\" for not \\\"playing safe\\\" by including stunt work, and commented that Ian Beale's line: \\\"I wish we could go back and do it all again. Do it right this time.\\\" could potentially have\",\n \"title\": \"EastEnders Live\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13505948\",\n \"text\": \"strong French accent. Here is van Rooten's version of \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\": The original English nursery rhymes that correspond to the numbered poems in \\\"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\\\" are as follows: Ten of the \\\"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\\\" have been set to music by Lawrence Whiffin. An earlier example of homophonic translation (in this case French-to-English) is \\\"Frayer Jerker\\\" (Frère Jacques) in \\\"Anguish Languish\\\" (1956). A later book in the English-to-French genre is \\\"N'Heures Souris Rames\\\" (\\\"Nursery Rhymes\\\"), published in 1980 by Ormonde de Kay. It contains some forty nursery rhymes, among which are \\\"Coucou doux de Ledoux (Cock-A-Doodle-Doo)\\\", \\\"Signe, garçon.\",\n \"title\": \"Mots d'Heures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570357\",\n \"text\": \"Rooten's 1967 book \\\"Mots d'Heures\\\", a collection of homophonically translated poetry, includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text, beginning \\\"\\\"Un petit d'un petit, S'étonne aux Halles...\\\"\\\". It has also been used as a common motif in popular music, including Hank Thompson's \\\"Humpty Dumpty Heart\\\" (1948), The Monkees' \\\"All the King's Horses\\\" (1966), Aretha Franklin's \\\"All the King's Horses\\\" (1972), Tori Amos's \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" (1992), and Travis's \\\"The Humpty Dumpty Love Song\\\" (2001). In jazz, Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea wrote different compositions, both titled \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". (In Corea's case, however, it is a part of a concept\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13251220\",\n \"text\": \"Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and Henry's problems in producing suitable offspring. Occasionally an extra verse is added: \\\"I danced o'er the water, I danced o'er the sea, And all the birds in the air, Couldn't catch me\\\" It was parodied by Roald Dahl in his poetry book \\\"Rhyme Stew (1989).\\\" I Had a Little Nut Tree 'I Had a Little Nut Tree' is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3749. The most common modern version is: I had a little nut tree, Nothing would it bear, But a silver nutmeg And\",\n \"title\": \"I Had a Little Nut Tree\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6690995\",\n \"text\": \"the royalties they receive for their poems, like Humpty Dumpty, Little Miss Muffet, Mary Mary Quite Contrary and Old King Cole. While on their quest to find the murderer, several PPPs are killed. Humpty Dumpty is boiled with a lens above his pool, Bill Winkie – cheated out of the rights to his nursery rhyme by the writer, but a natural detective – simply vanishes while investigating the case, Little Boy Blue is pierced with his crook – the crook impaling him in the rear and exiting through his mouth, Jack Spratt is fried in his ex-wife's diner, Little Tommy\",\n \"title\": \"The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"501246\",\n \"text\": \"ram and could be used in confined spaces. Battering rams had an important effect on the evolution of defensive walls, which were constructed ever more ingeniously in a bid to nullify the effects of siege engines. Historical instances of the usage of battering rams in sieges of major cities include: There is a popular myth in Gloucester that the famous children's rhyme, Humpty Dumpty, is about a battering ram used in the siege of Gloucester in 1643, during the English Civil War. However, the story is almost certainly untrue; during the siege, which lasted only one month, no battering rams\",\n \"title\": \"Battering ram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11869563\",\n \"text\": \"Mole. He did some arrangement work for Frankie Trumbauer and Bix Beiderbecke, including the nursery rhyme \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". Livingston played on the 1928 Brunswick recording of \\\"Room 1411\\\" as a member of Benny Goodman's group Bennie Goodman and His Boys, which also featured Glenn Miller, Jimmy McPartland, Bud Freeman, and Ben Pollack. He worked with Fred Elizalde in London in 1929, then returned to New York City to play with Paul Whiteman. His stint with Whiteman, which lasted from 1930 to 1933, was mainly as an arranger, though he played occasionally. Later in the 1930s he worked with Benny Goodman\",\n \"title\": \"Fud Livingston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004823\",\n \"text\": \"understand the mechanics of the world around him in an attempt to see what made things go wrong for him and attempt to fix them. In his crimes, Humpty disassembles and reassembles mechanical devices that upset him in some way. The devices he \\\"fixes\\\" cause numerous accidents, such as a subway train derailing. Humpty Dumpty's final crime is to adjust the gears in a clock tower, causing one of its hands to fly off, provoking a chain reaction in which dozens of enormous signs crashed to the streets, killing dozens of people. When Batgirl tries to apprehend him, she dislocates\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3956513\",\n \"text\": \"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \\\"Teddy Bear\\\", plus \\\"Butterfly\\\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann\",\n \"title\": \"Kal Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7883931\",\n \"text\": \"Three Little Kittens \\\"Three Little Kittens\\\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the \\\"Mother Goose\\\" collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published\",\n \"title\": \"Three Little Kittens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5653692\",\n \"text\": \"Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods is an American food company, operating as a subsidiary of Old Dutch Foods, that packages and sells snack foods. The company is named after the nursery rhyme character and features the character as the company logo. Humpty Dumpty Potato Chip Company, Inc. was founded in 1947 in Scarborough, Maine, USA by George Robinson and Norman Cole, producing ketchup-flavoured and sour-cream-and-clam-flavoured chips, among others. The company was acquired by Borden, Inc. in February 1989. In January 2000, it was then sold to the Canadian firm Small Fry, formally adopting the name Humpty Dumpty\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15298643\",\n \"text\": \"after the nursery rhyme 'Polly Put The Kettle On', which ends when a character called Sukey is instructed to take the kettle off again. Thus the name is a reference to ending police kettles. Sukey Sukey is an organisation which emerged in Britain on 28 January 2011, with the aim of improving communications among participants in the student demonstrations. Its immediate aim was to counteract the police tactics of kettling, by co-ordinating information electronically and transmitting it to the protesters, allowing them to avoid the police kettle. Sukey was founded by Sam Carlisle and Sam Gaus during the occupation by\",\n \"title\": \"Sukey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13550825\",\n \"text\": \"developed the idea, imbuing it with a sense of shame and guilt, \\\"As when a dog goes to his own vomit and becomes abominable, so is a fool who returns in his wickedness to his own sin.\\\" This was due to the contemporary idea of the fool as ungodly. The Second Epistle of Peter refers to the proverb (), \\\"But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\\\" Kipling cites this in his poem \\\"The Gods of\",\n \"title\": \"As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9026140\",\n \"text\": \"Brother Where You Bound (song) \\\"Brother Where You Bound\\\" is the epic length title track to Supertramp's 1985 album of the same name. Written and sung by keyboardist Rick Davies, it is the longest song Supertramp ever recorded clocking in at 16 and a half minutes (surpassing \\\"Try Again\\\" from their 1970 self titled debut album by more than three minutes). The introduction to the track features a reading from George Orwell's novel \\\"Nineteen Eighty-Four\\\", fragments of spoken news reports, and the final lines from the nursery rhyme \\\"Oranges and Lemons\\\". An excerpt from \\\"The Internationale\\\" can also be heard\",\n \"title\": \"Brother Where You Bound (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2850537\",\n \"text\": \"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in 'our time' as the simplified nursery rhyme \\\"Hey Diddle Diddle\\\". The supposed original was invented (by back formation) by J. R. R. Tolkien. The title of this version is given in \\\"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\\\". In the Inn at Bree (\\\"At the Sign of the Prancing Pony\\\", \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" Chapter 9) Frodo jumps on a table and recites \\\"a ridiculous song\\\" invented by Bilbo. \\\"Here it is in full,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5178344\",\n \"text\": \"is written in rhythmic verse that flows easily and has simple rhymes like \\\"Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules Morse as big as a horse\\\". Characters, events and therefore language are repetitive and cumulative, after the manner of \\\"Old MacDonald had a farm\\\". Each book contains a twist or some sort of conclusion at the end. The repetitions permit a young child to anticipate what is coming next, and repeat the words. \\\"Schnitzel von Krumm with a very low tum, Bitzer Maloney all skinny and bony, Muffin McClay like a bundle of hay, Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules\",\n \"title\": \"Hairy Maclary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3153937\",\n \"text\": \"Little Miss Muffet \\\"Little Miss Muffet\\\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \\\"Songs for the Nursery\\\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The first explanation is\",\n \"title\": \"Little Miss Muffet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6130921\",\n \"text\": \"crossover between various fairy tales and nursery rhymes. It focuses on a mentally disturbed Little Red Riding Hood, an inmate at the \\\"Everafter Maximum Security Asylum and Home for the Fantastically Traumatized,\\\" a mental institution in the fictional realm of Grimmoire. Red's mind snapped after a traumatizing reencounter with the Big Bad Wolf, portrayed as a black, demonic creature, causing her to replay the events in her mind under pressure and sending her into a psychotic, murderous state. Humpty Dumpty is the corrupt president of Grimmoire and founder of Everafter, with the Crooked Man as its head psychiatrist. Other staff\",\n \"title\": \"Snafu Comics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13289685\",\n \"text\": \"Solomon Grundy (song) \\\"Solomon Grundy\\\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \\\"Digging The Foundations\\\" album that featured the hit single \\\"In the Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)\\\", and it was the B side of their minor American hit single \\\"My Little Chickadee\\\". The singer pronounces it \\\"Solomon Grandy\\\" throughout the song, even though it foils the rhyme. It was also released as a single by Hong Kong beat\",\n \"title\": \"Solomon Grundy (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14589713\",\n \"text\": \"edits \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" under the direction of Steven Slon. \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\" is one of two children's publications in the U.S. Kids family of magazines, which are published by the Children’s Better Health Institute, a division of the nonprofit Saturday Evening Post Society. Its sister publication under the U.S. Kids banner is \\\"Jack and Jill\\\" (for children ages 6 to 12). Humpty Dumpty (magazine) Humpty Dumpty is a bimonthly American magazine for children 2 to 6 years old that takes its title from the nursery rhyme of the same name. The magazine features short stories, poems, nonfiction articles, games, comics, recipes,\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17588590\",\n \"text\": \"Traditional rhyme A traditional rhyme is generally a saying, sometimes a proverb or an idiom, couched in the form of a rhyme and often passed down from generation to generation with no record of its original authorship. Many nursery rhymes may be counted as traditional rhymes. Examples of a traditional rhyme include the historically significant \\\"Ring Around the Rosie\\\", the doggerel love poem \\\"Roses Are Red\\\", and the wedding rhyme \\\"Something old, something new\\\". However, traditional rhymes are not necessarily ancient. As an example, the schoolchildren's rhyme commonly noting the end of a school year, \\\"no more pencils, no more\",\n \"title\": \"Traditional rhyme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2693773\",\n \"text\": \"having his friends round to play and is mostly the one who finds the polka dot shorts. He sometimes talks in rhyme and when his friends argue or do something he doesn't like, he often interrupts them with \\\"Excuse me\\\". Bibble: Polkaroo's mischievous pet which looks like a multi-coloured mop head covered in pom-poms. Often seen moving about making a \\\"bibbly\\\" sound, hence his name. He likes to pull pranks, and sometimes annoys the others with them. Humpty: (Voiced by Tony Daniels) A big green egg with purplish hair and a white nose. He wears a burgundy coloured suit patterned\",\n \"title\": \"Polka Dot Shorts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18900561\",\n \"text\": \"by families of the victims of Pan Am Flight 103 for the nursery rhyme, \\\"It's raining babies and luggage and limbs and Daddy doesn't come home\\\", which explicitly describes the debris from the disintegrating plane falling into Lockerbie, sung in the fashion of that of a nursery rhyme. Go, Stewie, Go! \\\"Go, Stewie, Go!\\\" is the 13th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series \\\"Family Guy\\\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 14, 2010. The episode features Stewie after he auditions, cross-dressed under the pseudonym Karina Smirnoff, for a female role in\",\n \"title\": \"Go, Stewie, Go!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2681918\",\n \"text\": \"what we can safely call Beanotown, but instead in the fantasy world \\\"Wonderland\\\" which was also home to Humpty Dumpty and other nursery rhyme characters. Pansy was later revived by Bill Hill, John Geering and Evi De Bono and reappeared in the first issue of \\\"Sparky\\\", dated 23 January 1965. The strip also returned to \\\"The Beano\\\" from 1989 to 1993, drawn by Barry Glennard. In 2012 Pansy returned to \\\"The Beano\\\" in the \\\"Funsize Funnies\\\" section, drawn by Nigel Parkinson. She returned for a second run later on, where she was drawn and written by Kev F. Sutherland. Pansy\",\n \"title\": \"Pansy Potter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004824\",\n \"text\": \"her arms. Humpty promptly slips her arms back into their sockets and surrenders to her. Revealing that she had tracked him by his overdue library books, her sole question was why he had borrowed a book on human anatomy. Humpty takes her to his home to reveal he had dissected his abusive grandmother and sewn her back together with bootlace in an ill-thought attempt to \\\"fix\\\" her. He is a model prisoner at Arkham Asylum and is given various small projects to pass the time, such as repairing a broken mirror or fixing Ventriloquist's Scarface dummy. He befriends the financial\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1535091\",\n \"text\": \"Aaron Cash; and the patients. There is a particular focus on previously unknown residents: Jane Doe, a cypher who assumes the identities of those she kills; Junkyard Dog, a man obsessed with trash; Doodlebug, an artist who uses blood in his paintings; the hulking bruiser Lunkhead; Death Rattle, a cult leader who speaks to the dead; and Humpty Dumpty, an obese idiot savant obsessed with taking apart and repairing various objects. The driving force is the recent admission of a ruthless investor, Warren \\\"The Great White Shark\\\" White, as well as the demonic element suggested by the title. White, facing\",\n \"title\": \"Arkham Asylum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15992936\",\n \"text\": \"then Tweety fakes his screaming and sets a hand grenade with its pin pulled next to him. Thinking it was the bird itself, the cat grabs the grenade. The real Tweety says, \\\"He got it and he can have it.\\\" The cat blows up and Tweety then confesses, \\\"You know, I get rid of more putty tats that way!\\\", then drew a line on the tree of how many cats he got rid of. \\\"Birdy and the Beast\\\" is available uncut and digitally remastered on Looney Tunes Platinum Collection Volume 2 DVD and Blu-Ray set. Birdy and the Beast Birdy\",\n \"title\": \"Birdy and the Beast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8345219\",\n \"text\": \"I think you want me to touch you/How can I when you build the great wall around you?\\\" This particular lyric likely inspired the cover art of Amos standing at an upside-down teacup shaped wall. This visual theme also occurred in the music video, which showed Amos lamenting on a rocky beach in England. The single peaked at #51 in the UK, but did not chart in other countries. One of the B-sides on the single, \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\", is exclusive to this release. The B-side, \\\"Sugar\\\", was included on the Australian B-sides album, \\\"More Pink: The B-Sides\\\", in 1994 and\",\n \"title\": \"China (Tori Amos song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16029776\",\n \"text\": \"lure the Great Terror out of the town, but Humpty and the Goose are knocked off the same bridge, where Puss left Humpty, with him holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the baby Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle. Puss' efforts to save the town make him a hero among the townspeople. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from\",\n \"title\": \"Puss in Boots (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14234787\",\n \"text\": \"Tottenham, Tottenham \\\"Tottenham, Tottenham\\\" was a single released by the English football team Tottenham Hotspur, with uncredited accompaniment by Chas & Dave, in 1982. It reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Chas Hodges and Dave Peacock of Chas & Dave. According to Hodges, he was inspired by Chubby Checker's \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\" for the theme of the song. The lyrics \\\"We're gonna do it like we did last year\\\" came from \\\"Yeah, let's twist again, like we did last year\\\", as Tottenham won the FA Cup the previous year. The song was the\",\n \"title\": \"Tottenham, Tottenham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19396189\",\n \"text\": \"a suburban neighbourhood in Markham, Ontario. \\\"The House that Jack Built\\\" draws its name from the famous children's rhyme, This Is the House That Jack Built . In this series, Massey intersperses the rhyme with his own lived experience and exploration of male sexuality. The opening image in his photographic suite shows a replica of Massey's Toronto studio with its filing cabinets, work table, stool and ladder to a loft. Overlaid atop this interior view is a montage of images that reflect on each verse of the rhyme, but with some unexpected twists. The verse \\\"This is the maiden all forlorn\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"John Massey (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3153962\",\n \"text\": \"origins in St. Hubert, the patron saint of dogs. It has also been suggested that the rhyme refers to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refusing Henry VIII's divorce from Queen Catherine of Aragon, but the connection is based on speculation. Old Mother Hubbard \\\"Old Mother Hubbard\\\" is an English-language nursery rhyme, first printed in 1805 and among the most popular publications of the nineteenth century. The exact origin and meaning of the rhyme is disputed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19334. The first published version by Sarah Catherine Martin is associated with a historic cottage in Yealmpton, Devon\",\n \"title\": \"Old Mother Hubbard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570344\",\n \"text\": \"it may have been originally posed as a riddle. There are also various theories of an original \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". One, advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley, posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England, depicted as humpbacked in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare's play, and who was defeated, despite his armies, at Bosworth Field in 1485. \\\"Punch\\\" in 1842 suggested jocularly that the rhyme was a metaphor for the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey; just as Wolsey was not buried in his intended tomb, so Humpty Dumpty was not buried in his\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5460871\",\n \"text\": \"book was the first novel Fforde wrote, however, he failed in its publication. It was massively re-written following the success of the Thursday Next novels. A follow-up, entitled \\\"The Fourth Bear\\\", was published in July 2006. The book is satirical, based on many nursery rhymes, fables, and the like. The main character Jack Spratt is based on Jack Sprat, and the secondary character is Mary Mary, both from nursery rhymes. They investigate events such as the Three Little Pigs and Humpty Dumpty. People from such sources are known in the book as PDRs, \\\"persons of dubious reality\\\". The book begins\",\n \"title\": \"The Big Over Easy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3153939\",\n \"text\": \"is the original. Little Miss Muffet \\\"Little Miss Muffet\\\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \\\"Songs for the Nursery\\\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The\",\n \"title\": \"Little Miss Muffet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375334\",\n \"text\": \"from the tale, \\\"Merry Christmas\\\", was popularized following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with \\\"Bah! Humbug!\\\" dismissive of the festive spirit. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's \\\"Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern\\\" (1833), with the first appearance in print of \\\"The First Noel\\\", \\\"I Saw Three Ships\\\", \\\"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\\\" and \\\"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen\\\". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public. A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570343\",\n \"text\": \"clumsy person. The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged, whereas an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known. Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as \\\"Boule Boule\\\" in French, \\\"Lille Trille\\\" in Swedish and Norwegian, and \\\"Runtzelken-Puntzelken\\\" or \\\"Humpelken-Pumpelken\\\" in different parts of Germany—although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English. The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, possibly because\",\n \"title\": \"Humpty Dumpty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13138714\",\n \"text\": \"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes is the only album released by the short lived group Terry, Blair & Anouchka. Terry, Blair & Anouchka were formed shortly after the dissolution of Terry's previous musical project The Colourfield. All three members shared a love for '60s pop, as well as kitschy mainstream pop, as evidenced on the trio's cover of Captain & Tennille's \\\"Love Will Keep Us Together.\\\" \\\"Missing\\\" was released as a single in November 1989, followed by \\\"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhyme\\\" in February 1990. Both singles reached the lower end of the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Ultra Modern\",\n \"title\": \"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10612511\",\n \"text\": \"but two tracks from \\\"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\\\". In their place there was a new track - \\\"Humpty Dumpty\\\". In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \\\"The Children's Collection\\\". One CD consisted of a different selection of these tracks. The same two tracks were missing from \\\"The Drunken Sailor\\\", but all the tracks from \\\"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\\\" were present. Running time about 35 minutes. These tracks have not been publicly available since 1989. Producer Tim Hart. Engineer Dave Bascombe, Jerry Boys. Recorded 1983 LP - side one LP - side two Park Records have\",\n \"title\": \"The Drunken Sailor and other Kids Favourites\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20570115\",\n \"text\": \"to do it again. In other words, a man of violent temper is always getting into difficulties; you have no sooner helped him out of one than he has plunged madly into another. Like the irascible person in the old nursery rhyme, who \\\"jumped into a bramble bush and scratched out both his eyes\\\", he is no sooner extricated than \\\"with all his might and main, he jumps into another bush and puts them out again.\\\" Shutter also says humor is often used to communicate morality claiming \\\"Can a man take fire in his bosom And his clothes not be\",\n \"title\": \"The Bible and humor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11624422\",\n \"text\": \"15 on the \\\"Cashbox\\\" Top 100, and number 11 in Canada. This ballad is an upbeat love song about finally finding the right person and experiencing love after being lonely for an extended period of time. It is a happy answer to Carmen's more melancholy hits the year before, \\\"All By Myself\\\" and \\\"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again.\\\" It has been hailed as \\\"the best Beach Boys song Brian Wilson \\\"never\\\" wrote.\\\" Back-up vocals for \\\"She Did It\\\" were provided by Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys, whose 1968 hit \\\"Do It Again\\\" is credited by Carmen with being\",\n \"title\": \"She Did It\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \\\"all the King's men\\\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \\\"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\\\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \\\"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\\\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,\\n\\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 194,\n \"origin_tokens\": 194,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \\\"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\\\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).\\n\\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dum, strategically placed the wall A shot from Parliamentary can succeeded in damaging the beneath Humpty Dumpty cannon to tumble to the. Royalists (or Cavaliers, \\\"all the King's men\\\") attempted to raise Humpty Dum on to another part of the wall, the cannon was so heavy that \\\"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Hum together again\\\". Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 bookPop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\\\" that there were two verses supporting this claim Elsewhere,\\ntitle Siege of Col context: in grounds ofchester monument mark site The sie is commonly have inspired nursery rh Humptypty, is nick Royal cannonically on the next Sts. Parliamentaryard of July the wall causing \\\"H to be destroyed stories namepty tononper, \\\"One-yed Thompson whoelf Marys and was by Parliament\\n:score, Could hepo Care83ing wereounded aiddlepty- else of \\\"s Melody\\\" published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: \\\"Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again\\\". It was published in 1810 in a version of \\\"Gammer Gurton's Garland\\\" as: Humpty Dumpty sate on a\\n\\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 465,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15145,\n \"ratio\": \"32.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78783,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78783,"string":"78,783"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"With a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Okypete","Snatchers","Harpie","Harpies in popular culture","Άρπυιαι","Harpuia","Harpuiai","Harpy (Greek mythology)","Harpy","Άρπυια","Harpys","Acholoe","Okypode","Harpies","Bird Monster","Harpyiai","Baby stealer","Bird monster","Harpyia"],"string":"[\n \"Okypete\",\n \"Snatchers\",\n \"Harpie\",\n \"Harpies in popular culture\",\n \"Άρπυιαι\",\n \"Harpuia\",\n \"Harpuiai\",\n \"Harpy (Greek mythology)\",\n \"Harpy\",\n \"Άρπυια\",\n \"Harpys\",\n \"Acholoe\",\n \"Okypode\",\n \"Harpies\",\n \"Bird Monster\",\n \"Harpyiai\",\n \"Baby stealer\",\n \"Bird monster\",\n \"Harpyia\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Harpy"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"872382","text":"Sphinx A sphinx ( , Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer its riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus. Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was","title":"Sphinx"},{"id":"848780","text":"they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable\"\" \"\"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.\"\" The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means \"snatchers\" or \"swift robbers\" and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"872387","text":"has become an emblem of Egypt, frequently appearing on its stamps, coins, and official documents. In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. Before the time that Alexander the Great occupied Egypt, the Greek name, \"sphinx\", was already applied to these statues. The historians and geographers of Greece wrote extensively about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent-headed tail.","title":"Sphinx"},{"id":"848777","text":"Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \"harpyia\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens, faces pale with hunger and long claws on their hands. Roman and Byzantine writers detailed their ugliness. Pottery art depicting the harpies featured beautiful women with wings. Ovid described them as human-vultures. To Hesiod, they were imagined as fair-locked and winged maidens, who surpassed winds and birds in the rapidity of their flight. \"\"...the Harpyiai (Harpies) of the lovely hair, Okypete (Ocypete)","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"20577505","text":"said to have a bird's body on the face of a man and live as a name for a long time. Inmyeonjo also appears in Greek mythology. Homeros and Hesiodos records include the name Siren. At first, only the head was human, and the body was drawn as a bird, but gradually the entire upper body was depicted as a beautiful woman with musical instruments. Sirens were thought to seduce the sailors in a very sweet sound and sink their ships. In Virgil's \"Aeneid\", the name \"Harpy\" appears. According to legend, a harpy is a bird with a woman's face,","title":"Inmyeonjo"},{"id":"873166","text":"is this necessary? Because there are greedy winged creatures ready to fly in and suck the blood from sleeping infants so young they still take only breast milk. Ovid describes these creatures (6.131–142) as having a large head, prominent eyes, and beaks suited for snatching and carrying off; their wings are white, and their talons are like hooks. They are given the name \"striges\", singular \"strix\", the word for an owl as a bird of evil omen and supposedly derived from the verb \"strideo, stridere\", \"shriek.\" At the same time, Ovid says that they are the winged creatures who tormented","title":"Cardea"},{"id":"18698470","text":"Greco-Bactrians and the Indo-Greeks. Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560","title":"Sphinx of Naxos"},{"id":"18698465","text":"Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560 BCE. The first fragments","title":"Sphinx of Naxos"},{"id":"890600","text":"the prophecy that the king had sought to avoid by exposing Oedipus at birth is fulfilled. Before arriving at Thebes, Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a legendary beast with the head and breast of a woman, the body of a lioness, and the wings of an eagle. The Sphinx was sent to the road approaching Thebes as a punishment from the gods, and would strangle any traveler who failed to answer a certain riddle. The precise riddle asked by the Sphinx varied in early traditions, and is not stated in \"Oedipus Rex\", as the event precedes the play; but the most","title":"Oedipus Rex"},{"id":"1831051","text":"a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word \"sphinx\" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle. The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word \"Ssp-anx\" (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"12439569","text":"Sirena (Philippine mythology) The Sirena is a mythological sea creature from Filipino culture . In some regions of the Philippines, particularly Bicol and Visayas, Sirenas are known as \"\" and portrayed as vicious mermaids. Unlike Sirens of Greek mythology, who are portrayed as women/bird creatures, Sirenas are often portrayed as mermaid-like creatures who live under the sea. In Philippine mythology, the \"Sirena\" is a mythological aquatic creature with the head and torso of a human female and the tail of a fish. The \"Sirena\" is an \"Engkanto \"–' the Filipino counterpart of English mermaids. Engkantos are classified as one of","title":"Sirena (Philippine mythology)"},{"id":"4776698","text":"the ancient Greeks subscribing to the \"strīx\" as a \"terror\" to mankind, but noted a widespread belief in Italy that it was a \"bloodthirsty monster in bird form.\" This study surmises that the Greeks later borrowed the concept of \"strix\" as witches, a concept articulated in Ovid, and one scholar estimates the Greeks adopted the \"strix\" as \"child-murdering horrors\" by the \"last centuries BC\". The modern Greek form may betray an influence of a Latin diminutive \"strigula\". The first Latin allusion is in Plautus' comedy \"Pseudolus\" dated to 191 BC, in which an inferior cook's cuisine is metaphorized as the","title":"Strix (mythology)"},{"id":"9066080","text":"pre-Greek griffin written accounts exist to tell us what was believed about imaginary hybird bird-mammal figures from the pre-classical time period. Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \"grýphōn\", or γρύπων, \"grýpōn\", early form \"γρύψ\", \"grýps\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and","title":"Griffin"},{"id":"14809525","text":"has the hero go through the mouth of a dragon to reach the Otherworld. Sir Eglamour's baby son is carried away from Christabel by a griffin. A griffin is a mythical creature with the body and feet of a lion and the head and the wings of an eagle. Its earliest depiction can be seen in the throne room of the Palace of Knossos on the Mediterranean island of Crete, in Greece, in a Minoan fresco that dates to the mid-2nd century BC. Sir Eglamour's young son is not the only baby to be carried off by this mythical bird","title":"Sir Eglamour of Artois"},{"id":"848791","text":"harpy, often called the \"Jungfrauenadler\" or \"maiden eagle\" (although it may not have been modeled after the original harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in heraldry, particularly in East Frisia, seen on, among others, the coats-of-arms of Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena. Harpies are referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fantasy. They tend to be evil-aligned. Examples include: Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \"harpyia\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens,","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"2769402","text":"in classical sources, but later in the Medieval period, one source does call it a lamia (First Vatican Mythographer, c. 9th to 11th century). The story surrounds the tragedy of the daughter of King Crotopus of Argos named Psamathe, whose child by Apollo dies and she is executed for suspected promiscuity. Apollo as punishment then sends the child-devouring monster to Argos. In Statius's version, the monster had a woman's face and breasts, and a hissing snake protruding from the cleft of her rusty-colored forehead, and it would slide into children's bedrooms to snatch them. According to a scholiast to Ovid,","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"9066053","text":"Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \"grýphōn\", or γρύπων, \"grýpōn\", early form \"γρύψ\", \"grýps\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, Griffins were known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. In Greek and Roman texts, griffins and","title":"Griffin"},{"id":"2270016","text":"related to the Circaetinae. The species name \"harpyja\" and the word \"harpy\" in the common name \"harpy eagle\" both come from Ancient Greek (). They refer to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human. The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the","title":"Harpy eagle"},{"id":"20959251","text":"Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which comes from Papyrus Oxyrhynchus XXXII 2617, which was published in 1967. Additional fragments can be found in Book 11 of Athenaeus' \"Deipnosophistae\". The extant parts of the poem exhibit numerous lacunae, with only fragment 19 (= 15","title":"Geryoneis"},{"id":"88831","text":"beetle. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and many, such as the lady beetles and dung beetles are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The name of the taxonomic order, Coleoptera, comes from the Greek \"koleopteros\" (κολεόπτερος), given to the group by Aristotle for their elytra, hardened shield-like forewings, from \"koleos\", sheath, and \"pteron\", wing. The English name beetle comes from the Old English word \"bitela\", little biter, related to \"bītan\" (to bite), leading to Middle English \"betylle\". Another Old English name for beetle is \"ceafor\", chafer, used in names such as cockchafer, from the Proto-Germanic *kabraz-","title":"Beetle"},{"id":"7268513","text":"\"novel\" nor \"verse\" quite seems to apply. It begins as if it were a critical study of the ancient Greek poet Stesichoros, with special emphasis on a few surviving fragments he wrote about a minor character from Greek mythology, Geryon, a winged red monster who lives on a red island herding red cattle. Geryon is most famous as a footnote in the life of Herakles, whose 10th labor was to sail to that island and steal those cattle—in the process of which, almost as an afterthought, he killed Geryon by shooting him in the head with an arrow. \"Autobiography of","title":"Autobiography of Red"},{"id":"848790","text":"face,\"
\"Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw\"
\"Their lamentations in the eerie trees.\" William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour \"\" (Tate Gallery, London). The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's \"Much Ado About Nothing\", Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him \"rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!\" In the Middle Ages, the","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"13644361","text":"bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The","title":"Greek mythology in popular culture"},{"id":"34698","text":"Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it","title":"Amphisbaena"},{"id":"13242598","text":"Drakaina (mythology) In Greek mythology, a drakaina () is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features. Examples of the Drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris. Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word \"drakaina\" is literally the feminine form of \"drakon\" (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. The drakaina was a monster","title":"Drakaina (mythology)"},{"id":"2769390","text":"of Apollonius of Tyana defeating a Lamia seductress has inspired the poem \"Lamia\" by Keats. The lamia has been ascribed serpent-like qualities, which some commentators believe can be firmly traced to mythology from antiquity, and they have found analogues in ancient texts that could be designated as \"lamiai\" (or \"lamiae\") which are part-serpent beings. These include the half-woman, half-snake beasts of the \"Libyan myth\" told by Dio Chrysostom, and the monster sent to Argos by Apollo to avenge Psamathe (Crotopus). A scholiast to Aristophanes claimed that Lamia's name derived from her having a large throat or gullet (; \"laimos\"). Modern","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"2769407","text":"\"Life of Apollonius\" the female \"empousa-lamia\" is also called \"a snake\", which may seem to the modern reader to be just a metaphorical expression, but which Daniel Ogden insists is a literal snake. Philostratus's tale was reworked by Keats in his poem \"Lamia\", where it is made clear she bears the guise of a snake, which she wants to relinquish in return for human appearance. Modern commentators have also tried to establish that she may have originally as a dragoness, by inference. David Ogden argues that one of her possible reincarnations, the monster of Argos killed by Coroebus had a","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"18336520","text":"and placements for 35 pairs of teeth in the upper jaws. \"Maaradactylus\" was described by Renan Bantim and colleagues in 2014. The type species is \"Maaradactylus kellneri\". The generic name refers to Maara, in the legends of the Cariri the daughter of a chief, by sorcery changed into a river monster with long teeth, devouring fishermen. The suffix ~\"dactylus\" is common in the names of pterosaurs and is derived from Greek δάκτυλος, \"daktylos\", \"finger\", referring to the long (fourth) wing finger. The specific name honours Alexander Kellner, Brazil's foremost pterosaur expert. Maaradactylus Maaradactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known","title":"Maaradactylus"},{"id":"9748154","text":"Agraulos Agraulos is a genus of trilobite that lived during the Middle Cambrian in North America and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic. \"A. ceticephalus\" grew to approximately . \"Agraulos\" is derived from the Greek , \"country woman\" after a mythological figure that killed herself after ignoring a warning from the goddess Athena and is a reference to the fact it is extinct. The species epithet \"ceticephalus\" is the contraction between (Kētos), \"whale\", \"large fish\" or \"sea monster\", and (Kephalos), \"head\", so \"whale head\" for the rounded rather effaced headshield that may be thought to look like a sperm whale. The","title":"Agraulos"},{"id":"4800389","text":"to Geller's claimed spoon-bending abilities. The logo of a winged pig was designed for Randi's website by German artist Jutta Degener in 1996. The name \"Pigasus\" was chosen by Randi from suggestions e-mailed to him. The term is a portmanteau pun combining the word \"pig\" with the mythological \"Pegasus\", a reference to the expression \"when pigs fly\". Randi did not present any Uri Award for a number of years after its inception in \"Flim-Flam!,\" but in 1997 it was revived and the name was changed to \"Pigasus\" after the winged pig. Randi announced the recipients through his e-newsletter \"SWIFT!\" in","title":"Pigasus Award"},{"id":"9511100","text":"this instance, Ammit is not an agent of evil, but punishment for the guilty dead. In Greek mythology, there are a plethora of hungry monsters and vengeful gods, an example of which being the Minotaur. The Minotaur (which roughly translates to Bull of Minos) was the son of the Cretan queen Pasiphae and a bull. When the Minotaur was no longer satisfied with the nursing of his mother, it was found that he was very fond of eating human flesh. So Minos, the king of Crete and the Minotaur's step-father, ordered the great architect Daedalus to build a great labyrinth","title":"Devourer"},{"id":"5311681","text":"Barberini Faun The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A Faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek Satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus. The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of","title":"Barberini Faun"},{"id":"6000453","text":"In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures. One of the many creatures that inhabit the mythical Himavanta, Kinnaris have the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the wings, tail and feet of a swan. They are renowned for their dance, song and poetry, and are a traditional symbol of feminine beauty, grace and accomplishment. Edward H. Schafer notes that in East Asian religious art the Kinnara is often confused with the Kalaviṅka, which is also a half-human half-bird hybrid mythical creature, but that the two are actually distinct and","title":"Kinnara"},{"id":"5009102","text":"aculeata\" is an active predator, feeding primarily on small crabs, hermit crabs and other polychaete worms including \"Pectinaria\" and \"Lumbriconereis\". Species recognized by the World Register of Marine Species: Aphrodita Aphrodita, or sea mouse, is a genus of marine polychaete worms found in the Mediterranean sea and the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. The name of the genus is taken from Aphrodite, the Ancient Greek goddess of love. This is because, when viewed ventrally, the animal resembles a human female's genitalia. The English name may either have a similar meaning, or may derive from the supposed resemblance to a bedraggled","title":"Aphrodita"},{"id":"892936","text":"navigation by sailors. The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated to 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders. Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word \"chimera\" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as \"bixie\", \"tianlu\", and even \"qilin\". Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\"Chimæra\"); Greek: , \"Chímaira\"","title":"Chimera (mythology)"},{"id":"853223","text":"Empusa Empusa or Empousa (; \"plural\": \"Empousai\") is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure. In Late Antiquity, the empousai has been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the \"lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men. Also empuse in English usage. The primary sources for the \"empousa\" in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (\"Frogs\" and \"Ecclesiazusae\") and Philostratus's \"Life of Apollonius of Tyana\". The Empusa has been defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as","title":"Empusa"},{"id":"34704","text":"and argue, and sing a song about their miserable plight. Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her","title":"Amphisbaena"},{"id":"14357975","text":"Stymphalian birds The Stymphalian birds ( ; , \"Stymphalídes órnithes\") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia. The Stymphalian Birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung. These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.","title":"Stymphalian birds"},{"id":"8194454","text":"sense astral projections and if she is being watched from behind. She is experienced in interdimensional travel and the use of weapons and technology from other dimensions. There are several other characters named Chimera in the Marvel Universe. Chimera is an unnamed woman who is a member of the Femizons. She is a metamorph who can grow wings, claws, and other parts. The chimera of Greek mythology appeared in Marvel Comics. It is depicted as a fire-breathing monster with the heads of a lion and a goat next to each other, the front legs of a lion, the wings of","title":"Chimera (Marvel Comics)"},{"id":"20959253","text":"much of Stesichorus' output, the Geryoneis has been noted for its use and advancement of Homeric elements. Especially the humanisation of Geryon through the mention of his parents and the poppy simile has been highlighted by critics. Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which","title":"Geryoneis"},{"id":"3054663","text":"especially prolific in the 1950s, producing such acclaimed and much-reprinted stories as \"The Man Who Sold Rope to the Gnoles\" (1951), \"Brightness Falls from the Air\" (1951), \"An Egg a Month from All Over\" (1952), and \"Horrer Howce\" (1956). She occasionally drew inspiration from her education in Classics and her knowledge of Greek myth, as in \"Mrs. Hawk\" (1950), a modern update of the Circe myth, \"The Bird\" (1951), about a modern man's fateful encounter with the mythical phoenix, and \"The Goddess on the Street Corner\" (1953), in which a down-on-his-luck wino meets an equally vulnerable Aphrodite. Beginning in 1950","title":"Margaret St. Clair"},{"id":"16434994","text":"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania) The Warlocks Motorcycle Club is a \"one-percenter\" outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1967. It was the first official 1% outlaw motorcycle club founded in Pennsylvania. The club is most prominent in the Philadelphia and Delaware County area, but they have territory all throughout the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philly metro area), including South Jersey and Wilmington. There are now chapters all throughout Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and Delaware. The club's insignia is a Harpy, which in Greek and Roman mythology, was a female monster in the form of a bird with a","title":"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)"},{"id":"4776694","text":"Strix (mythology) The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. The \"strix\" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's \"Fasti\". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. The \"strīx\" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet upwards and head below, according to","title":"Strix (mythology)"},{"id":"17931656","text":"the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the \"chicken from hell\". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of \"chicken from hell\". However, he found that the nickname did not work so well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking the name of the feathered demon Anzu from the mythology of ancient Sumer, which itself roughly translates to \"heavenly eagle\". The specific name, \"wyliei\", honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster. \"Anzu\" was placed in the Oviraptorosauria, as","title":"Anzu wyliei"},{"id":"2033861","text":"a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice. There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally \"Fire\") and a man with some name meaning \"wolf\". The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology. The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little","title":"Little Red Riding Hood"},{"id":"11908482","text":"when I look at myself.\" Another such line reads: \"The void drinks the void: air was born with blue eyes, that's why it endlessly swallows aspirin.\" One other exchange, in which Ear compares herself to a \"prize horse\", results later in the text in an actual metamorphosis, through which she becomes the horse \"Clytemnestra\" (named after the femme fatale character in Greek myths). A series of dance routines, described by British theater historian Claude Schumacher as \"bewildering ballets\", accompanies the dialogues. In its third act, \"The Gas Heart\" also features a dance performed by a man fallen from a funnel,","title":"The Gas Heart"},{"id":"2494454","text":"terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, \"*bell-\" or \"*ber-\" \"beast, monster\", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon (\"the beast killer\"). The Transylvanian Saxon \"balaur\" \"dragon\", and \"balaura\", an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian \"blavor\"/\"blaor\"/\"blavur\" (\"European legless lizard\") is cognate with \"balaur\", and it is regarded as one of few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The maniraptor theropod \"Balaur bondoc\" is named after this creature. Balaur A balaur is a creature in Romanian folklore, similar to a European dragon. A \"balaur\" is","title":"Balaur"},{"id":"7381849","text":"an absolute magnitude of . The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is. This minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (). 10370 Hylonome","title":"10370 Hylonome"},{"id":"15086568","text":"Lament for Icarus\" ultimately became a well-composed image of epic failure. However, somewhat surprising, Icarus has his wings fully intact, contrary to the myth where the wax melted and Icarus fell flapping his bare arms. The image of a \"winged creature\" is likely utilized to create a more symbolic, romantic and elegant appearance. The Lament for Icarus The Lament for Icarus is a painting by Herbert James Draper, showing the dead Icarus, surrounded by lamenting nymphs. The wings of Icarus are based on the bird-of-paradise pattern. In 1898, the painting was bought from the Royal Academy exhibition through The Chantrey","title":"The Lament for Icarus"},{"id":"16177346","text":"The Crow and the Snake The Crow or Raven and the Snake or Serpent is one of Aesop's Fables and numbered 128 in the Perry Index. Alternative Greek versions exist and two of these were adopted during the European Renaissance. The fable is not to be confused with the story of this title in the \"Panchatantra\", which is completely different. In ancient times the fable is found only in Greek sources and concerns a crow in search of food that finds a snake asleep in the sun. But when the crow seizes her, the snake kills it with her sting.","title":"The Crow and the Snake"},{"id":"4779272","text":"Questing Beast The Questing Beast, or the Beast Glatisant (Barking Beast), is a monster from Arthurian legend. It is the subject of quests undertaken by famous knights such as King Pellinore, Sir Palamedes, and Sir Percival. The strange creature has the head and neck of a snake, the body of a leopard, the haunches of a lion, and the feet of a hart. Its name comes from the great noise that it emits from its belly, a barking like \"thirty couple hounds questing\". \"Glatisant\" is related to the French word \"glapissant\", 'yelping' or 'barking', especially of small dogs or foxes.","title":"Questing Beast"},{"id":"10660383","text":"she is in no hurry to fall in love and get married. Instead, she is determined to enjoy her childhood for as long as possible, and have as many adventures with her friends as she can. The title refers to the myth of the Sirens, creatures with the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women who perched on rocks at sea and lured men to their deaths with their hypnotic singing. The sirens appear in Homer's \"Odyssey\", which Flavia recites to an interested audience. The allusion comes up since each of the three widows invited to the villa","title":"The Sirens of Surrentum"},{"id":"19603495","text":"been introduced. Mollusc shells have been widely used in art, whether carved directly, sometimes as cameos, or depicted in paintings. In popular culture, the snail is known for its stereotypical slowness, while the octopus and giant squid have featured in literature since classical times as monsters of the deep. Many-headed and tentacled monsters appear as the Gorgon and the Medusa of Greek mythology, and the kraken of Nordic legend. The taxonomist Carl Linnaeus named the Venus shell as \"Venus dione\", for the goddess of love and her mother, and named its parts using overtly sexual descriptors. Culture consists of the","title":"Molluscs in culture"},{"id":"20572158","text":"there used to be spider-like animals with tails which lived alongside true spiders for at least 200 million years. The name is taken from the chimera, a monster in Greek mythology composed of parts of different animals, representing the mixture of basal and derived characteristics of the organism, together with the suffix \"arachne\" which is the Greek word for \"spider\". The species name honours Yanling Ying, who collected one of the specimens. The legs and body of \"Chimerarachne\" are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not","title":"Chimerarachne"},{"id":"6735379","text":"way to mock the social status quo. At a rally announcing his candidacy, Pigasus was seized by Chicago policemen and several of his Yippie backers were arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1968, Pigasus was nominated for the U.S. Presidency by the Youth International Party (Yippies). The pig's name was a double entendre on Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology and the famous saying \"When pigs fly\" used when a highly improbable event should occur. Selected for the campaign by group members Dennis Dalrymple, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, candidate Pigasus was purchased from a farmer by folk-singer and fellow","title":"Pigasus (politics)"},{"id":"2896292","text":"phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form \"Panthyra\" appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem. Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. The \"Toldoth Yeshu\" narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal. Robert Eisler considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes","title":"Yeshu"},{"id":"11072372","text":"it to a new genus, \"Gallus\", however this was preoccupied by a bird. In 1815, Rafinesque proposed the name \"Alectis\", into which three species were eventually placed. Georges Cuvier proposed a second name, \"Scyris\" for the genus in 1829, but \"Alectis\" had priority and has therefore been cemented for the time being. The name \"Alectis\" is derived from one of three Erinyes in the Greek mythology; daughter of Acheronte with a terrible rage. A single species has been identified the fossil record, \"Alectis simus\" , from the Eocene period of England. It was found alongside a number of extinct and","title":"Alectis"},{"id":"2769392","text":"bestial appearance due to her savageness. The queen, as related by Diodorus, was born in a cave. Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) also gave a rationalizing account. Aristotle's \"Nicomachean Ethics\" (vii.5) refers to the lore of a beastly being in the shape of a woman, which tears the bellies of pregnant mothers and devours their fetus. An anonymous commentator on the passage states this is a reference to the Lamia but muddlingly combines this with Aristotle's subsequent comments and describes her as a Scythian of the Pontus (Black Sea) area. According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"16834922","text":"Karybdis (band) Karybdis are a British heavy metal band from London, formed in 2009. Described by Metal Hammer as an ‘eclectic blend of melodic death metal, 21st-century metalcore and prog-tinged technicality’, Karybdis have been bringing their brutal live shows to audiences nationwide since 2009. They released their 3rd studio album 'In The Shadow of Paradise' independently on 2 November 2018. The band's name is shared with a sea monster from Greek mythology which was said to be a spawner of whirlpools who together with Scylla created a smashing gauntlet of death from which few seafarers escaped. Their debut album ‘From","title":"Karybdis (band)"},{"id":"7268510","text":"Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem \"Geryoneis\". \"Autobiography of Red\" is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon. It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy","title":"Autobiography of Red"},{"id":"11440832","text":"word (like \"Utukku\") is also used as a general term for demons, and these are \"evil Uttuke\" or \"evil Galli\". One incantation tells of them as spirits that threaten every house, rage at people, eat their flesh, and as they let their blood flow like rain, they never stop drinking blood. Lamashtu, Lilitu, and Gallu are invoked in different amulet texts, with Gallu showing up in Graeco-Byzantine myth as Gello, Gylo, or Gyllo. There she appears as a child-stealing and child-killing female demon, in the manner of Lamia and Lilith. Ancient Greek mythology contains several precursors to modern vampires, though","title":"Vampire folklore by region"},{"id":"13201591","text":"new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's \"gello\"-attracting blood. The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era. One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the \"gello\" as well as for the evil eye. Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: Gello Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who","title":"Gello"},{"id":"11943306","text":"carried Astarte ashore following her watery birth. Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, \"ichthyo-\" and \"centaur\". \"Ichthyo-\" comes from the Greek word \"ikhthis\" (ιχθύς), which means fish; \"centaur\", or \"centaurus\" in Latin, from classical mythology, is a creature having the head, trunk, and arms of a man, and the body and legs of a horse. Ichthyocentaurs have both the attributes coming from the two meanings, which make them a \"fish-horse-man\". They are related to centaurs, sea nymphs and merfolk; how this came to be is a mystery. It was believed that the creation of these sea-centaurs was depicted as a","title":"Ichthyocentaurs"},{"id":"4692376","text":"Ypotryll The Ypotryll is a Medieval European chimeric creature featured in heraldry. It has the tusked head of a wild boar or hog, the humped body of a camel, the legs and hooves of an ox or goat and the long, scaly tail of a serpent. Its name is thought to be derived from the greek “hippo” (horse) or in Middle English, “ypotame” itself derived from the latin \"ypotamus\". Though there isn’t much known of the creature’s meanings or origins, it appears as the badge of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, also known as the “Butcher of England”; a","title":"Ypotryll"},{"id":"2099221","text":"White-winged tern The white-winged tern, or white-winged black tern (\"Chlidonias leucopterus\" or \"Chlidonias leucoptera\"), is a species of tern in the family Laridae. It is a small species generally found in or near bodies of fresh water across much of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"khelidonios\", \"swallow-like\", from \"khelidon\", \"swallow\". The specific \"leptopterus\" is also Greek from \"leptos\", \"slender\", and \"pteros\", \"feathered\", itself from \"pteron\", \"wing\". The name 'white-winged tern' is the standard in most English-speaking countries; in the United Kingdom, this name is also the one used by the","title":"White-winged tern"},{"id":"2769389","text":"Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \"Lamia\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \"lamiai\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh afterward. A fabulous biography","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"848778","text":"and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.\"\" But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the harpies in the following lines:\"\"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"2358915","text":"Lindworm The Lindworm (cognate with Old Norse \"linnormr\" 'ensnaring snake', Norwegian \"linnorm\" 'dragon', Swedish \"lindorm\", Danish \"lindorm\" 'serpent', German \"Lindwurm\" 'dragon') is either a dragon-like creature or serpent monster. In British heraldry, \"lindworm\" is a technical term for a wingless serpentine monster with two clawed arms in the upper body. In Norwegian heraldry a \"lindorm\" is the same as the wyvern in British heraldry. A lindworm's appearance can vary from country to country and from tale to tale, but the most common depiction of lindworm is a wingless lindworm with a serpentine body, a dragon-like head, scaled or reptilian skin","title":"Lindworm"},{"id":"12093983","text":"Psilopterus Psilopterus (Greek for \"bare wing\") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid (\"terror bird\") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised \"P. bachmanni\" was in height and weighed about , while the largest members of the genus were only about . The birds resemble the modern cariama (\"Cariama cristata\"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings. The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and \"Psilopterus\",","title":"Psilopterus"},{"id":"1483752","text":"Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also \"Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,\" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (\"mêp̄îṣ\") which means \"scatterer, disperser\", and \"tophel\", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (\"tōp̄el šeqer\") which means \"plasterer of lies\". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (\"mḗ\") as a negation, φῶς (\"phō̃s\") meaning \"light\", and φιλις \"philis\" meaning \"loving\", making it mean \"not-light-loving\", possibly","title":"Mephistopheles"},{"id":"18801551","text":"publications had previously suggested. The genus \"Calliope\" was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1836. \"Calliope\", from classical Greek meaning beautiful-voiced, was one of the muses in Greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. The genus contains the following five species: Calliope (genus) Calliope is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species were previously placed in the genus \"Luscinia\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that \"Luscinia\" as defined in 2003 by Edward C. Dickinson was not monophyletic. The genus \"Calliope\", with the type species, \"Calliope","title":"Calliope (genus)"},{"id":"860393","text":"scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions. In his work \"Description of Greece\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia. The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \"Inferno\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a","title":"Geryon"},{"id":"2934547","text":"article that listed Galatea as #2 in its \"Top 5 Introductory Interactive Fiction Games\" feature, describing it as intriguingly replayable, and as a \"surprisingly rich game for its apparent minimalism\". In 2011, PC Gamer highlighted \"Galatea\" as an example of the artistic and literary aspects of the interactive fiction genre. The titular character, Galatea, has been compared to the 2007 \"Portal\" character, GLaDOS due to similarities in the personalities of the characters. Galatea (video game) Galatea is an interactive fiction video game by Emily Short featuring a modern rendition of the Greek myth of Galatea, the sculpture of a woman","title":"Galatea (video game)"},{"id":"14275883","text":"a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, \"monstrum\" came to mean \"unnatural event\" or \"a malfunctioning of nature.\" Suetonius said that \"a \"monstrum\" is contrary to nature we are familiar with, like a snake with feet or a bird with four wings.\" The Greek equivalent was \"teras\". The English word \"monster\" derived from the negative sense of the word. Compare \"miraculum\", \"ostentum\", \"portentum\", and \"prodigium\". In one of the most famous uses of the word in Latin literature, the Augustan poet Horace calls Cleopatra a \"fatale monstrum\", something deadly and outside normal","title":"Glossary of ancient Roman religion"},{"id":"6621754","text":"is a romantic comedy where a wealthy young man kicks his fiancée to the curb, only to watch her ascend to fame and fortune while his life falls apart. Actors Jordana Brewster and Kip Pardue were set to star in the film, however, financing was never secured. He also wrote another screenplay called \"Succubus\", an action-comedy movie about a guy who decides to set out and bring a succubus (a female demon who seduces men and steals their souls) down; after discovering that his nerdy best friend is dating her. The project was set up at MGM, with Mark Steven","title":"Mark Famiglietti"},{"id":"1287462","text":"the materialist spirit of the 19th century. Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as \"Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed\". Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement American populists, progressives and \"muck-rakers\"","title":"Mammon"},{"id":"9515076","text":"Creobroter Creobroter or flower mantises is a genus of mantis concentrated in Western Asia. The name comes from the Greek \"\"kreas\"\" (combining form \"\"kreo-\"\", meaning \"flesh\"), and \"\"broter\"\" (eating); therefore, \"flesh-eating\", an apt name for a predatory insect. Both sexes have long wings and are capable fliers. Full-grown males are about 3 to 4 cm in length, females about 4 to 5 cm. As the common name indicates, \"Creobroter\" are known for having varicolored (yellow, white, red, brown, etc.) markings which serve as camouflage by hiding the creatures' actual shape and making them look somewhat like flowers when hiding amidst","title":"Creobroter"},{"id":"304770","text":"a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos (1900–1100 BC) has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus. The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology has been thought to have been inspired by the octopus or squid, the octopus itself representing the severed head of Medusa, the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes. The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Greenland, usually portrayed in art as a giant octopus attacking ships. Linnaeus included it","title":"Octopus"},{"id":"5783378","text":"pharma major Sanofi-Aventis. The Pegasus, which is the symbol of the United Breweries, first found its place as the Group logo in 1941. Then, the Helladic horse – associated with beer and nectar in Greek mythology – carried a beer cask between the wings, ostensibly because beer formed the core operations of the Group. Later, the beer cask was removed to represent the Group's multifaceted operations. Now, it is just the horse. United Breweries Limited The UB Group's brewing entity – called United Breweries Limited (UBL) – has also assumed undisputed market leadership with a national market share in excess","title":"United Breweries Group"},{"id":"2594243","text":"Catoblepas The catoblepas (pl. catoblepones; from the Greek καταβλέπω, (katablépō) \"to look downwards\") is a legendary creature from Ethiopia, first described by Pliny the Elder and later by Claudius Aelianus. It is said to have the body of a cape buffalo. Its head is always pointing downwards due to its head being heavy. Its stare or breath could either turn people into stone, or kill them. The catoblepas is often thought to be based on real-life encounters with wildebeest, such that some dictionaries say that the word is synonymous with \"gnu\". Also known as an African version of a Gorgon.","title":"Catoblepas"},{"id":"2003732","text":"remarks that her arm feels cold upon returning home as a ghost. Instead of possessing the Deetzes and forcing them to dance during dinner, the Maitlands cause a vine-patterned carpet to come to life and attack the Deetzes by tangling them to their chairs. The character of Betelgeuse—envisioned by McDowell as a winged demon, who takes on the form of a short Middle Eastern man, is also intent on killing the Deetzes rather than scaring them, and wanted to rape Lydia rather than marry her. In this version of the script, Betelgeuse only needs to be exhumed from his grave","title":"Beetlejuice"},{"id":"5536859","text":"Sirins as a synonym for poet. Sirin Sirin is a mythological creature of Russian legends, with the head and chest of a beautiful woman and the body of a bird (usually an owl). According to myth, the Sirins lived in Vyraj or around the Euphrates River. These half-women half-birds are directly based on the Greek myths and later folklore about sirens. They were usually portrayed wearing a crown or with a nimbus. Sirins sang beautiful songs to the saints, foretelling future joys. For mortals, however, the birds were dangerous. Men who heard them would forget everything on earth, follow them,","title":"Sirin"},{"id":"647596","text":"a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. These included the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. The \"strix\" appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the","title":"Gothic architecture"},{"id":"15932794","text":"Monument. It was first named by Lindsay E. Zanno, David J. Varricchio, Patrick M. O'Connor, Alan L. Titus, and Michael J. Knell in 2011 and the type species is \"Talos sampsoni\". The generic name comes from Talos, a giant bronze automaton in Greek mythology and is intended to be a pun on the English word \"talon\". The specific name honors television paleontologist Dr. Scott D. Sampson for researching and collecting fossils during the Kaiparowits Basin Project. \"Talos\" is a troodontid, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced","title":"Talos sampsoni"},{"id":"6279260","text":"and the hadrosaur \"Saurolophus\". Adasaurus Adasaurus ( ; \"Ada's lizard\") is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Central Asia. It was a small bipedal carnivore with a sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot, and was perhaps long. The genus name \"Adasaurus\" is taken from Ada, an evil spirit in the mythology of Mongolia, and the Greek word \"sauros\" meaning 'lizard'. The species name, for the single species, (\"A. mongoliensis\"), refers to the country of origin. \"Adasaurus\" was named and described in 1983 by Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold. \"Adasaurus\" is a member of","title":"Adasaurus"},{"id":"13201565","text":"also preserved in the later word \"ghoul\". Greek folk etymology links the word to the root \"gel-\", \"grin, laugh,\" in the sense of mocking or grimacing, like the expression often found on the face of the Gorgon, to which Barb linked the reproductive demons in origin. Such demons are often associated with or said to come from the sea, and demonologies identify Gyllou with Abyzou, whose name is related to \"abyssos\", the abyss or \"deep.\" According to ancient myth, Gello was a young woman who died a virgin, and returned as a ghost (, \"phantasma\") to do harm to the","title":"Gello"},{"id":"2876720","text":"that the name is derived from a combination of the Greek words δαίμων \"daimon\" ('spirit' given the Christian connotations of 'demon' in the early Middle Ages)—or, less likely δῆμος \"demos\" (\"people\")—and γοργός \"gorgos\" (\"quick\") or Γοργών \"Gorgon\", the Ancient Greek monsters first attested in Hesiod's \"Theogony\". Demogorgon is first mentioned in the commentary on Statius's \"Thebaid\" often attributed in manuscripts to a Lactantius Placidus, (c. 350–400 AD). The Lactantius Placidus commentary became the most common medieval commentary on the poem by Statius and is transmitted in most early editions up to 1600. The commentary has been attributed incorrectly to a","title":"Demogorgon"},{"id":"129852","text":"and of householders or city councils to suppliants—and to punish such crimes by hounding culprits relentlessly. The Erinyes are crones and, depending upon authors, described as having snakes for hair, dog's heads, coal black bodies, bat's wings, and blood-shot eyes. In their hands they carry brass-studded scourges, and their victims die in torment. According to legend, the three classic Furies sprang forth from the spilled blood of Uranus when he was castrated by his son Cronus. The sisters are: Pausanias describe a sanctuary in Athens dedicated to the Erinyes under the name Semnai: Tantalizing myth fragments dealing with the Erinyes","title":"Erinyes"},{"id":"1691870","text":"Little grebe The little grebe (\"Tachybaptus ruficollis\"), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"takhus\" \"fast\" and \"bapto\" \"to sink under\". The specific \"ruficollis\" is from Latin \"rufus\" \"red\" and Modern Latin \"-collis\", \"-necked\", itself derived from Latin \"collum\" \"neck\". At in length it is the smallest European member of its family. It is commonly found in open bodies of water across most of its range. The little grebe was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name \"Colymbus","title":"Little grebe"},{"id":"892926","text":"Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\"Chimæra\"); Greek: , \"Chímaira\" \"she-goat\") was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal. It is usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, and was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. The term \"chimera\" has come to describe any mythical or fictional animal with","title":"Chimera (mythology)"},{"id":"16537882","text":"The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Weasel is a title used to cover a complex of fables in which a number of other animals figure in a story with the same basic situation involving the unfortunate effects of greed. Of Greek origin, it is counted as one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 24 in the Perry Index. In Greek versions of the story, a lean and hungry fox finds food left by shepherds in the hollow of a tree but is unable to get out again because it has eaten so much. Another fox hears its","title":"The Fox and the Weasel"},{"id":"642747","text":"Butterflies have also inspired the \"butterfly fairy\" as an art and fictional character. In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in Ancient Greece, where the word for butterfly ψυχή (psyche) also means \"soul\" and \"breath\". In Latin, as in Ancient Greece, the word for \"butterfly\" papilio was associated with the soul of the dead. The skull-like marking on the thorax of the death's-head hawkmoth has helped these moths, particularly \"A. atropos\", earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art","title":"Lepidoptera"},{"id":"2769414","text":"the image of hypocrisy. Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \"Lamia\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \"lamiai\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"19521264","text":"Penelope Project 'Penelope' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001. The text was named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Greek Mythology, who was perpetually spinning a web which she never completed. After the creation of the European Single Currency, the European Commission decided that the EU should have a single constitution to replace the existing ad hoc system of multilateral treaties. The Convention on the Future of Europe, or the European Convention, was created by the European Council in December","title":"Penelope Project"},{"id":"3304421","text":"Versace Gianni Versace S.p.A. () usually referred to simply as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The main collection of the brand is Versace, which produces upmarket Italian-made ready-to-wear and leather accessories, while other diffusion lines are Versace Collection (mainly in the US), Versus Versace and Versace Jeans. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure. The logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall","title":"Versace"},{"id":"744317","text":"Monster A monster is often a hideously grotesque animal or human, or a hybrid of both, whose appearance frightens and whose powers of destruction threaten the human world's social or moral order. Animal monsters are outside the moral order, but sometimes have their origin in some human violation of the moral law (e.g. in the Greek myth, Minos does not sacrifice the white bull Poseidon sent him to the god, so as punishment Poseidon makes Minos' wife, Pasiphaë, fall in love with the bull, and she copulates with the beast, and gives birth to the man with a bull's head,","title":"Monster"},{"id":"7845190","text":"therefore preoccupied. They proposed instead the new genus name \"Nemegtomaia\" (\"\"maia\"\" means \"good mother\" in Greek, and the full name means \"good mother of the Nemegt\"), making reference to the then-recent discovery that oviraptorids brooded eggs rather than stealing them, though no trace of a nest or eggs had yet been found associated with \"Nemegtomaia\" itself. The first known member of the oviraptorid family was found with a nest of eggs originally thought to have belonged to the ceratopsian genus \"Protoceratops\", and was therefore named \"Oviraptor\" in 1924; this name means \"egg-seizer\". In the 1990s more oviraptorid specimens were discovered","title":"Nemegtomaia"},{"id":"12418591","text":"personality traits; those born in a year of the goat are predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist. Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat and part human. The mineral bromine is named from the Greek word \"brόmos\", which means \"stench of he-goats\". Goats are mentioned many times in the Bible. A goat is considered a \"clean\" animal by Jewish dietary laws and","title":"Goat"},{"id":"827083","text":"Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons","title":"Mermaid"},{"id":"827125","text":"Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons","title":"Mermaid"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"872382\",\n \"text\": \"Sphinx A sphinx ( , Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer its riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus. Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Sphinx\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848780\",\n \"text\": \"they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable\\\"\\\" \\\"\\\"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.\\\"\\\" The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means \\\"snatchers\\\" or \\\"swift robbers\\\" and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872387\",\n \"text\": \"has become an emblem of Egypt, frequently appearing on its stamps, coins, and official documents. In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. Before the time that Alexander the Great occupied Egypt, the Greek name, \\\"sphinx\\\", was already applied to these statues. The historians and geographers of Greece wrote extensively about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent-headed tail.\",\n \"title\": \"Sphinx\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848777\",\n \"text\": \"Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \\\"harpyia\\\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens, faces pale with hunger and long claws on their hands. Roman and Byzantine writers detailed their ugliness. Pottery art depicting the harpies featured beautiful women with wings. Ovid described them as human-vultures. To Hesiod, they were imagined as fair-locked and winged maidens, who surpassed winds and birds in the rapidity of their flight. \\\"\\\"...the Harpyiai (Harpies) of the lovely hair, Okypete (Ocypete)\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20577505\",\n \"text\": \"said to have a bird's body on the face of a man and live as a name for a long time. Inmyeonjo also appears in Greek mythology. Homeros and Hesiodos records include the name Siren. At first, only the head was human, and the body was drawn as a bird, but gradually the entire upper body was depicted as a beautiful woman with musical instruments. Sirens were thought to seduce the sailors in a very sweet sound and sink their ships. In Virgil's \\\"Aeneid\\\", the name \\\"Harpy\\\" appears. According to legend, a harpy is a bird with a woman's face,\",\n \"title\": \"Inmyeonjo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"873166\",\n \"text\": \"is this necessary? Because there are greedy winged creatures ready to fly in and suck the blood from sleeping infants so young they still take only breast milk. Ovid describes these creatures (6.131–142) as having a large head, prominent eyes, and beaks suited for snatching and carrying off; their wings are white, and their talons are like hooks. They are given the name \\\"striges\\\", singular \\\"strix\\\", the word for an owl as a bird of evil omen and supposedly derived from the verb \\\"strideo, stridere\\\", \\\"shriek.\\\" At the same time, Ovid says that they are the winged creatures who tormented\",\n \"title\": \"Cardea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18698470\",\n \"text\": \"Greco-Bactrians and the Indo-Greeks. Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560\",\n \"title\": \"Sphinx of Naxos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18698465\",\n \"text\": \"Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560 BCE. The first fragments\",\n \"title\": \"Sphinx of Naxos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"890600\",\n \"text\": \"the prophecy that the king had sought to avoid by exposing Oedipus at birth is fulfilled. Before arriving at Thebes, Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a legendary beast with the head and breast of a woman, the body of a lioness, and the wings of an eagle. The Sphinx was sent to the road approaching Thebes as a punishment from the gods, and would strangle any traveler who failed to answer a certain riddle. The precise riddle asked by the Sphinx varied in early traditions, and is not stated in \\\"Oedipus Rex\\\", as the event precedes the play; but the most\",\n \"title\": \"Oedipus Rex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831051\",\n \"text\": \"a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word \\\"sphinx\\\" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle. The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word \\\"Ssp-anx\\\" (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12439569\",\n \"text\": \"Sirena (Philippine mythology) The Sirena is a mythological sea creature from Filipino culture . In some regions of the Philippines, particularly Bicol and Visayas, Sirenas are known as \\\"\\\" and portrayed as vicious mermaids. Unlike Sirens of Greek mythology, who are portrayed as women/bird creatures, Sirenas are often portrayed as mermaid-like creatures who live under the sea. In Philippine mythology, the \\\"Sirena\\\" is a mythological aquatic creature with the head and torso of a human female and the tail of a fish. The \\\"Sirena\\\" is an \\\"Engkanto \\\"–' the Filipino counterpart of English mermaids. Engkantos are classified as one of\",\n \"title\": \"Sirena (Philippine mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776698\",\n \"text\": \"the ancient Greeks subscribing to the \\\"strīx\\\" as a \\\"terror\\\" to mankind, but noted a widespread belief in Italy that it was a \\\"bloodthirsty monster in bird form.\\\" This study surmises that the Greeks later borrowed the concept of \\\"strix\\\" as witches, a concept articulated in Ovid, and one scholar estimates the Greeks adopted the \\\"strix\\\" as \\\"child-murdering horrors\\\" by the \\\"last centuries BC\\\". The modern Greek form may betray an influence of a Latin diminutive \\\"strigula\\\". The first Latin allusion is in Plautus' comedy \\\"Pseudolus\\\" dated to 191 BC, in which an inferior cook's cuisine is metaphorized as the\",\n \"title\": \"Strix (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9066080\",\n \"text\": \"pre-Greek griffin written accounts exist to tell us what was believed about imaginary hybird bird-mammal figures from the pre-classical time period. Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \\\"grýphōn\\\", or γρύπων, \\\"grýpōn\\\", early form \\\"γρύψ\\\", \\\"grýps\\\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and\",\n \"title\": \"Griffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14809525\",\n \"text\": \"has the hero go through the mouth of a dragon to reach the Otherworld. Sir Eglamour's baby son is carried away from Christabel by a griffin. A griffin is a mythical creature with the body and feet of a lion and the head and the wings of an eagle. Its earliest depiction can be seen in the throne room of the Palace of Knossos on the Mediterranean island of Crete, in Greece, in a Minoan fresco that dates to the mid-2nd century BC. Sir Eglamour's young son is not the only baby to be carried off by this mythical bird\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Eglamour of Artois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848791\",\n \"text\": \"harpy, often called the \\\"Jungfrauenadler\\\" or \\\"maiden eagle\\\" (although it may not have been modeled after the original harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in heraldry, particularly in East Frisia, seen on, among others, the coats-of-arms of Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena. Harpies are referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fantasy. They tend to be evil-aligned. Examples include: Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \\\"harpyia\\\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens,\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769402\",\n \"text\": \"in classical sources, but later in the Medieval period, one source does call it a lamia (First Vatican Mythographer, c. 9th to 11th century). The story surrounds the tragedy of the daughter of King Crotopus of Argos named Psamathe, whose child by Apollo dies and she is executed for suspected promiscuity. Apollo as punishment then sends the child-devouring monster to Argos. In Statius's version, the monster had a woman's face and breasts, and a hissing snake protruding from the cleft of her rusty-colored forehead, and it would slide into children's bedrooms to snatch them. According to a scholiast to Ovid,\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9066053\",\n \"text\": \"Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \\\"grýphōn\\\", or γρύπων, \\\"grýpōn\\\", early form \\\"γρύψ\\\", \\\"grýps\\\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, Griffins were known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. In Greek and Roman texts, griffins and\",\n \"title\": \"Griffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2270016\",\n \"text\": \"related to the Circaetinae. The species name \\\"harpyja\\\" and the word \\\"harpy\\\" in the common name \\\"harpy eagle\\\" both come from Ancient Greek (). They refer to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human. The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy eagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20959251\",\n \"text\": \"Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which comes from Papyrus Oxyrhynchus XXXII 2617, which was published in 1967. Additional fragments can be found in Book 11 of Athenaeus' \\\"Deipnosophistae\\\". The extant parts of the poem exhibit numerous lacunae, with only fragment 19 (= 15\",\n \"title\": \"Geryoneis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"88831\",\n \"text\": \"beetle. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and many, such as the lady beetles and dung beetles are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The name of the taxonomic order, Coleoptera, comes from the Greek \\\"koleopteros\\\" (κολεόπτερος), given to the group by Aristotle for their elytra, hardened shield-like forewings, from \\\"koleos\\\", sheath, and \\\"pteron\\\", wing. The English name beetle comes from the Old English word \\\"bitela\\\", little biter, related to \\\"bītan\\\" (to bite), leading to Middle English \\\"betylle\\\". Another Old English name for beetle is \\\"ceafor\\\", chafer, used in names such as cockchafer, from the Proto-Germanic *kabraz-\",\n \"title\": \"Beetle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268513\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"novel\\\" nor \\\"verse\\\" quite seems to apply. It begins as if it were a critical study of the ancient Greek poet Stesichoros, with special emphasis on a few surviving fragments he wrote about a minor character from Greek mythology, Geryon, a winged red monster who lives on a red island herding red cattle. Geryon is most famous as a footnote in the life of Herakles, whose 10th labor was to sail to that island and steal those cattle—in the process of which, almost as an afterthought, he killed Geryon by shooting him in the head with an arrow. \\\"Autobiography of\",\n \"title\": \"Autobiography of Red\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848790\",\n \"text\": \"face,\\\"
\\\"Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw\\\"
\\\"Their lamentations in the eerie trees.\\\" William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour \\\"\\\" (Tate Gallery, London). The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's \\\"Much Ado About Nothing\\\", Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him \\\"rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!\\\" In the Middle Ages, the\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13644361\",\n \"text\": \"bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The\",\n \"title\": \"Greek mythology in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34698\",\n \"text\": \"Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \\\"Mother of Ants\\\". Its name comes from the Greek words \\\"amphis\\\", meaning \\\"both ways\\\", and \\\"bainein\\\", meaning \\\"to go\\\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it\",\n \"title\": \"Amphisbaena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13242598\",\n \"text\": \"Drakaina (mythology) In Greek mythology, a drakaina () is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features. Examples of the Drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris. Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word \\\"drakaina\\\" is literally the feminine form of \\\"drakon\\\" (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. The drakaina was a monster\",\n \"title\": \"Drakaina (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769390\",\n \"text\": \"of Apollonius of Tyana defeating a Lamia seductress has inspired the poem \\\"Lamia\\\" by Keats. The lamia has been ascribed serpent-like qualities, which some commentators believe can be firmly traced to mythology from antiquity, and they have found analogues in ancient texts that could be designated as \\\"lamiai\\\" (or \\\"lamiae\\\") which are part-serpent beings. These include the half-woman, half-snake beasts of the \\\"Libyan myth\\\" told by Dio Chrysostom, and the monster sent to Argos by Apollo to avenge Psamathe (Crotopus). A scholiast to Aristophanes claimed that Lamia's name derived from her having a large throat or gullet (; \\\"laimos\\\"). Modern\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769407\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Life of Apollonius\\\" the female \\\"empousa-lamia\\\" is also called \\\"a snake\\\", which may seem to the modern reader to be just a metaphorical expression, but which Daniel Ogden insists is a literal snake. Philostratus's tale was reworked by Keats in his poem \\\"Lamia\\\", where it is made clear she bears the guise of a snake, which she wants to relinquish in return for human appearance. Modern commentators have also tried to establish that she may have originally as a dragoness, by inference. David Ogden argues that one of her possible reincarnations, the monster of Argos killed by Coroebus had a\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18336520\",\n \"text\": \"and placements for 35 pairs of teeth in the upper jaws. \\\"Maaradactylus\\\" was described by Renan Bantim and colleagues in 2014. The type species is \\\"Maaradactylus kellneri\\\". The generic name refers to Maara, in the legends of the Cariri the daughter of a chief, by sorcery changed into a river monster with long teeth, devouring fishermen. The suffix ~\\\"dactylus\\\" is common in the names of pterosaurs and is derived from Greek δάκτυλος, \\\"daktylos\\\", \\\"finger\\\", referring to the long (fourth) wing finger. The specific name honours Alexander Kellner, Brazil's foremost pterosaur expert. Maaradactylus Maaradactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known\",\n \"title\": \"Maaradactylus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748154\",\n \"text\": \"Agraulos Agraulos is a genus of trilobite that lived during the Middle Cambrian in North America and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic. \\\"A. ceticephalus\\\" grew to approximately . \\\"Agraulos\\\" is derived from the Greek , \\\"country woman\\\" after a mythological figure that killed herself after ignoring a warning from the goddess Athena and is a reference to the fact it is extinct. The species epithet \\\"ceticephalus\\\" is the contraction between (Kētos), \\\"whale\\\", \\\"large fish\\\" or \\\"sea monster\\\", and (Kephalos), \\\"head\\\", so \\\"whale head\\\" for the rounded rather effaced headshield that may be thought to look like a sperm whale. The\",\n \"title\": \"Agraulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4800389\",\n \"text\": \"to Geller's claimed spoon-bending abilities. The logo of a winged pig was designed for Randi's website by German artist Jutta Degener in 1996. The name \\\"Pigasus\\\" was chosen by Randi from suggestions e-mailed to him. The term is a portmanteau pun combining the word \\\"pig\\\" with the mythological \\\"Pegasus\\\", a reference to the expression \\\"when pigs fly\\\". Randi did not present any Uri Award for a number of years after its inception in \\\"Flim-Flam!,\\\" but in 1997 it was revived and the name was changed to \\\"Pigasus\\\" after the winged pig. Randi announced the recipients through his e-newsletter \\\"SWIFT!\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"Pigasus Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9511100\",\n \"text\": \"this instance, Ammit is not an agent of evil, but punishment for the guilty dead. In Greek mythology, there are a plethora of hungry monsters and vengeful gods, an example of which being the Minotaur. The Minotaur (which roughly translates to Bull of Minos) was the son of the Cretan queen Pasiphae and a bull. When the Minotaur was no longer satisfied with the nursing of his mother, it was found that he was very fond of eating human flesh. So Minos, the king of Crete and the Minotaur's step-father, ordered the great architect Daedalus to build a great labyrinth\",\n \"title\": \"Devourer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5311681\",\n \"text\": \"Barberini Faun The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A Faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek Satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus. The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of\",\n \"title\": \"Barberini Faun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6000453\",\n \"text\": \"In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures. One of the many creatures that inhabit the mythical Himavanta, Kinnaris have the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the wings, tail and feet of a swan. They are renowned for their dance, song and poetry, and are a traditional symbol of feminine beauty, grace and accomplishment. Edward H. Schafer notes that in East Asian religious art the Kinnara is often confused with the Kalaviṅka, which is also a half-human half-bird hybrid mythical creature, but that the two are actually distinct and\",\n \"title\": \"Kinnara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5009102\",\n \"text\": \"aculeata\\\" is an active predator, feeding primarily on small crabs, hermit crabs and other polychaete worms including \\\"Pectinaria\\\" and \\\"Lumbriconereis\\\". Species recognized by the World Register of Marine Species: Aphrodita Aphrodita, or sea mouse, is a genus of marine polychaete worms found in the Mediterranean sea and the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. The name of the genus is taken from Aphrodite, the Ancient Greek goddess of love. This is because, when viewed ventrally, the animal resembles a human female's genitalia. The English name may either have a similar meaning, or may derive from the supposed resemblance to a bedraggled\",\n \"title\": \"Aphrodita\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"892936\",\n \"text\": \"navigation by sailors. The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated to 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders. Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word \\\"chimera\\\" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as \\\"bixie\\\", \\\"tianlu\\\", and even \\\"qilin\\\". Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\\\"Chimæra\\\"); Greek: , \\\"Chímaira\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Chimera (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"853223\",\n \"text\": \"Empusa Empusa or Empousa (; \\\"plural\\\": \\\"Empousai\\\") is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure. In Late Antiquity, the empousai has been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the \\\"lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men. Also empuse in English usage. The primary sources for the \\\"empousa\\\" in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (\\\"Frogs\\\" and \\\"Ecclesiazusae\\\") and Philostratus's \\\"Life of Apollonius of Tyana\\\". The Empusa has been defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as\",\n \"title\": \"Empusa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34704\",\n \"text\": \"and argue, and sing a song about their miserable plight. Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \\\"Mother of Ants\\\". Its name comes from the Greek words \\\"amphis\\\", meaning \\\"both ways\\\", and \\\"bainein\\\", meaning \\\"to go\\\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her\",\n \"title\": \"Amphisbaena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14357975\",\n \"text\": \"Stymphalian birds The Stymphalian birds ( ; , \\\"Stymphalídes órnithes\\\") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia. The Stymphalian Birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung. These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.\",\n \"title\": \"Stymphalian birds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8194454\",\n \"text\": \"sense astral projections and if she is being watched from behind. She is experienced in interdimensional travel and the use of weapons and technology from other dimensions. There are several other characters named Chimera in the Marvel Universe. Chimera is an unnamed woman who is a member of the Femizons. She is a metamorph who can grow wings, claws, and other parts. The chimera of Greek mythology appeared in Marvel Comics. It is depicted as a fire-breathing monster with the heads of a lion and a goat next to each other, the front legs of a lion, the wings of\",\n \"title\": \"Chimera (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20959253\",\n \"text\": \"much of Stesichorus' output, the Geryoneis has been noted for its use and advancement of Homeric elements. Especially the humanisation of Geryon through the mention of his parents and the poppy simile has been highlighted by critics. Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which\",\n \"title\": \"Geryoneis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3054663\",\n \"text\": \"especially prolific in the 1950s, producing such acclaimed and much-reprinted stories as \\\"The Man Who Sold Rope to the Gnoles\\\" (1951), \\\"Brightness Falls from the Air\\\" (1951), \\\"An Egg a Month from All Over\\\" (1952), and \\\"Horrer Howce\\\" (1956). She occasionally drew inspiration from her education in Classics and her knowledge of Greek myth, as in \\\"Mrs. Hawk\\\" (1950), a modern update of the Circe myth, \\\"The Bird\\\" (1951), about a modern man's fateful encounter with the mythical phoenix, and \\\"The Goddess on the Street Corner\\\" (1953), in which a down-on-his-luck wino meets an equally vulnerable Aphrodite. Beginning in 1950\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret St. Clair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16434994\",\n \"text\": \"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania) The Warlocks Motorcycle Club is a \\\"one-percenter\\\" outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1967. It was the first official 1% outlaw motorcycle club founded in Pennsylvania. The club is most prominent in the Philadelphia and Delaware County area, but they have territory all throughout the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philly metro area), including South Jersey and Wilmington. There are now chapters all throughout Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and Delaware. The club's insignia is a Harpy, which in Greek and Roman mythology, was a female monster in the form of a bird with a\",\n \"title\": \"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776694\",\n \"text\": \"Strix (mythology) The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. The \\\"strix\\\" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's \\\"Fasti\\\". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. The \\\"strīx\\\" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet upwards and head below, according to\",\n \"title\": \"Strix (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17931656\",\n \"text\": \"the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the \\\"chicken from hell\\\". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of \\\"chicken from hell\\\". However, he found that the nickname did not work so well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking the name of the feathered demon Anzu from the mythology of ancient Sumer, which itself roughly translates to \\\"heavenly eagle\\\". The specific name, \\\"wyliei\\\", honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster. \\\"Anzu\\\" was placed in the Oviraptorosauria, as\",\n \"title\": \"Anzu wyliei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2033861\",\n \"text\": \"a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice. There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally \\\"Fire\\\") and a man with some name meaning \\\"wolf\\\". The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology. The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little\",\n \"title\": \"Little Red Riding Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11908482\",\n \"text\": \"when I look at myself.\\\" Another such line reads: \\\"The void drinks the void: air was born with blue eyes, that's why it endlessly swallows aspirin.\\\" One other exchange, in which Ear compares herself to a \\\"prize horse\\\", results later in the text in an actual metamorphosis, through which she becomes the horse \\\"Clytemnestra\\\" (named after the femme fatale character in Greek myths). A series of dance routines, described by British theater historian Claude Schumacher as \\\"bewildering ballets\\\", accompanies the dialogues. In its third act, \\\"The Gas Heart\\\" also features a dance performed by a man fallen from a funnel,\",\n \"title\": \"The Gas Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2494454\",\n \"text\": \"terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, \\\"*bell-\\\" or \\\"*ber-\\\" \\\"beast, monster\\\", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon (\\\"the beast killer\\\"). The Transylvanian Saxon \\\"balaur\\\" \\\"dragon\\\", and \\\"balaura\\\", an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian \\\"blavor\\\"/\\\"blaor\\\"/\\\"blavur\\\" (\\\"European legless lizard\\\") is cognate with \\\"balaur\\\", and it is regarded as one of few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The maniraptor theropod \\\"Balaur bondoc\\\" is named after this creature. Balaur A balaur is a creature in Romanian folklore, similar to a European dragon. A \\\"balaur\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Balaur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7381849\",\n \"text\": \"an absolute magnitude of . The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is. This minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (). 10370 Hylonome\",\n \"title\": \"10370 Hylonome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15086568\",\n \"text\": \"Lament for Icarus\\\" ultimately became a well-composed image of epic failure. However, somewhat surprising, Icarus has his wings fully intact, contrary to the myth where the wax melted and Icarus fell flapping his bare arms. The image of a \\\"winged creature\\\" is likely utilized to create a more symbolic, romantic and elegant appearance. The Lament for Icarus The Lament for Icarus is a painting by Herbert James Draper, showing the dead Icarus, surrounded by lamenting nymphs. The wings of Icarus are based on the bird-of-paradise pattern. In 1898, the painting was bought from the Royal Academy exhibition through The Chantrey\",\n \"title\": \"The Lament for Icarus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16177346\",\n \"text\": \"The Crow and the Snake The Crow or Raven and the Snake or Serpent is one of Aesop's Fables and numbered 128 in the Perry Index. Alternative Greek versions exist and two of these were adopted during the European Renaissance. The fable is not to be confused with the story of this title in the \\\"Panchatantra\\\", which is completely different. In ancient times the fable is found only in Greek sources and concerns a crow in search of food that finds a snake asleep in the sun. But when the crow seizes her, the snake kills it with her sting.\",\n \"title\": \"The Crow and the Snake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4779272\",\n \"text\": \"Questing Beast The Questing Beast, or the Beast Glatisant (Barking Beast), is a monster from Arthurian legend. It is the subject of quests undertaken by famous knights such as King Pellinore, Sir Palamedes, and Sir Percival. The strange creature has the head and neck of a snake, the body of a leopard, the haunches of a lion, and the feet of a hart. Its name comes from the great noise that it emits from its belly, a barking like \\\"thirty couple hounds questing\\\". \\\"Glatisant\\\" is related to the French word \\\"glapissant\\\", 'yelping' or 'barking', especially of small dogs or foxes.\",\n \"title\": \"Questing Beast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10660383\",\n \"text\": \"she is in no hurry to fall in love and get married. Instead, she is determined to enjoy her childhood for as long as possible, and have as many adventures with her friends as she can. The title refers to the myth of the Sirens, creatures with the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women who perched on rocks at sea and lured men to their deaths with their hypnotic singing. The sirens appear in Homer's \\\"Odyssey\\\", which Flavia recites to an interested audience. The allusion comes up since each of the three widows invited to the villa\",\n \"title\": \"The Sirens of Surrentum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19603495\",\n \"text\": \"been introduced. Mollusc shells have been widely used in art, whether carved directly, sometimes as cameos, or depicted in paintings. In popular culture, the snail is known for its stereotypical slowness, while the octopus and giant squid have featured in literature since classical times as monsters of the deep. Many-headed and tentacled monsters appear as the Gorgon and the Medusa of Greek mythology, and the kraken of Nordic legend. The taxonomist Carl Linnaeus named the Venus shell as \\\"Venus dione\\\", for the goddess of love and her mother, and named its parts using overtly sexual descriptors. Culture consists of the\",\n \"title\": \"Molluscs in culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20572158\",\n \"text\": \"there used to be spider-like animals with tails which lived alongside true spiders for at least 200 million years. The name is taken from the chimera, a monster in Greek mythology composed of parts of different animals, representing the mixture of basal and derived characteristics of the organism, together with the suffix \\\"arachne\\\" which is the Greek word for \\\"spider\\\". The species name honours Yanling Ying, who collected one of the specimens. The legs and body of \\\"Chimerarachne\\\" are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not\",\n \"title\": \"Chimerarachne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6735379\",\n \"text\": \"way to mock the social status quo. At a rally announcing his candidacy, Pigasus was seized by Chicago policemen and several of his Yippie backers were arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1968, Pigasus was nominated for the U.S. Presidency by the Youth International Party (Yippies). The pig's name was a double entendre on Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology and the famous saying \\\"When pigs fly\\\" used when a highly improbable event should occur. Selected for the campaign by group members Dennis Dalrymple, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, candidate Pigasus was purchased from a farmer by folk-singer and fellow\",\n \"title\": \"Pigasus (politics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2896292\",\n \"text\": \"phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form \\\"Panthyra\\\" appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem. Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. The \\\"Toldoth Yeshu\\\" narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal. Robert Eisler considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes\",\n \"title\": \"Yeshu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11072372\",\n \"text\": \"it to a new genus, \\\"Gallus\\\", however this was preoccupied by a bird. In 1815, Rafinesque proposed the name \\\"Alectis\\\", into which three species were eventually placed. Georges Cuvier proposed a second name, \\\"Scyris\\\" for the genus in 1829, but \\\"Alectis\\\" had priority and has therefore been cemented for the time being. The name \\\"Alectis\\\" is derived from one of three Erinyes in the Greek mythology; daughter of Acheronte with a terrible rage. A single species has been identified the fossil record, \\\"Alectis simus\\\" , from the Eocene period of England. It was found alongside a number of extinct and\",\n \"title\": \"Alectis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769392\",\n \"text\": \"bestial appearance due to her savageness. The queen, as related by Diodorus, was born in a cave. Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) also gave a rationalizing account. Aristotle's \\\"Nicomachean Ethics\\\" (vii.5) refers to the lore of a beastly being in the shape of a woman, which tears the bellies of pregnant mothers and devours their fetus. An anonymous commentator on the passage states this is a reference to the Lamia but muddlingly combines this with Aristotle's subsequent comments and describes her as a Scythian of the Pontus (Black Sea) area. According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16834922\",\n \"text\": \"Karybdis (band) Karybdis are a British heavy metal band from London, formed in 2009. Described by Metal Hammer as an ‘eclectic blend of melodic death metal, 21st-century metalcore and prog-tinged technicality’, Karybdis have been bringing their brutal live shows to audiences nationwide since 2009. They released their 3rd studio album 'In The Shadow of Paradise' independently on 2 November 2018. The band's name is shared with a sea monster from Greek mythology which was said to be a spawner of whirlpools who together with Scylla created a smashing gauntlet of death from which few seafarers escaped. Their debut album ‘From\",\n \"title\": \"Karybdis (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268510\",\n \"text\": \"Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem \\\"Geryoneis\\\". \\\"Autobiography of Red\\\" is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon. It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy\",\n \"title\": \"Autobiography of Red\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11440832\",\n \"text\": \"word (like \\\"Utukku\\\") is also used as a general term for demons, and these are \\\"evil Uttuke\\\" or \\\"evil Galli\\\". One incantation tells of them as spirits that threaten every house, rage at people, eat their flesh, and as they let their blood flow like rain, they never stop drinking blood. Lamashtu, Lilitu, and Gallu are invoked in different amulet texts, with Gallu showing up in Graeco-Byzantine myth as Gello, Gylo, or Gyllo. There she appears as a child-stealing and child-killing female demon, in the manner of Lamia and Lilith. Ancient Greek mythology contains several precursors to modern vampires, though\",\n \"title\": \"Vampire folklore by region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13201591\",\n \"text\": \"new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's \\\"gello\\\"-attracting blood. The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era. One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the \\\"gello\\\" as well as for the evil eye. Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: Gello Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who\",\n \"title\": \"Gello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11943306\",\n \"text\": \"carried Astarte ashore following her watery birth. Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, \\\"ichthyo-\\\" and \\\"centaur\\\". \\\"Ichthyo-\\\" comes from the Greek word \\\"ikhthis\\\" (ιχθύς), which means fish; \\\"centaur\\\", or \\\"centaurus\\\" in Latin, from classical mythology, is a creature having the head, trunk, and arms of a man, and the body and legs of a horse. Ichthyocentaurs have both the attributes coming from the two meanings, which make them a \\\"fish-horse-man\\\". They are related to centaurs, sea nymphs and merfolk; how this came to be is a mystery. It was believed that the creation of these sea-centaurs was depicted as a\",\n \"title\": \"Ichthyocentaurs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4692376\",\n \"text\": \"Ypotryll The Ypotryll is a Medieval European chimeric creature featured in heraldry. It has the tusked head of a wild boar or hog, the humped body of a camel, the legs and hooves of an ox or goat and the long, scaly tail of a serpent. Its name is thought to be derived from the greek “hippo” (horse) or in Middle English, “ypotame” itself derived from the latin \\\"ypotamus\\\". Though there isn’t much known of the creature’s meanings or origins, it appears as the badge of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, also known as the “Butcher of England”; a\",\n \"title\": \"Ypotryll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2099221\",\n \"text\": \"White-winged tern The white-winged tern, or white-winged black tern (\\\"Chlidonias leucopterus\\\" or \\\"Chlidonias leucoptera\\\"), is a species of tern in the family Laridae. It is a small species generally found in or near bodies of fresh water across much of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \\\"khelidonios\\\", \\\"swallow-like\\\", from \\\"khelidon\\\", \\\"swallow\\\". The specific \\\"leptopterus\\\" is also Greek from \\\"leptos\\\", \\\"slender\\\", and \\\"pteros\\\", \\\"feathered\\\", itself from \\\"pteron\\\", \\\"wing\\\". The name 'white-winged tern' is the standard in most English-speaking countries; in the United Kingdom, this name is also the one used by the\",\n \"title\": \"White-winged tern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769389\",\n \"text\": \"Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \\\"Lamia\\\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \\\"lamiai\\\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh afterward. A fabulous biography\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848778\",\n \"text\": \"and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.\\\"\\\" But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the harpies in the following lines:\\\"\\\"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2358915\",\n \"text\": \"Lindworm The Lindworm (cognate with Old Norse \\\"linnormr\\\" 'ensnaring snake', Norwegian \\\"linnorm\\\" 'dragon', Swedish \\\"lindorm\\\", Danish \\\"lindorm\\\" 'serpent', German \\\"Lindwurm\\\" 'dragon') is either a dragon-like creature or serpent monster. In British heraldry, \\\"lindworm\\\" is a technical term for a wingless serpentine monster with two clawed arms in the upper body. In Norwegian heraldry a \\\"lindorm\\\" is the same as the wyvern in British heraldry. A lindworm's appearance can vary from country to country and from tale to tale, but the most common depiction of lindworm is a wingless lindworm with a serpentine body, a dragon-like head, scaled or reptilian skin\",\n \"title\": \"Lindworm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12093983\",\n \"text\": \"Psilopterus Psilopterus (Greek for \\\"bare wing\\\") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid (\\\"terror bird\\\") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised \\\"P. bachmanni\\\" was in height and weighed about , while the largest members of the genus were only about . The birds resemble the modern cariama (\\\"Cariama cristata\\\"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings. The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and \\\"Psilopterus\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Psilopterus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483752\",\n \"text\": \"Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also \\\"Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,\\\" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (\\\"mêp̄îṣ\\\") which means \\\"scatterer, disperser\\\", and \\\"tophel\\\", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (\\\"tōp̄el šeqer\\\") which means \\\"plasterer of lies\\\". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (\\\"mḗ\\\") as a negation, φῶς (\\\"phō̃s\\\") meaning \\\"light\\\", and φιλις \\\"philis\\\" meaning \\\"loving\\\", making it mean \\\"not-light-loving\\\", possibly\",\n \"title\": \"Mephistopheles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18801551\",\n \"text\": \"publications had previously suggested. The genus \\\"Calliope\\\" was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1836. \\\"Calliope\\\", from classical Greek meaning beautiful-voiced, was one of the muses in Greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. The genus contains the following five species: Calliope (genus) Calliope is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species were previously placed in the genus \\\"Luscinia\\\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that \\\"Luscinia\\\" as defined in 2003 by Edward C. Dickinson was not monophyletic. The genus \\\"Calliope\\\", with the type species, \\\"Calliope\",\n \"title\": \"Calliope (genus)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"860393\",\n \"text\": \"scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions. In his work \\\"Description of Greece\\\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia. The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \\\"Inferno\\\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a\",\n \"title\": \"Geryon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2934547\",\n \"text\": \"article that listed Galatea as #2 in its \\\"Top 5 Introductory Interactive Fiction Games\\\" feature, describing it as intriguingly replayable, and as a \\\"surprisingly rich game for its apparent minimalism\\\". In 2011, PC Gamer highlighted \\\"Galatea\\\" as an example of the artistic and literary aspects of the interactive fiction genre. The titular character, Galatea, has been compared to the 2007 \\\"Portal\\\" character, GLaDOS due to similarities in the personalities of the characters. Galatea (video game) Galatea is an interactive fiction video game by Emily Short featuring a modern rendition of the Greek myth of Galatea, the sculpture of a woman\",\n \"title\": \"Galatea (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14275883\",\n \"text\": \"a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, \\\"monstrum\\\" came to mean \\\"unnatural event\\\" or \\\"a malfunctioning of nature.\\\" Suetonius said that \\\"a \\\"monstrum\\\" is contrary to nature we are familiar with, like a snake with feet or a bird with four wings.\\\" The Greek equivalent was \\\"teras\\\". The English word \\\"monster\\\" derived from the negative sense of the word. Compare \\\"miraculum\\\", \\\"ostentum\\\", \\\"portentum\\\", and \\\"prodigium\\\". In one of the most famous uses of the word in Latin literature, the Augustan poet Horace calls Cleopatra a \\\"fatale monstrum\\\", something deadly and outside normal\",\n \"title\": \"Glossary of ancient Roman religion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6621754\",\n \"text\": \"is a romantic comedy where a wealthy young man kicks his fiancée to the curb, only to watch her ascend to fame and fortune while his life falls apart. Actors Jordana Brewster and Kip Pardue were set to star in the film, however, financing was never secured. He also wrote another screenplay called \\\"Succubus\\\", an action-comedy movie about a guy who decides to set out and bring a succubus (a female demon who seduces men and steals their souls) down; after discovering that his nerdy best friend is dating her. The project was set up at MGM, with Mark Steven\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Famiglietti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1287462\",\n \"text\": \"the materialist spirit of the 19th century. Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as \\\"Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed\\\". Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement American populists, progressives and \\\"muck-rakers\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mammon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9515076\",\n \"text\": \"Creobroter Creobroter or flower mantises is a genus of mantis concentrated in Western Asia. The name comes from the Greek \\\"\\\"kreas\\\"\\\" (combining form \\\"\\\"kreo-\\\"\\\", meaning \\\"flesh\\\"), and \\\"\\\"broter\\\"\\\" (eating); therefore, \\\"flesh-eating\\\", an apt name for a predatory insect. Both sexes have long wings and are capable fliers. Full-grown males are about 3 to 4 cm in length, females about 4 to 5 cm. As the common name indicates, \\\"Creobroter\\\" are known for having varicolored (yellow, white, red, brown, etc.) markings which serve as camouflage by hiding the creatures' actual shape and making them look somewhat like flowers when hiding amidst\",\n \"title\": \"Creobroter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"304770\",\n \"text\": \"a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos (1900–1100 BC) has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus. The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology has been thought to have been inspired by the octopus or squid, the octopus itself representing the severed head of Medusa, the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes. The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Greenland, usually portrayed in art as a giant octopus attacking ships. Linnaeus included it\",\n \"title\": \"Octopus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5783378\",\n \"text\": \"pharma major Sanofi-Aventis. The Pegasus, which is the symbol of the United Breweries, first found its place as the Group logo in 1941. Then, the Helladic horse – associated with beer and nectar in Greek mythology – carried a beer cask between the wings, ostensibly because beer formed the core operations of the Group. Later, the beer cask was removed to represent the Group's multifaceted operations. Now, it is just the horse. United Breweries Limited The UB Group's brewing entity – called United Breweries Limited (UBL) – has also assumed undisputed market leadership with a national market share in excess\",\n \"title\": \"United Breweries Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2594243\",\n \"text\": \"Catoblepas The catoblepas (pl. catoblepones; from the Greek καταβλέπω, (katablépō) \\\"to look downwards\\\") is a legendary creature from Ethiopia, first described by Pliny the Elder and later by Claudius Aelianus. It is said to have the body of a cape buffalo. Its head is always pointing downwards due to its head being heavy. Its stare or breath could either turn people into stone, or kill them. The catoblepas is often thought to be based on real-life encounters with wildebeest, such that some dictionaries say that the word is synonymous with \\\"gnu\\\". Also known as an African version of a Gorgon.\",\n \"title\": \"Catoblepas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003732\",\n \"text\": \"remarks that her arm feels cold upon returning home as a ghost. Instead of possessing the Deetzes and forcing them to dance during dinner, the Maitlands cause a vine-patterned carpet to come to life and attack the Deetzes by tangling them to their chairs. The character of Betelgeuse—envisioned by McDowell as a winged demon, who takes on the form of a short Middle Eastern man, is also intent on killing the Deetzes rather than scaring them, and wanted to rape Lydia rather than marry her. In this version of the script, Betelgeuse only needs to be exhumed from his grave\",\n \"title\": \"Beetlejuice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5536859\",\n \"text\": \"Sirins as a synonym for poet. Sirin Sirin is a mythological creature of Russian legends, with the head and chest of a beautiful woman and the body of a bird (usually an owl). According to myth, the Sirins lived in Vyraj or around the Euphrates River. These half-women half-birds are directly based on the Greek myths and later folklore about sirens. They were usually portrayed wearing a crown or with a nimbus. Sirins sang beautiful songs to the saints, foretelling future joys. For mortals, however, the birds were dangerous. Men who heard them would forget everything on earth, follow them,\",\n \"title\": \"Sirin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"647596\",\n \"text\": \"a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. These included the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. The \\\"strix\\\" appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the\",\n \"title\": \"Gothic architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15932794\",\n \"text\": \"Monument. It was first named by Lindsay E. Zanno, David J. Varricchio, Patrick M. O'Connor, Alan L. Titus, and Michael J. Knell in 2011 and the type species is \\\"Talos sampsoni\\\". The generic name comes from Talos, a giant bronze automaton in Greek mythology and is intended to be a pun on the English word \\\"talon\\\". The specific name honors television paleontologist Dr. Scott D. Sampson for researching and collecting fossils during the Kaiparowits Basin Project. \\\"Talos\\\" is a troodontid, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced\",\n \"title\": \"Talos sampsoni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6279260\",\n \"text\": \"and the hadrosaur \\\"Saurolophus\\\". Adasaurus Adasaurus ( ; \\\"Ada's lizard\\\") is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Central Asia. It was a small bipedal carnivore with a sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot, and was perhaps long. The genus name \\\"Adasaurus\\\" is taken from Ada, an evil spirit in the mythology of Mongolia, and the Greek word \\\"sauros\\\" meaning 'lizard'. The species name, for the single species, (\\\"A. mongoliensis\\\"), refers to the country of origin. \\\"Adasaurus\\\" was named and described in 1983 by Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold. \\\"Adasaurus\\\" is a member of\",\n \"title\": \"Adasaurus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13201565\",\n \"text\": \"also preserved in the later word \\\"ghoul\\\". Greek folk etymology links the word to the root \\\"gel-\\\", \\\"grin, laugh,\\\" in the sense of mocking or grimacing, like the expression often found on the face of the Gorgon, to which Barb linked the reproductive demons in origin. Such demons are often associated with or said to come from the sea, and demonologies identify Gyllou with Abyzou, whose name is related to \\\"abyssos\\\", the abyss or \\\"deep.\\\" According to ancient myth, Gello was a young woman who died a virgin, and returned as a ghost (, \\\"phantasma\\\") to do harm to the\",\n \"title\": \"Gello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2876720\",\n \"text\": \"that the name is derived from a combination of the Greek words δαίμων \\\"daimon\\\" ('spirit' given the Christian connotations of 'demon' in the early Middle Ages)—or, less likely δῆμος \\\"demos\\\" (\\\"people\\\")—and γοργός \\\"gorgos\\\" (\\\"quick\\\") or Γοργών \\\"Gorgon\\\", the Ancient Greek monsters first attested in Hesiod's \\\"Theogony\\\". Demogorgon is first mentioned in the commentary on Statius's \\\"Thebaid\\\" often attributed in manuscripts to a Lactantius Placidus, (c. 350–400 AD). The Lactantius Placidus commentary became the most common medieval commentary on the poem by Statius and is transmitted in most early editions up to 1600. The commentary has been attributed incorrectly to a\",\n \"title\": \"Demogorgon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"129852\",\n \"text\": \"and of householders or city councils to suppliants—and to punish such crimes by hounding culprits relentlessly. The Erinyes are crones and, depending upon authors, described as having snakes for hair, dog's heads, coal black bodies, bat's wings, and blood-shot eyes. In their hands they carry brass-studded scourges, and their victims die in torment. According to legend, the three classic Furies sprang forth from the spilled blood of Uranus when he was castrated by his son Cronus. The sisters are: Pausanias describe a sanctuary in Athens dedicated to the Erinyes under the name Semnai: Tantalizing myth fragments dealing with the Erinyes\",\n \"title\": \"Erinyes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1691870\",\n \"text\": \"Little grebe The little grebe (\\\"Tachybaptus ruficollis\\\"), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \\\"takhus\\\" \\\"fast\\\" and \\\"bapto\\\" \\\"to sink under\\\". The specific \\\"ruficollis\\\" is from Latin \\\"rufus\\\" \\\"red\\\" and Modern Latin \\\"-collis\\\", \\\"-necked\\\", itself derived from Latin \\\"collum\\\" \\\"neck\\\". At in length it is the smallest European member of its family. It is commonly found in open bodies of water across most of its range. The little grebe was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name \\\"Colymbus\",\n \"title\": \"Little grebe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"892926\",\n \"text\": \"Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\\\"Chimæra\\\"); Greek: , \\\"Chímaira\\\" \\\"she-goat\\\") was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal. It is usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, and was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. The term \\\"chimera\\\" has come to describe any mythical or fictional animal with\",\n \"title\": \"Chimera (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16537882\",\n \"text\": \"The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Weasel is a title used to cover a complex of fables in which a number of other animals figure in a story with the same basic situation involving the unfortunate effects of greed. Of Greek origin, it is counted as one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 24 in the Perry Index. In Greek versions of the story, a lean and hungry fox finds food left by shepherds in the hollow of a tree but is unable to get out again because it has eaten so much. Another fox hears its\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox and the Weasel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"642747\",\n \"text\": \"Butterflies have also inspired the \\\"butterfly fairy\\\" as an art and fictional character. In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in Ancient Greece, where the word for butterfly ψυχή (psyche) also means \\\"soul\\\" and \\\"breath\\\". In Latin, as in Ancient Greece, the word for \\\"butterfly\\\" papilio was associated with the soul of the dead. The skull-like marking on the thorax of the death's-head hawkmoth has helped these moths, particularly \\\"A. atropos\\\", earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art\",\n \"title\": \"Lepidoptera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769414\",\n \"text\": \"the image of hypocrisy. Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \\\"Lamia\\\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \\\"lamiai\\\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19521264\",\n \"text\": \"Penelope Project 'Penelope' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001. The text was named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Greek Mythology, who was perpetually spinning a web which she never completed. After the creation of the European Single Currency, the European Commission decided that the EU should have a single constitution to replace the existing ad hoc system of multilateral treaties. The Convention on the Future of Europe, or the European Convention, was created by the European Council in December\",\n \"title\": \"Penelope Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3304421\",\n \"text\": \"Versace Gianni Versace S.p.A. () usually referred to simply as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The main collection of the brand is Versace, which produces upmarket Italian-made ready-to-wear and leather accessories, while other diffusion lines are Versace Collection (mainly in the US), Versus Versace and Versace Jeans. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure. The logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall\",\n \"title\": \"Versace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"744317\",\n \"text\": \"Monster A monster is often a hideously grotesque animal or human, or a hybrid of both, whose appearance frightens and whose powers of destruction threaten the human world's social or moral order. Animal monsters are outside the moral order, but sometimes have their origin in some human violation of the moral law (e.g. in the Greek myth, Minos does not sacrifice the white bull Poseidon sent him to the god, so as punishment Poseidon makes Minos' wife, Pasiphaë, fall in love with the bull, and she copulates with the beast, and gives birth to the man with a bull's head,\",\n \"title\": \"Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7845190\",\n \"text\": \"therefore preoccupied. They proposed instead the new genus name \\\"Nemegtomaia\\\" (\\\"\\\"maia\\\"\\\" means \\\"good mother\\\" in Greek, and the full name means \\\"good mother of the Nemegt\\\"), making reference to the then-recent discovery that oviraptorids brooded eggs rather than stealing them, though no trace of a nest or eggs had yet been found associated with \\\"Nemegtomaia\\\" itself. The first known member of the oviraptorid family was found with a nest of eggs originally thought to have belonged to the ceratopsian genus \\\"Protoceratops\\\", and was therefore named \\\"Oviraptor\\\" in 1924; this name means \\\"egg-seizer\\\". In the 1990s more oviraptorid specimens were discovered\",\n \"title\": \"Nemegtomaia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12418591\",\n \"text\": \"personality traits; those born in a year of the goat are predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist. Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat and part human. The mineral bromine is named from the Greek word \\\"brόmos\\\", which means \\\"stench of he-goats\\\". Goats are mentioned many times in the Bible. A goat is considered a \\\"clean\\\" animal by Jewish dietary laws and\",\n \"title\": \"Goat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827083\",\n \"text\": \"Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons\",\n \"title\": \"Mermaid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827125\",\n \"text\": \"Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons\",\n \"title\": \"Mermaid\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sphinx context: Sphinx A sphinx ( Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer its riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus. Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was\\n\\nWith a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Har context: they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable\\\"\\\" \\\"\\\"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.\\\"\\\" The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means \\\"snatchers\\\" or \\\"swift robbers\\\" and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had\\n\\ntitle Harpy context: har, often called the \\\"Juenadler\\\" orma eagle (although it may not been modeled after the harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in herald, particularly in Eastrisia, seen among others, the coats-of-arms Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena. Harpies referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fant. They tend to be evilaligned Examples: Harpy In Greek myth Roman mythology, a harpyplural harpies, ,harpyia\\\", ; was a half-human and half-birdification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They generally depicted as birds with heads of maidens,\\n\\ntitle Inmyeonjo: to a's of man live a name a longmyeonjo also appears in Greek myth. Homesiodos records the name Siren., only the, the was gradually upper body depicted as a beautiful with musical instruments thought to sedu the sail in a sound and their ships Viril's \\\"eneid thepy appears According to legend,py is bird with a woman',title: Sphinx an, on its and. theellen had trade and cultural that theinx to these wrote about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent-headed tail.\\n\\nWith a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 542,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15625,\n \"ratio\": \"28.8x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78784,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78784,"string":"78,784"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"According to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what??"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Butterfingers Snackerz","Butterfinger (ice cream)","Butterfinger Crisp","Nestlé Butterfinger","Butterfinger Snackerz","Butterfinger Ice Cream Bars","Butterfinger BB's","Butterfinger","The Butterfinger Group"],"string":"[\n \"Butterfingers Snackerz\",\n \"Butterfinger (ice cream)\",\n \"Butterfinger Crisp\",\n \"Nestlé Butterfinger\",\n \"Butterfinger Snackerz\",\n \"Butterfinger Ice Cream Bars\",\n \"Butterfinger BB's\",\n \"Butterfinger\",\n \"The Butterfinger Group\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Butterfinger"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8464536","text":"the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \"worse of a sell-out\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by \"The Simpsons\" character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism","title":"Mother Tucker"},{"id":"741575","text":"television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\", which was available for a limited time.","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"3747980","text":"Bart Simpson, Homer Simpson, and other characters from Fox's \"The Simpsons\", appeared in numerous advertisements for the product from 1988 to 2001, featuring the slogans \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\", \"Bite my Butterfinger!\", and \"Nothin' like a Butterfinger!\" Butterfinger, for unknown reasons, terminated a long standing advertising contract with \"The Simpsons\" in the end of 2001. Reacting to this, the January 2002 \"Simpsons\" episode \"Sweets and Sour Marge\" included a scene depicting Butterfinger bars as nonflammable; the character Chief Wiggum says, \"Even the fire doesn't want them.\" In February 2003, in the episode \"Barting Over\", Bart claims","title":"Butterfinger"},{"id":"3747982","text":"press release. When the joke was revealed, the website redirected visitors to the fictitious \"Butterfinger Comedy Network\". In 2009, a new advertisement for Butterfinger was produced that appeared to be a homage to the earlier \"The Simpsons\" commercials. In 2010, Butterfinger revived its \"Nobody better lay a finger...\" slogan as \"Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger.\" In 2011, a comedy horror film entitled \"Butterfinger The 13th\", was made to promote the product. In April 2013, an official announcement via the Twitter account of \"The Simpsons\" stated that the \"Nobody better lay a finger\" advertising campaign featuring Bart Simpson","title":"Butterfinger"},{"id":"4765499","text":"make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons.\" Bart, and other Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan \"\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\"\" Lisa Marie Simpson, voiced by Yeardley Smith, is the eldest daughter and middle child of the family. She is an extremely intelligent 8-year-old girl, one of the most intelligent characters on the show. Lisa's political convictions are generally socially liberal. She is a vegetarian, and a supporter of the Free Tibet movement, and while still supportive of the Christian church","title":"Simpson family"},{"id":"5297642","text":"Simpsons\" featured on a set of television commercials with each commercial involving Homer Simpson wanting Bart Simpson's CC's, so Bart would make Homer do an outlandish stunt (a dare) to get them. Homer would never succeed because of Bart. Each commercial ended with a pun on the famous tagline \"You can't say no\" with Dan Castellaneta saying \"CC's, you can't say...\" and then Homer would say \"D'oh!\". These adverts were similar to the Butterfinger adverts that aired in the United States from 1988 to 2001. Even though the commercials only ran on Australian television, they have been included in the","title":"CC's"},{"id":"741567","text":"said, \"I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model, you don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?\" In 1990 William Bennett, who at the time was drug czar of the United States, visited a drug treatment centre in Pittsburgh and upon noticing a poster of Bart remarked, \"You guys aren't watching The Simpsons, are you? That's not going to help you any.\" When a backlash over the comment ensued, Bennett apologized, claiming he \"was just kidding\" and saying \"I'll sit down with the little","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"4646808","text":"Simpsons, finding souvenirs taped to Homer's body which he was attempting to smuggle out of the country. This is a reference to the opening drug-smuggling scene of the film \"Midnight Express\". A billboard advertisement with Bart saying \"Get a Mammogram, Man!\" can be seen. This was a reference to Bart's popular slogan \"Don't have a cow, man!\" The plot of Bart's nightmare is a parody of \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"It's a Good Life\", which was remade as part of \"\". Jasper's transformation into a dog is a reference to the 1978 remake of \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\". The","title":"Treehouse of Horror II"},{"id":"4777524","text":"show on the Fox network the week it aired. It was nominated for an Emmy Award, but lost to \"A Claymation Easter\". The Simpson family are busy preparing for Bart's birthday party. Homer sees a commercial on television for a prank microphone called the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that can be used to tap into localized AM radio systems and instantly decides to buy one for Bart. Subsequently, Bart experiences a crushingly disappointing birthday party when all his gifts turn out to be useless things like a cactus, a label maker, and a new suit. At first, he is also disappointed","title":"Radio Bart"},{"id":"3747981","text":"he does not recall being in any commercials in the past, and then eats a Butterfinger just as he did in the commercials. In the November 2014 episode \"Simpsorama\", a crossover with \"Futurama\", Butterfingers are used to lure the Bart creatures into Madison Cube Garden. On April 1, 2008, Nestlé launched an April Fool's Day prank in which they claimed that they had changed the name of the candy bar to \"The Finger\", citing consumer research that indicated that the original brand was \"clumsy\" and \"awkward\". The prank included a fake Web site promoting the change that featured a video","title":"Butterfinger"},{"id":"4516636","text":"in the buttocks using a giant boot. Desperate, Bart and Homer escape and the family flees to the embassy. After a stand-off, the two governments propose a compromise to the Simpson family: one kick from the Prime Minister, through the gate of the embassy, with a regular shoe. Marge still interferes, but Bart agrees. However, Bart dodges the kick, moons the Australians with the words \"Don't tread on me\" written on his buttocks, then hums \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Relieved, the Simpson family flees the outraged country in a helicopter back home to America, unaware a koala had sneaked away with","title":"Bart vs. Australia"},{"id":"12723122","text":"chose to reveal herself in 1997. The Paul Simon song \"The Boy in the Bubble\" from the 1986 \"Graceland\" album references her in the lyrics. \"Medicine is magical and magical is art / Thinking of the Boy in the Bubble / And the baby with the baboon heart\". In the episode \"I Love Lisa\" of \"The Simpsons\", the school cafeteria serves beef hearts in honor of Valentine's Day. Bart Simpson puts one under his shirt, exclaiming \"My baboon heart! Body.. rejecting it!\" before dramatically everting it onto the table. In the episode “The Silent Partners” of the Adult Swim cartoon,","title":"Baby Fae"},{"id":"9646931","text":"to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990). The show was controversial from its beginning and has made the news several times. In the early seasons, some parents and conservatives characterized Bart as a poor role model for children and several United States public schools even banned \"The Simpsons\" merchandise and t-shirts. In January 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush made a speech during his re-election campaign in which he said: \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less","title":"History of The Simpsons"},{"id":"6502237","text":"B&Q chain of DIY shops around the same time. An adaption of the melody during the lines 'nobody does it half as good as you, baby you're the best' was used as an advertising motif for a commercial airing during the mid to late 90s, commissioned by Australian real estate company LJ Hooker. Instead of the original lyrics it was sung 'Nobody does it better, L.J Hooker you're the best'. The company's tagline has remained 'Nobody Does It Better' to the present day. In 1997, during the final telecast of the \"Pro Bowlers Tour\" on ABC, the song was played","title":"Nobody Does It Better"},{"id":"741518","text":"after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word \"brat\". After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, and the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart's most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to \"The Simpsons\" – including video games, \"The Simpsons Movie\", \"The Simpsons\" Ride, commercials, and comic books –","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"408104","text":"ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that Hindus do not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show.","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"741543","text":"\"¡Ay, caramba!\" and \"Don't have a cow, man!\", were featured on T-shirts manufactured during the production of the early seasons of \"The Simpsons\". \"Cowabunga\" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was mostly used on the show after it had been used as a slogan on the T-shirts. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" (season five, 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on Krusty the Clown's show for saying the line \"I didn't do it.\" The writers chose the phrase \"I didn't do it\" because they wanted a \"lousy\" phrase","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"4777526","text":"to fit in, the entire town offers moral support and do everything they can to give him hope. Krusty even gets musician Sting to join other celebrities in recording a charity single, \"We're Sending Our Love Down the Well\". However, Lisa catches Bart in the act and reminds him he put a \"Property of Bart Simpson\" label on the radio. Bart sets out later that night to retrieve it but falls into the well after Eddie and Lou untie his rope. When the townspeople find him, he admits that Timmy O'Toole does not exist. Angry at being tricked, the townspeople","title":"Radio Bart"},{"id":"741539","text":"Elementary School, where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard. This message, which changes from episode to episode, has become known as the \"chalkboard gag\". Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \"The First Amendment does not cover burping\", pop culture references such as \"I can't see dead people\", and meta-references such as \"I am not a 32-year-old woman\" and \"Nobody reads these anymore\". The animators are able to produce the chalkboard gags quickly and in some cases have changed them to fit current events. For example, the chalkboard gag for \"Homer the Heretic\" (season four,","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"408118","text":"their advertising. As a promotion for \"The Simpsons Movie\", twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold \"The Simpsons\" related products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008 consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to \"The Simpsons\", with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \"The Simpsons\"","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"2361253","text":"is Vic Sage, who is a Glenn Beck-style television host whose advertisements promote his show with the advertising slogan \"Vic Sage is p****ed!\". Furthermore, unlike other versions of Question, the \"Pax Americana\" one wears a rubber hood that covers his entire head rather than a mask that is attached to his face. The Question's mask is made from Pseudoderm, a substance made by Dr. Aristotle Rodor. According to the revamps of \"52\", this substance was developed using technology lifted from an old Batman foe named Bart Magan (Dr. No Face) and gingold extract, a fruit derivative associated with the Elongated","title":"Question (comics)"},{"id":"4516641","text":"cane beetle, but became a pest in the country. When the Simpson family go to an Australian pub, Bart plays with a pocketknife at the table and a man asks him, \"You call that a knife?\", and as the man draws a spoon from his pocket he says, \"This is a knife.\" The scene is a reference to a famous scene from \"Crocodile Dundee\", in which Mick Dundee is threatened by some thugs with a switchblade, and Mick takes out a bowie knife and says; \"That's not a knife; that's a knife!\" The Simpson family is shown a slide show","title":"Bart vs. Australia"},{"id":"7644504","text":"television commercials that appear for Buzz Cola on \"The Simpsons\" follow the same youth-oriented approach of real Pepsi commercials. In another example, Homer gets his arm stuck in a vending machine selling \"Crystal Buzz Cola\", a parody of Crystal Pepsi. In the episode Dude, Where's My Ranch?, Maggie Simpson dances in her crib with her midriff exposed while a Britney Spears tune plays in the background and produces a can of Buzz Cola at the end of her small dance, parodying the Pepsi advertising done by Spears in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There is also a \"Buzz Cola","title":"Products produced from The Simpsons"},{"id":"6851424","text":"Leppard mirror, a Rubik's Cube, and a Magic 8-Ball. The song being played, at the end when Homer fixes his \"ass groove\" is \"Groove Me\" by King Floyd. The episode makes two references to a past \"Simpsons\" episode, \"The Old Man and the Lisa.\" Marge advises Homer not ride the Tooth Chipper roller coaster because of his quadruple bypass. During the family's glass-bottom boat ride, a barrel of Li'l Lisa's Patented Animal Slurry is visible on the sea floor. In its original broadcast, \"Bart Carny\" finished 13th in ratings for the week of January 5–11, 1998, with a Nielsen rating","title":"Bart Carny"},{"id":"6562224","text":"Fudge (chocolate bar) Fudge is a brand of chocolate bar manufactured by Cadbury. It is a bar of fudge in a semi-circular cross-section covered in a layer of milk chocolate. Produced in small bite size bars and in larger bars, the Fudge continues to be produced and sold in countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was launched in 1948, originally under the name \"Milk Fudge\" which later became simply Fudge. In the 1970s through to the early 1990s Fudge was advertised with the famous slogan \"A finger of fudge is just enough to give your kids a","title":"Fudge (chocolate bar)"},{"id":"741546","text":"School, where Bart is an underachiever and proud of it. He is constantly at odds with his teacher Ms. Krabappel, Principal Skinner, and occasionally Groundskeeper Willie. Bart does poorly in school and is well aware of it, having once declared, \"I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?\" On one occasion, Lisa successfully proves that Bart is dumber than a hamster, although Bart ultimately outsmarts her in the end. In \"Separate Vocations\" (season three, 1992) Bart becomes hall monitor and his grades go up, suggesting that he struggles mainly because he does not pay attention,","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"408077","text":"Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". \"The Simpsons\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the Fox Network decided to switch \"The Simpsons\" time slot so that it would move from 8:00 p.m. ET on Sunday night to the same","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"894683","text":"business moved way downhill since \"Leftopolis\" moved in next door to it. In the episode \"Home Away from Homer\", Ned mentions that a recently opened, left-hand megastore, called \"Left-Mart\" (a parody of Wal-Mart) is threatening his business. A future episode reveals that Flanders has been reduced to running the Leftorium out of a mall cart, which he splits with a cosmetic saleswoman. In Season 29, the Leftorium finally closes for good, leaving Flanders unemployed; until he finds a new job as Bart Simpson's new teacher (substituting the void left by his deceased second wife Edna Krabappel). The writers had wanted","title":"Springfield (The Simpsons)"},{"id":"741577","text":"made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Bibliography Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \"Life in Hell\", but instead decided to create a new set of","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"408076","text":"\"The Simpsons\", which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. \"The Simpsons\" was the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\". He became the most prevalent \"Simpsons\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"6502236","text":"piece, became synonymous with Payton, particularly the end of the song where Simon laments how \"Sweetness you're the best\". \"Sweetness\" was a nickname for Payton. In the 1989 VHS release of \"Baseball: Funny Side Up!\" hosted by Tug McGraw and narrated by Mel Allen, the song was used for the opening sequence of bloopers and blunders from past MLB seasons. During the 1980s and 90s, clips of the song were used in commercials for the American Safeway supermarket chain, whose slogan at the time was \"Nobody does it better.\" In the UK, the song was used in advertisements for the","title":"Nobody Does It Better"},{"id":"11515381","text":"children are?\", preceded by an announcement of the current time, is typically asked around 10:00 PM or 11:00 PM, depending on the market and the time of the local youth curfew, usually immediately preceding the station's late-evening newscast. The PSA was featured on Time magazine's \"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements\" list. The PSA was often parodied. The line appeared in \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart After Dark\", upon which Homer Simpson responded to the television, \"I told you last night — no!\" And as the tagline for the 1999 movie 200 Cigarettes. Do you know where your children are? \"Do you know","title":"Do you know where your children are?"},{"id":"4765484","text":"Simpson family The Simpson family consists of fictional characters featured in the animated television series \"The Simpsons\". The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, United States, and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening, who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted on Fox on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" and were later spun off into their own","title":"Simpson family"},{"id":"5088593","text":"even when it reached number one. The controversy was lampooned in \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Lisa's Pony\", in which a Springfield Elementary School student attempts to sing the song during the school's talent show. He barely finishes the first line of the refrain before an irate Principal Skinner pushes him off the stage, angrily proclaiming \"This act is over!\" My Ding-a-Ling \"My Ding-a-Ling\" is a novelty song written and recorded by Dave Bartholomew. It was covered by Chuck Berry in 1972 and became his only number-one Billboard Hot 100 single in the United States. Later that year, in a longer unedited","title":"My Ding-a-Ling"},{"id":"3803552","text":"Easter Bunny) which clucks like a chicken. Ads for caramel eggs use a larger gold-coloured rabbit which also clucks, and chocolate eggs use a large brown rabbit which clucks in a deep voice. The advertisements use the slogan \"\"Nobunny knows Easter better than him\"\", spoken by TV personality Mason Adams. The adverts have continued to air nearly unchanged into the high definition era, though currently the ad image is slightly zoomed to fill the screen. The majority of rabbits used in the Cadbury commercials are Flemish Giants. In the UK, around the year 2000, selected stores were provided standalone paperboard","title":"Cadbury Creme Egg"},{"id":"3542874","text":"a pair of bright green coveralls. After settling into his \"bunk\" (a thin mattress on the gym floor) he removed the coveralls to reveal a Santa Claus suit. Gravy established the store Nobody's Business across the road from the Hog Farm, reminiscent of his \"Nobody for President\" campaign — as in: \"Who's in Washington right now working to make the world a safer place? Nobody!\"; \"Nobody's Perfect\"; \"Nobody Keeps All Promises\"; \"Nobody Should Have That Much Power\"; etc. The joke had previously been used in the 1932 short film \"Betty Boop for President\". The \"Nobody for President\" campaign held a","title":"Wavy Gravy"},{"id":"741517","text":"Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \"Life in Hell\", but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"741558","text":"prevalent \"Simpsons\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". \"The Simpsons\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. The success of Bart Simpson merchandise inspired an entire line of black market counterfeit items, especially T-shirts.","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"7980162","text":"where the billboard says \"Krusty: Now Doing Funerals\". The chalkboard gag is a running visual joke that occurs during the opening credits of many episodes. In this gag, Bart Simpson is writing lines on the chalkboard as a punishment; when the school bell rings, he immediately stops writing and runs out of the classroom. The phrase he writes on the chalkboard changes from episode to episode. Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \"The First Amendment does not cover burping\", pop culture references such as \"I can't see dead people\" (\"The Sixth Sense\") and \"I was not the sixth","title":"The Simpsons opening sequence"},{"id":"7645519","text":"a newsgroup in the early 1990s because it includes minor details that reward attentive viewing and can be easily scrutinized. The episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" deals with the viewer backlash and obsession with internal consistency. When the character Comic Book Guy saw that the television show \"The Itchy & Scratchy Show\" added a new character, called Poochie, he immediately goes on the internet and writes \"Worst episode ever\" on a message board; a commentary on how the active audience nit picks the episode. The writers respond by using the voice of Bart: In 2011, the producers","title":"Media in The Simpsons"},{"id":"4915947","text":"episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States. Kyle, Stan and Tweek are making a snowman, when Stan tells Tweek to put the carrot on for the nose. Tweek replies 'But what if when I'm putting on the nose, the snowman comes to life and tries to kill me?' referring to what happened in the short Jesus vs. Frosty. Cartman shows Kyle, Stan, and Tweek an advertisement he found for \"Sea People\" (a parody of Sea-Monkeys). Cartman imagines them to be a race similar to mermaids who will \"take me away from","title":"Simpsons Already Did It"},{"id":"4777522","text":"Radio Bart \"Radio Bart\" is the thirteenth episode of \"The Simpsons\" third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In the episode, Bart receives a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the citizens of Springfield, he lowers a radio down a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking that a little boy is trapped. At first he is successful, but soon realizes that he left a \"Property of Bart Simpson\" label on the radio and goes to retrieve it, only","title":"Radio Bart"},{"id":"4765497","text":"only son in the family—at age 10. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness, disrespect for authority and sharp wit. During the first two seasons of \"The Simpsons\", Bart was the show's main character. The name \"Bart\" is an anagram of the word \"brat\". Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening's older brother Mark provided most of the inspiration for Bart. Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one","title":"Simpson family"},{"id":"13264954","text":"damage although the company denied this and claimed any screen damage was 'user related' and denied warranty claims in Australia. Ben & Jerry's created a \"Simpsons\"-themed beer and donut-flavored ice cream, entitled \"Duff & D'oh! Nuts\". Many official or unofficial \"Simpsons\" books such as episode guides have been published. The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a","title":"The Simpsons (franchise)"},{"id":"5891311","text":"original broadcast, \"Bart's Girlfriend\" finished 53rd in the ratings for the week of October 31 to November 6, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 9.6. The episode was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week, beaten only by \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", and \"Married... with Children\". Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", said: \"Poor Bart gets picked on very cruelly by Jessica in a cleverly drawn study of pre-pubescent love. We're very fond of the scene in which Bart leaps out","title":"Bart's Girlfriend"},{"id":"5412323","text":"are also in the episode.\" Graham Beckwith of \"The Lantern\" singled out Rainier Wolfcastle's line \"My eyes! The goggles do nothing!\" from the episode as one of \"The Simpsons\" \"greatest one liners\". \"Total Film\"s Nathan Ditum ranked Rooney's performance as the eighth-best guest appearance in the show's history, commenting that he is \"desperately funny and self-effacing as a parody of his fallen child-star self.\" Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode) \"Radioactive Man\" is the second episode of \"The Simpsons\" seventh season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24, 1995. The episode sees the film","title":"Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)"},{"id":"7645492","text":"his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted. By the close of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and persevering \"real American hero,\" is relegated to the role of antagonist; it is intended that the viewer be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious. The episode \"Behind the Laughter\" is also largely self-referential. A series of T-shirts are shown sporting a number of Bart Simpson catchphrases: \"You bet your sweet bippy, man.\" \"Life begins at conception, man.\" These are parodies of both officially licensed and bootleg \"Simpsons\"-themed T-shirts in the early days of the series, usually revolving around Bart. The famous","title":"Media in The Simpsons"},{"id":"9918001","text":"The Simpsons discography \"The Simpsons\" is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening that has aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company since December 1989. It is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, and many aspects of the human condition. The popularity of \"The Simpsons\" led to the release of the 1990 double platinum album \"The Simpsons Sing the Blues\", which contains original songs performed by the","title":"The Simpsons discography"},{"id":"5748641","text":"\"Blood on the Blackboard: The Bart Simpson Story\", a horribly inaccurate made-for-television film based on Bart's life with the Mafia that the Simpson family watches at the end of the episode. The sequence of Bart crashing down the stairwell to the Mafia bar is similar to a scene in the film \"GoodFellas\", in which a young boy is employed by a Mafia as their messenger. All of the horses in the race that Bart bets on are named after a famous animated character's catchphrase: \"Ain't I a Stinker?\" (Bugs Bunny), \"Yabba Dabba Doo\" (Fred Flintstone), \"Sufferin' Succotash\" (Sylvester), \"That's All","title":"Bart the Murderer"},{"id":"250062","text":"characters after members of his own family: his parents, Homer and Margaret (Marge or Marjorie in full), and his younger sisters, Lisa and Margaret (Maggie). Claiming that it was a bit too obvious to name a character after himself, he chose the name \"Bart,\" an anagram of brat. However, he stresses that aside from some of the sibling rivalry, his family is nothing like the Simpsons. Groening also has an older brother and sister, Mark and Patty, and in a 1995 interview Groening divulged that Mark \"is the actual inspiration for Bart.\" Maggie Groening has co-written a few \"Simpsons\" books","title":"Matt Groening"},{"id":"4777530","text":"really funny.\" \"The Simpsons\" director David Silverman said Sting's appearance in the episode worked for his persona because he has campaigned for political and social causes in real life. Sting was staying in New York City at the time of the episode's recording so Vitti flew there to record the lines with him. The television commercial for the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that Homer watches, was inspired by a popular Ronco Mr. Microphone commercial from the late 1970s, in which a boy becomes popular and \"scores with the girls\" by using his microphone to be on the radio. Both commercials feature","title":"Radio Bart"},{"id":"10028161","text":"Peythieu) who does the voice of France French Homer says \"T'oh!\" instead of Homer's trademark \"D'oh!\". This comes from the actor misreading the line the first time he did Homer's voice and has been that way ever since. In the France version of the show, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \"Eat my shorts\" becomes \"Va te faire shampouiner\" (\"Go shampoo yourself\", similar to \"go to hell\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \"Why you little...\" becomes \"espèce de sale petit...\" (literally \"you dirty lil'...\"). This version also has its popular catchphrases, to translate some terms","title":"Non-English versions of The Simpsons"},{"id":"6832217","text":"statement, merely as an \"obnoxious\" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line \"singes mangeurs de fromage\", omitting the word \"surrender\". 'Round Springfield \"'Round Springfield\" is the 22nd episode of \"The Simpsons\" sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is rushed to the hospital after eating a jagged metal Krusty-O and decides to sue Krusty the Clown. Whilst visiting Bart, Lisa meets her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy. She is saddened when she later learns that Murphy has died, and","title":"'Round Springfield"},{"id":"5505668","text":"5—Artie Shaw named his band the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange in Greenwich Village. In 1940 the original Gramercy Five pressed eight records, then dissolved this band in early 1941. In episode 9F07 of The Simpsons, \"Mr. Plow\", in which Homer takes up work as a snow-plow operator, the ad he takes out on television shows the Simpsons' phone number as Klondike 5-3226. Stan Freberg, on his 1966 album, \"Freberg Underground\", objected to all digit dialing in song, including the lyric: They took away our Murray Hills, They took away our Sycamores, They took away Tuxedo and State,","title":"Telephone exchange names"},{"id":"5000011","text":"appear with a shotgun during the first act, but no player accepted the role. The line when Milhouse says he knows Bart's dad better than Bart knows him is a reference to based on a real life experience of producer Mike Reiss. During production the animators need Ralph to get off screen for a two shot so they decided that Ralph followed a butterfly. This episode was advertised as featuring Ron Howard, in what would have been his third appearance on \"The Simpsons\" (his first two appearances can be found in Season Ten's \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", and","title":"Children of a Lesser Clod"},{"id":"7980163","text":"Beatle\", the \"Invader Zim\" pilot with Dib, and meta-references such as \"I am not a 32-year-old woman\" (in reference to Bart's voice actress Nancy Cartwright) and \"Nobody reads these anymore\". When possible, Bart is shown deliberately disobeying the line that he is writing on the chalkboard (e.g. squeaking chalk when asked to write \"I will not squeak chalk\", putting in ditto marks for \"I will not cut corners\", showing dis-coordination with \"coffee is not for kids\", or putting \"I will finish what I sta\" for a single line). In \"The Simpsons Movie\", the gag, \"I will not illegally download this","title":"The Simpsons opening sequence"},{"id":"7980175","text":"hoisting Martin Prince up a flagpole by his underwear and saluting it as if it were a flag. The camera then zooms through a window of the school where Bart is doing the chalkboard gag which is \"I will not illegally download this movie\", a reference to piracy before quick-fading to the popular 90s band Green Day who are hosting a concert at Lake Springfield, playing their rendition of \"The Simpsons Theme\". \"He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs\" (season 19) was the first new episode to air following the release of \"The Simpsons Movie\", and the episode's opening sequence","title":"The Simpsons opening sequence"},{"id":"4954253","text":"on The Magic Castle, a nightclub in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, California. Marge's line \"I didn't say that for clapping\" is a reference to a speech given by John Wayne while he was intoxicated. Homer wants to buy a singing rubber fish after their first con. At the end of the episode, Bart exclaims “Cowabunga!”, a catch-phrase of the main characters in the animated television series \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\". In the scene where Grampa joins Bart and Homer, Grampa mentions the film \"The Sting II\". In its original American broadcast on December 10, 2000, \"The Great Money","title":"The Great Money Caper"},{"id":"10028172","text":"Cucinotta as in the original version is Francesca, sideshow Bob's wife. On July 14, 2013 Tonino Accolla, the voice for Homer Simpson, died on July 14, 2013 and was replaced by Massimo Lopez. In Italian, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \"Eat my shorts\" becomes \"Ciucciati il calzino\" (\"Suck the sock\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \"Why you little...\" becomes \"Brutto bagarospo...\" (\"You ugly frog...\"). \"The Simpsons\" was first broadcast in Luxembourgish in September 2011 on RTL Luxembourg, after many years of being able to watch the show in the more widely spoken French language","title":"Non-English versions of The Simpsons"},{"id":"13796907","text":"the second time the Yippies had nominated an ineligible candidate for the Presidency, following the nomination of a boar named Pigasus eight years prior. The organizers of the campaign staged a ticker-tape parade down a boulevard in Berkeley, California, with motorcycle police flanking a convertible limousine occupied by nobody. The campaign's slogans included \"Nobody's perfect\", and \"Nobody should have too much power\". Nobody for President Nobody for President was a parodic campaign for the 1976 United States presidential election, as well as the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections. Wavy Gravy, master of ceremonies for the Woodstock Festival and official clown","title":"Nobody for President"},{"id":"19903643","text":"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry! bar saying even a box of stale raisins gets taken before him.","title":"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"},{"id":"408066","text":"the primary and secondary characters have at least one each. Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" and Nelson Muntz's \"\"Ha\"-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"\"¡Ay, caramba!\"\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days. However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the \"Krusty the Clown Show\" solely for saying \"I didn't","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"6600088","text":"Bart Gets Famous \"Bart Gets Famous\" is the twelfth episode of \"The Simpsons\"' fifth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 3, 1994. In the episode, Bart gets a job as Krusty the Clown's production assistant. However, he soon becomes sick of the job and comes close to quitting. During one of his shows, Krusty says he needs to use Bart in a sketch. Bart becomes an accidental star when he says, \"I didn't do it\" during the botched sketch. He becomes famous for his catchphrase but soon becomes tired of being known","title":"Bart Gets Famous"},{"id":"2359123","text":"pursue ya, They'll love to run their fingers through your hair! The jingle was created by Hanley M. Norins of the Young & Rubicam advertising agency. The Brylcreem television advertisement included a cartoon animation of a man with initially shaggy hair who happily has a little dab applied, and, miraculously, the hair combs and smooths itself. When the dry look became popular, partly inspired by the unoiled moptops of The Beatles, the last line was changed from \"They'll love to run their fingers through your hair\", to \"They'll love the natural look it gives your hair.\" Subsequent television advertisements used","title":"Brylcreem"},{"id":"6799261","text":"a small TV set on top of a larger TV set, each of them displaying on its screen the title of a current TV sitcom. While the upper TV set showed \"Love on a Rooftop\", the one underneath blared \"Hey, Landlord!\". One \"Channel Chuckles\" gag was a caricature of Mr. Spock from \"Star Trek\" receiving letters requesting advice on child-rearing (a reference to Doctor Benjamin Spock). Another \"Channel Chuckles\" gag depicted a mad scientist working in his laboratory while a nearby television intoned the slogan of a current DuPont ad campaign: \"Better Living Through Chemistry\". Another familiar slogan was lampooned","title":"Channel Chuckles"},{"id":"5011785","text":"for Smucker's preserves (\"With a name like Smucker's, it has to be good!\"), a role he resumed in his later years. Beginning in the 1980s, Adams provided the voiceover for Cadbury Creme eggs, which were advertised on television with Adams' catchy slogan, \"Nobunny knows Easter better than him [the Cadbury Bunny].\" Also in the 1980s, Adams did voice-over TV commercials for Sherwin-Williams Paints. Adams also did radio commercials for the Salvation Army. In addition, Adams was the narrator for Kix commercials in the 1990s as well as a few Dentyne commercials and a few Swanson commercials. He was also the","title":"Mason Adams"},{"id":"5748633","text":"he was accidentally trapped in his garage all week, clearing Bart. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore. Fat Tony (voiced by Joe Mantegna) and his henchmen, Legs and Louie, made their first appearances on \"The Simpsons\". The episode features cultural references to songs such as \"Witchcraft\" and \"One Fine Day\", and the American television series \"MacGyver\". Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13.4 and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. After having a particularly bad day","title":"Bart the Murderer"},{"id":"17399477","text":"a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and corporate logos. In 2012, the company enlisted the firm of Hornall Anderson to give the 'Quaker man' a slimmer, somewhat younger look. The man is now sometimes referred to as \"Larry\" by insiders at Quaker Oats. And in 1965, a new advertising slogan was introduced: \"Nothing is better for thee, than me\". The company has never had any ties with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). When the company was being built up, Quaker businessmen were known for their honesty (truth is often considered a Quaker testimony). \"The Straight","title":"Quaker Oats Company"},{"id":"7778406","text":"Luther Gillis\" 14 years before the Seinfeld episode, in the December 7, 1989 (Season 8 Episode 11) \"Cheers\" episode \"Feeble Attraction\" and in the May 13, 1993 \"Cheers\" episode \"The Guy Can't Help It\". On the May 7, 1992 \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart's Friend Falls in Love\" Bart says, \"Well, Milhouse, tis better to have loved and lost, yada yada yada.\" The phrase was used in the \"She's Back\" episode of \"Wings\", on 1/3/95, when character Sandy Cooper \"yada, yadas\" through the wedding ceremony to Joe Hackett. The phrase was used in the fifth episode of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\",","title":"The Yada Yada"},{"id":"7239212","text":"Jump Street\". The animation industry had experienced a decline in the 1980s. In 1987, \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" premiered with mild success. During this time, a series of short cartoons originally intended to be bumpers gained a following with young and old audiences, and Fox ordered thirteen episodes of a new animated television series based on these, titled \"The Simpsons\". When \"The Simpsons\" premiered in December 1989, the series was instantly popular. Merchandise featuring the show’s breakout character Bart Simpson has accumulated over US$1 billion in sales. \"The Simpsons\" was the first successful primetime animated series since \"The Flintstones\", paving","title":"Fox cartoons"},{"id":"13264950","text":"1, 1991. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". McFarlane Toys released a line of action figures based on the film. In 2014 and 2015, Lego sets based on \"The Simpsons\" were produced, including The Simpsons House and a set of Collectible Lego Minifigures. \"The Simpsons\" has inspired special editions","title":"The Simpsons (franchise)"},{"id":"4950006","text":"\"The Cosby Show\" was a ratings rival with \"The Simpsons\". \"Squiggy\" being sent to boost \"The 1895 Challenge\" ratings is another reference to \"The Cosby Show\", whom sent \"Smitty\" (Adam Sandler) to the Cosby's house. The episode title is a reference to The Beatles song \"Helter Skelter\". Bart laments having access only to \"Mutt and Jeff\" comic books and is quoted as saying, \"This has been the worst week of my life. I miss my toys and my video games. Mutt and Jeff comics are NOT funny! They're gay, I get it!\". Although everything in the Victorian House is supposed","title":"Helter Shelter (The Simpsons)"},{"id":"16842969","text":"debuted. Its theme song included the line \"the dog ate all my homework last night\". Thus embedded in the American consciousness, it would be exploited for comic purposes in other television shows and comic strips. Users of the popular \"TV Tropes\" website have devoted a page to collecting examples from various popular media. It became an occasional running gag on \"The Simpsons\", which also began airing that year, mostly playing off Bart's tendency to offer ridiculous excuses for all sorts of misconduct to his teacher Mrs. Krabappel. In a 1991 episode, a difficult day for Bart begins with Santa's Little","title":"The dog ate my homework"},{"id":"9979902","text":"Jeff are spending time together, and Jeff expresses his joy that Billy has finally accepted him \"not only as a son, but as a spider.\" Billy, suddenly remembering that Jeff is a spider, begins to beat him with a stick, though as usual, Jeff fails to notice the hatred in it. Wrath of the Spider Queen is a reference to R.A. Salvatore's book series, featuring the society of dark elves, who worship the Spider Queen. When Jeff says, \"Nobody puts Jeffy in a corner.\" this is a parody of the line \"Nobody puts Baby in a corner.\" from the popular","title":"Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen"},{"id":"741570","text":"while and still be permitted to live.\" In 2003, Bart placed first in a poll of parents in the United Kingdom who were asked \"which made-up character had the most influence\" on children under 12 years old. In 1998, \"Time\" named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was the only fictional character to make the list. He had previously appeared on the cover of the edition of December 31, 1990. He was also ranked No. 48 in \"TV Guide\"s \"50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time\" in 1996 and both he and Lisa","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"6107764","text":"of dishonesty to music. This concept was featured in a 2001 episode of \"The Simpsons\", entitled \"New Kids on the Blecch\". In the episode, a cartoon representation of a pitch corrector (labeled \"Studio Magic\") was used to make up for the total lack of singing talent in a manufactured boy band, of which Bart Simpson was a member. In 2003, Allison Moorer began attaching stickers to her 2002 album \"Miss Fortune\" reading \"Absolutely no vocal tuning or pitch-correction was used in the making of this record.\" A \"Chicago Tribune\" report from 2003 stated that \"many successful mainstream artists in most","title":"Pitch correction"},{"id":"6443463","text":"Blue Fish\", where he is a waiter at a Japanese restaurant. It is revealed in this episode that the characters Ned Flanders, Moe Szyslak and Montgomery Burns are left-handed, just like \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening. \"The Simpsons\" writer George Meyer came up with the idea of The Leftorium when the creators were trying to figure out what Ned's failed business would be. The inspiration came from a friend of Meyer's who opened a left-handed store that was quickly forced to close down due to lack of business. The title of the episode is a reference to the title of","title":"When Flanders Failed"},{"id":"5891299","text":"directed by Susie Dietter. Show runner David Mirkin originally came up with the idea of Bart having a girlfriend that was more evil than he was. Meryl Streep guest stars in the episode as Jessica Lovejoy. It features cultural references to films such as \"Planet of the Apes\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Since airing, the episode has received acclaim from both critics and fans, and \"Entertainment Weekly\" named Meryl Streep's role as one of the best guest appearances on \"The Simpsons\". During a church sermon, Bart falls in love with Reverend Lovejoy's daughter, Jessica. However, when he approaches","title":"Bart's Girlfriend"},{"id":"19903656","text":"3.66 million people, making it Fox's highest rated show of the night. Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry!","title":"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"},{"id":"742809","text":"by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney. Barney can be seen in \"The Simpsons\" opening credits since 2009, passed out under a pile of leaves (but still holding his beloved bottle of Duff Beer) and being awaken by Bart Simpson skateboarding over his stomach, causing him to let out his trademark burp. Barney's father, Arnie Gumble, was a World War II veteran who died in 1979 in a parade float accident. Little is known about his mother, except that she lives in Norway and that she served","title":"Barney Gumble"},{"id":"12446739","text":"Lipstick on a pig To put \"lipstick on a pig\" is a rhetorical expression, used to convey the message that making superficial or cosmetic changes is a futile attempt to disguise the true nature of a product or person. Pigs have long been featured in proverbial expressions: a \"pig's ear\", a \"pig in a poke\", as well as the Biblical expressions, \"\" and \"ring of gold in a swine's snout.\" Indeed, whereas the phrase \"lipstick on a pig\" seems to have been coined in the 20th century, the concept of the phrase may not be particularly recent. The similar expression,","title":"Lipstick on a pig"},{"id":"10028164","text":"place in the midst of season 17, when Volkmann's last dubbed episode was \"We're on the Road to D'ohwhere\" and Engelke's first dubbed episode was \"My Fair Laddy\". Whilst Elisabeth Volkmann's voice is not so close, Anke Engelke's voice is rather \"adapted\" to the original voice. Bart is dubbed by Sandra Schwittau and Lisa by Sabine Bohlmann who also dubs Maggie. One important difference is that Homer's \"D'oh!\" is yelled as a fierce \"NEIN!\" \"(\"NO!\")\". Whenever Homer strangles Bart, he says \"Na warte, du Kleiner ...\" \"(\"Wait you little ...\")\" or \"Du mieser Kleiner ...\" \"(\"You mean little ...\")\". Another","title":"Non-English versions of The Simpsons"},{"id":"20658396","text":"The script commits some of the signature latter-day \"Simpsons\" sins, but more than any other, it's just comically inert. The story doesn't drive forward, it lounges like Homer in a hammock and wobbles. There was one—and only one—joke that roused itself to at least cleverness, if not laughter. Homer, rattled behind the wheel by Bart's \"Art of War\"-inspired campaign of manipulation, rear-ends Wiggum's cruiser. Producing a balloon, presumably for a sobriety test, Wiggum has Homer make a bunny, then hauls him off to provide the entertainment for Ralph's birthday party.\" \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\" scored a 0.9 rating with","title":"No Good Read Goes Unpunished"},{"id":"408071","text":"English Dictionary in 2008. Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". \"The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations\" includes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\" (season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. \"The Simpsons\" was","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"13264953","text":"7-Eleven stores. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \"The Simpsons\" is the first television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production. The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Approximately one billion will be printed. Microsoft produced a limited edition \"The Simpsons Movie\" Xbox 360. Samsung released \"The Simpsons Movie\" phone, however the quality of build on ths phone left it prone to screen","title":"The Simpsons (franchise)"},{"id":"2124332","text":"\"anti-Bart\" (referring to Bart Simpson) while discussing how other characters have tried to \"claim Bart's place of honor.\" Voice actress Pamela Adlon received positive reception for her portrayal of Bobby. She received an Emmy for her role in the episode \"Bobby Goes Nuts\", the only actor in the series to have won one. IGN editor Talmadge Blevins quotes a line spoken by Bobby, \"That's my purse! I don't know you!\", describing it as one of the \"most memorable lines ever uttered on television.\" In 2002, \"TV Guide\" ranked Bobby Hill number 48 on its \"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All","title":"Bobby Hill (King of the Hill)"},{"id":"13264914","text":"The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour prime time show that was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). The popularity of \"The Simpsons\" has made it a billion-dollar merchandising and","title":"The Simpsons (franchise)"},{"id":"741535","text":"was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Cartwright is the only one of the six main \"Simpsons\" cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\". The voice came naturally","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"4955662","text":"high on lists of \"Worst \"Simpsons\" Episodes Ever\" due to its recycling of plotlines, as well as the scene wherein Homer, dressed as a panda, is implied to be sexually assaulted by another panda at the zoo. The family take Bart to dinner at the Singing Sirloin restaurant (as seen in \"Life on the Fast Lane\") for getting his first \"A\" on an astronomy quiz. When asked how he achieved this rarity, Bart explains that he was in Mrs. Krabappel's class trying to force a hamster and a lizard to mate, but was forced to hide in the coat closet","title":"Homer vs. Dignity"},{"id":"5947348","text":"the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said \"Marge getting to let her hair down is always a treat, and in Ruth Powers she seems to have a real friend. A pity we don't see more of her\". \"The A.V. Club\" named Homer's line \"Stupid TV! Be more funny!\" as one of the quotes from \"The Simpsons\" that can be used in everyday situations. On their 2000 album \"And Then Nothing Turned Itself Inside Out\", indie rock band Yo La Tengo has a song entitled \"Let's Save Tony","title":"Marge on the Lam"},{"id":"894673","text":"Bart and Milhouse's Radioactive Man, Manboy, Radiation Dude, Batboy, Mr. Hop, Batchick, Mr. Smarty Pants, Birdguy, Nick, Cat Girl, Power Person, Dog Kid, Iguana Girl, Snake Kid, Lava Lady, Star Dog, The Human Bee, Mister Amazing and Tree Man. Barney's Bowl-A-Rama is the bowling alley in Springfield. It is owned by Barney Gumble's Uncle Al. The very first known appearance is the episode \"Life on the Fast Lane\" where Homer forgets Marge's birthday and after rushing out to purchase a gift, he ends up buying a bowling ball. Marge is insulted at the fact her gift from Homer was something","title":"Springfield (The Simpsons)"},{"id":"408088","text":"struggle to be normal [and] he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\" On January 27, 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush said, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons.\" The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"11703348","text":"17 parts. The song was also parodied in \"The Simpsons\" episode, \"What to Expect When Bart's Expecting\", from Season 25, as \"Let Them Play!\", and was sung by Homer Simpson (Dan Castellaneta), Bart Simpson (Nancy Cartwright), Fat Tony (Joe Mantegna) and Louie (Dan Castellaneta). Key & Peele also parodied the song as \"One at a Time\". Nostalgia Critic along with others at Channel Awesome parodied this number as \"One Big Song\" during their 2013 review of the Les Misérables movie. Former Fox News Channel contributor and comedian Steven Crowder parodied the song with guests including Ben Shapiro, Dean Cain, and","title":"One Day More"},{"id":"1920346","text":"Honus Wagner Sports Museum which includes many Wagner collectibles and memorabilia. Visitors receive replicas of the famous card. In the 1992 episode Homer at the Bat, the popular TV show The Simpsons made a reference to Wagner. The character Mr. Burns lists three ringers he wants for his company's baseball team, but they are Honus Wagner, Cap Anson, and \"Mordecai 'Three Fingers' Brown\". His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century. In 2000, Wagner was honored with a U.S. postage stamp. The stamp was issued","title":"Honus Wagner"},{"id":"823645","text":"September, when a new, shorter, version was made. By all accounts, the session was chaotic, but nobody dared suggest to any of the Beatles that they were out of control. Harrison reportedly ran around the studio while holding a flaming ashtray above his head, \"doing an Arthur Brown\". The stereo version of the LP includes almost an extra minute of music compared to the mono, which culminates in Starr famously shouting \"I've got blisters on my fingers!\" Charles Manson was unaware that helter skelter is the British name for a spiral slide found on a playground or funfair, and he","title":"The Beatles (album)"},{"id":"741528","text":"Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening describes Bart as \"what would happen if Eddie Haskell [from \"Leave It to Beaver\"] got his own show\". Groening has also said that he found the premise of \"Dennis the Menace\" disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace. Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained","title":"Bart Simpson"},{"id":"408030","text":"town of Springfield. Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Bouvier, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. Homer's dad Grampa Simpson lives","title":"The Simpsons"},{"id":"894680","text":"fight between Bart and Lisa, Homer tells the story of how Lisa first got her sax. King Toot's is seen briefly during the opening of \"The Simpsons Movie\" and later while the dome is being put over Springfield. In \"Covercraft\" King Toot is revealed to be a sleazy, overweight middle-aged man with a mustache who torments Moe by dumping all of his junk into Moe's alley dumpster without paying him, and ends up having a huge fight with Moe that ends with them both getting arrested and the music store being closed for repairs. The Leftorium is a store in","title":"Springfield (The Simpsons)"},{"id":"3600315","text":"to play in the donkey basketball game. While at the Springfield Elementary School donkey basketball game, Bart taunts a donkey with a carrot, unaware that the school is reciting the national anthem. After he places the carrot in his shorts, the donkey takes it and rips off Bart's shorts. While Bart is bent over to keep his privates covered with his shirt, the US flag is put up behind him and a photo is taken, which results in the crowd assuming that Bart is mooning the US flag. Shortly afterwards, the \"Springfield Shopper\" takes the story and completely turns it","title":"Bart-Mangled Banner"},{"id":"11206088","text":"he gave Homer a \"Forget-Me-Shot\", which wiped out the last 24 hours of his memory; the ingredients of which include Jägermeister, sloe gin, triple and quadruple sec, gunk from a dog's eye, Absolut Pickle, the red stripe from Aquafresh toothpaste and the venom of the Louisiana loboto-moth then stirred with a home pregnancy test. Chief Wiggum tells Homer that there was a domestic disturbance at his house last night, which was reported by Ned Flanders. Homer instantly receives a flashback to the night before showing Wiggum questioning Marge about a black eye she had received, to which Marge nervously replies","title":"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8464536\",\n \"text\": \"the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \\\"worse of a sell-out\\\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\\\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by \\\"The Simpsons\\\" character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Tucker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741575\",\n \"text\": \"television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\\\" Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \\\"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\\\", which was available for a limited time.\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3747980\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Simpson, Homer Simpson, and other characters from Fox's \\\"The Simpsons\\\", appeared in numerous advertisements for the product from 1988 to 2001, featuring the slogans \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\\\", \\\"Bite my Butterfinger!\\\", and \\\"Nothin' like a Butterfinger!\\\" Butterfinger, for unknown reasons, terminated a long standing advertising contract with \\\"The Simpsons\\\" in the end of 2001. Reacting to this, the January 2002 \\\"Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Sweets and Sour Marge\\\" included a scene depicting Butterfinger bars as nonflammable; the character Chief Wiggum says, \\\"Even the fire doesn't want them.\\\" In February 2003, in the episode \\\"Barting Over\\\", Bart claims\",\n \"title\": \"Butterfinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3747982\",\n \"text\": \"press release. When the joke was revealed, the website redirected visitors to the fictitious \\\"Butterfinger Comedy Network\\\". In 2009, a new advertisement for Butterfinger was produced that appeared to be a homage to the earlier \\\"The Simpsons\\\" commercials. In 2010, Butterfinger revived its \\\"Nobody better lay a finger...\\\" slogan as \\\"Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger.\\\" In 2011, a comedy horror film entitled \\\"Butterfinger The 13th\\\", was made to promote the product. In April 2013, an official announcement via the Twitter account of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" stated that the \\\"Nobody better lay a finger\\\" advertising campaign featuring Bart Simpson\",\n \"title\": \"Butterfinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4765499\",\n \"text\": \"make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons.\\\" Bart, and other Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan \\\"\\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\\\"\\\" Lisa Marie Simpson, voiced by Yeardley Smith, is the eldest daughter and middle child of the family. She is an extremely intelligent 8-year-old girl, one of the most intelligent characters on the show. Lisa's political convictions are generally socially liberal. She is a vegetarian, and a supporter of the Free Tibet movement, and while still supportive of the Christian church\",\n \"title\": \"Simpson family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5297642\",\n \"text\": \"Simpsons\\\" featured on a set of television commercials with each commercial involving Homer Simpson wanting Bart Simpson's CC's, so Bart would make Homer do an outlandish stunt (a dare) to get them. Homer would never succeed because of Bart. Each commercial ended with a pun on the famous tagline \\\"You can't say no\\\" with Dan Castellaneta saying \\\"CC's, you can't say...\\\" and then Homer would say \\\"D'oh!\\\". These adverts were similar to the Butterfinger adverts that aired in the United States from 1988 to 2001. Even though the commercials only ran on Australian television, they have been included in the\",\n \"title\": \"CC's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741567\",\n \"text\": \"said, \\\"I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model, you don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?\\\" In 1990 William Bennett, who at the time was drug czar of the United States, visited a drug treatment centre in Pittsburgh and upon noticing a poster of Bart remarked, \\\"You guys aren't watching The Simpsons, are you? That's not going to help you any.\\\" When a backlash over the comment ensued, Bennett apologized, claiming he \\\"was just kidding\\\" and saying \\\"I'll sit down with the little\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4646808\",\n \"text\": \"Simpsons, finding souvenirs taped to Homer's body which he was attempting to smuggle out of the country. This is a reference to the opening drug-smuggling scene of the film \\\"Midnight Express\\\". A billboard advertisement with Bart saying \\\"Get a Mammogram, Man!\\\" can be seen. This was a reference to Bart's popular slogan \\\"Don't have a cow, man!\\\" The plot of Bart's nightmare is a parody of \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\" episode \\\"It's a Good Life\\\", which was remade as part of \\\"\\\". Jasper's transformation into a dog is a reference to the 1978 remake of \\\"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777524\",\n \"text\": \"show on the Fox network the week it aired. It was nominated for an Emmy Award, but lost to \\\"A Claymation Easter\\\". The Simpson family are busy preparing for Bart's birthday party. Homer sees a commercial on television for a prank microphone called the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that can be used to tap into localized AM radio systems and instantly decides to buy one for Bart. Subsequently, Bart experiences a crushingly disappointing birthday party when all his gifts turn out to be useless things like a cactus, a label maker, and a new suit. At first, he is also disappointed\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Bart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3747981\",\n \"text\": \"he does not recall being in any commercials in the past, and then eats a Butterfinger just as he did in the commercials. In the November 2014 episode \\\"Simpsorama\\\", a crossover with \\\"Futurama\\\", Butterfingers are used to lure the Bart creatures into Madison Cube Garden. On April 1, 2008, Nestlé launched an April Fool's Day prank in which they claimed that they had changed the name of the candy bar to \\\"The Finger\\\", citing consumer research that indicated that the original brand was \\\"clumsy\\\" and \\\"awkward\\\". The prank included a fake Web site promoting the change that featured a video\",\n \"title\": \"Butterfinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4516636\",\n \"text\": \"in the buttocks using a giant boot. Desperate, Bart and Homer escape and the family flees to the embassy. After a stand-off, the two governments propose a compromise to the Simpson family: one kick from the Prime Minister, through the gate of the embassy, with a regular shoe. Marge still interferes, but Bart agrees. However, Bart dodges the kick, moons the Australians with the words \\\"Don't tread on me\\\" written on his buttocks, then hums \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\". Relieved, the Simpson family flees the outraged country in a helicopter back home to America, unaware a koala had sneaked away with\",\n \"title\": \"Bart vs. Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12723122\",\n \"text\": \"chose to reveal herself in 1997. The Paul Simon song \\\"The Boy in the Bubble\\\" from the 1986 \\\"Graceland\\\" album references her in the lyrics. \\\"Medicine is magical and magical is art / Thinking of the Boy in the Bubble / And the baby with the baboon heart\\\". In the episode \\\"I Love Lisa\\\" of \\\"The Simpsons\\\", the school cafeteria serves beef hearts in honor of Valentine's Day. Bart Simpson puts one under his shirt, exclaiming \\\"My baboon heart! Body.. rejecting it!\\\" before dramatically everting it onto the table. In the episode “The Silent Partners” of the Adult Swim cartoon,\",\n \"title\": \"Baby Fae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9646931\",\n \"text\": \"to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990). The show was controversial from its beginning and has made the news several times. In the early seasons, some parents and conservatives characterized Bart as a poor role model for children and several United States public schools even banned \\\"The Simpsons\\\" merchandise and t-shirts. In January 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush made a speech during his re-election campaign in which he said: \\\"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less\",\n \"title\": \"History of The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6502237\",\n \"text\": \"B&Q chain of DIY shops around the same time. An adaption of the melody during the lines 'nobody does it half as good as you, baby you're the best' was used as an advertising motif for a commercial airing during the mid to late 90s, commissioned by Australian real estate company LJ Hooker. Instead of the original lyrics it was sung 'Nobody does it better, L.J Hooker you're the best'. The company's tagline has remained 'Nobody Does It Better' to the present day. In 1997, during the final telecast of the \\\"Pro Bowlers Tour\\\" on ABC, the song was played\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Does It Better\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741518\",\n \"text\": \"after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word \\\"brat\\\". After appearing on \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, and the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart's most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to \\\"The Simpsons\\\" – including video games, \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\", \\\"The Simpsons\\\" Ride, commercials, and comic books –\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408104\",\n \"text\": \"ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\\\" to which Marge replies, \\\"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\\\" Lisa adds, \\\"If at all.\\\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \\\"Don't have a cow, Apu\\\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \\\"Don't have a cow, man,\\\" as well as the fact that Hindus do not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show.\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741543\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"¡Ay, caramba!\\\" and \\\"Don't have a cow, man!\\\", were featured on T-shirts manufactured during the production of the early seasons of \\\"The Simpsons\\\". \\\"Cowabunga\\\" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was mostly used on the show after it had been used as a slogan on the T-shirts. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode \\\"Bart Gets Famous\\\" (season five, 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on Krusty the Clown's show for saying the line \\\"I didn't do it.\\\" The writers chose the phrase \\\"I didn't do it\\\" because they wanted a \\\"lousy\\\" phrase\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777526\",\n \"text\": \"to fit in, the entire town offers moral support and do everything they can to give him hope. Krusty even gets musician Sting to join other celebrities in recording a charity single, \\\"We're Sending Our Love Down the Well\\\". However, Lisa catches Bart in the act and reminds him he put a \\\"Property of Bart Simpson\\\" label on the radio. Bart sets out later that night to retrieve it but falls into the well after Eddie and Lou untie his rope. When the townspeople find him, he admits that Timmy O'Toole does not exist. Angry at being tricked, the townspeople\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Bart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741539\",\n \"text\": \"Elementary School, where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard. This message, which changes from episode to episode, has become known as the \\\"chalkboard gag\\\". Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \\\"The First Amendment does not cover burping\\\", pop culture references such as \\\"I can't see dead people\\\", and meta-references such as \\\"I am not a 32-year-old woman\\\" and \\\"Nobody reads these anymore\\\". The animators are able to produce the chalkboard gags quickly and in some cases have changed them to fit current events. For example, the chalkboard gag for \\\"Homer the Heretic\\\" (season four,\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408118\",\n \"text\": \"their advertising. As a promotion for \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\", twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold \\\"The Simpsons\\\" related products. These included \\\"Buzz Cola\\\", \\\"Krusty-O\\\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \\\"Squishees\\\". In 2008 consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to \\\"The Simpsons\\\", with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \\\"The Simpsons\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2361253\",\n \"text\": \"is Vic Sage, who is a Glenn Beck-style television host whose advertisements promote his show with the advertising slogan \\\"Vic Sage is p****ed!\\\". Furthermore, unlike other versions of Question, the \\\"Pax Americana\\\" one wears a rubber hood that covers his entire head rather than a mask that is attached to his face. The Question's mask is made from Pseudoderm, a substance made by Dr. Aristotle Rodor. According to the revamps of \\\"52\\\", this substance was developed using technology lifted from an old Batman foe named Bart Magan (Dr. No Face) and gingold extract, a fruit derivative associated with the Elongated\",\n \"title\": \"Question (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4516641\",\n \"text\": \"cane beetle, but became a pest in the country. When the Simpson family go to an Australian pub, Bart plays with a pocketknife at the table and a man asks him, \\\"You call that a knife?\\\", and as the man draws a spoon from his pocket he says, \\\"This is a knife.\\\" The scene is a reference to a famous scene from \\\"Crocodile Dundee\\\", in which Mick Dundee is threatened by some thugs with a switchblade, and Mick takes out a bowie knife and says; \\\"That's not a knife; that's a knife!\\\" The Simpson family is shown a slide show\",\n \"title\": \"Bart vs. Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7644504\",\n \"text\": \"television commercials that appear for Buzz Cola on \\\"The Simpsons\\\" follow the same youth-oriented approach of real Pepsi commercials. In another example, Homer gets his arm stuck in a vending machine selling \\\"Crystal Buzz Cola\\\", a parody of Crystal Pepsi. In the episode Dude, Where's My Ranch?, Maggie Simpson dances in her crib with her midriff exposed while a Britney Spears tune plays in the background and produces a can of Buzz Cola at the end of her small dance, parodying the Pepsi advertising done by Spears in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There is also a \\\"Buzz Cola\",\n \"title\": \"Products produced from The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6851424\",\n \"text\": \"Leppard mirror, a Rubik's Cube, and a Magic 8-Ball. The song being played, at the end when Homer fixes his \\\"ass groove\\\" is \\\"Groove Me\\\" by King Floyd. The episode makes two references to a past \\\"Simpsons\\\" episode, \\\"The Old Man and the Lisa.\\\" Marge advises Homer not ride the Tooth Chipper roller coaster because of his quadruple bypass. During the family's glass-bottom boat ride, a barrel of Li'l Lisa's Patented Animal Slurry is visible on the sea floor. In its original broadcast, \\\"Bart Carny\\\" finished 13th in ratings for the week of January 5–11, 1998, with a Nielsen rating\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Carny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6562224\",\n \"text\": \"Fudge (chocolate bar) Fudge is a brand of chocolate bar manufactured by Cadbury. It is a bar of fudge in a semi-circular cross-section covered in a layer of milk chocolate. Produced in small bite size bars and in larger bars, the Fudge continues to be produced and sold in countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was launched in 1948, originally under the name \\\"Milk Fudge\\\" which later became simply Fudge. In the 1970s through to the early 1990s Fudge was advertised with the famous slogan \\\"A finger of fudge is just enough to give your kids a\",\n \"title\": \"Fudge (chocolate bar)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741546\",\n \"text\": \"School, where Bart is an underachiever and proud of it. He is constantly at odds with his teacher Ms. Krabappel, Principal Skinner, and occasionally Groundskeeper Willie. Bart does poorly in school and is well aware of it, having once declared, \\\"I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?\\\" On one occasion, Lisa successfully proves that Bart is dumber than a hamster, although Bart ultimately outsmarts her in the end. In \\\"Separate Vocations\\\" (season three, 1992) Bart becomes hall monitor and his grades go up, suggesting that he struggles mainly because he does not pay attention,\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408077\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\\\" and \\\"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\\\". \\\"The Simpsons\\\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the Fox Network decided to switch \\\"The Simpsons\\\" time slot so that it would move from 8:00 p.m. ET on Sunday night to the same\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"894683\",\n \"text\": \"business moved way downhill since \\\"Leftopolis\\\" moved in next door to it. In the episode \\\"Home Away from Homer\\\", Ned mentions that a recently opened, left-hand megastore, called \\\"Left-Mart\\\" (a parody of Wal-Mart) is threatening his business. A future episode reveals that Flanders has been reduced to running the Leftorium out of a mall cart, which he splits with a cosmetic saleswoman. In Season 29, the Leftorium finally closes for good, leaving Flanders unemployed; until he finds a new job as Bart Simpson's new teacher (substituting the void left by his deceased second wife Edna Krabappel). The writers had wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield (The Simpsons)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741577\",\n \"text\": \"made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Bibliography Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \\\"Bart\\\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \\\"The Simpsons\\\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" short \\\"Good Night\\\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \\\"Life in Hell\\\", but instead decided to create a new set of\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408076\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Simpsons\\\", which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" was the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \\\"Bartmania\\\". He became the most prevalent \\\"Simpsons\\\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \\\"I'm\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6502236\",\n \"text\": \"piece, became synonymous with Payton, particularly the end of the song where Simon laments how \\\"Sweetness you're the best\\\". \\\"Sweetness\\\" was a nickname for Payton. In the 1989 VHS release of \\\"Baseball: Funny Side Up!\\\" hosted by Tug McGraw and narrated by Mel Allen, the song was used for the opening sequence of bloopers and blunders from past MLB seasons. During the 1980s and 90s, clips of the song were used in commercials for the American Safeway supermarket chain, whose slogan at the time was \\\"Nobody does it better.\\\" In the UK, the song was used in advertisements for the\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Does It Better\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11515381\",\n \"text\": \"children are?\\\", preceded by an announcement of the current time, is typically asked around 10:00 PM or 11:00 PM, depending on the market and the time of the local youth curfew, usually immediately preceding the station's late-evening newscast. The PSA was featured on Time magazine's \\\"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements\\\" list. The PSA was often parodied. The line appeared in \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Bart After Dark\\\", upon which Homer Simpson responded to the television, \\\"I told you last night — no!\\\" And as the tagline for the 1999 movie 200 Cigarettes. Do you know where your children are? \\\"Do you know\",\n \"title\": \"Do you know where your children are?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4765484\",\n \"text\": \"Simpson family The Simpson family consists of fictional characters featured in the animated television series \\\"The Simpsons\\\". The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, United States, and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening, who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \\\"Bart\\\" for his own name. The family debuted on Fox on April 19, 1987 in \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" short \\\"Good Night\\\" and were later spun off into their own\",\n \"title\": \"Simpson family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5088593\",\n \"text\": \"even when it reached number one. The controversy was lampooned in \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Lisa's Pony\\\", in which a Springfield Elementary School student attempts to sing the song during the school's talent show. He barely finishes the first line of the refrain before an irate Principal Skinner pushes him off the stage, angrily proclaiming \\\"This act is over!\\\" My Ding-a-Ling \\\"My Ding-a-Ling\\\" is a novelty song written and recorded by Dave Bartholomew. It was covered by Chuck Berry in 1972 and became his only number-one Billboard Hot 100 single in the United States. Later that year, in a longer unedited\",\n \"title\": \"My Ding-a-Ling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3803552\",\n \"text\": \"Easter Bunny) which clucks like a chicken. Ads for caramel eggs use a larger gold-coloured rabbit which also clucks, and chocolate eggs use a large brown rabbit which clucks in a deep voice. The advertisements use the slogan \\\"\\\"Nobunny knows Easter better than him\\\"\\\", spoken by TV personality Mason Adams. The adverts have continued to air nearly unchanged into the high definition era, though currently the ad image is slightly zoomed to fill the screen. The majority of rabbits used in the Cadbury commercials are Flemish Giants. In the UK, around the year 2000, selected stores were provided standalone paperboard\",\n \"title\": \"Cadbury Creme Egg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3542874\",\n \"text\": \"a pair of bright green coveralls. After settling into his \\\"bunk\\\" (a thin mattress on the gym floor) he removed the coveralls to reveal a Santa Claus suit. Gravy established the store Nobody's Business across the road from the Hog Farm, reminiscent of his \\\"Nobody for President\\\" campaign — as in: \\\"Who's in Washington right now working to make the world a safer place? Nobody!\\\"; \\\"Nobody's Perfect\\\"; \\\"Nobody Keeps All Promises\\\"; \\\"Nobody Should Have That Much Power\\\"; etc. The joke had previously been used in the 1932 short film \\\"Betty Boop for President\\\". The \\\"Nobody for President\\\" campaign held a\",\n \"title\": \"Wavy Gravy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741517\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \\\"Bart\\\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \\\"The Simpsons\\\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" short \\\"Good Night\\\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \\\"Life in Hell\\\", but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741558\",\n \"text\": \"prevalent \\\"Simpsons\\\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \\\"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\\\" and \\\"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\\\". \\\"The Simpsons\\\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. The success of Bart Simpson merchandise inspired an entire line of black market counterfeit items, especially T-shirts.\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7980162\",\n \"text\": \"where the billboard says \\\"Krusty: Now Doing Funerals\\\". The chalkboard gag is a running visual joke that occurs during the opening credits of many episodes. In this gag, Bart Simpson is writing lines on the chalkboard as a punishment; when the school bell rings, he immediately stops writing and runs out of the classroom. The phrase he writes on the chalkboard changes from episode to episode. Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \\\"The First Amendment does not cover burping\\\", pop culture references such as \\\"I can't see dead people\\\" (\\\"The Sixth Sense\\\") and \\\"I was not the sixth\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons opening sequence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7645519\",\n \"text\": \"a newsgroup in the early 1990s because it includes minor details that reward attentive viewing and can be easily scrutinized. The episode \\\"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\\\" deals with the viewer backlash and obsession with internal consistency. When the character Comic Book Guy saw that the television show \\\"The Itchy & Scratchy Show\\\" added a new character, called Poochie, he immediately goes on the internet and writes \\\"Worst episode ever\\\" on a message board; a commentary on how the active audience nit picks the episode. The writers respond by using the voice of Bart: In 2011, the producers\",\n \"title\": \"Media in The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4915947\",\n \"text\": \"episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States. Kyle, Stan and Tweek are making a snowman, when Stan tells Tweek to put the carrot on for the nose. Tweek replies 'But what if when I'm putting on the nose, the snowman comes to life and tries to kill me?' referring to what happened in the short Jesus vs. Frosty. Cartman shows Kyle, Stan, and Tweek an advertisement he found for \\\"Sea People\\\" (a parody of Sea-Monkeys). Cartman imagines them to be a race similar to mermaids who will \\\"take me away from\",\n \"title\": \"Simpsons Already Did It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777522\",\n \"text\": \"Radio Bart \\\"Radio Bart\\\" is the thirteenth episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In the episode, Bart receives a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the citizens of Springfield, he lowers a radio down a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking that a little boy is trapped. At first he is successful, but soon realizes that he left a \\\"Property of Bart Simpson\\\" label on the radio and goes to retrieve it, only\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Bart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4765497\",\n \"text\": \"only son in the family—at age 10. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness, disrespect for authority and sharp wit. During the first two seasons of \\\"The Simpsons\\\", Bart was the show's main character. The name \\\"Bart\\\" is an anagram of the word \\\"brat\\\". Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening's older brother Mark provided most of the inspiration for Bart. Bart's catchphrase \\\"Eat My Shorts\\\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one\",\n \"title\": \"Simpson family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13264954\",\n \"text\": \"damage although the company denied this and claimed any screen damage was 'user related' and denied warranty claims in Australia. Ben & Jerry's created a \\\"Simpsons\\\"-themed beer and donut-flavored ice cream, entitled \\\"Duff & D'oh! Nuts\\\". Many official or unofficial \\\"Simpsons\\\" books such as episode guides have been published. The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5891311\",\n \"text\": \"original broadcast, \\\"Bart's Girlfriend\\\" finished 53rd in the ratings for the week of October 31 to November 6, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 9.6. The episode was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week, beaten only by \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\", and \\\"Married... with Children\\\". Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book \\\"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\\\", said: \\\"Poor Bart gets picked on very cruelly by Jessica in a cleverly drawn study of pre-pubescent love. We're very fond of the scene in which Bart leaps out\",\n \"title\": \"Bart's Girlfriend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5412323\",\n \"text\": \"are also in the episode.\\\" Graham Beckwith of \\\"The Lantern\\\" singled out Rainier Wolfcastle's line \\\"My eyes! The goggles do nothing!\\\" from the episode as one of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" \\\"greatest one liners\\\". \\\"Total Film\\\"s Nathan Ditum ranked Rooney's performance as the eighth-best guest appearance in the show's history, commenting that he is \\\"desperately funny and self-effacing as a parody of his fallen child-star self.\\\" Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode) \\\"Radioactive Man\\\" is the second episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" seventh season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24, 1995. The episode sees the film\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7645492\",\n \"text\": \"his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted. By the close of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and persevering \\\"real American hero,\\\" is relegated to the role of antagonist; it is intended that the viewer be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious. The episode \\\"Behind the Laughter\\\" is also largely self-referential. A series of T-shirts are shown sporting a number of Bart Simpson catchphrases: \\\"You bet your sweet bippy, man.\\\" \\\"Life begins at conception, man.\\\" These are parodies of both officially licensed and bootleg \\\"Simpsons\\\"-themed T-shirts in the early days of the series, usually revolving around Bart. The famous\",\n \"title\": \"Media in The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9918001\",\n \"text\": \"The Simpsons discography \\\"The Simpsons\\\" is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening that has aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company since December 1989. It is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, and many aspects of the human condition. The popularity of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" led to the release of the 1990 double platinum album \\\"The Simpsons Sing the Blues\\\", which contains original songs performed by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5748641\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blood on the Blackboard: The Bart Simpson Story\\\", a horribly inaccurate made-for-television film based on Bart's life with the Mafia that the Simpson family watches at the end of the episode. The sequence of Bart crashing down the stairwell to the Mafia bar is similar to a scene in the film \\\"GoodFellas\\\", in which a young boy is employed by a Mafia as their messenger. All of the horses in the race that Bart bets on are named after a famous animated character's catchphrase: \\\"Ain't I a Stinker?\\\" (Bugs Bunny), \\\"Yabba Dabba Doo\\\" (Fred Flintstone), \\\"Sufferin' Succotash\\\" (Sylvester), \\\"That's All\",\n \"title\": \"Bart the Murderer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"250062\",\n \"text\": \"characters after members of his own family: his parents, Homer and Margaret (Marge or Marjorie in full), and his younger sisters, Lisa and Margaret (Maggie). Claiming that it was a bit too obvious to name a character after himself, he chose the name \\\"Bart,\\\" an anagram of brat. However, he stresses that aside from some of the sibling rivalry, his family is nothing like the Simpsons. Groening also has an older brother and sister, Mark and Patty, and in a 1995 interview Groening divulged that Mark \\\"is the actual inspiration for Bart.\\\" Maggie Groening has co-written a few \\\"Simpsons\\\" books\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Groening\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777530\",\n \"text\": \"really funny.\\\" \\\"The Simpsons\\\" director David Silverman said Sting's appearance in the episode worked for his persona because he has campaigned for political and social causes in real life. Sting was staying in New York City at the time of the episode's recording so Vitti flew there to record the lines with him. The television commercial for the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that Homer watches, was inspired by a popular Ronco Mr. Microphone commercial from the late 1970s, in which a boy becomes popular and \\\"scores with the girls\\\" by using his microphone to be on the radio. Both commercials feature\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Bart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10028161\",\n \"text\": \"Peythieu) who does the voice of France French Homer says \\\"T'oh!\\\" instead of Homer's trademark \\\"D'oh!\\\". This comes from the actor misreading the line the first time he did Homer's voice and has been that way ever since. In the France version of the show, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \\\"Eat my shorts\\\" becomes \\\"Va te faire shampouiner\\\" (\\\"Go shampoo yourself\\\", similar to \\\"go to hell\\\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \\\"Why you little...\\\" becomes \\\"espèce de sale petit...\\\" (literally \\\"you dirty lil'...\\\"). This version also has its popular catchphrases, to translate some terms\",\n \"title\": \"Non-English versions of The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6832217\",\n \"text\": \"statement, merely as an \\\"obnoxious\\\" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line \\\"singes mangeurs de fromage\\\", omitting the word \\\"surrender\\\". 'Round Springfield \\\"'Round Springfield\\\" is the 22nd episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is rushed to the hospital after eating a jagged metal Krusty-O and decides to sue Krusty the Clown. Whilst visiting Bart, Lisa meets her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy. She is saddened when she later learns that Murphy has died, and\",\n \"title\": \"'Round Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5505668\",\n \"text\": \"5—Artie Shaw named his band the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange in Greenwich Village. In 1940 the original Gramercy Five pressed eight records, then dissolved this band in early 1941. In episode 9F07 of The Simpsons, \\\"Mr. Plow\\\", in which Homer takes up work as a snow-plow operator, the ad he takes out on television shows the Simpsons' phone number as Klondike 5-3226. Stan Freberg, on his 1966 album, \\\"Freberg Underground\\\", objected to all digit dialing in song, including the lyric: They took away our Murray Hills, They took away our Sycamores, They took away Tuxedo and State,\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone exchange names\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5000011\",\n \"text\": \"appear with a shotgun during the first act, but no player accepted the role. The line when Milhouse says he knows Bart's dad better than Bart knows him is a reference to based on a real life experience of producer Mike Reiss. During production the animators need Ralph to get off screen for a two shot so they decided that Ralph followed a butterfly. This episode was advertised as featuring Ron Howard, in what would have been his third appearance on \\\"The Simpsons\\\" (his first two appearances can be found in Season Ten's \\\"When You Dish Upon a Star\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Children of a Lesser Clod\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7980163\",\n \"text\": \"Beatle\\\", the \\\"Invader Zim\\\" pilot with Dib, and meta-references such as \\\"I am not a 32-year-old woman\\\" (in reference to Bart's voice actress Nancy Cartwright) and \\\"Nobody reads these anymore\\\". When possible, Bart is shown deliberately disobeying the line that he is writing on the chalkboard (e.g. squeaking chalk when asked to write \\\"I will not squeak chalk\\\", putting in ditto marks for \\\"I will not cut corners\\\", showing dis-coordination with \\\"coffee is not for kids\\\", or putting \\\"I will finish what I sta\\\" for a single line). In \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\", the gag, \\\"I will not illegally download this\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons opening sequence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7980175\",\n \"text\": \"hoisting Martin Prince up a flagpole by his underwear and saluting it as if it were a flag. The camera then zooms through a window of the school where Bart is doing the chalkboard gag which is \\\"I will not illegally download this movie\\\", a reference to piracy before quick-fading to the popular 90s band Green Day who are hosting a concert at Lake Springfield, playing their rendition of \\\"The Simpsons Theme\\\". \\\"He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs\\\" (season 19) was the first new episode to air following the release of \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\", and the episode's opening sequence\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons opening sequence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4954253\",\n \"text\": \"on The Magic Castle, a nightclub in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, California. Marge's line \\\"I didn't say that for clapping\\\" is a reference to a speech given by John Wayne while he was intoxicated. Homer wants to buy a singing rubber fish after their first con. At the end of the episode, Bart exclaims “Cowabunga!”, a catch-phrase of the main characters in the animated television series \\\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\\\". In the scene where Grampa joins Bart and Homer, Grampa mentions the film \\\"The Sting II\\\". In its original American broadcast on December 10, 2000, \\\"The Great Money\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Money Caper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10028172\",\n \"text\": \"Cucinotta as in the original version is Francesca, sideshow Bob's wife. On July 14, 2013 Tonino Accolla, the voice for Homer Simpson, died on July 14, 2013 and was replaced by Massimo Lopez. In Italian, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \\\"Eat my shorts\\\" becomes \\\"Ciucciati il calzino\\\" (\\\"Suck the sock\\\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \\\"Why you little...\\\" becomes \\\"Brutto bagarospo...\\\" (\\\"You ugly frog...\\\"). \\\"The Simpsons\\\" was first broadcast in Luxembourgish in September 2011 on RTL Luxembourg, after many years of being able to watch the show in the more widely spoken French language\",\n \"title\": \"Non-English versions of The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13796907\",\n \"text\": \"the second time the Yippies had nominated an ineligible candidate for the Presidency, following the nomination of a boar named Pigasus eight years prior. The organizers of the campaign staged a ticker-tape parade down a boulevard in Berkeley, California, with motorcycle police flanking a convertible limousine occupied by nobody. The campaign's slogans included \\\"Nobody's perfect\\\", and \\\"Nobody should have too much power\\\". Nobody for President Nobody for President was a parodic campaign for the 1976 United States presidential election, as well as the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections. Wavy Gravy, master of ceremonies for the Woodstock Festival and official clown\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody for President\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19903643\",\n \"text\": \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \\\"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\\\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \\\"The Simpsons\\\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry! bar saying even a box of stale raisins gets taken before him.\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408066\",\n \"text\": \"the primary and secondary characters have at least one each. Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \\\"D'oh!\\\", Mr. Burns' \\\"Excellent\\\" and Nelson Muntz's \\\"\\\"Ha\\\"-ha!\\\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \\\"\\\"¡Ay, caramba!\\\"\\\", \\\"Don't have a cow, man!\\\" and \\\"Eat my shorts!\\\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days. However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \\\"Bart Gets Famous\\\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the \\\"Krusty the Clown Show\\\" solely for saying \\\"I didn't\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6600088\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Gets Famous \\\"Bart Gets Famous\\\" is the twelfth episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\"' fifth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 3, 1994. In the episode, Bart gets a job as Krusty the Clown's production assistant. However, he soon becomes sick of the job and comes close to quitting. During one of his shows, Krusty says he needs to use Bart in a sketch. Bart becomes an accidental star when he says, \\\"I didn't do it\\\" during the botched sketch. He becomes famous for his catchphrase but soon becomes tired of being known\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Gets Famous\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2359123\",\n \"text\": \"pursue ya, They'll love to run their fingers through your hair! The jingle was created by Hanley M. Norins of the Young & Rubicam advertising agency. The Brylcreem television advertisement included a cartoon animation of a man with initially shaggy hair who happily has a little dab applied, and, miraculously, the hair combs and smooths itself. When the dry look became popular, partly inspired by the unoiled moptops of The Beatles, the last line was changed from \\\"They'll love to run their fingers through your hair\\\", to \\\"They'll love the natural look it gives your hair.\\\" Subsequent television advertisements used\",\n \"title\": \"Brylcreem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6799261\",\n \"text\": \"a small TV set on top of a larger TV set, each of them displaying on its screen the title of a current TV sitcom. While the upper TV set showed \\\"Love on a Rooftop\\\", the one underneath blared \\\"Hey, Landlord!\\\". One \\\"Channel Chuckles\\\" gag was a caricature of Mr. Spock from \\\"Star Trek\\\" receiving letters requesting advice on child-rearing (a reference to Doctor Benjamin Spock). Another \\\"Channel Chuckles\\\" gag depicted a mad scientist working in his laboratory while a nearby television intoned the slogan of a current DuPont ad campaign: \\\"Better Living Through Chemistry\\\". Another familiar slogan was lampooned\",\n \"title\": \"Channel Chuckles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5011785\",\n \"text\": \"for Smucker's preserves (\\\"With a name like Smucker's, it has to be good!\\\"), a role he resumed in his later years. Beginning in the 1980s, Adams provided the voiceover for Cadbury Creme eggs, which were advertised on television with Adams' catchy slogan, \\\"Nobunny knows Easter better than him [the Cadbury Bunny].\\\" Also in the 1980s, Adams did voice-over TV commercials for Sherwin-Williams Paints. Adams also did radio commercials for the Salvation Army. In addition, Adams was the narrator for Kix commercials in the 1990s as well as a few Dentyne commercials and a few Swanson commercials. He was also the\",\n \"title\": \"Mason Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5748633\",\n \"text\": \"he was accidentally trapped in his garage all week, clearing Bart. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore. Fat Tony (voiced by Joe Mantegna) and his henchmen, Legs and Louie, made their first appearances on \\\"The Simpsons\\\". The episode features cultural references to songs such as \\\"Witchcraft\\\" and \\\"One Fine Day\\\", and the American television series \\\"MacGyver\\\". Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13.4 and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. After having a particularly bad day\",\n \"title\": \"Bart the Murderer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17399477\",\n \"text\": \"a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and corporate logos. In 2012, the company enlisted the firm of Hornall Anderson to give the 'Quaker man' a slimmer, somewhat younger look. The man is now sometimes referred to as \\\"Larry\\\" by insiders at Quaker Oats. And in 1965, a new advertising slogan was introduced: \\\"Nothing is better for thee, than me\\\". The company has never had any ties with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). When the company was being built up, Quaker businessmen were known for their honesty (truth is often considered a Quaker testimony). \\\"The Straight\",\n \"title\": \"Quaker Oats Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7778406\",\n \"text\": \"Luther Gillis\\\" 14 years before the Seinfeld episode, in the December 7, 1989 (Season 8 Episode 11) \\\"Cheers\\\" episode \\\"Feeble Attraction\\\" and in the May 13, 1993 \\\"Cheers\\\" episode \\\"The Guy Can't Help It\\\". On the May 7, 1992 \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Bart's Friend Falls in Love\\\" Bart says, \\\"Well, Milhouse, tis better to have loved and lost, yada yada yada.\\\" The phrase was used in the \\\"She's Back\\\" episode of \\\"Wings\\\", on 1/3/95, when character Sandy Cooper \\\"yada, yadas\\\" through the wedding ceremony to Joe Hackett. The phrase was used in the fifth episode of \\\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Yada Yada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7239212\",\n \"text\": \"Jump Street\\\". The animation industry had experienced a decline in the 1980s. In 1987, \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" premiered with mild success. During this time, a series of short cartoons originally intended to be bumpers gained a following with young and old audiences, and Fox ordered thirteen episodes of a new animated television series based on these, titled \\\"The Simpsons\\\". When \\\"The Simpsons\\\" premiered in December 1989, the series was instantly popular. Merchandise featuring the show’s breakout character Bart Simpson has accumulated over US$1 billion in sales. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" was the first successful primetime animated series since \\\"The Flintstones\\\", paving\",\n \"title\": \"Fox cartoons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13264950\",\n \"text\": \"1, 1991. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \\\"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\\\" and \\\"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\\\". McFarlane Toys released a line of action figures based on the film. In 2014 and 2015, Lego sets based on \\\"The Simpsons\\\" were produced, including The Simpsons House and a set of Collectible Lego Minifigures. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" has inspired special editions\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4950006\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Cosby Show\\\" was a ratings rival with \\\"The Simpsons\\\". \\\"Squiggy\\\" being sent to boost \\\"The 1895 Challenge\\\" ratings is another reference to \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", whom sent \\\"Smitty\\\" (Adam Sandler) to the Cosby's house. The episode title is a reference to The Beatles song \\\"Helter Skelter\\\". Bart laments having access only to \\\"Mutt and Jeff\\\" comic books and is quoted as saying, \\\"This has been the worst week of my life. I miss my toys and my video games. Mutt and Jeff comics are NOT funny! They're gay, I get it!\\\". Although everything in the Victorian House is supposed\",\n \"title\": \"Helter Shelter (The Simpsons)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16842969\",\n \"text\": \"debuted. Its theme song included the line \\\"the dog ate all my homework last night\\\". Thus embedded in the American consciousness, it would be exploited for comic purposes in other television shows and comic strips. Users of the popular \\\"TV Tropes\\\" website have devoted a page to collecting examples from various popular media. It became an occasional running gag on \\\"The Simpsons\\\", which also began airing that year, mostly playing off Bart's tendency to offer ridiculous excuses for all sorts of misconduct to his teacher Mrs. Krabappel. In a 1991 episode, a difficult day for Bart begins with Santa's Little\",\n \"title\": \"The dog ate my homework\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9979902\",\n \"text\": \"Jeff are spending time together, and Jeff expresses his joy that Billy has finally accepted him \\\"not only as a son, but as a spider.\\\" Billy, suddenly remembering that Jeff is a spider, begins to beat him with a stick, though as usual, Jeff fails to notice the hatred in it. Wrath of the Spider Queen is a reference to R.A. Salvatore's book series, featuring the society of dark elves, who worship the Spider Queen. When Jeff says, \\\"Nobody puts Jeffy in a corner.\\\" this is a parody of the line \\\"Nobody puts Baby in a corner.\\\" from the popular\",\n \"title\": \"Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741570\",\n \"text\": \"while and still be permitted to live.\\\" In 2003, Bart placed first in a poll of parents in the United Kingdom who were asked \\\"which made-up character had the most influence\\\" on children under 12 years old. In 1998, \\\"Time\\\" named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was the only fictional character to make the list. He had previously appeared on the cover of the edition of December 31, 1990. He was also ranked No. 48 in \\\"TV Guide\\\"s \\\"50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time\\\" in 1996 and both he and Lisa\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6107764\",\n \"text\": \"of dishonesty to music. This concept was featured in a 2001 episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\", entitled \\\"New Kids on the Blecch\\\". In the episode, a cartoon representation of a pitch corrector (labeled \\\"Studio Magic\\\") was used to make up for the total lack of singing talent in a manufactured boy band, of which Bart Simpson was a member. In 2003, Allison Moorer began attaching stickers to her 2002 album \\\"Miss Fortune\\\" reading \\\"Absolutely no vocal tuning or pitch-correction was used in the making of this record.\\\" A \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" report from 2003 stated that \\\"many successful mainstream artists in most\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch correction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6443463\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Fish\\\", where he is a waiter at a Japanese restaurant. It is revealed in this episode that the characters Ned Flanders, Moe Szyslak and Montgomery Burns are left-handed, just like \\\"The Simpsons\\\" creator Matt Groening. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" writer George Meyer came up with the idea of The Leftorium when the creators were trying to figure out what Ned's failed business would be. The inspiration came from a friend of Meyer's who opened a left-handed store that was quickly forced to close down due to lack of business. The title of the episode is a reference to the title of\",\n \"title\": \"When Flanders Failed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5891299\",\n \"text\": \"directed by Susie Dietter. Show runner David Mirkin originally came up with the idea of Bart having a girlfriend that was more evil than he was. Meryl Streep guest stars in the episode as Jessica Lovejoy. It features cultural references to films such as \\\"Planet of the Apes\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\". Since airing, the episode has received acclaim from both critics and fans, and \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" named Meryl Streep's role as one of the best guest appearances on \\\"The Simpsons\\\". During a church sermon, Bart falls in love with Reverend Lovejoy's daughter, Jessica. However, when he approaches\",\n \"title\": \"Bart's Girlfriend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19903656\",\n \"text\": \"3.66 million people, making it Fox's highest rated show of the night. Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \\\"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\\\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \\\"The Simpsons\\\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry!\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"742809\",\n \"text\": \"by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney. Barney can be seen in \\\"The Simpsons\\\" opening credits since 2009, passed out under a pile of leaves (but still holding his beloved bottle of Duff Beer) and being awaken by Bart Simpson skateboarding over his stomach, causing him to let out his trademark burp. Barney's father, Arnie Gumble, was a World War II veteran who died in 1979 in a parade float accident. Little is known about his mother, except that she lives in Norway and that she served\",\n \"title\": \"Barney Gumble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12446739\",\n \"text\": \"Lipstick on a pig To put \\\"lipstick on a pig\\\" is a rhetorical expression, used to convey the message that making superficial or cosmetic changes is a futile attempt to disguise the true nature of a product or person. Pigs have long been featured in proverbial expressions: a \\\"pig's ear\\\", a \\\"pig in a poke\\\", as well as the Biblical expressions, \\\"\\\" and \\\"ring of gold in a swine's snout.\\\" Indeed, whereas the phrase \\\"lipstick on a pig\\\" seems to have been coined in the 20th century, the concept of the phrase may not be particularly recent. The similar expression,\",\n \"title\": \"Lipstick on a pig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10028164\",\n \"text\": \"place in the midst of season 17, when Volkmann's last dubbed episode was \\\"We're on the Road to D'ohwhere\\\" and Engelke's first dubbed episode was \\\"My Fair Laddy\\\". Whilst Elisabeth Volkmann's voice is not so close, Anke Engelke's voice is rather \\\"adapted\\\" to the original voice. Bart is dubbed by Sandra Schwittau and Lisa by Sabine Bohlmann who also dubs Maggie. One important difference is that Homer's \\\"D'oh!\\\" is yelled as a fierce \\\"NEIN!\\\" \\\"(\\\"NO!\\\")\\\". Whenever Homer strangles Bart, he says \\\"Na warte, du Kleiner ...\\\" \\\"(\\\"Wait you little ...\\\")\\\" or \\\"Du mieser Kleiner ...\\\" \\\"(\\\"You mean little ...\\\")\\\". Another\",\n \"title\": \"Non-English versions of The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20658396\",\n \"text\": \"The script commits some of the signature latter-day \\\"Simpsons\\\" sins, but more than any other, it's just comically inert. The story doesn't drive forward, it lounges like Homer in a hammock and wobbles. There was one—and only one—joke that roused itself to at least cleverness, if not laughter. Homer, rattled behind the wheel by Bart's \\\"Art of War\\\"-inspired campaign of manipulation, rear-ends Wiggum's cruiser. Producing a balloon, presumably for a sobriety test, Wiggum has Homer make a bunny, then hauls him off to provide the entertainment for Ralph's birthday party.\\\" \\\"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\\\" scored a 0.9 rating with\",\n \"title\": \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408071\",\n \"text\": \"English Dictionary in 2008. Other words credited as stemming from the show include \\\"yoink\\\" and \\\"craptacular\\\". \\\"The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations\\\" includes several quotations from the show. As well as \\\"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\\\", Homer's lines, \\\"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\\\", from \\\"Burns' Heir\\\" (season five, 1994) as well as \\\"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\\\", from \\\"Eight Misbehavin'\\\" (season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13264953\",\n \"text\": \"7-Eleven stores. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" is the first television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production. The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Approximately one billion will be printed. Microsoft produced a limited edition \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\" Xbox 360. Samsung released \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\" phone, however the quality of build on ths phone left it prone to screen\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2124332\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"anti-Bart\\\" (referring to Bart Simpson) while discussing how other characters have tried to \\\"claim Bart's place of honor.\\\" Voice actress Pamela Adlon received positive reception for her portrayal of Bobby. She received an Emmy for her role in the episode \\\"Bobby Goes Nuts\\\", the only actor in the series to have won one. IGN editor Talmadge Blevins quotes a line spoken by Bobby, \\\"That's my purse! I don't know you!\\\", describing it as one of the \\\"most memorable lines ever uttered on television.\\\" In 2002, \\\"TV Guide\\\" ranked Bobby Hill number 48 on its \\\"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Hill (King of the Hill)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13264914\",\n \"text\": \"The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into \\\"The Simpsons\\\", a half-hour prime time show that was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). The popularity of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" has made it a billion-dollar merchandising and\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741535\",\n \"text\": \"was simply described as the \\\"middle child\\\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \\\"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\\\". Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Cartwright is the only one of the six main \\\"Simpsons\\\" cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \\\"no obvious traces of Bart\\\". The voice came naturally\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955662\",\n \"text\": \"high on lists of \\\"Worst \\\"Simpsons\\\" Episodes Ever\\\" due to its recycling of plotlines, as well as the scene wherein Homer, dressed as a panda, is implied to be sexually assaulted by another panda at the zoo. The family take Bart to dinner at the Singing Sirloin restaurant (as seen in \\\"Life on the Fast Lane\\\") for getting his first \\\"A\\\" on an astronomy quiz. When asked how he achieved this rarity, Bart explains that he was in Mrs. Krabappel's class trying to force a hamster and a lizard to mate, but was forced to hide in the coat closet\",\n \"title\": \"Homer vs. Dignity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5947348\",\n \"text\": \"the book \\\"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\\\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said \\\"Marge getting to let her hair down is always a treat, and in Ruth Powers she seems to have a real friend. A pity we don't see more of her\\\". \\\"The A.V. Club\\\" named Homer's line \\\"Stupid TV! Be more funny!\\\" as one of the quotes from \\\"The Simpsons\\\" that can be used in everyday situations. On their 2000 album \\\"And Then Nothing Turned Itself Inside Out\\\", indie rock band Yo La Tengo has a song entitled \\\"Let's Save Tony\",\n \"title\": \"Marge on the Lam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"894673\",\n \"text\": \"Bart and Milhouse's Radioactive Man, Manboy, Radiation Dude, Batboy, Mr. Hop, Batchick, Mr. Smarty Pants, Birdguy, Nick, Cat Girl, Power Person, Dog Kid, Iguana Girl, Snake Kid, Lava Lady, Star Dog, The Human Bee, Mister Amazing and Tree Man. Barney's Bowl-A-Rama is the bowling alley in Springfield. It is owned by Barney Gumble's Uncle Al. The very first known appearance is the episode \\\"Life on the Fast Lane\\\" where Homer forgets Marge's birthday and after rushing out to purchase a gift, he ends up buying a bowling ball. Marge is insulted at the fact her gift from Homer was something\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield (The Simpsons)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408088\",\n \"text\": \"struggle to be normal [and] he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\\\" On January 27, 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush said, \\\"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons.\\\" The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of \\\"Stark Raving Dad\\\" in which Bart replied, \\\"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11703348\",\n \"text\": \"17 parts. The song was also parodied in \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode, \\\"What to Expect When Bart's Expecting\\\", from Season 25, as \\\"Let Them Play!\\\", and was sung by Homer Simpson (Dan Castellaneta), Bart Simpson (Nancy Cartwright), Fat Tony (Joe Mantegna) and Louie (Dan Castellaneta). Key & Peele also parodied the song as \\\"One at a Time\\\". Nostalgia Critic along with others at Channel Awesome parodied this number as \\\"One Big Song\\\" during their 2013 review of the Les Misérables movie. Former Fox News Channel contributor and comedian Steven Crowder parodied the song with guests including Ben Shapiro, Dean Cain, and\",\n \"title\": \"One Day More\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1920346\",\n \"text\": \"Honus Wagner Sports Museum which includes many Wagner collectibles and memorabilia. Visitors receive replicas of the famous card. In the 1992 episode Homer at the Bat, the popular TV show The Simpsons made a reference to Wagner. The character Mr. Burns lists three ringers he wants for his company's baseball team, but they are Honus Wagner, Cap Anson, and \\\"Mordecai 'Three Fingers' Brown\\\". His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century. In 2000, Wagner was honored with a U.S. postage stamp. The stamp was issued\",\n \"title\": \"Honus Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"823645\",\n \"text\": \"September, when a new, shorter, version was made. By all accounts, the session was chaotic, but nobody dared suggest to any of the Beatles that they were out of control. Harrison reportedly ran around the studio while holding a flaming ashtray above his head, \\\"doing an Arthur Brown\\\". The stereo version of the LP includes almost an extra minute of music compared to the mono, which culminates in Starr famously shouting \\\"I've got blisters on my fingers!\\\" Charles Manson was unaware that helter skelter is the British name for a spiral slide found on a playground or funfair, and he\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741528\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening describes Bart as \\\"what would happen if Eddie Haskell [from \\\"Leave It to Beaver\\\"] got his own show\\\". Groening has also said that he found the premise of \\\"Dennis the Menace\\\" disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace. Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in \\\"The Tracey Ullman Show\\\" short \\\"Good Night\\\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \\\"The Simpsons\\\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Simpson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408030\",\n \"text\": \"town of Springfield. Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Bouvier, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. Homer's dad Grampa Simpson lives\",\n \"title\": \"The Simpsons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"894680\",\n \"text\": \"fight between Bart and Lisa, Homer tells the story of how Lisa first got her sax. King Toot's is seen briefly during the opening of \\\"The Simpsons Movie\\\" and later while the dome is being put over Springfield. In \\\"Covercraft\\\" King Toot is revealed to be a sleazy, overweight middle-aged man with a mustache who torments Moe by dumping all of his junk into Moe's alley dumpster without paying him, and ends up having a huge fight with Moe that ends with them both getting arrested and the music store being closed for repairs. The Leftorium is a store in\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield (The Simpsons)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3600315\",\n \"text\": \"to play in the donkey basketball game. While at the Springfield Elementary School donkey basketball game, Bart taunts a donkey with a carrot, unaware that the school is reciting the national anthem. After he places the carrot in his shorts, the donkey takes it and rips off Bart's shorts. While Bart is bent over to keep his privates covered with his shirt, the US flag is put up behind him and a photo is taken, which results in the crowd assuming that Bart is mooning the US flag. Shortly afterwards, the \\\"Springfield Shopper\\\" takes the story and completely turns it\",\n \"title\": \"Bart-Mangled Banner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11206088\",\n \"text\": \"he gave Homer a \\\"Forget-Me-Shot\\\", which wiped out the last 24 hours of his memory; the ingredients of which include Jägermeister, sloe gin, triple and quadruple sec, gunk from a dog's eye, Absolut Pickle, the red stripe from Aquafresh toothpaste and the venom of the Louisiana loboto-moth then stirred with a home pregnancy test. Chief Wiggum tells Homer that there was a domestic disturbance at his house last night, which was reported by Ned Flanders. Homer instantly receives a flashback to the night before showing Wiggum questioning Marge about a black eye she had received, to which Marge nervously replies\",\n \"title\": \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Mother Tucker context: the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \\\"worse of a sell-out\\\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\\\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by \\\"The Simpsons\\\" character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism\\n\\nAccording to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what??\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Bart Simpson context: television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\\\" Lisa would advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \\\"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\\\", which was available for a limited time.\\n\\ntitle: Butterfinger context: release. When the joke revealed, redirect visitorsitiousButterfinger\\\".2009, a new advertis for Butterfinger was produced appeared be a homage to the earlier Simpsons commercials. 2010, Butterfinger rev its \\\"Nobody better lay a finger slogan as \\\"Nob's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger 2011, a comedy horror film entitled \\\"Butterfinger 1\\\", was made promote the product In April 2013 an official announ via Twitter ofThe Simpsons stated that the \\\"Nobody better lay a finger\\\"ising featuring Bart Simpson\\n:: station Brian invited him to speak at, Vid quickly after he This causes quit show not that \\\"se a than Ste appeared in a. isating a Butterfinger, and says \\\"Nobody better lay a fingerf\\\", par of manyci Bartpsonters the a phrase used bypsons character Homer Sim. The bit is also a to negative criticism\\n\\n characters from Foxs in numerous98,log \\\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\\\", \\\"Bite my Butterfinger!\\\", and \\\"Nothin' like a Butterfinger!\\\" Butterfinger, for unknown reasons, terminated a long standing advertising contract with \\\"The Simpsons\\\" in the end of 2001. Reacting to this, the January 2002 \\\"Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Sweets and Sour Marge\\\" included a scene depicting Butterfinger bars as nonflammable; the character Chief Wiggum says, \\\"Even the fire doesn't want them.\\\" In February 2003, in the episode \\\"Barting Over\\\", Bart claims\\n\\nAccording to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what??\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 516,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14582,\n \"ratio\": \"28.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":787,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":78785,"offset":78700,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc0NDg2ODg1MCwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL1huaHlhY2ludGgvVFFBLUltYWdlIiwiZXhwIjoxNzQ0ODcyNDUwLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.3zJ2bD2pETtBPwJw-eVZbaBt7N4_B0QgfYlpSdu7PfXr0bxawpL9xOnQrtoSe0Tu5fDDrgzPJP1dFPT84dqWBA","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
Army of the Tennessee - MG Oliver O. Howard XV Corps - MG Peter J. Osterhaus Fort McAllister garrison - Maj George Wayne Anderson Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"937760\",\n \"text\": \"Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea. Newly invented telegraph enabled more rapid communication between armies and their headquarters capitals. Combat was still usually waged by opposing divisions with skirmish lines on rural battlefields, violent naval engagements by cannon-armed sailing or steam-powered vessels, and assault on military forces defending a town. There was still room for triumphs for the strategy of manoeuvre such as Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, but these depended upon an enemy's unwillingness to entrench. Towards the end of the war, especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of\",\n \"title\": \"Military strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16476046\",\n \"text\": \"Unlike Charleston and Savannah, Wilmington was the central depot for blockade runners throughout most of the Civil War. The Union made several attempts to stop the ships coming and going; but it proved to be a futile effort, as the blockade runners were built for speed. This was made plainly evident on December 23, 1864, when the largest Union fleet ever to assemble in the Atlantic attacked Fort Fisher, a massive fortification protecting the Cape Fear River entrance and Wilmington. While the fleet of 125 \\\"Men-of-war\\\" and transports were blockading the harbor, an incoming blockade runner passed through the fleet\",\n \"title\": \"Blockade runners of the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4151638\",\n \"text\": \"illegal night attack by Commander Napoleon Collins, of the U.S. Navy steam sloop-of-war . Towed to sea, she was sent to the United States as a prize, despite the Empire of Brazil's protests at the violation of its sovereignty. Commander Collins was court-martialed and was convicted of violating Brazilian territorial rights, but the verdict was set aside by United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Collins won fame and eventual promotion for his daring capture of the raider. At Newport News, Virginia, on November 28, 1864, \\\"Florida\\\" reached the end of her career when she sank under dubious circumstances\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Florida (cruiser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5726093\",\n \"text\": \"for such operations. She returned to Port Royal, South Carolina, on 26 November 1864 for service in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Three days later, sailors and marines from \\\"St. Louis\\\" went ashore at Boyd's Landing to participate in the combined Army-Navy thrust up the Broad River. Under the command of Comdr. George H. Preble, the expedition was designed to assist General William Tecumseh Sherman as he approached Savannah, Georgia at the end of his march across Georgia. This operation was completed on 29 December. \\\"St. Louis\\\" then briefly returned to blockade duty before finally sailing to the Philadelphia Navy\",\n \"title\": \"USS St. Louis (1828)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5786907\",\n \"text\": \"on the American east coast to guard merchant shipping in convoys. \\\"Chasseur\\\" captured or sank 17 vessels before returning home to Baltimore on 25 March 1815, three months after a peace treaty in Ghent, United Netherlands had been signed ending the War of 1812. Perhaps her most famous accomplishment was the capture of the schooner HMS \\\"St Lawrence\\\". On the \\\"Chasseur\\\"'s return to Baltimore, the national newspaper published in the city, \\\"Niles Weekly Register\\\" dubbed the vessel, her captain, and crew the \\\"pride of Baltimore\\\" for their achievement. In 1975, after many years of slow decay and decline, Baltimore was\",\n \"title\": \"Pride of Baltimore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4141163\",\n \"text\": \"a practice that one historian has called delusional. Historian Wilfred B. Yearns concluded, “Only the nearly solid support from occupied districts enabled President Davis to maintain a majority in Congress until the last days of the nation.\\\" After a two-and-a-half month intercession from the end of the First Congress, the first session of the Second Confederate Congress sat from May 2 until June 14, 1864. During this period, Sherman began his Federal March to the Sea, and Grant advanced to the outskirts of Richmond at Cold Harbor, Virginia. Confederate forces fell back into defensive positions. In his message to Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Congress of the Confederate States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8610048\",\n \"text\": \"not much fighting in Georgia until September 1863, when Confederates under Braxton Bragg defeated William S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga Creek. In May 1864, William T. Sherman started pursuing the Confederates towards Atlanta, which he captured in September, in advance of his March to the Sea. This six-week campaign destroyed much of the civilian infrastructure of Georgia, decisively shortening the war. When news of the march reached Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, whole Georgian regiments deserted, feeling they were needed at home. The Battle of Columbus, fought on the Georgia-Alabama border on April 16, 1865, is reckoned by some criteria\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295020\",\n \"text\": \"when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the war's\",\n \"title\": \"Nashville, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7178647\",\n \"text\": \"which camped at Old Church on the old Quaker Road. Additional fighting over the next few days enabled Sherman to close in on Savannah. Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia The Battle of Waynesboro was an American Civil War battle fought on December 4, 1864, towards the end of Sherman's March to the Sea. Union cavalry forces under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick defeated Confederate cavalry led by Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, opening the way for William T. Sherman's armies to approach their objective, Savannah. As Sherman's infantry marched southeast through Georgia, his cavalry under Judson Kilpatrick rode northeastward. In the late afternoon\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799235\",\n \"text\": \"on October 3, 1864. During the first week, he was assisted by 2,000 soldiers of the XX Corps. On October 5, Capt. Poe reported to Gen. Sherman that they had completed positions for thirty guns. Work continued until November 1 with a much smaller work force until preparations for the March to the Sea began. Gen. Sherman realized that the occupation of Atlanta would tie up substantial manpower resources, so he devised a plan to abandon Atlanta. The plan called for the destruction of all military assets within the city, the reorganization of the forces under his command and for\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1221348\",\n \"text\": \"saw some skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Charleston and Savannah Railway (today's CSX Transportation) was considered a prized possession and major strategic goal for Union forces. The Battle of Honey Hill, an effort to defend the railroad, was one of the last battles won by southern forces in late 1864, shortly before General William Sherman entered South Carolina after his March to the Sea in Georgia. The area within the city was settled in the 19th century by Isaac Hardee, a native North Carolinean. Through the efforts of his son, Whyte William Hardee, a\",\n \"title\": \"Hardeeville, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11143266\",\n \"text\": \"dispatch vessel. On the day of the steamer's arrival, she began a cruise south through the Confederacy's inland waters as far down the coast as Georgetown, South Carolina. Her mission was to attempt to communicate with General William Tecumseh Sherman who—after completing his march from Atlanta, Georgia, through Georgia to the sea—had swung north to move his army toward Richmond, Virginia, in support of General Ulysses S. Grant's operations against the Confederate capital. This assignment kept the side wheeler busy through the end of January when Porter called her back to the Cape Fear River. For more than a month\",\n \"title\": \"USS Bat (1864)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5072401\",\n \"text\": \"Franklin–Nashville Campaign The Franklin–Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia during the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's lines of communications and central Tennessee. After a brief attempt to pursue Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta and began his March to the Sea, leaving Union forces under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to deal with Hood's threat. Hood hoped\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin–Nashville Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1038244\",\n \"text\": \"beginning, and is now leased to CSX. The Union Army occupied the Vinings area during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in 1864 and the subsequent March to the Sea. Pace's home, which had been used as a hospital for Union troops, was destroyed in the process. Vinings recovered after the war, as Governor Brown leased the railroad to Vinings to bring passengers to the springs and pavilions built to encourage a respite from the reconstruction of Atlanta. Vinings was officially recognized as a community in 1904, the same year the one-lane bridge was constructed across the Chattahoochee\",\n \"title\": \"Vinings, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799244\",\n \"text\": \"toward the last moment.\\\" The work of destroying Atlanta's military assets began under the direction of the Chief Engineer, Capt. Poe, on Nov 12, and would continue until the evening of November 15, 1864. In his official report, Captain Poe states: Gen. Sherman returned to the city on Nov. 14. In his memoirs, he recalls: After a plea by Father Thomas O'Reilly of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Sherman did not burn the city's churches or hospitals. However, the remaining war resources were then destroyed in Atlanta and in Sherman's March to the Sea. One of the major buildings that\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6203711\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman pressing Johnston in north Georgia in 1864. The narrative describes the events and battles from Sherman's March to the Sea to Lincoln's assassination and the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Original release by Random House: Vintage Books, a Random House subsidiary, issued the series as trade paperbacks in 1986: Beginning in 1999, Time–Life published a fourteen volume \\\"40th Anniversary Edition\\\" with contemporary photographs and illustrations. This edition was sold by subscription, but when Time–Life exited the book business, remaindered copies appeared in bookstores. Relatively few copies of volume 13 were printed, increasing the value of that volume and the\",\n \"title\": \"The Civil War: A Narrative\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297112\",\n \"text\": \"River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Sherman telegraphed to President\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5221638\",\n \"text\": \"council protested this order, claiming that most of those who had not fled could not leave on account of their age, sickness, pregnancy, or destitution. In response, Sherman wrote back, accusing the Confederates of hypocrisy for invading Union territory and inflicting pains on American citizens, but only complaining when the reverse was done to them: Union soldiers under Sherman occupied the city for two months and burned much of it on November 15, 1864, in preparation for the March to the Sea. Calhoun is buried in Oakland Cemetery. His son, William Lowndes Calhoun, served as Atlanta's mayor in the 1870s.\",\n \"title\": \"James Calhoun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1045472\",\n \"text\": \"1864, Sherman's March to the Sea passed through Millen. Prior to the arrival of Union forces, Confederate soldiers evacuated the Camp Lawton prisoners to Savannah. The Union soldiers destroyed Millen's Junction after finding the prison camp and to avoid use of the railway junction. The town was rebuilt after the war. In 1881, the city of Millen was incorporated by an act of the Georgia State Legislature, becoming the county seat of the newly created Jenkins County in 1905. The Downtown Millen Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The county is largely rural\",\n \"title\": \"Millen, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16829587\",\n \"text\": \"District with the duties of destroying whiskey stills and tracking down deserters. Soon, Harrison's command was required to oppose Sherman's March to the Sea. When they reached the Savannah area, Sherman's men pillaged Harrison's home and property at Montieth. In December 1864, Harrison was taken prisoner while visiting his devastated property. Harrison was released from prison before the end of the war but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States government. After the Civil War, Harrison returned to the Savannah area. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives for 1865–1866 and served as a\",\n \"title\": \"George Paul Harrison Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11900580\",\n \"text\": \"Governor Joseph E Brown led Georgia through the Civil War while living in the Mansion. During the Civil War, the Mansion was claimed as a \\\"prize\\\" during General Sherman's \\\"March to the Sea\\\" and Sherman made the Mansion his headquarters, spending the night of November 23, 1864 in the Mansion's family dining room. Following the loss of the capital, The Mansion was used as a boarding house until from 1868 - 1879, when the state loaned it to the newly organized Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and then to Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now Georgia College. The mansion served\",\n \"title\": \"Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759004\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Jonesborough The Battle of Jonesborough (modern name Jonesboro) was fought August 31–September 1, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Two Union armies led by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman maneuvered to draw the Army of Tennessee (led by John Bell Hood) away from their defenses at Atlanta, Georgia, where it could be destroyed. Although Hood's army was not destroyed, the city of Atlanta was abandoned and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war. The fall of Atlanta also had far-reaching political as well as military effects on the course of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jonesborough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9135945\",\n \"text\": \"under Col. Smith D. Atkins attacked the bridge and destroyed a trestlework past Morgan's Lake, but was unable to capture the bridge or seize the Confederate battery at Doctortown on December 19. The Federals withdrew to the Ogeechee River. Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9135943\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping open Confederate supply lines to the city. On December 1, 1864, the Fourth Brigade Georgia Militia under Brig. Gen. Henry Kent McCay arrived in Wayne County to prepare a defense of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad bridge over the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Altamaha Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386391\",\n \"text\": \"from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware River. Meanwhile at sea, \\\"Lexington\\\" becomes captured by the British frigate HMS \\\"Pearl\\\". Momentarily, Marine Captain Abraham Boyce lead his men and \\\"Lexington\\\"s sailors in overtaking the small British prize crew. \\\"Alfred\\\" also engaged combat with HMS \\\"Milford\\\" on 9 December. Although the British frigate was better-armed, the American ship was able to out-sail their opponent and escape unharmed. The Continental Marines and sailors were able to escape to the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. General Washington attacked the German garrison\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States Marine Corps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759015\",\n \"text\": \"and slip past Federal forces at Jonesborough en route to Lovejoy Station where they encamped during the month of September. That night Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta. The Union forces did succeed in cutting Hood's supply lines, but they had failed to annihilate Hardee's command. Sherman would finally occupy Atlanta the following day on September 2. This had been one of his major goals in the campaign. The Battle of Jonesborough was the final battle of the Atlanta Campaign, and it caused the besieged city of Atlanta to fall into Union hands. On September 4, 1864, General Sherman issued\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jonesborough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4700416\",\n \"text\": \"telegram informing him that \\\"Alabama\\\" was at Cherbourg, a French naval port. Capt. Winslow arrived off Cherbourg 14 June 1864, where he found the \\\"Alabama\\\" and blockaded her in the harbor. The \\\"Alabama\\\" made preparations for fight, and Capt. Raphael Semmes caused Winslow to be informed of this intention through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June 1864, he was lying three miles off the eastern entrance of the harbor when the \\\"Alabama\\\" came out, escorted by a French iron-clad and the English yacht \\\"Deerhound\\\". Winslow steamed off seven miles from the shore so as to be beyond the\",\n \"title\": \"John Ancrum Winslow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9127264\",\n \"text\": \"lost in the attempt. Du Pont accepted responsibility for the failure at Charleston by resigning. Fort McAllister would not be subdued by naval bombardment, but would succumb to an infantry assault at the end of Sherman's March to the Sea in December 1864. Battle of Fort McAllister (1863) The First Battle of Fort McAllister was a series of naval attacks that took place from January 27 to March 3, 1863, in Bryan County, Georgia, during the American Civil War. The commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron Rear Adm. Samuel F. Du Pont decided to test operation of new monitors\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4633999\",\n \"text\": \"Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia. With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so ruthlessly, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union\",\n \"title\": \"Valley Campaigns of 1864\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9747193\",\n \"text\": \"Beginning November 27, 1864, Davidson was ordered to lead a 4,000 strong cavalry raid from Union held Baton Rouge to sever the M & O Railroad near State Line, Mississippi. The raid was intended to divert resources away from Confederate John Bell Hood's operations near Nashville and to threaten and harass Mobile. Additionally, the raid was to support Sherman's March to the Sea by requiring the Confederates to keep resources in the Mobile, AL theater of operations. After departing Baton Rouge the Davidson's forces reached Greensburg, LA capturing several Confederate prisoners, on November 29, 1864, then to Tangipahoa, LA where\",\n \"title\": \"John Davidson (general)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074660\",\n \"text\": \"Oliver O'Brien Oliver Albert O'Brien (1839 – October 1, 1894) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the capture of a blockade runner. Born in 1839 in Boston, O'Brien was still living in that city when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a coxswain on the . On November 28, 1864, he was involved in the capture of the blockade runner \\\"Beatrice\\\" off Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbor. O'Brien commanded one of the launches which\",\n \"title\": \"Oliver O'Brien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6973177\",\n \"text\": \"Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of September 1, burning military supplies and installations, causing a great conflagration in the city. Coincident with Sherman's triumph in Atlanta, Admiral David Farragut won the decisive naval Battle of Mobile Bay on August 24. Steaming past the forts guarding the mouth of the bay, Farragut engaged and forced the surrender of the Confederate fleet defending the city, capturing Admiral Franklin Buchanan. The city itself, long a desired target of Grant's, would remain in Confederate hands until 1865, but the last seaport east of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast was closed, further tightening\",\n \"title\": \"Western Theater of the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"409417\",\n \"text\": \"relevant passages in diverging ways. Total war also describes the French \\\"guerre à outrance\\\" during the Franco-Prussian War. In his letter to his Chief of Staff, Union General Henry Halleck on 24 December 1864 described that the Union was \\\"not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies,\\\" defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In\",\n \"title\": \"Total war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17188535\",\n \"text\": \"Alabama during the month of October. November 1864 found the Crews' Brigade around Macon fighting the Union's Col. Atkins' 2nd Brigade Cavalry. In December 1864, the Brigade participated in the Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia, part of Sherman's March to the Sea, which culminated in helping Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's evacuation of Savannah, Georgia. The year ended with this note from Major General Wheeler, \\\"...Allen, Humes, Anderson, Dibrell, Hagen, Crews, Ashby, Harrison and Breckenridge and many other brave men whose gallantry you have so often witnessed are here still to guide and lead you in battles yet to be won..\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"C.C. Crews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4745060\",\n \"text\": \"the town. Hood's invasion of Tennessee continued as he attempted to intercept Schofield's retreating army at Spring Hill. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his supply lines from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman elected instead to conduct his March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. He left forces under the command of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, to defend Tennessee and defeat Hood: principally the IV Corps\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2699957\",\n \"text\": \"South by extensive destruction of property. (On the eve of the march, one soldier wrote that \\\"[w]e understand... that Sherman intends to use us to Christianize this country.\\\") In the final stage of the march, Sherman called upon his old Shiloh division, now in the Army of the Tennessee's XV Corps and under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to subdue Fort McAllister, outside Savannah, Georgia. On December 21, the march culminated with the capture of Savannah. The Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia thereby allowed Sherman to present Savannah to Lincoln as a \\\"Christmas-gift\",\n \"title\": \"Army of the Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1037377\",\n \"text\": \"the Civil War, Adairsville was involved on the side of the Confederate States of America in 1861 against the Union. On April 12, 1862, the steam locomotive \\\"The General\\\" was pursued from Atlanta and passed through Adairsville as its people the Great Locomotive Chase. After that, Adairians set a three-day street festival in remembrance of the Chase. The Civil War came to the town in full force on May 17, 1864, when the Confederate army failed to defeat Sherman and his Union army during the Atlanta Campaign in the Battle of Adairsville. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Adairsville\",\n \"title\": \"Adairsville, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1916590\",\n \"text\": \"and urged President Davis to replace Johnston. Davis removed Johnston from command on July 17, 1864, just outside Atlanta. \\\"The fate of Atlanta, from the Confederate standpoint, was all but decided by Johnston.\\\" (His replacement, Lt. Gen. Hood, was left with the \\\"virtually impossible situation\\\" of defending Atlanta which he was forced to abandon in September.) Davis's decision to remove Johnston was one of the most controversial of the war. Johnston traveled to Columbia, South Carolina, to begin a virtual retirement. However, as the Confederacy became increasingly concerned about Sherman's March to the Sea across Georgia and then north through\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph E. Johnston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15760256\",\n \"text\": \"1812 the entire region was under control of the rebels, except for the city of Montevideo itself, which was besieged. On December 31, Vigodet broke out of the city but was defeated in the Battle of Cerrito. Supplied from over the sea, the city still held out until May 17, 1814, when the naval victories of Admiral William Brown, cut off the supply route and the city faced starvation. By the end of June, Vigodet was forced to surrender Montevideo to General Carlos María de Alvear. The following years he stayed in Río de Janeiro, where he tried to take\",\n \"title\": \"Gaspar de Vigodet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6936200\",\n \"text\": \"1853 until 1856. During the Civil War, control of the railroad was vital to the protection of Savannah and keeping nearby Confederate troops supplied with food and materiel. In December 1864, during his March to the Sea, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman sent part of his Union forces forward to cut the line, which would force Confederate general William Hardee to retreat and abandon Savannah. The mission failed, but sections of the railroad would be severely damaged during Sherman's subsequent 1865 Carolinas Campaign. Following the war, the railroad was reorganized in 1866 as the \\\"Savannah and Charleston Railroad\\\" but did\",\n \"title\": \"Charleston and Savannah Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16566746\",\n \"text\": \"of James Island and they marched as far north as Asheville, North Carolina before being recalled to their home state by the Governor. Sherman's troops burned the Arsenal Academy in Columbia during their march to the sea and it never reopened. The Citadel Academy was seized by Union forces when Charleston fell a short time after the Tulifinny battle and they remained until 1882. Battle of Tulifinny The Battle of Tulifinny was an American Civil War engagement fought December 6–9, 1864 in South Carolina during General Sherman's March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign. Outnumbered 5-1 a\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Tulifinny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5427295\",\n \"text\": \"CSS Isondiga CSS Isondiga was a small wooden gunboat without masts that served in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. \\\"Isondiga\\\" operated in waters around Savannah, Georgia, and in Saint Augustine Creek, Florida, from April 1863 to December 1864, Lieutenant Joel S. Kennard commanding. She accompanied ironclad ram CSS \\\"Atlanta\\\" in the engagement in which \\\"Atlanta\\\" was captured on June 17, 1863. She escaped from Savannah on December 21, 1864 before the city fell to the forces of U.S. General William T. Sherman. She was later burned by her commanding officer and crew to prevent seizure by\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Isondiga\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \\\"scorched earth\\\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\\n\\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 203,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \\\"scorched earth\\\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\\n\\ntitle of Savannah, Georgia context: south Savannah. lived off the land, by Sherman's estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone. Sherman called this harsh tactic warhard war\\\" ( modern times this is known total war). Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864 Sh then telegraphed his commander-in-chief, Abraham Lincoln, offering city as a Christmas present the19th progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and wealth exponentially but its ranking among the largest U.S. steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most popul\\ntitle: William Tecumseh Sherman: in the battles (November 30) and Nashville (December1–16)., after,erman began a march62 men to the of Savannah, Georgia living off the land by his more than0 million in property. harsh t of \\\"hard,\\\" species of the end of this, as Sea, Savannah 2 186.erman then dispatched a famous message to, him city as\\ntitle Prescy of Lincoln ofms in his the\\\". Following the through Carolina to Lee army During the, Confederate general Jubal Early crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy, Early attacked Fort Stevens, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed\\n\\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 492,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14061,\n \"ratio\": \"28.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78776,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78776,"string":"78,776"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Since a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["🎅","Santa claus rituals","Origins of Santa Claus","Santy Claus","Santa Claus in North American culture","Święty Mikołaj","Santa klause","Santa Claus in North America","Santa letters","Baba Nuwail","Santa Claus rituals","Santa Claus On A Fire Truck","Santa klaus","Santa claus","Sanat claus","Santa","Swiety Mikolaj","Santa Claus in Northern American culture","Santa Claus Office","Christmas grotto","American Santa Claus","Santa Claus","Santa Hat","Santa-san","Kerstman","Santa claus in northern american culture","Weihnachtsmann","Mall Santa","Letters to Santa","The Santa","بابا نويل"],"string":"[\n \"🎅\",\n \"Santa claus rituals\",\n \"Origins of Santa Claus\",\n \"Santy Claus\",\n \"Santa Claus in North American culture\",\n \"Święty Mikołaj\",\n \"Santa klause\",\n \"Santa Claus in North America\",\n \"Santa letters\",\n \"Baba Nuwail\",\n \"Santa Claus rituals\",\n \"Santa Claus On A Fire Truck\",\n \"Santa klaus\",\n \"Santa claus\",\n \"Sanat claus\",\n \"Santa\",\n \"Swiety Mikolaj\",\n \"Santa Claus in Northern American culture\",\n \"Santa Claus Office\",\n \"Christmas grotto\",\n \"American Santa Claus\",\n \"Santa Claus\",\n \"Santa Hat\",\n \"Santa-san\",\n \"Kerstman\",\n \"Santa claus in northern american culture\",\n \"Weihnachtsmann\",\n \"Mall Santa\",\n \"Letters to Santa\",\n \"The Santa\",\n \"بابا نويل\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Santa Claus"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9439697","text":"The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \"tracked Santa Claus\" in their own metropolitan areas through","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"6014905","text":"Gazette-Telegraph\" in December 1955 with a misprinted telephone number to call Santa Claus sparked numerous Christmas Eve telephone calls by children on December 24, 1955, to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, asking about Santa Claus, and led to the current NORAD Tracks Santa program. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for feature writing. It was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2014 for national reporting for reporting by David Philipps \"... expanding the examination of how wounded combat veterans are mistreated, focusing on loss of benefits for life after discharge by the","title":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)"},{"id":"9114070","text":"an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey. Eventually, NORAD, which was renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981, openly published a hotline number for the general public to call to get updates on Santa Claus's progress. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. Each volunteer handles about forty telephone calls per hour, and the team typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9439696","text":"such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \"Santa hotline\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"9114063","text":"NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\" in the \"New York Sun\". On December 24, 1948, the United States Air Force issued a communique claiming that an \"early warning radar net to the north\" had detected \"one unidentified sleigh, powered by","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"2998605","text":"-- Distant Early Warning Line of radars, the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1958. The bi-national operation of total North America Defense. North American Air Defense Modernization program in 1985. To this day, The Ogdensburg Agreement stands paramount in all background military operations between the United States and Canada. The DEW-Line has been dismantled due to Satellite Improvement Technology and now relies on innovation driven by the Internet. Many outposts still physically stand, like in Sudbury Ontario, but have been cut in service and are nothing but dead historical monuments. Ogdensburg Agreement The Ogdensburg Agreement","title":"Ogdensburg Agreement"},{"id":"9114078","text":"York Air National Guard and the U.S. Naval Reserve Navy Information Bureau (NIB) 1118 at Fort Carson, Colorado, as have the Canadian Armed Forces. Other U.S. federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have helped publicize the service. Former First Lady Michelle Obama has participated in the program each year since 2009, answering phone calls. According to Gerry Bowler, a history professor at the University of Manitoba, the NORAD Tracks Santa program is \"one of the few modern additions to the centuries-old Santa Claus story that have stuck.\" Bowler","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9114079","text":"stated that the program \"takes an essential element of the Santa Claus story—his travels on Christmas Eve—and looks at it through a technological lens,\" therefore bringing the Santa Claus mythology into the modern era. NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\"","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"2767084","text":"deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties. The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"3922434","text":"making them very difficult to track. On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD. A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979. \"They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,\" says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"536292","text":"Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas\", and a Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" program. Every year on Christmas Eve, \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"9114066","text":"on November 30 a child trying to reach Santa Claus on a hotline number provided in a Sears advertisement misdialed the number and instead reached Shoup at his desk at CONAD. Shoup responded gruffly to the child, and no additional Santa Claus-related calls came in to CONAD. However, when a member of Shoup's staff placed a picture of Santa Claus on a board used to track unidentified aircraft that December, Shoup saw a public relations opportunity for CONAD, and he asked CONAD's public relations officer, Colonel Barney Oldfield, to inform the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh. In","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"9114069","text":"informed him that the Associated Press and United Press International were awaiting reports that CONAD again was tracking Santa Claus. Shoup agreed that Oldfield should announce it again, and the annual tradition was born. In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \"S. Claus\" which it identified as \"undoubtedly friendly\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"12908972","text":"as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the","title":"Christmas in the post-war United States"},{"id":"7749423","text":"strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.","title":"Canada"},{"id":"9114068","text":"story further, adding that the child had dialed the \"red telephone\"—an impossibility, because the hotline was connected with the Strategic Air Command by an enclosed cable, and no one could dial into from the outside—rather than the regular phone on Shoup's desk, that it was a misprint in an advertisement that led the child to call him rather than the child misdialing the number, and that a flood of calls had come in from children on Christmas Eve 1955 rather than from just one child on November 30. Shoup did not intend to repeat the stunt in 1956, but Oldfield","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"536282","text":"late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and Canada \"agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces.\" In late 1958, Canada and the United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"2767025","text":"Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"12908989","text":"inquiring about Santa. He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in. Three years later, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued. Mr. Jingeling, the Keeper of the Keys to Santa's Workshop, was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle's Department Store in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers. The costumed character was first played by Max","title":"Christmas in the post-war United States"},{"id":"9114064","text":"eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet , heading 180 degrees.\" The Associated Press passed this \"report\" along to the general public. It was the first time that the United States Armed Forces issued a statement about tracking Santa Claus's sleigh on Christmas Eve, although it was a one-time event, not repeated over the next several years. The program originated before the actual formation of NORAD, as an annual event on December 24, 1955. According to legend, a Sears department store placed an advertisement in the Colorado Springs newspaper \"The Gazette\", which told children that they could place a call to Santa","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"16659185","text":"presence of Premiere Global Services (PGi) as its main tenant. Since PGi moved out in 2011, the building has been at 45% occupancy and its main tenant has been Time Warner Cable's customer service center. The building went into foreclosure in 2012. By April 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the need for a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to be located in a new, underground Combat Operations Center in the Colorado Springs, Colorado area. Building the Combat Operations Center within a granite mountain in the Colorado Springs area was shown","title":"Chidlaw Building"},{"id":"2985872","text":"Canada in the Cold War During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances. It was an ally of the United States, but there were several foreign policy differences between the two countries over the course of the Cold War. Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 1958 and played a leading role in United Nations peacekeeping operations – from the Korean War to the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force during the Suez","title":"Canada in the Cold War"},{"id":"9114065","text":"Claus and included the number \"ME 2-6681\". A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center as one digit was misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \"red telephone\" hotline that connected CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command. Colonel Harry Shoup, who was a Crew Commander on duty, answered the first call and supposedly told his staff to give all children who called in later a \"current location\" for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 1955 appears to be that","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"536272","text":"North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"3020579","text":"Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centered at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado, command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and US governments, and by collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the Bell System of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the US","title":"Distant Early Warning Line"},{"id":"2767142","text":"any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters. In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"3657512","text":"Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program. The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in","title":"Royal Canadian Air Force"},{"id":"3922435","text":"minutes. Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). \"Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,\" says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent. The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"13166988","text":"the text messaging service company, Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) noticed the \"HJK\" code. ARINC officials, worried that the South Korean pilots might be sending a coded message for help, notified North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Taking no chances, NORAD scrambled F-15 jets from Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage to intercept the 747, with Alaska air traffic control (ATC) asking the pilots coded questions. ATC instructed the flight to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply complied","title":"Korean Air Flight 85"},{"id":"8898317","text":"ground-based sensors, air-to-air refuelling tankers and fighter aircraft, controlled by a sophisticated command and control network to deter, detect and defend against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace. The two other Regions consist of the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR). Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle,","title":"Continental NORAD Region"},{"id":"9040273","text":"the House of Commons during the fall session. The deal would likely have passed with the support of the Bloc Québécois. On September 19, the House voted in favor of the deal 172 to 116 in first reading which eliminated its final hurdle until its official realization However, Canada has not fully complied to all conditions of the deal before October 1, 2006, the deadline date for both countries to comply. In 2006, following a debate and vote in the House of Commons, the Harper government renewed the NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command, initially created in 1957) agreement with","title":"Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government"},{"id":"20406406","text":"Station Bagotville, as well as the USAF's Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville were the nearest bases for interceptor aircraft that would respond to anything detected by the Moisie main radar. Following the 1958 partnership between the USAF and RCAF to form the North American Aerospace Defence Command or NORAD, many Pinetree Line radar stations were upgraded for automation and consolidation of intercept data. No. 211 Aircraft Warning Squadron became No. 211 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron in November 1956. In July 1958 RCAF Station Moisie was placed on increased alert due to the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In May 1959, RCAF","title":"CFS Moisie"},{"id":"10989409","text":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international aircraft and Transport Canada handles Canadian requests. Any","title":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"},{"id":"7760721","text":"of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well. At 8:32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by","title":"September 11 attacks"},{"id":"536290","text":"by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aero\"space\" Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"2767083","text":"military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down. Thus by default Canada was the air defence \"front trenches\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"id":"9114067","text":"his release to the press, Oldfield added that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas.\" Over the following years, the legend of how the annual event originated began to change. By 1961, Shoup's version of the story was that he had not been gruff with the child, but instead had identified himself as Santa Claus when he spoke to the child on the phone. Shoup and his family later modified the","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"11537366","text":"9/11 story \"did come from the interrogations.\" For more than two years after the attacks, officials with North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances. Authorities suggested that US air defenses had reacted quickly, that jets had been scrambled in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.. The Commission reported a year later that audiotapes from NORAD's Northeast headquarters and other evidence showed clearly that the","title":"Criticism of the 9/11 Commission"},{"id":"5970985","text":"nursery rhymes and stories. On June 16, 1958, \"Slippery the Seal\" escaped from a pool into the nearby Thames River. Ten days later, amid intense publicity and \"sightings\" of various degrees of reliability, the sea lion turned up 400 km away near Sandusky, Ohio. After several days on display to record-breaking crowds, the Americans returned Slippery. The mayor of London proclaimed \"Slippery Day\" and thousands lined the streets to see Slippery's return. An \"international incident\" staged between Storybook and the Toledo Zoo was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt. The park also includes a carousel, a miniature train","title":"Springbank Park"},{"id":"1186233","text":"brands are now the trademarks of the Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas, though the company has stopped production of these beers.) In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government. The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed","title":"Bellefontaine, Ohio"},{"id":"15544328","text":"Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq. In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required. In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while","title":"123d Fighter Squadron"},{"id":"8920541","text":"95 solo hours. The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City, which had occurred five years and one month earlier. U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol, and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation, but that these were precautionary measures only. The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism. LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash.","title":"2006 New York City plane crash"},{"id":"3158285","text":"Continental Air Command (CONAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) formally separated in 1956. Partridge was relieved of his command of CONAD and Lt. General Joseph H. Atkinson assumed control of ADC. The \"Interceptor\" magazine was produced by the Air Defense Command at the Ent Air Force Base by 1959 and then the Aerospace Defense Command into the mid-1970s. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the base on 12 September 1957. This command is an international organization, taking operational control of Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Air Defense Command","title":"Ent Air Force Base"},{"id":"12417140","text":"ship began a regular cycle of 3- to 4-week at-sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command. Operating with search aircraft, \"Interceptor\" could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States. Patrolling off the coast of Canada she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified \"AGR-8\", radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, \"Interceptor\" for the next 7 years operated with NORAD in forming an important link in the nation's defenses. \"Interceptor\" was struck from","title":"USS Interceptor (AGR-8)"},{"id":"14811760","text":"since 1850. A geomagnetic storm in February 1956 interfered with radio communications and prompted a search for the British submarine \"Acheron\" after it lost radio contact. Intense red aurora displays frightened people in Europe on 11 February 1958 and were visible from many US cities as far south as the 40th parallel. This geomagnetic storm caused a radio blackout over North America. Aurora displays were visible over New York, on 13 November 1960 and 1 October 1961. Solar cycle 19 Solar cycle 19 was the nineteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar","title":"Solar cycle 19"},{"id":"1246041","text":"to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build","title":"McChord Field"},{"id":"1762557","text":"a \"massive\" reservoir for diesel fuel and a \"huge\" battery bank with redundant power generators. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack. In 1957, the","title":"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"},{"id":"10989420","text":"and Special Flight Rules Area to avoid confusion. Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international","title":"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"},{"id":"1762573","text":"2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM. Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM","title":"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"},{"id":"20530526","text":"happened and make sure it never happens again\". In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as \"totally inexcusable\", adding, The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process. Commander David Benham, a spokesman for U.S. Pacific Command, confirmed to media that there was no imminent missile threat to Hawaii. A spokesman for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated that \"NORAD did not see anything that indicated any sort of threat to","title":"2018 Hawaii false missile alert"},{"id":"11428204","text":"Pennsylvania at 10:03 after the passengers onboard revolted. Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was confirmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive flight following, report unusual observances, and aid search and rescue in the event of an emergency. The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September 11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the hijackings of Flights 11, 77, 93, or 175","title":"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"19818772","text":"the DND response to the Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka in 2004 and operations related to Canada's Role in the Afghanistan War. Brett was appointed to the position of NORAD J3 from 2005 to 2008. He was responsible to execute NORAD's missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America on authority of the Commander NORAD (first Admiral Timothy J. Keating and then Gen Gene Renuart. While there, Brett also led a team to transform the command centres of NORAD and United States Northern Command. The new command centre opened in 2008 He also","title":"Brett Cairns"},{"id":"8900342","text":"The Trindade Island's UFO The Trindade Island's UFO refers to an unidentified flying object which was seen and photographed over the Trindade Island on January 16, 1958. The photographs were rumored as being a hoax. In August 2010, a major T.V. show in Brazil aired information stating that the original photographer had made \"hoax\" photographs in the past. At 12:00 p.m. on January 16, 1958, Brazilian ship \"Almirante Saldanha\", taking part in projects of the International Geophysical Year, was preparing to sail away from Ilha de Trindade, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. Among the crew of","title":"The Trindade Island's UFO"},{"id":"114652","text":"D. B. Cooper D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the northwest United States, in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on the afternoon of Wednesday, He extorted $200,000 in ransom () and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or identified. It remains the only unsolved case of air piracy in commercial aviation history. Available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did","title":"D. B. Cooper"},{"id":"18564487","text":"the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the \"nerve center\" for NORAD. The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus. NORAD used to","title":"Cheyenne Mountain"},{"id":"8388629","text":"geometric structure of the channel. Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS \"Saranac\" was one of the rock's first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act. The event was","title":"Seymour Narrows"},{"id":"3342789","text":"North Warning System The North Warning System (NWS) is a joint United States and Canadian early-warning radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region. It replaced the Distant Early Warning Line system in the late 1980s. The NWS consists of both long range AN/FPS-117 and short range AN/FPS-124 surveillance radars, operated and maintained by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Alaska Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska controls the stations in Alaska; the Canada East and Canada","title":"North Warning System"},{"id":"4796696","text":"CL-415 water bomber took place at the airport until production ended in 2015. North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada","title":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"},{"id":"11428234","text":"contract and begin plans to re-open the bidding process. Planning for terrorist use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating from other countries. The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quoting Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: \"We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue, ...\". Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive","title":"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"1464289","text":"Manhattan closed. 9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later. 9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93. 9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan. 9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State,","title":"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"4796693","text":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at","title":"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"},{"id":"1464257","text":"NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner. 8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: \"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'\". New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on. 8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off","title":"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"783871","text":"its cancellation. In June 1957, when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power, the aircraft's prospects began to noticeably change. Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was \"rampant Liberal spending\". Nonetheless, by 1958, the parent company had become Canada's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock, steel and coal, electronics, and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner. In August 1957, the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) Agreement with the","title":"Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow"},{"id":"747490","text":"Defcon status from 4 to 3. The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under UNSC 339. The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after NORAD saw on-screen indications that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched. No attempt was made to use the \"red telephone\" hotline to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the","title":"World War III"},{"id":"4261892","text":"national income (GNI). Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation \"Not to be confused with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, also abbreviated NORAD.\" The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In matters regarding Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad’s functions are laid down in the agency’s terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and","title":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation"},{"id":"3922436","text":"Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot","title":"9/11 conspiracy theories"},{"id":"6036950","text":"Ontario and home ported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. On 7/8 December 1989, two merchant vessels, \"Capitaine Torres\" and \"Johanna B\", sent distress signals during a storm off the coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. \"Sir Wilfred Grenfell\" was dispatched to aid \"Capitaine Torres\" but by the time the ship had arrived, the merchant had sunk and the crew of 18 were lost due to the poor visibility and high seas during the storm. The Coast Guard ship spent the following day searching for survivors, finding only two empty life rafts. In 1993, the Sea Shepherd","title":"CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell"},{"id":"536291","text":"Warning Center's mission \"expanded to include the interior airspace of North America.\" The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced on 28 July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base with Cheyenne Mountain in \"warm standby\" staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado is a setting of the 1983 film \"WarGames\" and the television series \"Jeremiah\" and \"Stargate SG-1\". As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"536277","text":"agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency. The Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"11063170","text":"the 1958 mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia and the absurdist American white supremacist coda to the spectacular rescue of a handful of Canadian men. Nearly a week after the collapse of the deepest coal mine in the world, long after all the missing were presumed dead, two groups of miners—injured and desperately dehydrated—were discovered a vertical mile underground. The worldwide focus on the rescue of the first group—through newspapers, television news reports, and movie theater news-reels—inspired a few highly placed officials in the administration of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, a staunch segregationist, to invite the survivors and their","title":"Melissa Fay Greene"},{"id":"8898315","text":"Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle, an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from further terrorist aggression from inside and outside U.S. borders. CONR is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,and has responsibility over two air defense sectors: the Western Air Defense Sector at McChord Air Force Base, Washington state and the","title":"Continental NORAD Region"},{"id":"536273","text":"general or equivalent. CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"1552760","text":"was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf. On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the \"Canary Wharf bomb\". The towers at Canary Wharf where evacuated as a precaution on September 11, 2001 following the attacks on the World Trade Centre and The Pentagon in the United States. There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at","title":"One Canada Square"},{"id":"9114072","text":"phone calls. In 2015, more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian military personnel volunteered to staff the phone lines. The NORAD Tracks Santa program has always made use of a variety of media. From the 1950s to 1996, these were the telephone hotline, newspapers, radio, phonograph records and television. Many television newscasts in North America feature NORAD Tracks Santa as part of their weather updates on Christmas Eve. From 1997 to the present, the program has had a highly publicized internet presence. As mobile media and social media have become popular and widespread as methods of direct communication, these newer media","title":"NORAD Tracks Santa"},{"id":"19175278","text":"first time, the Japan Air Self Defense Force. According to American and Canadian officials, the exercises were canceled at their initiative. Exercise Vigilant Eagle Exercise Vigilant Eagle is a series of trilateral military exercises involving the armed forces of Canada, Russia, and the United States. The exercise is designed to prepare the Russian Air Force and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to undertake coordinated air intercept missions against hijacked civilian aircraft. Four such exercises have been held. Billed by its Russian, American, and Canadian participants as a first-of-its-kind exercise for the former Cold War adversaries, Vigilant Eagle was","title":"Exercise Vigilant Eagle"},{"id":"3946679","text":"Ames Research Center to build of offices. In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to \"track Santa\" in 3-D for the first time. In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with","title":"Google"},{"id":"17090307","text":"time when the founder's son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, filed a patent for the iconic plastic bricks in 1958. Measuring the success of any advertising effort, including an anniversary celebration, can be difficult. Sometimes an anniversary generates negative publicity, such as the tenth anniversary of the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which was largely seen as a colossal business blunder. A report in \"The Guardian\" suggested that corporate anniversaries do not always lead to \"happy returns\": Corporate anniversary In marketing, a Corporate anniversary is a celebration of a firm's continued existence after a particular number of years. The celebration is","title":"Corporate anniversary"},{"id":"1766158","text":"as a 'Patriot' group, a group that \"advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines\". The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9, 1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch named the new organization after John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and military intelligence officer who was shot and killed by communist forces in China in August 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, and the first American casualty of the Cold War. Jimmy","title":"John Birch Society"},{"id":"7760722","text":"8:53 am. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air","title":"September 11 attacks"},{"id":"3683448","text":"SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \"\"The Talking Atlas\"\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet","title":"SCORE (satellite)"},{"id":"3572723","text":"Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a \"leading role\" in the Socialist Caucus. The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness. The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism. In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch","title":"New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus"},{"id":"3246476","text":"week later than Great Britain, on September 10, 1939. The United States did not enter the war until December 7, 1941. One of the first formal agreements for military cooperation was made in August 1940. Known as the Ogdensburg Agreement, it established the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. Both the United States and Canada are founding members of the United Nations as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They signed the NORAD Agreement in 1957 and created the North American Air Defense Command to defend the continent against attacks from the USSR. In the 1942 \"Quebec Agreement\", the","title":"Canada and weapons of mass destruction"},{"id":"9495225","text":"27th AD directed a hostile intercept of a \"declared unknown\" aircraft (without proper IFF), but the \"interceptor pilot remembered...that opening bomb bay doors was to be considered a hostile act only after declaration of an Air Defense Emergency or Warning Yellow or Red\" (the SAC B-47 was on an Radar Bomb Scoring bomb run near the Los Angeles Bomb Plot.) The 27th AD was designated 1 of 23 NORAD divisions effective 10 June 1958 by NORAD General Order 6. The \"27th Air Division (Rocky Mountain)\" was to transfer to the midwest with command of 2 NORAD sectors (Reno and Denver","title":"27th Air Division"},{"id":"536287","text":"1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to \"test\", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two \"continuity of government\" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"11563652","text":"the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command. On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes","title":"101st Intelligence Squadron"},{"id":"208903","text":"fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by Avro Canada in Malton, Ontario, to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet attack. The interceptor had been under development","title":"John Diefenbaker"},{"id":"1613266","text":"of Prince George, and was closed in 1988. It was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre. On June 25, 1956, at just after 7 o'clock, a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane built in 1943 (Serial Number 8300, bearing Canadian Registration CF-HSC) flown by Frank Samuel Pynn, out of the Prince George Airport, was observed flying in an unsafe manner, it went into a half roll, seemed to fall over on its back and nosed into a deep ravine in the cut-banks on the north","title":"Prince George, British Columbia"},{"id":"11619341","text":"of Operations through vigilant detection, rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces. In 1958, in response to the threat of long-range Soviet bombers, the U.S. and Canada signed a treaty creating the bi-national North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), responsible for both countries’ air defense and air sovereignty. Air Defense Sectors were established soon after, including the New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS) headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Responsibility for air defense of the Northeast changed with various reorganizations. In 1983, the 24th Air Division was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base to","title":"Eastern Air Defense Sector"},{"id":"13247534","text":"the \"Bone Wars,\" beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and","title":"Timeline of United States discoveries"},{"id":"19192218","text":"24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be","title":"Google Santa Tracker"},{"id":"435791","text":"Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that \"NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed\" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23. The \"9/11 Commission Report\" stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked. The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony. A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"963662","text":"the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost, north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (140 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: \"Just watch me.\" Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet under his chairmanship advised the Governor General to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier","title":"October Crisis"},{"id":"7097016","text":"pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission","title":"History of Laos since 1945"},{"id":"379742","text":"during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an \"Air Threat Conference Call\" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control command center, which had the most information about the hijackings, in the call. According to the staff report: Operators worked feverishly to include the FAA in this teleconference, but they had equipment problems and difficulty finding secure phone numbers. NORAD asked three times before","title":"Communication during the September 11 attacks"},{"id":"812020","text":"centre at the base. Manned by American as well as Canadian military personnel, the centre, situated 60 storeys underground to withstand a nuclear strike, monitored Canada's northern, east-central and Atlantic airspace, identifying and tracking all air traffic in this airspace, and responding to airborne emergencies, crime, and suspicious, unknown and potentially hostile aircraft. In 1983 this responsibility was expanded to all of Canada, and in October 2006 the base's NORAD operations (as of 1981, called North American Aerospace Defence Command) moved into a new, state-of-the-art facility above ground where it continues to provide surveillance, identification and tracking of aircraft, and","title":"North Bay, Ontario"},{"id":"3151388","text":"revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity and in evaluating the scientific value of the project. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years, and despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially recognized its involvement in the study. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik","title":"Project A119"},{"id":"19192213","text":"Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they","title":"Google Santa Tracker"},{"id":"17079665","text":"last to be heard. The most reported is \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", though \"Autumn\" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal \"SOS\" was first put to use when the \"Titanic\" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the \"SOS\" signal at the time, preferring the older \"CQD\" code, \"SOS\" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on \"Titanic\", Jack Phillips, sent both \"SOS\" and \"CQD\" as distress calls. The \"Titanic\" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims,","title":"Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic"},{"id":"536283","text":"initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had \"average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions\", including \"cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program\" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950","title":"North American Aerospace Defense Command"},{"id":"8982685","text":"drugs via air into North America and supports international defense and peacekeeping commitments. The Squadron was activated at the air defence radar station at St. Margarets, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1953 with the signing of the Pinetree Agreement. In 1963 it became part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, the North American Air Defence Command's (NORAD's) computerized defence network, and became North Bay's Alternate Command Post and Automated Back-up Interceptor Control Unit, taking over in the event that North Bay—center for (then) the air defence of north, east-central and Atlantic Canada—was destroyed or otherwise put out of action. In 1988","title":"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9439697\",\n \"text\": \"The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \\\"tracked Santa Claus\\\" in their own metropolitan areas through\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6014905\",\n \"text\": \"Gazette-Telegraph\\\" in December 1955 with a misprinted telephone number to call Santa Claus sparked numerous Christmas Eve telephone calls by children on December 24, 1955, to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, asking about Santa Claus, and led to the current NORAD Tracks Santa program. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for feature writing. It was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2014 for national reporting for reporting by David Philipps \\\"... expanding the examination of how wounded combat veterans are mistreated, focusing on loss of benefits for life after discharge by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114070\",\n \"text\": \"an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey. Eventually, NORAD, which was renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981, openly published a hotline number for the general public to call to get updates on Santa Claus's progress. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. Each volunteer handles about forty telephone calls per hour, and the team typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9439696\",\n \"text\": \"such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \\\"Santa hotline\\\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114063\",\n \"text\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \\\"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\\\" in the \\\"New York Sun\\\". On December 24, 1948, the United States Air Force issued a communique claiming that an \\\"early warning radar net to the north\\\" had detected \\\"one unidentified sleigh, powered by\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2998605\",\n \"text\": \"-- Distant Early Warning Line of radars, the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1958. The bi-national operation of total North America Defense. North American Air Defense Modernization program in 1985. To this day, The Ogdensburg Agreement stands paramount in all background military operations between the United States and Canada. The DEW-Line has been dismantled due to Satellite Improvement Technology and now relies on innovation driven by the Internet. Many outposts still physically stand, like in Sudbury Ontario, but have been cut in service and are nothing but dead historical monuments. Ogdensburg Agreement The Ogdensburg Agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Ogdensburg Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114078\",\n \"text\": \"York Air National Guard and the U.S. Naval Reserve Navy Information Bureau (NIB) 1118 at Fort Carson, Colorado, as have the Canadian Armed Forces. Other U.S. federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have helped publicize the service. Former First Lady Michelle Obama has participated in the program each year since 2009, answering phone calls. According to Gerry Bowler, a history professor at the University of Manitoba, the NORAD Tracks Santa program is \\\"one of the few modern additions to the centuries-old Santa Claus story that have stuck.\\\" Bowler\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114079\",\n \"text\": \"stated that the program \\\"takes an essential element of the Santa Claus story—his travels on Christmas Eve—and looks at it through a technological lens,\\\" therefore bringing the Santa Claus mythology into the modern era. NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \\\"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767084\",\n \"text\": \"deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties. The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922434\",\n \"text\": \"making them very difficult to track. On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD. A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979. \\\"They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,\\\" says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536292\",\n \"text\": \"Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas\\\", and a Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the \\\"NORAD Tracks Santa\\\" program. Every year on Christmas Eve, \\\"NORAD Tracks Santa\\\" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114066\",\n \"text\": \"on November 30 a child trying to reach Santa Claus on a hotline number provided in a Sears advertisement misdialed the number and instead reached Shoup at his desk at CONAD. Shoup responded gruffly to the child, and no additional Santa Claus-related calls came in to CONAD. However, when a member of Shoup's staff placed a picture of Santa Claus on a board used to track unidentified aircraft that December, Shoup saw a public relations opportunity for CONAD, and he asked CONAD's public relations officer, Colonel Barney Oldfield, to inform the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh. In\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114069\",\n \"text\": \"informed him that the Associated Press and United Press International were awaiting reports that CONAD again was tracking Santa Claus. Shoup agreed that Oldfield should announce it again, and the annual tradition was born. In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \\\"S. Claus\\\" which it identified as \\\"undoubtedly friendly\\\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12908972\",\n \"text\": \"as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\\\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in the post-war United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7749423\",\n \"text\": \"strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.\",\n \"title\": \"Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114068\",\n \"text\": \"story further, adding that the child had dialed the \\\"red telephone\\\"—an impossibility, because the hotline was connected with the Strategic Air Command by an enclosed cable, and no one could dial into from the outside—rather than the regular phone on Shoup's desk, that it was a misprint in an advertisement that led the child to call him rather than the child misdialing the number, and that a flood of calls had come in from children on Christmas Eve 1955 rather than from just one child on November 30. Shoup did not intend to repeat the stunt in 1956, but Oldfield\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536282\",\n \"text\": \"late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and Canada \\\"agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces.\\\" In late 1958, Canada and the United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767025\",\n \"text\": \"Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12908989\",\n \"text\": \"inquiring about Santa. He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in. Three years later, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued. Mr. Jingeling, the Keeper of the Keys to Santa's Workshop, was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle's Department Store in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers. The costumed character was first played by Max\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in the post-war United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114064\",\n \"text\": \"eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet , heading 180 degrees.\\\" The Associated Press passed this \\\"report\\\" along to the general public. It was the first time that the United States Armed Forces issued a statement about tracking Santa Claus's sleigh on Christmas Eve, although it was a one-time event, not repeated over the next several years. The program originated before the actual formation of NORAD, as an annual event on December 24, 1955. According to legend, a Sears department store placed an advertisement in the Colorado Springs newspaper \\\"The Gazette\\\", which told children that they could place a call to Santa\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16659185\",\n \"text\": \"presence of Premiere Global Services (PGi) as its main tenant. Since PGi moved out in 2011, the building has been at 45% occupancy and its main tenant has been Time Warner Cable's customer service center. The building went into foreclosure in 2012. By April 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the need for a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to be located in a new, underground Combat Operations Center in the Colorado Springs, Colorado area. Building the Combat Operations Center within a granite mountain in the Colorado Springs area was shown\",\n \"title\": \"Chidlaw Building\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2985872\",\n \"text\": \"Canada in the Cold War During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances. It was an ally of the United States, but there were several foreign policy differences between the two countries over the course of the Cold War. Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 1958 and played a leading role in United Nations peacekeeping operations – from the Korean War to the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force during the Suez\",\n \"title\": \"Canada in the Cold War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114065\",\n \"text\": \"Claus and included the number \\\"ME 2-6681\\\". A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center as one digit was misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \\\"red telephone\\\" hotline that connected CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command. Colonel Harry Shoup, who was a Crew Commander on duty, answered the first call and supposedly told his staff to give all children who called in later a \\\"current location\\\" for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 1955 appears to be that\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536272\",\n \"text\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020579\",\n \"text\": \"Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centered at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado, command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and US governments, and by collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the Bell System of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the US\",\n \"title\": \"Distant Early Warning Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767142\",\n \"text\": \"any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters. In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3657512\",\n \"text\": \"Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program. The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Canadian Air Force\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922435\",\n \"text\": \"minutes. Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). \\\"Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,\\\" says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent. The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13166988\",\n \"text\": \"the text messaging service company, Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) noticed the \\\"HJK\\\" code. ARINC officials, worried that the South Korean pilots might be sending a coded message for help, notified North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Taking no chances, NORAD scrambled F-15 jets from Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage to intercept the 747, with Alaska air traffic control (ATC) asking the pilots coded questions. ATC instructed the flight to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply complied\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Air Flight 85\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8898317\",\n \"text\": \"ground-based sensors, air-to-air refuelling tankers and fighter aircraft, controlled by a sophisticated command and control network to deter, detect and defend against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace. The two other Regions consist of the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR). Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle,\",\n \"title\": \"Continental NORAD Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9040273\",\n \"text\": \"the House of Commons during the fall session. The deal would likely have passed with the support of the Bloc Québécois. On September 19, the House voted in favor of the deal 172 to 116 in first reading which eliminated its final hurdle until its official realization However, Canada has not fully complied to all conditions of the deal before October 1, 2006, the deadline date for both countries to comply. In 2006, following a debate and vote in the House of Commons, the Harper government renewed the NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command, initially created in 1957) agreement with\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20406406\",\n \"text\": \"Station Bagotville, as well as the USAF's Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville were the nearest bases for interceptor aircraft that would respond to anything detected by the Moisie main radar. Following the 1958 partnership between the USAF and RCAF to form the North American Aerospace Defence Command or NORAD, many Pinetree Line radar stations were upgraded for automation and consolidation of intercept data. No. 211 Aircraft Warning Squadron became No. 211 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron in November 1956. In July 1958 RCAF Station Moisie was placed on increased alert due to the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In May 1959, RCAF\",\n \"title\": \"CFS Moisie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10989409\",\n \"text\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international aircraft and Transport Canada handles Canadian requests. Any\",\n \"title\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760721\",\n \"text\": \"of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well. At 8:32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by\",\n \"title\": \"September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536290\",\n \"text\": \"by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aero\\\"space\\\" Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767083\",\n \"text\": \"military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down. Thus by default Canada was the air defence \\\"front trenches\\\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the\",\n \"title\": \"CFB North Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114067\",\n \"text\": \"his release to the press, Oldfield added that \\\"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas.\\\" Over the following years, the legend of how the annual event originated began to change. By 1961, Shoup's version of the story was that he had not been gruff with the child, but instead had identified himself as Santa Claus when he spoke to the child on the phone. Shoup and his family later modified the\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11537366\",\n \"text\": \"9/11 story \\\"did come from the interrogations.\\\" For more than two years after the attacks, officials with North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances. Authorities suggested that US air defenses had reacted quickly, that jets had been scrambled in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.. The Commission reported a year later that audiotapes from NORAD's Northeast headquarters and other evidence showed clearly that the\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of the 9/11 Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5970985\",\n \"text\": \"nursery rhymes and stories. On June 16, 1958, \\\"Slippery the Seal\\\" escaped from a pool into the nearby Thames River. Ten days later, amid intense publicity and \\\"sightings\\\" of various degrees of reliability, the sea lion turned up 400 km away near Sandusky, Ohio. After several days on display to record-breaking crowds, the Americans returned Slippery. The mayor of London proclaimed \\\"Slippery Day\\\" and thousands lined the streets to see Slippery's return. An \\\"international incident\\\" staged between Storybook and the Toledo Zoo was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt. The park also includes a carousel, a miniature train\",\n \"title\": \"Springbank Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1186233\",\n \"text\": \"brands are now the trademarks of the Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas, though the company has stopped production of these beers.) In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government. The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed\",\n \"title\": \"Bellefontaine, Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15544328\",\n \"text\": \"Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq. In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required. In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while\",\n \"title\": \"123d Fighter Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8920541\",\n \"text\": \"95 solo hours. The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City, which had occurred five years and one month earlier. U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol, and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation, but that these were precautionary measures only. The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism. LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash.\",\n \"title\": \"2006 New York City plane crash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3158285\",\n \"text\": \"Continental Air Command (CONAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) formally separated in 1956. Partridge was relieved of his command of CONAD and Lt. General Joseph H. Atkinson assumed control of ADC. The \\\"Interceptor\\\" magazine was produced by the Air Defense Command at the Ent Air Force Base by 1959 and then the Aerospace Defense Command into the mid-1970s. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the base on 12 September 1957. This command is an international organization, taking operational control of Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Air Defense Command\",\n \"title\": \"Ent Air Force Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12417140\",\n \"text\": \"ship began a regular cycle of 3- to 4-week at-sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command. Operating with search aircraft, \\\"Interceptor\\\" could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States. Patrolling off the coast of Canada she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified \\\"AGR-8\\\", radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, \\\"Interceptor\\\" for the next 7 years operated with NORAD in forming an important link in the nation's defenses. \\\"Interceptor\\\" was struck from\",\n \"title\": \"USS Interceptor (AGR-8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14811760\",\n \"text\": \"since 1850. A geomagnetic storm in February 1956 interfered with radio communications and prompted a search for the British submarine \\\"Acheron\\\" after it lost radio contact. Intense red aurora displays frightened people in Europe on 11 February 1958 and were visible from many US cities as far south as the 40th parallel. This geomagnetic storm caused a radio blackout over North America. Aurora displays were visible over New York, on 13 November 1960 and 1 October 1961. Solar cycle 19 Solar cycle 19 was the nineteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar\",\n \"title\": \"Solar cycle 19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1246041\",\n \"text\": \"to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build\",\n \"title\": \"McChord Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1762557\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"massive\\\" reservoir for diesel fuel and a \\\"huge\\\" battery bank with redundant power generators. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack. In 1957, the\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10989420\",\n \"text\": \"and Special Flight Rules Area to avoid confusion. Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international\",\n \"title\": \"Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1762573\",\n \"text\": \"2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM. Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20530526\",\n \"text\": \"happened and make sure it never happens again\\\". In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as \\\"totally inexcusable\\\", adding, The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process. Commander David Benham, a spokesman for U.S. Pacific Command, confirmed to media that there was no imminent missile threat to Hawaii. A spokesman for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated that \\\"NORAD did not see anything that indicated any sort of threat to\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Hawaii false missile alert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11428204\",\n \"text\": \"Pennsylvania at 10:03 after the passengers onboard revolted. Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was confirmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive flight following, report unusual observances, and aid search and rescue in the event of an emergency. The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September 11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the hijackings of Flights 11, 77, 93, or 175\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19818772\",\n \"text\": \"the DND response to the Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka in 2004 and operations related to Canada's Role in the Afghanistan War. Brett was appointed to the position of NORAD J3 from 2005 to 2008. He was responsible to execute NORAD's missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America on authority of the Commander NORAD (first Admiral Timothy J. Keating and then Gen Gene Renuart. While there, Brett also led a team to transform the command centres of NORAD and United States Northern Command. The new command centre opened in 2008 He also\",\n \"title\": \"Brett Cairns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8900342\",\n \"text\": \"The Trindade Island's UFO The Trindade Island's UFO refers to an unidentified flying object which was seen and photographed over the Trindade Island on January 16, 1958. The photographs were rumored as being a hoax. In August 2010, a major T.V. show in Brazil aired information stating that the original photographer had made \\\"hoax\\\" photographs in the past. At 12:00 p.m. on January 16, 1958, Brazilian ship \\\"Almirante Saldanha\\\", taking part in projects of the International Geophysical Year, was preparing to sail away from Ilha de Trindade, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. Among the crew of\",\n \"title\": \"The Trindade Island's UFO\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114652\",\n \"text\": \"D. B. Cooper D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the northwest United States, in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on the afternoon of Wednesday, He extorted $200,000 in ransom () and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or identified. It remains the only unsolved case of air piracy in commercial aviation history. Available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did\",\n \"title\": \"D. B. Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18564487\",\n \"text\": \"the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the \\\"nerve center\\\" for NORAD. The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus. NORAD used to\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8388629\",\n \"text\": \"geometric structure of the channel. Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS \\\"Saranac\\\" was one of the rock's first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act. The event was\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Narrows\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3342789\",\n \"text\": \"North Warning System The North Warning System (NWS) is a joint United States and Canadian early-warning radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region. It replaced the Distant Early Warning Line system in the late 1980s. The NWS consists of both long range AN/FPS-117 and short range AN/FPS-124 surveillance radars, operated and maintained by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Alaska Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska controls the stations in Alaska; the Canada East and Canada\",\n \"title\": \"North Warning System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4796696\",\n \"text\": \"CL-415 water bomber took place at the airport until production ended in 2015. North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11428234\",\n \"text\": \"contract and begin plans to re-open the bidding process. Planning for terrorist use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating from other countries. The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quoting Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: \\\"We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue, ...\\\". Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1464289\",\n \"text\": \"Manhattan closed. 9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later. 9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93. 9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan. 9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State,\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4796693\",\n \"text\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay/Jack Garland Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1464257\",\n \"text\": \"NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner. 8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: \\\"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'\\\". New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on. 8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"783871\",\n \"text\": \"its cancellation. In June 1957, when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power, the aircraft's prospects began to noticeably change. Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was \\\"rampant Liberal spending\\\". Nonetheless, by 1958, the parent company had become Canada's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock, steel and coal, electronics, and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner. In August 1957, the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) Agreement with the\",\n \"title\": \"Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"747490\",\n \"text\": \"Defcon status from 4 to 3. The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under UNSC 339. The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after NORAD saw on-screen indications that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched. No attempt was made to use the \\\"red telephone\\\" hotline to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the\",\n \"title\": \"World War III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4261892\",\n \"text\": \"national income (GNI). Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation \\\"Not to be confused with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, also abbreviated NORAD.\\\" The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In matters regarding Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad’s functions are laid down in the agency’s terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and\",\n \"title\": \"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3922436\",\n \"text\": \"Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot\",\n \"title\": \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6036950\",\n \"text\": \"Ontario and home ported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. On 7/8 December 1989, two merchant vessels, \\\"Capitaine Torres\\\" and \\\"Johanna B\\\", sent distress signals during a storm off the coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. \\\"Sir Wilfred Grenfell\\\" was dispatched to aid \\\"Capitaine Torres\\\" but by the time the ship had arrived, the merchant had sunk and the crew of 18 were lost due to the poor visibility and high seas during the storm. The Coast Guard ship spent the following day searching for survivors, finding only two empty life rafts. In 1993, the Sea Shepherd\",\n \"title\": \"CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536291\",\n \"text\": \"Warning Center's mission \\\"expanded to include the interior airspace of North America.\\\" The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced on 28 July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base with Cheyenne Mountain in \\\"warm standby\\\" staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado is a setting of the 1983 film \\\"WarGames\\\" and the television series \\\"Jeremiah\\\" and \\\"Stargate SG-1\\\". As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that \\\"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536277\",\n \"text\": \"agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency. The Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11063170\",\n \"text\": \"the 1958 mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia and the absurdist American white supremacist coda to the spectacular rescue of a handful of Canadian men. Nearly a week after the collapse of the deepest coal mine in the world, long after all the missing were presumed dead, two groups of miners—injured and desperately dehydrated—were discovered a vertical mile underground. The worldwide focus on the rescue of the first group—through newspapers, television news reports, and movie theater news-reels—inspired a few highly placed officials in the administration of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, a staunch segregationist, to invite the survivors and their\",\n \"title\": \"Melissa Fay Greene\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8898315\",\n \"text\": \"Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle, an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from further terrorist aggression from inside and outside U.S. borders. CONR is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,and has responsibility over two air defense sectors: the Western Air Defense Sector at McChord Air Force Base, Washington state and the\",\n \"title\": \"Continental NORAD Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536273\",\n \"text\": \"general or equivalent. CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1552760\",\n \"text\": \"was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf. On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the \\\"Canary Wharf bomb\\\". The towers at Canary Wharf where evacuated as a precaution on September 11, 2001 following the attacks on the World Trade Centre and The Pentagon in the United States. There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at\",\n \"title\": \"One Canada Square\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114072\",\n \"text\": \"phone calls. In 2015, more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian military personnel volunteered to staff the phone lines. The NORAD Tracks Santa program has always made use of a variety of media. From the 1950s to 1996, these were the telephone hotline, newspapers, radio, phonograph records and television. Many television newscasts in North America feature NORAD Tracks Santa as part of their weather updates on Christmas Eve. From 1997 to the present, the program has had a highly publicized internet presence. As mobile media and social media have become popular and widespread as methods of direct communication, these newer media\",\n \"title\": \"NORAD Tracks Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19175278\",\n \"text\": \"first time, the Japan Air Self Defense Force. According to American and Canadian officials, the exercises were canceled at their initiative. Exercise Vigilant Eagle Exercise Vigilant Eagle is a series of trilateral military exercises involving the armed forces of Canada, Russia, and the United States. The exercise is designed to prepare the Russian Air Force and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to undertake coordinated air intercept missions against hijacked civilian aircraft. Four such exercises have been held. Billed by its Russian, American, and Canadian participants as a first-of-its-kind exercise for the former Cold War adversaries, Vigilant Eagle was\",\n \"title\": \"Exercise Vigilant Eagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3946679\",\n \"text\": \"Ames Research Center to build of offices. In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to \\\"track Santa\\\" in 3-D for the first time. In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with\",\n \"title\": \"Google\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17090307\",\n \"text\": \"time when the founder's son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, filed a patent for the iconic plastic bricks in 1958. Measuring the success of any advertising effort, including an anniversary celebration, can be difficult. Sometimes an anniversary generates negative publicity, such as the tenth anniversary of the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which was largely seen as a colossal business blunder. A report in \\\"The Guardian\\\" suggested that corporate anniversaries do not always lead to \\\"happy returns\\\": Corporate anniversary In marketing, a Corporate anniversary is a celebration of a firm's continued existence after a particular number of years. The celebration is\",\n \"title\": \"Corporate anniversary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1766158\",\n \"text\": \"as a 'Patriot' group, a group that \\\"advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines\\\". The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9, 1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch named the new organization after John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and military intelligence officer who was shot and killed by communist forces in China in August 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, and the first American casualty of the Cold War. Jimmy\",\n \"title\": \"John Birch Society\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760722\",\n \"text\": \"8:53 am. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air\",\n \"title\": \"September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3683448\",\n \"text\": \"SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \\\"\\\"The Talking Atlas\\\"\\\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"SCORE (satellite)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572723\",\n \"text\": \"Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a \\\"leading role\\\" in the Socialist Caucus. The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness. The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism. In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch\",\n \"title\": \"New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3246476\",\n \"text\": \"week later than Great Britain, on September 10, 1939. The United States did not enter the war until December 7, 1941. One of the first formal agreements for military cooperation was made in August 1940. Known as the Ogdensburg Agreement, it established the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. Both the United States and Canada are founding members of the United Nations as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They signed the NORAD Agreement in 1957 and created the North American Air Defense Command to defend the continent against attacks from the USSR. In the 1942 \\\"Quebec Agreement\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Canada and weapons of mass destruction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9495225\",\n \"text\": \"27th AD directed a hostile intercept of a \\\"declared unknown\\\" aircraft (without proper IFF), but the \\\"interceptor pilot remembered...that opening bomb bay doors was to be considered a hostile act only after declaration of an Air Defense Emergency or Warning Yellow or Red\\\" (the SAC B-47 was on an Radar Bomb Scoring bomb run near the Los Angeles Bomb Plot.) The 27th AD was designated 1 of 23 NORAD divisions effective 10 June 1958 by NORAD General Order 6. The \\\"27th Air Division (Rocky Mountain)\\\" was to transfer to the midwest with command of 2 NORAD sectors (Reno and Denver\",\n \"title\": \"27th Air Division\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536287\",\n \"text\": \"1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to \\\"test\\\", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two \\\"continuity of government\\\" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11563652\",\n \"text\": \"the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command. On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes\",\n \"title\": \"101st Intelligence Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208903\",\n \"text\": \"fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by Avro Canada in Malton, Ontario, to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet attack. The interceptor had been under development\",\n \"title\": \"John Diefenbaker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1613266\",\n \"text\": \"of Prince George, and was closed in 1988. It was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre. On June 25, 1956, at just after 7 o'clock, a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane built in 1943 (Serial Number 8300, bearing Canadian Registration CF-HSC) flown by Frank Samuel Pynn, out of the Prince George Airport, was observed flying in an unsafe manner, it went into a half roll, seemed to fall over on its back and nosed into a deep ravine in the cut-banks on the north\",\n \"title\": \"Prince George, British Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619341\",\n \"text\": \"of Operations through vigilant detection, rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces. In 1958, in response to the threat of long-range Soviet bombers, the U.S. and Canada signed a treaty creating the bi-national North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), responsible for both countries’ air defense and air sovereignty. Air Defense Sectors were established soon after, including the New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS) headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Responsibility for air defense of the Northeast changed with various reorganizations. In 1983, the 24th Air Division was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base to\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Air Defense Sector\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13247534\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Bone Wars,\\\" beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States discoveries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19192218\",\n \"text\": \"24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \\\"felt like it could be\",\n \"title\": \"Google Santa Tracker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435791\",\n \"text\": \"Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that \\\"NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed\\\" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23. The \\\"9/11 Commission Report\\\" stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked. The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony. A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"963662\",\n \"text\": \"the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost, north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (140 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: \\\"Just watch me.\\\" Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet under his chairmanship advised the Governor General to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier\",\n \"title\": \"October Crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7097016\",\n \"text\": \"pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission\",\n \"title\": \"History of Laos since 1945\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"379742\",\n \"text\": \"during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an \\\"Air Threat Conference Call\\\" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control command center, which had the most information about the hijackings, in the call. According to the staff report: Operators worked feverishly to include the FAA in this teleconference, but they had equipment problems and difficulty finding secure phone numbers. NORAD asked three times before\",\n \"title\": \"Communication during the September 11 attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"812020\",\n \"text\": \"centre at the base. Manned by American as well as Canadian military personnel, the centre, situated 60 storeys underground to withstand a nuclear strike, monitored Canada's northern, east-central and Atlantic airspace, identifying and tracking all air traffic in this airspace, and responding to airborne emergencies, crime, and suspicious, unknown and potentially hostile aircraft. In 1983 this responsibility was expanded to all of Canada, and in October 2006 the base's NORAD operations (as of 1981, called North American Aerospace Defence Command) moved into a new, state-of-the-art facility above ground where it continues to provide surveillance, identification and tracking of aircraft, and\",\n \"title\": \"North Bay, Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3151388\",\n \"text\": \"revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity and in evaluating the scientific value of the project. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years, and despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially recognized its involvement in the study. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik\",\n \"title\": \"Project A119\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19192213\",\n \"text\": \"Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \\\"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\\\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they\",\n \"title\": \"Google Santa Tracker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17079665\",\n \"text\": \"last to be heard. The most reported is \\\"Nearer, My God, to Thee\\\", though \\\"Autumn\\\" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal \\\"SOS\\\" was first put to use when the \\\"Titanic\\\" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the \\\"SOS\\\" signal at the time, preferring the older \\\"CQD\\\" code, \\\"SOS\\\" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on \\\"Titanic\\\", Jack Phillips, sent both \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"CQD\\\" as distress calls. The \\\"Titanic\\\" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims,\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536283\",\n \"text\": \"initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had \\\"average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions\\\", including \\\"cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program\\\" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950\",\n \"title\": \"North American Aerospace Defense Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8982685\",\n \"text\": \"drugs via air into North America and supports international defense and peacekeeping commitments. The Squadron was activated at the air defence radar station at St. Margarets, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1953 with the signing of the Pinetree Agreement. In 1963 it became part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, the North American Air Defence Command's (NORAD's) computerized defence network, and became North Bay's Alternate Command Post and Automated Back-up Interceptor Control Unit, taking over in the event that North Bay—center for (then) the air defence of north, east-central and Atlantic Canada—was destroyed or otherwise put out of action. In 1988\",\n \"title\": \"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Santa Claus context: The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \\\"tracked Santa Claus\\\" in their own metropolitan areas through\\n\\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 199,\n \"origin_tokens\": 199,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Santa Cla context: such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \\\"Santa hotline\\\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.\\n\\ntitle: NOR Tracks Santa context Cla and number \\\"ME 2-6681 A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center one digit misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \\\"red telephone hotline CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command Colonel Harry Shoup, who was arew Commander on duty answered the first call and supposedly told staff give all children who called in later acurrent location for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 195 appears to be that\\n\\ntitleburg Ag Distant Line radars, the the Aerospace DefNOR) in 19. The bi-n of Northense. North American Airense Modern in195. day, The Ogdensburgreement operations between States and. TheWLine has beenmant due toelliteprovement on Internet Many out still physically stand, like in Ontario, cut in nothing but dead monuments Ogdensburg Agre Ogdens Agreement\\n\\n:: 11ile Warning Centered by. Over the years the the,.). Under Mountainers NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM\\n\\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 498,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14229,\n \"ratio\": \"28.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78777,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78777,"string":"78,777"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"For a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan."},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan"],"string":"[\n \"Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"346814","text":", the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the","title":"Geography of Russia"},{"id":"4515200","text":"the Estonian Santa Claus (\"Jõuluvana\" or \"Old man of Christmas\"), the Finnish Santa Claus (\"Joulupukki\" or \"Yule Goat\"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures. Some people also say, that Ded Moroz is Santa Claus's grandfather. The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany. In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"459550","text":"well as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,","title":"Winter Olympic Games"},{"id":"341334","text":"and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval","title":"Russia"},{"id":"4325200","text":"all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest. Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on. After the dinner comes the time for gifts. Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree, with name stickers. An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the \"fight\" between Christmas beings. During communism, when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence, communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional \"Ded Moroz\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") in the place of Little Jesus won. Now Santa Claus is attacking, by means of advertising and Hollywood film production. Many people, Christians","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"17540413","text":"Kazakh and Kyrgyz name. Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper,","title":"Ayaz Ata"},{"id":"9927213","text":"Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation--including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country. Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development found in 2001 that only three tropical economies","title":"Geography and wealth"},{"id":"13678861","text":"Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole contains the world’s highest mountains, including all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters (5 miles), is the source of 10 major rivers, and forms a formidable global ecological buffer.","title":"Third Pole"},{"id":"6525530","text":"used in parallel. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the ethnic divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time and most ethnic Uyghurs following Ürümqi Time. Some local authorities are now using both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature. The coexistence of two timezones within","title":"Time in China"},{"id":"19885956","text":"of the database. Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for","title":"Xinjiang Time"},{"id":"13678865","text":"knowledge of this situation, and its potential implications, outside the immediate vicinity; a special effort is needed to raise awareness of the fragility of the mountain social-ecological system. Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole","title":"Third Pole"},{"id":"5633666","text":"outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a \"Father Christmas\" type character with only traces of the original \"Nisse\" and in some respects indistinguishable from \"Santa\". In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their Julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart – Father Frost in 2011. In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to Julemanden: \"Rensdyrvej\" translates as \"Reindeer Way\", while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December. Julemanden Julemanden can be directly","title":"Julemanden"},{"id":"437404","text":"Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"19885951","text":"Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for civil purposes, while","title":"Xinjiang Time"},{"id":"152463","text":"such as the Council of Europe, and is seeking membership in NATO and accession to the European Union. Georgia is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, London, Toronto (Canada), Omaha (USA), Eureka (USA), Odate (Japan), Shenyang (China) and Tirana. Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which","title":"Geography of Georgia (country)"},{"id":"1458032","text":"China. Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing","title":"Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"437489","text":"Chess Champion in 2004. Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include basketball, judo, team handball, baseball, taekwondo, and futsal. General information Media Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast;","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"4118094","text":"of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,","title":"Geography of Europe"},{"id":"14626685","text":"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the","title":"Visa policy of Turkey"},{"id":"222264","text":"devoted to the problem of the Aral Sea alone), but few practical programs have gone into operation. In 1994 the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to give Kazakhstan $62 million to help the country overcome ecological problems. Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia","title":"Geography of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"4515192","text":"Ded Moroz Ded Moroz (, \"Ded Moroz\" ; , \"Dzyed Maróz\"; , \"Did Moróz\"; Russian diminutive , \"Dédushka Moróz\"; / \"Deda Mraz\"; also Morozko () is a fictional character similar to that of Father Christmas and Santa Claus and has its roots in Slavic paganism mythology. The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in East Slavic countries and is an important part of Russian culture. The literal translation is \"Grandfather Frost\", but depending on the language it can also be translated as \"Old Man Frost\". Ded Moroz is depicted as bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"363747","text":"had spanned eleven time zones and incorporated a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, the Soviet Union shared land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shared its maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the US state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. With an area of , the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the third most populous, with over 288 million people as of","title":"Soviet Union"},{"id":"5407754","text":"those who are citizens or official residents from countries outside the European Union or outside one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport/identity card. Proof of residency can be established through government issued residency documents. Eurail Passes come in 4 types of traveler categories The Eurail Global Pass is valid in all 28 participating countries, as of 2018: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,","title":"Eurail"},{"id":"87378","text":"Terror. Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().","title":"Central Asia"},{"id":"17442552","text":"Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high","title":"Arctic Circle"},{"id":"437412","text":"northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"87310","text":"Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan (). Afghanistan","title":"Central Asia"},{"id":"13126676","text":"and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein also observe Central European Time. Moldova, Transnistria, Kaliningrad Oblast (Kaliningrad Time), Ukraine (apart from Crimea) and Northern Cyprus observe the Eastern European Time. Belarus, Russia (western part, including Crimea) and Turkey use Further-eastern European Time. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh use time. Kazakhstan use . London and others: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and","title":"Time in Europe"},{"id":"222251","text":"Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east. There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range,","title":"Geography of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"222365","text":"for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan. Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time. On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017. The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K.","title":"Foreign relations of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"13231427","text":"Mongolia; and the islanders in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa and Kiribati. Europe: every country except Albania, Croatia and the Ukraine Middle East: Israel and Egypt West Asia: Turkey, Georgia, Iran and the Yemen Central Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan (the Karakoram Highway), Nepal Everest Base Camp, India, Kashmir and Ladakh South-east Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Burma East Asia: southwest and northwest China (the Silk Road) and Japan North America: the United States and Canada Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Cuba South America: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia West Africa: Mali North","title":"Patrick Richardson"},{"id":"72453","text":"interpreted liberally from the beginning, when Turkey was admitted, to include transcontinental states (such as Georgia and Azerbaijan) and states that are geographically Asian but socio-politically European (such as Armenia and Cyprus). Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exceptions of Belarus (human rights concerns), Kazakhstan (human rights concerns), and the Vatican City (a theocracy), as well as some of the territories with limited recognition. Besides the status as a full member, the Council of Europe has established other instruments for cooperation and participation of non-member states: observer, applicant, special guest, and partner for","title":"Council of Europe"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"2786428","text":"morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine and Artois). The tradition is also celebrated in territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Curaçao and Suriname. Sinterklaas is the primary source of the popular Christmas icon of Santa Claus. \"Sinterklaas\" is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes","title":"Sinterklaas"},{"id":"13862385","text":"south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).","title":"Meet the Stans"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"17540410","text":"Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper, sometimes with influence of","title":"Ayaz Ata"},{"id":"254658","text":"point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to","title":"Mongolia"},{"id":"434295","text":"Geography of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers (approximately the size of Spain or California), Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers from west to east and 930 kilometers from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. As","title":"Geography of Uzbekistan"},{"id":"1408682","text":"new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round. Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent reconstruction. Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The town of Kosava, near which Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church. From 1st of January 2018 residents","title":"Brest, Belarus"},{"id":"3165237","text":"Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (Non-Resident), Yemen. Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,","title":"Apostolic Nunciature"},{"id":"3266899","text":"rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline. A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching population declines in the 2020-25 period include Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of","title":"Population decline"},{"id":"293264","text":"Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC. All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to","title":"New Year"},{"id":"12887552","text":"EAAF, mostly within a single country, the Russian Federation, though sixteen of the 30 countries encompassed by the CAF are located in the AEWA area. They are: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China People's Republic of, Georgia, Iran Republic of, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom Chagos Islands and Uzbekistan. The remaining countries in the Central Asian Flyway are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened","title":"Central Asian Flyway"},{"id":"10893268","text":"Tolerance\" with its symbolism of love, peace and friendship - has been presented on all five continents in over 30 metropolises of this world - always in the very heart of the cities. The bears have been displayed at the following Stations since the beginning of the tour in 2002: Berlin (Germany), Kitzbuehel (Austria), Hong Kong, Istanbul (Turkey), Tokyo (Japon), Seoul (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vienna (Austria), Cairo (Egypt), Jerusalem (Israel), Warsaw (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), Pyongyang (North Korea), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo (Uruguay), Astana (Kazakhstan), Helsinki (Finland), Sofia (Bulgaria), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), New Delhi (India), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Paris (France),","title":"Klaus and Eva Herlitz"},{"id":"222101","text":"generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"14587059","text":"reunion in Ithaca, as he re-imagines the ancient journey of Odysseus, visiting tiny hamlets with names like Troy (Oregon), Sparta (Wisconsin), Iliad (Montana), Calypso (Montana) and Apollo (Pennsylvania). Upon its publication in June 2010, \"Turn Left at the Trojan Horse\" was selected to the Indie Next \"Great Reads\" list, as chosen by independent booksellers, and subsequently made the Indie Travel Literature Bestseller list. \"This is how a quest should be done...\" wrote a reviewer in the Los Angeles Times. He also recounts his journey in an interview on Minnesota Public Radio's \"All Things Considered.\" Herzog’s first published book for adults","title":"Brad Herzog"},{"id":"222102","text":"of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic. It shares borders of with Russia, with Uzbekistan, with China, with Kyrgyzstan, and with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau, and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N, and longitudes 46° and 88° E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"4515203","text":"New Year celebrations, however \"Qar Qızı\" is rarely present at the festivities. Ded Moroz is \"Dzied Maroz\" () in Belarusian language. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character, but was a replacement of the local Śviaty Mikałaj – whom soviet authorities disapproved for its christian origins. The official residence of \"Dzied Maroz\" in Belarus is declared to be in Bialowieza Forest. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (\"Dyado Koleda\", Grandfather Koleda), with \"Dyado Mraz\" (Дядо Мраз, \"Grandfather Frost\") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"4740664","text":"expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration. The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic","title":"Post-Soviet states"},{"id":"13862384","text":"Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan). Travelling from the far north-west of Kazakhstan by the Russian border, he visits a former Soviet weapons lab, goes east to the Chinese border,","title":"Meet the Stans"},{"id":"6553756","text":"old company for the last 12 years and business takes priority over family. Scott also learns that Laura and Neil divorced and Carol moved away years ago. Scott goes to find Lucy and Neil, who are vacationing at the North Pole, which Frost has turned into a tourist resort. Christmas is now \"Frostmas\", the elves are miserable, and the reindeer are confined to a petting zoo. When Scott finds Lucy and Neil, Neil states that Charlie didn't want him to be his father, causing the divorce between him and Laura. Scott confronts Frost and tricks him into recording his voice","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"2022350","text":"one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following \"single\" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on","title":"Landlocked country"},{"id":"5020487","text":"from both the left and the right. He has compiled the list of \"The World’s 10 Worst Dictators\" for \"Parade\" magazine for the last several years. In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: \"Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators\". These men are: Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Kim Jong-il (North Korea), Than Shwe (Burma), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Hu Jintao (China), King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia), Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenistan), Seyed Ali Khamanei (Iran), Teodoro Obiang Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), King Mswati III (Swaziland), Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan), Aleksandr Lukashenko (Belarus), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Isaias Afwerki (Eritrea), Bashar al-Assad","title":"David Wallechinsky"},{"id":"437411","text":"electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy sector, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. Uzbekistan has an area of . It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area and the 2nd largest by population. Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches from west to east and from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and","title":"Uzbekistan"},{"id":"222913","text":"pits in hazardous locations. Water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. \"Illegal hunting\" of very rare species such as the snow leopard and the Marco Polo sheep. Environment - international agreements:
\"party to:\" Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
\"signed, but not ratified:\" none of the selected agreements In response to the internationally recognized environmental crisis of the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea, the five states sharing the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,","title":"Geography of Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"17562198","text":"zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-\"Iron Curtain\") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with","title":"Border barrier"},{"id":"222250","text":"sites and tunnels were closed by 1995. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama met with Nazarbayev at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. and discussed intensifying their strategic relationship and bilateral cooperation to increase nuclear safety, regional stability, and economic prosperity. History of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical \"crossroads\" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct \"Pithecanthropus\" and \"Sinanthropus\" one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. Neanderthals were present from","title":"History of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"14850105","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Moldova. Moldova, officially the \"Republic of Moldova\" is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the devolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Nistru has been under the \"de facto\" control of the breakaway government of","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova"},{"id":"14418701","text":"Arabia. As of 2015, at least fourteen member states of the European Union maintain criminal blasphemy or religious insult laws. These are Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France (Alsace-Moselle region only, long unenforced, and officially repealed in January 2017 ), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland only). Turkey also has similar laws. In 2009 six US states still had anti-blasphemy laws on their books: Massachusetts, Michigan, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, but law professor Sarah Barringer Gordon states that they are \"rarely enforced.\" Blasphemy Day Blasphemy Day, also known as International","title":"Blasphemy Day"},{"id":"16706315","text":"and calculated to be near the Manor house of Estate of Safyanov in Saldam (modern Tuva, Russia) at . There is a monument commemorating that fact in the estate garden. Geographical Center of Asian Continent () is the name of a monument indicating the supposed geographical center of the Asian continent. It is located about 20 km south-west of Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. The measurement on which it is based dates to 1992. It was based on calculating the geographical center of 49 Asian countries (including the island states of Cyprus and Japan, and counting Palestine and Sikkim","title":"Geographical midpoint of Asia"},{"id":"2388828","text":"the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \"PyeongChang\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies","title":"Pyeongchang County"},{"id":"1394419","text":"many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate","title":"Tourism in Russia"},{"id":"13613727","text":"mixture of Arabic Caliphate and Persia. Other lands with real-life analogies include Cathay (China), Ind (India), Naggaroth (northern North America), Ulthuan (Atlantis), Lustria (Mesoamerica), Norsca (Scandinavia) and the island of Albion (British Isles); however, very little official information has been released for these locales. While the setting of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay shares traits, such as the existence of elves and goblins, with other popular fantasy settings, it is technologically set slightly later than classic fantasy – close to the early Renaissance era in terms of technology and society. Firearms are readily available, though expensive and unreliable, and a growing mercantile","title":"Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay"},{"id":"222079","text":"Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"id":"77651","text":"Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and Macau), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Sahrawi Republic, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,","title":"Christmas"},{"id":"4674767","text":"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland","title":"Interrail"},{"id":"6532938","text":"Kanas Lake Kanas Lake (, , Қанас Көли, Xiao'erjing: كَانَاسِ خٗ) is a lake in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The lake is located in a valley in the Altai Mountains, near the very northern tip of Xinjiang, and the province's borders with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The lake was formed around 200,000 years ago during the Quaternary period as a result of glacier movement. The crescent moon shaped lake has an estimated water storage capacity of 53.8 billion cubic meters, coupled with an average depth of around 120 meters. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with","title":"Kanas Lake"},{"id":"1457951","text":"Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, which has helped preserve its ancient culture, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of","title":"Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"7393793","text":"can be booked through Internet. A few trains can transport passengers out of China to places such as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Moscow in Russia, Almaty in Kazakhstan, P'yŏngyang in North Korea, Hanoi in Vietnam and so on. Tickets can only be bought through travel agents near the departure station. Passenger rail transport in China Passenger rail transport is one of the principal means of transport in the People's Republic of China, with rail passenger traffic exceeding 1.86 billion railway trips in 2011. It is operated by the China Railway Corporation(CR). The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel","title":"Passenger rail transport in China"},{"id":"346813","text":"Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about , to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain. Extending for","title":"Geography of Russia"},{"id":"2649602","text":"the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru. The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau,","title":"Antipodes"},{"id":"432520","text":"winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate \"two\" sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use (120°E), so solar \"noon\" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet. Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries,","title":"Time zone"},{"id":"415556","text":"is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (), the Sea of Marmara (), and the Dardanelles (); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of , is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country. Land boundaries: \"border countries:\" Greece , Bulgaria , Georgia , Armenia , Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) , Iran , Iraq , Syria . Coastline: \"Maritime claims:\" \"exclusive economic zone:\" in the Black Sea only: to","title":"Geography of Turkey"},{"id":"18924735","text":"occurred during this era of easing geo-political tensions as well. To date, 15 visits have been made to Russia (which is partially in Eastern Europe as well as the only country in Northern Asia), 14 to Poland, five to the Czech Republic, five to Romania, four to Hungary, four to Ukraine, two to Bulgaria, one to Belarus, and one to Slovakia. Additionally, six visits were made to the Soviet Union prior to its collapse. One visit was also made to Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution. Moldova is the only Eastern European country which has not been visited by a sitting","title":"United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia"},{"id":"12217178","text":"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. The last President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were part of the Soviet Union before its official dissolution in 1991. At the start of the 21st century, 96% of the international border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan had been determined. In 2001, after mutual agreements, the border line in only three disputed areas (Bagys, Arnasai and Nsan) remained undrawn. By September 2002, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had fully resolved the course of their 2,440 km-long shared","title":"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations"},{"id":"434296","text":"the Caspian Sea is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two \"doubly landlocked\" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is Liechtenstein. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast","title":"Geography of Uzbekistan"},{"id":"19479030","text":"World Nomad Games World Nomad Games () are an international sport competition dedicated to ethnic sports practiced in Central Asia. The countries taking part in those games are the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia (especially Sakha, Buryatia, Altay, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan republics, etc.) as well as other countries like Mongolia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Philippines and the United States. The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan; however, Turkey has been announced as the host of the fourth games. The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition","title":"World Nomad Games"},{"id":"13510595","text":"has delivered medical relief in over 120 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bali, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Union of Myanmar, Nagorno Karabakh Republic,","title":"Project C.U.R.E."},{"id":"4515202","text":"of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Eastern bloc and in the former Yugoslavia. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions. In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as \"Şaxta Baba\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") and his companion Snegurochka is known as \"Qar Qızı\" (\"Snow Girl\"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. \"Şaxta Baba\" brings gifts to children at","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"14437981","text":"in 2005 these firms were shut down by the government. Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan. The Republic of Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"10041836","text":"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published","title":"Every Inch a King"},{"id":"13620949","text":"issued by can obtain a visa on arrival provided holding a pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kazakhstan are able to visit the border districts of Issyk-Kul, Talas and Chui regions of Kyrgyzstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. From 1 September 2017 citizens of all countries and","title":"Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"543929","text":"3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced \"de facto\" and in some cases","title":"Violence against LGBT people"},{"id":"9669317","text":"Azerbaijan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Croatia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Japan, Lithuania, Maldives, Moldavia, Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Chad, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Grenada, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Paraguay, Portugal, Samoa, Sweden, and Uruguay. , 59 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances (ICAED) is a global network of organisations of families of disappeared and NGO's campaigning in a nonviolent manner against the practice of enforced disappearances at","title":"International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance"},{"id":"17251302","text":"A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and holders of diplomatic passports of Estonia, India and Uzbekistan do not require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. Holders of diplomatic passports of Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States may obtain a free visa on arrival. Visa-free agreement","title":"Visa policy of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"12822508","text":"Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% \"No\" to 49.42% \"Yes\". Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic states, Russia, the United States (via Alaska), Canada, Norway and Denmark (via Greenland), are limited to a economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a ten-year period to make claims to extend its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in","title":"Canadian sovereignty"},{"id":"1394433","text":"and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies","title":"Tourism in Russia"},{"id":"7050701","text":"Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom","title":"International Driving Permit"},{"id":"1966089","text":"and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold. Despite its well-deserved reputation as a generally snowy, icy northern country, the Soviet Union included other major climatic zones as well. According to Soviet geographers, most of their country is located in the temperate zone, which for them included all of the European portion except the southern part of Crimea and the Caucasus, all of Siberia, the Soviet Far East, and the plains of Soviet Central Asia and the southern Kazakh","title":"Geography of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"4515213","text":"Tajik police. On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that \"Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year’s tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them\". However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures. In 2014, Ukraine has attempted to replace Ded Moroz with Saint Nicholas","title":"Ded Moroz"},{"id":"18661387","text":"his competitors. The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018. China was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a \"higher level.\" Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Moldova, North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan and Venezuela. Western reaction to the election result was predominantly","title":"2018 Russian presidential election"},{"id":"13774300","text":"program was initially started on 15 July 2014 providing unilateral visa free access to 10 countries and in July 2015 it was further extended to a total of 19 countries and then to 43 in January 2017. These countries are: Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kyrgyzstan are able to visit the border districts of Almaty and Jambul regions of Kazakhstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia,","title":"Visa policy of Kazakhstan"},{"id":"11524416","text":"the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as \"mostly unfree\" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively. Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as \"repressed\". Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year. In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that \"[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living","title":"Indices of economic freedom"},{"id":"254628","text":"Mongolia Mongolia (; \"Monggol Ulus\" in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only separates them. At , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated unitary sovereign state in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind","title":"Mongolia"},{"id":"236383","text":"of languages that can be shown to have common ancestry. Linguists recognize many hundreds of language families, although some of them can possibly be grouped into larger units as more evidence becomes available and in-depth studies are carried out. At present, there are also dozens of language isolates: languages that cannot be shown to be related to any other languages in the world. Among them are Basque, spoken in Europe, Zuni of New Mexico, Purépecha of Mexico, Ainu of Japan, Burushaski of Pakistan, and many others. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European","title":"Language"},{"id":"11749880","text":"United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and on 27 March 2017 the United Kingdom formally requested such a withdrawal. It is not decided what the future state of Ireland will be, although it has been suggested that Ireland will stay in the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area, because it wants to keep the lack of border control at its land border. Three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – can be considered as \"de facto\" within the Schengen Area. They do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround","title":"Schengen Area"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"346814\",\n \"text\": \", the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515200\",\n \"text\": \"the Estonian Santa Claus (\\\"Jõuluvana\\\" or \\\"Old man of Christmas\\\"), the Finnish Santa Claus (\\\"Joulupukki\\\" or \\\"Yule Goat\\\"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures. Some people also say, that Ded Moroz is Santa Claus's grandfather. The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany. In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459550\",\n \"text\": \"well as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,\",\n \"title\": \"Winter Olympic Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"341334\",\n \"text\": \"and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval\",\n \"title\": \"Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325200\",\n \"text\": \"all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest. Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on. After the dinner comes the time for gifts. Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree, with name stickers. An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the \\\"fight\\\" between Christmas beings. During communism, when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence, communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional \\\"Ded Moroz\\\" (\\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") in the place of Little Jesus won. Now Santa Claus is attacking, by means of advertising and Hollywood film production. Many people, Christians\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540413\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakh and Kyrgyz name. Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \\\"Frost Father\\\", although the name is often translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \\\"Кар Кызы\\\" or \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden\\\"), his granddaughter and helper,\",\n \"title\": \"Ayaz Ata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9927213\",\n \"text\": \"Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation--including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country. Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development found in 2001 that only three tropical economies\",\n \"title\": \"Geography and wealth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678861\",\n \"text\": \"Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \\\"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\\\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole contains the world’s highest mountains, including all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters (5 miles), is the source of 10 major rivers, and forms a formidable global ecological buffer.\",\n \"title\": \"Third Pole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6525530\",\n \"text\": \"used in parallel. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the ethnic divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time and most ethnic Uyghurs following Ürümqi Time. Some local authorities are now using both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature. The coexistence of two timezones within\",\n \"title\": \"Time in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19885956\",\n \"text\": \"of the database. Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for\",\n \"title\": \"Xinjiang Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678865\",\n \"text\": \"knowledge of this situation, and its potential implications, outside the immediate vicinity; a special effort is needed to raise awareness of the fragility of the mountain social-ecological system. Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \\\"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\\\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole\",\n \"title\": \"Third Pole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5633666\",\n \"text\": \"outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a \\\"Father Christmas\\\" type character with only traces of the original \\\"Nisse\\\" and in some respects indistinguishable from \\\"Santa\\\". In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their Julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart – Father Frost in 2011. In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to Julemanden: \\\"Rensdyrvej\\\" translates as \\\"Reindeer Way\\\", while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December. Julemanden Julemanden can be directly\",\n \"title\": \"Julemanden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437404\",\n \"text\": \"Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19885951\",\n \"text\": \"Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for civil purposes, while\",\n \"title\": \"Xinjiang Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152463\",\n \"text\": \"such as the Council of Europe, and is seeking membership in NATO and accession to the European Union. Georgia is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, London, Toronto (Canada), Omaha (USA), Eureka (USA), Odate (Japan), Shenyang (China) and Tirana. Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Georgia (country)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458032\",\n \"text\": \"China. Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \\\"Kyrgyzstan\\\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437489\",\n \"text\": \"Chess Champion in 2004. Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include basketball, judo, team handball, baseball, taekwondo, and futsal. General information Media Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast;\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4118094\",\n \"text\": \"of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14626685\",\n \"text\": \"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222264\",\n \"text\": \"devoted to the problem of the Aral Sea alone), but few practical programs have gone into operation. In 1994 the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to give Kazakhstan $62 million to help the country overcome ecological problems. Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515192\",\n \"text\": \"Ded Moroz Ded Moroz (, \\\"Ded Moroz\\\" ; , \\\"Dzyed Maróz\\\"; , \\\"Did Moróz\\\"; Russian diminutive , \\\"Dédushka Moróz\\\"; / \\\"Deda Mraz\\\"; also Morozko () is a fictional character similar to that of Father Christmas and Santa Claus and has its roots in Slavic paganism mythology. The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in East Slavic countries and is an important part of Russian culture. The literal translation is \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\", but depending on the language it can also be translated as \\\"Old Man Frost\\\". Ded Moroz is depicted as bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363747\",\n \"text\": \"had spanned eleven time zones and incorporated a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, the Soviet Union shared land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shared its maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the US state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. With an area of , the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the third most populous, with over 288 million people as of\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5407754\",\n \"text\": \"those who are citizens or official residents from countries outside the European Union or outside one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport/identity card. Proof of residency can be established through government issued residency documents. Eurail Passes come in 4 types of traveler categories The Eurail Global Pass is valid in all 28 participating countries, as of 2018: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,\",\n \"title\": \"Eurail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87378\",\n \"text\": \"Terror. Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17442552\",\n \"text\": \"Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high\",\n \"title\": \"Arctic Circle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437412\",\n \"text\": \"northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87310\",\n \"text\": \"Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan (). Afghanistan\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13126676\",\n \"text\": \"and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein also observe Central European Time. Moldova, Transnistria, Kaliningrad Oblast (Kaliningrad Time), Ukraine (apart from Crimea) and Northern Cyprus observe the Eastern European Time. Belarus, Russia (western part, including Crimea) and Turkey use Further-eastern European Time. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh use time. Kazakhstan use . London and others: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and\",\n \"title\": \"Time in Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222251\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east. There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222365\",\n \"text\": \"for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan. Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time. On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017. The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K.\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign relations of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13231427\",\n \"text\": \"Mongolia; and the islanders in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa and Kiribati. Europe: every country except Albania, Croatia and the Ukraine Middle East: Israel and Egypt West Asia: Turkey, Georgia, Iran and the Yemen Central Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan (the Karakoram Highway), Nepal Everest Base Camp, India, Kashmir and Ladakh South-east Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Burma East Asia: southwest and northwest China (the Silk Road) and Japan North America: the United States and Canada Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Cuba South America: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia West Africa: Mali North\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72453\",\n \"text\": \"interpreted liberally from the beginning, when Turkey was admitted, to include transcontinental states (such as Georgia and Azerbaijan) and states that are geographically Asian but socio-politically European (such as Armenia and Cyprus). Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exceptions of Belarus (human rights concerns), Kazakhstan (human rights concerns), and the Vatican City (a theocracy), as well as some of the territories with limited recognition. Besides the status as a full member, the Council of Europe has established other instruments for cooperation and participation of non-member states: observer, applicant, special guest, and partner for\",\n \"title\": \"Council of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2786428\",\n \"text\": \"morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine and Artois). The tradition is also celebrated in territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Curaçao and Suriname. Sinterklaas is the primary source of the popular Christmas icon of Santa Claus. \\\"Sinterklaas\\\" is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Sinterklaas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13862385\",\n \"text\": \"south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).\",\n \"title\": \"Meet the Stans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540410\",\n \"text\": \"Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \\\"Frost Father\\\", although the name is often translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \\\"Кар Кызы\\\" or \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden\\\"), his granddaughter and helper, sometimes with influence of\",\n \"title\": \"Ayaz Ata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"254658\",\n \"text\": \"point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to\",\n \"title\": \"Mongolia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"434295\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers (approximately the size of Spain or California), Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers from west to east and 930 kilometers from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. As\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1408682\",\n \"text\": \"new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round. Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent reconstruction. Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The town of Kosava, near which Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church. From 1st of January 2018 residents\",\n \"title\": \"Brest, Belarus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3165237\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (Non-Resident), Yemen. Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,\",\n \"title\": \"Apostolic Nunciature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3266899\",\n \"text\": \"rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline. A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching population declines in the 2020-25 period include Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of\",\n \"title\": \"Population decline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"293264\",\n \"text\": \"Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC. All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to\",\n \"title\": \"New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12887552\",\n \"text\": \"EAAF, mostly within a single country, the Russian Federation, though sixteen of the 30 countries encompassed by the CAF are located in the AEWA area. They are: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China People's Republic of, Georgia, Iran Republic of, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom Chagos Islands and Uzbekistan. The remaining countries in the Central Asian Flyway are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened\",\n \"title\": \"Central Asian Flyway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10893268\",\n \"text\": \"Tolerance\\\" with its symbolism of love, peace and friendship - has been presented on all five continents in over 30 metropolises of this world - always in the very heart of the cities. The bears have been displayed at the following Stations since the beginning of the tour in 2002: Berlin (Germany), Kitzbuehel (Austria), Hong Kong, Istanbul (Turkey), Tokyo (Japon), Seoul (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vienna (Austria), Cairo (Egypt), Jerusalem (Israel), Warsaw (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), Pyongyang (North Korea), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo (Uruguay), Astana (Kazakhstan), Helsinki (Finland), Sofia (Bulgaria), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), New Delhi (India), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Paris (France),\",\n \"title\": \"Klaus and Eva Herlitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222101\",\n \"text\": \"generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14587059\",\n \"text\": \"reunion in Ithaca, as he re-imagines the ancient journey of Odysseus, visiting tiny hamlets with names like Troy (Oregon), Sparta (Wisconsin), Iliad (Montana), Calypso (Montana) and Apollo (Pennsylvania). Upon its publication in June 2010, \\\"Turn Left at the Trojan Horse\\\" was selected to the Indie Next \\\"Great Reads\\\" list, as chosen by independent booksellers, and subsequently made the Indie Travel Literature Bestseller list. \\\"This is how a quest should be done...\\\" wrote a reviewer in the Los Angeles Times. He also recounts his journey in an interview on Minnesota Public Radio's \\\"All Things Considered.\\\" Herzog’s first published book for adults\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Herzog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222102\",\n \"text\": \"of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic. It shares borders of with Russia, with Uzbekistan, with China, with Kyrgyzstan, and with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau, and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N, and longitudes 46° and 88° E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515203\",\n \"text\": \"New Year celebrations, however \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" is rarely present at the festivities. Ded Moroz is \\\"Dzied Maroz\\\" () in Belarusian language. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character, but was a replacement of the local Śviaty Mikałaj – whom soviet authorities disapproved for its christian origins. The official residence of \\\"Dzied Maroz\\\" in Belarus is declared to be in Bialowieza Forest. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (\\\"Dyado Koleda\\\", Grandfather Koleda), with \\\"Dyado Mraz\\\" (Дядо Мраз, \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4740664\",\n \"text\": \"expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration. The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic\",\n \"title\": \"Post-Soviet states\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13862384\",\n \"text\": \"Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan). Travelling from the far north-west of Kazakhstan by the Russian border, he visits a former Soviet weapons lab, goes east to the Chinese border,\",\n \"title\": \"Meet the Stans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553756\",\n \"text\": \"old company for the last 12 years and business takes priority over family. Scott also learns that Laura and Neil divorced and Carol moved away years ago. Scott goes to find Lucy and Neil, who are vacationing at the North Pole, which Frost has turned into a tourist resort. Christmas is now \\\"Frostmas\\\", the elves are miserable, and the reindeer are confined to a petting zoo. When Scott finds Lucy and Neil, Neil states that Charlie didn't want him to be his father, causing the divorce between him and Laura. Scott confronts Frost and tricks him into recording his voice\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2022350\",\n \"text\": \"one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following \\\"single\\\" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on\",\n \"title\": \"Landlocked country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020487\",\n \"text\": \"from both the left and the right. He has compiled the list of \\\"The World’s 10 Worst Dictators\\\" for \\\"Parade\\\" magazine for the last several years. In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: \\\"Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators\\\". These men are: Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Kim Jong-il (North Korea), Than Shwe (Burma), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Hu Jintao (China), King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia), Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenistan), Seyed Ali Khamanei (Iran), Teodoro Obiang Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), King Mswati III (Swaziland), Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan), Aleksandr Lukashenko (Belarus), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Isaias Afwerki (Eritrea), Bashar al-Assad\",\n \"title\": \"David Wallechinsky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437411\",\n \"text\": \"electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy sector, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. Uzbekistan has an area of . It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area and the 2nd largest by population. Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches from west to east and from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and\",\n \"title\": \"Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222913\",\n \"text\": \"pits in hazardous locations. Water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. \\\"Illegal hunting\\\" of very rare species such as the snow leopard and the Marco Polo sheep. Environment - international agreements:
\\\"party to:\\\" Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
\\\"signed, but not ratified:\\\" none of the selected agreements In response to the internationally recognized environmental crisis of the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea, the five states sharing the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17562198\",\n \"text\": \"zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-\\\"Iron Curtain\\\") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with\",\n \"title\": \"Border barrier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222250\",\n \"text\": \"sites and tunnels were closed by 1995. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama met with Nazarbayev at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. and discussed intensifying their strategic relationship and bilateral cooperation to increase nuclear safety, regional stability, and economic prosperity. History of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical \\\"crossroads\\\" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct \\\"Pithecanthropus\\\" and \\\"Sinanthropus\\\" one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. Neanderthals were present from\",\n \"title\": \"History of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14850105\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Moldova. Moldova, officially the \\\"Republic of Moldova\\\" is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the devolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Nistru has been under the \\\"de facto\\\" control of the breakaway government of\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14418701\",\n \"text\": \"Arabia. As of 2015, at least fourteen member states of the European Union maintain criminal blasphemy or religious insult laws. These are Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France (Alsace-Moselle region only, long unenforced, and officially repealed in January 2017 ), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland only). Turkey also has similar laws. In 2009 six US states still had anti-blasphemy laws on their books: Massachusetts, Michigan, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, but law professor Sarah Barringer Gordon states that they are \\\"rarely enforced.\\\" Blasphemy Day Blasphemy Day, also known as International\",\n \"title\": \"Blasphemy Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16706315\",\n \"text\": \"and calculated to be near the Manor house of Estate of Safyanov in Saldam (modern Tuva, Russia) at . There is a monument commemorating that fact in the estate garden. Geographical Center of Asian Continent () is the name of a monument indicating the supposed geographical center of the Asian continent. It is located about 20 km south-west of Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. The measurement on which it is based dates to 1992. It was based on calculating the geographical center of 49 Asian countries (including the island states of Cyprus and Japan, and counting Palestine and Sikkim\",\n \"title\": \"Geographical midpoint of Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2388828\",\n \"text\": \"the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \\\"PyeongChang\\\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies\",\n \"title\": \"Pyeongchang County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394419\",\n \"text\": \"many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13613727\",\n \"text\": \"mixture of Arabic Caliphate and Persia. Other lands with real-life analogies include Cathay (China), Ind (India), Naggaroth (northern North America), Ulthuan (Atlantis), Lustria (Mesoamerica), Norsca (Scandinavia) and the island of Albion (British Isles); however, very little official information has been released for these locales. While the setting of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay shares traits, such as the existence of elves and goblins, with other popular fantasy settings, it is technologically set slightly later than classic fantasy – close to the early Renaissance era in terms of technology and society. Firearms are readily available, though expensive and unreliable, and a growing mercantile\",\n \"title\": \"Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"222079\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"77651\",\n \"text\": \"Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and Macau), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Sahrawi Republic, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4674767\",\n \"text\": \"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Interrail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6532938\",\n \"text\": \"Kanas Lake Kanas Lake (, , Қанас Көли, Xiao'erjing: كَانَاسِ خٗ) is a lake in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The lake is located in a valley in the Altai Mountains, near the very northern tip of Xinjiang, and the province's borders with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The lake was formed around 200,000 years ago during the Quaternary period as a result of glacier movement. The crescent moon shaped lake has an estimated water storage capacity of 53.8 billion cubic meters, coupled with an average depth of around 120 meters. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with\",\n \"title\": \"Kanas Lake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457951\",\n \"text\": \"Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \\\"Kyrgyzstan\\\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, which has helped preserve its ancient culture, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7393793\",\n \"text\": \"can be booked through Internet. A few trains can transport passengers out of China to places such as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Moscow in Russia, Almaty in Kazakhstan, P'yŏngyang in North Korea, Hanoi in Vietnam and so on. Tickets can only be bought through travel agents near the departure station. Passenger rail transport in China Passenger rail transport is one of the principal means of transport in the People's Republic of China, with rail passenger traffic exceeding 1.86 billion railway trips in 2011. It is operated by the China Railway Corporation(CR). The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel\",\n \"title\": \"Passenger rail transport in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"346813\",\n \"text\": \"Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about , to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain. Extending for\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649602\",\n \"text\": \"the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru. The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau,\",\n \"title\": \"Antipodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432520\",\n \"text\": \"winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate \\\"two\\\" sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use (120°E), so solar \\\"noon\\\" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet. Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries,\",\n \"title\": \"Time zone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415556\",\n \"text\": \"is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (), the Sea of Marmara (), and the Dardanelles (); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of , is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country. Land boundaries: \\\"border countries:\\\" Greece , Bulgaria , Georgia , Armenia , Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) , Iran , Iraq , Syria . Coastline: \\\"Maritime claims:\\\" \\\"exclusive economic zone:\\\" in the Black Sea only: to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18924735\",\n \"text\": \"occurred during this era of easing geo-political tensions as well. To date, 15 visits have been made to Russia (which is partially in Eastern Europe as well as the only country in Northern Asia), 14 to Poland, five to the Czech Republic, five to Romania, four to Hungary, four to Ukraine, two to Bulgaria, one to Belarus, and one to Slovakia. Additionally, six visits were made to the Soviet Union prior to its collapse. One visit was also made to Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution. Moldova is the only Eastern European country which has not been visited by a sitting\",\n \"title\": \"United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12217178\",\n \"text\": \"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. The last President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were part of the Soviet Union before its official dissolution in 1991. At the start of the 21st century, 96% of the international border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan had been determined. In 2001, after mutual agreements, the border line in only three disputed areas (Bagys, Arnasai and Nsan) remained undrawn. By September 2002, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had fully resolved the course of their 2,440 km-long shared\",\n \"title\": \"Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"434296\",\n \"text\": \"the Caspian Sea is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two \\\"doubly landlocked\\\" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is Liechtenstein. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Uzbekistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19479030\",\n \"text\": \"World Nomad Games World Nomad Games () are an international sport competition dedicated to ethnic sports practiced in Central Asia. The countries taking part in those games are the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia (especially Sakha, Buryatia, Altay, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan republics, etc.) as well as other countries like Mongolia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Philippines and the United States. The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan; however, Turkey has been announced as the host of the fourth games. The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition\",\n \"title\": \"World Nomad Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13510595\",\n \"text\": \"has delivered medical relief in over 120 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bali, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Union of Myanmar, Nagorno Karabakh Republic,\",\n \"title\": \"Project C.U.R.E.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515202\",\n \"text\": \"of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Eastern bloc and in the former Yugoslavia. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions. In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as \\\"Şaxta Baba\\\" (\\\"Grandfather Frost\\\") and his companion Snegurochka is known as \\\"Qar Qızı\\\" (\\\"Snow Girl\\\"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. \\\"Şaxta Baba\\\" brings gifts to children at\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14437981\",\n \"text\": \"in 2005 these firms were shut down by the government. Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan. The Republic of Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10041836\",\n \"text\": \"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published\",\n \"title\": \"Every Inch a King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13620949\",\n \"text\": \"issued by can obtain a visa on arrival provided holding a pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kazakhstan are able to visit the border districts of Issyk-Kul, Talas and Chui regions of Kyrgyzstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. From 1 September 2017 citizens of all countries and\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"543929\",\n \"text\": \"3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced \\\"de facto\\\" and in some cases\",\n \"title\": \"Violence against LGBT people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9669317\",\n \"text\": \"Azerbaijan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Croatia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Japan, Lithuania, Maldives, Moldavia, Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Chad, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Grenada, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Paraguay, Portugal, Samoa, Sweden, and Uruguay. , 59 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances (ICAED) is a global network of organisations of families of disappeared and NGO's campaigning in a nonviolent manner against the practice of enforced disappearances at\",\n \"title\": \"International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17251302\",\n \"text\": \"A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and holders of diplomatic passports of Estonia, India and Uzbekistan do not require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. Holders of diplomatic passports of Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States may obtain a free visa on arrival. Visa-free agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12822508\",\n \"text\": \"Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% \\\"No\\\" to 49.42% \\\"Yes\\\". Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic states, Russia, the United States (via Alaska), Canada, Norway and Denmark (via Greenland), are limited to a economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a ten-year period to make claims to extend its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian sovereignty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394433\",\n \"text\": \"and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7050701\",\n \"text\": \"Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"International Driving Permit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1966089\",\n \"text\": \"and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold. Despite its well-deserved reputation as a generally snowy, icy northern country, the Soviet Union included other major climatic zones as well. According to Soviet geographers, most of their country is located in the temperate zone, which for them included all of the European portion except the southern part of Crimea and the Caucasus, all of Siberia, the Soviet Far East, and the plains of Soviet Central Asia and the southern Kazakh\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515213\",\n \"text\": \"Tajik police. On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that \\\"Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year’s tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them\\\". However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures. In 2014, Ukraine has attempted to replace Ded Moroz with Saint Nicholas\",\n \"title\": \"Ded Moroz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18661387\",\n \"text\": \"his competitors. The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018. China was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a \\\"higher level.\\\" Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Moldova, North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan and Venezuela. Western reaction to the election result was predominantly\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Russian presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13774300\",\n \"text\": \"program was initially started on 15 July 2014 providing unilateral visa free access to 10 countries and in July 2015 it was further extended to a total of 19 countries and then to 43 in January 2017. These countries are: Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kyrgyzstan are able to visit the border districts of Almaty and Jambul regions of Kazakhstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia,\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Kazakhstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11524416\",\n \"text\": \"the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as \\\"mostly unfree\\\" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively. Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as \\\"repressed\\\". Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year. In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that \\\"[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living\",\n \"title\": \"Indices of economic freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"254628\",\n \"text\": \"Mongolia Mongolia (; \\\"Monggol Ulus\\\" in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only separates them. At , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated unitary sovereign state in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind\",\n \"title\": \"Mongolia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236383\",\n \"text\": \"of languages that can be shown to have common ancestry. Linguists recognize many hundreds of language families, although some of them can possibly be grouped into larger units as more evidence becomes available and in-depth studies are carried out. At present, there are also dozens of language isolates: languages that cannot be shown to be related to any other languages in the world. Among them are Basque, spoken in Europe, Zuni of New Mexico, Purépecha of Mexico, Ainu of Japan, Burushaski of Pakistan, and many others. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European\",\n \"title\": \"Language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11749880\",\n \"text\": \"United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and on 27 March 2017 the United Kingdom formally requested such a withdrawal. It is not decided what the future state of Ireland will be, although it has been suggested that Ireland will stay in the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area, because it wants to keep the lack of border control at its land border. Three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – can be considered as \\\"de facto\\\" within the Schengen Area. They do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround\",\n \"title\": \"Schengen Area\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Geography of Russia context: , the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the\\n\\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Meet the Stans context: south Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \\\"Holidays in the Danger Zone\\\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).\\n\\ntitle Ayaz Ata context: Kaz Kyrgyz Ay A Ay Ata , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar that of Cla or Russian Ded Moroz The literal translation of the name would \\\"rost\\\", although name translated as \\\"Grandfather Frost\\\". He was of Moon light and caused by weather Literary depictions Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Karı (atar:Кар Кы orQar Qızı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maiden granddaughter helper,\\ntitle Ayta: Ay (, , , ) a winter god and aional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar Cla Moroz The translation of name \\\"rost often translated \\\"Grandfather F He was created of light and caused. Literary depict of Ayaz Ata commonly show accompanied K \\\" Кзы \\\"Qıı\\\" means \\\"Snow Girl\\\" or \\\"Snow Maaugh and helper with\\ntitle: Central Asia T. Asia Asia st Chinaistan region ofistan,loquially referred to as \\\"the stans\\\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \\\"-stan\\\", meaning \\\"land of\\\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().\\n\\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 514,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15953,\n \"ratio\": \"31.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78778,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78778,"string":"78,778"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Name the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\""},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["John Lennon - Happy Xmas"],"string":"[\n \"John Lennon - Happy Xmas\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"John Lennon - Happy Xmas"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5068010","text":"The Man Who Sold the World \"The Man Who Sold the World\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \"MTV Unplugged\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked","title":"The Man Who Sold the World"},{"id":"11817711","text":"It's Four in the Morning \"It's Four in the Morning\" (also known as \"Four in the Morning\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \"Hello Walls.\" The song was written by Jerry Chesnut. The song was the title track to his 1971 album and became one of his best-known hits. It was also a major smash in the UK, somewhat rare for a country song, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in","title":"It's Four in the Morning"},{"id":"1314261","text":"James Taylor James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit in 1971 with his recording of \"You've Got a Friend\", written by Carole King in the same year. His 1976 \"Greatest Hits\" album was certified Diamond and","title":"James Taylor"},{"id":"6857326","text":"chart. The song was also a hit for Shirley Bassey at the same time in the United Kingdom. It has since been covered by a large number of artists. The song became a Gold record. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1971. Richard Carpenter of Carpenters heard the song during an evening of relaxation at the movies while on tour. He decided it would be ideal for the duo. It became a hit for them in 1971, reaching No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart and No. 1 for three weeks on the US","title":"For All We Know (1970 song)"},{"id":"18389719","text":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number 1 single \"You're My World\". The song was originally written in the key of G major and","title":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"},{"id":"112093","text":"terms of a plea agreement. Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison","title":"Don McLean"},{"id":"3044915","text":"(beating the six-week stay at the top of \"Close to You\"). The song also helped them to win two Grammy Awards in 1971: for the Best New Artist (The Carpenters) and Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus (\"Close to You\"). For Williams, the song was a personal victory; it was his first collaboration with Nichols that resulted in a hit single, and it opened the door to many more thereafter. In 1998, the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for recordings \"of lasting quality or historical significance\". A 1981 cover version by Lee McDonald","title":"We've Only Just Begun"},{"id":"110163","text":"to record Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua\". For the next two years, she had numerous solo hits – including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four, 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-20 singles included \"The Right Combination\" and \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Wagoner, 1971); \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\", (with Wagoner) \"Touch Your Woman\", (1972) \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Although her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"6356027","text":"It's Too Late (Carole King song) \"It's Too Late\" is a rock ballad from Carole King's 1971 album \"Tapestry\". Toni Stern wrote the lyrics and King wrote the music. It was released as a single in April 1971 and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. Sales were later gold-certified by the RIAA. \"Billboard\" ranked \"It's Too Late\" and its fellow A-side, \"I Feel the Earth Move\", as the No. 3 record for 1971. The lyrics describe the blameless end of a loving relationship. Music critic Dave Marsh saw implicit feminism because the woman left","title":"It's Too Late (Carole King song)"},{"id":"995817","text":"set of seat covers for his car. It was re-released in 1972 to become a worldwide hit. Stewart's 1971 solo album \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" made him a household name when the B-side of his minor hit \"Reason to Believe\", \"Maggie May\", (co-written with Martin Quittenton) started receiving radio play. The album and the single occupied number one in both the US and the UK simultaneously, a chart first, in September. Set off by a striking mandolin part (by Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne), \"Maggie May\" was also named in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs that","title":"Rod Stewart"},{"id":"112060","text":"Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison song and a surprise number","title":"Don McLean"},{"id":"19586541","text":"Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came third in 'Best Single' behind \"Eleanor Rigby\" by Zoot and \"Eagle Rock\" by Daddy Cool. \"Mr","title":"Mr America (song)"},{"id":"7268140","text":"final single from that album, peaking at #62 on the ARIA singles chart upon its debut, on the chart dated week commencing 23 November 1998. In 2009, the original version of \"Coconut\" was made available on the compilation \"The 1995 Sessions\". Coconut (song) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\"","title":"Coconut (song)"},{"id":"18389721","text":"UK. British recording artist Emma Bunton covered the song for her third studio album \"Life in Mono\". Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number","title":"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"},{"id":"4735073","text":"the King. Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty","title":"Tony Christie"},{"id":"3073209","text":"Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in the Jazz & Pop critics' poll for best album of 1971. It has been an enduring critical success, including a number 172 ranking on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album is a mixture of rock, country, blues, soul, and folk, and includes Stewart's breakthrough hit, \"Maggie May\", as","title":"Every Picture Tells a Story"},{"id":"15267747","text":"blur, seemingly in the nude, and also contains the phrases \"Woosh!!\" and \"Don't look Ethel!\" the latter of which is part of the lyrics to the primary single of the album. \"The Streak\" proved to be an even bigger success than Stevens' 1970 hit \"Everything Is Beautiful,\" reaching #1 in the US, Canada, UK, and New Zealand. Its follow-up single, \"The Moonlight Special,\" was lifted from this album but did not fare as well on the charts. Stevens' 1971 single, \"Bridget the Midget (The Queen of the Blues),\" first appeared on a collection called \"Ray Stevens' Greatest Hits\" but was","title":"Boogity Boogity"},{"id":"6006162","text":"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 was Carole King's first concert performance in front of an audience. Performed on June 18, 1971, it was released years later, in 1996, as an album. This album has seventeen live songs. Some songs included: \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\", \"You've Got a Friend\", \"Child of Mine\", \"I Feel the Earth Move\", \"It's Too Late\", \"Beautiful\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\", \"After All This Time\", \"Carry Your Load\", \"Song of Long Ago\" and \"Home Again\". James Taylor, a friend of King, accompanied her","title":"The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971"},{"id":"3420084","text":"beginning July 3, 1971. Several songs on \"Tapestry\" were recorded by other artists and became hits while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 cover of \"You've Got a Friend\" hit number one in the US and number four in the UK, and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of \"Where You Lead\" reached number 40 while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit \"Sweet Inspiration\" reached number 37 the following year. Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album. The","title":"Tapestry (Carole King album)"},{"id":"4735059","text":"Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty hits in","title":"Tony Christie"},{"id":"3665227","text":"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \"Sweet Baby James\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the Carole King standard \"You've Got a Friend\", which became his only #1 on the \"Billboard\" charts on July 31, 1971. The week before, the album itself reached","title":"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon"},{"id":"15764229","text":"member, Paul King, a cover of Lead Belly's Have a Whiff on Me, and a cover of Elvis Presley's \"Milk Cow Blues\". Lady Rose (song) Lady Rose is a song and single by British group Mungo Jerry. Written by the group's lead vocalist Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray, it was the band's third single. The song entered the UK charts at #30 in May 1971 and reached #5 in June, finally leaving the chart in August 1971. It also reached number one in Japan. Like the group's debut single, \"In the Summertime,\" it was a maxi-single playing at","title":"Lady Rose (song)"},{"id":"4840043","text":"version of \"Where Did Our Love Go\" in 1971 (#6 R&B, #15 pop); Brother To Brother's \"In The Bottle\" in 1974 (#9 R&B, #46 pop); Linda Jones' \"Your Precious Love\" in 1972 (#15 R&B, #74 pop); and The Whatnauts' 1971 hit, \"I'll Erase Away Your Pain\" (#14 R&B, #71 pop). The Moments also had considerable success in the UK with three Top 10 hits including \"Girls\" (#3) in 1975 and All Platinum also had its own label in the UK for a few years during the mid-1970s. All Platinum purchased Chess Records with assistance from the European record concern, Polygram","title":"All Platinum Records"},{"id":"8533377","text":"a parallel in reality, but only after the fact. It never occurred to me that there could be anything quite like that.\" Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by","title":"Timothy (song)"},{"id":"3796187","text":"Life on Mars (song) \"Life on Mars?\", also known as \"(Is There) Life on Mars?\", is a song by David Bowie, first released in 1971 on the album \"Hunky Dory\" and also released as a single. The song, with cryptic lyrics by Bowie and prominent piano by Rick Wakeman, has been described by BBC Radio 2 as \"a cross between a Broadway musical and a Salvador Dalí painting.\" When released as a single in 1973, \"Life on Mars?\" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for thirteen weeks. A music video was filmed by","title":"Life on Mars (song)"},{"id":"4417358","text":"pop single of 1971. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo Or Group during the 14th Grammy Awards. The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song) \"Joy to the World\" is a song written by Hoyt Axton and made famous by the band Three Dog Night. The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric, \"Jeremiah was a bullfrog.\" Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth","title":"Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)"},{"id":"20807576","text":"Side A Side B Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She","title":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"},{"id":"6119113","text":"1970, \"I Hear You Knocking\" reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks. It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1971. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1972, the song was included on his first solo album, \"Rockpile\". Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of \"Let's Work Together\" by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded","title":"I Hear You Knocking"},{"id":"19586542","text":"America\" peaking at number 9 in its seventh week on the chart, on 6 February 1971. Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came","title":"Mr America (song)"},{"id":"4720278","text":"Jimmy Reed. Those five songs were Since I Met You Baby, It's Just A Matter of Time, Endlessly, Empty Arms, and Bright Lights, Big City, all of which hit #1 on the Billboard country charts. In 1969, \"Billboard magazine\" named Sonny James Country Music's Artist of the Year. In February 1971, James was the first country artist whose music went into space; he made a special music recording for the crew of Apollo 14. They later presented him with one of the small American flags that they had carried to the Moon. In 1973, James produced Marie Osmond's first three","title":"Sonny James"},{"id":"12466854","text":"the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in November 1971. It knocked off \"Maggie May\" by Rod Stewart which had spent the previous month at number one. The single also reached #1 in Canada and #4 in the United Kingdom. It became Cher's best-selling single at that point, selling more than 3 million copies worldwide. As of November 2011, Billboard reported the digital sales of \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" to be 212,000 in the US. The song describes the life of a girl, the narrator of the song, who was \"born in the wagon of a traveling show\". Her mother \"used to dance","title":"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves"},{"id":"3724440","text":"appeared on almost all his compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective, \"\". A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set \"Five Guys Walk into a Bar...\". A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of \"MTV Unplugged\" is included on the album \"Unplugged...and Seated\". In October 1971, the song went to number one in the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and the United States. \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" achieved the same status at the","title":"Maggie May"},{"id":"8533367","text":"Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by Joel Whitburn. On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it spent two weeks at #13. In Canada, the song reached #9. According","title":"Timothy (song)"},{"id":"8020029","text":"Birth, Jerry Vale, Dennis Brown, Andrea Bocelli and Frances Yip among others. The Como version would be one of his most influential records, and in February 1971 it became his first song to reach the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in more than 12 years, peaking at #10. The song's peak on the Hot 100 chart came just weeks after concluding a four-week run at number one on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. On the UK Singles Chart, the single reached #4 in 1971. Elvis Presley recorded \"It's Impossible\" on stage at the Las Vegas Hilton February 16,","title":"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"},{"id":"9407026","text":"by Aretha Franklin's rendition of Simon and Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\", the song re-positioned at number one for two more weeks starting June 12 through June 19. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 13 song for 1971. The song went on to receive gold certification selling more than one million units in the U.S. The song's popularity had DJs playing the long version that was available on the \"Soulful Tapestry\" album. This was rare at the time. The song is said to have been a major contributor to the structure, sound, and grit of the pre-disco movement that would","title":"Want Ads"},{"id":"5486357","text":"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song) \"Family Affair\" is a 1971 number-one hit single recorded by Sly and the Family Stone for the Epic Records label. Their first new material since the double a-sided single \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\"/ \"Everybody Is a Star\" nearly two years prior, \"Family Affair\" became the third and final number-one pop single for the band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine later ranked the song #139 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song version by John Legend, Joss Stone, and Van Hunt, won the Grammy Award for","title":"Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)"},{"id":"8014046","text":"co-writer of the song, for both the \"Ultimate\" CD and DVD, and it was credited to the moniker Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as \"We Lost the Road\", \"When Do I\", \"If I Were the Sky\", \"Bring Out the Thoughts in Me\" and \"Ellan Vannin\". The group's later song \"My World\" followed along the same musical ideas on this song. Robin Gibb's remarked on the song, \"The whole thing took about an hour to complete. The song reached the number one spot, to our great satisfaction.\" The song","title":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"},{"id":"7922436","text":"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is a song by Paul and Linda McCartney from the album \"Ram\". Released in the United States as a single on 2 August 1971, it reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 4 September 1971, making it the first of a string of post-Beatles, McCartney-penned singles to top the US pop chart during the 1970s and 1980s. \"Billboard\" ranked the song as number 22 on its Top Pop Singles of 1971 year-end chart. It became McCartney's first gold record as a solo artist. \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is composed of several unfinished song","title":"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"},{"id":"1685986","text":"My Song, Ma\"), which became a top 20 hit in the US, #3 in Canada, and a minor one in the UK. Over the next year, the group released a number of singles to little recognition, but it was in June 1971 that they released their breakthrough hit, \"Never Ending Song of Love\" (the first of many hit songs to be produced by David Mackay, and a cover of the American hit by Delaney & Bonnie). The song became a big hit in the UK, spending five weeks at No.2 in the singles chart and was one of the biggest","title":"The New Seekers"},{"id":"9354998","text":"You're My Man \"You're My Man\" is a popular No. 1 country hit by country artist Lynn Anderson from 1971. This song was immediately released after Anderson's song \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\" became a major country and pop hit in February 1971. The song was very successful, reaching the top of the country charts in June 1971, and was Anderson's second No. 1 country hit. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard and Cashbox Country Charts. \"You're My Man\" was a major Adult Contemporary hit, placing at No. 6. \"You're My Man\" spent one week at","title":"You're My Man"},{"id":"12863170","text":"her 2012 album \"\". Irish singer, Pauline Scanlon covers it on her 2016 album Gossamer. Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song) \"Joan of Arc\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released as a single in March 1971 from his third album, \"Songs of Love and Hate\". The song lasts almost six-and-a-half minutes, and is composed of four stanzas of eight lines each with a \"la-la\" refrain. The song is constructed mainly as a dialogue between Joan of Arc and the fire which is consuming her as she burns at the stake, after having been found guilty","title":"Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song)"},{"id":"4811284","text":"\"The Flying Nun\" and \"Hazel\". In 2005, \"Is This The Way To Amarillo\", a song Greenfield had written with Sedaka in the early 1970s, reached #1 on the UK charts in the original 1971 version by Tony Christie. The video featured an all-star celebrity line-up lip-synching the track, and the proceeds went to charity. The record stayed at #1 for 7 weeks, and became the UK's best-selling record of the millennium to that time. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, by his late teens Greenfield formed a songwriting partnership with Neil Sedaka, a friend whom he had first met as","title":"Howard Greenfield"},{"id":"895372","text":"followed: \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\", \"I'll Meet You Halfway\", \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\", \"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\", \"Am I Losing You\", \"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\", \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\", and \"A Friend and a Lover\". These singles were showcased on million-selling albums including \"Up To Date\", \"Sound Magazine\", \"Shopping Bag\", \"Notebook\", \"Crossword Puzzle\", and \"Bulletin Board\". Their holiday album \"A Partridge Family Christmas Card\" was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971. Record sales success was replicated internationally, with both The Partridge Family (group) and David Cassidy","title":"The Partridge Family"},{"id":"4828206","text":"to release the song, releasing it on January 17, 1971, sending 100,000 copies of the song to radio stations across the country. The initial success of this led to a further 100,000 to reach demand, selling over 200,000 copies within a week. The song was issued without Gordy's knowledge. The song eventually became a huge success, reaching the top of the charts within a month in March of the year, staying at number-one for five weeks on the Billboard R&B charts and one week at number-one on the Cashbox pop chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it reached number two,","title":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)"},{"id":"12020575","text":"Tap Turns on the Water \"Tap Turns on the Water\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to be used as a football song","title":"Tap Turns on the Water"},{"id":"11465047","text":"of All Time\", published in the February 1999 edition of Q magazine. Daily Mail readers ranked it on their \"500 Greatest Songs Ever\". Under the original title and version by John Kongos, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\", the song made it into the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for 14 weeks – reaching No. 4 in May 1971. Other than the recordings by Def Leppard and Happy Mondays, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\" has been covered by numerous artists in many different music genres. These include The Party Boys in 1987, when it got to number 1","title":"Christos Demetriou"},{"id":"8278756","text":"& The Supremes \"Someday We'll Be Together\" and Freda Payne's number three hit (number one in the UK) \"Band of Gold\". In 1971, Coffey recorded \"Scorpio\" which was a million selling instrumental single that peaked in the US at number nine on the \"Billboard\" Hot Soul Singles chart and at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The instrumental track featured the former Motown \"funk brother\", Bob Babbitt on bass. On January 8, 1972 Coffey became the first white artist to perform on the television show \"Soul Train\", playing \"Scorpio\". \"Scorpio\" received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry","title":"Dennis Coffey"},{"id":"20807575","text":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\" by Butterscotch.","title":"Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"},{"id":"5034423","text":"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West) \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\" is an innuendo-laden comedy or novelty song, written and performed by the English comedian Benny Hill. The song was first performed on television in 1970, and released as a successful recording, topping the UK Singles Chart in 1971, reaching the Christmas number one spot. The lyric's story line is inspired by Hill's early experience as a milkman for Hann's Dairies in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Market Street, mentioned in the lyrics, is a real-life street in Eastleigh. The song tells the fictional exploits of Ernie Price, a 52-year-old","title":"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)"},{"id":"3134556","text":"much airtime to one person. King's 1971 releases included a version of Bob Dylan's \"Baby, You've Been On My Mind\", released as Nemo, which failed to chart; \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\", also as Nemo; \"Sugar, Sugar\" as Sakkarin; \"Leap Up and Down (Wave Your Knickers in the Air)\" by St Cecelia (this one a real band, rather than a pseudonym), which went to number 12; and \"Lazy Bones\", \"Flirt\" and \"Hooked On A Feeling\" released under his own name. Bell Records asked King to produce four songs for the Bay City Rollers, including their first hit, \"Keep","title":"Jonathan King"},{"id":"20983326","text":"House of the King \"House of the King\" is an instrumental by the Dutch rock band Focus. It was released as a single in January 1971 and reached No. 10 on the Dutch charts and sold well across Europe. In the UK, it was issued on both the group's first album, \"In And Out of Focus\" and the 1972 double album \"Focus 3\". The song is in a baroque pop style. It was written by guitarist Jan Akkerman and based on an improvised instrumental that the group performed after the plug was pulled on a concert in Majorca in June","title":"House of the King"},{"id":"6125699","text":"Music (Carole King album) Music is the third album by American singer-songwriter Carole King. It is a continuation of the style laid down in \"Tapestry\". The album was released in December 1971 and quickly rose to the top of the charts. It features songs such as \"It's Going to Take Some Time\" (US No. 12 by The Carpenters), \"Sweet Seasons,\" a No. 9 hit for Carole King, and \"Brother, Brother\". While not as groundbreaking or as successful as King's Tapestry album, \"Carole King: Music\" experienced immediate success and was certified gold on December 9, 1971, days after release. It was","title":"Music (Carole King album)"},{"id":"12170681","text":"An Old Fashioned Love Song \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" is a 1971 song written by Paul Williams and performed by the American pop-rock band Three Dog Night. Chuck Negron performed the lead vocal on this track. Taken as the lead single from their 1971 album, \"Harmony\", the song peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in December 1971, becoming the band's seventh top-ten hit. It was Three Dog Night's first record to top the U.S. easy listening chart. It reached number two in Canada. Its lyrics suggest the straightforward and melodic nature of the tune: \"Just","title":"An Old Fashioned Love Song"},{"id":"3017936","text":"You're So Vain \"You're So Vain\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty. The song is ranked at #92 on \"Billboard\"
(b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"1670140","text":"Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called \"Día de Reyes\", and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (\"las octavitas\"). In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface. A tradition","title":"Biblical Magi"},{"id":"4313156","text":"\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \"The Wren [Wran] Song\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\", as the last song in \"Children's Medley\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \"to bury the wren\". Wren Day Wren Day,","title":"Wren Day"},{"id":"845619","text":"Moirai were supposed to appear three nights after a child's birth to determine the course of its life, as in the story of Meleager and the firebrand taken from the hearth and preserved by his mother to extend his life. Bruce Karl Braswell from readings in the lexicon of Hesychius, associates the appearance of the Moirai at the family \"hearth\" on the \"seventh\" day with the ancient Greek custom of waiting seven days after birth to decide whether to accept the infant into the Gens and to give it a name, cemented with a ritual at the hearth. At Sparta","title":"Moirai"},{"id":"4325188","text":"displays. December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, the last one held on Christmas Eve. The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas, and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico. It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas, and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season. Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary, but most families set up a \"pesebre\" (manger scene), sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines,","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"95477","text":"of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: \"Note on how to put the Christmas branch, \"scilicet\": On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the \"altar-mor\".\" The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed.","title":"Christmas tree"},{"id":"14375634","text":"beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian Calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian Calendar. This day is called by Serbs the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with \"Christ is Born,\" which should be responded to with \"Truly He is Born.\" This holiday surpasses all the other celebrated by Serbs, with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These","title":"Serb traditions"},{"id":"1355715","text":"ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 26, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period \"preceding\" Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the \"Twelve Days of Christmas\", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so","title":"Christmas music"},{"id":"10178504","text":"build-up occurs on 6 December, when it is Nikolaustag, a day commemorating Saint Nicholas. On the evening of 5 December children in Germany place a \"Nikolausstiefel\" (a boot or a hoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance to Santa Claus in the US, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs). In Switzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front","title":"Weihnachten"},{"id":"14719809","text":"a universalized application of the concept of Shabbat—the 7th day of the week—the sanctified 'day of rest'. The Ten Commandments state (Exodus 20:8): “Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. Six days shall you work and perform all of your labors. And on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath day unto the Lord your God, you shall do no work... For in six days God made the heavens and the earth, the oceans and all therein, and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore God hath blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it.” This tradition maintains that each day","title":"Year 6000"},{"id":"17970820","text":"Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,","title":"Economics of Christmas"},{"id":"1378853","text":"guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem). During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \"Christkindl\", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Hungary, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives his sweet gifts on 6 December,","title":"Christmas Eve"},{"id":"2918804","text":"the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of \"musical and theatrical presentations\". In Russia, Christmastide, understood as the period between Orthodox Christmas and Epiphany, is often referred to as \"Svyatki\". During this period, Russians perform fortunetelling by the use of shadows, candles, wax, and boots to predict future marriages. Maidens who participate in the ceremony have to shed everything that \"hinders\" the flow","title":"Christmastide"},{"id":"2373308","text":"Silvestro\" in Italian, \"Silvesternacht\" in German, \"Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre\" in French, and \"סילבסטר\" in Hebrew). New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"6579247","text":"party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light up fireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other. The exact date that ends Jul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the old \"gisladag\" or \"Tjuendedag\", the twentieth day, on January 13, also called Epiphany Day. By Candlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed. Christmas in Norway Jul","title":"Christmas in Norway"},{"id":"18821642","text":"libations are being offered.) Therefore, every fifty-seventh day of the sixty-day cycle they mount to heaven and personally report our misdeeds to the Director of Fates. Further, during the night of the last day of the month the hearth god also ascends to heaven and makes an oral report of a man's wrongs. For the more important misdeeds [\"ji\" 紀 \"12 year period; discipline; mark\"] a whole period of three hundred days is deducted. For the minor ones they deduct one reckoning [\"suan\" 算 \"calculate; count\"], a reckoning being three days. Personally, I have not yet been able to determine","title":"Three Corpses"},{"id":"6020960","text":"Australia; as \"Secret Santa\", \"Kris Kringle\", or \"Manita-Manito\" in the Philippines; as \"Angelito\" in the Dominican Republic; and as \"Wichteln\" or \"Julklapp\" in Germany. \"Wichteln\" is what a \"Wichtel\", a wight, does, a good deed. In Poland, the tradition is celebrated on the day of 6 December (Mikołajki), in Ukraine — on December, 19th (Mykolay). All of these names derive from traditional Christmas gift-bringers: the American custom is named after Santa Claus, or St Nicholas (Poland and Ukraine), while \"Chris Kindle\" and \"Kris Kringle\" are both corruptions of the original name of the Austrian gift-bringer \"Christkindl\", which means the \"Christ","title":"Secret Santa"},{"id":"17206688","text":"Familiar songs that use this effect are significantly stronger than that with a relatively simple three-bar song, examples like \"Backe, backe Kuchen\" include \"\" or the Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The text records what was probably a common practice when composed. That is to say, the bakers after baking bread \"called\" with a horn to signal to the women of the neighborhood, that the residual heat of the oven could now be used to bake the women's own cakes. Also, where the bread was baked on certain days in the common village oven, there was a signal","title":"Backe, backe Kuchen"},{"id":"9465349","text":"which will be used as the \"badnik\" (бъдник). After the man brings it into the house, a hole is bored in one end of the \"badnik\" and filled with wine, cooking oil, and incense. The hole is plugged, and that end of the log is wrapped with a white linen cloth before the \"badnik\" is festively burned on the hearth. In Greece, a large log was lit on the hearth on Christmas Eve and kept burning or smoldering through the Twelve Days of Christmas. This was done as a protection against the demons called \"Kallikantzaroi\", believed to be emerging from","title":"Badnjak (Serbian)"},{"id":"15133574","text":"In the traditional Nicholas-walk, on 6 December, St. Nicholas comes clothed in a bishop’s attire, a long red coat and a red cap on his head, holding a shepherd’s crook in one hand, and carrying a sack full of gifts on his back. He cannot be seen because he arrives in the middle of the night when good little children are already fast asleep, so you'd better not try to stay up so late, otherwise he won't give you any presents, only a birch stick (virgács). Before 24 December, people decorate their houses and start to cook and bake. At","title":"Christmas in Hungary"},{"id":"1378846","text":"Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as \"the Third Day of the Nativity\". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents. Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5","title":"Christmas Eve"},{"id":"9465315","text":"burning from the Eve. The first visit the family receives that day is considered important, comparable to New Years Day first-footing in the British Isles. The family may choose someone, usually a young male, to be their first visitor, known as a \"polaznik\", before the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with \"Christ is Born\", to which they reply \"Truly He is Born.\" The \"polaznik\" then approaches the \"ognjište\" and repeatedly strikes the burning log with","title":"Badnjak (Serbian)"},{"id":"872994","text":"to Aeneas under the title \"Iuppiter Indiges\" (Jupiter in-the-earth). Trophonius was a son of Erginus, king of Minyan Orchomenus and brother of Agamedes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, \"those whom the gods love die young\", comes from this story. Alternatively, according to Pausanias they built a treasure chamber","title":"Trophonius"},{"id":"10024612","text":"The song also reached number four in Australia and number six in New Zealand. The song has been covered by Zoot Woman. 7 Days (Craig David song) \"7 Days\" is a song by English singer Craig David. It was released on 24 July 2000 as the second single from his debut studio album, \"Born to Do It\" (2000). \"7 Days\" is David's biggest worldwide hit to date, hitting number one in the United Kingdom and number ten in the United States, and receiving a Gold certification sale in the UK. In 2001, the song was nominated for the BRIT Award","title":"7 Days (Craig David song)"},{"id":"7182056","text":"during Bright Week (Easter Week) the priest holds a special Paschal trikirion (triple candlestick) and the deacon holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve. In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a wreath of candles. In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an Advent wreath, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of","title":"Ceremonial use of lights"},{"id":"9457968","text":"players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"20437046","text":"Hunt the Wren Hunt the Wren is a traditional custom carried out on the Isle of Man on the 26 December, St. Stephen's Day. It consists of groups of people going around villages and towns singing and dancing a traditional song and dance around a decorated wren pole. The tradition on the Isle of Man is closely related to similar practices carried out across Europe, particularly Wren Day in Ireland. It has been suggested that the tradition probably originates in sacrificial practices due to the reverence with which the wren is held outside of this one day of the year,","title":"Hunt the Wren"},{"id":"5073804","text":"named Hussein. In arabic, Hussein is also referred to as Hussaina or Hossein/a. Shia Muslims believe that Hussein sacrificed his soul for the sake of humanity and not only Islam, which places him in the highest levels of heaven. In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. Hence its relationship to Christ's arrival The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, \"Great Hosanna\"). \"Hosanna\" was","title":"Hosanna"},{"id":"1497100","text":"the observance of its own regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system. William & Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads \"Twas the Night Before Finals\", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song \"The Twelve Days","title":"College of William & Mary"},{"id":"19516195","text":"With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the","title":"Christmas gift"},{"id":"5350403","text":"a Christian feast falling on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Spirit, in the guise of flames, upon the apostles at the \"Feast of the Harvest\" (Ex. 23:16), also known as Whitsunday, enabling the apostles to spread the news of Christ in all languages, (glossolalia or the \"gift of tongues\") (Acts 2). Pinksteren was also a celebration of the change of the seasons and of spring renewal. Various customs are intended to invoke the growth and fertility of fields and pastures. These include, for example, setting up Pentecost trees (\"pinksterkrone\"), that have the","title":"Pinkster"},{"id":"4325298","text":"on Epiphany. Nowadays, although Santa Claus (\"Pai Natal\") is more popular, in some regions people still believe that it is the \"Menino Jesus\" (Baby Jesus) who brings presents to children. In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas (Serbian: Божић, \"Božić\" or more formally Рождество Христово, Rozhdestvo Hristovo, \"Nativity of Christ\") is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of","title":"Christmas traditions"},{"id":"3816592","text":"men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The \"Phota\" form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve), when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called \"small sanctification\", \"Protagiasi\" or \"Enlightment\" is practiced on","title":"Epiphany (holiday)"},{"id":"2373304","text":"Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"2217349","text":"He rested from all work, 2) He blessed the Shabbat, and 3) God sanctified the seventh day, which means He set it apart for only Holy use. The ten commandments in Exodus 20:8-12 explain further that, \"six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Shabbat of the Lord your God, in that day you shall do no work\". According to the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites were living in the Sinai for forty years, they built a Tabernacle ( translit: \"mishkan\", \"Place of [Divine] dwelling\"); this was viewed as the abode of","title":"Jewish symbolism"},{"id":"9439675","text":"comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving","title":"Santa Claus"},{"id":"9457977","text":"made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \"Five gold(en) rings,\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \"Two turtle doves\" getting a 4/4 bar with \"And a\" on its fourth beat and \"Partridge in a pear tree\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \"Partridge in a pear tree.\" \"On the\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of","title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"},{"id":"3841583","text":"days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as \"\"melakhot\"\"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah","title":"Convenience"},{"id":"2373306","text":"steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days, is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not","title":"Twelve Days of Christmas"},{"id":"685","text":"applicable only to the souls in purgatory, is granted to the faithful, who devoutly visit a cemetery and pray for the departed. The indulgence is plenary, under the usual conditions, each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on any other days of the year. \"Visit to a Church or Oratory on All Souls Day. PLENARY INDULGENCE. A plenary indulgence, applicable ONLY to the souls in purgatory, may be obtained by those who, on All Souls Day, piously visit a church, public oratory, or -for those entitled to use it, a semi public","title":"All Souls' Day"},{"id":"11845828","text":"that of any of the Ten Commandments, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (, , ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus (, , , ). Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use \"Lord's Day\" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day \"my Sabbath\" () and \"to the \" (); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking","title":"Biblical Sabbath"},{"id":"2999242","text":"a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows:
(b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \\\"The Yule Days\\\", has been likened to \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \\\"The Twelve Days\\\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \\\"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\\\" (1842), runs as follows: \\\"Pippin go aye\\\" (also spelled \\\"papingo-aye\\\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1670140\",\n \"text\": \"Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called \\\"Día de Reyes\\\", and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (\\\"las octavitas\\\"). In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface. A tradition\",\n \"title\": \"Biblical Magi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4313156\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\\\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \\\"The Wren [Wran] Song\\\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \\\"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\\\", as the last song in \\\"Children's Medley\\\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \\\"to bury the wren\\\". Wren Day Wren Day,\",\n \"title\": \"Wren Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"845619\",\n \"text\": \"Moirai were supposed to appear three nights after a child's birth to determine the course of its life, as in the story of Meleager and the firebrand taken from the hearth and preserved by his mother to extend his life. Bruce Karl Braswell from readings in the lexicon of Hesychius, associates the appearance of the Moirai at the family \\\"hearth\\\" on the \\\"seventh\\\" day with the ancient Greek custom of waiting seven days after birth to decide whether to accept the infant into the Gens and to give it a name, cemented with a ritual at the hearth. At Sparta\",\n \"title\": \"Moirai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325188\",\n \"text\": \"displays. December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, the last one held on Christmas Eve. The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas, and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico. It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas, and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season. Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary, but most families set up a \\\"pesebre\\\" (manger scene), sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95477\",\n \"text\": \"of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: \\\"Note on how to put the Christmas branch, \\\"scilicet\\\": On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the \\\"altar-mor\\\".\\\" The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed.\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas tree\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14375634\",\n \"text\": \"beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian Calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian Calendar. This day is called by Serbs the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with \\\"Christ is Born,\\\" which should be responded to with \\\"Truly He is Born.\\\" This holiday surpasses all the other celebrated by Serbs, with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These\",\n \"title\": \"Serb traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355715\",\n \"text\": \"ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 26, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period \\\"preceding\\\" Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the \\\"Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10178504\",\n \"text\": \"build-up occurs on 6 December, when it is Nikolaustag, a day commemorating Saint Nicholas. On the evening of 5 December children in Germany place a \\\"Nikolausstiefel\\\" (a boot or a hoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance to Santa Claus in the US, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs). In Switzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front\",\n \"title\": \"Weihnachten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14719809\",\n \"text\": \"a universalized application of the concept of Shabbat—the 7th day of the week—the sanctified 'day of rest'. The Ten Commandments state (Exodus 20:8): “Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. Six days shall you work and perform all of your labors. And on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath day unto the Lord your God, you shall do no work... For in six days God made the heavens and the earth, the oceans and all therein, and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore God hath blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it.” This tradition maintains that each day\",\n \"title\": \"Year 6000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17970820\",\n \"text\": \"Vienna \\\"December market\\\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". PNC compiles both a \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" and \\\"The True Cost of Christmas.\\\" The \\\"Christmas Price Index\\\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \\\"True Cost of Christmas,\\\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,\",\n \"title\": \"Economics of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378853\",\n \"text\": \"guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem). During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \\\"Christkindl\\\", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Hungary, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives his sweet gifts on 6 December,\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Eve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2918804\",\n \"text\": \"the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of \\\"musical and theatrical presentations\\\". In Russia, Christmastide, understood as the period between Orthodox Christmas and Epiphany, is often referred to as \\\"Svyatki\\\". During this period, Russians perform fortunetelling by the use of shadows, candles, wax, and boots to predict future marriages. Maidens who participate in the ceremony have to shed everything that \\\"hinders\\\" the flow\",\n \"title\": \"Christmastide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373308\",\n \"text\": \"Silvestro\\\" in Italian, \\\"Silvesternacht\\\" in German, \\\"Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre\\\" in French, and \\\"סילבסטר\\\" in Hebrew). New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6579247\",\n \"text\": \"party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light up fireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other. The exact date that ends Jul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the old \\\"gisladag\\\" or \\\"Tjuendedag\\\", the twentieth day, on January 13, also called Epiphany Day. By Candlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed. Christmas in Norway Jul\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in Norway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18821642\",\n \"text\": \"libations are being offered.) Therefore, every fifty-seventh day of the sixty-day cycle they mount to heaven and personally report our misdeeds to the Director of Fates. Further, during the night of the last day of the month the hearth god also ascends to heaven and makes an oral report of a man's wrongs. For the more important misdeeds [\\\"ji\\\" 紀 \\\"12 year period; discipline; mark\\\"] a whole period of three hundred days is deducted. For the minor ones they deduct one reckoning [\\\"suan\\\" 算 \\\"calculate; count\\\"], a reckoning being three days. Personally, I have not yet been able to determine\",\n \"title\": \"Three Corpses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6020960\",\n \"text\": \"Australia; as \\\"Secret Santa\\\", \\\"Kris Kringle\\\", or \\\"Manita-Manito\\\" in the Philippines; as \\\"Angelito\\\" in the Dominican Republic; and as \\\"Wichteln\\\" or \\\"Julklapp\\\" in Germany. \\\"Wichteln\\\" is what a \\\"Wichtel\\\", a wight, does, a good deed. In Poland, the tradition is celebrated on the day of 6 December (Mikołajki), in Ukraine — on December, 19th (Mykolay). All of these names derive from traditional Christmas gift-bringers: the American custom is named after Santa Claus, or St Nicholas (Poland and Ukraine), while \\\"Chris Kindle\\\" and \\\"Kris Kringle\\\" are both corruptions of the original name of the Austrian gift-bringer \\\"Christkindl\\\", which means the \\\"Christ\",\n \"title\": \"Secret Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17206688\",\n \"text\": \"Familiar songs that use this effect are significantly stronger than that with a relatively simple three-bar song, examples like \\\"Backe, backe Kuchen\\\" include \\\"\\\" or the Christmas carol \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\". The text records what was probably a common practice when composed. That is to say, the bakers after baking bread \\\"called\\\" with a horn to signal to the women of the neighborhood, that the residual heat of the oven could now be used to bake the women's own cakes. Also, where the bread was baked on certain days in the common village oven, there was a signal\",\n \"title\": \"Backe, backe Kuchen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9465349\",\n \"text\": \"which will be used as the \\\"badnik\\\" (бъдник). After the man brings it into the house, a hole is bored in one end of the \\\"badnik\\\" and filled with wine, cooking oil, and incense. The hole is plugged, and that end of the log is wrapped with a white linen cloth before the \\\"badnik\\\" is festively burned on the hearth. In Greece, a large log was lit on the hearth on Christmas Eve and kept burning or smoldering through the Twelve Days of Christmas. This was done as a protection against the demons called \\\"Kallikantzaroi\\\", believed to be emerging from\",\n \"title\": \"Badnjak (Serbian)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15133574\",\n \"text\": \"In the traditional Nicholas-walk, on 6 December, St. Nicholas comes clothed in a bishop’s attire, a long red coat and a red cap on his head, holding a shepherd’s crook in one hand, and carrying a sack full of gifts on his back. He cannot be seen because he arrives in the middle of the night when good little children are already fast asleep, so you'd better not try to stay up so late, otherwise he won't give you any presents, only a birch stick (virgács). Before 24 December, people decorate their houses and start to cook and bake. At\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas in Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378846\",\n \"text\": \"Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as \\\"the Third Day of the Nativity\\\". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents. Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Eve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9465315\",\n \"text\": \"burning from the Eve. The first visit the family receives that day is considered important, comparable to New Years Day first-footing in the British Isles. The family may choose someone, usually a young male, to be their first visitor, known as a \\\"polaznik\\\", before the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with \\\"Christ is Born\\\", to which they reply \\\"Truly He is Born.\\\" The \\\"polaznik\\\" then approaches the \\\"ognjište\\\" and repeatedly strikes the burning log with\",\n \"title\": \"Badnjak (Serbian)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872994\",\n \"text\": \"to Aeneas under the title \\\"Iuppiter Indiges\\\" (Jupiter in-the-earth). Trophonius was a son of Erginus, king of Minyan Orchomenus and brother of Agamedes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, \\\"those whom the gods love die young\\\", comes from this story. Alternatively, according to Pausanias they built a treasure chamber\",\n \"title\": \"Trophonius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10024612\",\n \"text\": \"The song also reached number four in Australia and number six in New Zealand. The song has been covered by Zoot Woman. 7 Days (Craig David song) \\\"7 Days\\\" is a song by English singer Craig David. It was released on 24 July 2000 as the second single from his debut studio album, \\\"Born to Do It\\\" (2000). \\\"7 Days\\\" is David's biggest worldwide hit to date, hitting number one in the United Kingdom and number ten in the United States, and receiving a Gold certification sale in the UK. In 2001, the song was nominated for the BRIT Award\",\n \"title\": \"7 Days (Craig David song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7182056\",\n \"text\": \"during Bright Week (Easter Week) the priest holds a special Paschal trikirion (triple candlestick) and the deacon holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve. In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a wreath of candles. In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an Advent wreath, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of\",\n \"title\": \"Ceremonial use of lights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457968\",\n \"text\": \"players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \\\"Ten Days of Christmas\\\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" was also widely popular in the\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20437046\",\n \"text\": \"Hunt the Wren Hunt the Wren is a traditional custom carried out on the Isle of Man on the 26 December, St. Stephen's Day. It consists of groups of people going around villages and towns singing and dancing a traditional song and dance around a decorated wren pole. The tradition on the Isle of Man is closely related to similar practices carried out across Europe, particularly Wren Day in Ireland. It has been suggested that the tradition probably originates in sacrificial practices due to the reverence with which the wren is held outside of this one day of the year,\",\n \"title\": \"Hunt the Wren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5073804\",\n \"text\": \"named Hussein. In arabic, Hussein is also referred to as Hussaina or Hossein/a. Shia Muslims believe that Hussein sacrificed his soul for the sake of humanity and not only Islam, which places him in the highest levels of heaven. In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. Hence its relationship to Christ's arrival The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, \\\"Great Hosanna\\\"). \\\"Hosanna\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Hosanna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1497100\",\n \"text\": \"the observance of its own regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system. William & Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads \\\"Twas the Night Before Finals\\\", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song \\\"The Twelve Days\",\n \"title\": \"College of William & Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19516195\",\n \"text\": \"With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas gift\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5350403\",\n \"text\": \"a Christian feast falling on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Spirit, in the guise of flames, upon the apostles at the \\\"Feast of the Harvest\\\" (Ex. 23:16), also known as Whitsunday, enabling the apostles to spread the news of Christ in all languages, (glossolalia or the \\\"gift of tongues\\\") (Acts 2). Pinksteren was also a celebration of the change of the seasons and of spring renewal. Various customs are intended to invoke the growth and fertility of fields and pastures. These include, for example, setting up Pentecost trees (\\\"pinksterkrone\\\"), that have the\",\n \"title\": \"Pinkster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325298\",\n \"text\": \"on Epiphany. Nowadays, although Santa Claus (\\\"Pai Natal\\\") is more popular, in some regions people still believe that it is the \\\"Menino Jesus\\\" (Baby Jesus) who brings presents to children. In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas (Serbian: Божић, \\\"Božić\\\" or more formally Рождество Христово, Rozhdestvo Hristovo, \\\"Nativity of Christ\\\") is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas traditions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3816592\",\n \"text\": \"men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The \\\"Phota\\\" form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve), when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called \\\"small sanctification\\\", \\\"Protagiasi\\\" or \\\"Enlightment\\\" is practiced on\",\n \"title\": \"Epiphany (holiday)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373304\",\n \"text\": \"Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \\\"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\\\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217349\",\n \"text\": \"He rested from all work, 2) He blessed the Shabbat, and 3) God sanctified the seventh day, which means He set it apart for only Holy use. The ten commandments in Exodus 20:8-12 explain further that, \\\"six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Shabbat of the Lord your God, in that day you shall do no work\\\". According to the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites were living in the Sinai for forty years, they built a Tabernacle ( translit: \\\"mishkan\\\", \\\"Place of [Divine] dwelling\\\"); this was viewed as the abode of\",\n \"title\": \"Jewish symbolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9439675\",\n \"text\": \"comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457977\",\n \"text\": \"made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \\\"Five gold(en) rings,\\\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \\\"Two turtle doves\\\" getting a 4/4 bar with \\\"And a\\\" on its fourth beat and \\\"Partridge in a pear tree\\\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \\\"Partridge in a pear tree.\\\" \\\"On the\\\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of\",\n \"title\": \"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3841583\",\n \"text\": \"days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as \\\"\\\"melakhot\\\"\\\"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah\",\n \"title\": \"Convenience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373306\",\n \"text\": \"steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days, is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not\",\n \"title\": \"Twelve Days of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"685\",\n \"text\": \"applicable only to the souls in purgatory, is granted to the faithful, who devoutly visit a cemetery and pray for the departed. The indulgence is plenary, under the usual conditions, each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on any other days of the year. \\\"Visit to a Church or Oratory on All Souls Day. PLENARY INDULGENCE. A plenary indulgence, applicable ONLY to the souls in purgatory, may be obtained by those who, on All Souls Day, piously visit a church, public oratory, or -for those entitled to use it, a semi public\",\n \"title\": \"All Souls' Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11845828\",\n \"text\": \"that of any of the Ten Commandments, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (, , ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus (, , , ). Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use \\\"Lord's Day\\\" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day \\\"my Sabbath\\\" () and \\\"to the \\\" (); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking\",\n \"title\": \"Biblical Sabbath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2999242\",\n \"text\": \"a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows:
United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad","title":"William D. Morgan"},{"id":"703167","text":"82 awarded to Marines in World War II. Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine. The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954. The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name (1961–1993) and (2001–present). On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the \"Reunion of Honor\" was held","title":"Battle of Iwo Jima"},{"id":"3075994","text":"his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was","title":"Arthur MacArthur Jr."},{"id":"6580667","text":"Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the","title":"Silver Buffalo Award"},{"id":"17586521","text":"is one such award which is routinely presented posthumously to service members killed in action. The presentation in the United States Armed Forces of posthumous rank has become less common in the 21st century, but was widely used during the era of the Vietnam War and prior. One of the most famous posthumous promotions was that of George Washington to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. The promotion took place in 1976, 177 years after Washington's death. Promotions can occasionally be unintentionally posthumous. For instance, the Arctic explorer Captain Sir John Franklin of the Royal","title":"Posthumous promotion"},{"id":"1643357","text":"Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation","title":"Richard E. Byrd"},{"id":"2023146","text":"guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996. On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a highly controversial presidential pardon. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President Jimmy Carter, a fellow Democrat, said, \"I don't think there is any","title":"Marc Rich"},{"id":"13914517","text":"Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \"The President is Missing\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior","title":"Post-presidency of Bill Clinton"},{"id":"5062390","text":"Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United","title":"Presidential Citizens Medal"},{"id":"2281062","text":"Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period","title":"Presidency of Bill Clinton"},{"id":"11224601","text":"II led to Nakamura's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Nakamura, aged 22 at his death, was buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park, Seattle, Washington. The William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse in Seattle, Washington is named in his honor. Private First Class Nakamura's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished","title":"William K. Nakamura"},{"id":"307171","text":"chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from","title":"Presidential Medal of Freedom"},{"id":"7654524","text":"posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above","title":"William D. Halyburton Jr."},{"id":"788427","text":"USS Ronald Reagan USS \"Ronald Reagan\" (CVN-76) is a , nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still alive at the time. As of May 2012, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer","title":"USS Ronald Reagan"},{"id":"2162622","text":"of survivor guilt, asks his wife \"Did I live a good life?\" After his work on \"Rough Riders\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \"The Wind and the Lion\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \"Rough Riders (miniseries)\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \"American Graffiti\" was inspired by Milius, who was a","title":"John Milius"},{"id":"3260027","text":"1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast in January 1945. After the war, Endo would eventually settle in Chicago, Illinois, where she died of cancer on April 14, 2006. In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent a letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom, the same honor that had already been awarded to Fred Korematsu in 1998 and posthumously to Gordon Hirabayashi in 2012. Ex parte Endo Ex parte Endo, or Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), was a United States","title":"Ex parte Endo"},{"id":"7754505","text":"In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America","title":"Gerald Ford"},{"id":"10777183","text":"the mainland. For his actions in August 1944, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. This award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor after Congress directed the Secretary of the Army to review all awards of the DSC to Americans of Japanese and Pacific Islands descent to determine if racial bias had influenced the awards process. Nakae was one of 22 Americans of Japanese descent who received the Medal of Honor on June 21, 2000 (about two years after his death) by President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March","title":"Masato Nakae"},{"id":"8667219","text":"a \"Lieutenant General\" (now three stars), it seemed, somewhat incongruously, that all later full four star and higher generals were considered to outrank Washington. This issue was resolved in the bicentennial year of 1976 when Washington was, by act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, this promotion being backdated to July 4, 1976, making Washington permanently the senior military officer of the United States. Washington was the first American president under the United States Constitution, and was unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 and again in 1792; he remains the only president","title":"Legacy of George Washington"},{"id":"8172409","text":"States in December 1951 and interred in Lewisburg Cemetery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on January 7, 1953 by Secretary of the Navy Daniel A. Kimball in Washington, D.C. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart awarded for his fatal wounds, 2ndLt Ramer's decorations include the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SECOND LIEUTENANT GEORGE H. RAMER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth","title":"George H. Ramer"},{"id":"7507361","text":"Garza yelled \"Grenade\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while","title":"Emilio A. De La Garza"},{"id":"7707125","text":"Dutch town of Margraten. His grave can be found in plot P, row 9, grave 9. PFC James had received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge prior to his death. Posthumously, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (as of September 23, 2006), the World War II Victory Medal, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. On January 13, 1997, PFC James' Medal of Honor was presented to his widow by President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony in which six other African-American soldiers were also awarded the Medal of Honor","title":"Willy F. James Jr."},{"id":"1518437","text":"became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–69), Jimmy Carter (1977–81), George H. W. Bush (1989–93), Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region. The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In","title":"Southern United States"},{"id":"4103592","text":"Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. It is situated on of land located","title":"Clinton Presidential Center"},{"id":"7546254","text":"wounds, and was mortally wounded. Captain Graham is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Organized Marine Corps Reserve Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnamese Service Medal with one bronze star, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CAPTAIN JAMES A. GRAHAM
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service","title":"James A. Graham"},{"id":"5920692","text":"and Rivers,\" by the entry, \"Yorks 8 Islands.\" The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, \"York's Dry Creek\", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana. This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed \"Custer Creek\". In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army. York (explorer) York (1770 – before 1832) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he","title":"York (explorer)"},{"id":"10205329","text":"Woodrow W. Keeble Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been","title":"Woodrow W. Keeble"},{"id":"18878805","text":"the War Ministry Building in Tokyo. In 1946, Farrow was interred with honors at the Arlington National Cemetery, Section 12, Grave 157. Farrow was posthumously given multiple awards. These included the Order of the Sacred Tripod (寶鼎勳章) of the Republic of China, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Purple Heart. He was also awarded the Prisoner of War Medal, which, by authorization of Congress in 1985, was given to all members of the United States Armed Forces who had been a prisoner of war after 5 April 1917. He is the namesake of the Arnold Air Society’s William Glover Farrow","title":"William G. Farrow"},{"id":"2481618","text":"along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President","title":"Félix Houphouët-Boigny"},{"id":"10980945","text":"posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Tanouye's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, Tanouye was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart","title":"Ted T. Tanouye"},{"id":"4103618","text":"available. These are thanks to the generosity of The Bank of America Foundation. The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening. Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the","title":"Clinton Presidential Center"},{"id":"7596731","text":"was mortally wounded and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and sacrifice of life. The Medal of Honor was presented to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on 20 Apr 1970. Jenkins is buried at Sister Spring Baptist Cemetery in Interlachen, Florida. Jenkins' military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT H. JENKINS JR.
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following","title":"Robert H. Jenkins Jr."},{"id":"7957","text":"City Hall. In 2016, the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to US president Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an \"Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal\", which was awarded for the only time ever. Aachen is twinned with: Aachen Aachen () or Bad Aachen, French","title":"Aachen"},{"id":"20266543","text":"Reagan administration officials, accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair; and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999. In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of 140 people on his last day in office, January 20, 2001, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich and his own brother, Roger Clinton, were heavily criticized. President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio on August 25, 2017. Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court. Trump's pardon was met with widespread criticism from political opponents, and was relatively unusual because it","title":"Federal pardons in the United States"},{"id":"14088165","text":"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961. On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General","title":"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal"},{"id":"10669466","text":"decoration in the United States bestowed \"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine","title":"Hispanic Americans in World War II"},{"id":"284463","text":"achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this","title":"Nobel Prize"},{"id":"2074800","text":"was first bestowed during World War II. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is an octagonal bronze medal. The obverse depicts an eagle holding a fouled anchor over a globe. The word \"Heroism\" is inscribed below the globe. The ribbon of the medal is three equal stripes of navy blue, old gold, and apple red. Navy and Marine Corps Medal The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest non-combat decoration awarded for heroism by the United States Department of the Navy to the members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The medal was established by","title":"Navy and Marine Corps Medal"},{"id":"215171","text":"Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the \"Jackie Robinson Award\". Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American. President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984, and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only","title":"Jackie Robinson"},{"id":"3329640","text":"Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war. On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service as a top American in South Vietnam. For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian so honored in Vietnam. Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, \"\", in which","title":"John Paul Vann"},{"id":"4910229","text":"now Section 127, Row C, Seat 9, and the seat bottom is now padded. The first person to sit in \"Buck's seat\" was Buck O'Neil's brother, Warren. On December 7, 2006, O'Neil was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush; the award was given to his brother, Warren, on his behalf on December 15. He was chosen due to his \"excellence and determination both on and off the baseball field\", according to the White House news release. He joins such sports notables as Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, and Jack Nicklaus in receiving the","title":"Buck O'Neil"},{"id":"14590965","text":"the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. On April 18, 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces (though neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing). Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied","title":"Douglas MacArthur in World War II"},{"id":"11178887","text":"for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Ono's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Private First Class Ono's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily","title":"Frank H. Ono"},{"id":"8234174","text":"heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor","title":"Bud Day"},{"id":"7613401","text":"— the Medal of Honor. Initially buried in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Cemetery on Guam, PFC Witek's remains were reinterred in the Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois, in 1949. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS FRANK P. WITEK UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division, during the","title":"Frank P. Witek"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"413903\",\n \"text\": \"President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9516092\",\n \"text\": \"the Army denied the nomination, citing a lack of official records documenting his case. Smith's commander at Honey Hill had not included an account of Smith's actions in the official battle report. It was not until January 16, 2001, 137 years after the Battle of Honey Hill, that Smith was recognized; President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to several of Smith's descendants during a ceremony at the White House on that day. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was also posthumously awarded the medal at the same ceremony, for his actions during the Spanish–American War. Smith's official Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2719480\",\n \"text\": \"to award a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor to President Theodore Roosevelt for his charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War. Congress eventually passed legislation asking the president to grant the honor, and President Clinton awarded the medal in January 2001. Lazio also sponsored the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act, which, after being passed and signed into law in 2000, directed the U.S. Attorney General to review the government's internment of Italian nationals during World War II. In addition to his position on the Financial Services Committee, Lazio also served on the House's Energy and\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Lazio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"590962\",\n \"text\": \"gallant army which it was my honor to command\\\". Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001, when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. MacArthur's citation, written by Marshall, read: As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese, MacArthur received many other accolades. The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a \\\"Chief of Chiefs\\\", which he acknowledged as from\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas MacArthur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"413804\",\n \"text\": \"recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill (part of the San Juan Heights) as \\\"the great day of my life\\\" and \\\"my crowded hour\\\". In 2001, Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions; he had been nominated during the war, but Army officials, annoyed at his grabbing the headlines, blocked it. After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as \\\"Colonel Roosevelt\\\" or \\\"The Colonel\\\", though \\\"Teddy\\\" remained much more popular with the public, even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker. Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him \\\"Colonel\\\" or \\\"Theodore\\\". After leaving Cuba\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2921914\",\n \"text\": \"took extensive X-rays. As a result of these consultations and full-body X-rays, we absolutely ruled out anything beyond a blunt-force injury to the head.\\\" Brown was buried with full state honors in his hometown. On January 8, 2001, Brown was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The award was accepted by Brown's widow, Alma Brown. President Clinton also established the Ron Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility. The Conference Board administers the privately funded award. The U.S. Department of Commerce also gives out the annual Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award in his honor.\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Brown (U.S. politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503650\",\n \"text\": \"and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor: Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz. Since 1979, 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503640\",\n \"text\": \"two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars, emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, who was presented the flag posthumously. President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4, 2005. A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the in\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2285701\",\n \"text\": \"in January 2001 President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to descendants of a Civil War soldier. Although 'The Report of the inquiry into unresolved recognition for past acts of naval and military gallantry and valour' released in March 2013 did not recommend any belated Victoria Cross for Australia awards, it did recommend a Unit Citation for Gallantry to HMAS \\\"Yarra\\\" for February and March 1942. Similarly, Australian Bravery Awards have been gazetted years after the action being commended, including a Commendation for Brave Conduct awarded in 1987 to Robert Anderson for his courage in rescuing a child from\",\n \"title\": \"Australian honours system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11071003\",\n \"text\": \"Honorary citizenship Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, an individual may be named an honorary citizen of the United States. Since 1963, it has been awarded to only eight individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires unanimous approval in both houses of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985; Nelson Mandela in 2001; the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006; Aung\",\n \"title\": \"Honorary citizenship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1288309\",\n \"text\": \"of Freedom with Distinction during a farewell press conference at the White House honoring Biden and his wife. Obama said he was awarding the Medal of Freedom to Biden for \\\"faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations.\\\" It was the first and only time Obama awarded the Medal of Freedom with the additional honor of distinction, an honor which his three predecessors had reserved only for President Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II, respectively. On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Biden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2093956\",\n \"text\": \"its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who eventually became vice president and later president of the United States, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on July 1, 1898. For unclear reasons, Linares failed to reinforce this position, choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish hilltop entrenchments, while typically well-concealed, were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire, which made return fire at the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of San Juan Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12158080\",\n \"text\": \"extraordinary action on November 1–2, 1950. In 2001, U.S. Representative Todd Tiahrt began a campaign to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun. Before leaving office on September 16, 2009, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren sent Tiahrt a letter, agreeing that Kapaun was worthy of the honor. Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also agreed. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Senate Bill 1867, Section 586) contains an authorization and a request to the President to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun posthumously for acts of valor during the Battle of\",\n \"title\": \"Emil Kapaun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9456070\",\n \"text\": \"Living presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number\",\n \"title\": \"Living presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14651739\",\n \"text\": \"he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa\",\n \"title\": \"Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371213\",\n \"text\": \"the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a living former president (\\\"Ronald Reagan\\\" was christened in 2001 while President Reagan was still alive). Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship’s namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship’s namesake (the 41st President). The rays of light that appear on the seal’s horizon represent Bush’s concept of a \\\"thousand\",\n \"title\": \"USS George H.W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34216\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10827805\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Clinton presented Hajiro the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000. Twenty-one other former U.S. military personnel of Asian descent also received the Medal of Honor during the ceremony, fifteen of them posthumously. In 2004, the French awarded Hajiro the Legion of Honor. Hajiro was the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient for seven months. He died on January 21, 2011 in Waipahu, Hawaii. Hajiro's military awards include: Hajiro's official Medal of Honor citation reads: \\\"Citation\\\": For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life beyond and the call of\",\n \"title\": \"Barney F. Hajiro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435428\",\n \"text\": \"his research on the sinking of \\\"Indianapolis\\\" for a class history project, an assignment which eventually led to a United States Congressional investigation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that \\\"he is exonerated for the loss of \\\"Indianapolis\\\"\\\". President Bill Clinton signed the resolution. The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the sinking of his ship. In July 2001, the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay's\",\n \"title\": \"USS Indianapolis (CA-35)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307170\",\n \"text\": \"as chosen by the president, but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). Recipients are selected by the president, either on the president's own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once; Colin Powell received two awards, his second being With Distinction; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples (in\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Medal of Freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34331\",\n \"text\": \"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342940\",\n \"text\": \"Reagan\\\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5611908\",\n \"text\": \"home. At the time of his death, Ruff was part of Vice President Al Gore's legal team in the Florida recount case. Ruff was survived by his wife of 38 years, Susan (Sue) Willis Ruff, as well as his mother, two daughters, two granddaughters, and a half-sister, Carla Ruff. On his death, his \\\"New York Times\\\" obituary described him as \\\"one of Washington's most influential if least self-important lawyers.\\\" On January 8, 2001, Ruff was posthumously awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton. Charles Ruff Charles Frederick Carson Ruff (August 1, 1939 – November 19, 2000) was a prominent\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Ruff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13751798\",\n \"text\": \"the small hill later called Kettle Hill. \\\"Teddy\\\" was nominated for the redesigned Medal of Honor and when the US Army investigated the claim, they denied the medal. For other reasons, the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001 to Roosevelt. There was no mention of \\\"Lt. Jules G. Ord\\\" or 10th Cavalry Regiment. Jules Garesche Ord Jules Garesche \\\"Gary\\\" Ord (September 9, 1866 – July 1, 1898) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was killed in action after leading the charge of Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry up San Juan Hill. History now records\",\n \"title\": \"Jules Garesche Ord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2737484\",\n \"text\": \"duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 12-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006. U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations U.S. President Barack Obama – 0 presentations U.S. President Donald Trump – 0 presentations Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for\",\n \"title\": \"Congressional Space Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"885738\",\n \"text\": \"Economics\\\" by a friend and fellow progressive economist Richard Parker renewed interest in Galbraith's life journey and legacy. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of the few people to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President Bill Clinton. He was a recipient of Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1997 and, in 2001, awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties\",\n \"title\": \"John Kenneth Galbraith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580669\",\n \"text\": \"1930, #33 Harry Truman 1950, #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1946, #36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1964, #37 Richard Nixon 1971, #38 Gerald Ford 1975 (also a Distinguished Eagle Scout), #39 Jimmy Carter 1978, #40 Ronald Reagan 1982, #41 George H.W. Bush 1990, #42 Bill Clinton 1997, #43 George W. Bush 2002, and #44 Barack Obama 2013. Eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #7 Heber J. Grant 1938, #8 George Albert Smith 1934, #9 David O. McKay 1953, #11 Harold B. Lee 1963, #12 Spencer W. Kimball 1984, #13 Ezra Taft\",\n \"title\": \"Silver Buffalo Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7707068\",\n \"text\": \"World War II. The award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 1997. During a ceremony conducted on January 13 of that year, President Bill Clinton bestowed the Medal of Honor on seven African-American veterans of World War II. Only one of the recipients, Vernon J. Baker, was still alive to receive his award in person. Watson's military awards include the Medal of Honor, Purple Heart, Army Good Conduct Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. Watson had no known next of kin, so his medals are displayed in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum in Fort\",\n \"title\": \"George Watson (Medal of Honor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"844102\",\n \"text\": \"and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. He married a\",\n \"title\": \"Ellsworth Bunker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503653\",\n \"text\": \"of medals. At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review, the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans, six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker. In 1998, a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000. Twenty of these medals went\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203176\",\n \"text\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \\\"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\\\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It is still awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743414\",\n \"text\": \"counts of theft of government property. He was sentenced to two years in prison on December 4, 1985. The Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in 1988. Morison became \\\"the only [American] government official ever convicted for giving classified information to the press\\\" up to that time. Following Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1998 appeal for a pardon for Morison, President Bill Clinton pardoned him on January 20, 2001, the last day of his presidency, despite the CIA's opposition to the pardon. The successful prosecution of Morison was used to warn against the publication of leaked information. In May 1986,\",\n \"title\": \"Espionage Act of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18842479\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton family The Clinton family is a prominent American political family related to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), and his wife Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–13), Senator from New York (2001–09) and the First Lady of the United States (1993–2001). Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a major political party in United States history. The Clintons (Bill and Hillary) are the first married couple to each be nominated for president.\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6736399\",\n \"text\": \"during World War II. In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer. In 1965, Marcelite J. Harris became the first female African American United States Air Force officer. Some of the most notable African-American Army units that served in World War II: Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps: On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II. The only living recipient was First Lieutenant Vernon Baker. The\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of African Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7170868\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Baker Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States Government for his valorous actions during World War II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5–6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy. Baker was the only living black American World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997. He died in 2010 at the age of 90. Baker was\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393647\",\n \"text\": \"to the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon and became a celebrity after the ship escaped the Yangtze and returned to Britain. He later succumbed to an infection and died shortly after. Tributes poured in and his obituary appeared in \\\"The Times\\\". He was posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the only cat ever to earn the award, and was buried with full naval honours. Tarawa was a kitten rescued from a pillbox during the Battle of Tarawa by the United States Coast Guard. She was a mascot aboard an LST, but did not get along with the LST's other mascot, a\",\n \"title\": \"Ship's cat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12444128\",\n \"text\": \"Nations. It is the only presidential memorial to depict a First Lady. In 1998, President Bill Clinton established the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights to honor outstanding American promoters of rights in the United States. The award was first awarded on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, honoring Eleanor Roosevelt's role as the \\\"driving force\\\" in the development of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The award was presented from 1998 to the end of the Clinton Administration in 2001. In 2010, then-Secretary of State of the United States Hillary Clinton revived the Eleanor\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3608444\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years. On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended. Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors. The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue. Hence, former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush (now deceased), Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and current President\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential $1 Coin Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1986635\",\n \"text\": \"taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102. In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read, Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come. Douglas donated her medal\",\n \"title\": \"Marjory Stoneman Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7242134\",\n \"text\": \"was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His widow, the former Arlene Marrow, received his medal from President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony on January 13, 1997. On that day, Clinton also awarded the medal to six other previously neglected African-American World War II veterans, including Vernon Baker, who was the only one living when awarded. Citation: For extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy in the vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy, on December 26, 1944, while serving as a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division. During the preceding few weeks, Lieutenant Fox served with the\",\n \"title\": \"John R. Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203182\",\n \"text\": \"public safety officers. Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \\\"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\\\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It\",\n \"title\": \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281138\",\n \"text\": \"and the loss by his would-be successor, Vice President Al Gore, in the 2000 presidential election. Thus, Clinton's partisan legacy remains complex and uncertain. Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5071736\",\n \"text\": \"Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted\",\n \"title\": \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7170874\",\n \"text\": \"soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that ten black Distinguished Service Cross recipients have their military awards upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to seven of the World War II veterans; Baker was the only living recipient of the medal at the time. Baker's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945, near Viareggio, Italy. Then Second Lieutenant Baker demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations, personnel,\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20521751\",\n \"text\": \"Living vice presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living vice presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first vice President of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the vice presidential oath of office. Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Mike Pence, there are five living former vice presidents: Walter Mondale (1977–1981), Dan Quayle (1989–1993), Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2009–2017). Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history: Living vice\",\n \"title\": \"Living vice presidents of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8234148\",\n \"text\": \"Bud Day George Everette \\\"Bud\\\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. He was posthumously advanced to the rank of Brigadier General effective March 27, 2018 as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act. Day's actions from 26 August 1967 through 14 March\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6396700\",\n \"text\": \"Presidents Harry S. Truman of Missouri (1945–1953) and Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas (1963–1969), respectively; and the earlier Kennedy brothers of 35th President John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts (1961–1963), Senators Robert F. Kennedy of New York and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts who carried the flag for modern American liberalism. Since the presidential election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last eleven presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 (with 39th President Jimmy Carter of Georgia, 1977–1981), 1992 and 1996 (with 42nd President Bill Clinton of Arkansas, 1993–2001) and 2008 and 2012 (with 44th President\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States Democratic Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6736386\",\n \"text\": \"Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in six African Americans being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II. Vernon Baker was the only recipient who was still alive to receive his award. Some of the most notable African-American units which served in World War I were: Support units included: A complete list of\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of African Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1168743\",\n \"text\": \"Murphy was the posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor, presented to his parents, Daniel and Maureen, on October 22, 2007, by President George W. Bush. Lt. Murphy was the first sailor since Vietnam more than 35 previously to receive the Medal of Honor, and the only Navy recipient for actions in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The park that bears his name is now known as Navy SEAL Lt. Michael P. Murphy Memorial Park. It is a fitting tribute since Lt. Murphy was head Lifeguard and Beach Manager of this park and beach during high school and summer recess\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Ronkonkoma, New York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11268203\",\n \"text\": \"Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Moto's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Moto's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed\",\n \"title\": \"Kaoru Moto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18306767\",\n \"text\": \"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy is a private award for philanthropy, bestowed by the Carnegie family of institutions. In recent years the medal has been presented in New York. The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy was inaugurated on December 10, 2001 by representatives of the more than twenty institutions Andrew Carnegie established all over the world. This award, created at the centennial observance of Mr. Carnegie’s official career as a philanthropist, is given to one or more individuals who, like Mr. Carnegie, have dedicated their private wealth to the public good and who have led impressive careers\",\n \"title\": \"Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284119\",\n \"text\": \"for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Reagan and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002, at the United States Capitol building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"194077\",\n \"text\": \"Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, Aaron threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park, respectively. On January 8, 2001, Hank Aaron was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting Miller Park with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Aaron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17503638\",\n \"text\": \"for each succeeding act that justified award.\\\" As of 2014, no attachments are authorized for the Medal of Honor. On October 23, 2002, was enacted, modifying , authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to each person whom a Medal of Honor is awarded. In the case of a posthumous award, the flag will be presented to whomever the Medal of Honor is presented to, which in most cases will be the primary next of kin of the deceased awardee. The flag was based on a concept by retired U.S. Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of\",\n \"title\": \"Medal of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5577045\",\n \"text\": \"the Distinguished Service Cross in World War II. Congress reviewed the records to determine whether they were unfairly denied the military's highest award for valor. On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton, bestowed the Medal of Honor on Davila and 21 other World War II servicemen of Asian descent at a White House ceremony. Only seven of 22 recipients were still alive when the medals were handed out. Previously only two of the 40,000-plus Asian-Americans who served in World War II had been awarded the Medal of Honor. Army Secretary Louis Caldera inducted the soldiers into the Pentagon's Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph B. Davila\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8181026\",\n \"text\": \"list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL WILLIAM DAVID MORGAN
United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad\",\n \"title\": \"William D. Morgan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703167\",\n \"text\": \"82 awarded to Marines in World War II. Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine. The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954. The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name (1961–1993) and (2001–present). On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the \\\"Reunion of Honor\\\" was held\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Iwo Jima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3075994\",\n \"text\": \"his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur MacArthur Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580667\",\n \"text\": \"Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the\",\n \"title\": \"Silver Buffalo Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17586521\",\n \"text\": \"is one such award which is routinely presented posthumously to service members killed in action. The presentation in the United States Armed Forces of posthumous rank has become less common in the 21st century, but was widely used during the era of the Vietnam War and prior. One of the most famous posthumous promotions was that of George Washington to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. The promotion took place in 1976, 177 years after Washington's death. Promotions can occasionally be unintentionally posthumous. For instance, the Arctic explorer Captain Sir John Franklin of the Royal\",\n \"title\": \"Posthumous promotion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1643357\",\n \"text\": \"Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation\",\n \"title\": \"Richard E. Byrd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2023146\",\n \"text\": \"guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996. On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a highly controversial presidential pardon. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President Jimmy Carter, a fellow Democrat, said, \\\"I don't think there is any\",\n \"title\": \"Marc Rich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13914517\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \\\"The President is Missing\\\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior\",\n \"title\": \"Post-presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5062390\",\n \"text\": \"Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \\\"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\\\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Citizens Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281062\",\n \"text\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11224601\",\n \"text\": \"II led to Nakamura's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Nakamura, aged 22 at his death, was buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park, Seattle, Washington. The William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse in Seattle, Washington is named in his honor. Private First Class Nakamura's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished\",\n \"title\": \"William K. Nakamura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307171\",\n \"text\": \"chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \\\"Bear\\\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from\",\n \"title\": \"Presidential Medal of Freedom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7654524\",\n \"text\": \"posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above\",\n \"title\": \"William D. Halyburton Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788427\",\n \"text\": \"USS Ronald Reagan USS \\\"Ronald Reagan\\\" (CVN-76) is a , nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still alive at the time. As of May 2012, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer\",\n \"title\": \"USS Ronald Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2162622\",\n \"text\": \"of survivor guilt, asks his wife \\\"Did I live a good life?\\\" After his work on \\\"Rough Riders\\\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \\\"The Wind and the Lion\\\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \\\"Rough Riders (miniseries)\\\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \\\"American Graffiti\\\" was inspired by Milius, who was a\",\n \"title\": \"John Milius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3260027\",\n \"text\": \"1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast in January 1945. After the war, Endo would eventually settle in Chicago, Illinois, where she died of cancer on April 14, 2006. In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent a letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom, the same honor that had already been awarded to Fred Korematsu in 1998 and posthumously to Gordon Hirabayashi in 2012. Ex parte Endo Ex parte Endo, or Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), was a United States\",\n \"title\": \"Ex parte Endo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7754505\",\n \"text\": \"In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Ford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10777183\",\n \"text\": \"the mainland. For his actions in August 1944, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. This award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor after Congress directed the Secretary of the Army to review all awards of the DSC to Americans of Japanese and Pacific Islands descent to determine if racial bias had influenced the awards process. Nakae was one of 22 Americans of Japanese descent who received the Medal of Honor on June 21, 2000 (about two years after his death) by President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March\",\n \"title\": \"Masato Nakae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8667219\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"Lieutenant General\\\" (now three stars), it seemed, somewhat incongruously, that all later full four star and higher generals were considered to outrank Washington. This issue was resolved in the bicentennial year of 1976 when Washington was, by act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, this promotion being backdated to July 4, 1976, making Washington permanently the senior military officer of the United States. Washington was the first American president under the United States Constitution, and was unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 and again in 1792; he remains the only president\",\n \"title\": \"Legacy of George Washington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8172409\",\n \"text\": \"States in December 1951 and interred in Lewisburg Cemetery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on January 7, 1953 by Secretary of the Navy Daniel A. Kimball in Washington, D.C. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart awarded for his fatal wounds, 2ndLt Ramer's decorations include the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SECOND LIEUTENANT GEORGE H. RAMER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth\",\n \"title\": \"George H. Ramer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7507361\",\n \"text\": \"Garza yelled \\\"Grenade\\\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while\",\n \"title\": \"Emilio A. De La Garza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7707125\",\n \"text\": \"Dutch town of Margraten. His grave can be found in plot P, row 9, grave 9. PFC James had received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge prior to his death. Posthumously, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (as of September 23, 2006), the World War II Victory Medal, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. On January 13, 1997, PFC James' Medal of Honor was presented to his widow by President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony in which six other African-American soldiers were also awarded the Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Willy F. James Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1518437\",\n \"text\": \"became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–69), Jimmy Carter (1977–81), George H. W. Bush (1989–93), Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region. The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In\",\n \"title\": \"Southern United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4103592\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. It is situated on of land located\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton Presidential Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7546254\",\n \"text\": \"wounds, and was mortally wounded. Captain Graham is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Organized Marine Corps Reserve Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnamese Service Medal with one bronze star, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CAPTAIN JAMES A. GRAHAM
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service\",\n \"title\": \"James A. Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5920692\",\n \"text\": \"and Rivers,\\\" by the entry, \\\"Yorks 8 Islands.\\\" The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, \\\"York's Dry Creek\\\", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana. This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed \\\"Custer Creek\\\". In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army. York (explorer) York (1770 – before 1832) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he\",\n \"title\": \"York (explorer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10205329\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow W. Keeble Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow W. Keeble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878805\",\n \"text\": \"the War Ministry Building in Tokyo. In 1946, Farrow was interred with honors at the Arlington National Cemetery, Section 12, Grave 157. Farrow was posthumously given multiple awards. These included the Order of the Sacred Tripod (寶鼎勳章) of the Republic of China, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Purple Heart. He was also awarded the Prisoner of War Medal, which, by authorization of Congress in 1985, was given to all members of the United States Armed Forces who had been a prisoner of war after 5 April 1917. He is the namesake of the Arnold Air Society’s William Glover Farrow\",\n \"title\": \"William G. Farrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481618\",\n \"text\": \"along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President\",\n \"title\": \"Félix Houphouët-Boigny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10980945\",\n \"text\": \"posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Tanouye's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, Tanouye was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart\",\n \"title\": \"Ted T. Tanouye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4103618\",\n \"text\": \"available. These are thanks to the generosity of The Bank of America Foundation. The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening. Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the\",\n \"title\": \"Clinton Presidential Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7596731\",\n \"text\": \"was mortally wounded and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and sacrifice of life. The Medal of Honor was presented to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on 20 Apr 1970. Jenkins is buried at Sister Spring Baptist Cemetery in Interlachen, Florida. Jenkins' military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT H. JENKINS JR.
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following\",\n \"title\": \"Robert H. Jenkins Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7957\",\n \"text\": \"City Hall. In 2016, the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to US president Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an \\\"Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal\\\", which was awarded for the only time ever. Aachen is twinned with: Aachen Aachen () or Bad Aachen, French\",\n \"title\": \"Aachen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20266543\",\n \"text\": \"Reagan administration officials, accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair; and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999. In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of 140 people on his last day in office, January 20, 2001, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich and his own brother, Roger Clinton, were heavily criticized. President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio on August 25, 2017. Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court. Trump's pardon was met with widespread criticism from political opponents, and was relatively unusual because it\",\n \"title\": \"Federal pardons in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14088165\",\n \"text\": \"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961. On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General\",\n \"title\": \"Dag Hammarskjöld Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10669466\",\n \"text\": \"decoration in the United States bestowed \\\"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\\\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine\",\n \"title\": \"Hispanic Americans in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284463\",\n \"text\": \"achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this\",\n \"title\": \"Nobel Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074800\",\n \"text\": \"was first bestowed during World War II. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is an octagonal bronze medal. The obverse depicts an eagle holding a fouled anchor over a globe. The word \\\"Heroism\\\" is inscribed below the globe. The ribbon of the medal is three equal stripes of navy blue, old gold, and apple red. Navy and Marine Corps Medal The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest non-combat decoration awarded for heroism by the United States Department of the Navy to the members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The medal was established by\",\n \"title\": \"Navy and Marine Corps Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215171\",\n \"text\": \"Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the \\\"Jackie Robinson Award\\\". Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American. President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984, and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3329640\",\n \"text\": \"Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war. On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service as a top American in South Vietnam. For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian so honored in Vietnam. Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, \\\"\\\", in which\",\n \"title\": \"John Paul Vann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4910229\",\n \"text\": \"now Section 127, Row C, Seat 9, and the seat bottom is now padded. The first person to sit in \\\"Buck's seat\\\" was Buck O'Neil's brother, Warren. On December 7, 2006, O'Neil was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush; the award was given to his brother, Warren, on his behalf on December 15. He was chosen due to his \\\"excellence and determination both on and off the baseball field\\\", according to the White House news release. He joins such sports notables as Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, and Jack Nicklaus in receiving the\",\n \"title\": \"Buck O'Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14590965\",\n \"text\": \"the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. On April 18, 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces (though neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing). Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas MacArthur in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11178887\",\n \"text\": \"for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Ono's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Private First Class Ono's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily\",\n \"title\": \"Frank H. Ono\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8234174\",\n \"text\": \"heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \\\"Bud\\\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7613401\",\n \"text\": \"— the Medal of Honor. Initially buried in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Cemetery on Guam, PFC Witek's remains were reinterred in the Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois, in 1949. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS FRANK P. WITEK UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division, during the\",\n \"title\": \"Frank P. Witek\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\\n\\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 207,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on\\n\\ntitle Brown (U.S. politician context: X-ray. As a these and full-body X-rays, absolutely ruled out anything beyond aunt-force to the Brown was buried with state hon in his homet. On January8, 2001, Brown was posthumously with the President Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The accepted by Brown's widow, Al Brown Clinton established the Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility The Conference Board administers the privately funded award U.S Department Commerce also gives out the annualald H. American Innovator Award honor.\\n\\ntitle presidents United Living pres United article shows the variation in the number of living presidents the United States inauguration of the president the 1 present The includes have theath of (ons served as Acting United as President the Continental Congress are not.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there four living former pres: Jimmy19191), Bill Clinton (1993–20),. Bush (20020), and Barack Obama002).\\n\\ntitleidents the StatesSageamps the of and was of the legendaryidersated an which Prizet the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa\\n\\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 514,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14480,\n \"ratio\": \"28.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78781,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78781,"string":"78,781"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"July 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Wascally wabbit","Bugs Rabbit","Väiski Vemmelsääri","Bugs bunny","Bugs the Bunny","Vaiski Vemmelsaari","What's Up, Doc%3F (catchphrase)","Buggs Bunny","BUgs Bunny","Bugs Bunny","%22Ain't I a stinker%22","Bugs Bunny's Prototype","Happy Rabbit (character)","Vaiski","Bug bunny","Bugs Bunny Prototype","Left turn at Albuquerque","Hare Jordan","Pesky wabbit"],"string":"[\n \"Wascally wabbit\",\n \"Bugs Rabbit\",\n \"Väiski Vemmelsääri\",\n \"Bugs bunny\",\n \"Bugs the Bunny\",\n \"Vaiski Vemmelsaari\",\n \"What's Up, Doc%3F (catchphrase)\",\n \"Buggs Bunny\",\n \"BUgs Bunny\",\n \"Bugs Bunny\",\n \"%22Ain't I a stinker%22\",\n \"Bugs Bunny's Prototype\",\n \"Happy Rabbit (character)\",\n \"Vaiski\",\n \"Bug bunny\",\n \"Bugs Bunny Prototype\",\n \"Left turn at Albuquerque\",\n \"Hare Jordan\",\n \"Pesky wabbit\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bugs Bunny"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"12668685","text":"start of the story reading, \"Starring Bugs Bunny\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \"...Camera\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \"A Wild Hare\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"605443","text":"Camera\"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established. While \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \"A Wild Hare\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"4785760","text":"A Wild Hare A Wild Hare, reissued as The Wild Hare, is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon supervised by Tex Avery (credited as Fred Avery on the original issue). The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance. The title is a play on \"wild hair\", the first of many puns between \"hare\" and \"hair\" that would appear in Bugs Bunny titles. The pun is carried further by a bar of \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\" playing in the underscore of the opening credits. Various directors at the Warner Bros.","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"1268441","text":"and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over \"Termite Terrace\", while Tex Avery took over the \"Merrie Melodies\" department. The 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger","title":"Golden age of American animation"},{"id":"11184516","text":"and many others, including the Rudy Larriva-directed Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote shorts. When handling long-eared characters such as Bugs or Wile E., Ross occasionally tilted or waved an ear in otherwise-static scenes. As the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), generally regarded as the first appearance of Bugs Bunny, Ross had a first person view of the creation of the character. In the interview of Ross, published in Animato magazine #19, Virgil recalls (on page 17) how the character of Bugs Bunny came to be. He says in the interview, \"We received orders from the story department that","title":"Virgil Ross"},{"id":"12668688","text":"slightly modified again for the 2011 series \"The Looney Tunes Show\" and yet again for the 2015 series \"Wabbit\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\".","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12668674","text":"Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\". Several published first person accounts, encyclopedic references, and Warner Bros.' own published material describe the inception of the name","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"549993","text":"artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \"Looney Tunes\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \"Pinocchio\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar","title":"Mel Blanc"},{"id":"605433","text":"Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"5423437","text":"a planet where shooting stars are made. The short won the 1940 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included \"A Wild Hare\" by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon \"Puss Gets the Boot\", with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of \"Go West\" (1940). Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens, sail up into the Milky Way in a hot air balloon. Once in","title":"The Milky Way (1940 film)"},{"id":"4372497","text":"is barely recognizable compared to his more familiar later form. Bugs' first official appearance would come two years later in \"A Wild Hare\". Additionally, this marks the only time the prototype was seen chewing on a carrot. This cartoon also introduces the rabbit repeating a well-known Groucho Marx line for the first time that would become part of Bugs Bunny's lexicon. The exact wording, in this first appearance, is \"'Course you know that this means war!\" The proto-Bugs' rendering in this cartoon is a direct impression of Groucho, including dropping the trailing \"r\" of \"war\". Ben Hardaway voices Bugs for","title":"Porky's Hare Hunt"},{"id":"12799005","text":"ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \"I Love to Singa\" (1936, ranked 8th), \"King-Size Canary\" (1947, ranked 13th), \"Red Hot Riding Hood\" (1943, ranked 14th), \"Bad Luck Blackie\" (1949, ranked 15th), \"Ventriloquist Cat\" (1950, ranked 19th), \"Little Rural Riding Hood\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \"A Wild Hare\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)","title":"Northwest Hounded Police"},{"id":"970942","text":"the film and the Eddie Murphy vehicle \"Hong Kong Phooey\" was leaked on December 28, 2012. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains,","title":"Marvin the Martian"},{"id":"605493","text":"Hunt\"), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon \"Elmer's Candid Camera\"). Bugs initially starred in the color \"Merrie Melodies\" shorts following the success of 1940's \"A Wild Hare\" (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut), and formally joined the \"Looney Tunes\" series with the release of \"Buckaroo Bugs\" in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color \"Looney Tunes\" with the 1942 cartoon \"The Hep Cat\". The final black-and-white \"Looney Tunes\" short was \"Puss n' Booty\" in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in","title":"Looney Tunes"},{"id":"605473","text":"Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \"What's up, Doc?\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \"What's up, dogs?\" to the antagonists in \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\", \"What's up, Duke?\" to the knight in \"Knight-mare Hare,\" and \"What's","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"970929","text":"Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains, Marvin can be actually evil at most points, and not just daft; although, like the others,","title":"Marvin the Martian"},{"id":"12668684","text":"harass. This tormenting eventually drives Elmer insane, causing him to jump into a lake and nearly drown. The rabbit saves him, ensures that Elmer is all right now - and then kicks him straight back into the lake. This was followed by Tex Avery's final-design setting \"A Wild Hare\", but that was itself followed by one more cartoon to the same effect as \"...Camera\", that was inadvertently produced first before the former. \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (January 4, 1941), originally intended and meant to be the final experimental cartoon, bore a title card shoehorned in between the opening credits and the","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"4785761","text":"cartoon studio had been experimenting with cartoons focused on a hunter pursuing a rabbit since 1938, with varied approaches to the characters of both rabbit and hunter. Elmer approaches one of Bugs' holes, puts down a carrot, and hides behind a tree. Bugs' arm reaches out of the hole, feels around, and snatches the carrot. He reaches out again and finds Elmer's double-barreled shotgun. His arm quickly pops back into the hole before returning to drop the eaten stub of Elmer's carrot and apologetically caress the end of the barrel. Elmer shoves his gun into Bugs' hole, and thus causes","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"459170","text":"Daffy Duck (who debuted in 1937's \"Porky's Duck Hunt\"), Elmer Fudd (\"Elmer's Candid Camera\", 1940), Bugs Bunny (\"A Wild Hare\", 1940), and Tweety (\"A Tale of Two Kitties\", 1942) would achieve star power. By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Studios as the most successful producer of animated shorts. Warner Bros. bought Schlesinger's cartoon unit in 1944 and renamed it Warner Bros. Cartoons. However, senior management treated the unit with indifference, beginning with the installation of Edward Selzer as senior producer, whom the creative staff considered an interfering incompetent. Jack Warner had little regard for the company's short","title":"Warner Bros."},{"id":"605477","text":"in the 1940 short \"A Wild Hare\" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent \"per se\", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"605446","text":"of \"A Wild Hare\"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the prototype rabbit in \"Candid Camera\", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After \"Pet Rabbit\", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the \"Wild Hare\" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the \"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"17770869","text":"spent working mostly under Chuck Jones and Tex Avery. For the cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), Avery asked Givens to redesign a rabbit character previously designed by director Ben Hardaway and character designer Charles Thorson, which Avery thought had potential, but was \"too cute\" in his existing design. Givens, therefore, created the first official design for the rabbit, now named Bugs Bunny. Givens' design was subsequently refined by fellow animator Robert McKimson (under whom Givens would frequently work in the decades ahead) two years later. Givens' initial spell at the studio ended when he was drafted during World War II,","title":"Bob Givens"},{"id":"1789987","text":"to thee\". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming \"Farewell to Thee\" as Bugs walks out of sight, ending the cartoon. Among all of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, this is the only one to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short, in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' \"Paul Bunyan\" and Terrytoons' \"Sidney's Family Tree\". It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after \"A Wild Hare\" in 1940 and \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" in 1941. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon. In the \"Tiny","title":"Knighty Knight Bugs"},{"id":"5226551","text":"Elmer's Pet Rabbit Elmer's Pet Rabbit is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon. The short was released on January 4, 1941. Starring Elmer Fudd and, ostensibly, Bugs Bunny, it is the first cartoon in which the name Bugs Bunny is given (on a title card, edited onto the end of the opening title following the success of \"A Wild Hare\"), but the rabbit is also somewhat the same as the one seen and heard in \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" and other pre-Bugs shorts. It was directed by Chuck Jones (his first cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny) and written by Rich Hogan. Voices are","title":"Elmer's Pet Rabbit"},{"id":"605445","text":"had been in \"Hare-um Scare-um\" and as cool and collected as in \"Prest-O Change-O\". Immediately following on \"A Wild Hare\", Bob Clampett's \"Patient Porky\" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' \"Wild Hare\" visual design, but his goofier pre-\"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, \"featuring Bugs Bunny,\" at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"5288865","text":"Elmer's Candid Camera Elmer's Candid Camera is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 2, 1940, by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearance of a redesigned Elmer Fudd (voiced by Arthur Q. Bryan), and the fourth starring appearance of the anthropomorphic rabbit character that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc). Elmer is reading a book on how to photograph wildlife. He walks and whistles at the same time when holding the camera. He finds a rabbit and wants to take a picture of him. As he tries","title":"Elmer's Candid Camera"},{"id":"605444","text":"uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" \"A Wild Hare\" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12668686","text":"mouth, and his ears were changed slightly as well. It is worth noting, however, that \"Patient Porky\" (September 14, 1940) featured a cameo by this prototype Bugs Bunny. The cartoon was so successful that WB decided to keep him on as a recurring character, eventually becoming the studio's most popular cartoon character. The character's name, previously only used on model sheets, became the official all-purpose name as well, with one modification: the apostrophe was dropped from his first name (now pronounced \"bugs\" rather than \"bugs-es\"). A title card saying \"featuring Bugs Bunny\" was slapped onto \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" after initial","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12846659","text":"The Tortoise and the Hare (film) The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1935 American animated short film released on January 5, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Wilfred Jackson. Based on an Aesop's fable of the same name, it won the 1934 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. This cartoon is also believed to be one of the inspirations for Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in 1940. Max Hare is the heavy favorite to win a major sporting event---he's cocky, athletic and incredibly fast. His challenger, Toby Tortoise, is teased and jeered for","title":"The Tortoise and the Hare (film)"},{"id":"5288914","text":"Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned house. They soon","title":"Prest-O Change-O"},{"id":"8596361","text":"Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator. This cartoon is included on disc 3 of the \"\" DVD set and also included on disc 2 of the \"\" Blu-ray box set with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This short is also available on disc 1 of \"The Essential Bugs Bunny\". Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's","title":"Haredevil Hare"},{"id":"6793742","text":"Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity, originality, excitement, and story construction, particularly compared to Avery's","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"12668675","text":"and of the character. A model sheet by Charlie Thorson describes this prototype character as \"Bugs' Bunny\" (note the apostrophe) but in most of the cartoons the character is unnamed. Virgil Ross, the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" describes how the character came to be named in the interview published by \"Animato!\" magazine #19. Mel Blanc often told the story of the creation of the character and its name. He suggested that the character be named after the character's initial director, Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway. Blanc's own book, \"That's Not All Folks\" published by Warner Books in 1988, describes the \"tough","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"1618170","text":"Rabbit\" (although in the same cartoon, when he tries to gain Bugs Bunny's trust, he cleverly invents the alias \"Square-deal Sam\"), \"Riff Raff Sam\" in \"Sahara Hare\", \"Sam Schultz\" in \"Big House Bunny\", \"Seagoin' Sam\" in \"Buccaneer Bunny\", \"Shanghai Sam\" in \"Mutiny on the Bunny\", and \"Von Schamm the Hessian\" in \"Bunker Hill Bunny\" and many others. During the golden age of American animation, Yosemite Sam appeared in 33 shorts. Animator Friz Freleng introduced the redesigned or renamed character in the 1945 cartoon \"Hare Trigger\". With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice and short stature (in two early gags","title":"Yosemite Sam"},{"id":"5288917","text":"feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned","title":"Prest-O Change-O"},{"id":"4474437","text":"money. After Bugs realizes he may have been tricked the entire time, Cecil and his cousins appear behind him, each with a dollar in hand, and kiss him. DVD - \"\", Disc One Blu-ray/DVD - \"\", Disc Two Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes","title":"Tortoise Beats Hare"},{"id":"6793744","text":"animated characters scared when Casper appears at the funeral. Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity,","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"12798991","text":"Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict) on the run from Droopy, who is trailing the wolf in order to capture him. The title is a play on words on \"North West Mounted Police\", a 1940 film. Jeff Lenburg notes that one of the animators of the film was Preston Blair, who produced some of his best work while working under Tex Avery, including this","title":"Northwest Hounded Police"},{"id":"8305441","text":"Bushy Hare Bushy Hare is a Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Cartoon made in 1949, released in 1950, directed by Robert McKimson. Bugs winds up in the Australian Outback, where he is switched with a baby kangaroo and has to deal with an aborigine hunter. The title is a play on \"bushy hair\" along with aborigines stereotypically being from \"the bush\" country. The baby kangaroo is played by Hippety Hopper, in a cameo appearance. This is the only cartoon in which Hippety Hopper is not paired with Sylvester the Cat, and the only one in which the character speaks (with one","title":"Bushy Hare"},{"id":"8324232","text":"A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which was a shorter and slightly differed version of the character. The plot is a twist on the usual Elmer-chasing-Bugs cartoon, with the bunny's pursuer this time being a dopey Native American. The","title":"A Feather in His Hare"},{"id":"6793743","text":"seminal earlier work \"A Wild Hare\". Willoughby later appears in other Warner Brothers animated shorts, including \"The Heckling Hare\" (1941), \"The Crackpot Quail\" (1941), and \"Nutty News\" (1942), as the lead dog of a fox hunting party. A fundamentally similar character, Laramore, appears in \"To Duck or Not to Duck\" (1943), albeit with a fully brown coat of fur. Willoughby's brief career was essentially over before the end of World War II. Willoughby was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene \"Acme's Funeral\" from the 1988 film \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\". He also appears with other","title":"Willoughby the Dog"},{"id":"4474435","text":"Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes on the screen while eating an obligatory carrot and absent-mindedly begins reading them, grossly mispronouncing all of them in the process (e.g. for \"Avery\" over the correct ) except for the word \"story,\" the first names of Dave","title":"Tortoise Beats Hare"},{"id":"4372496","text":"Porky's Hare Hunt Porky's Hare Hunt is a 1938 animated short movie directed by Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton, which stars Porky Pig as a hunter whose prey is an unnamed rabbit. The rabbit's hyperactive personality and laughing voice provided by Mel Blanc predated the 1940 Walter Lantz/Universal Pictures release \"Knock Knock\" which starred Andy Panda and introduced cartoon audiences to Woody Woodpecker which was created for the Lantz studio by Hardaway after his departure from the Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio. This cartoon marked the first appearance of the rabbit that would evolve into Bugs Bunny, who","title":"Porky's Hare Hunt"},{"id":"4785765","text":"stiff leg towards his rabbit hole (recalling \"The Spirit of '76\"). In a rare promotional broadcast, \"A Wild Hare\" was loosely adapted for the radio as a sketch performed by Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan on the April 11, 1941, edition of \"The Al Pearce Show\". The sketch was followed by a scripted interview with Leon Schlesinger. Although the script is available for public online viewing, , no recording of the broadcast is known to exist. \"A Wild Hare\", due to it setting the stage for Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, is available on many home video releases. A","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"6322735","text":"yet unnamed, embryonic rabbit was later named in an early model sheet as \"Bugs' Bunny\". A new drawing of a redesigned rabbit had been requested by the story department as described by Virgil Ross, the animator of \"A Wild Hare\" in an interview published in \"Animato\" magazine issue #19. Animator Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway inadvertently christened him when \"his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character\" was labeled \"Bugs's Bunny\" by a fellow employee, as described in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\". When Freleng returned to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman, while Tex Avery eventually created his own","title":"Ben Hardaway"},{"id":"12668683","text":"below. The hunter then finds the rabbit. He explains to the hunter how poor he is. He then shocks the hunter, who falls to the ground. The hunter then tells the now-hiding hare he can whip the rabbit and his whole family, then he's suddenly surrounded by a lot of rabbits that look like the first rabbit. Jones directed the next experimental cartoon, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (March 2, 1940, First Official Elmer Fudd). In this cartoon, Elmer has come to the country to photograph wildlife. As he tries to photograph a rabbit, the rabbit finds him a convenient victim to","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"6464135","text":"Hair-Raising Hare Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \"Rudolph\" and then \"Gossamer\". One dark night, as the camera pans across a dark, empty forest, Bugs is heard singing a stanza of \"Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart\" (introduced in \"Hollywood Canteen\"). When the camera zooms in on Bugs' rabbit hole, he pokes up, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells","title":"Hair-Raising Hare"},{"id":"8596355","text":"Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's nasal voice for this first film is different from the later one he is most known for, which was similar to one that Blanc used for the emcee in \"What's Cookin' Doc?\", for just one line, where the emcee says, \"Shall we give it to him, folks?\" The title","title":"Haredevil Hare"},{"id":"12389705","text":"Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball Bunny\",","title":"Playboy Penguin"},{"id":"605442","text":"hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a \"smart aleck\" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from \"The Tortoise and the Hare\" (1935), and the round, soft bunnies from \"Little Hiawatha\" (1937). In Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. \"Candid","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"8324235","text":"other Turner-owned networks (TBS and TNT) in the days before Cartoon Network became a channel, but has now fallen out of favor due to the American Indian character being deemed a stereotype. A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which","title":"A Feather in His Hare"},{"id":"12247087","text":"result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: \"Wabbit Twouble\"; \"The Wacky Wabbit\"; \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\"; \"Any Bonds Today?\"; and \"Fresh Hare\". He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being","title":"Elmer Fudd"},{"id":"3156697","text":"Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new love interest for their first known date. Donald tried to woo her and hug her, but at first Daisy acts shy and has her back turned to her visitor. But Donald soon notices her tail feathers taking the form of a hand and signaling for him to","title":"Mr. Duck Steps Out"},{"id":"5227008","text":"The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, \"All This and","title":"The Heckling Hare"},{"id":"12231610","text":"Fame\" offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation. The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949),","title":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"},{"id":"12247078","text":"identical to his counterpart in \"Camera\". In the interim, the two starred in \"A Wild Hare\". Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and \"What's Up, Doc?\" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure (designed by Robert Givens, which would be reused soon later in Jones' \"Good Night Elmer\", this time without a red nose) and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances,","title":"Elmer Fudd"},{"id":"12668676","text":"little stinker\" that was the eventual version of the redesigned character as directed by Tex Avery. Warner Brothers' own published descriptions of the creation of the character's name can be found in \"Animation Magazine\" published in 1990. Therein it is described that the Hardaway unit's model sheet came to be known by fellow animators as \"Bugs' Bunny\". Ben Hardaway and Cal Dalton began the experiment in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (released April 30, 1938). In the cartoon Porky Pig is hunting and fires at several rabbits. Soon, Porky and his dog meet the rabbit and try to outwit him in the","title":"Development of Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"12231609","text":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949), \"Bully for Bugs\" (1955) and \"Rabbit of Seville\" (1950). \"The Looney Tunes Hall of","title":"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"},{"id":"813969","text":"Bunny cartoons: \"A Wild Hare\", \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", \"All This and Rabbit Stew\", and \"The Heckling Hare\". During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including travelogue parodies (\"The Isle of Pingo Pongo\"), fractured fairy-tales (\"The Bear's Tale\"), Hollywood caricature films (\"Hollywood Steps Out\"), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (\"The Crack-Pot Quail\"). Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to \"The Heckling Hare\". In Avery's original version, Bugs and the hunting dog were to fall off a cliff \"three times\", milking the gag to","title":"Tex Avery"},{"id":"6494498","text":"Bugs Bunny Rides Again Bugs Bunny Rides Again is a 1948 Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" short, released in 1948, directed by Friz Freleng, and written by Tedd Pierce and Michael Maltese. The short is both part of the Western and a parody of the genre's conventions. Voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It is the second cartoon to pair them, after their first encounter in 1945's \"Hare Trigger\". The title is a typical Western reference, as in \"The Lone Ranger rides again\", and also suggests a reference to the 1940 Jack","title":"Bugs Bunny Rides Again"},{"id":"4785763","text":"covers his eyes, and asks \"Guess who?\". Elmer tries the names of contemporary screen beauties whose names exploited his accent, before he guesses the rabbit. Bugs responds \"Hmm... Could be!\", kisses Elmer, and dives into a hole. Elmer sticks his head into the hole and gets another kiss from Bugs; whereafter he wipes his mouth and decides to set a trap. When Bugs puts a skunk in the trap, Fudd blindly grabs the skunk and carries it over to the watching Bugs to brag; and when Elmer sees his mistake, Bugs gives him a kiss on the nose, whereupon Fudd","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"12389707","text":"employee. Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball","title":"Playboy Penguin"},{"id":"8869566","text":"initially with Cal Howard, and then Ben Hardaway. Dalton later admitted feeling aggrieved about the fact that while he was meant to be nominally in charge of Freleng's former unit, he tended to be overshadowed by the presence of the more experienced Hardaway. Cal Dalton's major contribution to the legacy of Warner Bros. animation was having co-directed \"Hare-um Scare-um\" in 1939 with Hardaway. The short featured a gray and white rabbit that served as the prototype for Bugs Bunny. Dalton directed or co-directed a total of 17 Warner Bros. cartoons from 1938 through 1940. He spent the rest of his","title":"Cal Dalton"},{"id":"2274996","text":"of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive. Animator Chuck Jones introduced the character in the 1946 cartoon \"Hair-Raising Hare\". In it, Bugs Bunny is lured to the lair of a mad scientist (a caricature of actor Peter Lorre) Gossamer (Looney Tunes) Gossamer is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of cartoons. The character is a hairy, orange monster. His rectangular body is perched","title":"Gossamer (Looney Tunes)"},{"id":"3437162","text":"Cecil Turtle Cecil Turtle is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of films. Though he made only three theatrical appearances, Cecil has the unusual distinction in that he is one of the very few characters who was able to beat Bugs Bunny, and the only one to do so three times in a row and at the rabbit's own game. Animator Tex Avery introduced Cecil in the short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", released on March 15, 1941. Even from the cartoon's opening titles, Avery lets on that Bugs Bunny is about to meet","title":"Cecil Turtle"},{"id":"10493158","text":"would not occur again until (Blooper) Bunny in 1991. The cartoon's final scene is a nod to the ending of 1939's \"A Day at the Zoo\", which featured Elmer's prototype Egghead being swallowed up by a lion. Elmer Fudd is hunting for Bugs Bunny using his \"Wabbit Detector\". As he is searching, Bugs misleads Elmer, who walks off a cliff. Later Elmer gives chase to Bugs and Bugs hitches a ride in a car not noticing Elmer is the driver. When Bugs realizes that, Elmer stops the car at a movie theater. Bugs pays his admission to get in the","title":"Hare Do"},{"id":"4655614","text":"to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, \"A Wild Hare\" by Avery), and Tweety (1942, \"A Tale of Two Kitties\" by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the \"Looney Tune Lockout\"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all","title":"Warner Bros. Cartoons"},{"id":"9038104","text":"can tell the difference between both cuts by the tinting of the color). Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in","title":"Hare Ribbin'"},{"id":"8305442","text":"line at the end); like Bugs, Hippety is voiced by Mel Blanc. Bugs pops out in Golden Gate Park and encounters a man, who asks Bugs to hold his balloons while he ties his shoelaces. Bugs complies, but soon finds himself drifting off into the ocean. Eventually he clashes in midair with a stork delivering a kangaroo joey, leading to Bugs getting switched with the joey, brought to Australia, and dropped into a kangaroo's arms. Bugs refuses to be the kangaroo's baby, but feels guilty after the kangaroo starts crying and agrees to be its 'baby'. After a wild ride","title":"Bushy Hare"},{"id":"10201470","text":"Rabbit Transit (film) Rabbit Transit is an 8-minute \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng, released in 1947, and starring Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle. The title is a play on \"Rapid Transit\". Cecil and Bugs had previously raced each other in 1941's \"Tortoise Beats Hare\" and 1943's \"Tortoise Wins By a Hare\". This cartoon was their final encounter. Unlike \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\", this cartoon presumes that Bugs and Cecil have never met before now. While relaxing in a steam bath, Bugs reads about the original fable and, as he did reading the credits of \"Tortoise Beats Hare\",","title":"Rabbit Transit (film)"},{"id":"1268453","text":"would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was \"Puss Gets the Boot\" (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters \"Tom and Jerry\". \"Puss Gets the Boot\" did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best","title":"Golden age of American animation"},{"id":"12368162","text":"to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is","title":"Snoopy"},{"id":"3218290","text":"that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. \"Knock Knock\" was Marsales' final score for Lantz. As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, \"Knock Knock\" is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for Happy Rabbit, a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon \"Hare-um Scare-um\". This cartoon is also notable for featuring a very crude","title":"Knock Knock (1940 film)"},{"id":"3156699","text":"kisses. The short stands out among other Donald shorts of the period for its use of modern music and surreal situations throughout. After this short, the idea of a permanent love interest for Donald was well established. However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself. Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new","title":"Mr. Duck Steps Out"},{"id":"12368144","text":"Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an","title":"Snoopy"},{"id":"9038094","text":"Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in the open title sequence. The short opens with a dog with a Russian","title":"Hare Ribbin'"},{"id":"10584195","text":"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare Hurdy-Gurdy Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short, copyrighted in 1948 and released in 1950 and re-issued in 1961 as a Blue Ribbon, which is directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. Bugs has to deal with Grusome Gorilla while trying to make some money playing a street organ. While Bugs is sitting in Central Park, he looks through the wanted ads, finally focusing on a job as a Hurdy-Gurdy (actually, a street organ), thinking at first of 'the masters - Beethoven, Brahms, Bach' (pronounced by Bugs as 'Beat-hoven,' 'Brammz,' and 'Batch'), but soon thinking of","title":"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare"},{"id":"605486","text":"Looney Tunes Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series \"Merrie Melodies\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters. \"Looney Tunes\" name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series \"Silly Symphonies\". They initially showcased musical compositions whose rights were held by Warner's music publishing interests","title":"Looney Tunes"},{"id":"10201429","text":"go, George? Which way did he go?\" long ago became a catchphrase, as did \"Thanks a lot, George, thanks a lot!\" Of Fox and Hounds Of Fox and Hounds is a 9-minute 1940 Tex Avery film which introduced Willoughby the Dog. Tex Avery did the voice of Willoughby, and Mel Blanc did George the Fox. The film focuses on a sly fox, George, and a lovable but dimwitted hound, Willoughby, who repeatedly asks George where the fox went, never suspecting that his \"friend\" George is the fox. Invariably, George the Fox tells Willoughby that the fox is on the other","title":"Of Fox and Hounds"},{"id":"9051459","text":"Hyde and Hare Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Bugs comes out of his rabbit hole in a city park every morning because a kind gentleman keeps coming to feed him a carrot (\"Well, here I go again with the 'timid little rabbit' routine. It's shameful, but - eh, it's a living!\"). At first feigning the on-all-fours posture of a real rabbit, Bugs eventually stands","title":"Hyde and Hare"},{"id":"813967","text":"of storylines among the directors was commonplace, \"A Wild Hare\" was a double throwback. Avery had directed the '37 short, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" featuring Porky Pig which introduced \"Daffy Duck.\" Hardaway remade this as \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" introducing the rabbit. So Avery went back to the \"hunter and prey\" framework, and incorporating Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\", gag for gag, and altering the design of Elmer Fudd. Polishing the timing, and expanding the Groucho Marx smart-aleck attitude already present in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", making Bugs a kind of Brooklyn-esque super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who","title":"Tex Avery"},{"id":"2306820","text":"Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\". The character was first introduced in \"Detective Comics\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \"Robin, The Boy Wonder\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \"winged\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.","title":"Dick Grayson"},{"id":"4047035","text":"for So Little\" (1949) which won that same year for \"Best Documentary Short Subject.\" Maltese was also the voice of the Lou Costello-esque character in \"Wackiki Wabbit\" (1943). Some of his earlier works include \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\" and \"Fresh Hare\", \"Hare Trigger\" (which introduced Yosemite Sam), \"Baseball Bugs\" for Freleng; \"Bear Feat\", \"Rabbit of Seville\", and \"Rabbit Fire\" for Jones. Some of his best-known cartoons are \"Feed the Kitty\", \"Beep, Beep\", \"Rabbit Seasoning\", \"Don't Give Up the Sheep\", \"Duck Amuck\", \"Bully for Bugs\", \"Bewitched Bunny\", \"From A to Z-Z-Z-Z\", and \"Beanstalk Bunny\". These were all directed by","title":"Michael Maltese"},{"id":"4285329","text":"and dancing a hopak. As Bugs and Elmer dive off a cliff, Bugs drinks some \"Hare Tonic (Stops Falling Hare)\" and screeches to a halt in mid-air, while the dream Elmer continues to careen toward earth, finally crash-landing into the real Elmer's snoozing body as he wakes up with a start, exclaiming \"Ooh, what a howwible nightmare!\". Elmer dashes back to the cartoon's original background, pieces his Warner contract back together, and agrees to finish what he started. The chase through the log begins anew. Bugs faces the audience in a closeup, closing with the catchphrase from the \"Beulah\" character","title":"The Big Snooze"},{"id":"3437166","text":"it is Avery's parody of the 1935 Disney \"Silly Symphony\", \"The Tortoise and the Hare\". Avery left Warner Bros. before he could produce any new cartoons featuring Cecil. However, he introduced a similar character in 1943 named Droopy Dog. Droopy would even take some of his tricks from his slow-and-steady predecessor, such as using his relatives to help him outsmart a wolf. Bob Clampett took Avery's scenario and altered it for his film \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\" released on February 20, 1943. The title is an appropriate pun on \"hair\". Bugs again challenges Cecil to a race after viewing","title":"Cecil Turtle"},{"id":"4212831","text":"Fresh Hare Fresh Hare is a Warner Bros. theatrical Merrie Melodies cartoon. It was directed by Isadore \"Friz\" Freleng, written by Michael Maltese, and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It was released to theatres on August 22, 1942, and is a play on the term \"fresh air\". In this short, the rotund early-1940s version of Elmer Fudd is portrayed as a Mountie, in pursuit of Bugs Bunny, who is wanted dead or alive (though preferably dead). After following rabbit tracks to a burrow, Elmer tries to lure Bugs out; he initially succeeds in getting Bugs handcuffed, but somehow Bugs worms his","title":"Fresh Hare"},{"id":"9404433","text":"the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with \"Of Mice and Men\" parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, \"à la\" Lennie, \"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\", such as the episodes \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" or \"Falling Hare\". The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\" (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \"I will name him George,","title":"Of Mice and Men in popular culture"},{"id":"13094376","text":"to pack his hole with explosives. However, Bugs diverts the dynamite under the house foundation. Sam then lights the fuse, but realizes too late that his house is about to be blown up. In the end, the cabin flies away, much like how the cabin did in the tornado in the 1939 film adaptation of \"The Wizard of Oz\". A dazed Sam, upon realizing his fate, remarks: \"I've got a cabin in the sky!\" (a reference to the 1943 MGM film \"Cabin in the Sky\"), as his house floats upward. The Fair-Haired Hare The Fair-Haired Hare is a Looney Tunes","title":"The Fair-Haired Hare"},{"id":"8797581","text":"Willie Howard transforms himself \"to a woman, to a variety of famous performers..., to a western sheriff, to an Indian chief.\" One example is the film \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1942) where a mixed company of actors uses their skills in adopting roles to survive in Occupied Poland. A Hare Grows in Manhattan A Hare Grows In Manhattan is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, released on March 22, 1947 and directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Bugs Bunny and a pack of dogs (the leader being a bulldog who resembles Hector). Unlike many cases","title":"A Hare Grows in Manhattan"},{"id":"5227014","text":"article for \"The Hollywood Reporter\". During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in \"Daffy Duck and Egghead\" (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on \"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\", Daffy Duck tells the audience, \"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\" Daffy also says \"Here we go again!\" at the end of \"Along Came Daffy\" (1947). The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed","title":"The Heckling Hare"},{"id":"10011706","text":"Bugs has played Groucho Marx to avoid Elmer. The first time was Friz Freleng's cartoon \"Slick Hare\" (1947), but Elmer comes much closer to catching Bugs in that Groucho scene than in the one in \"Wideo Wabbit\", by means of disguise as Groucho's brother Harpo. When Bugs is masquerading as Liberace and playing the piano, the part where he gets his fingers tied in a knot was lifted from another Freleng cartoon \"Rhapsody Rabbit\" (1946). When Elmer is tracking Bugs' footprints while giving tips, music is reused from \"A Wild Hare\" where Bugs taps on Elmer's head and introduces his","title":"Wideo Wabbit"},{"id":"15818880","text":"footage of Disney performing as Mickey Mouse, it was seen on the behind the scenes of the 1997 VHS and 2000 DVD of Fun and Fancy Free on a feature called The Making of Fun and Fancy Free, and it was included on the 2004 DVD release \"\" as an easter egg. Edited portions of the footage were also seen in earlier releases. In September 1940, a one-page adaptation of \"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\" appeared in \"Good Housekeeping\" magazine. In this version Pete discovers Pluto by seeing his tail sticking out of the suitcase. Instead of being kicked off","title":"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip"},{"id":"8169378","text":"cannonball bounces off of the face of the dam and back into the muzzle of the cannon) and he is launched into a police paddy wagon instead and hauled away for attempting to destroy the Cooler Dam. \"He's not foolin' me--he'll be back...\" says Bugs as he watches his nemesis being taken away. \"Like, uh, in about 20 years?\" Wet Hare Wet Hare is a 1962 animated short film in the \"Looney Tunes\" series produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. In this cartoon, Bugs Bunny finds himself at odds with Blacque Jacque Shellacque, a ruthless lumberjack with a French Canadian","title":"Wet Hare"},{"id":"3521259","text":"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century Duck Dodgers in the 24½ Century (spoken as \"twenty-fourth-and-a-half\") is a 1952 Merrie Melodies color cartoon from Warner Bros., first released on July 25, 1953, that stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny. He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's \"The Hasty Hare\".","title":"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century"},{"id":"962912","text":"and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix. In 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy","title":"Sidekick"},{"id":"11281364","text":"Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel \"Gulliver's Travels\". A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present. After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to","title":"Mars"},{"id":"4785762","text":"a struggle in which the barrel is bent into a bow. Elmer frantically digs into the hole while Bugs emerges from a nearby hole with another carrot in his hand, lifts Fudd's hat, and raps the top of his head until Elmer notices; then chews his carrot and delivers his definitive line, \"What's up, Doc?\". When Elmer replies that \"[he's] hunting 'wabbits'\", Bugs chews his carrot and asks what a wabbit is; then teases Elmer by with every aspect of Fudd's description until Elmer suspects that Bugs is a rabbit. Bugs confirms this, hides behind a tree, sneaks behind Elmer,","title":"A Wild Hare"},{"id":"14831679","text":"Cats, once as a short instrumental and once as a lengthy vocal version in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number featuring a turban-wearing band and the heavily-mustached Colonna as a veiled \"girl friend.\" On October 28, 1938, the Midwestern jazz novelty group, The Hoosier Hot Shots, released a curtailed version of song as a single. In 1940 the song was used in the Warner Brothers Porky Pig cartoon \"Ali-Baba Bound\"; two years later, it was used as the opening theme of the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Case of the Missing Hare\" over the credits and up to the first view of","title":"Girl Friend of the Whirling Dervish"},{"id":"7040482","text":"Gorilla My Dreams Gorilla My Dreams is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated short, released in 1948, starring Bugs Bunny. The short was directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. The story is a parody of the many 'jungle' movies that were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Tarzan movies. The title is a play on the expression \"Girl o' My Dreams\". This is the ninth Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the title does not refer to \"hare\", \"rabbit\", or \"bunny\". The short featured Gruesome Gorilla, who reappeared in \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\" and as a","title":"Gorilla My Dreams"},{"id":"3296712","text":"waiting for the crook wherever he turns up. Avery had used a similar gag in his 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", which in turn was an expansion/exaggeration of the premise of his \"The Blow Out\" (1936). In fact, this cartoon shows that early ideas about Droopy's personality were already germinating, as that film's Cecil Turtle has similarities to Droopy. Droopy's meek, deadpan voice and personality were modeled after the character Wallace Wimple on the radio comedy \"Fibber McGee and Molly\"; actor Bill Thompson, who played Wimple, was the original voice of Droopy. During his time in the US","title":"Droopy"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"12668685\",\n \"text\": \"start of the story reading, \\\"Starring Bugs Bunny\\\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \\\"...Camera\\\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605443\",\n \"text\": \"Camera\\\"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established. While \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785760\",\n \"text\": \"A Wild Hare A Wild Hare, reissued as The Wild Hare, is a 1940 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon supervised by Tex Avery (credited as Fred Avery on the original issue). The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance. The title is a play on \\\"wild hair\\\", the first of many puns between \\\"hare\\\" and \\\"hair\\\" that would appear in Bugs Bunny titles. The pun is carried further by a bar of \\\"I'm Just Wild About Harry\\\" playing in the underscore of the opening credits. Various directors at the Warner Bros.\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268441\",\n \"text\": \"and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over \\\"Termite Terrace\\\", while Tex Avery took over the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" department. The 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger\",\n \"title\": \"Golden age of American animation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11184516\",\n \"text\": \"and many others, including the Rudy Larriva-directed Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote shorts. When handling long-eared characters such as Bugs or Wile E., Ross occasionally tilted or waved an ear in otherwise-static scenes. As the animator for \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), generally regarded as the first appearance of Bugs Bunny, Ross had a first person view of the creation of the character. In the interview of Ross, published in Animato magazine #19, Virgil recalls (on page 17) how the character of Bugs Bunny came to be. He says in the interview, \\\"We received orders from the story department that\",\n \"title\": \"Virgil Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668688\",\n \"text\": \"slightly modified again for the 2011 series \\\"The Looney Tunes Show\\\" and yet again for the 2015 series \\\"Wabbit\\\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit\\\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668674\",\n \"text\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit\\\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\". Several published first person accounts, encyclopedic references, and Warner Bros.' own published material describe the inception of the name\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549993\",\n \"text\": \"artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \\\"Eh, what's up, doc?\\\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \\\"Pinocchio\\\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Blanc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605433\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5423437\",\n \"text\": \"a planet where shooting stars are made. The short won the 1940 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\", with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of \\\"Go West\\\" (1940). Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens, sail up into the Milky Way in a hot air balloon. Once in\",\n \"title\": \"The Milky Way (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4372497\",\n \"text\": \"is barely recognizable compared to his more familiar later form. Bugs' first official appearance would come two years later in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Additionally, this marks the only time the prototype was seen chewing on a carrot. This cartoon also introduces the rabbit repeating a well-known Groucho Marx line for the first time that would become part of Bugs Bunny's lexicon. The exact wording, in this first appearance, is \\\"'Course you know that this means war!\\\" The proto-Bugs' rendering in this cartoon is a direct impression of Groucho, including dropping the trailing \\\"r\\\" of \\\"war\\\". Ben Hardaway voices Bugs for\",\n \"title\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12799005\",\n \"text\": \"ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \\\"I Love to Singa\\\" (1936, ranked 8th), \\\"King-Size Canary\\\" (1947, ranked 13th), \\\"Red Hot Riding Hood\\\" (1943, ranked 14th), \\\"Bad Luck Blackie\\\" (1949, ranked 15th), \\\"Ventriloquist Cat\\\" (1950, ranked 19th), \\\"Little Rural Riding Hood\\\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \\\"Dumb-Hounded\\\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Hounded Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970942\",\n \"text\": \"the film and the Eddie Murphy vehicle \\\"Hong Kong Phooey\\\" was leaked on December 28, 2012. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains,\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin the Martian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605493\",\n \"text\": \"Hunt\\\"), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\"). Bugs initially starred in the color \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" shorts following the success of 1940's \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut), and formally joined the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series with the release of \\\"Buckaroo Bugs\\\" in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" with the 1942 cartoon \\\"The Hep Cat\\\". The final black-and-white \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" short was \\\"Puss n' Booty\\\" in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in\",\n \"title\": \"Looney Tunes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605473\",\n \"text\": \"Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \\\"What's up, dogs?\\\" to the antagonists in \\\"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\\\", \\\"What's up, Duke?\\\" to the knight in \\\"Knight-mare Hare,\\\" and \\\"What's\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970929\",\n \"text\": \"Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains, Marvin can be actually evil at most points, and not just daft; although, like the others,\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin the Martian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668684\",\n \"text\": \"harass. This tormenting eventually drives Elmer insane, causing him to jump into a lake and nearly drown. The rabbit saves him, ensures that Elmer is all right now - and then kicks him straight back into the lake. This was followed by Tex Avery's final-design setting \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", but that was itself followed by one more cartoon to the same effect as \\\"...Camera\\\", that was inadvertently produced first before the former. \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" (January 4, 1941), originally intended and meant to be the final experimental cartoon, bore a title card shoehorned in between the opening credits and the\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785761\",\n \"text\": \"cartoon studio had been experimenting with cartoons focused on a hunter pursuing a rabbit since 1938, with varied approaches to the characters of both rabbit and hunter. Elmer approaches one of Bugs' holes, puts down a carrot, and hides behind a tree. Bugs' arm reaches out of the hole, feels around, and snatches the carrot. He reaches out again and finds Elmer's double-barreled shotgun. His arm quickly pops back into the hole before returning to drop the eaten stub of Elmer's carrot and apologetically caress the end of the barrel. Elmer shoves his gun into Bugs' hole, and thus causes\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459170\",\n \"text\": \"Daffy Duck (who debuted in 1937's \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\"), Elmer Fudd (\\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\", 1940), Bugs Bunny (\\\"A Wild Hare\\\", 1940), and Tweety (\\\"A Tale of Two Kitties\\\", 1942) would achieve star power. By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Studios as the most successful producer of animated shorts. Warner Bros. bought Schlesinger's cartoon unit in 1944 and renamed it Warner Bros. Cartoons. However, senior management treated the unit with indifference, beginning with the installation of Edward Selzer as senior producer, whom the creative staff considered an interfering incompetent. Jack Warner had little regard for the company's short\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605477\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1940 short \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent \\\"per se\\\", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605446\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the prototype rabbit in \\\"Candid Camera\\\", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After \\\"Pet Rabbit\\\", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the \\\"Wild Hare\\\" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the \\\"Wild Hare\\\" voice characterization. \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17770869\",\n \"text\": \"spent working mostly under Chuck Jones and Tex Avery. For the cartoon \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), Avery asked Givens to redesign a rabbit character previously designed by director Ben Hardaway and character designer Charles Thorson, which Avery thought had potential, but was \\\"too cute\\\" in his existing design. Givens, therefore, created the first official design for the rabbit, now named Bugs Bunny. Givens' design was subsequently refined by fellow animator Robert McKimson (under whom Givens would frequently work in the decades ahead) two years later. Givens' initial spell at the studio ended when he was drafted during World War II,\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Givens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1789987\",\n \"text\": \"to thee\\\". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming \\\"Farewell to Thee\\\" as Bugs walks out of sight, ending the cartoon. Among all of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, this is the only one to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short, in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' \\\"Paul Bunyan\\\" and Terrytoons' \\\"Sidney's Family Tree\\\". It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" in 1940 and \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" in 1941. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon. In the \\\"Tiny\",\n \"title\": \"Knighty Knight Bugs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5226551\",\n \"text\": \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit Elmer's Pet Rabbit is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon. The short was released on January 4, 1941. Starring Elmer Fudd and, ostensibly, Bugs Bunny, it is the first cartoon in which the name Bugs Bunny is given (on a title card, edited onto the end of the opening title following the success of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\"), but the rabbit is also somewhat the same as the one seen and heard in \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" and other pre-Bugs shorts. It was directed by Chuck Jones (his first cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny) and written by Rich Hogan. Voices are\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605445\",\n \"text\": \"had been in \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\" and as cool and collected as in \\\"Prest-O Change-O\\\". Immediately following on \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", Bob Clampett's \\\"Patient Porky\\\" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' \\\"Wild Hare\\\" visual design, but his goofier pre-\\\"Wild Hare\\\" voice characterization. The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, \\\"featuring Bugs Bunny,\\\" at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288865\",\n \"text\": \"Elmer's Candid Camera Elmer's Candid Camera is a 1940 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 2, 1940, by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearance of a redesigned Elmer Fudd (voiced by Arthur Q. Bryan), and the fourth starring appearance of the anthropomorphic rabbit character that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc). Elmer is reading a book on how to photograph wildlife. He walks and whistles at the same time when holding the camera. He finds a rabbit and wants to take a picture of him. As he tries\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer's Candid Camera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605444\",\n \"text\": \"uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\" \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668686\",\n \"text\": \"mouth, and his ears were changed slightly as well. It is worth noting, however, that \\\"Patient Porky\\\" (September 14, 1940) featured a cameo by this prototype Bugs Bunny. The cartoon was so successful that WB decided to keep him on as a recurring character, eventually becoming the studio's most popular cartoon character. The character's name, previously only used on model sheets, became the official all-purpose name as well, with one modification: the apostrophe was dropped from his first name (now pronounced \\\"bugs\\\" rather than \\\"bugs-es\\\"). A title card saying \\\"featuring Bugs Bunny\\\" was slapped onto \\\"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\\\" after initial\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12846659\",\n \"text\": \"The Tortoise and the Hare (film) The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1935 American animated short film released on January 5, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Wilfred Jackson. Based on an Aesop's fable of the same name, it won the 1934 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. This cartoon is also believed to be one of the inspirations for Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in 1940. Max Hare is the heavy favorite to win a major sporting event---he's cocky, athletic and incredibly fast. His challenger, Toby Tortoise, is teased and jeered for\",\n \"title\": \"The Tortoise and the Hare (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288914\",\n \"text\": \"Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned house. They soon\",\n \"title\": \"Prest-O Change-O\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8596361\",\n \"text\": \"Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator. This cartoon is included on disc 3 of the \\\"\\\" DVD set and also included on disc 2 of the \\\"\\\" Blu-ray box set with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This short is also available on disc 1 of \\\"The Essential Bugs Bunny\\\". Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's\",\n \"title\": \"Haredevil Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793742\",\n \"text\": \"Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (of which the title of \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity, originality, excitement, and story construction, particularly compared to Avery's\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668675\",\n \"text\": \"and of the character. A model sheet by Charlie Thorson describes this prototype character as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\" (note the apostrophe) but in most of the cartoons the character is unnamed. Virgil Ross, the animator for \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" describes how the character came to be named in the interview published by \\\"Animato!\\\" magazine #19. Mel Blanc often told the story of the creation of the character and its name. He suggested that the character be named after the character's initial director, Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway. Blanc's own book, \\\"That's Not All Folks\\\" published by Warner Books in 1988, describes the \\\"tough\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1618170\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit\\\" (although in the same cartoon, when he tries to gain Bugs Bunny's trust, he cleverly invents the alias \\\"Square-deal Sam\\\"), \\\"Riff Raff Sam\\\" in \\\"Sahara Hare\\\", \\\"Sam Schultz\\\" in \\\"Big House Bunny\\\", \\\"Seagoin' Sam\\\" in \\\"Buccaneer Bunny\\\", \\\"Shanghai Sam\\\" in \\\"Mutiny on the Bunny\\\", and \\\"Von Schamm the Hessian\\\" in \\\"Bunker Hill Bunny\\\" and many others. During the golden age of American animation, Yosemite Sam appeared in 33 shorts. Animator Friz Freleng introduced the redesigned or renamed character in the 1945 cartoon \\\"Hare Trigger\\\". With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice and short stature (in two early gags\",\n \"title\": \"Yosemite Sam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5288917\",\n \"text\": \"feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned\",\n \"title\": \"Prest-O Change-O\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474437\",\n \"text\": \"money. After Bugs realizes he may have been tricked the entire time, Cecil and his cousins appear behind him, each with a dollar in hand, and kiss him. DVD - \\\"\\\", Disc One Blu-ray/DVD - \\\"\\\", Disc Two Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \\\"Fred Avery\\\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare,\\\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes\",\n \"title\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793744\",\n \"text\": \"animated characters scared when Casper appears at the funeral. Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (of which the title of \\\"Of Fox and Hounds\\\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity,\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798991\",\n \"text\": \"Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \\\"Dumb-Hounded\\\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict) on the run from Droopy, who is trailing the wolf in order to capture him. The title is a play on words on \\\"North West Mounted Police\\\", a 1940 film. Jeff Lenburg notes that one of the animators of the film was Preston Blair, who produced some of his best work while working under Tex Avery, including this\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Hounded Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305441\",\n \"text\": \"Bushy Hare Bushy Hare is a Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Cartoon made in 1949, released in 1950, directed by Robert McKimson. Bugs winds up in the Australian Outback, where he is switched with a baby kangaroo and has to deal with an aborigine hunter. The title is a play on \\\"bushy hair\\\" along with aborigines stereotypically being from \\\"the bush\\\" country. The baby kangaroo is played by Hippety Hopper, in a cameo appearance. This is the only cartoon in which Hippety Hopper is not paired with Sylvester the Cat, and the only one in which the character speaks (with one\",\n \"title\": \"Bushy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8324232\",\n \"text\": \"A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \\\"hair\\\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \\\"Super-Rabbit\\\" to \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\", which was a shorter and slightly differed version of the character. The plot is a twist on the usual Elmer-chasing-Bugs cartoon, with the bunny's pursuer this time being a dopey Native American. The\",\n \"title\": \"A Feather in His Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6793743\",\n \"text\": \"seminal earlier work \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Willoughby later appears in other Warner Brothers animated shorts, including \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\" (1941), \\\"The Crackpot Quail\\\" (1941), and \\\"Nutty News\\\" (1942), as the lead dog of a fox hunting party. A fundamentally similar character, Laramore, appears in \\\"To Duck or Not to Duck\\\" (1943), albeit with a fully brown coat of fur. Willoughby's brief career was essentially over before the end of World War II. Willoughby was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene \\\"Acme's Funeral\\\" from the 1988 film \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\". He also appears with other\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474435\",\n \"text\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \\\"Fred Avery\\\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare,\\\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes on the screen while eating an obligatory carrot and absent-mindedly begins reading them, grossly mispronouncing all of them in the process (e.g. for \\\"Avery\\\" over the correct ) except for the word \\\"story,\\\" the first names of Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Tortoise Beats Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4372496\",\n \"text\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt Porky's Hare Hunt is a 1938 animated short movie directed by Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton, which stars Porky Pig as a hunter whose prey is an unnamed rabbit. The rabbit's hyperactive personality and laughing voice provided by Mel Blanc predated the 1940 Walter Lantz/Universal Pictures release \\\"Knock Knock\\\" which starred Andy Panda and introduced cartoon audiences to Woody Woodpecker which was created for the Lantz studio by Hardaway after his departure from the Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio. This cartoon marked the first appearance of the rabbit that would evolve into Bugs Bunny, who\",\n \"title\": \"Porky's Hare Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785765\",\n \"text\": \"stiff leg towards his rabbit hole (recalling \\\"The Spirit of '76\\\"). In a rare promotional broadcast, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was loosely adapted for the radio as a sketch performed by Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan on the April 11, 1941, edition of \\\"The Al Pearce Show\\\". The sketch was followed by a scripted interview with Leon Schlesinger. Although the script is available for public online viewing, , no recording of the broadcast is known to exist. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", due to it setting the stage for Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, is available on many home video releases. A\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6322735\",\n \"text\": \"yet unnamed, embryonic rabbit was later named in an early model sheet as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\". A new drawing of a redesigned rabbit had been requested by the story department as described by Virgil Ross, the animator of \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" in an interview published in \\\"Animato\\\" magazine issue #19. Animator Ben \\\"Bugs\\\" Hardaway inadvertently christened him when \\\"his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character\\\" was labeled \\\"Bugs's Bunny\\\" by a fellow employee, as described in the \\\"Encyclopædia Britannica\\\". When Freleng returned to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman, while Tex Avery eventually created his own\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Hardaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668683\",\n \"text\": \"below. The hunter then finds the rabbit. He explains to the hunter how poor he is. He then shocks the hunter, who falls to the ground. The hunter then tells the now-hiding hare he can whip the rabbit and his whole family, then he's suddenly surrounded by a lot of rabbits that look like the first rabbit. Jones directed the next experimental cartoon, \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" (March 2, 1940, First Official Elmer Fudd). In this cartoon, Elmer has come to the country to photograph wildlife. As he tries to photograph a rabbit, the rabbit finds him a convenient victim to\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6464135\",\n \"text\": \"Hair-Raising Hare Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \\\"Rudolph\\\" and then \\\"Gossamer\\\". One dark night, as the camera pans across a dark, empty forest, Bugs is heard singing a stanza of \\\"Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart\\\" (introduced in \\\"Hollywood Canteen\\\"). When the camera zooms in on Bugs' rabbit hole, he pokes up, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells\",\n \"title\": \"Hair-Raising Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8596355\",\n \"text\": \"Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's nasal voice for this first film is different from the later one he is most known for, which was similar to one that Blanc used for the emcee in \\\"What's Cookin' Doc?\\\", for just one line, where the emcee says, \\\"Shall we give it to him, folks?\\\" The title\",\n \"title\": \"Haredevil Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12389705\",\n \"text\": \"Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \\\"Frigid Hare\\\" and he re-appeared in \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \\\"Frigid Hare\\\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Playboy Penguin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605442\",\n \"text\": \"hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a \\\"smart aleck\\\" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare\\\" (1935), and the round, soft bunnies from \\\"Little Hiawatha\\\" (1937). In Jones' \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. \\\"Candid\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8324235\",\n \"text\": \"other Turner-owned networks (TBS and TNT) in the days before Cartoon Network became a channel, but has now fallen out of favor due to the American Indian character being deemed a stereotype. A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \\\"hair\\\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \\\"Super-Rabbit\\\" to \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"A Feather in His Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247087\",\n \"text\": \"result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: \\\"Wabbit Twouble\\\"; \\\"The Wacky Wabbit\\\"; \\\"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\\\"; \\\"Any Bonds Today?\\\"; and \\\"Fresh Hare\\\". He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer Fudd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3156697\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new love interest for their first known date. Donald tried to woo her and hug her, but at first Daisy acts shy and has her back turned to her visitor. But Donald soon notices her tail feathers taking the form of a hand and signaling for him to\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227008\",\n \"text\": \"The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, \\\"All This and\",\n \"title\": \"The Heckling Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12231610\",\n \"text\": \"Fame\\\" offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation. The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), \\\"Birdy and the Beast\\\" (1944), \\\"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\\\" (1948), \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\" (1952), \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\" (1952), \\\"One Froggy Evening\\\" (1955), \\\"Duck Amuck\\\" (1953), \\\"Another Froggy Evening\\\" (1995), \\\"Fast and Furry-ous\\\" (1949), \\\"Ali Baba Bunny\\\" (1957), \\\"Knighty Knight Bugs\\\" (1958), \\\"High Diving Hare\\\" (1949),\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247078\",\n \"text\": \"identical to his counterpart in \\\"Camera\\\". In the interim, the two starred in \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and \\\"What's Up, Doc?\\\" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure (designed by Robert Givens, which would be reused soon later in Jones' \\\"Good Night Elmer\\\", this time without a red nose) and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances,\",\n \"title\": \"Elmer Fudd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668676\",\n \"text\": \"little stinker\\\" that was the eventual version of the redesigned character as directed by Tex Avery. Warner Brothers' own published descriptions of the creation of the character's name can be found in \\\"Animation Magazine\\\" published in 1990. Therein it is described that the Hardaway unit's model sheet came to be known by fellow animators as \\\"Bugs' Bunny\\\". Ben Hardaway and Cal Dalton began the experiment in \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (released April 30, 1938). In the cartoon Porky Pig is hunting and fires at several rabbits. Soon, Porky and his dog meet the rabbit and try to outwit him in the\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12231609\",\n \"text\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940), \\\"Birdy and the Beast\\\" (1944), \\\"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\\\" (1948), \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\" (1952), \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\" (1952), \\\"One Froggy Evening\\\" (1955), \\\"Duck Amuck\\\" (1953), \\\"Another Froggy Evening\\\" (1995), \\\"Fast and Furry-ous\\\" (1949), \\\"Ali Baba Bunny\\\" (1957), \\\"Knighty Knight Bugs\\\" (1958), \\\"High Diving Hare\\\" (1949), \\\"Bully for Bugs\\\" (1955) and \\\"Rabbit of Seville\\\" (1950). \\\"The Looney Tunes Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"813969\",\n \"text\": \"Bunny cartoons: \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", \\\"All This and Rabbit Stew\\\", and \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\". During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including travelogue parodies (\\\"The Isle of Pingo Pongo\\\"), fractured fairy-tales (\\\"The Bear's Tale\\\"), Hollywood caricature films (\\\"Hollywood Steps Out\\\"), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (\\\"The Crack-Pot Quail\\\"). Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to \\\"The Heckling Hare\\\". In Avery's original version, Bugs and the hunting dog were to fall off a cliff \\\"three times\\\", milking the gag to\",\n \"title\": \"Tex Avery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6494498\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again Bugs Bunny Rides Again is a 1948 Warner Bros. \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" short, released in 1948, directed by Friz Freleng, and written by Tedd Pierce and Michael Maltese. The short is both part of the Western and a parody of the genre's conventions. Voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It is the second cartoon to pair them, after their first encounter in 1945's \\\"Hare Trigger\\\". The title is a typical Western reference, as in \\\"The Lone Ranger rides again\\\", and also suggests a reference to the 1940 Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785763\",\n \"text\": \"covers his eyes, and asks \\\"Guess who?\\\". Elmer tries the names of contemporary screen beauties whose names exploited his accent, before he guesses the rabbit. Bugs responds \\\"Hmm... Could be!\\\", kisses Elmer, and dives into a hole. Elmer sticks his head into the hole and gets another kiss from Bugs; whereafter he wipes his mouth and decides to set a trap. When Bugs puts a skunk in the trap, Fudd blindly grabs the skunk and carries it over to the watching Bugs to brag; and when Elmer sees his mistake, Bugs gives him a kiss on the nose, whereupon Fudd\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12389707\",\n \"text\": \"employee. Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \\\"Frigid Hare\\\" and he re-appeared in \\\"8 Ball Bunny\\\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \\\"Frigid Hare\\\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \\\"8 Ball\",\n \"title\": \"Playboy Penguin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8869566\",\n \"text\": \"initially with Cal Howard, and then Ben Hardaway. Dalton later admitted feeling aggrieved about the fact that while he was meant to be nominally in charge of Freleng's former unit, he tended to be overshadowed by the presence of the more experienced Hardaway. Cal Dalton's major contribution to the legacy of Warner Bros. animation was having co-directed \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\" in 1939 with Hardaway. The short featured a gray and white rabbit that served as the prototype for Bugs Bunny. Dalton directed or co-directed a total of 17 Warner Bros. cartoons from 1938 through 1940. He spent the rest of his\",\n \"title\": \"Cal Dalton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274996\",\n \"text\": \"of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive. Animator Chuck Jones introduced the character in the 1946 cartoon \\\"Hair-Raising Hare\\\". In it, Bugs Bunny is lured to the lair of a mad scientist (a caricature of actor Peter Lorre) Gossamer (Looney Tunes) Gossamer is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of cartoons. The character is a hairy, orange monster. His rectangular body is perched\",\n \"title\": \"Gossamer (Looney Tunes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437162\",\n \"text\": \"Cecil Turtle Cecil Turtle is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of films. Though he made only three theatrical appearances, Cecil has the unusual distinction in that he is one of the very few characters who was able to beat Bugs Bunny, and the only one to do so three times in a row and at the rabbit's own game. Animator Tex Avery introduced Cecil in the short \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", released on March 15, 1941. Even from the cartoon's opening titles, Avery lets on that Bugs Bunny is about to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10493158\",\n \"text\": \"would not occur again until (Blooper) Bunny in 1991. The cartoon's final scene is a nod to the ending of 1939's \\\"A Day at the Zoo\\\", which featured Elmer's prototype Egghead being swallowed up by a lion. Elmer Fudd is hunting for Bugs Bunny using his \\\"Wabbit Detector\\\". As he is searching, Bugs misleads Elmer, who walks off a cliff. Later Elmer gives chase to Bugs and Bugs hitches a ride in a car not noticing Elmer is the driver. When Bugs realizes that, Elmer stops the car at a movie theater. Bugs pays his admission to get in the\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4655614\",\n \"text\": \"to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\" by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\" by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" by Avery), and Tweety (1942, \\\"A Tale of Two Kitties\\\" by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the \\\"Looney Tune Lockout\\\"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros. Cartoons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9038104\",\n \"text\": \"can tell the difference between both cuts by the tinting of the color). Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \\\"hair ribbon\\\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Ribbin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305442\",\n \"text\": \"line at the end); like Bugs, Hippety is voiced by Mel Blanc. Bugs pops out in Golden Gate Park and encounters a man, who asks Bugs to hold his balloons while he ties his shoelaces. Bugs complies, but soon finds himself drifting off into the ocean. Eventually he clashes in midair with a stork delivering a kangaroo joey, leading to Bugs getting switched with the joey, brought to Australia, and dropped into a kangaroo's arms. Bugs refuses to be the kangaroo's baby, but feels guilty after the kangaroo starts crying and agrees to be its 'baby'. After a wild ride\",\n \"title\": \"Bushy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201470\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit Transit (film) Rabbit Transit is an 8-minute \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng, released in 1947, and starring Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle. The title is a play on \\\"Rapid Transit\\\". Cecil and Bugs had previously raced each other in 1941's \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\" and 1943's \\\"Tortoise Wins By a Hare\\\". This cartoon was their final encounter. Unlike \\\"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\\\", this cartoon presumes that Bugs and Cecil have never met before now. While relaxing in a steam bath, Bugs reads about the original fable and, as he did reading the credits of \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Rabbit Transit (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268453\",\n \"text\": \"would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\" (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\". \\\"Puss Gets the Boot\\\" did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Golden age of American animation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368162\",\n \"text\": \"to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" movies and television specials, like \\\"The Peanuts Movie\\\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is\",\n \"title\": \"Snoopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3218290\",\n \"text\": \"that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. \\\"Knock Knock\\\" was Marsales' final score for Lantz. As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, \\\"Knock Knock\\\" is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for Happy Rabbit, a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\". This cartoon is also notable for featuring a very crude\",\n \"title\": \"Knock Knock (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3156699\",\n \"text\": \"kisses. The short stands out among other Donald shorts of the period for its use of modern music and surreal situations throughout. After this short, the idea of a permanent love interest for Donald was well established. However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself. Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Duck Steps Out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368144\",\n \"text\": \"Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" movies and television specials, like \\\"The Peanuts Movie\\\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an\",\n \"title\": \"Snoopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9038094\",\n \"text\": \"Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \\\"hair ribbon\\\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in the open title sequence. The short opens with a dog with a Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Hare Ribbin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10584195\",\n \"text\": \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare Hurdy-Gurdy Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short, copyrighted in 1948 and released in 1950 and re-issued in 1961 as a Blue Ribbon, which is directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. Bugs has to deal with Grusome Gorilla while trying to make some money playing a street organ. While Bugs is sitting in Central Park, he looks through the wanted ads, finally focusing on a job as a Hurdy-Gurdy (actually, a street organ), thinking at first of 'the masters - Beethoven, Brahms, Bach' (pronounced by Bugs as 'Beat-hoven,' 'Brammz,' and 'Batch'), but soon thinking of\",\n \"title\": \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605486\",\n \"text\": \"Looney Tunes Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters. \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series \\\"Silly Symphonies\\\". They initially showcased musical compositions whose rights were held by Warner's music publishing interests\",\n \"title\": \"Looney Tunes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201429\",\n \"text\": \"go, George? Which way did he go?\\\" long ago became a catchphrase, as did \\\"Thanks a lot, George, thanks a lot!\\\" Of Fox and Hounds Of Fox and Hounds is a 9-minute 1940 Tex Avery film which introduced Willoughby the Dog. Tex Avery did the voice of Willoughby, and Mel Blanc did George the Fox. The film focuses on a sly fox, George, and a lovable but dimwitted hound, Willoughby, who repeatedly asks George where the fox went, never suspecting that his \\\"friend\\\" George is the fox. Invariably, George the Fox tells Willoughby that the fox is on the other\",\n \"title\": \"Of Fox and Hounds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9051459\",\n \"text\": \"Hyde and Hare Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \\\"neither hide nor hair.\\\" Bugs comes out of his rabbit hole in a city park every morning because a kind gentleman keeps coming to feed him a carrot (\\\"Well, here I go again with the 'timid little rabbit' routine. It's shameful, but - eh, it's a living!\\\"). At first feigning the on-all-fours posture of a real rabbit, Bugs eventually stands\",\n \"title\": \"Hyde and Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"813967\",\n \"text\": \"of storylines among the directors was commonplace, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" was a double throwback. Avery had directed the '37 short, \\\"Porky's Duck Hunt\\\" featuring Porky Pig which introduced \\\"Daffy Duck.\\\" Hardaway remade this as \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" introducing the rabbit. So Avery went back to the \\\"hunter and prey\\\" framework, and incorporating Jones' \\\"Elmer's Candid Camera\\\", gag for gag, and altering the design of Elmer Fudd. Polishing the timing, and expanding the Groucho Marx smart-aleck attitude already present in \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\", making Bugs a kind of Brooklyn-esque super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who\",\n \"title\": \"Tex Avery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2306820\",\n \"text\": \"Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \\\"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\\\". The character was first introduced in \\\"Detective Comics\\\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \\\"Robin, The Boy Wonder\\\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \\\"winged\\\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Grayson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047035\",\n \"text\": \"for So Little\\\" (1949) which won that same year for \\\"Best Documentary Short Subject.\\\" Maltese was also the voice of the Lou Costello-esque character in \\\"Wackiki Wabbit\\\" (1943). Some of his earlier works include \\\"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\\\" and \\\"Fresh Hare\\\", \\\"Hare Trigger\\\" (which introduced Yosemite Sam), \\\"Baseball Bugs\\\" for Freleng; \\\"Bear Feat\\\", \\\"Rabbit of Seville\\\", and \\\"Rabbit Fire\\\" for Jones. Some of his best-known cartoons are \\\"Feed the Kitty\\\", \\\"Beep, Beep\\\", \\\"Rabbit Seasoning\\\", \\\"Don't Give Up the Sheep\\\", \\\"Duck Amuck\\\", \\\"Bully for Bugs\\\", \\\"Bewitched Bunny\\\", \\\"From A to Z-Z-Z-Z\\\", and \\\"Beanstalk Bunny\\\". These were all directed by\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Maltese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4285329\",\n \"text\": \"and dancing a hopak. As Bugs and Elmer dive off a cliff, Bugs drinks some \\\"Hare Tonic (Stops Falling Hare)\\\" and screeches to a halt in mid-air, while the dream Elmer continues to careen toward earth, finally crash-landing into the real Elmer's snoozing body as he wakes up with a start, exclaiming \\\"Ooh, what a howwible nightmare!\\\". Elmer dashes back to the cartoon's original background, pieces his Warner contract back together, and agrees to finish what he started. The chase through the log begins anew. Bugs faces the audience in a closeup, closing with the catchphrase from the \\\"Beulah\\\" character\",\n \"title\": \"The Big Snooze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437166\",\n \"text\": \"it is Avery's parody of the 1935 Disney \\\"Silly Symphony\\\", \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare\\\". Avery left Warner Bros. before he could produce any new cartoons featuring Cecil. However, he introduced a similar character in 1943 named Droopy Dog. Droopy would even take some of his tricks from his slow-and-steady predecessor, such as using his relatives to help him outsmart a wolf. Bob Clampett took Avery's scenario and altered it for his film \\\"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\\\" released on February 20, 1943. The title is an appropriate pun on \\\"hair\\\". Bugs again challenges Cecil to a race after viewing\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4212831\",\n \"text\": \"Fresh Hare Fresh Hare is a Warner Bros. theatrical Merrie Melodies cartoon. It was directed by Isadore \\\"Friz\\\" Freleng, written by Michael Maltese, and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It was released to theatres on August 22, 1942, and is a play on the term \\\"fresh air\\\". In this short, the rotund early-1940s version of Elmer Fudd is portrayed as a Mountie, in pursuit of Bugs Bunny, who is wanted dead or alive (though preferably dead). After following rabbit tracks to a burrow, Elmer tries to lure Bugs out; he initially succeeds in getting Bugs handcuffed, but somehow Bugs worms his\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9404433\",\n \"text\": \"the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, \\\"à la\\\" Lennie, \\\"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\\\", such as the episodes \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" or \\\"Falling Hare\\\". The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In \\\"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\\\" (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \\\"I will name him George,\",\n \"title\": \"Of Mice and Men in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13094376\",\n \"text\": \"to pack his hole with explosives. However, Bugs diverts the dynamite under the house foundation. Sam then lights the fuse, but realizes too late that his house is about to be blown up. In the end, the cabin flies away, much like how the cabin did in the tornado in the 1939 film adaptation of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". A dazed Sam, upon realizing his fate, remarks: \\\"I've got a cabin in the sky!\\\" (a reference to the 1943 MGM film \\\"Cabin in the Sky\\\"), as his house floats upward. The Fair-Haired Hare The Fair-Haired Hare is a Looney Tunes\",\n \"title\": \"The Fair-Haired Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8797581\",\n \"text\": \"Willie Howard transforms himself \\\"to a woman, to a variety of famous performers..., to a western sheriff, to an Indian chief.\\\" One example is the film \\\"To Be or Not to Be\\\" (1942) where a mixed company of actors uses their skills in adopting roles to survive in Occupied Poland. A Hare Grows in Manhattan A Hare Grows In Manhattan is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series, released on March 22, 1947 and directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Bugs Bunny and a pack of dogs (the leader being a bulldog who resembles Hector). Unlike many cases\",\n \"title\": \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227014\",\n \"text\": \"article for \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\". During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in \\\"Daffy Duck and Egghead\\\" (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on \\\"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\\\", Daffy Duck tells the audience, \\\"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\\\" Daffy also says \\\"Here we go again!\\\" at the end of \\\"Along Came Daffy\\\" (1947). The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed\",\n \"title\": \"The Heckling Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10011706\",\n \"text\": \"Bugs has played Groucho Marx to avoid Elmer. The first time was Friz Freleng's cartoon \\\"Slick Hare\\\" (1947), but Elmer comes much closer to catching Bugs in that Groucho scene than in the one in \\\"Wideo Wabbit\\\", by means of disguise as Groucho's brother Harpo. When Bugs is masquerading as Liberace and playing the piano, the part where he gets his fingers tied in a knot was lifted from another Freleng cartoon \\\"Rhapsody Rabbit\\\" (1946). When Elmer is tracking Bugs' footprints while giving tips, music is reused from \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" where Bugs taps on Elmer's head and introduces his\",\n \"title\": \"Wideo Wabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15818880\",\n \"text\": \"footage of Disney performing as Mickey Mouse, it was seen on the behind the scenes of the 1997 VHS and 2000 DVD of Fun and Fancy Free on a feature called The Making of Fun and Fancy Free, and it was included on the 2004 DVD release \\\"\\\" as an easter egg. Edited portions of the footage were also seen in earlier releases. In September 1940, a one-page adaptation of \\\"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\\\" appeared in \\\"Good Housekeeping\\\" magazine. In this version Pete discovers Pluto by seeing his tail sticking out of the suitcase. Instead of being kicked off\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8169378\",\n \"text\": \"cannonball bounces off of the face of the dam and back into the muzzle of the cannon) and he is launched into a police paddy wagon instead and hauled away for attempting to destroy the Cooler Dam. \\\"He's not foolin' me--he'll be back...\\\" says Bugs as he watches his nemesis being taken away. \\\"Like, uh, in about 20 years?\\\" Wet Hare Wet Hare is a 1962 animated short film in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. In this cartoon, Bugs Bunny finds himself at odds with Blacque Jacque Shellacque, a ruthless lumberjack with a French Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Wet Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3521259\",\n \"text\": \"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century Duck Dodgers in the 24½ Century (spoken as \\\"twenty-fourth-and-a-half\\\") is a 1952 Merrie Melodies color cartoon from Warner Bros., first released on July 25, 1953, that stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\" (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny. He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's \\\"The Hasty Hare\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"962912\",\n \"text\": \"and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix. In 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy\",\n \"title\": \"Sidekick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11281364\",\n \"text\": \"Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel \\\"Gulliver's Travels\\\". A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in \\\"Haredevil Hare\\\" (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present. After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to\",\n \"title\": \"Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785762\",\n \"text\": \"a struggle in which the barrel is bent into a bow. Elmer frantically digs into the hole while Bugs emerges from a nearby hole with another carrot in his hand, lifts Fudd's hat, and raps the top of his head until Elmer notices; then chews his carrot and delivers his definitive line, \\\"What's up, Doc?\\\". When Elmer replies that \\\"[he's] hunting 'wabbits'\\\", Bugs chews his carrot and asks what a wabbit is; then teases Elmer by with every aspect of Fudd's description until Elmer suspects that Bugs is a rabbit. Bugs confirms this, hides behind a tree, sneaks behind Elmer,\",\n \"title\": \"A Wild Hare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14831679\",\n \"text\": \"Cats, once as a short instrumental and once as a lengthy vocal version in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number featuring a turban-wearing band and the heavily-mustached Colonna as a veiled \\\"girl friend.\\\" On October 28, 1938, the Midwestern jazz novelty group, The Hoosier Hot Shots, released a curtailed version of song as a single. In 1940 the song was used in the Warner Brothers Porky Pig cartoon \\\"Ali-Baba Bound\\\"; two years later, it was used as the opening theme of the Bugs Bunny cartoon \\\"Case of the Missing Hare\\\" over the credits and up to the first view of\",\n \"title\": \"Girl Friend of the Whirling Dervish\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7040482\",\n \"text\": \"Gorilla My Dreams Gorilla My Dreams is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated short, released in 1948, starring Bugs Bunny. The short was directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. The story is a parody of the many 'jungle' movies that were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Tarzan movies. The title is a play on the expression \\\"Girl o' My Dreams\\\". This is the ninth Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the title does not refer to \\\"hare\\\", \\\"rabbit\\\", or \\\"bunny\\\". The short featured Gruesome Gorilla, who reappeared in \\\"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\\\" and as a\",\n \"title\": \"Gorilla My Dreams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3296712\",\n \"text\": \"waiting for the crook wherever he turns up. Avery had used a similar gag in his 1941 \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" short \\\"Tortoise Beats Hare\\\", which in turn was an expansion/exaggeration of the premise of his \\\"The Blow Out\\\" (1936). In fact, this cartoon shows that early ideas about Droopy's personality were already germinating, as that film's Cecil Turtle has similarities to Droopy. Droopy's meek, deadpan voice and personality were modeled after the character Wallace Wimple on the radio comedy \\\"Fibber McGee and Molly\\\"; actor Bill Thompson, who played Wimple, was the original voice of Droopy. During his time in the US\",\n \"title\": \"Droopy\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Development of Bugs Bunny context: start of the story reading, \\\"Starring Bugs Bunny\\\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \\\"...Camera\\\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his\\n\\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 201,\n \"origin_tokens\": 201,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Bugs Bunny context: Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" and \\\"Merrie Melodies\\\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \\\"Porky's Hare Hunt\\\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Wild Hare\\\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray\\n\\ntitle Development of Bugs Bunny context modified again the0 Looney Tunes Show and yet for the 2015 seriesWabbit\\\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of B Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making first official appearance in Tex Avery' \\\"A Wild Hare\\\". prototype version is commonly referred to as \\\"Happy Rabbit animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \\\"Bugs Bunny\\\" was used as early as August 1939 in Motion Picture Herald, in review for short \\\"Hare-um Scare-um\\\".\\ntitle Ben Hardaway, embonic rabb later an early model sheet A ofigned rabbit had been requested story Virgil,ator \\\" H in an interview published \\\"Animato\\\" #9. \\\"ugsawayadently christ \\\"his cas sketch of a proposed rabbit character\\\" wasabeled \\\"Bs Bun fellow employeelopædia Freleng.19, Hard was demoted back to storyman, while Tex histitleny's design is tier the models is. Whileys\\\" firstros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \\\"A Wild Hare\\\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc\\n\\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 524,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15140,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78782,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78782,"string":"78,782"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"According to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["All the kings horses and all the kings men"],"string":"[\n \"All the kings horses and all the kings men\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"All the kings horses and all the kings men"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"570347","text":"Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,","title":"Humpty Dumpty"},{"id":"14141068","text":"of topicality about it).\" Newman also said: \"It's such a mad word, nursery rhymes, when you think about it logically. There's actually quite an interesting story behind some of them. Like Humpty Dumpty - we all think it's about an egg falling off a wall. But really, Humpty Dumpty was a cannon in the English Civil War that one of the sides managed to blow up, and it fell down. So all the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again - that's the origins of it. Some of these stories are true, and real news","title":"The News at Bedtime"},{"id":"570339","text":"As a character and literary allusion, he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture, particularly English author Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1872), in which he was described as an egg. The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026. The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language. The common text from 1954 is:
\"Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw\"
\"Their lamentations in the eerie trees.\" William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour \"\" (Tate Gallery, London). The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's \"Much Ado About Nothing\", Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him \"rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!\" In the Middle Ages, the","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"13644361","text":"bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The","title":"Greek mythology in popular culture"},{"id":"34698","text":"Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it","title":"Amphisbaena"},{"id":"13242598","text":"Drakaina (mythology) In Greek mythology, a drakaina () is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features. Examples of the Drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris. Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word \"drakaina\" is literally the feminine form of \"drakon\" (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. The drakaina was a monster","title":"Drakaina (mythology)"},{"id":"2769390","text":"of Apollonius of Tyana defeating a Lamia seductress has inspired the poem \"Lamia\" by Keats. The lamia has been ascribed serpent-like qualities, which some commentators believe can be firmly traced to mythology from antiquity, and they have found analogues in ancient texts that could be designated as \"lamiai\" (or \"lamiae\") which are part-serpent beings. These include the half-woman, half-snake beasts of the \"Libyan myth\" told by Dio Chrysostom, and the monster sent to Argos by Apollo to avenge Psamathe (Crotopus). A scholiast to Aristophanes claimed that Lamia's name derived from her having a large throat or gullet (; \"laimos\"). Modern","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"2769407","text":"\"Life of Apollonius\" the female \"empousa-lamia\" is also called \"a snake\", which may seem to the modern reader to be just a metaphorical expression, but which Daniel Ogden insists is a literal snake. Philostratus's tale was reworked by Keats in his poem \"Lamia\", where it is made clear she bears the guise of a snake, which she wants to relinquish in return for human appearance. Modern commentators have also tried to establish that she may have originally as a dragoness, by inference. David Ogden argues that one of her possible reincarnations, the monster of Argos killed by Coroebus had a","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"18336520","text":"and placements for 35 pairs of teeth in the upper jaws. \"Maaradactylus\" was described by Renan Bantim and colleagues in 2014. The type species is \"Maaradactylus kellneri\". The generic name refers to Maara, in the legends of the Cariri the daughter of a chief, by sorcery changed into a river monster with long teeth, devouring fishermen. The suffix ~\"dactylus\" is common in the names of pterosaurs and is derived from Greek δάκτυλος, \"daktylos\", \"finger\", referring to the long (fourth) wing finger. The specific name honours Alexander Kellner, Brazil's foremost pterosaur expert. Maaradactylus Maaradactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known","title":"Maaradactylus"},{"id":"9748154","text":"Agraulos Agraulos is a genus of trilobite that lived during the Middle Cambrian in North America and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic. \"A. ceticephalus\" grew to approximately . \"Agraulos\" is derived from the Greek , \"country woman\" after a mythological figure that killed herself after ignoring a warning from the goddess Athena and is a reference to the fact it is extinct. The species epithet \"ceticephalus\" is the contraction between (Kētos), \"whale\", \"large fish\" or \"sea monster\", and (Kephalos), \"head\", so \"whale head\" for the rounded rather effaced headshield that may be thought to look like a sperm whale. The","title":"Agraulos"},{"id":"4800389","text":"to Geller's claimed spoon-bending abilities. The logo of a winged pig was designed for Randi's website by German artist Jutta Degener in 1996. The name \"Pigasus\" was chosen by Randi from suggestions e-mailed to him. The term is a portmanteau pun combining the word \"pig\" with the mythological \"Pegasus\", a reference to the expression \"when pigs fly\". Randi did not present any Uri Award for a number of years after its inception in \"Flim-Flam!,\" but in 1997 it was revived and the name was changed to \"Pigasus\" after the winged pig. Randi announced the recipients through his e-newsletter \"SWIFT!\" in","title":"Pigasus Award"},{"id":"9511100","text":"this instance, Ammit is not an agent of evil, but punishment for the guilty dead. In Greek mythology, there are a plethora of hungry monsters and vengeful gods, an example of which being the Minotaur. The Minotaur (which roughly translates to Bull of Minos) was the son of the Cretan queen Pasiphae and a bull. When the Minotaur was no longer satisfied with the nursing of his mother, it was found that he was very fond of eating human flesh. So Minos, the king of Crete and the Minotaur's step-father, ordered the great architect Daedalus to build a great labyrinth","title":"Devourer"},{"id":"5311681","text":"Barberini Faun The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A Faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek Satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus. The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of","title":"Barberini Faun"},{"id":"6000453","text":"In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures. One of the many creatures that inhabit the mythical Himavanta, Kinnaris have the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the wings, tail and feet of a swan. They are renowned for their dance, song and poetry, and are a traditional symbol of feminine beauty, grace and accomplishment. Edward H. Schafer notes that in East Asian religious art the Kinnara is often confused with the Kalaviṅka, which is also a half-human half-bird hybrid mythical creature, but that the two are actually distinct and","title":"Kinnara"},{"id":"5009102","text":"aculeata\" is an active predator, feeding primarily on small crabs, hermit crabs and other polychaete worms including \"Pectinaria\" and \"Lumbriconereis\". Species recognized by the World Register of Marine Species: Aphrodita Aphrodita, or sea mouse, is a genus of marine polychaete worms found in the Mediterranean sea and the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. The name of the genus is taken from Aphrodite, the Ancient Greek goddess of love. This is because, when viewed ventrally, the animal resembles a human female's genitalia. The English name may either have a similar meaning, or may derive from the supposed resemblance to a bedraggled","title":"Aphrodita"},{"id":"892936","text":"navigation by sailors. The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated to 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders. Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word \"chimera\" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as \"bixie\", \"tianlu\", and even \"qilin\". Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\"Chimæra\"); Greek: , \"Chímaira\"","title":"Chimera (mythology)"},{"id":"853223","text":"Empusa Empusa or Empousa (; \"plural\": \"Empousai\") is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure. In Late Antiquity, the empousai has been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the \"lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men. Also empuse in English usage. The primary sources for the \"empousa\" in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (\"Frogs\" and \"Ecclesiazusae\") and Philostratus's \"Life of Apollonius of Tyana\". The Empusa has been defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as","title":"Empusa"},{"id":"34704","text":"and argue, and sing a song about their miserable plight. Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her","title":"Amphisbaena"},{"id":"14357975","text":"Stymphalian birds The Stymphalian birds ( ; , \"Stymphalídes órnithes\") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia. The Stymphalian Birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung. These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.","title":"Stymphalian birds"},{"id":"8194454","text":"sense astral projections and if she is being watched from behind. She is experienced in interdimensional travel and the use of weapons and technology from other dimensions. There are several other characters named Chimera in the Marvel Universe. Chimera is an unnamed woman who is a member of the Femizons. She is a metamorph who can grow wings, claws, and other parts. The chimera of Greek mythology appeared in Marvel Comics. It is depicted as a fire-breathing monster with the heads of a lion and a goat next to each other, the front legs of a lion, the wings of","title":"Chimera (Marvel Comics)"},{"id":"20959253","text":"much of Stesichorus' output, the Geryoneis has been noted for its use and advancement of Homeric elements. Especially the humanisation of Geryon through the mention of his parents and the poppy simile has been highlighted by critics. Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which","title":"Geryoneis"},{"id":"3054663","text":"especially prolific in the 1950s, producing such acclaimed and much-reprinted stories as \"The Man Who Sold Rope to the Gnoles\" (1951), \"Brightness Falls from the Air\" (1951), \"An Egg a Month from All Over\" (1952), and \"Horrer Howce\" (1956). She occasionally drew inspiration from her education in Classics and her knowledge of Greek myth, as in \"Mrs. Hawk\" (1950), a modern update of the Circe myth, \"The Bird\" (1951), about a modern man's fateful encounter with the mythical phoenix, and \"The Goddess on the Street Corner\" (1953), in which a down-on-his-luck wino meets an equally vulnerable Aphrodite. Beginning in 1950","title":"Margaret St. Clair"},{"id":"16434994","text":"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania) The Warlocks Motorcycle Club is a \"one-percenter\" outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1967. It was the first official 1% outlaw motorcycle club founded in Pennsylvania. The club is most prominent in the Philadelphia and Delaware County area, but they have territory all throughout the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philly metro area), including South Jersey and Wilmington. There are now chapters all throughout Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and Delaware. The club's insignia is a Harpy, which in Greek and Roman mythology, was a female monster in the form of a bird with a","title":"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)"},{"id":"4776694","text":"Strix (mythology) The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. The \"strix\" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's \"Fasti\". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. The \"strīx\" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet upwards and head below, according to","title":"Strix (mythology)"},{"id":"17931656","text":"the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the \"chicken from hell\". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of \"chicken from hell\". However, he found that the nickname did not work so well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking the name of the feathered demon Anzu from the mythology of ancient Sumer, which itself roughly translates to \"heavenly eagle\". The specific name, \"wyliei\", honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster. \"Anzu\" was placed in the Oviraptorosauria, as","title":"Anzu wyliei"},{"id":"2033861","text":"a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice. There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally \"Fire\") and a man with some name meaning \"wolf\". The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology. The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little","title":"Little Red Riding Hood"},{"id":"11908482","text":"when I look at myself.\" Another such line reads: \"The void drinks the void: air was born with blue eyes, that's why it endlessly swallows aspirin.\" One other exchange, in which Ear compares herself to a \"prize horse\", results later in the text in an actual metamorphosis, through which she becomes the horse \"Clytemnestra\" (named after the femme fatale character in Greek myths). A series of dance routines, described by British theater historian Claude Schumacher as \"bewildering ballets\", accompanies the dialogues. In its third act, \"The Gas Heart\" also features a dance performed by a man fallen from a funnel,","title":"The Gas Heart"},{"id":"2494454","text":"terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, \"*bell-\" or \"*ber-\" \"beast, monster\", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon (\"the beast killer\"). The Transylvanian Saxon \"balaur\" \"dragon\", and \"balaura\", an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian \"blavor\"/\"blaor\"/\"blavur\" (\"European legless lizard\") is cognate with \"balaur\", and it is regarded as one of few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The maniraptor theropod \"Balaur bondoc\" is named after this creature. Balaur A balaur is a creature in Romanian folklore, similar to a European dragon. A \"balaur\" is","title":"Balaur"},{"id":"7381849","text":"an absolute magnitude of . The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is. This minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (). 10370 Hylonome","title":"10370 Hylonome"},{"id":"15086568","text":"Lament for Icarus\" ultimately became a well-composed image of epic failure. However, somewhat surprising, Icarus has his wings fully intact, contrary to the myth where the wax melted and Icarus fell flapping his bare arms. The image of a \"winged creature\" is likely utilized to create a more symbolic, romantic and elegant appearance. The Lament for Icarus The Lament for Icarus is a painting by Herbert James Draper, showing the dead Icarus, surrounded by lamenting nymphs. The wings of Icarus are based on the bird-of-paradise pattern. In 1898, the painting was bought from the Royal Academy exhibition through The Chantrey","title":"The Lament for Icarus"},{"id":"16177346","text":"The Crow and the Snake The Crow or Raven and the Snake or Serpent is one of Aesop's Fables and numbered 128 in the Perry Index. Alternative Greek versions exist and two of these were adopted during the European Renaissance. The fable is not to be confused with the story of this title in the \"Panchatantra\", which is completely different. In ancient times the fable is found only in Greek sources and concerns a crow in search of food that finds a snake asleep in the sun. But when the crow seizes her, the snake kills it with her sting.","title":"The Crow and the Snake"},{"id":"4779272","text":"Questing Beast The Questing Beast, or the Beast Glatisant (Barking Beast), is a monster from Arthurian legend. It is the subject of quests undertaken by famous knights such as King Pellinore, Sir Palamedes, and Sir Percival. The strange creature has the head and neck of a snake, the body of a leopard, the haunches of a lion, and the feet of a hart. Its name comes from the great noise that it emits from its belly, a barking like \"thirty couple hounds questing\". \"Glatisant\" is related to the French word \"glapissant\", 'yelping' or 'barking', especially of small dogs or foxes.","title":"Questing Beast"},{"id":"10660383","text":"she is in no hurry to fall in love and get married. Instead, she is determined to enjoy her childhood for as long as possible, and have as many adventures with her friends as she can. The title refers to the myth of the Sirens, creatures with the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women who perched on rocks at sea and lured men to their deaths with their hypnotic singing. The sirens appear in Homer's \"Odyssey\", which Flavia recites to an interested audience. The allusion comes up since each of the three widows invited to the villa","title":"The Sirens of Surrentum"},{"id":"19603495","text":"been introduced. Mollusc shells have been widely used in art, whether carved directly, sometimes as cameos, or depicted in paintings. In popular culture, the snail is known for its stereotypical slowness, while the octopus and giant squid have featured in literature since classical times as monsters of the deep. Many-headed and tentacled monsters appear as the Gorgon and the Medusa of Greek mythology, and the kraken of Nordic legend. The taxonomist Carl Linnaeus named the Venus shell as \"Venus dione\", for the goddess of love and her mother, and named its parts using overtly sexual descriptors. Culture consists of the","title":"Molluscs in culture"},{"id":"20572158","text":"there used to be spider-like animals with tails which lived alongside true spiders for at least 200 million years. The name is taken from the chimera, a monster in Greek mythology composed of parts of different animals, representing the mixture of basal and derived characteristics of the organism, together with the suffix \"arachne\" which is the Greek word for \"spider\". The species name honours Yanling Ying, who collected one of the specimens. The legs and body of \"Chimerarachne\" are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not","title":"Chimerarachne"},{"id":"6735379","text":"way to mock the social status quo. At a rally announcing his candidacy, Pigasus was seized by Chicago policemen and several of his Yippie backers were arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1968, Pigasus was nominated for the U.S. Presidency by the Youth International Party (Yippies). The pig's name was a double entendre on Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology and the famous saying \"When pigs fly\" used when a highly improbable event should occur. Selected for the campaign by group members Dennis Dalrymple, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, candidate Pigasus was purchased from a farmer by folk-singer and fellow","title":"Pigasus (politics)"},{"id":"2896292","text":"phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form \"Panthyra\" appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem. Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. The \"Toldoth Yeshu\" narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal. Robert Eisler considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes","title":"Yeshu"},{"id":"11072372","text":"it to a new genus, \"Gallus\", however this was preoccupied by a bird. In 1815, Rafinesque proposed the name \"Alectis\", into which three species were eventually placed. Georges Cuvier proposed a second name, \"Scyris\" for the genus in 1829, but \"Alectis\" had priority and has therefore been cemented for the time being. The name \"Alectis\" is derived from one of three Erinyes in the Greek mythology; daughter of Acheronte with a terrible rage. A single species has been identified the fossil record, \"Alectis simus\" , from the Eocene period of England. It was found alongside a number of extinct and","title":"Alectis"},{"id":"2769392","text":"bestial appearance due to her savageness. The queen, as related by Diodorus, was born in a cave. Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) also gave a rationalizing account. Aristotle's \"Nicomachean Ethics\" (vii.5) refers to the lore of a beastly being in the shape of a woman, which tears the bellies of pregnant mothers and devours their fetus. An anonymous commentator on the passage states this is a reference to the Lamia but muddlingly combines this with Aristotle's subsequent comments and describes her as a Scythian of the Pontus (Black Sea) area. According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"16834922","text":"Karybdis (band) Karybdis are a British heavy metal band from London, formed in 2009. Described by Metal Hammer as an ‘eclectic blend of melodic death metal, 21st-century metalcore and prog-tinged technicality’, Karybdis have been bringing their brutal live shows to audiences nationwide since 2009. They released their 3rd studio album 'In The Shadow of Paradise' independently on 2 November 2018. The band's name is shared with a sea monster from Greek mythology which was said to be a spawner of whirlpools who together with Scylla created a smashing gauntlet of death from which few seafarers escaped. Their debut album ‘From","title":"Karybdis (band)"},{"id":"7268510","text":"Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem \"Geryoneis\". \"Autobiography of Red\" is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon. It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy","title":"Autobiography of Red"},{"id":"11440832","text":"word (like \"Utukku\") is also used as a general term for demons, and these are \"evil Uttuke\" or \"evil Galli\". One incantation tells of them as spirits that threaten every house, rage at people, eat their flesh, and as they let their blood flow like rain, they never stop drinking blood. Lamashtu, Lilitu, and Gallu are invoked in different amulet texts, with Gallu showing up in Graeco-Byzantine myth as Gello, Gylo, or Gyllo. There she appears as a child-stealing and child-killing female demon, in the manner of Lamia and Lilith. Ancient Greek mythology contains several precursors to modern vampires, though","title":"Vampire folklore by region"},{"id":"13201591","text":"new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's \"gello\"-attracting blood. The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era. One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the \"gello\" as well as for the evil eye. Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: Gello Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who","title":"Gello"},{"id":"11943306","text":"carried Astarte ashore following her watery birth. Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, \"ichthyo-\" and \"centaur\". \"Ichthyo-\" comes from the Greek word \"ikhthis\" (ιχθύς), which means fish; \"centaur\", or \"centaurus\" in Latin, from classical mythology, is a creature having the head, trunk, and arms of a man, and the body and legs of a horse. Ichthyocentaurs have both the attributes coming from the two meanings, which make them a \"fish-horse-man\". They are related to centaurs, sea nymphs and merfolk; how this came to be is a mystery. It was believed that the creation of these sea-centaurs was depicted as a","title":"Ichthyocentaurs"},{"id":"4692376","text":"Ypotryll The Ypotryll is a Medieval European chimeric creature featured in heraldry. It has the tusked head of a wild boar or hog, the humped body of a camel, the legs and hooves of an ox or goat and the long, scaly tail of a serpent. Its name is thought to be derived from the greek “hippo” (horse) or in Middle English, “ypotame” itself derived from the latin \"ypotamus\". Though there isn’t much known of the creature’s meanings or origins, it appears as the badge of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, also known as the “Butcher of England”; a","title":"Ypotryll"},{"id":"2099221","text":"White-winged tern The white-winged tern, or white-winged black tern (\"Chlidonias leucopterus\" or \"Chlidonias leucoptera\"), is a species of tern in the family Laridae. It is a small species generally found in or near bodies of fresh water across much of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"khelidonios\", \"swallow-like\", from \"khelidon\", \"swallow\". The specific \"leptopterus\" is also Greek from \"leptos\", \"slender\", and \"pteros\", \"feathered\", itself from \"pteron\", \"wing\". The name 'white-winged tern' is the standard in most English-speaking countries; in the United Kingdom, this name is also the one used by the","title":"White-winged tern"},{"id":"2769389","text":"Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \"Lamia\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \"lamiai\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh afterward. A fabulous biography","title":"Lamia"},{"id":"848778","text":"and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.\"\" But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the harpies in the following lines:\"\"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call","title":"Harpy"},{"id":"2358915","text":"Lindworm The Lindworm (cognate with Old Norse \"linnormr\" 'ensnaring snake', Norwegian \"linnorm\" 'dragon', Swedish \"lindorm\", Danish \"lindorm\" 'serpent', German \"Lindwurm\" 'dragon') is either a dragon-like creature or serpent monster. In British heraldry, \"lindworm\" is a technical term for a wingless serpentine monster with two clawed arms in the upper body. In Norwegian heraldry a \"lindorm\" is the same as the wyvern in British heraldry. A lindworm's appearance can vary from country to country and from tale to tale, but the most common depiction of lindworm is a wingless lindworm with a serpentine body, a dragon-like head, scaled or reptilian skin","title":"Lindworm"},{"id":"12093983","text":"Psilopterus Psilopterus (Greek for \"bare wing\") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid (\"terror bird\") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised \"P. bachmanni\" was in height and weighed about , while the largest members of the genus were only about . The birds resemble the modern cariama (\"Cariama cristata\"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings. The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and \"Psilopterus\",","title":"Psilopterus"},{"id":"1483752","text":"Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also \"Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,\" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (\"mêp̄îṣ\") which means \"scatterer, disperser\", and \"tophel\", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (\"tōp̄el šeqer\") which means \"plasterer of lies\". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (\"mḗ\") as a negation, φῶς (\"phō̃s\") meaning \"light\", and φιλις \"philis\" meaning \"loving\", making it mean \"not-light-loving\", possibly","title":"Mephistopheles"},{"id":"18801551","text":"publications had previously suggested. The genus \"Calliope\" was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1836. \"Calliope\", from classical Greek meaning beautiful-voiced, was one of the muses in Greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. The genus contains the following five species: Calliope (genus) Calliope is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species were previously placed in the genus \"Luscinia\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that \"Luscinia\" as defined in 2003 by Edward C. Dickinson was not monophyletic. The genus \"Calliope\", with the type species, \"Calliope","title":"Calliope (genus)"},{"id":"860393","text":"scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions. In his work \"Description of Greece\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia. The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \"Inferno\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a","title":"Geryon"},{"id":"2934547","text":"article that listed Galatea as #2 in its \"Top 5 Introductory Interactive Fiction Games\" feature, describing it as intriguingly replayable, and as a \"surprisingly rich game for its apparent minimalism\". In 2011, PC Gamer highlighted \"Galatea\" as an example of the artistic and literary aspects of the interactive fiction genre. The titular character, Galatea, has been compared to the 2007 \"Portal\" character, GLaDOS due to similarities in the personalities of the characters. Galatea (video game) Galatea is an interactive fiction video game by Emily Short featuring a modern rendition of the Greek myth of Galatea, the sculpture of a woman","title":"Galatea (video game)"},{"id":"14275883","text":"a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, \"monstrum\" came to mean \"unnatural event\" or \"a malfunctioning of nature.\" Suetonius said that \"a \"monstrum\" is contrary to nature
\\\"Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw\\\"
\\\"Their lamentations in the eerie trees.\\\" William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour \\\"\\\" (Tate Gallery, London). The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's \\\"Much Ado About Nothing\\\", Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him \\\"rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!\\\" In the Middle Ages, the\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13644361\",\n \"text\": \"bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The\",\n \"title\": \"Greek mythology in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34698\",\n \"text\": \"Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \\\"Mother of Ants\\\". Its name comes from the Greek words \\\"amphis\\\", meaning \\\"both ways\\\", and \\\"bainein\\\", meaning \\\"to go\\\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it\",\n \"title\": \"Amphisbaena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13242598\",\n \"text\": \"Drakaina (mythology) In Greek mythology, a drakaina () is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features. Examples of the Drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris. Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word \\\"drakaina\\\" is literally the feminine form of \\\"drakon\\\" (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. The drakaina was a monster\",\n \"title\": \"Drakaina (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769390\",\n \"text\": \"of Apollonius of Tyana defeating a Lamia seductress has inspired the poem \\\"Lamia\\\" by Keats. The lamia has been ascribed serpent-like qualities, which some commentators believe can be firmly traced to mythology from antiquity, and they have found analogues in ancient texts that could be designated as \\\"lamiai\\\" (or \\\"lamiae\\\") which are part-serpent beings. These include the half-woman, half-snake beasts of the \\\"Libyan myth\\\" told by Dio Chrysostom, and the monster sent to Argos by Apollo to avenge Psamathe (Crotopus). A scholiast to Aristophanes claimed that Lamia's name derived from her having a large throat or gullet (; \\\"laimos\\\"). Modern\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769407\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Life of Apollonius\\\" the female \\\"empousa-lamia\\\" is also called \\\"a snake\\\", which may seem to the modern reader to be just a metaphorical expression, but which Daniel Ogden insists is a literal snake. Philostratus's tale was reworked by Keats in his poem \\\"Lamia\\\", where it is made clear she bears the guise of a snake, which she wants to relinquish in return for human appearance. Modern commentators have also tried to establish that she may have originally as a dragoness, by inference. David Ogden argues that one of her possible reincarnations, the monster of Argos killed by Coroebus had a\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18336520\",\n \"text\": \"and placements for 35 pairs of teeth in the upper jaws. \\\"Maaradactylus\\\" was described by Renan Bantim and colleagues in 2014. The type species is \\\"Maaradactylus kellneri\\\". The generic name refers to Maara, in the legends of the Cariri the daughter of a chief, by sorcery changed into a river monster with long teeth, devouring fishermen. The suffix ~\\\"dactylus\\\" is common in the names of pterosaurs and is derived from Greek δάκτυλος, \\\"daktylos\\\", \\\"finger\\\", referring to the long (fourth) wing finger. The specific name honours Alexander Kellner, Brazil's foremost pterosaur expert. Maaradactylus Maaradactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known\",\n \"title\": \"Maaradactylus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748154\",\n \"text\": \"Agraulos Agraulos is a genus of trilobite that lived during the Middle Cambrian in North America and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic. \\\"A. ceticephalus\\\" grew to approximately . \\\"Agraulos\\\" is derived from the Greek , \\\"country woman\\\" after a mythological figure that killed herself after ignoring a warning from the goddess Athena and is a reference to the fact it is extinct. The species epithet \\\"ceticephalus\\\" is the contraction between (Kētos), \\\"whale\\\", \\\"large fish\\\" or \\\"sea monster\\\", and (Kephalos), \\\"head\\\", so \\\"whale head\\\" for the rounded rather effaced headshield that may be thought to look like a sperm whale. The\",\n \"title\": \"Agraulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4800389\",\n \"text\": \"to Geller's claimed spoon-bending abilities. The logo of a winged pig was designed for Randi's website by German artist Jutta Degener in 1996. The name \\\"Pigasus\\\" was chosen by Randi from suggestions e-mailed to him. The term is a portmanteau pun combining the word \\\"pig\\\" with the mythological \\\"Pegasus\\\", a reference to the expression \\\"when pigs fly\\\". Randi did not present any Uri Award for a number of years after its inception in \\\"Flim-Flam!,\\\" but in 1997 it was revived and the name was changed to \\\"Pigasus\\\" after the winged pig. Randi announced the recipients through his e-newsletter \\\"SWIFT!\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"Pigasus Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9511100\",\n \"text\": \"this instance, Ammit is not an agent of evil, but punishment for the guilty dead. In Greek mythology, there are a plethora of hungry monsters and vengeful gods, an example of which being the Minotaur. The Minotaur (which roughly translates to Bull of Minos) was the son of the Cretan queen Pasiphae and a bull. When the Minotaur was no longer satisfied with the nursing of his mother, it was found that he was very fond of eating human flesh. So Minos, the king of Crete and the Minotaur's step-father, ordered the great architect Daedalus to build a great labyrinth\",\n \"title\": \"Devourer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5311681\",\n \"text\": \"Barberini Faun The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A Faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek Satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus. The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of\",\n \"title\": \"Barberini Faun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6000453\",\n \"text\": \"In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures. One of the many creatures that inhabit the mythical Himavanta, Kinnaris have the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the wings, tail and feet of a swan. They are renowned for their dance, song and poetry, and are a traditional symbol of feminine beauty, grace and accomplishment. Edward H. Schafer notes that in East Asian religious art the Kinnara is often confused with the Kalaviṅka, which is also a half-human half-bird hybrid mythical creature, but that the two are actually distinct and\",\n \"title\": \"Kinnara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5009102\",\n \"text\": \"aculeata\\\" is an active predator, feeding primarily on small crabs, hermit crabs and other polychaete worms including \\\"Pectinaria\\\" and \\\"Lumbriconereis\\\". Species recognized by the World Register of Marine Species: Aphrodita Aphrodita, or sea mouse, is a genus of marine polychaete worms found in the Mediterranean sea and the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. The name of the genus is taken from Aphrodite, the Ancient Greek goddess of love. This is because, when viewed ventrally, the animal resembles a human female's genitalia. The English name may either have a similar meaning, or may derive from the supposed resemblance to a bedraggled\",\n \"title\": \"Aphrodita\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"892936\",\n \"text\": \"navigation by sailors. The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated to 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders. Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word \\\"chimera\\\" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as \\\"bixie\\\", \\\"tianlu\\\", and even \\\"qilin\\\". Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\\\"Chimæra\\\"); Greek: , \\\"Chímaira\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Chimera (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"853223\",\n \"text\": \"Empusa Empusa or Empousa (; \\\"plural\\\": \\\"Empousai\\\") is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure. In Late Antiquity, the empousai has been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the \\\"lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men. Also empuse in English usage. The primary sources for the \\\"empousa\\\" in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (\\\"Frogs\\\" and \\\"Ecclesiazusae\\\") and Philostratus's \\\"Life of Apollonius of Tyana\\\". The Empusa has been defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as\",\n \"title\": \"Empusa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34704\",\n \"text\": \"and argue, and sing a song about their miserable plight. Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \\\"Mother of Ants\\\". Its name comes from the Greek words \\\"amphis\\\", meaning \\\"both ways\\\", and \\\"bainein\\\", meaning \\\"to go\\\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her\",\n \"title\": \"Amphisbaena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14357975\",\n \"text\": \"Stymphalian birds The Stymphalian birds ( ; , \\\"Stymphalídes órnithes\\\") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia. The Stymphalian Birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung. These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.\",\n \"title\": \"Stymphalian birds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8194454\",\n \"text\": \"sense astral projections and if she is being watched from behind. She is experienced in interdimensional travel and the use of weapons and technology from other dimensions. There are several other characters named Chimera in the Marvel Universe. Chimera is an unnamed woman who is a member of the Femizons. She is a metamorph who can grow wings, claws, and other parts. The chimera of Greek mythology appeared in Marvel Comics. It is depicted as a fire-breathing monster with the heads of a lion and a goat next to each other, the front legs of a lion, the wings of\",\n \"title\": \"Chimera (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20959253\",\n \"text\": \"much of Stesichorus' output, the Geryoneis has been noted for its use and advancement of Homeric elements. Especially the humanisation of Geryon through the mention of his parents and the poppy simile has been highlighted by critics. Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which\",\n \"title\": \"Geryoneis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3054663\",\n \"text\": \"especially prolific in the 1950s, producing such acclaimed and much-reprinted stories as \\\"The Man Who Sold Rope to the Gnoles\\\" (1951), \\\"Brightness Falls from the Air\\\" (1951), \\\"An Egg a Month from All Over\\\" (1952), and \\\"Horrer Howce\\\" (1956). She occasionally drew inspiration from her education in Classics and her knowledge of Greek myth, as in \\\"Mrs. Hawk\\\" (1950), a modern update of the Circe myth, \\\"The Bird\\\" (1951), about a modern man's fateful encounter with the mythical phoenix, and \\\"The Goddess on the Street Corner\\\" (1953), in which a down-on-his-luck wino meets an equally vulnerable Aphrodite. Beginning in 1950\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret St. Clair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16434994\",\n \"text\": \"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania) The Warlocks Motorcycle Club is a \\\"one-percenter\\\" outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1967. It was the first official 1% outlaw motorcycle club founded in Pennsylvania. The club is most prominent in the Philadelphia and Delaware County area, but they have territory all throughout the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philly metro area), including South Jersey and Wilmington. There are now chapters all throughout Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and Delaware. The club's insignia is a Harpy, which in Greek and Roman mythology, was a female monster in the form of a bird with a\",\n \"title\": \"Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776694\",\n \"text\": \"Strix (mythology) The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. The \\\"strix\\\" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's \\\"Fasti\\\". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. The \\\"strīx\\\" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet upwards and head below, according to\",\n \"title\": \"Strix (mythology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17931656\",\n \"text\": \"the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the \\\"chicken from hell\\\". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of \\\"chicken from hell\\\". However, he found that the nickname did not work so well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking the name of the feathered demon Anzu from the mythology of ancient Sumer, which itself roughly translates to \\\"heavenly eagle\\\". The specific name, \\\"wyliei\\\", honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster. \\\"Anzu\\\" was placed in the Oviraptorosauria, as\",\n \"title\": \"Anzu wyliei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2033861\",\n \"text\": \"a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice. There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally \\\"Fire\\\") and a man with some name meaning \\\"wolf\\\". The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology. The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little\",\n \"title\": \"Little Red Riding Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11908482\",\n \"text\": \"when I look at myself.\\\" Another such line reads: \\\"The void drinks the void: air was born with blue eyes, that's why it endlessly swallows aspirin.\\\" One other exchange, in which Ear compares herself to a \\\"prize horse\\\", results later in the text in an actual metamorphosis, through which she becomes the horse \\\"Clytemnestra\\\" (named after the femme fatale character in Greek myths). A series of dance routines, described by British theater historian Claude Schumacher as \\\"bewildering ballets\\\", accompanies the dialogues. In its third act, \\\"The Gas Heart\\\" also features a dance performed by a man fallen from a funnel,\",\n \"title\": \"The Gas Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2494454\",\n \"text\": \"terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, \\\"*bell-\\\" or \\\"*ber-\\\" \\\"beast, monster\\\", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon (\\\"the beast killer\\\"). The Transylvanian Saxon \\\"balaur\\\" \\\"dragon\\\", and \\\"balaura\\\", an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian \\\"blavor\\\"/\\\"blaor\\\"/\\\"blavur\\\" (\\\"European legless lizard\\\") is cognate with \\\"balaur\\\", and it is regarded as one of few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The maniraptor theropod \\\"Balaur bondoc\\\" is named after this creature. Balaur A balaur is a creature in Romanian folklore, similar to a European dragon. A \\\"balaur\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Balaur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7381849\",\n \"text\": \"an absolute magnitude of . The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is. This minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (). 10370 Hylonome\",\n \"title\": \"10370 Hylonome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15086568\",\n \"text\": \"Lament for Icarus\\\" ultimately became a well-composed image of epic failure. However, somewhat surprising, Icarus has his wings fully intact, contrary to the myth where the wax melted and Icarus fell flapping his bare arms. The image of a \\\"winged creature\\\" is likely utilized to create a more symbolic, romantic and elegant appearance. The Lament for Icarus The Lament for Icarus is a painting by Herbert James Draper, showing the dead Icarus, surrounded by lamenting nymphs. The wings of Icarus are based on the bird-of-paradise pattern. In 1898, the painting was bought from the Royal Academy exhibition through The Chantrey\",\n \"title\": \"The Lament for Icarus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16177346\",\n \"text\": \"The Crow and the Snake The Crow or Raven and the Snake or Serpent is one of Aesop's Fables and numbered 128 in the Perry Index. Alternative Greek versions exist and two of these were adopted during the European Renaissance. The fable is not to be confused with the story of this title in the \\\"Panchatantra\\\", which is completely different. In ancient times the fable is found only in Greek sources and concerns a crow in search of food that finds a snake asleep in the sun. But when the crow seizes her, the snake kills it with her sting.\",\n \"title\": \"The Crow and the Snake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4779272\",\n \"text\": \"Questing Beast The Questing Beast, or the Beast Glatisant (Barking Beast), is a monster from Arthurian legend. It is the subject of quests undertaken by famous knights such as King Pellinore, Sir Palamedes, and Sir Percival. The strange creature has the head and neck of a snake, the body of a leopard, the haunches of a lion, and the feet of a hart. Its name comes from the great noise that it emits from its belly, a barking like \\\"thirty couple hounds questing\\\". \\\"Glatisant\\\" is related to the French word \\\"glapissant\\\", 'yelping' or 'barking', especially of small dogs or foxes.\",\n \"title\": \"Questing Beast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10660383\",\n \"text\": \"she is in no hurry to fall in love and get married. Instead, she is determined to enjoy her childhood for as long as possible, and have as many adventures with her friends as she can. The title refers to the myth of the Sirens, creatures with the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women who perched on rocks at sea and lured men to their deaths with their hypnotic singing. The sirens appear in Homer's \\\"Odyssey\\\", which Flavia recites to an interested audience. The allusion comes up since each of the three widows invited to the villa\",\n \"title\": \"The Sirens of Surrentum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19603495\",\n \"text\": \"been introduced. Mollusc shells have been widely used in art, whether carved directly, sometimes as cameos, or depicted in paintings. In popular culture, the snail is known for its stereotypical slowness, while the octopus and giant squid have featured in literature since classical times as monsters of the deep. Many-headed and tentacled monsters appear as the Gorgon and the Medusa of Greek mythology, and the kraken of Nordic legend. The taxonomist Carl Linnaeus named the Venus shell as \\\"Venus dione\\\", for the goddess of love and her mother, and named its parts using overtly sexual descriptors. Culture consists of the\",\n \"title\": \"Molluscs in culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20572158\",\n \"text\": \"there used to be spider-like animals with tails which lived alongside true spiders for at least 200 million years. The name is taken from the chimera, a monster in Greek mythology composed of parts of different animals, representing the mixture of basal and derived characteristics of the organism, together with the suffix \\\"arachne\\\" which is the Greek word for \\\"spider\\\". The species name honours Yanling Ying, who collected one of the specimens. The legs and body of \\\"Chimerarachne\\\" are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not\",\n \"title\": \"Chimerarachne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6735379\",\n \"text\": \"way to mock the social status quo. At a rally announcing his candidacy, Pigasus was seized by Chicago policemen and several of his Yippie backers were arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1968, Pigasus was nominated for the U.S. Presidency by the Youth International Party (Yippies). The pig's name was a double entendre on Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology and the famous saying \\\"When pigs fly\\\" used when a highly improbable event should occur. Selected for the campaign by group members Dennis Dalrymple, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, candidate Pigasus was purchased from a farmer by folk-singer and fellow\",\n \"title\": \"Pigasus (politics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2896292\",\n \"text\": \"phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form \\\"Panthyra\\\" appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem. Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. The \\\"Toldoth Yeshu\\\" narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal. Robert Eisler considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes\",\n \"title\": \"Yeshu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11072372\",\n \"text\": \"it to a new genus, \\\"Gallus\\\", however this was preoccupied by a bird. In 1815, Rafinesque proposed the name \\\"Alectis\\\", into which three species were eventually placed. Georges Cuvier proposed a second name, \\\"Scyris\\\" for the genus in 1829, but \\\"Alectis\\\" had priority and has therefore been cemented for the time being. The name \\\"Alectis\\\" is derived from one of three Erinyes in the Greek mythology; daughter of Acheronte with a terrible rage. A single species has been identified the fossil record, \\\"Alectis simus\\\" , from the Eocene period of England. It was found alongside a number of extinct and\",\n \"title\": \"Alectis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769392\",\n \"text\": \"bestial appearance due to her savageness. The queen, as related by Diodorus, was born in a cave. Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) also gave a rationalizing account. Aristotle's \\\"Nicomachean Ethics\\\" (vii.5) refers to the lore of a beastly being in the shape of a woman, which tears the bellies of pregnant mothers and devours their fetus. An anonymous commentator on the passage states this is a reference to the Lamia but muddlingly combines this with Aristotle's subsequent comments and describes her as a Scythian of the Pontus (Black Sea) area. According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16834922\",\n \"text\": \"Karybdis (band) Karybdis are a British heavy metal band from London, formed in 2009. Described by Metal Hammer as an ‘eclectic blend of melodic death metal, 21st-century metalcore and prog-tinged technicality’, Karybdis have been bringing their brutal live shows to audiences nationwide since 2009. They released their 3rd studio album 'In The Shadow of Paradise' independently on 2 November 2018. The band's name is shared with a sea monster from Greek mythology which was said to be a spawner of whirlpools who together with Scylla created a smashing gauntlet of death from which few seafarers escaped. Their debut album ‘From\",\n \"title\": \"Karybdis (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7268510\",\n \"text\": \"Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem \\\"Geryoneis\\\". \\\"Autobiography of Red\\\" is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon. It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy\",\n \"title\": \"Autobiography of Red\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11440832\",\n \"text\": \"word (like \\\"Utukku\\\") is also used as a general term for demons, and these are \\\"evil Uttuke\\\" or \\\"evil Galli\\\". One incantation tells of them as spirits that threaten every house, rage at people, eat their flesh, and as they let their blood flow like rain, they never stop drinking blood. Lamashtu, Lilitu, and Gallu are invoked in different amulet texts, with Gallu showing up in Graeco-Byzantine myth as Gello, Gylo, or Gyllo. There she appears as a child-stealing and child-killing female demon, in the manner of Lamia and Lilith. Ancient Greek mythology contains several precursors to modern vampires, though\",\n \"title\": \"Vampire folklore by region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13201591\",\n \"text\": \"new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's \\\"gello\\\"-attracting blood. The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era. One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the \\\"gello\\\" as well as for the evil eye. Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: Gello Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who\",\n \"title\": \"Gello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11943306\",\n \"text\": \"carried Astarte ashore following her watery birth. Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, \\\"ichthyo-\\\" and \\\"centaur\\\". \\\"Ichthyo-\\\" comes from the Greek word \\\"ikhthis\\\" (ιχθύς), which means fish; \\\"centaur\\\", or \\\"centaurus\\\" in Latin, from classical mythology, is a creature having the head, trunk, and arms of a man, and the body and legs of a horse. Ichthyocentaurs have both the attributes coming from the two meanings, which make them a \\\"fish-horse-man\\\". They are related to centaurs, sea nymphs and merfolk; how this came to be is a mystery. It was believed that the creation of these sea-centaurs was depicted as a\",\n \"title\": \"Ichthyocentaurs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4692376\",\n \"text\": \"Ypotryll The Ypotryll is a Medieval European chimeric creature featured in heraldry. It has the tusked head of a wild boar or hog, the humped body of a camel, the legs and hooves of an ox or goat and the long, scaly tail of a serpent. Its name is thought to be derived from the greek “hippo” (horse) or in Middle English, “ypotame” itself derived from the latin \\\"ypotamus\\\". Though there isn’t much known of the creature’s meanings or origins, it appears as the badge of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, also known as the “Butcher of England”; a\",\n \"title\": \"Ypotryll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2099221\",\n \"text\": \"White-winged tern The white-winged tern, or white-winged black tern (\\\"Chlidonias leucopterus\\\" or \\\"Chlidonias leucoptera\\\"), is a species of tern in the family Laridae. It is a small species generally found in or near bodies of fresh water across much of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \\\"khelidonios\\\", \\\"swallow-like\\\", from \\\"khelidon\\\", \\\"swallow\\\". The specific \\\"leptopterus\\\" is also Greek from \\\"leptos\\\", \\\"slender\\\", and \\\"pteros\\\", \\\"feathered\\\", itself from \\\"pteron\\\", \\\"wing\\\". The name 'white-winged tern' is the standard in most English-speaking countries; in the United Kingdom, this name is also the one used by the\",\n \"title\": \"White-winged tern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2769389\",\n \"text\": \"Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \\\"Lamia\\\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \\\"lamiai\\\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh afterward. A fabulous biography\",\n \"title\": \"Lamia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"848778\",\n \"text\": \"and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.\\\"\\\" But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the harpies in the following lines:\\\"\\\"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call\",\n \"title\": \"Harpy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2358915\",\n \"text\": \"Lindworm The Lindworm (cognate with Old Norse \\\"linnormr\\\" 'ensnaring snake', Norwegian \\\"linnorm\\\" 'dragon', Swedish \\\"lindorm\\\", Danish \\\"lindorm\\\" 'serpent', German \\\"Lindwurm\\\" 'dragon') is either a dragon-like creature or serpent monster. In British heraldry, \\\"lindworm\\\" is a technical term for a wingless serpentine monster with two clawed arms in the upper body. In Norwegian heraldry a \\\"lindorm\\\" is the same as the wyvern in British heraldry. A lindworm's appearance can vary from country to country and from tale to tale, but the most common depiction of lindworm is a wingless lindworm with a serpentine body, a dragon-like head, scaled or reptilian skin\",\n \"title\": \"Lindworm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12093983\",\n \"text\": \"Psilopterus Psilopterus (Greek for \\\"bare wing\\\") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid (\\\"terror bird\\\") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised \\\"P. bachmanni\\\" was in height and weighed about , while the largest members of the genus were only about . The birds resemble the modern cariama (\\\"Cariama cristata\\\"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings. The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and \\\"Psilopterus\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Psilopterus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483752\",\n \"text\": \"Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also \\\"Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,\\\" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (\\\"mêp̄îṣ\\\") which means \\\"scatterer, disperser\\\", and \\\"tophel\\\", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (\\\"tōp̄el šeqer\\\") which means \\\"plasterer of lies\\\". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (\\\"mḗ\\\") as a negation, φῶς (\\\"phō̃s\\\") meaning \\\"light\\\", and φιλις \\\"philis\\\" meaning \\\"loving\\\", making it mean \\\"not-light-loving\\\", possibly\",\n \"title\": \"Mephistopheles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18801551\",\n \"text\": \"publications had previously suggested. The genus \\\"Calliope\\\" was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1836. \\\"Calliope\\\", from classical Greek meaning beautiful-voiced, was one of the muses in Greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. The genus contains the following five species: Calliope (genus) Calliope is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species were previously placed in the genus \\\"Luscinia\\\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that \\\"Luscinia\\\" as defined in 2003 by Edward C. Dickinson was not monophyletic. The genus \\\"Calliope\\\", with the type species, \\\"Calliope\",\n \"title\": \"Calliope (genus)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"860393\",\n \"text\": \"scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions. In his work \\\"Description of Greece\\\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia. The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \\\"Inferno\\\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a\",\n \"title\": \"Geryon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2934547\",\n \"text\": \"article that listed Galatea as #2 in its \\\"Top 5 Introductory Interactive Fiction Games\\\" feature, describing it as intriguingly replayable, and as a \\\"surprisingly rich game for its apparent minimalism\\\". In 2011, PC Gamer highlighted \\\"Galatea\\\" as an example of the artistic and literary aspects of the interactive fiction genre. The titular character, Galatea, has been compared to the 2007 \\\"Portal\\\" character, GLaDOS due to similarities in the personalities of the characters. Galatea (video game) Galatea is an interactive fiction video game by Emily Short featuring a modern rendition of the Greek myth of Galatea, the sculpture of a woman\",\n \"title\": \"Galatea (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14275883\",\n \"text\": \"a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, \\\"monstrum\\\" came to mean \\\"unnatural event\\\" or \\\"a malfunctioning of nature.\\\" Suetonius said that \\\"a \\\"monstrum\\\" is contrary to nature
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78,700 | Whom did Time Magazine tab as their Person of the Year for 2011? | [
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{
"id": "1659023",
"text": "(1969), \"The American Soldier\" (2003), \"You\" (2006), \"The Protester\" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and \"Ebola fighters\" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained \"Man of The Year\" for both the 1956 \"Hungarian Freedom Fighter\" and the 1966 \"Twenty-five and Under\" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and \"Men of the Year\" on the 1960 \"U.S. Scientists\" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It was not until the 1969 edition on \"The Middle Americans\" did the title embrace \"Man and Woman of the Year\". Despite the name, the title is",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "430566",
"text": "The next change in border was in the September 19, 2011, issue, commemorating the 10th anniversary of September 11 attacks with a metallic silver border. Another silver border was used in the December 31, 2012, issue, noting Barack Obama's selection as Person of the Year. The most recent change was the November 28 / December 5, 2016 issue, featuring a silver border covering the Most Influential Photos of All Time. Former president Richard Nixon has been among the most frequently-featured on the front page of Time, having appeared 55 times from the August 25, 1952 issue to the May 2,",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1659027",
"text": "candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to \"Time\", Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder. Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of \"You\", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia). In 1941, the fictional",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "9378229",
"text": "many artists who have sufficient ability. We feel that a selection that is based purely on a political bias and perspective has violated the objectives of the magazine\". In December 2011, Ai was one of four runners-up in \"Time\"s Person of the Year award. Other awards included: \"Wall Street Journal\" Innovators Award (Art); Foreign Policy Top Global Thinkers of 2011, rank 18; The Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation Award for Courage; \"ArtReview\" Power 100, rank 1; Membership at the Academy of Arts, Berlin, Germany; The 2011 \"TIME\" 100; The Wallpaper* 150; Honorary Academician at the Royal Academy of Arts, London,",
"title": "Ai Weiwei"
},
{
"id": "430568",
"text": "past 12 months. The distinction is supposed to go to the person who, \"for good or ill\", has most affected the course of the year; it is, therefore, not necessarily an honor or a reward. In the past, such figures as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin have been Man of the Year. In 2006, Person of the Year was designated as \"You\", a move that was met with split reviews. Some thought the concept was creative; others wanted an actual person of the year. Editors Pepper and Timmer reflected that, if it had been a mistake, \"we're only going to",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1659022",
"text": "and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and \"The Silence Breakers\" in 2017. Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as \"Woman of the Year\"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)—and one as half of the \"Man and Wife of the Year\", Soong Mei-ling (1937). \"American Women\" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as \"Hungarian Freedom Fighters\" (1956), \"U.S. Scientists\" (1960), \"The Inheritors\" (1966), \"The Middle Americans\"",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1385787",
"text": "magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large American city. Most magazines are owned by one of the large media conglomerates or by one of their smaller regional brethren. The American Society of Magazine Editors sponsors the annual National Magazine Awards recognizing excellence. The U.S. has three leading weekly news magazines: \"Time\", \"Newsweek\" and \"U.S. News and World Report\". \"Time\" and \"Newsweek\" are center-left while \"U.S. News and World Report\" tends to be center-right. \"Time\" is well known for naming a \"Person of the Year\" each",
"title": "Media of the United States"
},
{
"id": "19845307",
"text": "central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. Merkel played a crucial role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level. Merkel has been widely described as the \"de facto\" leader of the European Union throughout her tenure as Chancellor. Merkel has twice been named the world's second most powerful person by \"Forbes\" magazine, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman. In December 2015, Merkel was named as \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year, with the magazine's cover declaring her to be the \"Chancellor of the Free World.\" On 26",
"title": "Foreign policy of the Angela Merkel government"
},
{
"id": "15817736",
"text": "personality of the 21st century in Chile, and also as the symbolic successor of Gladys Marín. In August 2011, she was displayed on the front page of the German weekly \"Die Zeit\" and in December of that year she was overwhelmingly chosen as \"Person of the Year\" in an online poll by readers of \"The Guardian\", which four months earlier had published a piece on her. Vallejo has been included by magazines in such lists as \"100 People Who Mattered\" by \"Time Magazine\" in its December 2011 \"Time Person of the Year\" annual issue, and in \"150 Fearless Women\" by",
"title": "Camila Vallejo"
},
{
"id": "8972449",
"text": "content, stating that he wanted the magazine to be more selective and to represent \"knowledge\" rather than \"undigested information.\" He increased reporting on war and politics, giving \"Time\" a more focused editorial profile. In his first year as managing editor, Stengel selected \"You\" as \"Time\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Person of the Year\", which was the subject of much media coverage and debate. In 2010, \"Time\" chose another social media-oriented \"Person of the Year\", Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. In 2008, Stengel approved the changing of \"Time\"'s emblematic red border for only the second time since its adoption. The border was changed to green for",
"title": "Richard Stengel"
},
{
"id": "1659025",
"text": "award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people. However, \"Time\" magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts. As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, \"Time\" has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue. \"Time\"s Person of the Year 2001,",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659019",
"text": "Time Person of the Year Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". The tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "4050994",
"text": "\"extraordinary service to refugees and displaced people\". In 2009, Farrow was named \"New York\" magazine's \"New Activist\" of the year and included on its list of individuals \"on the verge of changing their worlds\". In 2011, \"Harper's Bazaar\" listed him as an \"up-and-coming politician\". In 2012, he was ranked number one in \"Law and Policy\" on \"Forbes\" magazine's \"30 Under 30\" Most Influential People. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate by Dominican University of California in 2012. In its 2013 retrospective of men born in its 80 years of publication, \"Esquire\" magazine named him the man of the year",
"title": "Ronan Farrow"
},
{
"id": "1659028",
"text": "elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be \"Mammal of the Year\", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine. Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659026",
"text": "immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden the more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned \"Time's\" earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as \"Person of the Century\". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden \"was\" a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "934443",
"text": "100 Greatest Britons on the BBC and voted for by the public. Branson was also ranked in 2007's \"Time\" magazine \"Top 100 Most Influential People in the World\". On 7 December 2007, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon presented Branson with the United Nations Correspondents Association Citizen of the World Award for his support for environmental and humanitarian causes. On 24 January 2011, Branson was awarded the German Media Prize (organised by \"Media Control Charts\"), previously handed to former US president Bill Clinton and the Dalai Lama. On 14 November 2011, Branson was awarded the ISTA Prize by the International",
"title": "Richard Branson"
},
{
"id": "1659024",
"text": "not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue. In 1949, Winston Churchill was named \"Man of the Half-Century\", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as \"Man of the Decade\". The December 31, 1999 issue of \"Time\" named Albert Einstein the \"Person of the Century\". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up. Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659029",
"text": "documentary \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's \"The Passion of the Christ\" became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview \"I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from \"Time\" Magazine. He said,' \"Time\" Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be \"Time\"s Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "11973212",
"text": "artist was commissioned to paint Vladimir Putin. Putin was selected as \"person of the year\" by \"Time\" in 2007, however the final image the magazine selected was a photograph by Platon. O'Brien's \"The End of Bin Laden\" cover, which the artist created in 2002 when editors at \"Time\" believed the al-Qaeda leader was trapped and was or would soon be dead in Afghanistan, was not published until nine years later in the May 20, 2011 issue. In the case of \"The End of Bin Laden\" cover image, O'Brien employed a concept that had been used much earlier by \"Time\" in",
"title": "Tim O'Brien (illustrator)"
},
{
"id": "430569",
"text": "make it once\". In 2017, \"Time\" named The Silence Breakers, women and men who came forward with personal stories of sexual harassment, as Person of the Year. In recent years, \"Time\" has assembled an annual list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Originally, they had made a list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. These issues usually have the front cover filled with pictures of people from the list and devote a substantial amount of space within the magazine to the 100 articles about each person on the list. In some cases, over",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1659033",
"text": "by the poll, but by the magazine's editors. Time Person of the Year Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". The tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "13102410",
"text": "a 2010 interview, Gianotti said that she saw no contradiction between science and faith and they belong to \"two different spheres\". In an interview by \"la Repubblica\", she said that \"Science and religion are separate disciplines, though not antithetical. You can be a physicist and have faith or not.\" Gianotti was included among the “Top 100 most inspirational women” by The Guardian newspaper (UK, 2011), ranked 5th in Time magazine’s Personality of the Year (USA, 2012), as well as the runner-up for Person of the Year, included among the “Top 100 most influential women” by Forbes magazine (USA, 2013) and",
"title": "Fabiola Gianotti"
},
{
"id": "12045672",
"text": "James Taylor, Don Henley, Aretha Franklin, and Neil Diamond. Canadian Neil Young received the 2010 award while Barbra Streisand, Sir Paul McCartney and Bruce Springsteen were honored in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Carole King was honored in 2014 and was followed by Bob Dylan. Lionel Richie was named the 2016 honoree, followed by Tom Petty in 2017. 2018 honorees Fleetwood Mac became the first group to win the award. In 2019, Dolly Parton became the first country artist to receive the honor. Each year is linked to an article about the Annual Grammy Awards ceremony of that year. MusiCares",
"title": "MusiCares Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1281489",
"text": "day. For over a decade, the February issue has featured this award. In 2011, Russell Brand received the magazine's Fun Fearless Male of the Year Award, joining Kellan Lutz and Paul Wesley (2010), John Mayer (2008), Nick Lachey (2007), Patrick Dempsey (2006), Josh Duhamel (2005), Matthew Perry (2004), and Jon Bon Jovi (2003). Nicole Scherzinger received the 2012 Fun, Fearless Female of the Year honor, a title that had been previously awarded to Kayla Itsines (2015), Mila Kunis (2011), Anna Faris (2010), Ali Larter (2009), Katherine Heigl (2008), Eva Mendes (2007), Beyoncé (2006), Ashlee Simpson (2005), Alicia Silverstone (2004), Sandra",
"title": "Cosmopolitan (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "5695769",
"text": "on public display there. Following his portrait of the Queen, Annigoni became sought after and painted portraits of Pope John XXIII, US Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, the Shah and Empress of Iran, Princess Margaret and several other members of the British royal family. Annigoni was chosen by \"TIME\" magazine to paint President John F. Kennedy for the (January 5) 1962 Person of the Year cover. The result was perhaps his least-liked portrait as Annigoni had no time or inclination to satisfy Time magazine. Other \"TIME \"magazine covers that featured portraits by Annigoni were the issues of",
"title": "Pietro Annigoni"
},
{
"id": "1659031",
"text": "he had refused. \"Time\" denied that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up. \"Time\" magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the \"Person of the Year\". While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the \"Person of the Year\", the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of \"Time\". In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes. Foley was removed from the poll, and the",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659020",
"text": "having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes. Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge (in office at time of the first issue), Herbert Hoover (the subsequent U.S. President), and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "18197189",
"text": "on October 10, 2014, at his alma mater, Abilene Christian University. In September 2014, he testified at a joint Senate hearing on the Ebola crisis in West Africa and met privately with President Barack Obama at the White House. That month he donated his plasma three times to American Ebola patients. In 2014, he, along with other medical professionals involved in treating Ebola patients, became \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year. In 2015 Brantly gave the invocation at the National Prayer Breakfast attended by President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. On July 21, 2015, the Brantlys released a book",
"title": "Kent Brantly"
},
{
"id": "8978060",
"text": "over-glamorized. They were often accompanied by environmental images, which have a noticeably journalistic feel. Some of his most notable images are of the Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton which were “Person of the Year” covers for \"Time Magazine\", Yasser Arafat, George Harrison, Willy DeVille, Mick Jagger, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Miles Davis. William Coupon William Coupon (born December 3, 1952 in New York City) is an American photographer, known principally for his formal painterly backdrop portraits of tribal people, politicians and celebrities. William Coupon was born in New York City, but moved to Washington, D.C. and later to San",
"title": "William Coupon"
},
{
"id": "10620048",
"text": "perception of United Russia. His political ideology, priorities and policies are sometimes referred to as Putinism (). Putin has enjoyed very high domestic approval ratings and in 2007 was \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year. In 2015, he was designated No. 1 in \"Time\" 100, \"Time\" magazine's list of the top 100 most influential people in the world. In 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, he was designated No. 1 on the \"Forbes\" list of The World’s Most Powerful People. The Russian economy and standard of living grew rapidly during the early period of Putin's regime, fueled largely by a boom",
"title": "Russia under Vladimir Putin"
},
{
"id": "7070727",
"text": "and was voted the European Tour Golfer of the Year. He again won the Mark H. McCormack Award for leading the Official World Golf Ranking for the most weeks in the year (22 of 52 weeks). He was awarded the RTÉ Sports Person of the Year for the second time, previously winning in 2011, and the BBC Northern Ireland Sports Personality of the Year for the third time after victories in 2011 and 2012. He also came 2nd in the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award, behind Formula 1 World Champion Lewis Hamilton. In 2015 McIlroy was shortlisted for",
"title": "Rory McIlroy"
},
{
"id": "15366924",
"text": "Economist New Media Award. In 2009, Amnesty International awarded WikiLeaks their Media Award for exposing \"extra judicial killings and disappearances\" in Kenya. In 2009, Ars Electronica awarded WikiLeaks an Award of Distinction in the Digital Communities category. In 2010, TIME Magazine Person of the Year, People's Choice (highest global vote) and the Sam Adams Award for Integrity. In 2011, Walkley Foundation for Journalism awarded the \"Most outstanding contribution to journalism\" Walkley Award to WikiLeaks. The Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal, the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism, the Blanquerna Award for Best Communicator, the Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to",
"title": "Reception of WikiLeaks"
},
{
"id": "3115730",
"text": "a wider range of assignments with \"Time Magazine\" and produced 40 covers for the magazine. His cover subjects have included, President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush, Alabama football coach Bear Bryant, National Rifle Association President Joe Foss, Statue of Liberty's 100th birthday celebration, actors Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood, Pope John Paul II's visit to America, Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, New York City Mayor Ed Koch, The Space Shuttle Columbia, President Jimmy Carter, The Animals of Africa, Olympian Carl Lewis, and actor Paul Newman. In 1992, Leifer covered both the Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France and the",
"title": "Neil Leifer"
},
{
"id": "10820338",
"text": "stolen—continues, in 25 years there will not exist a professional music business, newspaper industry or publishing business and challenges his audience to question whether we value these or not. Keen discusses often-overlooked problems with participatory technology. He describes the Internet in amoral terms, saying it is a mirror of our culture. \"We see irreverence, and vitality, and excitement. We see a youthfulness. But we also see, I think, many of the worst developments in modern cultural life, and, in particular, I think we see what I call digital narcissism, this embrace of the self. It's \"Time\" magazine's person of the",
"title": "Andrew Keen"
},
{
"id": "10685982",
"text": "work\". The cover of the magazine featured the famous image of Einstein taken in 1947 by American portrait photographer Philippe Halsman. Runners-up: It was debated whether Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, responsible for World War II, The Holocaust, and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, should have been made Persons of the Century for their influence in politics. The argument was based on \"Time\"'s explicit criterion that the persons chosen should have the greatest impact on this century, for better or worse. In the same 31 December 1999 issue of \"Time\", essayist Nancy Gibbs addressed the topic with the article \"The Necessary",
"title": "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"
},
{
"id": "1686207",
"text": "watch\" in 2010 released 19 January by Eurasia Group, a global political risk research and consulting firm. Behind that U.S. President Barack Obama came second. In August 2010, Wen was named \"The Man of the People\" by \"Newsweek\". In October 2010, Wen Jiabao was a person selected on the Time's cover that the title was \"Wen's World\". In 2011, Wen was ranked 14th in Forbes Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People. Wen Jiabao is married to Zhang Peili, whom he met while working as a government geologist in Gansu. Zhang is a jewellery expert and has played a",
"title": "Wen Jiabao"
},
{
"id": "6458319",
"text": "the second person to win the $1,000,000 major prize on the Australian version of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", after Rob \"Coach\" Fulton. He won the prize on the 14 November 2005 episode after being asked: \"Who was never Time Magazine Man of the Year?\" A - Adolf Hitler, B - Ayatollah Khomeini, C - Joseph Stalin or D - Mao Zedong. The answer was Mao Zedong. He answered the question only after using his final lifeline, the 50/50. His appearance on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" spawned some controversies, as it was marred by suggestions that he",
"title": "Martin Flood"
},
{
"id": "9072520",
"text": "of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status\". The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005, conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed, which led \"Salon\" to observe: When \"Time\" magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 \"most influential people\" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il, and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, \"Time\" executive editor",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "5505931",
"text": "Gregory Heisler Gregory Heisler (born 1954) is a professional photographer known for his evocative portrait work often found on the cover of magazines, such as \"Time\", for which he has produced a number of Man, Person, and People of the Year covers. Heisler once had his White House photographer privileges revoked after taking a photograph of President George H.W. Bush for \"Time\" magazine in which Heisler used \"in camera\" techniques of double exposure to show what the cover labeled the two faces of Bush. The president was unaware of this photographic technique being used at the time of the shot.",
"title": "Gregory Heisler"
},
{
"id": "15359102",
"text": "and Elizabeth Koch. Charles and his three brothers have all suffered from prostate cancer. Koch \"rarely grants media interviews and prefers to keep a low profile\". TIME magazine included Charles and David Koch among the most influential people of 2011. According to the magazine, the list includes \"activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry.\" The article describes the brothers' commitment to free-market principles, the growth and development of their business, and their support for liberty-minded organizations and political candidates. Koch lives in Wichita, Kansas and has homes in Indian Wells, California and Aspen, Colorado. Koch has",
"title": "Charles Koch"
},
{
"id": "430551",
"text": "tell the news through people, and for many decades, the magazine's cover depicted a single person. More recently, \"Time\" has incorporated \"People of the Year\" issues which grew in popularity over the years. Notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, etc. The first issue of \"Time\" was published on March 3, 1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover; a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28, 1938 issue as a commemoration",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "17622548",
"text": "Putin was \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year for 2007. In April 2008, Putin was put on the \"Time\" 100 most influential people in the world list. On 4 December 2007, at Harvard University, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev credited Putin with having \"pulled Russia out of chaos\" and said he was \"assured a place in history\", despite Gorbachev's claim that the news media have been suppressed and that election rules run counter to the democratic ideals he has promoted\". In December 2011, amid the protests following the 2011 Russian elections Gorbachev criticized Putin for a decision to seek the",
"title": "Public image of Vladimir Putin"
},
{
"id": "430567",
"text": "1994 issue. In 2007, \"Time\" engineered a style overhaul of the magazine. Among other changes, the magazine reduced the red cover border to promote featured stories, enlarged column titles, reduced the number of featured stories, increased white space around articles, and accompanied opinion pieces with photographs of the writers. The changes have met both criticism and praise. \"Time\"s most famous feature throughout its history has been the annual \"Person of the Year\" (formerly \"Man of the Year\") cover story, in which \"Time\" recognizes the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest impact on news headlines over the",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "981967",
"text": "No. 90, No. 92, and No. 79 respectively. In 2007, the \"New York Post\" included Fey in New York's 50 Most Powerful Women, ranking her at number 33. Fey was among the Time 100, a list of the 100 most influential people in the world, in 2007 and 2009, as selected annually by \"Time\" magazine. Fey's featured article for the 2009 list was written by \"30 Rock\" co-star, Alec Baldwin. She was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America's 10 Most Fascinating People of 2008. In September 2011, Fey was ranked at the top of Forbes magazine's list of",
"title": "Tina Fey"
},
{
"id": "17950398",
"text": "the year\", the editors of \"Time\" magazine in December 2014 named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year. Editor Nancy Gibbs said: \"The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight. For tireless acts of courage and mercy, for buying the world time to boost its defenses, for risking, for persisting, for sacrificing and saving, the Ebola fighters are Time's 2014 Person of the Year.\" According to an October 2015 report by the CDC, Guinean healthcare workers had 42.2 times higher Ebola infection rates than",
"title": "West African Ebola virus epidemic"
},
{
"id": "1383314",
"text": "Connor, leaving them defenseless against Ku Klux Klan nightriders. Rice has appeared four times on the Time 100, \"Time\" magazine's list of the world's 100 most influential people. Rice is one of only nine people in the world whose influence has been considered enduring enough to have made the list—first compiled in 1999 as a retrospective of the 20th century and made an annual feature in 2004—so frequently. However, the list contains people who have the influence to change for better or for worse, and \"Time\" has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating on February 1, 2007, that",
"title": "Condoleezza Rice"
},
{
"id": "11339801",
"text": "ascendancy in \"Time\" view. Stories on the new user-driven media dynamic were provided by NBC editor Brian Williams and \"Time\" magazine editors Lev Grossman and Richard Stengel. As Grossman describes, \"It's about the many wrestling power from the few and helping one another for nothing and how that will not only change the world, but also change the way the world changes.\" The choice was criticized for being a short-sighted gimmick which ignored the existence of many prominent individuals that had shaped the events of the past year. Pundit Paul Kedrosky called it an \"incredible cop-out\", and he also speculated",
"title": "You (Time Person of the Year)"
},
{
"id": "322008",
"text": "natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic. In 1997, the Princess was one of the runners-up for \"Time\" magazine's person of the Year. In 1999, \"Time\" magazine named Diana one of the . In 2002, Diana ranked third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and other British monarchs. In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan. In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the \"BBC History\"'s poll",
"title": "Diana, Princess of Wales"
},
{
"id": "15595501",
"text": "located in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences on Constitution Avenue. The chemical element 99, einsteinium, was named for him in August 1955, four months after Einstein's death. 2001 Einstein is an inner main belt asteroid discovered on 5 March 1973. In 1999 \"Time\" magazine named him the Person of the Century, ahead of Mahatma Gandhi and Franklin Roosevelt, among others. In the words of a biographer, \"to the scientifically literate and the public at large, Einstein is synonymous with genius\". Also in 1999, an opinion poll of 100",
"title": "Einstein's awards and honors"
},
{
"id": "7414137",
"text": "Year (Expert magazine) - one or several individuals who significantly influenced economic, business, political or societal development in Russia. 'Person of the Year' is nominated in the final issue each year (#48 or #49, always end of December). Since the first announcement all 'Persons of the Year' were nationals of the Russian Federation. The nomination is similar to Person of the Year by the US Time magazine; the cover of the magazine always features 'Person of the Year'. According to general director Valery Fadeyev, Russian aluminum magnate Oleg Deripaska has offered to set up a media holding named after the",
"title": "Expert (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "9072525",
"text": "following: Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to \"Time\" magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney, and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "632515",
"text": "for allowing his celebrity to be co-opted by an association with political figures such as Paul Wolfowitz, as well as his \"essential paternalism\". Other news sources have more generally questioned the efficacy of Bono's campaign to relieve debt and provide assistance to Africa. Bono has received a number of awards for his music and activism, including the Legion of Honour from the French Government in 2003, TIME Magazine's Person of the Year for 2005 (along with Bill Gates and Melinda Gates), and an honorary British knighthood in 2007. The members of U2 have undertaken side projects, sometimes in collaboration with",
"title": "U2"
},
{
"id": "18317703",
"text": "humanitarian actors to the areas where they are most needed. Calling Ebola healthcare workers \"the ones who answered the call\", in December the editors of \"Time\" magazine named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year. Editor Nancy Gibbs said, \"The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight. For tireless acts of courage and mercy, for buying the world time to boost its defenses, for risking, for persisting, for sacrificing and saving, the Ebola fighters are Time's 2014 Person of the Year.\" Both Médecins Sans",
"title": "Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic"
},
{
"id": "5830930",
"text": "married to Miriam Gross, also a prominent literary editor, from 1965 to 1988. The couple had two children, Tom Gross and Susanna Gross. Gross lived in London, with spells of time living in New York in the 1960s and 1980s. He was a member of the Beefsteak Club. John Gross John Gross FRSL (12 March 1935 – 10 January 2011) was an eminent English man of letters. A leading intellectual, writer, anthologist, and critic. \"The Spectator\" magazine called Gross \"the best-read man in Britain\", as did \"The Guardian\". He was the editor of \"The Times Literary Supplement\" from 1974 to",
"title": "John Gross"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "259798",
"text": "Obama in September 2009 said that his biggest inspiration came from Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?'. He continued that \"He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics.\" \"Time Magazine\" named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "8609702",
"text": "Time Inc. Time Inc. was an American worldwide mass media corporation founded on November 28, 1922 by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden and based in New York City. It owned and published over 100 magazine brands, including its namesake \"Time\", \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Travel + Leisure\", \"Food & Wine\", \"Fortune\", \"People\", \"InStyle\", \"Life\", \"Golf Magazine\", \"Southern Living\", \"Essence\", \"Real Simple\", and \"Entertainment Weekly\". It also had subsidiaries which it co-operated with the UK magazine house Time Inc. UK (which later sold and since has been rebranded to TI Media), whose major titles include \"What's on TV\", \"NME\", \"Country Life\", and \"Wallpaper\".",
"title": "Time Inc."
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "17051131",
"text": "the coolest person of the year in 2011. \"NME\" hailed Banks for her \"youthful rebellion\" and her \"can-do, fuck-you attitude\". Accepting the honour, Banks remarked: \"I'm fucking talented.\" In conjunction with their Cool Lists, \"NME\" also often concurrently publishes four alternative lists to highlight the \"other end of the spectrum\": the Fool List, the Had It, Lost It list, the If Only They Rocked list, and the Cool Places list. The Fool List ranks the \"10 most uncool people\", and has been published alongside every Cool List, with the exceptions of 2003, 2006 and 2008. The first list was titled",
"title": "NME's Cool List"
},
{
"id": "6170632",
"text": "is estimated to be US$55.0 billion as of November 30, 2018, declining over the last year with Facebook stock as a whole. Since 2010, \"Time\" magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award. In December 2016, Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on \"Forbes\" list of The World's Most Powerful People. Zuckerberg was born on May 14, 1984, in White Plains, New York. His parents are Karen (née Kempner), a psychiatrist, and Edward Zuckerberg, a dentist. He and his three sisters, Randi, Donna and Arielle,",
"title": "Mark Zuckerberg"
},
{
"id": "6525439",
"text": "from pop stars and dissident activists to tech gurus and heads of state, the people doing most to shape our world keep changing. September 26, 2011, Petraeus was listed as number 2 of the 50 for 2011. The Association of Special Operations Professionals named Petraeus as its 2011 Man of the Year for 2011, and was presented the award at Ft. Bragg on November 2, 2011 at its annual Special Operations Exposition. Early January 2012, Petraeus was named one of \"The 50 Most Powerful People in Washington\" by \"GQ magazine\". Petraeus was inducted January 29, 2012, into the Reserve Officers",
"title": "David Petraeus"
},
{
"id": "6525437",
"text": "a spotlight on individuals who have gone above and beyond the call of duty for our nation.\" On September 20, the American Political Science Association (APSA) presented Petraeus with its 2010 Hubert H. Humphrey Award in recognition of notable public service by a political scientist. On December 9, 2010, Barbara Walters picked Petraeus for the Most Fascinating Person of 2010. Walters called the top commander in Afghanistan \"an American hero\". Petraeus was chosen as \"one of Time magazine's 50 \"People Who Mattered\" in December 2010. The same year he was named number 12 of 50 people who mattered in 2010",
"title": "David Petraeus"
},
{
"id": "1609142",
"text": "he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2011. In April 2014, \"TIME\" magazine included McQueen in its annual \"TIME\" 100 as one of the \"Most Influential People in the World.\" In October 2016, McQueen was granted the British Film Institute's highest honour, the BFI Fellowship. McQueen was born in London and is of Grenadian and Trinidadian descent. He grew up in Hanwell, West London and went to Drayton Manor High School. In a 2014 interview, McQueen stated that he had a very bad experience in school, where he had been placed into a class for",
"title": "Steve McQueen (director)"
},
{
"id": "14832117",
"text": "9th most viewed posts in 2010. \"The Week\" rated it amongst the 7 most overplayed media stories of 2010. \"Time\" magazine in its List for 2010, put Steven Slater both as the top Fleeting Celebrity of the Year and separately, the top person with 15 minutes of fame. Liz Jones in the \"Mail on Sunday\" nominated him as Man of the Year. The \"Dallas Morning News\" named him Traveler of the Year. Steven Slater was included in ABC's \"Good Morning America\"'s \"A year in review\" as one of its top stories of 2010. Joy Behar on CNN speaking to Steven",
"title": "JetBlue flight attendant incident"
},
{
"id": "17141255",
"text": "(he was born Anglican and converted to Roman Catholicism in 2011) has inspired him to paint numerous tributes to Catholic devotions. In December 2008 \"TIME\" magazine editors selected his portrait tribute of Barack Obama from 100,000 images on the photography site Flickr.com for publication. It was published in \"TIME\" magazine's 'Person of The Year' issue 2008/2009. The portrait is now in the private collection of an American property developer living in London. Whatley studied at the Ipswich School of Art from 1981 to 1983, and the Norwich School of Art from 1983 to 1986, where he qualified with a BA",
"title": "Stephen B. Whatley"
},
{
"id": "9072512",
"text": "The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, which was the city most affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. \"List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2010\" In its online presentation, \"Time\" introduced the list as follows: \"In our annual TIME 100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world\". The overall list was organized with 4 main sub-lists: Leaders, featuring Sarah Palin and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva; Artists, featuring Conan O'Brien and Lady Gaga; and Thinkers, featuring Steve Jobs and Zaha Hadid. The list included 10 . Oprah Winfrey continued",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "13579579",
"text": "inventor Alexander Graham Bell, first president of Tanzania Julius Nyerere, and a host of famous authors such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J.M. Barrie and Sir Walter Scott. Associated people include 23 Nobel Prize winners, 2 Turing Award winners, 1 Abel Prize winner, 1 Fields Medal winner, 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 3 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, 2 currently-sitting UK Supreme Court Justices, and several Olympic gold medallists. It continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011.",
"title": "University of Edinburgh"
},
{
"id": "4833382",
"text": "In July 2008, \"Vanity Fair\" included her on its international best-dressed list. In February 2011 the Global Language Monitor named her the Top Fashion buzzword of the 2011 season. In January 2012, the Headwear Association voted her Headwear Person of the Year. Middleton was number one on \"Vanity Fair\"s annual best dressed lists in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013; she also appeared as the cover star in 2012. The Duchess was named to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List in 2014. In 2014, she was already being regarded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad",
"title": "Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge"
},
{
"id": "6094841",
"text": "it was not acting in a fiduciary role. Senator Carl Levin accused Blankfein of misleading Congress; however, no perjury charges were brought against Blankfein. Nevertheless, as a precaution Blankfein hired Reid Weingarten, a high-profile defense lawyer who represented former WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers and former Enron accounting officer Richard Causey. Two months later, after the publicity of the testimony increased his public status, he was listed as #43 on \"Forbes\" Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People in November 2011. In March 14, 2012, Greg Smith, a former Goldman executive, wrote a widely circulated op-ed for \"The New York",
"title": "Lloyd Blankfein"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "1659032",
"text": "title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. \"Time\" again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year. \"Time\" continues to annually run an online poll for the \"People's Choice\", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "259800",
"text": "the Year in 1930. The University of Nagpur awarded him an LL.D. in 1937. Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as \"Person of the Century\" at the end of 1999. The Government of India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2011, \"Time\" magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "351176",
"text": "in a single year (with increased demand after the attacks). Before September 11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2 million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount. He has made most of his money since leaving office. On December 24, 2001, \"Time\" magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001. \"Time\" observed that, before 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed",
"title": "Rudy Giuliani"
},
{
"id": "12419410",
"text": "vaunted 43 reality shows including \"Top Chef\", \"Project Runway\", and \"The Real Housewives\". Lim was chosen for Prestige Magazine's November 2011 issue cover for The Art Issue. He was commissioned to create new artwork for two lifestyle magazines; Prestige and Esquire, whose the issues published in November 2011. In addition, his transformative portrait work of Julian Assange, was selected by TIME for its Person Of The Year 2010 edition. In July 2010, Lim was commissioned by the Penang State Government, George Town World Heritage Incorporated, and Penang Global Tourism, to create a new site-specific, public art installation, \"The Last Chairs\"",
"title": "Leon Lim"
},
{
"id": "430570",
"text": "100 people have been included, as when two people have made the list together, sharing one spot. The magazine also compiled \"All-\"TIME\" 100 best novels\" and \"All-\"TIME\" 100 best movies\" lists in 2005, \"The 100 Best TV Shows of All-\"TIME\"\" in 2007, and \"All-\"TIME\" 100 Fashion Icons\" in 2012. In February 2016, \"Time\" included the British and male author Evelyn Waugh on its \"100 Most Read Female Writers in College Classes\" list (he was 97th on the list) which created much media attention and concerns about the level of basic education among the magazine's staff. \"Time\" later issued a retraction.",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "19083875",
"text": "and accessible experience.\" Murphy created the first portrait of Barack Obama in 2007 as soon as his campaign launched. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election Michael Murphy was inspired by the \"hope\" and potential for \"change\" Obama campaigned on and the \"hope that change is really possible\". Murphy's wire portrait of Obama received critical acclaim and was featured in \"Time\" magazine's December 2008 issue. In 2012 \"Time\" magazine commissioned Murphy to create a portrait of Barack Obama for their Person of the Year issue. He worked with a variety of mediums ranging from nails to high-tension wire, pastels, and even",
"title": "Michael Murphy (sculptor)"
},
{
"id": "6525438",
"text": "by the \"New Statesmen\" magazine, and Petraeus was listed as number 8 of 100 \"Foreign Policy\" Top 100 Global Thinkers for 2011. Early January 2011, Pete Hegseth and Wade Zirkle from Vets for Freedom, wrote an Op-Ed for \"The Wall Street Journal\" making a claim that Petraeus should be promoted to Five-Star, which would make him General of the Army. In April, Petraeus was named in the 2011 \"Time\" 100. The Institute for the Study of War, 2011, National Security Leadership Award was presented to Petraeus on August 4, 2011. The \"New Statesman\" annual survey presents the most influential people",
"title": "David Petraeus"
},
{
"id": "2566559",
"text": "was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. He was also declared winner of the Time magazine reader's poll for Person of the Year in 2014 and as well as in 2016. \"Forbes Magazine\" ranked him the 15th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2014 and the 9th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and 2018. In 2015, Modi was ranked the 13th-Most-Influential Person in the World by \"Bloomberg Markets Magazine\". In the same year he was named one of \"Time\"s \"30 Most Influential People on the Internet\" as the second-most-followed politician on Twitter and",
"title": "Narendra Modi"
},
{
"id": "1548019",
"text": "her wish to remain a justice as long as she was mentally sharp enough to perform her duties. Moreover, Ginsburg opined that the political climate would prevent Obama from appointing a jurist like herself. In 2002, Ginsburg was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Ginsburg has been named one of 100 Most Powerful Women (2009), one of \"Glamour\" magazine's Women of the Year 2012, and one of \"Time\" magazine's 100 most influential people (2015). She has been awarded honorary Doctor of Laws degrees by Willamette University (2009), Princeton University (2010), and Harvard University (2011). In 2013, a painting",
"title": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg"
},
{
"id": "8694893",
"text": "salary of $2,000,000, stock awards of $1,849,241, and option awards of $8,669,747. His total compensation decreased by 37.4% compared to 2007. Due to his achievements at Ford, he was included in the 2009 \"Time\" 100 list. The entry, written by Steve Ballmer, says, \"[Mulally] understands the fundamentals of business success as well as any business leader I know\". In 2011, Mulally was named Person of the Year by the \"Financial Times\" ArcelorMittal Boldness in Business Awards. He was also named the 2011 CEO of the Year by \"Chief Executive\" magazine. In 2012, Mulally was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor",
"title": "Alan Mulally"
},
{
"id": "18339791",
"text": "church ties, and who evidently did not like Romney very much. Hence it is an unauthorized biography, which to readers means it is more honest than one which must pass muster with the Romney campaign.\" Ronald B. Scott Ronald Bruce Scott (born October 4, 1945) is an American author, journalist, pundit and former staff writer for \"Time Magazine\". He is best known for his 2011 unauthorized biography of Mitt Romney, which is written from the point of view of a highly critical but fellow member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and his 2012 book",
"title": "Ronald B. Scott"
},
{
"id": "2568927",
"text": "twice, in 2009 and 2013. VG also named him \"Sportsman of the Year\" in 2009. Carlsen has also won the \"Folkets Idrettspris\", a people's choice award from the Norwegian newspaper \"Dagbladet\", in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, he was awarded the Peer Gynt Prize, a Norwegian prize awarded annually to \"a person or institution that has achieved distinction in society\". In 2013, \"Time\" magazine named Carlsen one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In the January 2006 FIDE rankings, at the age of 15 years and 32 days, Carlsen attained a 2625 Elo rating, which made him",
"title": "Magnus Carlsen"
},
{
"id": "12051651",
"text": "second in most influential people of the past ten years in a \"Time\" magazine readers' poll in 2013. In March 2012, Gaga was ranked fourth on \"Billboard\"s list of top moneymakers of 2011 with earnings of $25 million, which included sales from \"Born This Way\" and her Monster Ball Tour. The following year, she topped \"Forbes\" List of Top-Earning Celebs Under 30, and in February 2016, the magazine estimated Gaga's net worth to be $275 million. After declining an invitation to appear on the single \"We Are the World 25\" (because of rehearsals for her tour) to benefit victims of",
"title": "Lady Gaga"
},
{
"id": "8609723",
"text": "as CEO in 1994 and chairman in 1997. Logan moved up to a group oversight position including additional Time Warner operations in 2002 (Ann S. Moore succeeding him at the magazine operation) and left the company in 2005. Leaders after Moore are noted above. Time Inc. Time Inc. was an American worldwide mass media corporation founded on November 28, 1922 by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden and based in New York City. It owned and published over 100 magazine brands, including its namesake \"Time\", \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Travel + Leisure\", \"Food & Wine\", \"Fortune\", \"People\", \"InStyle\", \"Life\", \"Golf Magazine\", \"Southern Living\",",
"title": "Time Inc."
},
{
"id": "2182077",
"text": "the school that quarter, over 3,000 credit hours. He was subsequently re-enrolled several times, including in 1975 and 1980. The publishers of \"Mad\" magazine listed Burdell as a member of its board of directors from 1969 until 1981. In 1991 a check from Kraft Foods bore the signature \"George P. Burdell\". When \"Time\" magazine was attempting to select their Person of the Year for 2001, George Burdell was the leading candidate (holding at least 57 percent of the votes) until the magazine removed him from the running. Credit cards have been issued in his name. WREK, the Georgia Tech student",
"title": "George P. Burdell"
},
{
"id": "14044372",
"text": "breakfast programme, \"Daybreak\". Hamilton regularly writes for \"A Place in the Sun\" magazine and also reviews hotels for national publications. At the end of June 2013, she joined Hello Magazine as a 'Celebrity Blogger'. Hamilton took part and came second place in the 2011 series of popular ITV show \"Dancing on Ice\" with Canadian professional Colin Ratushniak. They were top of the leaderboard four times during the competition; Qualifier 1 with a score of 19.5 out of 30, week 4 with a score of 25.5 out of 30, week 5 with a score of 25.5 out of 30 and week",
"title": "Laura Hamilton"
},
{
"id": "15992618",
"text": "the biography have been the feature of various magazines, in addition to interviews with the author, Walter Isaacson. To memorialize Jobs's life after his death on October 5, 2011, \"TIME\" published a commemorative issue on October 8, 2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer. The portrait was published in \"Rolling Stone\" in January 1984 and is featured on the back cover of \"Steve Jobs\". The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of \"Time\". The",
"title": "Steve Jobs (book)"
},
{
"id": "15234711",
"text": "United Kingdom named Bouazizi as \"Person of 2011\", \"The Jerusalem Post\"'s Amotz Asa-El named him \"Person of the Jewish Year 5771\" and \"The Protester\" was named \"Time\" 2011 Person of the Year. Mohamed Bouazizi, who was known locally as \"Basboosa\", was born in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, on 29 March 1984. His father, a construction worker in Libya, died of a heart attack when Bouazizi was three, and his mother married Bouazizi's uncle some time later. Along with his six siblings, Bouazizi was educated in a one-room country school in Sidi Salah, a small village from Sidi Bouzid. Although several media",
"title": "Mohamed Bouazizi"
},
{
"id": "212305",
"text": "taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and air attack. In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942, \"Time\" magazine named him \"Man of the Year\". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him \"Uncle Joe\" he was initially offended, regarding",
"title": "Joseph Stalin"
},
{
"id": "18535228",
"text": "She decided to be honest about her relationship with Jobs. The \"Time\" magazine issue had a lifelong impact on Brennan. Rather than give Jobs the \"Person of the Year\" award, \"Time\" offered the award of \"Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves In.\" In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test (which stated that the \"probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%\"). Jobs responded by arguing that \"28% of the male population of the United States could be the father.\" \"Time\" also noted that \"the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so",
"title": "Chrisann Brennan"
},
{
"id": "45550",
"text": "\"Forbes\" magazine's 400 Richest People in America issue. He was worth $1.25 billion and was the world's youngest self-made billionaire. Since 1987, Gates has been included in the \"Forbes\" The World's Billionaires list and was the wealthiest from 1995 to 1996, 1998 to 2007, 2009, and has been since 2014. Gates was number one on \"Forbes\"' 400 Richest Americans list from 1993 through to 2007, 2009, and 2014 through 2017. \"Time\" magazine named Gates , as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. \"Time\" also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's",
"title": "Bill Gates"
},
{
"id": "2756377",
"text": "is determined using a procedure similar to the procedure used for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. The origin of the title was a discussion on a planned story on Mel Gibson. Someone exclaimed, \"Oh my God, he is the sexiest man alive!\" And someone else said, \"You should use that as a cover line.\" For the first decade or so, the feature appeared at uneven intervals. Originally awarded in the wintertime, it shifted around the calendar, resulting in gaps as short as seven months and as long as a year and a half, with no selection at all during 1994",
"title": "People (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "12649956",
"text": "Nancy Dell'Olio, Muammar Gaddafi, Kate Winslet and Celine Dion. Recent highlights in the magazine have included David James Smith's account of the 9/11 victims who jumped from the World Trade Center (\"The Fallen\"), for which Smith won Features Reporter of the Year at the British Press Awards for 2011; Lynn Barber's 2010 interview with the writer Christopher Hitchens; and John Arlidge's 2009 interview with Lloyd Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs. In 1990 the magazine established the Ian Parry Scholarship, in order to encourage young photographers and help them to undertake the assignments of their choice. The scholarship was",
"title": "The Sunday Times Magazine"
},
{
"id": "15473288",
"text": "That's how Gadhafi retaliates against civilians, by violating their honor.\" The group said they planned to rally every week until al-Obeidi was found. Recognizing the prominence that Iman al-Obeidi incident gained worldwide, \"BBC\" included her in the list of \"Faces of the year 2011\", or women who made international headlines, for the month of March. The list featured al-Obeidi along with US Congresswomen Gabrielle Giffords and Michele Bachmann, Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff, and Prince Albert of Monaco spouse Charlene Wittstock. David Kirkpatrick of \"The New York Times\" writes that rape is often seen in Libya as a crime against the",
"title": "Iman al-Obeidi"
},
{
"id": "430563",
"text": "2009, the magazine had a 34.9% decline in newsstand sales. During the first half of 2010, another decline of at least one-third in \"Time\" magazine sales occurred. In the second half of 2010, \"Time\" magazine newsstand sales declined by about 12% to just over 79,000 copies per week. As of 2012, it has a circulation of 3.3 million, making it the 11th-most circulated magazine in the United States, and the second-most circulated weekly behind \"People\". As of July 2017, its circulation is 3,028,013. In October 2017, Time cut its circulation to two million. \"Time\" has the world's largest circulation for",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1659030",
"text": "call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover.\" On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that \"Time\" editors had told him he would \"probably\" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "13572067",
"text": "conclusions from the decrease in crime. \"These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions.\" Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker \"America's Mayor\" and was named \"Time Magazine\" Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the",
"title": "Public image of Rudy Giuliani"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "8507790",
"text": "engine Microsoft UK Bing who was not a footballer. Farah is additionally involved in various philanthropic initiatives, launching the Mo Farah Foundation after a trip to Somalia in 2011. The following year, he participated in ITV's \"The Cube\" and won £250,000 for his foundation, becoming the first and only person to win the top prize on the show. Along with other high-profile athletes, Farah later took part in the 2012 Olympic hunger summit at 10 Downing Street hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron, part of a series of international efforts which have sought to respond to the return of hunger",
"title": "Mo Farah"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Time Person of the Year context: (1969), \"The American Soldier\" (2003), \"You\" (2006), \"The Protester\" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, \"Ebola fighters\" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained \"Man of The Year\" for both the 1956 \"Hungarian Freedom Fighter\" and the 1966 \"Twenty-five and Under\" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and \"Men of the Year\" on the 1960 \"U.S. Scientists\" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It was not until the 1969 edition on \"The Middle Americans\" did the title embrace \"Man and Woman of the Year\". Despite the name, the title is\n\nWhom did Time Magazine tab as their Person of the Year for 2011?",
"compressed_tokens": 218,
"origin_tokens": 219,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Time Person of the Year context: award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people However, \"Time\" magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts. As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, \"Time\" has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue. \"Time\"s Person of the Year 2001,\n\ntitle Time Person of the Year context by poll, but by magazine's editors Time Person of the Year Person of the Year ( Man of the Year or Woman of the until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy\n\ntitle: (magazine): determined a similar to the forTime\" Person of the Year. origin of title was discussion on planned story on Mel Gib exclaimed,Oh my God, the sexiest man someone said, \"You use that as a cover line.\" For the de or, the une. Origin awarded in thetime, shift around the calendar, resulting gaps as short as seven and as long year half, with at all during 1994title: the Year titlearr, which outrage the fans Fyly believed of would be title 06 by was Chvez with 5 of came\" ignored results, them in of the Year toually run an online poll for the \"People's Choice\", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made\n\nWhom did Time Magazine tab as their Person of the Year for 2011?",
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78,701 | Los Angeles is the largest city in California? What city holds the honor of being the second largest? | [
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{
"id": "11675217",
"text": "Also, Los Angeles boasts one of the busiest major airports in the world: LAX, also the Port of Los Angeles is the largest maritime port in the United States, and North America, and is the 4th largest in the world. Los Angeles is the largest city in California, and the second largest in the U.S., and is the world's capital for entertainment. Many factors make Los Angeles an important place on the global stage. The Los Angeles customs district is the largest in the U.S. in terms of international trade capital and volume. In demographic terms, Los Angeles is arguably",
"title": "Los Angeles Consular Corps"
},
{
"id": "66819",
"text": "behind England in the United Kingdom, which has no administrative functions). California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world. The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states. Including Los Angeles, four of the top 15",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "66762",
"text": "California California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.5 million residents, California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 8.8 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County; its largest county by area, San Bernardino County; and its second",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "12449161",
"text": "don't border the bay such as San Benito, San Joaquin, and Santa Cruz. Home to approximately 7.68 million people, Northern California's nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network. The larger combined statistical area of the region, which includes twelve counties, is the second-largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth-largest in the United States, and the 41st-largest urban area in the world with 8.75 million people. The Bay Area's population is ethnically diverse: for example, roughly half of the region's residents are",
"title": "San Francisco Bay Area"
},
{
"id": "724910",
"text": "California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population. The Colorado Desert and the Colorado River are located on southern California's eastern border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert is located north on California's Nevada border. Southern California's southern border is part of the Mexico–United States border. Within southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 4,042,000, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "249030",
"text": "Los Angeles Los Angeles (; ), officially the City of Los Angeles and known colloquially by its initials L.A., is the most-populous city in California. It is the second-most populous city in the United States, after New York City, and the largest and most populous city in the Western United States. With an estimated population of four million, Los Angeles is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. Nicknamed the \"City of Angels\" partly because of its name's Spanish meaning, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, Hollywood and the entertainment industry, and sprawling metropolis.",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "5499744",
"text": "the Civic Center but the Disney Concert Hall in Bunker Hill. The Civic Center has the distinction of containing the largest concentration of government employees in the United States outside of Washington, D.C. The reason for the high concentration is simple: Los Angeles is the most populous county in the United States and its second largest city, and houses several state and federal functions for the region. The Civic Center is served by numerous Metro buses, most of which run to adjacent Union Station, the 101 and 110 freeways, and the Metro Red Line and Purple Line's Civic Center/Grand Park",
"title": "Civic Center, Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "249031",
"text": "Los Angeles is located in a large basin bounded by the Pacific Ocean on one side and by mountains as high as on the others. The city proper, which covers about , is the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the country. Los Angeles is the principal city of the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with a population of 13.1 million residents it is the second largest in the United States after that of New York City. It is part of the Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area, also the second most populous in the nation with",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "66876",
"text": "number of registered Democrats (2,430,612) and Republicans (1,037,031) of any county in the state. California California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.5 million residents, California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 8.8 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county,",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "249110",
"text": "Island is provided by Catalina Express. As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors, celebrities and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles. Los Angeles has 25 sister cities, listed chronologically by year joined: In addition, Los Angeles has the following \"friendship cities\": General Architecture and urban theory Race relations LGBT Environment Art and literature Los Angeles Los Angeles (; ), officially the City of Los Angeles and known colloquially by its initials L.A., is the most-populous city in California. It is the second-most populous city in the United States, after New York City, and",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "931473",
"text": "Long Beach, California Long Beach is a city on the Pacific Coast of the United States, within the Los Angeles metropolitan area of Southern California. As of 2010, its population was 462,257. It is the 39th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. Long Beach is the second-largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the third largest in Southern California behind Los Angeles and San Diego. Long Beach is a charter city. The Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the",
"title": "Long Beach, California"
},
{
"id": "3124063",
"text": "either the national or California standards. California had produced air quality standards prior to EPA, with severe air quality problems in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. LA is the country's second-largest city, and relies much more heavily on automobiles and has less favorable meteorological conditions than the largest and third-largest cities (New York and Chicago). California's emissions standards are set by the California Air Resources Board, known locally by its acronym \"CARB\". By mid-2009, 16 other states had adopted CARB rules; given the size of the California market plus these other states, many manufacturers choose to build to the CARB",
"title": "Emission standard"
},
{
"id": "387533",
"text": "San Diego San Diego (; Spanish for \"Saint Didacus\"; ) is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,419,516 as of July 1, 2017, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people.",
"title": "San Diego"
},
{
"id": "724928",
"text": "area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area form Greater Los Angeles; while the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border Region. North of Greater Los Angeles are the Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas. Los Angeles (with a 2017 census-estimated population of 4.0 million people) and San Diego (at 1.4 million people) are the two largest cities in all of California and are in the top eight largest cities in the United States. In southern California, there are also 12 cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "66763",
"text": "most densely populated city and fifth most densely populated county, San Francisco. California's $2.9 trillion economy is larger than that of any other state, larger than those of Texas and Florida combined, and the largest sub-national economy in the world. If it were a country, California would be the 5th largest economy in the world (larger than the U.K., France, or India), and the 36th most populous . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.253 trillion and $878 billion respectively ), after the New York City metropolitan",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "557698",
"text": "Orange County, California Orange County is a county in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232, making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States, and more populous than 21 U.S. states. Its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, behind San Francisco County. The county's four largest cities by population, Anaheim, Santa Ana (county seat), Irvine, and Huntington Beach, each have a population exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange County's cities are",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "2244852",
"text": "Los Angeles metropolitan area The Los Angeles metropolitan area, also known as Metropolitan Los Angeles or the Southland, is the 30th largest metropolitan area in the world and the second-largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is the 3rd largest city by GDP in the world with a $1 trillion+ economy. It is entirely located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. The tallest building in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is the Wilshire Grand Center at 1,100 feet (335.3 m) in Downtown Los Angeles. The metropolitan area is defined by the Office of Management and",
"title": "Los Angeles metropolitan area"
},
{
"id": "1019648",
"text": "cities in the United States (based on percentage change). As of the 2010 census, the population was 152,750, the sixth most populous in Los Angeles County. With of land in its incorporated boundaries, the city is the second largest city in Los Angeles County by land area, 6th largest in California by land area, and in the top 100 largest cities in the United States in land area. Palmdale is also one of the largest cities in the United States that is not currently served by either an Interstate Freeway or a U.S. Highway. Sierra Highway was at one time",
"title": "Palmdale, California"
},
{
"id": "9265593",
"text": "of the public schools. Hispanics made up the majority of the state's public schools since 2010. Los Angeles Unified School District, the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation, is 73% Hispanic, 10% African American, 9% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 6% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 0.4% Pacific Islander. In 2011, there was an estimated 2.6 million undocumented immigrants residing in California. According to 2015 US Census Bureau estimates, California's population was 72.9% White, 6.5% Black or African American, 14.7% Asian, 1.7% Native Americans, 0.5% Pacific Islander and 3.8% from two or more races. By ethnicity, 38.8% of",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "707712",
"text": "Northern California include San Francisco Bay Area (which includes the cities of San Francisco, Oakland, and the largest city of the region, San Jose), and Sacramento (the state capital) as well as its metropolitan area. It also contains redwood forests, along with the Sierra Nevada including Yosemite Valley and Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range after Mount Rainier in Washington), and the northern half of the Central Valley, one of the world's most productive agricultural regions. The climate can be generally characterized by its marine to warm Mediterranean climates along the coast, to somewhat Continental",
"title": "Geography of California"
},
{
"id": "15252031",
"text": "sales taxes is that sales tax rates vary in California from 7.25% (in areas where no additional local sales taxes are levied) to 10.25%. For example, the city of Sacramento, the state capital, has a combined 8.25% sales tax rate, and Los Angeles, the largest city in California, has a combined 9.50% sales tax rate. The combined tax rate of all local sales taxes in any county is generally not allowed to exceed 2.00 percent. However, this is a statutory restriction and the California Legislature routinely allows local governments, through the adoption of separate legislation, to exceed the 2.00 percent",
"title": "Sales and use taxes in California"
},
{
"id": "793546",
"text": "Santa Ana, California Santa Ana (Spanish for \"Saint Anne\") is the county seat and second most populous city in Orange County, California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2011 population at 329,427, making Santa Ana the 57th most-populous city in the United States. Santa Ana is located in Southern California, adjacent to the Santa Ana River, about away from the California coast. Founded in 1869, the city is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area, the second largest metropolitan area in the United States, with almost 18 million residents in 2010. Santa Ana",
"title": "Santa Ana, California"
},
{
"id": "856889",
"text": "Water and Power purchased much of the valley for water rights and control. In 1941 the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system further upriver into the Mono Basin. Inyo County is host to a number of natural superlatives. Among them are: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water. It is the second-largest county by area in California and the ninth-largest in the United States (excluding boroughs and census areas in Alaska). There are 22 official wilderness areas in",
"title": "Inyo County, California"
},
{
"id": "249086",
"text": "of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference. Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home of Oakland. After 21 seasons in",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "4905969",
"text": "in population from the 1960s through the 1980s, a large number of apartment buildings suffered suspected arson fires or were abandoned by their owners. Once the population trend was reversed, with rising prospects for rentals and sales, new construction has resumed, but generally for purchasers in higher income brackets. New York is the largest city in the United States, with the city proper's population more than double the next largest city, Los Angeles (or roughly equivalent to the combined populations of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston, the United States' second, third, and fourth most populous cities respectively). Demographers estimate New",
"title": "Demographics of New York City"
},
{
"id": "2244894",
"text": "means shaking was felt. Los Angeles metropolitan area The Los Angeles metropolitan area, also known as Metropolitan Los Angeles or the Southland, is the 30th largest metropolitan area in the world and the second-largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is the 3rd largest city by GDP in the world with a $1 trillion+ economy. It is entirely located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. The tallest building in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is the Wilshire Grand Center at 1,100 feet (335.3 m) in Downtown Los Angeles. The metropolitan area is defined by the",
"title": "Los Angeles metropolitan area"
},
{
"id": "860278",
"text": "Bernardino County have become commuter regions characteristic of other suburban counties throughout the nation. Most residents in these counties commute to Los Angeles County and Orange County for employment. With a population of 3.8 million people as of the 2010 Census, Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, and is the focal point of the Greater Los Angeles Area. As an international center for finance, entertainment, media, culture, education, tourism, and science, Los Angeles is considered one of the world's most powerful and influential global cities. As with some municipalities and",
"title": "Greater Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "4738355",
"text": "9 of the 50 biggest US cities, both the most of any megaregion in the country. On a global scale, the megapolitan area would contain three of the fifty largest cities in the Americas. The largest cities in descending order are: Los Angeles, San Diego, Tijuana, San Jose, San Francisco, Mexicali, Las Vegas, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach, Oakland, Bakersfield, Anaheim, and Santa Ana. California's economy as a whole is the largest of any state in the United States and is the fourth largest economy in the world. The Northern California megaregion is home to the Silicon Valley with major corporations",
"title": "California megapolitan areas"
},
{
"id": "1518665",
"text": "southern states of Texas and Oklahoma. Alaska—the northernmost state in the Union—is a vast land of few people, many of them native, and of great stretches of wilderness, protected in national parks and wildlife refuges. Hawaii's location makes it a major gateway between the United States and Asia, as well as a center for tourism. In the Pacific Coast states, the wide areas filled with small towns, farms, and forests are supplemented by a few big port cities which have evolved into world centers for the media and technology industries. Now the second largest city in the nation, Los Angeles",
"title": "Western United States"
},
{
"id": "16054214",
"text": "in 1990. Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars. The wars, along with endemic poverty in China, helped drive many Chinese immigrants to America. Many first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California, which was known as \"Dai Fow\" (The Big City) and some came eventually to Sacramento (then the second-largest city in California), which is known as \"Yee Fow\" (Second City). Many of these immigrants came in hopes for a better life as well as the possibility of finding",
"title": "Chinatowns in the United States"
},
{
"id": "724933",
"text": "Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions. Los Angeles Orange County Riverside & San Bernardino San Diego Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third-busiest by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport, the busiest single-runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "9265596",
"text": "residents as of the 2010 census. The state has the fifth largest population of African Americans in the U.S., an estimated 2,299,072 residents. California's Asian population is estimated at 4.9 million, approximately one-third of the nation's estimated 15 million Asian Americans. California's Native American population of 285,512 is the third-largest of any state, behind Arizona and Oklahoma. Other estimates place the Native American population of California at one million. Since the 2000 U.S. Census, California has been known as the second state in US history (after Hawaii since its statehood in 1959) to have a non-white majority, and since 2014,",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "66853",
"text": "busiest airport in the world, and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), the 23rd busiest airport in the world, are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state. California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation,",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "641410",
"text": "are eight sister cities: San Jose, California San Jose (; Spanish for 'Saint Joseph'; ), officially the City of San José, is an economic, cultural and political center of Silicon Valley, and the largest city in Northern California (both in population and area). With an estimated 2017 population of 1,035,317, it is the third-most populous city in California (after Los Angeles and San Diego) and the tenth-most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay, San Jose covers an area of . San Jose is the county",
"title": "San Jose, California"
},
{
"id": "707724",
"text": "the northern boundary. Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California. It is the second-largest urbanized region in the United States, second only to the Washington/Philadelphia/New York/Boston Northeastern Megalopolis. Whereas these cities are dense, with major downtown populations and significant rail and transit systems, much of Southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas",
"title": "Geography of California"
},
{
"id": "641314",
"text": "San Jose, California San Jose (; Spanish for 'Saint Joseph'; ), officially the City of San José, is an economic, cultural and political center of Silicon Valley, and the largest city in Northern California (both in population and area). With an estimated 2017 population of 1,035,317, it is the third-most populous city in California (after Los Angeles and San Diego) and the tenth-most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay, San Jose covers an area of . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara",
"title": "San Jose, California"
},
{
"id": "404590",
"text": "of $35,946 versus $31,318 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,721. 20.0% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The Sacramento metropolitan area is the fifth largest in California after the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Inland Empire, and the San Diego metropolitan area, and is the 27th largest in the United States. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at",
"title": "Sacramento, California"
},
{
"id": "9265588",
"text": "Demographics of California California is the most populated U.S. state, with an estimated population of 39.497 million as of 2017. It has people from a wide variety of ethnic, racial, national, and religious backgrounds. California is the most populated sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the \"Los",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "359086",
"text": "Silicon Valley Silicon Valley (sometimes abbreviated as SV) is a region in the southern San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California which serves as a global center for high technology, innovation and social media. It corresponds roughly to the geographical Santa Clara Valley. San Jose is the Valley's largest city, the third largest in California, and the tenth largest in the United States. Other major Silicon Valley cities include Palo Alto, Menlo Park, Cupertino, Santa Clara, Mountain View, and Sunnyvale. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zurich, Switzerland and Oslo,",
"title": "Silicon Valley"
},
{
"id": "83680",
"text": "By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by Los Angeles as the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and is expected to have an increase for the 2020 census. Per U.S. Census estimates , Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.6% of the population, with the Hispanic population increasing to 29.7% of the population and Blacks declining to 29.3% of the population from 32.9% in 2010. As of the 2010 census, there were 2,695,598 people with 1,045,560 households living",
"title": "Chicago"
},
{
"id": "860265",
"text": "Greater Los Angeles Greater Los Angeles is the second-largest urban region in the United States, encompassing five counties in southern California, extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County on the east, with Los Angeles County in the center and Orange County to the southeast. It consists of three metropolitan areas in Southern California; the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Inland Empire, and the Ventura/ Oxnard metropolitan area (Ventura County). Throughout the 20th century, it was one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States, although growth has slowed since 2000. As of the",
"title": "Greater Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "66793",
"text": "in most years. This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus. During the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history. California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas. California is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California, comprising the 10 southernmost counties, and Northern California, comprising the 48 northernmost counties. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "724911",
"text": "1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, and are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States. The motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in southern California. Hollywood, a district of Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, which is synonymous with the neighborhood name. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "1624245",
"text": "and from the United States and Canada. An estimated 200,000+ American expatriates live in the state, especially in coastal resort towns such as Ensenada, known for affordable homes purchased by retirees who continue to hold US citizenship. San Felipe, Rosarito and Tijuana also have a large American population (second largest in Mexico next to Mexico City), particularly for its cheaper housing and proximity to San Diego. Some 60,000 Oaxacans live in Baja California, the vast majority being indigenous. Some 40% of them lack proper birth certificates. According to a Conacyt investigator, a bit under a million people were classified as",
"title": "Baja California"
},
{
"id": "404610",
"text": "and 1850s, China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars. The wars, along with endemic poverty in China, helped drive many Chinese immigrants to America. Many first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California, and known as \"Dai Fow\" (The Big City), and some came eventually to Sacramento (then the second-largest city in California), also known as \"Yee Fow\" (Second City). Many of these immigrants came in hope of a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento. Sacramento's",
"title": "Sacramento, California"
},
{
"id": "11675219",
"text": "commercial offices: Los Angeles Consular Corps The Los Angeles Consular Corps is an informal organization representing 105 consulates located in Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles has the second largest consular community in the world, after New York City. New York City is home to the United Nations, which means that every country has a formal presence in New York. Therefore, Los Angeles is particularly unique because it is neither a national capital (or even a state capital), nor headquarters for a major international organization such as the UN, nor a major financial center (such as Sydney, Shanghai, and Frankfurt) and",
"title": "Los Angeles Consular Corps"
},
{
"id": "841489",
"text": "Los Angeles County, California Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles (), is the most populous county in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of the U.S. state of California in the United States, with more than 10 million inhabitants . As such, it is the largest non-state level government entity in the United States. Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states. It is the third-largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a Nominal GDP of over $700 billion — larger than the GDPs of Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Norway and Taiwan. It has 88 incorporated",
"title": "Los Angeles County, California"
},
{
"id": "831936",
"text": "Anaheim, California Anaheim () is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California. Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area, and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort, convention center, and its two major sports teams: the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Angels baseball team. Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857",
"title": "Anaheim, California"
},
{
"id": "14530392",
"text": "Los Angeles Unified School District Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) is the largest (in terms of number of students) public school system in the U.S. state of California and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States. Only the New York City Department of Education has a larger student population. During the 2016–2017 school year, LAUSD served around 734,641 students, including 107,142 students at independent charter schools and 69,867 adult students. During the same school year, it had 26,556 teachers and 33,635 other employees. It is the second largest employer in Los Angeles County, after the county",
"title": "Los Angeles Unified School District"
},
{
"id": "724907",
"text": "Southern California Southern California (colloquially and locally known as SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used and is based on historical political divisions. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, one of",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "5734022",
"text": "(the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions). The season ended with Super Bowl XVII when the Washington Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins 27-17 at the Rose Bowl. Before the season, a verdict was handed down against the league in the trial brought by the Oakland Raiders and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum back in 1980. The jury ruled that the NFL violated antitrust laws when it declined to approve the proposed move by the team from Oakland to Los Angeles. Thus, the league was forced to let the officially renamed Los Angeles Raiders play in the second largest city in",
"title": "1982 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "11675215",
"text": "Los Angeles Consular Corps The Los Angeles Consular Corps is an informal organization representing 105 consulates located in Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles has the second largest consular community in the world, after New York City. New York City is home to the United Nations, which means that every country has a formal presence in New York. Therefore, Los Angeles is particularly unique because it is neither a national capital (or even a state capital), nor headquarters for a major international organization such as the UN, nor a major financial center (such as Sydney, Shanghai, and Frankfurt) and still has",
"title": "Los Angeles Consular Corps"
},
{
"id": "4738357",
"text": "and the U.S. Mint, as well as the California State Capitol and the California Supreme Court are all located within the region. The Bay Area also has the largest concentration of multi-millionaire households of any metropolitan area in the country and the largest concentration of billionaires of any U.S. metropolitan area, almost more than the next three metropolitan areas combined. The Southern California megaregion is also a very economically important center in the U.S. Southern California is home to the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach (the first and second busiest container ports in the U.S. respectively)",
"title": "California megapolitan areas"
},
{
"id": "962404",
"text": "Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States. It was named an All-American City in 1999, 2004, 2015 and again in 2017. Built during the California Gold Rush, Stockton's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond. It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines. The University of the Pacific (UOP), chartered in 1851, is the oldest university in California, and has been located in Stockton since 1923. As a result of the 2008 financial crisis, Stockton was the second largest city in",
"title": "Stockton, California"
},
{
"id": "1308943",
"text": "Northern California Northern California (colloquially known as NorCal) is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Spanning the state's northernmost 48 counties its main population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area (anchored by the cities of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland), the Greater Sacramento area (anchored by the state capital Sacramento), and the Metropolitan Fresno area (anchored by the city of Fresno). Northern California also contains redwood forests, along with the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range after Mount Rainier in Washington), and",
"title": "Northern California"
},
{
"id": "857576",
"text": "formed in 1853 from parts of Los Angeles County. Some of the southern parts of the county's territory were given to Riverside County in 1893. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.2%) is water. It is the largest county by area in California and the largest in the United States (excluding boroughs in Alaska). It is slightly larger than the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island combined. It borders both Nevada and Arizona. The bulk of the population, roughly two million, live in the",
"title": "San Bernardino County, California"
},
{
"id": "9265591",
"text": "39,144,818. The center of population of California is located at in Kern County, near the town of Shafter. No single ethnic group forms a majority of California's population, making the state a minority-majority state. Hispanics (of any race) are the largest single ethnic group in the state. Spanish is the state's second most widely spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, and the San Joaquin Valley. Nearly 43% of Californian residents speak a language other than English at home, a proportion far higher",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "2244860",
"text": "a far smaller portion to regional gross metropolitan product but still dominates in industry. The Southland CSA is the third-largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York-Newark-Bridgeport CSA. The Port of Long Beach is the second-busiest container port in the United States. It adjoins the separate Port of Los Angeles. Acting as a major gateway for U.S.-Asian trade, the port occupies of land with of waterfront in the city of Long Beach, California. The seaport has approximately $100 billion in trade and provides more than 316,000 jobs in Southern California. The Port of",
"title": "Los Angeles metropolitan area"
},
{
"id": "17368205",
"text": "movie productions. A dramatic change took place over the decade, and in 1929, with the Great Depression, the city became a hub of Mexican immigrants and blacks, resulting in some of expansion and encroachment of the San Fernando Valley to its north and to the San Pedro Harbor in the south. The population was a cosmopolitan mixture of Caucasians, Protestants, Blacks (then the second largest group after Baltimore), Jews, Armenians, Italians, and Russians. Internal mass migration also took place when 2 million Americans migrated to California, of which 1.2 million settled in Los Angeles. There were no slums in spite",
"title": "Los Angeles in the 1920s"
},
{
"id": "19207342",
"text": "females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males. Demographics of San Francisco The 2010 United States Census reported that San Francisco had a population of 805,235. With a population density of 17,160 per square mile (6,632/km), San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city, behind only New York (among cities greater than 200,000 population). San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.6 million people. It is also part of the greater 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA",
"title": "Demographics of San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "249077",
"text": "Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church. The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first LDS temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed. The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology. Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism,",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "9265589",
"text": "Angeles Times\", California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, San Diego, Riverside-San Bernardino, and Sacramento. From 2006 until 2016, the state lost a net population of about 1 million people from domestic immigration; the plurality of whom moved to Texas, yet the population of the state continued to grow",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "793585",
"text": "the Santa Ana Police Department from three stations throughout the city. The department includes five canine units, an 11-officer equestrian unit and a 37-member SWAT team. The city shares a helicopter with the cities of Costa Mesa and Newport Beach via the Airborne Law Enforcement (ABLE) program. In March 2012, the city disbanded its municipal fire department, which had provided fire protection for 128 years, and contracted with the Orange County Fire Authority. Santa Ana, California Santa Ana (Spanish for \"Saint Anne\") is the county seat and second most populous city in Orange County, California in the Los Angeles metropolitan",
"title": "Santa Ana, California"
},
{
"id": "931507",
"text": "to Los Angeles. The Harbor section of downtown Long Beach was once home to people of Dutch, Greek, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese and Spanish ancestry, most of them employed in manufacturing and fish canneries until the 1960s. According to a report by \"USA Today\" in 2000, Long Beach is the most ethnically diverse large city in the United States. Non-Hispanic White Americans made up 30.0% of the city's population. Its Asian community includes the largest Cambodian community in the United States, and the second-largest Cambodian community outside of Asia (after Paris). A neighborhood along Anaheim Street is called \"Little Phnom Penh\".",
"title": "Long Beach, California"
},
{
"id": "860306",
"text": "Center. Both teams will share the new Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California, once construction is completed. Greater Los Angeles Greater Los Angeles is the second-largest urban region in the United States, encompassing five counties in southern California, extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County on the east, with Los Angeles County in the center and Orange County to the southeast. It consists of three metropolitan areas in Southern California; the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Inland Empire, and the Ventura/ Oxnard metropolitan area (Ventura County). Throughout the 20th century,",
"title": "Greater Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "18964009",
"text": "trail exists along the former path of the Pacific Electric Railway from Claremont to Fontana. The population of the Greater Los Angeles area (which includes the Inland Empire) is about 18 million people according to the 2010 United States Census, and is the second largest metropolitan region in the country. The Metropolitan Statistical Area population of the Inland Empire (Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area) onto itself is over 4.2 million people and is the 13th largest metropolitan area in the United States. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, it is the fastest growing area in the state. Between 1990",
"title": "Inland Empire"
},
{
"id": "1854098",
"text": "San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport is an international airport south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a major gateway to Europe and Asia. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second-busiest in California and on the Western Coast of North America, after Los Angeles International Airport. In 2017, it was the seventh-busiest airport in the United States and the 24th-busiest in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth-largest hub for United",
"title": "San Francisco International Airport"
},
{
"id": "8314415",
"text": "Santa Clarita, California Santa Clarita, officially the City of Santa Clarita, is the third largest city in Los Angeles County, California, and the 24th largest in the state of California. The city has annexed a number of unincorporated areas, contributing to the large population increase. It is located about northwest of downtown Los Angeles, and occupies most of the Santa Clarita Valley. It is a notable example of a U.S. edge city or boomburb. Santa Clarita was ranked by \"Money\" magazine in 2006 as 18th of the top 100 places to live. Santa Clarita was incorporated in December 1987 as",
"title": "Santa Clarita, California"
},
{
"id": "920017",
"text": "tied to large-scale agricultural production. The population of Fresno grew from a 1960 census population of 134,000 to a 2000 census population of 428,000. With a census-estimated 2017 population of 527,438, Fresno is the fifth-most populous city in California, the most populous city in the Central Valley, the most populous inland city in California, and the 34th-most populous city in the nation. Fresno is near the geographical center of California. It lies approximately north of Los Angeles, south of the state capital, Sacramento, and southeast of San Francisco. Yosemite National Park is about to the north, Kings Canyon National Park",
"title": "Fresno, California"
},
{
"id": "66820",
"text": "most populous cities in the U.S. are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), and San Francisco (13th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County. The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns, of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms \"city\" and \"town\" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be \"City of (Name)\" or \"Town of (Name)\". Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850. San Jose, San Diego and Benicia",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "249080",
"text": "the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim. The Los Angeles–Long Beach metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of $866 billion (), making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world, after Tokyo and New York. Los Angeles has been classified an \"Alpha world city\" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University. The largest employers in the city were, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, and University of California, Los Angeles.",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "16734674",
"text": "the coast. California has more than a dozen of the United States' largest oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the second largest oil field in the contiguous United States. As of 2012, California's crude oil output accounted for about 8.3% of total U.S. production. Drilling operations are concentrated primarily in Kern County and the Los Angeles basin. Although there is also substantial offshore oil and gas production, there is a permanent moratorium on new offshore oil and gas leasing in California waters and a deferral of leasing in Federal waters. California ranks third in the United States in petroleum",
"title": "Energy in California"
},
{
"id": "249079",
"text": "healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked as having the 19th most competitive financial center in the world, and sixth most competitive in United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.). Two of the six major film studios, Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox, are located within the city limits, their locations being part of the so-called \"Thirty-Mile Zone\" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the western United States. The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "1008264",
"text": "in 2009. Cerro Coso Community College closed escrow on in the heart of California City for a Community College to serve Edwards AFB, California City, Mojave, Boron, North Edwards and the entire high desert in the Antelope Valley. The first post office opened in 1960. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which or 0.05% is water. Although one of California's smaller cities in terms of population, California City is the third largest city in California by land area (40th in the United States). According to the census of 2000, there",
"title": "California City, California"
},
{
"id": "19207328",
"text": "Demographics of San Francisco The 2010 United States Census reported that San Francisco had a population of 805,235. With a population density of 17,160 per square mile (6,632/km), San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city, behind only New York (among cities greater than 200,000 population). San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.6 million people. It is also part of the greater 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 8.75 million,",
"title": "Demographics of San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "9253545",
"text": "the Olympic Games three times. Los Angeles, the largest city in the state, hosted both the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics. Squaw Valley, California hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Los Angeles and San Francisco were in the race for the United States Olympic Committee nomination to host the 2016 Summer Olympics, but eventually lost to Chicago. Los Angeles will host the Olympic Games for a third time in 2028. Besides the Olympics, California has also hosted several major international soccer events: Most city municipals house a variety of sports activities. The available sports are typically listed on their city websites.",
"title": "Sports in California"
},
{
"id": "12355627",
"text": "About 15,000 Louisiana Creole persons of Acadian and Cajun background from Louisiana and the U.S. Gulf coast, many live in south-central L.A. alone. In the 1980 and 1990 Census, Bosnians established themselves in fairly large numbers in L.A. before the breakup of the former Yugoslavia and Bosnian Civil War of the 1990s. However, Yugoslav immigration was present in Los Angeles and Southern California (i.e. San Pedro, Los Angeles) since the turn of the 20th century. Salvadoran Americans are the second largest Hispanic population in Los Angeles, a city which holds the largest Salvadoran population outside of El Salvador and the",
"title": "Demographics of Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "557763",
"text": "the Los Angeles Angels. The team won the World Series under manager Mike Scioscia in 2002. In 2005, new owner Arte Moreno wanted to change the name to \"Los Angeles Angels\" in order to better tap into the Los Angeles media market, the second largest in the country. However, the standing agreement with the city of Anaheim demanded that they have \"Anaheim\" in the name, so they became the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. This name change was hotly disputed by the city of Anaheim, but the change stood and still stands today, which prompted a lawsuit by the city",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "724909",
"text": "metropolitan area, the Santa Barbara metropolitan area, the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area, and the El Centro area. The Los Angeles area has over 12 million inhabitants, while the Riverside-San Bernardino area has over 4 million inhabitants and the San Diego area has over 3 million inhabitants. For Combined Statistical Area (CSA) purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura, are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles area with over 17.5 million people, the second-most populous U.S. combined statistical area, after the New York metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, southern",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "7635220",
"text": "Forestry and Fire Protection is also the largest full service all risk fire department in the Western United States and operates more fire stations year round than the New York (FDNY), Los Angeles (LAFD), and Chicago (CFD) fire departments combined. It is also the second largest municipal fire department in the United States, behind only the New York Fire Department. Cal Fire is a department of the California Natural Resources Agency, a state cabinet-level department that is comprised, in part, of the California Department of Parks and Recreation, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the California Department of Water",
"title": "California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection"
},
{
"id": "20186115",
"text": "Oakland Raiders, the San Diego Chargers, and the St. Louis Rams (the three most likely candidates for relocation) all proposed their own stadium plans in the event they were to relocate to Los Angeles. Farmers Insurance owned the potential naming rights to the stadium. At the time of the proposal, the Los Angeles metropolitan area—the second largest in the United States—had no National Football League team, although it had hosted three in the past and had at least two teams in each of the other major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. ICON Venue Group, a firm",
"title": "Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums"
},
{
"id": "9265613",
"text": "Japanese goods stores, media outlets and restaurants in the state, most \"Little Tokyos\" and \"Japantowns\" were evacuated during the forced relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II (see Japanese American Internment). As a result, most Japanese Americans in urban areas do not reside in historical Japanese communities. California has the largest American population of Southeast Asians, concentrated in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, Sacramento, and Fresno areas. This includes the Hmong and Vietnamese, including Chinese Vietnamese. Long Beach has one of the largest Cambodian American communities in the United States. The neighboring cities of Westminster and Garden Grove have the",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "641336",
"text": "when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. Sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward Smart Growth planning principles. San Jose is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which (1.91%) is water, making it the fourth-largest California city by land area (after Los Angeles, San Diego",
"title": "San Jose, California"
},
{
"id": "249032",
"text": "a 2015 estimated population of 18.7 million. Los Angeles is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States, with a diverse economy in a broad range of professional and cultural fields. Los Angeles is also famous as the home of Hollywood, a major center of the world entertainment industry. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index and 9th in the Global Economic Power Index. The Los Angeles combined statistical area also has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion (), making it the third-largest in the world, after the Tokyo and",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "15227073",
"text": "transformed San Francisco from a small isolated town to the richest and most populous city on the West Coast within a single year. The city is situated on a roughly seven-by-seven mile square tip of the San Francisco Peninsula. Having little land upon which to develop, and laying out most of its streets and buildings in the pre-automobile era, San Francisco is now the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. The city's compact neighborhoods result in short trip distances for work, shopping, and recreation, which can be conveniently made by bicycle. San Francisco’s",
"title": "Cycling in San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "557745",
"text": "largest in the United States, and 31st largest in the world) in Costa Mesa and Fashion Island in Newport Beach. Other significant malls include the Brea Mall, Main Place Santa Ana, The Shops at Mission Viejo, The Outlets at Orange, the Irvine Spectrum Center, and Downtown Disney. The outlets at San Clemente are the newest addition to shopping in Orange County and are set to open before the end of 2015. Tourism remains a vital aspect of Orange County's economy. Anaheim is the main tourist hub, with the Disneyland Resort's Disneyland being the second most visited theme park in the",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "1462307",
"text": "be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates. Further, the U.S. Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the same throughout the U.S. regardless of the cost-of-living in a state or urban area. For instance, the cost-of-living in California, the most populous state, was 42% greater than the U.S. average in 2010, while the cost-of-living in Texas, the second-most populous state, was 10% less than the U.S. average. In 2017, California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as \"the supplemental poverty",
"title": "Poverty threshold"
},
{
"id": "2946318",
"text": "Griffith Park Griffith Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The park covers of land, making it one of the largest urban parks in North America. It is the second-largest city park in California, after Mission Trails Preserve in San Diego, and the 11th largest municipally owned park in the United States. It has also been referred to as the Central Park of Los Angeles but is much larger, more untamed, and rugged than its New York City counterpart. After successfully investing in",
"title": "Griffith Park"
},
{
"id": "17954470",
"text": "discrimination until after California was handed over to the United States in 1848. Many white Southerners who came to California during the Gold Rush brought with them racist attitudes and ideals. In 1850, there were twelve black people registered as residents of Los Angeles. Because many blacks were enslaved until abolition in 1865, few blacks migrated to Los Angeles before then. Due to the construction of the Santa Fe Railroad and a settlement increase in 1880, increasing numbers of blacks came to Los Angeles. By 1900, 2,131 African-Americans, the second largest black population in California, lived in Los Angeles. In",
"title": "History of African Americans in Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "4148926",
"text": "The San Francisco Bay Area has two teams in two sports, the NFL's 49ers and Raiders and MLB's San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics. The only areas with at least two franchises in all four sports are New York and Los Angeles, which are the largest and second largest largest cities and the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. In New York, three of the metro area's nine major sports franchises play outside the city limits and by extension, outside the state of New York: the NFL's Jets and Giants, and the NHL's Devils all play in New Jersey.",
"title": "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports"
},
{
"id": "9265643",
"text": "employment of Hispanic and Chinese bilinguals throughout the public workforce, but also lowered (monolingual) Black employment. Demographics of California California is the most populated U.S. state, with an estimated population of 39.497 million as of 2017. It has people from a wide variety of ethnic, racial, national, and religious backgrounds. California is the most populated sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "12355630",
"text": "Los Angeles probably have the largest Urban Indian population. L.A. along with Pasadena in the turn of the 20th century were one of two earliest world-known retirement communities to attracted a large number of senior citizens looked for a warmer climate to better fight health ailments. L.A. hosts the fourth largest number of Muslims in the United States. When the estimated 500,000 Muslims living in the greater Los Angeles area are included, Los Angeles hosts the second largest number of Muslims among U.S. cities. There are around 50,000 Romani people living in the Los Angeles area, making it one of",
"title": "Demographics of Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "606176",
"text": "consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area. San Francisco San Francisco (SF; , ; ), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. San Francisco is the 13th-most populous city in the United States, and the fourth-most populous in California, with 884,363 residents as of 2017. It covers an area of about , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, making it the second-most densely populated large US city, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four",
"title": "San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "1923500",
"text": "Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of over 7 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area. The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due",
"title": "Conurbation"
},
{
"id": "724937",
"text": "Southern California also is home to a number of popular NCAA sports programs such as the UCLA Bruins, the USC Trojans, and the San Diego State Aztecs. The Bruins and the Trojans both field football teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools. Southern California Southern California (colloquially and locally known as SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "860266",
"text": "2010 U.S. Census, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of nearly 13 million residents. Meanwhile, the larger metropolitan region's population at the 2010 census was estimated to be over 17.8 million residents, and a 2015 estimate reported a population of about 18.7 million. Either definition makes it the second largest metropolitan region in the country, behind the New York metropolitan area, as well as one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world. The agglomeration of the urbanized Greater Los Angeles area surrounds the urban core of Los Angeles County. The regional term is defined to refer",
"title": "Greater Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "9265632",
"text": "California since the late 20th Century. This dialect, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country. California has the most Roman Catholics in the United States, ahead of New York State, as well as large Protestant, non-religious, Jewish, and Muslim populations. It also has the largest Mormon population outside of Utah. The state also has a large American Jewish community, the largest in the western U.S., mainly concentrated in Los Angeles, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento and Palm Springs. It also",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "14530433",
"text": "discipline so that minor offences would be referred to school staff rather than prosecuted. As of 2008 the district had 6,468 students from families which spoke the Armenian language; 3,338 of them went to schools in Local District 2 in the San Fernando Valley. Los Angeles Unified School District Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) is the largest (in terms of number of students) public school system in the U.S. state of California and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States. Only the New York City Department of Education has a larger student population. During the 2016–2017",
"title": "Los Angeles Unified School District"
},
{
"id": "1026512",
"text": "Thousand Oaks, California Thousand Oaks is the second-largest city in Ventura County, California, United States. It is in the northwestern part of Greater Los Angeles, approximately from Downtown Los Angeles and is less than from the Los Angeles neighborhood of Woodland Hills. It is named after the many oak trees present in the area, and the city seal is adorned with an oak. The city forms the central populated core of the Conejo Valley. Thousand Oaks was incorporated in 1964, but has since expanded to the west and east. Two-thirds of neighboring Westlake Village and most of Newbury Park were",
"title": "Thousand Oaks, California"
},
{
"id": "606056",
"text": "San Francisco San Francisco (SF; , ; ), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. San Francisco is the 13th-most populous city in the United States, and the fourth-most populous in California, with 884,363 residents as of 2017. It covers an area of about , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, making it the second-most densely populated large US city, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. San Francisco",
"title": "San Francisco"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Los Angeles Consular Corps context: Also, Los Angeles boasts one of the busiest major airports in the world: LAX, also the Port of Los Angeles is the largest maritime port in the United States, and North America, and is the 4th largest in the world. Los Angeles is the largest city in California, and the second largest in the U.S., and is the world's capital for entertainment. Many factors make Los Angeles an important place on the global stage. The Los Angeles customs district is the largest in the U.S. in terms of international trade capital and volume. In demographic terms, Los Angeles is arguably\n\nLos Angeles is the largest city in California? What city holds the honor of being the second largest?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Demographics of San Francisco context: females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males. Demographics of San Francisco The 2010 United States Census reported that San Francisco had a population of 805,235. With a population density of 17,160 per square mile (6,632/km), San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city, behind only New York (among cities greater than 200,000 population). San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.6 million people. It is also part of the greater 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA\n\ntitle: Los context: Los Angeles Los Angeles ), officially the City of Los Angeles and colloquially by its initials L.A., is the-populous city in California It is the second-most populous city in the United States, after New York City, and the and most populous city in Western United States. With an estimated population four million, Los Angeles is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. Nicknamed \"City of Angels\" partly because of its name's meaning, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, Hollywood and the entertainment industry, and sprawling metropolis.\ntitle: Beach, context: to Los Angeles section of downt Long Beach was once home to Greek, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese and Spanish ancest, most of employed manufacturing andies until the 160. According to by \"USA Today\" 20, Long Beach is the most ethnically diverse large city the United-Hisic made 0 of city' community includes Cambodian community the United States and-largest Cambodian outside ( Paris). Ana Street isLittle Ph Penh\".\n Sports California: the Olympic Games three times Angeles the city the hosted Summer. Valley, Olympics. Francisco were in race the Statesination to1 Summer but eventually lost to Chicago. Los Angeles will host the Olympic Games for a third time in 2028. Besides the Olympics, California has also hosted several major international soccer events: Most city municipals house a variety of sports activities. The available sports are typically listed on their city websites.\n\nLos Angeles is the largest city in California? What city holds the honor of being the second largest?",
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78,702 | Name the 1992 movie and character/actor that featured the quote “Well hello Mister Fancypants. Well, I’ve got news for you pal, you ain’t leadin’ but two things, right now: Jack and shit... and Jack left town.” | [
"Bruch Campbell as Ash in Army of Darkness"
] | Bruch Campbell as Ash in Army of Darkness | [
{
"id": "1466645",
"text": "Shepherd and Ryan O'Neal, \"Air America\" (1990) with Mel Gibson, and \"Soapdish\" (1991) with Sally Field, Kevin Kline, and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1992, he starred as Charlie Chaplin in \"Chaplin\", a role for which he prepared extensively, learning how to play the violin as well as tennis left-handed. He had a personal coach in order to help him imitate Chaplin's posture, and a way of carrying himself. The role garnered Downey an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor at the Academy Awards 65th ceremony, losing to Al Pacino in \"Scent of a Woman\". In 1993, he appeared in the films",
"title": "Robert Downey Jr."
},
{
"id": "10928596",
"text": "in the 1920 film version, by Harry Carey in the 1932 film serial version, by Randolph Scott in the 1936 film version, by Kenneth Ives in the 1971 BBC serial, by Steve Forrest in the 1977 TV movie and by Daniel Day-Lewis in the 1992 film version. Day-Lewis received a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Actor in 1993, won an \"Evening Standard\" British Film Award for Best Actor in 1993, and won an ALFS Award for British Actor of the Year in 1993 for his interepretation of the character. In the 1992 film, however, the character's name is changed",
"title": "Natty Bumppo"
},
{
"id": "811952",
"text": "Tramp character performs in the film is considered one of the most memorable scenes in film history, although Roscoe Arbuckle did something similar in the 1917 movie \"The Rough House\" which co-starred Buster Keaton. The bit was briefly homaged by Curly Howard in the 1935 Three Stooges film \"Pardon My Scotch\". Anna Karina's character in Bande à part references it before the famous dance scene. In more recent times, it was replicated by Robert Downey Jr. in his lead role as Charles Chaplin in the 1992 \"Chaplin\", which also briefly depicts the production of the film; Johnny Depp's character in",
"title": "The Gold Rush"
},
{
"id": "848124",
"text": "1991; that same year, Keitel landed a role in Barry Levinson's \"Bugsy,\" for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. The following year, Keitel played another mobster in the Whoopi Goldberg-starring comedy \"Sister Act\". Keitel starred in Quentin Tarantino's \"Reservoir Dogs\" (which he co-produced) in 1992, where his performance as \"Mr. White\" took his career to a different level. Since then, Keitel has chosen his roles with care, seeking to change his image and show a broader acting range. One of those roles was the title character in \"Bad Lieutenant\", about a self-loathing, drug-addicted police lieutenant",
"title": "Harvey Keitel"
},
{
"id": "1686929",
"text": "wife, Marina, and her two daughters to prepare for the role. The following year, he starred as Count Dracula in Francis Ford Coppola's romance-horror \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\". A commercially successful film adaptation of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel, it was a box office success worldwide. Oldman's performance was recognised as the best male performance of 1992 by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, which awarded Oldman its Best Actor award. Oldman later became a popular portrayer of villains: He played violent pimp Drexl Spivey in the Tony Scott-directed, Quentin Tarantino-written \"True Romance\" (1993), a role which MSN Movies",
"title": "Gary Oldman"
},
{
"id": "17232761",
"text": "\"Cry Freedom\", for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Two years later, Washington won the award for playing Trip, a former slave-turned-soldier in Civil War film \"Glory\" (1989). In 1990, he played the title character in the play \"The Tragedy of Richard III\", and starred in Spike Lee's comedy-drama \"Mo' Better Blues\". Washington received the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival, for playing the eponymous civil rights activist in Lee's \"Malcolm X\" (1992). In 1993, Washington starred in Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of the Shakespearean comedy \"Much Ado",
"title": "Denzel Washington on screen and stage"
},
{
"id": "12258045",
"text": "percentage deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million. Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece of pop art\", he said. For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup in \"A Few Good Men\" (1992), a movie about a murder in a U.S. Marine Corps unit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. One review describes his performance as \"spellbinding\", adding that he portrayed \"the essence of the quintessential military mind-set\". Critic David Thomson notes",
"title": "Jack Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "1209540",
"text": "Unforgiven Unforgiven is a 1992 American revisionist Western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples. The film portrays William Munny, an aging outlaw and killer who takes on one more job years after he had turned to farming. The film stars Eastwood in the lead role, with Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. Eastwood stated that the film would be his last Western for fear of repeating himself or imitating someone else's work. The film won four Academy Awards: Best Picture and Best Director for Clint Eastwood, Best Supporting Actor for Gene Hackman,",
"title": "Unforgiven"
},
{
"id": "639865",
"text": "Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in \"Aladdin\" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including \"\" (1992), \"Robots\" (2005), \"Happy Feet\" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in \"Everyone's Hero\" (2006).",
"title": "Robin Williams"
},
{
"id": "161502",
"text": "Out\" opposite Kevin Costner. During this decade, he also was in \"Reds\", \"Under Fire\", \"Hoosiers\", \"Power\", \"Uncommon Valor\" and \"Bat*21\". A 2008 American Film Institute poll voted \"Hoosiers\" the fourth-greatest film of all time in the sports genre. In 1990 the actor underwent an angioplasty, which kept him from work for a while, although he found time for \"Narrow Margin\"—a remake of \"The Narrow Margin\" (1952). In 1992 he played the sadistic sheriff \"Little\" Bill Daggett in the western \"Unforgiven\" directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples which earned him a second Oscar, this time for Best",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"id": "1873899",
"text": "Albert Hall (actor) Albert W. Hall (born November 10, 1937) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Chief Phillips in the 1979 war film \"Apocalypse Now\" and Judge Seymore Walsh in \"Ally McBeal\" and \"The Practice\". He is also widely recognized for his role as Brother Baines in the 1992 Spike Lee film \"Malcolm X\", where he acted opposite film star Denzel Washington, who appeared in the title role of slain African-American Muslim, former Nation of Islam minister, and human rights activist Malcolm X. Hall was born and raised in Brighton, Alabama. He graduated from the Columbia",
"title": "Albert Hall (actor)"
},
{
"id": "2042411",
"text": "given the rights of a human being, in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence \"by any means necessary\".\" \"Malcolm X\" was released in North America on November 18, 1992. The film was critically acclaimed, and has since garnered a score of 89% on movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews. Denzel Washington's portrayal of Malcolm X was widely praised and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Washington lost to Al Pacino (\"Scent of a Woman\"), a decision which Lee criticized, saying \"I'm not the only",
"title": "Malcolm X (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "1958999",
"text": "the film's climactic scene, Pesci accidentally bit one of Culkin's fingers, giving him a scar. Two years later, Pesci reprised his role in the sequel \"\". Pesci played David Ferrie in 1991's \"JFK\". In 1992 he appeared as the title character in the comedy \"My Cousin Vinny\" with Ralph Macchio, Marisa Tomei and Fred Gwynne. The same year, Pesci spearheaded the cast of \"The Public Eye\" as Leon \"Bernzy\" Bernstein, a photographer. His performance in the film, a departure from his usual characters, was critically acclaimed. Pesci hosted sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" on October 10, 1992, while doing",
"title": "Joe Pesci"
},
{
"id": "8977736",
"text": "as Richard Attenborough's \"Magic\" and David Lynch's \"The Elephant Man\", Hopkins became a Hollywood star after his Academy Award winning performance as Hannibal Lecter in \"The Silence of the Lambs\" (1992). Hopkins continued to impress throughout the 1990s with critically acclaimed performances in \"Shadowlands\" and \"Remains of the Day\". Another famous Welsh actor is Timothy Dalton who portrayed famous secret agent James Bond twice at the end of the eighties. The 1990s produced an abrasive group of Welsh actors, including Rhys Ifans and Matthew Rhys. The 1990s also saw the success of Catherine Zeta-Jones, who became one of Hollywood's highest",
"title": "Cinema of Wales"
},
{
"id": "26455",
"text": "chance to work with the actors I had run away from. To play another actor is fun because you know the ins and outs of their thinking – especially with someone like Sir, who is a diabolically insecure, egotistical man.\" Hopkins starred as Lear in the 2018 television film \"King Lear\" broadcast on BBC Two on 28 May 2018. Anthony Hopkins Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1992, and was nominated three additional times. Hopkins has also won three BAFTA Awards, two",
"title": "Anthony Hopkins"
},
{
"id": "521748",
"text": "in the equally successful sequels \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974) and \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990). Pacino's performance as Michael Corleone in these films is regarded as one of the greatest screen performances in film history. Pacino received his first Best Actor Oscar nomination for \"Serpico\" (1973); he was also nominated for \"The Godfather Part II\", \"Dog Day Afternoon\" (1975) and \"...And Justice for All\" (1979), and won the award in 1993 for his performance as blind Lieutenant Colonel Slade in \"Scent of a Woman\" (1992). For his performances in \"The Godfather\", \"Dick Tracy\" (1990), and \"Glengarry Glen Ross\" (1992),",
"title": "Al Pacino"
},
{
"id": "2981515",
"text": "for his services in big budget Hollywood films. He made memorable appearances as villains in \"Young Guns\" (1988) as Lawrence Murphy, \"Tango & Cash\" (1989) and Tim Burton's \"Batman\" (1989). He also performed on Roger Waters' first solo album release \"The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking\" (1984) and was in \"Outlaw of Gor\" (1988) and \"Solar Crisis\" (1990). Four decades after his film debut, Palance won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor on March 30, 1992 for his performance as cowboy Curly Washburn in the comedy \"City Slickers\" (1991). Stepping onstage to accept the award, the 6' 4\"",
"title": "Jack Palance"
},
{
"id": "1211401",
"text": "later in the run. Sorkin adapted his work into a screenplay for a 1992 film directed by Rob Reiner, produced by Brown and starring Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, and Demi Moore. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and the Golden Globe for Best Screenplay. The play A Few Good Men by Aaron Sorkin is based upon the murder of Private Santiago from an ill-advised code red at a base in Guantanamo Bay. Private Downey and Lance Corporal Dawson are the two Marines put on trial for the murder. The two men are assigned a lawyer",
"title": "A Few Good Men (play)"
},
{
"id": "423031",
"text": "his endeavors in the music industry, Shakur acted in films. He made his first film appearance in \"Nothing but Trouble\" (1991), as part of a cameo by the Digital Underground. His first starring role was in the 1992 film \"Juice\". He played Roland Bishop, a violent member of the Wrecking Crew, for which he was hailed by \"Rolling Stone\"s Peter Travers as \"the film's most magnetic figure\". He then went on to star in \"Poetic Justice\" (1993) opposite Janet Jackson and the basketball drama \"Above the Rim\" (1994). After his death, three more completed films featuring Shakur were released: \"Bullet\"",
"title": "Tupac Shakur"
},
{
"id": "970105",
"text": "Better Blues\". In 1991, he starred as Demetrius Williams in the romantic drama \"Mississippi Masala\". Washington was reunited with Lee to play one of his most critically acclaimed roles, the title character of 1992's \"Malcolm X\". His performance as the black nationalist leader earned him another nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The next year, he played the lawyer of a gay man with AIDS in the 1993 film \"Philadelphia\". During the early and mid-1990s, Washington starred in several successful thrillers, including \"The Pelican Brief\" and \"Crimson Tide\", as well as in the movie of the Shakespearean comedy",
"title": "Denzel Washington"
},
{
"id": "219698",
"text": "During the early 1990s, Reeves started to break out of his teen-film period. He appeared in high-budget action films like \"Point Break,\" for which he won MTV's \"Most Desirable Male\" award in 1992. He was involved in various lower-budget independent films, including the well-received 1991 film, \"My Own Private Idaho\" with River Phoenix. In 1992, he played Jonathan Harker in the Francis Ford Coppola-directed blockbuster \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\". In 1994, Reeves's career reached a new high as a result of his starring role in the action film \"Speed.\" His casting in the film was controversial, since, except for \"Point Break\",",
"title": "Keanu Reeves"
},
{
"id": "2873357",
"text": "an appearance on the series \"Jack and Mike\" in 1986. At the age of 17, he landed a role in the movie \"Men Don't Leave\", with Jessica Lange. In the early 1990s, he was in many successful movies including \"Fried Green Tomatoes\" (1991), \"School Ties\" (1992) and \"Scent of a Woman\" (1992) with Al Pacino (receiving a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which he lost to Gene Hackman for \"Unforgiven\"). He was named one of the 12 Promising New Actors of 1992 in John Willis's \"Screen World\", Vol. 44. After the success of \"Blue Sky\"",
"title": "Chris O'Donnell"
},
{
"id": "1209556",
"text": "with Watanabe's character being a samurai of old regime instead of a bandit. Unforgiven Unforgiven is a 1992 American revisionist Western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples. The film portrays William Munny, an aging outlaw and killer who takes on one more job years after he had turned to farming. The film stars Eastwood in the lead role, with Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. Eastwood stated that the film would be his last Western for fear of repeating himself or imitating someone else's work. The film won four Academy Awards: Best",
"title": "Unforgiven"
},
{
"id": "5298897",
"text": "and vicious werewolf. In \"Jake's Corner\", he plays ex-football star Johnny Dunn who owns a small town called Jake's Corner. The film also stars singer B. J. Thomas and actor Danny Trejo. Richard Tyson's acting credits also include guest appearances on the TV shows \"\", \"Boomtown\", \"Martial Law\" as well as the films \"The Visitation\", \"Moscow Heat\", \"Liar's Poker\" and \"Black Hawk Down\". One of Tyson's favorite roles is Genghis Khan from the 1992 film also starring Charlton Heston and Pat Morita. Due to insufficient funds the film was never completed. Richard Tyson Richard Martin Tyson is an American actor.",
"title": "Richard Tyson"
},
{
"id": "12258047",
"text": "Burton on \"Mars Attacks!\", pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale and Las Vegas property developer Art Land. At first, studio executives at Warner Bros. disliked the idea of killing off Nicholson's character, so Burton created two characters and killed them both off. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated for Razzie Awards as worst actor for \"Man Trouble\" (1992) and \"Hoffa\" (1992). However, Nicholson's performance in \"Hoffa\" also earned him a Golden Globe nomination. While David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best",
"title": "Jack Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "554656",
"text": "the 1992 live-action/animated fantasy film \"Cool World\", although neither furthered his career, having poor reviews and box office performance. Pitt took the role of Paul Maclean in the 1992 biographical film \"A River Runs Through It\", directed by Robert Redford. His portrayal of the character was described by \"People\"s Janet Mock as a career-making performance, proving that Pitt could be more than a \"cowboy-hatted hunk.\" He has admitted to feeling under pressure when making the film and thought it one of his \"weakest performances ... It's so weird that it ended up being the one that I got the most",
"title": "Brad Pitt"
},
{
"id": "7249624",
"text": "46th British Academy Film Awards The 46th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1993, honoured the best films of 1992. James Ivory's Howards End won the awards for Best Film and Best Actress (Emma Thompson). Robert Downey Jr. was voted Best Actor for his role in \"Chaplin\". Best Supporting Actor and Actress were Gene Hackman (\"Unforgiven\") and Miranda Richardson (\"Damage\"). Robert Altman won the award for Best Director for directing \"The Player\". \"Howards End\" (Curzon Video) \"Raise the Red Lantern (Da Hong Deng Long Gao Gao Gua)\" \"The Player - Robert Altman\"",
"title": "46th British Academy Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "12796841",
"text": "released on VHS and DVD on May 29 2001, a Blu-Ray release followed on September 8 2007, A 4K UHD Blu-Ray release occurred on April 24 2018. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards: The film was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: A Few Good Men A Few Good Men is a 1992 American legal drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, and Demi Moore, with Kevin Bacon, Kevin Pollak, Wolfgang Bodison, James Marshall, J. T. Walsh, and Kiefer Sutherland in supporting",
"title": "A Few Good Men"
},
{
"id": "5467400",
"text": "\"Broadway Bound\" was adapted into a television movie in 1992. The film was directed by Paul Bogart with the screenplay written by Neil Simon. The cast starred Anne Bancroft (Kate), Hume Cronyn (Ben), Jerry Orbach (Jack), Jonathan Silverman (Stan) and Corey Parker (Eugene). Cronyn won a 1992 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his role in the film. Frank Rich, in his review for \"The New York Times\" wrote: \" \"Broadway Bound\" contains some of its author's most accomplished writing to date – passages that dramatize the timeless, unresolvable bloodlettings of familial",
"title": "Broadway Bound"
},
{
"id": "1873904",
"text": "in the 1998 television film \"The Tiger Woods Story\" and Elijah Muhammad in Michael Mann's 2001 biopic \"Ali\". Hall recently played the recurring role of Bruce in the series \"Men of a Certain Age\". Albert Hall (actor) Albert W. Hall (born November 10, 1937) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Chief Phillips in the 1979 war film \"Apocalypse Now\" and Judge Seymore Walsh in \"Ally McBeal\" and \"The Practice\". He is also widely recognized for his role as Brother Baines in the 1992 Spike Lee film \"Malcolm X\", where he acted opposite film star Denzel Washington,",
"title": "Albert Hall (actor)"
},
{
"id": "6070870",
"text": "in the 1992 Louis Malle film \"Damage\" as the chauffeur of the character played by Jeremy Irons. In the same year, 1992, Gravell appeared alongside Peter O'Toole in \"Rebecca's Daughters\", a British comedy film directed by Karl Francis that was based on a story by Dylan Thomas. The film also starred Joely Richardson and Paul Rhys. He also played a gypsy in the 1996 Welsh cult horror film \"Darklands\" directed by Julian Richards and starring Craig Fairbrass and Jon Finch. He also presented regular chat and entertainment shows for both BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio Cymru. Up until his",
"title": "Ray Gravell"
},
{
"id": "2714661",
"text": "Toys (film) Toys is a 1992 American fantasy comedy film directed by Barry Levinson, co-written by Levinson and Valerie Curtin, and starring Robin Williams, Michael Gambon, Joan Cusack, Robin Wright, LL Cool J, and Jamie Foxx in his feature film debut. Released in December 1992 in the United States, and March and April 1993 in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively, the film was produced by Levinson's production company Baltimore Pictures and distributed by 20th Century Fox. Despite being called \"Toys\", the movie garnered a PG-13 rating from the MPAA for some language and sensuality. The film failed at the",
"title": "Toys (film)"
},
{
"id": "1442904",
"text": "her California home following a holiday on Cape Cod. Diagnosed with HIV during the filming of \"\", Perkins died at his Los Angeles home on September 12, 1992, from AIDS-related pneumonia at age sixty. His urn, inscribed \"Don’t Fence Me In,\" is in an altar by a bench on the terrace of his former home in the Hollywood Hills. Anthony Perkins Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor and singer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his second film, \"Friendly Persuasion\", but is best known for playing Norman",
"title": "Anthony Perkins"
},
{
"id": "2371308",
"text": "to work in film. Fraser made a brief appearance in the reenactment of \"America's Most Wanted\", as a friend of murder victim Rodney Mark Peterson. In 1991, Fraser made his film debut with a bit part in \"Dogfight\". He got his first leading film role in the 1992 comedy film \"Encino Man\" where he played a frozen pre-historic caveman who is thawed out in the present day. The film was a moderate box office success and is considered a cult film. That same year he starred with Matt Damon and Chris O'Donnell in \"School Ties\". In 1994, he played Steve",
"title": "Brendan Fraser"
},
{
"id": "2042386",
"text": "Malcolm X (1992 film) Malcolm X, sometimes stylized as X, is a 1992 American epic biographical drama film about the Afro-American activist Malcolm X. Directed and co-written by Spike Lee, the film stars Denzel Washington in the title role, as well as Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, Al Freeman Jr., and Delroy Lindo. Lee has a supporting role, while Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale, the Rev. Al Sharpton, and future South Africa president Nelson Mandela make cameo appearances. This is the second of four film collaborations between Washington and Lee. The film dramatizes key events in Malcolm X's life: his",
"title": "Malcolm X (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "15220730",
"text": "parking space in the Malpaso Productions parking lot. Eastwood won the lawsuit and agreed to pay McLaughlin's court fees if she would not appeal. In 1992, Eastwood revisited the western genre in the self-directed film \"Unforgiven\". He played aging ex-gunfighter William Munny, long past his prime. The film was first conceived of in 1976 under the titles \"The Cut-Whore Killings\" and \"The William Munny Killings\". The project was delayed, in part because Eastwood wanted to wait until he was old enough to play the principal character and to savor it as the last of his western films. The film re-imagined",
"title": "Clint Eastwood in the 1990s"
},
{
"id": "6794661",
"text": "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor The Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor is an award presented by the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. 1990: Jeremy Irons as Sunny von Bülow – \"Reversal of Fortune\" 1991: Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter – \"The Silence of the Lambs\" 1992: Denzel Washington as Malcolm X – \"Malcolm X\" 1993: Anthony Hopkins as Mr. James Stevens – \"The Remains of the Day\" 1994: Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump",
"title": "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor"
},
{
"id": "26418",
"text": "Anthony Hopkins Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1992, and was nominated three additional times. Hopkins has also won three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys, and the Cecil B. DeMille Award. In 1993, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. Hopkins received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, and in 2008, he received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. After graduating from the Royal Welsh",
"title": "Anthony Hopkins"
},
{
"id": "102909",
"text": "Delroy Lindo Delroy George Lindo (born 18 November 1952) is an American, British born, stage, film, and television actor and theatre director. Lindo has been nominated for Tony and Screen Actors Guild awards and has won a Satellite Award. He is perhaps best known for his roles in three Spike Lee films, having portrayed West Indian Archie in Lee's \"Malcolm X\" (1992), Woody Carmichael in \"Crooklyn\" (1994), and Rodney Little in Clockers (1995). Lindo also played Catlett in \"Get Shorty\", Arthur Rose in \"The Cider House Rules\", and Detective Castlebeck in \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" (2000). Lindo starred as Alderman",
"title": "Delroy Lindo"
},
{
"id": "5090987",
"text": "their performance at the Cheltenham Jazz Festival in May 2008, Salmon stated: Salmon is known for his role as Charles Robinson, a character in the James Bond films \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", \"The World Is Not Enough\" and \"Die Another Day\". He made his feature debut in 1992 as Sgt. Robert Oswald in the British mini-series \"Prime Suspect 2\", which gave him much acclaim among British and American audiences. Salmon also played Note Makoti in the \"No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency\" and David Tyrel in the Sky One UK television series \"Hex\". He appears as himself in the sixth episode of",
"title": "Colin Salmon"
},
{
"id": "2456751",
"text": "The Bodyguard (1992 film) The Bodyguard is a 1992 American romantic thriller film directed by Mick Jackson, written by Lawrence Kasdan, and starring Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston. Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent-turned-bodyguard who is hired to protect Houston's character, a music star, from an unknown stalker. Kasdan wrote the film in the mid-1970s, originally as a vehicle for Steve McQueen and Diana Ross. The film was Houston's acting debut and was the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 1992, making $411 million worldwide. The soundtrack became the best-selling soundtrack of all time, selling more than 45 million copies",
"title": "The Bodyguard (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "15129729",
"text": "movie.\" At the time, Lewis had been participating in play which was viewed by a casting director for \"Cool Runnings\". Liking his performance, the casting director later called Lewis and said, \"Hey, we're working on this movie about the Jamaican bobsled team and we want to make sure these guys have a good Jamaican accent. Can you do a good Jamaican accent?\" Lewis agreed to audition and on November 1992, he won what became his most recognized role, Junior Bevil. Lewis claims he gets recognized for the film at least three or four times a week. The same applies in",
"title": "Rawle D. Lewis"
},
{
"id": "2929926",
"text": "Singles (1992 film) Singles is a 1992 American romantic comedy film written, co-produced, and directed by Cameron Crowe, and starring Bridget Fonda, Campbell Scott, Kyra Sedgwick, and Matt Dillon. The film was distributed by Warner Bros. and released theatrically on September 18, 1992 to generally positive reviews from critics and moderate box office success, grossing over $18 million. \"Singles\" centers on the precarious romantic lives of a group of young Gen X'ers in Seattle, Washington, at the height of the 1990s grunge phenomenon. Most of the characters dwell in an apartment block, a sign in front of which advertises \"Singles\"",
"title": "Singles (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "17287879",
"text": "regular cast member on the late-night variety show \"Saturday Night Live\" in 1985. In the 1990s, he was featured in the films \"Air America\" with Mel Gibson (1990), \"Soapdish\" with Sally Field (1991), \"Chaplin\" as Charlie Chaplin (1992), \"Heart and Souls\" with Alfre Woodard and Kyra Sedgwick (1993), \"Short Cuts\" with Julianne Moore (1993), \"Only You\" with Marisa Tomei (1994), \"Richard III\" with Ian McKellen (1995), and \"U.S. Marshals\" with Tommy Lee Jones (1998). His role in \"Chaplin\" earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and a BAFTA Award win for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Downey",
"title": "Robert Downey Jr. filmography"
},
{
"id": "4907035",
"text": "category for a performance in a film directed by Woody Allen. Best Adapted Screenplay winner Emma Thompson was the first person to win Oscars for both acting and screenwriting. She had previously won Best Actress for her performance in the 1992 film \"Howards End\". This was the first year since the 42nd Academy Awards—and last to date—that none of the acting winners appeared in Best Picture nominees. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 19 films received multiple nominations: The following five films received multiple awards: The following individuals, listed in",
"title": "68th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "5213206",
"text": "an actor, and took the role as a favor to Hudlin. Three of the actors in this film have starred in the James Bond 007 films. This includes Geoffrey Holder (Baron Samedi from the film \"Live and Let Die\"), Grace Jones (May Day from the film \"A View to a Kill\"), and Halle Berry (Giacinta \"Jinx\" Johnson from the film \"Die Another Day\"). The majority of the film was shot in New York City during the winter. Although it was very cold, the director said that it was still \"great to actually be in the city and get that authentic",
"title": "Boomerang (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "1807298",
"text": "then in his 20s, he shifted to more mature roles, trying to establish himself as an adult actor. After \"Scissorhands\", he appeared in a series of low-budget films, including the 1992 comedy \"Into the Sun\", where he starred as a visiting celebrity at a military air base. Film critic Janet Maslin praised his performance, writing that \"Mr. Hall, whose earlier performances (in films like \"National Lampoon's Vacation\" and \"Sixteen Candles\") have been much goofier, remains coolly funny and graduates to subtler forms of comedy with this role.\" The following year, he played a gay man who teaches down-and-out Will Smith",
"title": "Anthony Michael Hall"
},
{
"id": "521774",
"text": "The film received mixed reviews, although Pacino later said he enjoyed playing the part. Janet Maslin in \"The New York Times\" wrote, \"Mr. Pacino has not been this uncomplicatedly appealing since his \"Dog Day Afternoon\" days, and he makes Johnny's endless enterprise in wooing Frankie a delight. His scenes alone with Ms. Pfeiffer have a precision and honesty that keep the film's maudlin aspects at bay.\" In 1993, Pacino won the Academy Award for Best Actor, for his portrayal of the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Martin Brest's \"Scent of a Woman\". That year, he was also",
"title": "Al Pacino"
},
{
"id": "12796825",
"text": "A Few Good Men A Few Good Men is a 1992 American legal drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, and Demi Moore, with Kevin Bacon, Kevin Pollak, Wolfgang Bodison, James Marshall, J. T. Walsh, and Kiefer Sutherland in supporting roles. It was adapted for the screen by Aaron Sorkin from his play of the same name but includes contributions by William Goldman. The film revolves around the court-martial of two U.S. Marines charged with the murder of a fellow Marine and the tribulations of their lawyers as they prepare a case to defend their",
"title": "A Few Good Men"
},
{
"id": "3076176",
"text": "also conducted extensive research and taken alto sax lessons. His performance, which has been called \"transcendent\", earned him the Best Actor award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Globe nomination. Whitaker continued to work with a number of well-known directors throughout the 1990s. He starred in the 1990 film \"Downtown\" and was cast in the pivotal role of Jody, a captive British soldier in the 1992 film \"The Crying Game\", for which he used an English accent. Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" described Whitaker's performance as \"big-hearted\", \"hugely emotional\", and \"simply terrific\". In 1994, he was a member",
"title": "Forest Whitaker"
},
{
"id": "19052812",
"text": "kind of phenomenon. He started to get serious about it in the early 1990s and started out with a Philadelphia-based backing band called The Flamin' Caucasians. He started getting bookings in Virginia Beach and then an article about him in \"Spin Magazine\" brought him national attention. In 1992, he appeared in the film \"Honeymoon in Vegas\" that starred James Caan, Nicolas Cage and Sarah Jessica Parker. He played the part of Black Elvis. Giddens was surprised with his rise to fame. Like another African American Elvis impersonator Robert Washington, Giddens did quite well in appearances. He played the Elvis Impersonator",
"title": "Clearance Giddens"
},
{
"id": "10659638",
"text": "of his best roles as Hawkeye in this exciting film adaptation of James Fenimore Cooper's often filmed novel.\" Clem Beauchamp was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Assistant Director. The film served as the basis for a subsequent 1992 adaptation written and directed by Michael Mann and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as Hawkeye, Madeleine Stowe as Cora, Wes Studi as Magua, Russell Means as Chingachgook, and Steven Waddington as Duncan. Writers John L. Balderston, Daniel Moore, and Paul Perez were given a \"Story by\" credit on the film, which carries over several changes made in the 1936 film. These include",
"title": "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "13168982",
"text": "Traces of Red Traces of Red is a 1992 crime drama film directed by Andy Wolk and starring James Belushi, Lorraine Bracco and Tony Goldwyn. The film was released by The Samuel Goldwyn Company on November 13, 1992. Lorraine Bracco's performance in the film earned her a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The film begins with Jack Dobson, a homicide detective from Palm Beach, flat on his back with a bullet in his chest. It is then told in flashback form, leading up to the events that led him to this fate. Jack has been receiving threatening letters. He",
"title": "Traces of Red"
},
{
"id": "3166299",
"text": "Richard Roma Richard Roma is a fictional character from David Mamet's 1982 play \"Glengarry Glen Ross\" and its 1992 film adaptation. Roma has been portrayed by a range of actors, including Joe Mantegna, Al Pacino and Liev Schreiber, although the role was originated by Jack Shepherd. Actors portraying Roma have seen multiple stage award wins and nominations—both Mantegna and Schreiber received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for their depictions, while Shepherd earned a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his portrayal. In film, Pacino received nominations for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting",
"title": "Richard Roma"
},
{
"id": "2566586",
"text": "nomination for Worst Actor. DeVito also received a Razzie nomination for Worst Director. Ultimately, none of the nominated awards were won. The film was also nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Hoffa Hoffa is a 1992 American biographical crime film directed by Danny DeVito and written by David Mamet, based on the life of Teamsters leader Jimmy Hoffa. Most of the story is told in flashbacks before ending with Hoffa's mysterious disappearance. Jack Nicholson plays Hoffa, and DeVito plays Robert Ciaro, an amalgamation",
"title": "Hoffa"
},
{
"id": "5213219",
"text": "reviews, calling the movie \"predictable but enjoyable all the same.\" In 2005, the film was ranked number 21 on BET's Top 25 Movies In the Last 25 Years list. Boomerang (1992 film) Boomerang is a 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Reginald Hudlin. The film stars Eddie Murphy as Marcus Graham, a hotshot advertising executive who also happens to be an insatiable womanizer and male chauvinist. When he meets his new boss, Jacqueline Broyer (Robin Givens), Marcus discovers that she is essentially a female version of himself, and realizes he is receiving the same treatment that he delivers to",
"title": "Boomerang (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "2981494",
"text": "David Paymer David Emmanuel Paymer (born August 30, 1954) is an American character actor, comedian, and television director. He has been in films such as \"Mr. Saturday Night\", \"Quiz Show\", \"Searching for Bobby Fischer\", \"City Slickers\", \"Crazy People\", \"State and Main\", \"Payback\", \"Get Shorty\", \"Carpool\", \"The American President\", \"Ocean's Thirteen\", and \"Drag Me to Hell\". Paymer was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for \"Mr. Saturday Night.\" He played the lead role as the Boss in \"Bartleby\", an adaptation of Herman Melville's \"Bartleby, the Scrivener.\" He played a mob boss in the television series \"Line",
"title": "David Paymer"
},
{
"id": "138133",
"text": "to win any of these awards, the only film in the trilogy not to do so. In 1992, Coppola directed and produced \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\". Adapted from Bram Stoker's novel, it was intended to be more faithful to the book than previous film adaptations. Coppola cast Gary Oldman in the film's title role, with Keanu Reeves, Winona Ryder and Anthony Hopkins in supporting roles. The movie became a box-office hit, grossing $82,522,790 domestically, making it the 15th highest-grossing film of the year. It fared even better overseas grossing $133,339,902 for a total worldwide gross of $215,862,692 against a budget of",
"title": "Francis Ford Coppola"
},
{
"id": "7667384",
"text": "45th British Academy Film Awards The 45th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1992, honoured the best films of 1991. Alan Parker's The Commitments won the awards for Best Film, Director, Adapted Screenplay and Editing. \"The Silence of the Lambs\" won the awards for Best Actor (Anthony Hopkins) and Actress (Jodie Foster). It went on to win the same Academy Awards. Alan Rickman was voted Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his work in \"\". Kate Nelligan (\"Frankie and Johnny\") won the award for Best Supporting Actress. Anthony Hopkins in \"The",
"title": "45th British Academy Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "2044125",
"text": "it. I told myself that I needed to stick to my plan ... and it was a really dumb plan.\" In 1992, he plays doctor in the drama-\"Article 99\" with Ray Liotta. He played a supporting character in \"\", the continuation of the short-lived television series of the same name which ran from 1990 to 1991, as agent Sam Stanley; and also in \"A Few Good Men\" (1992), where he played a junior officer subordinate to Jack Nicholson's Col. Nathan R. Jessup. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In \"The Vanishing\" (1993), he starred alongside",
"title": "Kiefer Sutherland"
},
{
"id": "4399942",
"text": "than $14 million. Paymer was nominated in 1992 for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. At the Golden Globe Awards, Paymer was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture and Crystal was nominated for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy. During the Academy Awards the next year, Crystal hosted. When announcing the nominees for Best Film of 1992 during the opening, Crystal added his movie to the list, immediately afterwards adding the line, \"I just wanted to see how it feels.\" The film was released twice on DVD, the first",
"title": "Mr. Saturday Night"
},
{
"id": "7866714",
"text": "star out of 4, saying the plot \"is at about a kindergarten level of intelligence, proving once again that low-budget action flicks shouldn't try to develop a storyline -- it only becomes a liability.\" Aces: Iron Eagle III Aces: Iron Eagle III is a 1992 American action film directed by John Glen and is the third installment of the \"Iron Eagle\" film series, with Louis Gossett, Jr. reprising his role as Col. Charles \"Chappy\" Sinclair. Also starring are Japanese actor Sonny Chiba and retired boxing champion Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini. This film was originally owned by New Line Cinema (which",
"title": "Aces: Iron Eagle III"
},
{
"id": "9688236",
"text": "Unlawful Entry (film) Unlawful Entry is a 1992 American psychological thriller film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and starring Kurt Russell, Madeleine Stowe and Ray Liotta. The film involves a couple who befriend a lonely policeman, only for him to develop an unrequited fixation on the wife, leading to chilling consequences. Ray Liotta was nominated for an MTV Movie Award in 1993 for his portrayal of the psychopathic cop. The film was remade in Bollywood as \"Fareb\" in 1996. Michael and Karen Carr (Kurt Russell and Madeleine Stowe) are a couple living in an upscale part of Los Angeles, and their",
"title": "Unlawful Entry (film)"
},
{
"id": "1643386",
"text": "that Cumming was not his biological son. Later, Cumming and his brother took DNA tests that proved they were indeed his biological children. Cumming said that his difficult childhood taught him how to act by \"needing to suppress my own emotions and feelings around him [his father] when I was a little boy\". Cumming made his film debut in Gillies MacKinnon's \"Passing Glory\" in 1986. His feature film debut came in 1992 when he starred alongside Sandrine Bonnaire and Bruno Ganz in Ian Sellar's \"Prague\", which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and earned him the Best Actor award at",
"title": "Alan Cumming"
},
{
"id": "6238908",
"text": "the role of Colonel Nathan Jessup in \"A Few Good Men,\" a role made famous on film (1992) by Jack Nicholson. He is the winner of over half a dozen theatre awards including the Drama Desk and Helen Hayes awards. In films, he played Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett in \"Gettysburg\" (1993) and the lead role of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson in the Gettysburg prequel \"Gods and Generals\" (2003), both from director Ronald F. Maxwell. He considers \"Gods and Generals\" to be his finest performance. Arguably, his most famous film role, before \"Avatar\", was his portrayal of the villainous Ike Clanton",
"title": "Stephen Lang"
},
{
"id": "13802449",
"text": "venture between Gordon and JVC. As the company's chairman and chief executive officer, Gordon was responsible for the production of such films as \"Point Break\" (1991), starring Patrick Swayze and Keanu Reeves; \"The Super\" (1991), starring Joe Pesci; \"Unlawful Entry\" (1992), starring Kurt Russell, Ray Liotta and Madeleine Stowe; \"Used People\" (1992), starring Shirley MacLaine, Jessica Tandy, Kathy Bates, Marcia Gay Harden and Marcello Mastroianni; and \"Timecop\" (1994), starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. Largo also co-financed and handled the foreign distribution of the acclaimed 1992 biopic \"Malcolm X\", directed by Spike Lee and starring Denzel Washington in the title role. In",
"title": "Largo Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "5181599",
"text": "\"The Yakuza\" with Robert Mitchum, and is probably best known in the West for his role in Ridley Scott's \"Black Rain\" (1989) where he surprises American cops played by Michael Douglas and Andy García with the line, \"I do speak fucking English\". He again appeared to Western audiences with the 1992 Fred Schepisi comedy \"Mr. Baseball\" starring Tom Selleck. Takakura was one of the few Japanese actors who saw popularity in China, due to his appearance in Junya Satō's 1976 crime drama \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\" (known in some territories as \"Manhunt\"), the first foreign film shown",
"title": "Ken Takakura"
},
{
"id": "731889",
"text": "1992. In the 1994 romantic comedy film \"I.Q.\", he played the role of James Moreland. Portraying Oscar Wilde (of whom he had been an ardent admirer since the age of 13) in the 1997 film \"Wilde\", he fulfilled to critical acclaim a role that he has said he was \"born to play\". It also earned him a nomination for Best Actor – Drama in the 1998 Golden Globe Award. A year later, Fry starred in David Yates' small independent film \"The Tichborne Claimant\", and in 2001 he played the detective in Robert Altman's period costume drama, \"Gosford Park\". In the",
"title": "Stephen Fry"
},
{
"id": "7639617",
"text": "(1968) and \"...tick...tick...tick...\" (1970). He played one of the lynch mobsters in \"High Plains Drifter\" appears as well as the evil chauffeur in the horror film \"Burnt Offerings\" (1976). He had roles in \"Blue Thunder\" (1983), \" Nightmares\" (1983), and \"\" (1991). James also appeared in Poison's 1988 music video for their song \"Fallen Angel.\" He retired from acting in the early 1990s with his last film role in Clint Eastwood's 1992 \"Unforgiven\"., which was awarded the Oscar for Best Picture in 1993. It is worth noting that Anthony James's first and last major film appearances were each in Oscar",
"title": "Anthony James (actor)"
},
{
"id": "9925600",
"text": "Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 1992, he starred opposite Jack Nicholson in the legal drama \"A Few Good Men\", an adaptation of the Broadway play of the same name also written by Aaron Sorkin. Cruise next appeared in \"The Firm\" (1993), a film adaptation of the John Grisham legal thriller of the same name, and in the same year also made his directorial debut by directing an episode of the anthology television series \"Fallen Angels\". Three years later Cruise starred as IMF agent Ethan Hunt in the",
"title": "Tom Cruise filmography"
},
{
"id": "7219911",
"text": "in interest in the film during the mid 2010s. This has led to further analysis of the controversial ending. Captain Ron Captain Ron is a 1992 American comedy film directed by Thom Eberhardt, produced by David Permut, and written by John Dwyer for Touchstone Pictures. It stars Kurt Russell as the title character, a sailor with a quirky personality and a checkered past, and Martin Short as an upper-middle class, suburban family man who hires him to sail a yacht through the Caribbean with him and his family aboard. Mary Kay Place, Meadow Sisto, and Benjamin Salisbury also star as",
"title": "Captain Ron"
},
{
"id": "4399943",
"text": "time on December 8, 1998 by PolyGram Video, and again on June 4, 2002 by MGM Home Entertainment. Mr. Saturday Night Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 American comedy-drama film that marks the directorial debut of its star, Billy Crystal. It focuses on the rise and fall of Buddy Young Jr., a stand-up comedian. Crystal produced and co-wrote the screenplay with the writing duo Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz. It was filmed from November 1991 to March 1992 and released on September 23, 1992, by Columbia Pictures. Co-star David Paymer received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. \"Mr.",
"title": "Mr. Saturday Night"
},
{
"id": "4721839",
"text": "Shore.\" Despite the negative critical response, the film was a box office success. The film took in $9,866,120 in its opening weekend coming 4th at the box office. The film went on to earn a total of $40,693,477 at the North American box office. The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 25, 1992, titled \"California Man\", and opened on #5. Pauly Shore's performance in \"Encino Man\" won him the Razzie Award for Worst New Star. Link, again played by Fraser, makes a cameo appearance in the film \"Son-in-Law\" (1993), which also stars Pauly Shore. Fraser also briefly",
"title": "Encino Man"
},
{
"id": "14278422",
"text": "Bed & Breakfast (1992 film) Bed & Breakfast is a 1992 romantic comedy film directed by Robert Ellis Miller, and stars Roger Moore, Talia Shire, Colleen Dewhurst (in her final film role) and Nina Siemaszko. It began filming on York Beach, Maine in 1989. A charming Englishman changes the lives of three generations of women who run a near-bankrupt bed and breakfast. Three women find him out cold on a beach and offer him free board in return for fixing the place up and being the handy man. Claire, widow of Senator Blake Wellesly, is initially unwilling to let him",
"title": "Bed & Breakfast (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "16106407",
"text": "Soon after the formation of LARC Records, Isgro established a second label, Private I Records, distributed through Columbia Records. The first release of Private I Records was Matthew Wilder’s \"Break My Stride\", which peaked at number one on the US chart position. It would be the first of Private I's 27 charting singles. In 1992, Isgro produced the film \"Hoffa\", starring Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito and Armand Assante. It was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Currently, Isgro is a producer at Raging Bull Productions His projects include the films \"Lucky Luciano\", \"Pablo Escobar\" and \"The",
"title": "Joe Isgro"
},
{
"id": "3568357",
"text": "Husbands and Wives Husbands and Wives is a 1992 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. The film stars Allen, Mia Farrow, Sydney Pollack, Judy Davis, Juliette Lewis, and Liam Neeson. It was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Supporting Actress (Judy Davis) and Best Original Screenplay (Woody Allen). The film debuted shortly after the end of Allen and Farrow's romantic and professional partnership, and was the last of their 13 films together. The movie is filmed by Carlo Di Palma with a handheld camera style and features documentary-like interviews with the characters interspersed with the story. \"Husbands",
"title": "Husbands and Wives"
},
{
"id": "1687423",
"text": "Dafoe had two lead roles in 1992. The first to be released, \"White Sands\", saw Dafoe a play small-town sheriff who impersonates a dead man after finding his dead body and a suitcase containing $500,000 in order to solve the case, resulting in an FBI investigation. In his next starring role, Paul Schrader's drama \"Light Sleeper\", Dafoe played John LeTour, a lonely, insomniac, New Yorker working as a delivery man for a drug supplier, who is played by Susan Sarandon. Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's \"gifted\" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that \"even when the film doesn't gel, one",
"title": "Willem Dafoe"
},
{
"id": "3471818",
"text": "spawn two sequels: \"Look Who's Talking Too\" (1990) and \"Look Who's Talking Now\" (1993). The success of the first two films also inspired an ABC sitcom called \"Baby Talk\", which aired from 1991 to 1992 and featured Tony Danza as the voice of \"Baby Mickey\". John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, and Olympia Dukakis are the only actors to appear in all three films in the series. On April 6, 2010, it was reported that \"Fast & Furious\"' producer Neal H. Moritz is planning to reboot the series. As of November 2018, no follow up or remake has ever been produced or",
"title": "Look Who's Talking"
},
{
"id": "12249627",
"text": "Bruce Adler Bruce Adler (November 27, 1944 – July 25, 2008) was an American Broadway actor. After debuting on the Broadway stage in the 1979 revival of \"Oklahoma!\", he went on to a career that saw him nominated for Tony Awards as Best Featured Actor in a Musical for \"Those Were the Days\" (1991) and \"Crazy For You\" (1992). His film work was limited to voice work in animated films, notably providing the singing voice for the narrator of the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\" and the 1996 sequel \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\". Born in New York City, Adler's",
"title": "Bruce Adler"
},
{
"id": "2552590",
"text": "characters Tony Montana and Manny Ribera from the movie \"Scarface\". Ramon's nickname (The Bad Guy) and catchphrase (\"Say hello to The Bad Guy\") derive from Montana's quotes: \"Say hello to my little friend\" and \"Say goodnight to the bad guy\". He made his first appearance in a dark match on a \"Wrestling Challenge\" taping against Chris Hahn on May 18, 1992. Later in his career, Hall claimed he pitched the idea of a \"Scarface\"-like character during a meeting with Vince McMahon and Pat Patterson, as a joke. Hall quoted lines from the film with a Cuban accent and gave ideas",
"title": "Scott Hall"
},
{
"id": "17620732",
"text": "human race. To prove that our love outweighs our need to hate. That our compassion is more compelling than our need to blame.\" Elizabeth Taylor 1993 on AIDS), while others are funny insights. Sometimes people do unexpected things during their Oscar speeches. For example, in 1992, while accepting his Best Supporting Actor Oscar for \"City Slickers\", Jack Palance did one-arm pushups on the floor to demonstrate his physical strength and counteract the view of some executives who had not wanted to \"risk\" hiring an elderly person for fear they may die during filming. When Jorge Drexler accepted the Oscar for",
"title": "Oscar speech"
},
{
"id": "4399938",
"text": "Mr. Saturday Night Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 American comedy-drama film that marks the directorial debut of its star, Billy Crystal. It focuses on the rise and fall of Buddy Young Jr., a stand-up comedian. Crystal produced and co-wrote the screenplay with the writing duo Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz. It was filmed from November 1991 to March 1992 and released on September 23, 1992, by Columbia Pictures. Co-star David Paymer received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. \"Mr. Saturday Night\" details how stand-up comedian Buddy Young Jr. became a television star, with the help of his",
"title": "Mr. Saturday Night"
},
{
"id": "9952423",
"text": "interview on \"Inside the Actors Studio\" and \"The Howard Stern Show\", John Goodman admitted that he was disappointed in his own performance. The film was also not a financial success. It grossed over $19.9 million worldwide at the box-office and was pulled from theatres after five weeks. Respected American film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both disliked the film, and included it on their \"Worst of 1992\" episode on their program \"Siskel & Ebert\". The Babe The Babe is a 1992 American biographical drama film about the life of famed baseball player Babe Ruth, who is portrayed by John",
"title": "The Babe"
},
{
"id": "4907771",
"text": "critical and commercial flop, and acclaimed 1992 comedy \"White Men Can't Jump\", starring Woody Harrelson and Wesley Snipes as two basketball hustlers. Calling the latter film \"very smart and very funny\", and \"not simply a basketball movie,\" critic Roger Ebert wrote that Shelton \"knows how his characters talk and sound, and how they get into each other's minds with non-stop talking and boasting.\" Shelton has also written and directed two biopics: \"Cobb\", in which Tommy Lee Jones portrayed record-breaking baseballer Ty Cobb, and \"Blaze\", which starred Paul Newman as colourful Louisiana Governor Earl Long. He wrote or co-wrote other sports-themed",
"title": "Ron Shelton"
},
{
"id": "4534050",
"text": "U.S., Vosloo returned to the theatre where he appeared in \"Born In The R.S.A.\" at Chicago's Northlight Theatre and in the NY's Circle In The Square Uptown's short-lived production of \"Salomé\" (1992) together with Al Pacino. His American film debut was in \"\" (1992). He later appeared in the two less successful sequels to the 1990 film \"Darkman\", \"\" (1994) and \"\" (1996), filling the shoes of Liam Neeson as the titular character Darkman. He's also known for portraying villains such in the John Woo film \"Hard Target\" (1993), starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. He played the title role of the",
"title": "Arnold Vosloo"
},
{
"id": "1531128",
"text": "Pete Postlethwaite Peter William Postlethwaite, OBE (; 7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011) was an English character actor, who appeared in \"Dragonheart\" (1996), \"Romeo + Juliet\" (1996), \"Brassed Off\" (1996), \"Amistad\" (1997), \"The Constant Gardener\" (2005), \"Clash of the Titans\" (2010), and \"Inception\" (2010). After minor television appearances, including in \"The Professionals\", his first major success arose through the British autobiographical film \"Distant Voices, Still Lives\" (1988). He had a transatlantic breakthrough when he portrayed David in \"Alien 3\" (1992), and his reputation was further solidified when he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for",
"title": "Pete Postlethwaite"
},
{
"id": "554646",
"text": "Brad Pitt William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment. Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the drama films \"A River Runs Through It\" (1992) and \"Legends of the Fall\" (1994), and horror film \"Interview with the Vampire\" (1994). He gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller \"Seven\" and the science fiction film \"12",
"title": "Brad Pitt"
},
{
"id": "5213182",
"text": "Boomerang (1992 film) Boomerang is a 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Reginald Hudlin. The film stars Eddie Murphy as Marcus Graham, a hotshot advertising executive who also happens to be an insatiable womanizer and male chauvinist. When he meets his new boss, Jacqueline Broyer (Robin Givens), Marcus discovers that she is essentially a female version of himself, and realizes he is receiving the same treatment that he delivers to others. The film also features Halle Berry, David Alan Grier, Martin Lawrence, Grace Jones, and Chris Rock. Murphy assisted in developing the story with writers Barry W. Blaustein and",
"title": "Boomerang (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "7312739",
"text": "Khalil Kain Khalil Kain (born Khaliloeron Kain; November 22, 1964) an American actor and rapper also known as K. Kain best known for his role as Raheem in 1992's \"Juice\" and as Darnell Wilkes on \"Girlfriends\", replacing Flex Alexander. Kain was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York, of African American and Chinese descent. His father is poet, playwright, recording artist Gylan Kain, founder of The Last Poets. He first appeared in the 1992 film \"Juice\" as Raheem. Kain has also portrayed Roosevelt Nathaniel Hobbs in the 1994 comedy drama, \"Renaissance Man\". Some of his credits include \"Suddenly Susan\",",
"title": "Khalil Kain"
},
{
"id": "1461444",
"text": "rapper in the movie \"Krush Groove\" (performing \"I Can't Live Without My Radio\"), his first acting part was a small role in a high school football movie called \"Wildcats\". He landed the role of Captain Patrick Zevo in the 1992 film \"Toys\" in which he shared the silver screen with Robin Williams. In 1995, he starred in his own television sitcom, \"In the House\". He portrayed an ex-Oakland Raiders running back who finds himself in financial difficulties and is forced to rent part of his home out to a single mother and her two children. In 1998, LL Cool J",
"title": "LL Cool J"
},
{
"id": "1958991",
"text": "Thomas DeSimone) in \"Goodfellas\"; he had been previously nominated for the same award for his role as Joey LaMotta in \"Raging Bull\". Also a comedian, Pesci has starred in a number of other high-profile films, including \"Easy Money\" (1983), \"Once Upon a Time in America\" (1984), \"Moonwalker\" (1988), \"JFK\" (1991), and \"A Bronx Tale\" (1993). He announced his retirement from acting in 1999, and since then he has appeared only occasionally in films, including a cameo appearance in the 2006 spy thriller \"The Good Shepherd\", directed by De Niro, and in the biographical crime film \"The Irishman\". He is also",
"title": "Joe Pesci"
},
{
"id": "805878",
"text": "birth to William Elliot \"Will\" Reeve on June 7, 1992, at North Adams Regional Hospital in North Adams, Massachusetts. In October, Reeve was offered the part of Lewis in \"The Remains of the Day\". The script was one of the best he had read, and he unhesitatingly took the part. The film was deemed an instant classic and was nominated for eight Academy Awards. In the early 1990s, Reeve was in three roles for television in which he was cast as a villain. The most notable of these was \"Bump in the Night\" based on the novel by Isabelle Holland",
"title": "Christopher Reeve"
},
{
"id": "1466835",
"text": "Stephen Rea Stephen Rea ( ; born 31 October 1946) is an Irish film and stage actor. Rea has appeared in films such as \"V for Vendetta\", \"Michael Collins\", \"Interview with the Vampire\" and \"Breakfast on Pluto\". Rea was nominated for an Academy Award for his lead performance as Fergus in the 1992 film \"The Crying Game\". He has during later years had important roles in the Hugo Blick TV series \"The Shadow Line\" and \"The Honourable Woman\", for which he won a BAFTA Award. Rea was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, to Protestant parents; his father was a bus",
"title": "Stephen Rea"
},
{
"id": "1470633",
"text": "Popiełuszko and his murder under the Polish communist regime. It was well received by critics. In 1989, his role as David \"Dave\" Flannigan in \"Jacknife\" earned him his first Golden Globe Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. Also in 1989, he portrayed Virgil \"Bud\" Brigman in the sci fi film \"The Abyss,\" directed by James Cameron. In 1992, Harris co starred as Dave Moss in the drama film \"Glengarry Glen Ross\", based on the play of the same name by David Mamet. He won the Valladolid International Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in",
"title": "Ed Harris"
},
{
"id": "6790240",
"text": "He then starred in the action film \"Suriyan\", directed by Pavithran and it became his first big break. The film won positive reviews and became highly successful at the box office; he received a \"Cinema Express Award Best Actor Special Award\" for the role in which he shaved his head. Subsequently, Sarathkumar was catapulted to fame, his fan base was growing exponentially and he became selective in accepting new assignments. Soon, he was in competition with \"Puratchi Kalaignar\" Vijayakanth. In the end of 1992, he acted in the action film \"Thai Mozhi\", co-starring Vijayakanth and Mohini, \"Ellaichami\", Manoj Kumar's \"Samundi\"",
"title": "R. Sarathkumar"
},
{
"id": "2720632",
"text": "which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD. Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90 minute episodes per series. With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries \"Scarlett\", Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films. His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of \"Patriot Games\". While filming his death scene, Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook, giving him a permanent scar. Bean's rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain, and his role in \"Patriot Games\"",
"title": "Sean Bean"
},
{
"id": "11927337",
"text": "At first, Reiner made Bodison his location manager for \"A Few Good Men\" (1992). However, Reiner had trouble casting for the role of Lance Cpl. Harold Dawson, a young recruiting poster of a Marine on trial for the murder of a private. \"We were talking, and he said, 'Wolf, have you ever acted?'\" Bodison said. \"I said, 'No, man.' He said, 'Ever thought about it?' 'No.' He said, 'Well, I'm trying to cast the movie, and I haven't found anyone for Dawson who fits my vision. Why don't you read for it?'\" Since Bodison had never acted before, he hired",
"title": "Wolfgang Bodison"
},
{
"id": "6794664",
"text": "Casey Affleck – \"Manchester by the Sea\" as Lee Chandler 2017: Gary Oldman – \"Darkest Hour\" as Winston Churchill Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor The Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor is an award presented by the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. 1990: Jeremy Irons as Sunny von Bülow – \"Reversal of Fortune\" 1991: Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter – \"The Silence of the Lambs\" 1992: Denzel Washington as Malcolm X – \"Malcolm X\"",
"title": "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor"
},
{
"id": "5718129",
"text": "At the time, he participated heavily in sports, but half-heartedly pursued school. He was admitted to the short-listed circle of talent at a talent summer camp in New England, then won the leading role of the stage play named \"Dark of the Moon\", which earned him standing ovations for his performance. At 16 years old he decided to leave high school to try to break into acting. Hauser made his film debut in \"School Ties\" (1992), which starred many young and up-and-coming actors such as Brendan Fraser, Matt Damon, Chris O'Donnell and Ben Affleck. A role in Richard Linklater's \"Dazed",
"title": "Cole Hauser"
},
{
"id": "13640086",
"text": "(1984); \"Mixed Blood\" (1985), \"Casualties of War\" (1989), a terrorist in \"Die Hard 2\" (1990), \"Hangin' with the Homeboys\" (1991), the robber in \"Regarding Henry\" (1991), \"Super Mario Bros\" (1993), and \"Night Owl\" (1993). In 1992, he starred in \"Whispers in the Dark\" as John Castillo. In 1993 Leguizamo was offered the lead part as Luigi in the film \"Super Mario Bros.\", based on the Mario video game franchise. Despite being considered a critical and financial failure universally, the film started his acting career in Hollywood and became one of his memorable roles. It also provided a boost to his",
"title": "John Leguizamo"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Robert Downey Jr. context: Shepherd and Ryan O'Neal, \"Air America\" (1990) with Mel Gibson, and \"Soapdish\" (1991) with Sally Field, Kevin Kline, and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1992, he starred as Charlie Chaplin in \"Chaplin\", a role for which prepared extensively, learning how to play the violin as well as tennis left-handed. He had a personal coach in order to help him imitate Chaplin's posture, and a way of carrying himself. The role garnered Downey an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor at the Academy Awards 65th ceremony, losing to Al Pacino in \"Scent of a Woman\". In 1993, he appeared in the films\n\nName the 1992 movie and character/actor that featured the quote “Well hello Mister Fancypants. Well, I’ve got news for you pal, you ain’t leadin’ but two things, right now: Jack and shit... and Jack left town.”",
"compressed_tokens": 248,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 46th British Academy Film Awards context: 46th British Academy Film Awards The 46th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1993, honoured the best films of 1992. James Ivory's Howards End won the awards for Best Film and Best Actress (Emma Thompson). Robert Downey Jr. was voted Best Actor for his role in \"Chaplin\". Best Supporting Actor and Actress were Gene Hackman (\"Unforgiven\") and Miranda Richardson (\"Damage\"). Robert Altman won the award for Best Director for directing \"The Player\". \"Howards End\" (Curzon Video) \"Raise the Red Lantern (Da Hong Deng Long Gao Gao Gua)\" \"The Player - Robert Altman\"\n\ntitle:iefer Suther context: I that I needed to to my ... it a really dumb plan1992 he inArticle 9 Ray Liotta He supporting in continuation of the short-l television series of the same name which ran from 190 to 19, agent Sam;A Few Good Men\" (1992), where he a junior subordinate to Jack Nicholson's Col. Nathan R. Jessup The was nominated the Academy Award for Best Picture \"The Van\" (1993), he star alongside\n: Ke Reves: thes, started to break his teen appeared in highget action filmsPoint Break for hes \"2 in various lower- independent including wellivedMy O with192arker in the Coola-ed In94, Reeves's new as of role in filmSpeed His in the film controversial except\n:intwood in the 9s: parkingpasoctions lot wonsuit payLs fees if she would not appeal. In 1992, Eastwood revisited the western genre in the self-directed film \"Unforgiven\". He played aging ex-gunfighter William Munny, long past his prime. The film was first conceived of in 1976 under the titles \"The Cut-Whore Killings\" and \"The William Munny Killings\". The project was delayed, in part because Eastwood wanted to wait until he was old enough to play the principal character and to savor it as the last of his western films. The film re-imagined\n\nName the 1992 movie and character/actor that featured the quote “Well hello Mister Fancypants. Well, I’ve got news for you pal, you ain’t leadin’ but two things, right now: Jack and shit... and Jack left town.”",
"compressed_tokens": 551,
"origin_tokens": 15163,
"ratio": "27.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,703 | Santa's Little Helper is the family dog on what TV series? | [
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"No Teasing",
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"The Simpsons",
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"List of The Simpsons TV ads",
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"Why You Little!",
"The simppsons",
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"Itchy & Scratchy's %22500 Easy Pieces%22",
"A to Z (Simpsons TV ad)"
] | The Simpsons | [
{
"id": "743038",
"text": "Santa's Little Helper Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog. Santa's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on \"The Simpsons\",",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743067",
"text": "of \"TV Guide\". This issue was released with 24 different covers, all featuring different characters from \"The Simpsons\". Santa's Little Helper Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents,",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743040",
"text": "the show, but voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him. Santa's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on \"The Simpsons\". He ranked 27th in Animal Planet's 2003 television special \"50 Greatest TV Animals\" that was based on popularity, name recognition, and the longevity of the shows. He has also been featured in merchandise relating to \"The Simpsons\", such as video games, board games, and comics. Santa's Little Helper is a greyhound that appears on the animated television series \"The Simpsons\" and is the pet dog of the Simpson family. He can often be seen on",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "10028155",
"text": "Newt Gingrich in Quebec is generally replaced with one to Mike Harris. Most of the recurring characters keep their English names in each French version. Two exceptions are Sideshow Bob and Sideshow Mel, who are known as Tahiti Bob and Tahiti Mel in France, as the word \"sideshow\" has no direct translation. In Quebec, the title \"sideshow\" is kept as an Anglicism. Another exception is made for the Simpsons family's dog, Santa's Little Helper, who is called \"Le p'tit renne au nez rouge\" (the French name for the song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", which literally means \"Little Red-Nosed Reindeer\") in",
"title": "Non-English versions of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "743051",
"text": "event; however, their plan fails and a drunk shark that's discovered at the event becomes the new mascot instead. Santa's Little Helper gladly returns to the Simpson family. Santa's Little Helper's initial appearance on \"The Simpsons\" was in the first episode of the series, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which aired on Dec. 17, 1989. Since then, he has become a recurring character. \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening told \"TV Guide\" in 2000 that \"we [the staff] painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode. Once we wrote the dog into the show, we were stuck with him.\"",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "1287091",
"text": "to waste money on getting his son Bart's tattoo removed. He decides to keep their financial troubles a secret and gets a job as a shopping mall Santa Claus, but later discovers that the job does not pay enough. Desperate for a miracle, Homer and Bart go to the dog-racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money but end up adopting an abandoned greyhound, Santa's Little Helper. The episode was written by Mimi Pond, and it was directed by David Silverman. \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990, and has",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "18617809",
"text": "Friend with Benefit \"Friend with Benefit\" is the sixth episode of the twenty-seventh season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 580th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on November 8, 2015. The show opens with a short parody of the Disney short \"Feast\" entitled \"Fat.\" Santa's Little Helper is fed scraps from the Simpsons' dinner table until he gets too fat and dies. He goes to Heaven and God offers him a choice between Fit Dog Heaven and Fat Dog Hell. Fat Dog Hell flashes a \"Free Pizza\" sign and",
"title": "Friend with Benefit"
},
{
"id": "743042",
"text": "dog's Christmas-inspired name to be a sign. However, the greyhound finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they watch the dog's owner abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek. When Bart and Homer return home, Santa's Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present. In various episodes, Santa's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons' household, destroying furniture, and digging holes in the",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "20168939",
"text": "Dogtown (The Simpsons) \"Dogtown\" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the twenty-eighth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 618th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on May 21, 2017. This was the last of \"The Simpsons\" to be scored by composer Alf Clausen, who had scored the show since 1990 before being fired in August 2017. Homer is driving in his usual manner and style (ineptly and recklessly) when he carelessly drives into an alleyway, with no room to maneuver and faulty brakes, where Santa's Little Helper",
"title": "Dogtown (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "743041",
"text": "the show in minor appearances, although there have been some episodes that feature him heavily, including the first episode of \"The Simpsons\". In that episode, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (season one, 1989), Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family. Desperate for a miracle, he and Bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of winning some money. Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win, he instead bets on a last-minute entry, Santa's Little Helper (here despite being brown), believing the",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6619170",
"text": "the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. Springfield is \"in the grip of lottery fever\" with a $130 million jackpot, and as a result, no one in the Simpson family notices that their pet dog, Santa's Little Helper, has become ill. Once the dog is discovered to be sick, the family rushes him to the animal hospital, where they learn that he needs an emergency operation to cure gastric dilatation volvulus which will cost $750. Homer is saddened to tell his children, Bart and Lisa, that the family cannot afford the operation. However, after seeing how",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "743047",
"text": "their old pet. Bart eventually gives Santa's Little Helper away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased. Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog, Bart tries to get him back. When he finally finds him, Santa's Little Helper is serving as a seeing-eye dog for a blind man, but eventually decides to return to the family. In \"Stop or My Dog Will Shoot\" (season 18, 2007), Santa's Little Helper becomes a local hero after finding a lost Homer, and the Simpsons decide to enroll him in the Animal Police",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "4765485",
"text": "series, which debuted on Fox in the U.S. on December 17, 1989. Alongside the five main family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer's father Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson; Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family's two pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II. Other family members include Homer's mother Mona Simpson, Homer's half-brother Herbert Powell, Marge's mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and other minor relatives. Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks had asked Groening to",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "16842970",
"text": "Helper, the family dog, eating his homework. \"I didn't know dogs actually did that\", he says, and finds his teacher equally incredulous since he had used that excuse before. In a later episode, when the dog goes to work for the police, Bart must eat his own homework for the excuse to work. When Mrs. Krabappel begins dating Ned Flanders, the Simpsons' neighbor, at the end of the 2011 season, she sees Santa's Little Helper in the Simpsons' yard and asks if he is the dog who has eaten Bart's homework so many times. Bart's attempts to demonstrate this and",
"title": "The dog ate my homework"
},
{
"id": "1287095",
"text": "watch the dog's owner angrily disowning him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet, and he reluctantly agrees. When Bart and Homer return home, Homer finally comes clean to the family that he did not get his Christmas bonus; however, the family assumes Santa's Little Helper is their present and are overjoyed by Homer's gesture. The Simpsons family then celebrate by singing \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks, the producer of the sketch",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "6255805",
"text": "a water pump in the tongue, a built-in pedometer, reflective sidewalls and little vanity plates.\" In promotion of \"The Simpsons Sing the Blues\", the music video for the album's second single, \"Deep, Deep Trouble\" premiered shortly after this episode's first broadcast. Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\" \"Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\"\" is the sixteenth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> second season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 7, 1991. In this episode, the Simpson family's dog, Santa's Little Helper, manages to infuriate Homer and Marge by destroying Homer's new shoes, ruining a family heirloom,",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "18468284",
"text": "of America Award. Homer, excited about going to Oktoberfest, is disappointed when he discovers that Marge has tricked him and the kids into going to a Harvest Festival which allows no alcohol. While attempting to leave, Homer accidentally leads the family into a cornfield maze. Lisa crafts an escape plan with Tremaux's algorithm, a real life maze-solving method, but Homer is left behind. Santa's Little Helper is called upon by Bart to find Homer. The dog manages to sniff out Homer and drag him out of the maze. Santa's Little Helper becomes a hero and the Simpsons, persuaded by Chief",
"title": "Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot"
},
{
"id": "5270907",
"text": "interview footage of Homer disowning Santa's Little Helper. He becomes Suds' new owner and takes the family's fortunes to himself, much to the Simpsons' discomfort, and Homer is wracked with complete remorse for saying such a horrible thing on TV. Figuring that if they can get Duffman to replace Suds as the Duff mascot, they can get their dog back, the Simpsons seek Duffman, who has become an ordinary man named Barry Duffman who helps the less fortunate (by teaching math at a local halfway house). The Simpsons ask him to help the family get Santa's Little Helper back at",
"title": "Old Yeller-Belly"
},
{
"id": "6619168",
"text": "Dog of Death \"Dog of Death\" is the 19th episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 12, 1992. In the episode, Santa's Little Helper falls ill and the Simpson family must make budget cuts to pay for his operation. Although the dog's life is saved, the family begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly, causing him to run away. Santa's Little Helper ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns, who trains him to become a vicious attack dog. Several days later,",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "743050",
"text": "episode \"Old Yeller Belly\" (season 14, 2003), after he was seen drinking from a can of beer by balancing it on his nose. He becomes known as Suds McDuff and boosts sales of Duff Beer, making the family's fortunes explode. However, this prompts his original sleazy owner and racing trainer to visit the Simpsons and prove that he's the owner of the dog. The family later figures that if they can get Duffman to replace Suds as the Duff mascot, they can get their dog back. They plan to turn Duffman into a hero at a Duff Beer-sponsored beach volleyball",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6255793",
"text": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\" \"Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\"\" is the sixteenth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> second season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 7, 1991. In this episode, the Simpson family's dog, Santa's Little Helper, manages to infuriate Homer and Marge by destroying Homer's new shoes, ruining a family heirloom, and devouring Homer's cookie. As a result Homer considers giving him away while Bart is forced to train Santa's Little Helper at an obedience school so that the family will not have to give him away. At first, the dog is",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "743055",
"text": "greyhound's lack of intelligence. In an article that compared \"The Simpsons\" to the animated series \"Family Guy\", Todd Camp of the \"Fort Worth Star-Telegram\" noted that \"though Santa's Little Helper may be the only Simpson who's dumber than Homer, the Griffins' pooch <nowiki>[</nowiki>Brian Griffin<nowiki>]</nowiki> is the brainiest member of the household\". In 1991, Copley News Service's Alison Ashton described Santa's Little Helper as a \"sweet and stupid dog\". Tom Coombe of \"The Morning Call\" wrote in 2002 that \"fans of \"The Simpsons\" will tell you that the cartoon family's dog [...] is often dumb, disobedient and skittish. Fans of the",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743057",
"text": "realistic dilemma faced by many families who own dogs. Other episode ideas come from popular culture. For example, Santa's Little Helper fathering 25 puppies in \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" is a parody of the Disney film \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\", and Mr. Burns' technique of brainwashing him into an attack dog in \"Dog of Death\" parodies \"A Clockwork Orange\". Susan McHugh, who teaches theories of animals, literature, and culture at the University of New England, wrote in her 2004 book \"Dog\" that, \"remaining loyal to his unlikely saviours, the boy Bart and his father Homer, this greyhound has",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "4765491",
"text": "running joke in the show to be as vague and ambiguous as possible whenever hinting at which U.S. state the town of Springfield might be located in. Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker; Lisa, an eight-year-old child prodigy; and Maggie, a baby who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. The family owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat,",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "6158931",
"text": "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" is the 20th episode of \"The Simpsons\" sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 9, 1995. The episode was written by Mike Scully and directed by Bob Anderson. Frank Welker guest stars as Santa's Little Helper and various other dogs. In the episode, Santa's Little Helper has puppies with a dog that he met at the greyhound racetrack. The episode is inspired by Walt Disney Pictures' 1961 animated film \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\". The producers decided to have Mr. Burns communicate",
"title": "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds"
},
{
"id": "15011636",
"text": "the fact that he still had not forgiven Milhouse for breaking his toy car, believing it to be a Transformer). When they take him to a therapy session with Dr. Thurmond (voiced by guest star Rachel Weisz), she tries to convince Bart that Santa's Little Helper is an innocent creature who never had the intention to hurt him and that Bart should forgive him. When this fails (thanks in no small part to Helper's taste for birds) she advises the Simpsons that the only cure for Bart’s blues is to give away the family dog, leaving Lisa mad at Bart",
"title": "How Munched Is That Birdie in the Window?"
},
{
"id": "6619173",
"text": "the disgusting things they said about their dog, and Bart goes from house to house asking if anyone has seen him. When he arrives at Mr. Burns' mansion, Santa's Little Helper, along with other vicious dogs, tries to attack him. However, when remembering all the good times they had, Santa's Little Helper snaps out of his brainwashed state and protects Bart from the dog pack, before returning to the Simpson family, who shower him with love. \"Dog of Death\" was written by long-time writer John Swartzwelder and directed by Jim Reardon. The producers decided to create another episode centered on",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "408031",
"text": "in the Springfield Retirement Home after Homer forced his dad to sell his house so that his family could buy theirs. Grampa Simpson has had starring roles in several episodes. The family also owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\". Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's co-workers (also friends) Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson, the school principal Seymour Skinner and teachers Edna Krabappel and Elizabeth Hoover, friends Barney Gumble, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Milhouse",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6619174",
"text": "Santa's Little Helper, as they enjoyed the previous ones, particularly season one's \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which the Simpson family receives him. Reardon commented that one of the hardest feats with the episode was to make Santa's Little Helper not express any human expressions, as the staff preferred animals on the show to behave exactly the way they do in real life. The plot of \"Dog of Death\" was based on an experience Swartzwelder had with his own dog that also suffered from bloat. However, unlike the events in the episode, Swartzwelder's dog did not receive treatment",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "743064",
"text": "of whom, admittedly, have strong speech impediments, he doesn’t talk or wisecrack or engage in shenanigans. His abilities and powers begin and end with masticating, defecating, and regular napping. You know, just like a real dog. Consequently, episodes devoted to Santa’s Little Helper tend to be a little on the sleepy side, even the \"Simpsons\" Christmas special that launched the series.\" Since his first appearance on \"The Simpsons\", Santa's Little Helper has appeared in merchandise relating to the show. On the board art of \"The Simpsons Clue\", a 2000 board game by USAopoly based on \"Clue\", he is shown drinking",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "4859563",
"text": "Today I Am a Clown \"Today I Am a Clown\" is the sixth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> fifteenth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 7, 2003. The episode focuses on Krusty's religion, Judaism. Dan Castellaneta won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his roles in this episode. One morning, the family is visited by Dr. Hibbert, who says that Santa's Little Helper has impregnated his purebred poodle, Rosa Barks, and he gives the puppies to the Simpson family, making them their problem. Bart and Lisa give out the puppies",
"title": "Today I Am a Clown"
},
{
"id": "743048",
"text": "Academy. However, his new crime-fighting job makes him jaded and one day at home he bites Bart. The Simpsons must therefore send the dog away to live with officer Lou. However, he gets to return after saving Bart from a toxic smoke cloud at school and then leaving the police force. In \"How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?\" (season 22, 2010), after Santa's Little Helper devours a pigeon with a broken leg that Bart was nursing, Bart gets mad at the dog and is unable to forgive him. The Simpsons therefore give him away to an ostrich farm.",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6158943",
"text": "\"Star Trek\"; the same music from the mind-meld scenes in \"Star Trek\" are played during the scene. At one point, Santa's Little Helper looks wistfully out the window of the Simpson family's car, and then morphs out of the car window in reference to a similar scene in \"\"; music from that film plays in the background. Four of the puppies are named Jay, David, Paul, and Branford, a reference to late-night talkshow hosts David Letterman and Jay Leno and their respective bandleaders Paul Shaffer and Branford Marsalis. In its original broadcast, \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" finished 55th in",
"title": "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds"
},
{
"id": "18468282",
"text": "Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot \"Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot\" is the twentieth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> eighteenth season. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 13, 2007. When Santa's Little Helper rescues a lost Homer, he becomes a local hero and the Simpsons decide to enroll him in Police Dog Academy, where he is teamed with Lou and they become a crime-busting duo. Bart's excitement quickly vanishes after an incident with a jaded Santa's Little Helper, so to appease Bart's depression after the loss of his dog, Marge agrees to buy",
"title": "Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot"
},
{
"id": "5533482",
"text": "Bart enlists Laddie to help him bury his ill-gotten credit card. Later, repo men arrive to take back all of the things Bart has purchased. Lisa demands an explanation, and Bart is forced to admit the truth. When a repossessor asks for the $1,200 dog to be returned, Bart identifies Santa's Little Helper as the dog he purchased. The greyhound is herded into the truck and Bart sadly watches as it drives away. Noticing that Santa's Little Helper is gone, the family begins to bond with Laddie, except for Bart, who fears for Santa's Little Helper's fate. When an exhausted",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "18468286",
"text": "Strangles. Bart takes Strangles to show and tell at school, where Strangles escapes into a school lab and unintentionally knocks over beakers of ethanol and nitric acid, mixing both substances and creating a toxic cloud. Bart, being the only person still stranded in school trying to find Strangles, collapses from the smoke, (remarking \"It smells like some chemicals cut one\"). Both Santa's Little Helper and Strangles arrive to save Bart, who chooses his faithful dog to save him. Santa's Little Helper goes back to living with the Simpsons. Groundskeeper Willie adopts Strangles, and places him in the fire hose coil.",
"title": "Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot"
},
{
"id": "743045",
"text": "him to never wear fur again and instead raise the puppies to be world-class racing dogs. Santa's Little Helper sires another litter of puppies with Dr. Hibbert's poodle in the episode \"Today I Am a Clown\" (season 15, 2003). These puppies are given away to townspeople. The dog has been neglected or treated unfavorably by the family in some episodes. In \"Dog of Death\" (season three, 1992), he nearly dies of bloat and they decide to make budget cuts in order to pay for the required operation. Although the dog's life is saved, the family begins to feel the strain",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "5533481",
"text": "that Bart anticipates the most is a finely-bred, pre-trained collie. Not letting its US$1,200 purchase price stand in the way, Bart promptly orders one. Upon its arrival Bart learns the dog's name is Laddie, and that he has been trained to perform a wide variety of tasks. The rest of the family fall in love with the new dog, while Santa's Little Helper goes unnoticed. Bart fails to pay off \"Santos L. Halper's\" credit card bill, and it is not long before he gets a call from a debt collection agency demanding payment. When the calls and collection letters persist,",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "17436461",
"text": "him how to skateboard, and they become good friends. When Nelson Muntz bullies Bart, Stewie retaliates by kidnapping and torturing Nelson. Meanwhile, Lisa tries to find a talent that Meg has. When she finds that Meg is a natural at the saxophone, she downplays the talent out of jealousy. Chris and Brian take the Simpsons' dog, Santa's Little Helper, for a walk. Brian tries to teach Santa's Little Helper independence, but the latter runs off when freed. Marge notices Santa's Little Helper is missing, and Chris and Brian fake his presence until he eventually returns. Homer and Peter try different",
"title": "The Simpsons Guy"
},
{
"id": "18141484",
"text": "neighbor, much to his and his sons' chagrin. However, Homer advises him to keep her since he will be a better owner than Homer, who in Baz's eyes is just another dog with whom she can play. The end of this episode shows us Santa's Little Helper and Baz preparing to fight in a Far West style. The episode received a 1.4 rating and was watched by a total of 3.23 million people, making it the third most watched show on Fox that night after \"Family Guy\" and \"The Last Man on Earth\". Dennis Perkins of \"The A.V. Club\" gave",
"title": "Peeping Mom"
},
{
"id": "5270906",
"text": "the last few drops. \"Springfield Shopper\" reporter Dave Shutton takes a photo of it that appears on the front page of the newspaper. This gets the attention of Duff Beer, who announce that Duffman will be replaced with Santa's Little Helper, as their new mascot, Suds McDuff. Suds McDuff boosts sales of Duff Beer, and the family's fortunes explode, causing Homer to embrace Suds for his success. However, this prompts Santa's Little Helper's original sleazy owner and racing trainer (from \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\") to visit the Simpsons and prove that he owns the dog by showing the",
"title": "Old Yeller-Belly"
},
{
"id": "4984988",
"text": "David and Goliath, Bart's dream is a \"sequel\" to the story. The segment is inspired by and contains references to several films by Jerry Bruckheimer, including \"Die Hard\" and \"Lethal Weapon\", and borrows elements from other action films. At one point in the segment, Bart's dog Santa's Little Helper starts talking to him. The dog's voice is similar to that of Goliath in the Christian stop-motion animated television series \"Davey and Goliath\". Inside the whale skeleton in the episode, Bart finds the remains of Jonah. Jonah was a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel, according to the Hebrew Bible.",
"title": "Simpsons Bible Stories"
},
{
"id": "5533485",
"text": "Santa's Little Helper was his dog to begin with. To solve the problem, Bart and Mitchell let Santa's Little Helper decide which owner he prefers, by having both of them call him. After briefly getting distracted by his own tail, Santa's Little Helper chooses Bart. Chief Wiggum arrives with Laddie, who immediately sniffs out a bag of marijuana in Mr. Mitchell's pocket. Bart and Santa's Little Helper head home, leaving the police to \"finish up\" with Mitchell, as more officers arrive with beer and dates. The episode uses the full opening sequence because the story came out short. Despite this,",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "5933506",
"text": "half of which have test bites), she encounters Dr. Caleb Thorn, a good-looking scientist with a passion for saving the endangered manatee. Homer and the kids go on a quest to find Marge and they stop and stay with their \"country cousins\" (their dog is Santa's Little Helper's brother). Meanwhile, Marge is finding herself while helping to save manatees. Caleb helps Marge realize that Homer is still the man she fell in love with and the problem is that she still expects him to change. Homer decides to win Marge back by saving a herd of manatees from a gang",
"title": "The Bonfire of the Manatees"
},
{
"id": "743046",
"text": "of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly, causing him to run away. He ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns, who trains him to become a vicious attack dog. Several days later, Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa's Little Helper and is attacked, but the greyhound eventually recognizes his old friend and stops. In \"The Canine Mutiny\" (season eight, 1997), Bart uses a fake charge card to buy a well-trained rough collie named Laddie from a mail-order catalog. Laddie learns many tricks that Santa's Little Helper is completely unable to perform, and the Simpson family nearly forgets about",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "1287094",
"text": "On Christmas Eve, Bart goes to the mall and harasses Santa, exposing Homer's secret. Bart is apologetic for the prank and actually supportive of Homer's moonlighting, remarking, \"You must really love us to sink so low.\" After Homer is paid less than expected for his department store work due to high tax deductions, he and Bart receive a greyhound racing tip from Barney. At Springfield Downs, Homer, inspired by an announcement about a last-minute entry named Santa's Little Helper, bets all his money on the 99-1 long shot. The greyhound finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "743056",
"text": "real-life breed will paint a different picture — of dogs that are peaceful, affectionate, [and] not given to drooling, panting\". Some ideas for episodes featuring Santa's Little Helper come from reality. The plot of \"Dog of Death\" was based on Swartzwelder's experiences with his own dog, which had also suffered from bloat. However, unlike the events in the episode, Swartzwelder's dog did not receive treatment as the operation was too expensive and the dog was too old. \"The Gold Coast Bulletin\"s Ryan Ellem commented in 2005 that the Simpson family's dilemma with the cost of the veterinary procedure is a",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743061",
"text": "and Maggie are—heck, most Americans probably recognize their pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II\". McHugh wrote in \"Dog\" that while Master McGrath was the most famous greyhound of the 19th century, \"the most popular greyhound a hundred years later\" is Santa's Little Helper. In the television special \"50 Greatest TV Animals\" that was hosted by Mario Lopez and aired on Animal Planet in 2003, the dog ranked 27th. Other dogs featured on the list were Lassie (first), Eddie (fifth), Snoopy (sixth), Scooby-Doo (13th), Rin Tin Tin (14th), Max (20th), Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog (24th), Buck (29th), Chipper (44th),",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743058",
"text": "prompted satires of contemporary dog culture, from Barbara Woodhouse's authoritarian training methods [in \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\"] to Lassie's flawless service to the status quo [in \"The Canine Mutiny\"].\" Although cast member Dan Castellaneta occasionally voiced Santa's Little Helper for bit parts, American voice artist Frank Welker most often provided the sounds of the dog and other animals on the show from \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\", which aired on March 7, 1991, to \"Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily\", which aired on October 1, 1995. He said on his official website in 2007 that he liked portraying Santa's Little Helper because",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6158933",
"text": "Santa's Little Helper, becomes very excited and runs away from home to the dog racing track, where he falls for (and mates with) a female greyhound named She's the Fastest. She is given to the Simpsons by her owner, the Rich Texan, and soon gives birth to 25 puppies. Eventually, the puppies become difficult to manage, and Homer and Marge attempt to sell them. After his offer is rejected, Mr. Burns steals the puppies. Bart and Lisa track the puppies to Mr. Burns' mansion, where they discover he plans to make a tuxedo out of them. Bart and Lisa sneak",
"title": "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds"
},
{
"id": "743062",
"text": "and Tiger (50th). According to a writer for McClatchy News Service, the rankings were \"determined by popularity, name recognition and how long the show lasted.\" Among fans and critics, Santa's Little Helper has been mostly well received. He ranked seventh in a 2008 poll by \"Dog Whisperer\"s Cesar Millan that determined the \"best-loved television dog of all time.\" Lassie ranked first in the poll. In addition, he was voted the tenth favorite \"Simpsons\" character by readers of \"Simpsons Comics\" in the United Kingdom in 2010. In a list of their top twelve favorite dogs from cartoons, comics, and animation, writers",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "11206087",
"text": "it as the best of the season. In 2014, showrunner Al Jean selected it as one of five essential episodes in the show's history. During winter Homer wakes up in a pile of snow and does not remember the events of the previous day, commenting that he must have drunk heavily the night before. Homer goes home and finds his family absent and Santa's Little Helper attacks him, though Homer manages to subdue him before escaping. Homer travels to Moe's, where Moe informs him that he was there the previous night and wanted to forget an unpleasant memory. Moe explains",
"title": "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind"
},
{
"id": "16700493",
"text": "a list and brief description of \"The Simpsons\" shorts from \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", a list of times Homer has said \"D'oh!\", and a list of Itchy & Scratchy cartoons. On two pages there are short biographies of each of the five immediate members of the Simpson family, namely Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Short biographies of other \"Simpsons\" characters appear in sidebars to each episode's page, starting with Santa's Little Helper for \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" and ending with Willem Dafoe's Commandant from \"The Secret War of Lisa Simpson\". \"The Simpsons Forever!: A Complete Guide to",
"title": "The Simpsons episode guides"
},
{
"id": "6619179",
"text": "the world's most famous sitcom. The fact that Springfield's citizenry also miss the point of Jackson's story completely [...] can perhaps be seen as an indication of a more general misrepresentation of Jackson and her work.\" The episode contains several references to previous episodes of \"The Simpsons\". For instance, Santa's Little Helper gets picked up by a car on a street called \"Michael Jackson Expressway\", a reference to the season-three premiere episode \"Stark Raving Dad\", in which Mayor Quimby had the expressway renamed in honor of an expected visit by Michael Jackson. In another scene, Ned Flanders is seen wearing",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "16974839",
"text": "event in downtown Springfield, Professor Frink demonstrates a new invention that he soon loses control of, resulting in the destruction of the Springfield Retirement Castle. This results in Grampa moving in with the Simpson family. Meanwhile, Homer discovers an app game called \"Villageville\" on his MyPad, which involves constructing a village. His immediate addiction to it causes him to ignore Santa's Little Helper and lead to the dog's sudden disappearance. After minutes of searching, they eventually find Santa's Little Helper hidden in a pantry shelf below the sink. Lisa and Bart realize Homer has not paid any attention to the",
"title": "To Cur with Love"
},
{
"id": "743054",
"text": "emotional range. And both will growl and possibly snap if you try to take their food.\" Although animals in cartoons often behave with \"semi-human awareness\", Groening said on the DVD audio commentary for the episode \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" that he prefers animals in cartoons to behave exactly the way they do in real life. As a result, Santa's Little Helper is depicted in this way on the show. There have, however, been some exceptions for gags, but most of the time the staff of \"The Simpsons\" tries to keep animals acting realistically. Several journalists have commented on the",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "11989953",
"text": "(and was supposed to be named \"It's The Great Pumpkin, Milhouse,\" but due to legal reasons, was renamed) and contains several references to the \"Peanuts\" series. In the segment, Milhouse wears the same clothes and plays the same role as Linus van Pelt. Lisa is modelled after Sally Brown and Bart looks like Charlie Brown; he even says \"good grief\", echoing Charlie Brown's catchphrase. The main theme to Peanuts \"Linus and Lucy\" is played several times. A redesigned version of Santa's Little Helper can be seen sleeping on top of his dog house and Homer is seen sleeping on top",
"title": "Treehouse of Horror XIX"
},
{
"id": "6619175",
"text": "as the operation was too expensive and the dog was too old. \"The Gold Coast Bulletin\"s Ryan Ellem commented that the Simpson family's dilemma with the cost of the veterinary procedure is a \"very real\" dilemma that many families \"who normally don't budget for a pooch's bung knee\" face. \"Dog of Death\" features a number of references to popular culture and famous dogs. Santa's Little Helper's adventure resembles the plot of the 1963 film \"The Incredible Journey\". The scene in which Mr. Burns brainwashes Santa's Little Helper with the Ludovico technique is a parody of Stanley Kubrick's film \"A Clockwork",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "5428559",
"text": "treehouse with Amber. Homer still loves Marge and refuses to sleep with Amber, so he tries to sleep in Santa's Little Helper's kennel, but ends up getting its doorway stuck to his head and spends the rest of the night trying to get it off. The next day, Marge finds Homer asleep amid the broken remains of the doghouse, and she tells Homer that she is still angry at Homer over what he did, but she has a plan to get Amber out of their house. While Amber is lounging in a kiddie pool, she overhears Homer and Marge arguing,",
"title": "Brawl in the Family (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "6255795",
"text": "network the week it aired. Lisa has the mumps and has to spend a few days home from school. While Marge teaches Lisa sewing, Homer goes to the mall to buy some magazines for her. There he sees and purchases some $125 shoes known as the Assassins, which he saw his neighbor Ned wear earlier. However, Santa's Little Helper promptly destroys the shoes, angering Homer. Marge shows Lisa a patchwork quilt, which is a family heirloom. Lisa makes her own contribution to it, but then Santa's Little Helper rips it up. When Homer discovers that Santa's Little Helper has also",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "5533483",
"text": "Bart gives Laddie yet another walk, the collie saves the life of Baby Gerald. At the ceremony honoring Laddie's heroism, Chief Wiggum decides that Laddie would make the perfect police dog. Bart gives him to the Springfield police force and is forced to explain why the family now has no dog at all, while sobbing. Homer instructs Bart to do whatever it takes to get Santa's Little Helper back and he goes hunting around the town, trying to find his old pal. Bart eventually learns from Reverend Lovejoy that the dog was given to a parishioner named Mr. Mitchell. Bart",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "20168942",
"text": "out the leader of the dog pack is a vicious chihuahua named Taquito, kicks Taquito clear out of their showdown park and becomes the new alpha of Springfield. All of the dogs return to their homes and families, from Ned's Boz and Mr. Burns' hounds, to Lisa and Bart's joyous reunion with Santa's Little Helper. In the final scene, Gil thinks he's found a new friend in a weakened Taquito who licks Gil's hand and barks happily. Gil doesn't realize the Chihuahua is only being friendly so he can get a taste for Gil before the poor ex-salesman finally dies",
"title": "Dogtown (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "743060",
"text": "reason he stopped performing as Santa's Little Helper was because \"The producers thought... 'Hmmm, Dan barks pretty good, and we are already paying him and he seems to like doing the dog thing... why do we need to pay Welker who comes in here, spends less than an hour, eats all the doughnuts, refuses to come to rehearsals... let's just give the damn dog to Dan!'\" Santa's Little Helper has become a well-known dog because of his appearances in the series. A writer for \"The Grand Rapids Press\" wrote in 2002 that \"we all know who Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743044",
"text": "barrier, allowing the dog to understand Bart's commands, and consequently pass the obedience school. Santa's Little Helper has fathered several puppies. In \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" (season six, 1995), he runs away to the dog racing track where he mates with a female hound named She's the Fastest. She later gives birth to 25 puppies and when the Simpsons cannot take care of them any longer, they decide to sell them; however, Mr. Burns steals the puppies and decides to make a tuxedo out of them. Before he does this, however, he becomes emotionally touched by them. This convinces",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743063",
"text": "for \"The Tampa Tribune\" listed Santa's Little Helper at number six, writing: \"We admire his upbeat nature even after having his legs broken by Mr. Burns and being abandoned by Bart for another dog, Laddie.\" He also ranked 75th on Retrocrush author Robert Berry's list of \"The 100 Greatest Dogs of Pop Culture History\" in 2006. The character has attracted some criticism too, though. While reviewing the episode \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\" in 2010, Nathan Rabin of \"The A.V. Club\" wrote: \"As cartoon dogs go, Santa’s Little Helper is spectacularly unspectacular. In a realm of aggressively anthropomorphic canines, some",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6619188",
"text": "\"Herald Sun\" named this episode's chalkboard gag, \"I saw nothing unusual in the teacher's lounge\", the third-best chalkboard gag in the show's history. While reviewing the episode in 2011, Nathan Rabin of \"The A.V. Club\" noted, \"perhaps because he’s a fucking dog, Santa’s Little Helper is never developed as fully as the other characters, so the requisite episode-ending orgy of sentimentality when Santa's Little Helper is joyously reunited with Bart feels a little cheap and unearned.\" Dog of Death \"Dog of Death\" is the 19th episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "14460839",
"text": "Krusty, and to which Moe agrees as he now has a place to sit. During the competition, Moe makes sardonic, offensive but undoubtedly funny comments about all the ugly dogs, but chooses the Simpsons' dog (under the alias of \"Satan's Little Helper\") was the winner because the Simpsons disguised their dog's buttocks as if it were his face, leaving Santa's Little Helper upset over his appearance until Lisa comforts him later. After that, Moe becomes the judge of most Springfield competitions (including a bully competition at the beach) and is offered a job as one of jurors of \"American Idol\",",
"title": "Judge Me Tender"
},
{
"id": "5533480",
"text": "One piece contains a credit card application, which Bart fills out under the name of his dog Santa's Little Helper, whom he claims to have the occupation \"butt doctor\". The company misreads the name as \"Santos L. Halper\", and the credit card application is approved. Before long, Bart receives a credit card. Bart goes on a shopping spree, buying the family some very expensive gifts from a mail order catalog: Vancouver smoked salmon and a radio-frying pan for Marge, a golf shirt with corporate logo for Homer, \"Trucker's Choice Stay-Alert Capsules\" for Lisa and many things for himself. The item",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "20168941",
"text": "run animal medicine places like the poor Dr. Budgie, who gets arrested and put into shackles. Dr. Budgie's plea for Springfield to realize that the dogs will soon notice that humans have advocated their alpha status and turn on the citizens isn't taken seriously until it actually happens. Even Santa's Little Helper joins the feral dog pack, as the town hides from the now-vicious dogs, and a town meeting leads to the community begging their most broken-down citizen to help them: Gil. Gil's ready to face down his fellow street creatures, but it's Marge who steps up, and after finding",
"title": "Dogtown (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "6255798",
"text": "shorts, the characters spun off into their own half-hour prime-time show on the Fox network named \"The Simpsons\". Matt Groening, the series' creator, wanted Ullman to make a guest appearance in one of the shorts, but was told that she was too busy with the rest of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". When her show was canceled in 1990, Ullman agreed to do a guest appearance on \"The Simpsons\" after being asked by Groening once again. The animal noises for the episode, including those by Santa's Little Helper, were performed by Frank Welker. It was the first \"The Simpsons\" episode Welker",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "5994382",
"text": "novelist, Theodor Storm, wrote the poem \"Knecht Ruprecht\" in 1862. In the German version of \"The Simpsons\" television show, the family dog is named Knecht Ruprecht rather than Santa's Little Helper. Knecht Ruprecht Knecht Ruprecht (; English: \"Farmhand Rupert\" or \"Servant Rupert\") is a companion of Saint Nicholas as described in the folklore of Germany. He first appears in written sources in the 17th century, as a figure in a Nuremberg Christmas procession. The companions of Saint Nicholas are a group of closely related figures who accompany Saint Nicholas in German-speaking Europe and more widely throughout the territories formerly in",
"title": "Knecht Ruprecht"
},
{
"id": "743053",
"text": "because there were animation problems with the others. Jean told the \"Houston Chronicle\" in 2001 that after the first episode was broadcast and \"the next seven didn't have the dog, people wondered why.\" He also said in 2003 that the staff enjoyed the first episodes that centered on him, particularly \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which is the reason that more episodes about him were written. Writer John Swartzwelder has noted that the staff members of the show write the character Homer in the same way that they write Santa's Little Helper: \"Both are loyal. Both have the same",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "743039",
"text": "and is the center of the plots of several episodes. During the course of the show, he has fathered litters of puppies, passed obedience school, had surgery for bloat, replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer, and been trained as a police dog at Springfield's Animal Police Academy. Some of the episodes that focus on Santa's Little Helper have been inspired by popular culture or real experiences that staff members of the show have gone through. Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized, Santa's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior. Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog's sounds on",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "5272803",
"text": "a suggestive photograph. Bart responds back using lines from a old love letter Homer sent Marge. Meanwhile, Marge notices that their dog Santa's Little Helper needs a new dog house. Homer says he can save money by building one himself, but his attempts fail and he curses loud enough for Todd Flanders to overhear. After Todd says \"hell no\" and \"damn\" at dinner, Ned searches for any possible bad influences and later discovers he learned those words from Homer. He complains to him, who criticizes Ned's mustache. Ned promises to shave it off in return for Homer curtailing uses of",
"title": "Bart the Lover"
},
{
"id": "5633751",
"text": "Charlie Brown (even saying \"Good grief!\" at one point). A redesigned version of Santa's Little Helper can be seen sleeping atop his dog house a la Snoopy, while Homer is seen sleeping on top of the family house in a similar manner. When Marge first speaks, her voice is replaced with a muted trombone sound, a parody of the \"wah wah wah\" voice that is used for adults in all \"Peanuts\" specials. The dance scene during the Halloween party is a parody of the dance scene in \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" right down to Kang and Kodos in a nonspeaking",
"title": "Great Pumpkin"
},
{
"id": "5270905",
"text": "Snowball II is worshipped as a hero by Springfield. The local dog park is even renamed the \"Snowball II Municipal Cat Park\". During a live interview with Kent Brockman at the park renaming, Homer declares into the camera, “I have no dog!\" Homer tethers Santa's Little Helper in the backyard with a choke chain while he goes inside with Marge to eat the “emergency ham”, with the intent of making Santa’s Little Helper jealous. When Homer leaves an empty beer can in the yard, Santa’s Little Helper flips the can into the air, balancing it on his nose and drinking",
"title": "Old Yeller-Belly"
},
{
"id": "6619172",
"text": "is joyous that their dog is well again, but soon begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices. As a result, the morale of the family suffers and they take their annoyance out on Santa's Little Helper. Feeling unwanted, he runs away from home and goes off on an adventure, only to be captured, taken to the dog pound, and adopted by Mr. Burns, who trains him to be one of his vicious attack hounds. After a long brainwashing process, consisting of the Ludovico technique, Santa's Little Helper is turned into a bloodthirsty killer. The family begins to regret all",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "6158947",
"text": "Verdict gave the episode a grade of B−. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson appreciated the spoofs of Disney films, and also complimented \"the most bizarre references to Rory Calhoun imaginable\", concluding that the combination of these elements formed a \"fine show\". Two Dozen and One Greyhounds \"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds\" is the 20th episode of \"The Simpsons\" sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 9, 1995. The episode was written by Mike Scully and directed by Bob Anderson. Frank Welker guest stars as Santa's Little Helper and various other dogs. In",
"title": "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds"
},
{
"id": "19903650",
"text": "the chores and guards the house. Lisa accepts this outcome, claiming that it could have been much worse. An opening scene features Lisa warning viewers about the following segment’s disgusting content, proclaiming, \"What you're about to see is so disgusting, you'll watch Game of Thrones to calm down!\" The episode then begins when a Homer remains home while the rest of the family go on vacation with Patty and Selma. Homer gets comfy, but ends up eating his food supplies, ending up with only vegetables before finding a frozen hot dog. Losing the hot dog to Santa's Little Helper, Homer",
"title": "Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"
},
{
"id": "16974842",
"text": "sweatshirt Homer gave to Bongo when the dog was left to Ms. Viola, proving that Bongo still remembers him. Homer tries to deny the truth but eventually bursts into tears when he realizes that Grandpa did something noble and suffered badly for it, and he immediately makes amends with his father and spends the following night sleeping on the couch with him and Santa's Little Helper, dreaming about himself walking with Santa's Little Helper alongside a younger Homer with Bongo, Burns with his dogs, and Krusty with a gorilla that was the predecessor of Mr. Teeny. At the end of",
"title": "To Cur with Love"
},
{
"id": "743052",
"text": "The name \"Santa's Little Helper\" was chosen because, according to writer Al Jean in the same \"TV Guide\" article, \"we needed a name that would inspire Homer to bet on him, an omen, a Christmas name since he was betting on Christmas Eve. But, at that point, nobody was thinking long-term. We weren't considering what might happen in ten years, when we've got to use this name.\" Although \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" was the first episode of the series to air on TV, it was the eighth episode produced by the staff. It was chosen to air first",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "6619183",
"text": "any reference books. In addition, the doctor, who was played by Hank Azaria, and the music that plays when he desperately attempts to save the hamster, is a reference to Ben Casey. One of the places to where Santa's Little Helper voyages, Swartzwelder County, where he rescues a baby from a burning house, is a reference to the writer of this episode, John Swartzwelder. \"Dog of Death\" first aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 12, 1992. The episode finished 19th in the ratings that week, and beat its main competitor, \"The Cosby Show\" (NBC), which",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "16620195",
"text": "The Changing of the Guardian \"The Changing of the Guardian\" is the eleventh episode of the 24th season of \"The Simpsons\" and the 519th episode overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 27, 2013. The title \"The Changing of the Guardian\" is a pun on the term the changing of the guard. The episode received negative reviews by critics. A storm passes over Springfield, and the Simpson family tries to pass it by playing a board game. Suddenly, Lisa spots a tornado that has touched down and sucks up Santa's Little Helper. Homer",
"title": "The Changing of the Guardian"
},
{
"id": "5533484",
"text": "visits Mr. Mitchell to ask for his dog back, but when he sees that the man is blind and lonely, and hears how he and Santa's Little Helper have bonded, he grows heartsick and leaves. Still determined to get his dog back, Bart makes a late-night visit to Mr. Mitchell's home in hopes of retrieving Santa's Little Helper. The pair are reunited, but Bart traps himself in a closet. Mr. Mitchell, thinking Bart is a burglar, sits outside the closet and gloats to Bart that he had called the police, but Bart explains that he's just a boy, and that",
"title": "The Canine Mutiny"
},
{
"id": "7052091",
"text": "conversation remarking that the men are more important than the women, Marge retaliates by forcing Homer to sleep on the couch. The next night, Homer tries to apologize for his sexism, but lacks both intellect and sensitivity to this and is once again forced to sleep on the couch. When Homer tries to get comfort from Santa's Little Helper, he unwittingly insults him by claiming that he is dumber than he himself. The offended dog then kicks Homer out of the house and forces him to sleep in his dog house, where Homer wonders what he did to deserve these",
"title": "Girls Just Want to Have Sums"
},
{
"id": "6619186",
"text": "as \"possibly the funniest \"Clockwork Orange\" parody I've ever seen.\" Jacobson added that the episode as a whole offers \"a terrific program. [...] From the cracks about the lottery and public hysteria that open the program to the calamities that befall the family when Santa's Little Helper gets sick to the bizarre escapades that greet the pooch when he splits, 'Dog of Death' provides a hilarious piece.\" The authors of the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, praised several scenes from the episode, including Homer's dream of winning",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "16254679",
"text": "up to find the rag has been stolen. The thief is revealed as Marge, who cleans the rag before returning it. Moe then realizes that he has real friends in the Simpson family, and tosses the rag out the window for Santa's Little Helper, who takes care of the rag and then fights over it with Maggie. The rag, meanwhile, is overjoyed to have finally found an owner who truly loves it. The episode was written by Tim Long. It was first announced to the press at the Comic-Con convention in San Diego, California on July 23, 2011, during a",
"title": "Moe Goes from Rags to Riches"
},
{
"id": "4230759",
"text": "by Don Payne, based on the area where his mother lived, where one side of town would spread rumors about the other side. Larry Doyle then pitched that the two sides of Springfield would be divided because of a telephone area code. The episode features cultural references to The Who and the Norman Rockwell painting \"Freedom of Speech\", and has received positive reviews from critics. A badger takes up residence in Santa's Little Helper's doghouse. After several failed attempts to lure it out (including sending in Homer, whom the badger attacks), Homer calls animal control. When he is unable to",
"title": "A Tale of Two Springfields"
},
{
"id": "18468285",
"text": "Wiggum, enroll him in the Springfield Animal Police Academy, where he is teamed with Lou, managing to help fight crime in Springfield. Santa's Little Helper catches Snake Jailbird who is taken to court, but freed on a technicality. This makes Santa's Little Helper jaded, and when he returns home, he bites Bart on the leg out of frustration. Considering the fact that the pressure from the fight against crime is what led to the dog's actions on Bart, the Simpsons send the dog away to live with Lou. As a replacement, Marge buys Bart a reticulated python, which he names",
"title": "Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot"
},
{
"id": "3818425",
"text": "he gets home, Homer tries to send out a message to the police through his computer, but is stopped by Number Two taking over the computer and is caught by his doppelgänger. Homer fights his double and defeats him by kicking him in the crotch. Marge and the kids are happy that the real Homer has returned, but then a fake Santa's Little Helper spouts a gas that drugs the entire family. The episode ends with everyone in the family enjoying their strange, new life on the Island. \"The Computer Wore Menace Shoes\" was written by John Swartzwelder and directed",
"title": "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes"
},
{
"id": "6619187",
"text": "the lottery, Mr. Burns' brainwashing of Santa's Little Helper, and the closing line of the episode that \"No dogs were harmed in the filming of this episode. A cat got sick, and someone shot a duck. But that's it.\" Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict commented that Santa's Little Helper's \"twisted stomach means the family must budget themselves to pay for the surgery, and the results are some of the best lines in the history of the show. From 'lousy chub night' to 'mmmm, snouts,' the hard knock life seems to enliven Homer into one sarcastic bastard.\" Mikey Cahill of the",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "14388339",
"text": "in \"Little Orphan Annie\", as well as the layman's term ant itself). They care for her as they would a child, but realize that she is near death. They decide to release her, so she can live out her last days in the wild, but as soon as they let her go Santa's Little Helper eats Annie. The episode was written by Michael Price and directed by Bob Anderson, his second credit of the season after \"Rednecks and Broomsticks\". The episode also features the second appearance of Kevin Michael Richardson who first appeared in \"Homer the Whopper\" and Joe Mantegna",
"title": "American History X-cellent"
},
{
"id": "6619185",
"text": "Ditum. Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed gave \"Dog of Death\" a 3/5 rating and commented that people who like dogs will enjoy the episode, in part because of Mr. Burns' attack-dog training program, which Meyers called a \"brilliant reference to \"A Clockwork Orange\".\" He added that the episode is unlikely to satisfy devoted fans, and the relationship between the family and Santa's Little Helper will not \"register\" to casual viewers; \"Still, there are enough laughs (especially in the animal hospital) to keep the audience entertained.\" DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson also praised the parody of \"A Clockwork Orange\", describing it",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "6619169",
"text": "Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa's Little Helper and is attacked, but the dog eventually recognizes his old friend and stops. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Jim Reardon. The writers enjoyed the previous episodes centered on Santa's Little Helper and decided to create another one, which resulted in \"Dog of Death\". The episode features numerous references to popular culture, including the films \"The Incredible Journey\" and \"A Clockwork Orange\", and the short story \"The Lottery\". Since airing, the episode has received positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14.2 and was",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "6619182",
"text": "actually occurred. Music from \"Peter and the Wolf\", a children's story composed by Sergei Prokofiev, is played over the wanderings of Santa's Little Helper through Springfield's outer domains. This episode also references several controversies about Michael Jackson; for example, Kent Brockman's butler tells Kent that his pet llama bit Ted Kennedy, and Mr. Burns is sleeping in an iron lung as part of his longevity treatment. This episode shows the first time where someone other than Homer says \"Doh!\". Lisa exclaims it when she is assigned to do a book report on Copernicus and she realizes she does not have",
"title": "Dog of Death"
},
{
"id": "15011638",
"text": "Homer proud of his son). Bart then realizes that Santa's Little Helper could not help what he did and apologizes for holding such a grudge against him. The family goes back home with the dog and the ostrich Bart strangled tied to the car, but the ostrich regains consciousness and punches through the roof with its claw, proceeding to strangle Homer. In its original American broadcast, \"How Munched Is That Birdie in the Window\" was viewed by an estimated 9.42 million households with 4.1 rating/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, making it the highest rated",
"title": "How Munched Is That Birdie in the Window?"
},
{
"id": "743049",
"text": "There, Bart says goodbye to him and explains that he should never, ever devour a bird. Bart then gets into a fight with an angry ostrich. After remembering that he was told that it's wrong to kill birds, he ceases to aid Bart in the fight, confused at his own loyalty (for Bart's sake or his orders) leaving Bart to strangle the ostrich to death. Bart then realizes that he could not help killing the pigeon and apologizes. Afterwards, the family goes back home with the dog. The dog once replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer in the",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "4691237",
"text": "centerpiece into the fireplace and it burns up. Devastated, Lisa runs to her room crying, while Bart is sent to his room by his parents for causing the incident. Marge tells Bart that if he apologizes to Lisa, and legitimately mean it, he'll be allowed to come down to dinner. A stubborn Bart insists that he didn't do anything wrong and that Lisa is to blame, so Bart decides to run away from home, taking Santa's Little Helper with him. While wandering the streets, he gets Homer's ID that he uses to sell his blood to a plasmapheresis facility and",
"title": "Bart vs. Thanksgiving"
},
{
"id": "743043",
"text": "backyard. In \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\" (season two, 1991), he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home. As a result, Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog, but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school. Santa's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor. The night before the final exam, Bart and Santa's Little Helper play, thinking it will be their last few hours together. This bonding breaks down the communication",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "16842969",
"text": "debuted. Its theme song included the line \"the dog ate all my homework last night\". Thus embedded in the American consciousness, it would be exploited for comic purposes in other television shows and comic strips. Users of the popular \"TV Tropes\" website have devoted a page to collecting examples from various popular media. It became an occasional running gag on \"The Simpsons\", which also began airing that year, mostly playing off Bart's tendency to offer ridiculous excuses for all sorts of misconduct to his teacher Mrs. Krabappel. In a 1991 episode, a difficult day for Bart begins with Santa's Little",
"title": "The dog ate my homework"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Santa's Little Helper context: Santa's Little Helper Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog. Santa's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on \"The Simpsons\",\n\nSanta's Little Helper is the family dog on what TV series?",
"compressed_tokens": 182,
"origin_tokens": 182,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Santa's Little Helper context: event; however, their plan fails and a drunk shark that's discovered at the event becomes the new mascot instead. Santa's Little Helper gladly returns to the Simpson family. Santa's Little Helper's initial appearance on \"The Simpsons\" was in the first episode of the series, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which aired on Dec. 17, 1989. Since then, he has become a recurring character. \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening told \"TV Guide\" in 2000 that \"we [the staff] painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode. Once we wrote the dog into the show, we were stuck with him.\"\n\ntitle: Simps Bible St context David and Goliath,' dream asequel to the story. inspired by and contains references to by Jerry Bruckheimer, including \"Die Hard\" and \"Lethal Weap\", and borrows elements from action films. At one point in the segment,'s dog Santa's Little Helper starts talking to him. The dog's voice is similar to that ofoliath in stop-motion television seriesDavey and Goliath\". Inside the wh ske in the episode, Bart the remains of Jon. Jon was a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel, according to the Hebrew Bible.\n\ntitle:'s: Academy, his new crime-fighting jaded one day at bit. The Simps must dog to officer, gets to return Bart a to smoke and then force. In \" Munch in ( 2 210), after Santa' Little Helper devoursigeon with broken leg Bart was nurs, Bart mad dog unable to forgive him The Sim him away to an ostrichangles school, whereapes school and unallys of eth, a cloud. Bart person,,It Both Santa's Little Helper and Strangles arrive to save Bart, who chooses his faithful dog to save him. Santa's Little Helper goes back to living with the Simpsons. Groundskeeper Willie adopts Strangles, and places him in the fire hose coil.\n\nSanta's Little Helper is the family dog on what TV series?",
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} |
78,704 | If Omnipotence is Latin for all powerful, what is Latin for all knowing? | [
"All-knowing",
"Divine foreknowledge",
"Cosmic Awareness",
"Infinite knowledge",
"Cosmic awareness",
"Omniscience",
"All knowing",
"Omniscience of God",
"Omniscient",
"Knowledge of God"
] | Omniscience | [
{
"id": "304699",
"text": "its own laws unless there were an overwhelming reason to do so. The word \"Omnipotence\" derives from the Latin term \"\"Omni Potens\"\", meaning \"All-Powerful\" instead of \"Infinite Power\" implied by its English counterpart. The term could be applied to both deities and Roman Emperors. Being the one with \"All the power\", it was not uncommon for nobles to attempt to prove their Emperor's \"\"Omni Potens\"\" to the people, by demonstrating his effectiveness at leading the Empire. St. Thomas Aquinas, OP acknowledged difficulty in comprehending the Deity's power: \"All confess that God is omnipotent; but it seems difficult to explain in",
"title": "Omnipotence"
},
{
"id": "2185771",
"text": "term is also used by authors who defend the coherence of divine attributes, including but not limited to, Jonathan Kvanvig in \"The Problem of Hell\" (1993), and Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz in \"The Divine Attributes\" (2002). The terminology has been used by some prominent Roman Catholic figures, examples being Father Robert Barron, Doctor of Sacred Theology in his 2011 book \"Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith\". The term is patterned on, and often accompanied by, the terms \"omniscience\" and \"omnipotence\", typically to refer to conceptions of an \"all-good, all-knowing, all-powerful\" deity. Philosophers and theologians more commonly",
"title": "Omnibenevolence"
},
{
"id": "15678399",
"text": "in the world are pointless or gratuitous evils representing evidence against the existence of the orthodox Christian God. Atheological is the atheistic equivalent to the word theological. God (capitalized), for the purposes of skeptical theism is the omniscient (all knowing), omnibenevolent (all good) and omnipotent (all powerful) God of orthodox Christianity. Gratuitous evil is evil permitted to occur in the word, but for which God is argued to have no morally sufficient reason for permitting. It is also sometimes called 'pointless evil' or 'inscrutable evil'. Noseeum Inference is a philosophical term describing the position asserting that an atheologian's inability to",
"title": "Skeptical theism"
},
{
"id": "2185769",
"text": "Omnibenevolence Omnibenevolence (from Latin \"omni-\" meaning \"all\", \"bene-\" meaning \"good\" and \"volens\" meaning \"willing\") is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as \"unlimited or infinite benevolence\". Some philosophers have argued that it is impossible, or at least improbable, for a deity to exhibit such a property alongside omniscience and omnipotence, as a result of the problem of evil. However, some philosophers, such as Alvin Plantinga, argue the plausibility of co-existence. The word is primarily used as a technical term within academic literature on the philosophy of religion, mainly in context of the problem of evil and theodical responses to such.",
"title": "Omnibenevolence"
},
{
"id": "7749279",
"text": "of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know.\" Many religious believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings such as angels, saints, jinn, demons, and devas. God In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the supreme being, creator deity, and principal object of faith. The concept of God, as described by theologians, commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful),",
"title": "God"
},
{
"id": "7749218",
"text": "God In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the supreme being, creator deity, and principal object of faith. The concept of God, as described by theologians, commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful), omnipresence (all-present), and as having an eternal and necessary existence. Depending on one's kind of theism, these attributes are used either in way of analogy, or in a literal sense as distinct properties. God is most often held to be incorporeal (immaterial). Incorporeality and corporeality of God are related to conceptions of transcendence (being outside nature) and immanence (being in nature) of God, with",
"title": "God"
},
{
"id": "5681227",
"text": "is ultimate mystery.” Karl Rahner views “God” as “mystery” and theology as “the ‘science’ of mystery.” Nikolai Berdyaev deems “inexplicable Mystery” as God’s “most profound definition.” Ian Ramsey defines God as “permanent mystery,” The omnipotence of God refers to Him being \"all powerful\". This is often conveyed with the phrase \"Almighty\", as in the Old Testament title \"God Almighty\" (the conventional translation of the Hebrew title \"El Shaddai\") and the title \"God the Father Almighty\" in the Apostles' Creed. Jesus says in , \"with God all things are possible\". C. S. Lewis clarifies this concept: \"His Omnipotence means power to",
"title": "Attributes of God in Christianity"
},
{
"id": "226402",
"text": "transfer ceremonies by a few scholars, a claim disputed by others. Other schools in Hinduism, such as the Yoga and Advaita Vedantic philosophies, and Jainism hold that karma can not be transferred. There has been an ongoing debate about karma theory and how it answers the problem of evil and related problem of theodicy. The problem of evil is a significant question debated in monotheistic religions with two beliefs: (1) There is one God who is absolutely good and compassionate (omnibenevolent), and (2) That one God knows absolutely everything (omniscient) and is all powerful (omnipotent). The problem of evil is",
"title": "Karma"
},
{
"id": "5108473",
"text": "interchangeable, \"Pantokrator\" appears to be reserved for God except, perhaps, in 1:8. The most common translation of \"Pantocrator\" is \"Almighty\" or \"All-powerful\". In this understanding, \"Pantokrator\" is a compound word formed from the Greek words , ' ( '), i.e. \"all\" and , \",\" i.e. \"strength\", \"might\", \"power\". This is often understood in terms of potential power; i.e., ability to do anything, omnipotence. Another, more literal translation is \"Ruler of All\" or, less literally, \"Sustainer of the World\". In this understanding, Pantokrator is a compound word formed from the Greek for \"all\" and the verb meaning \"To accomplish something\" or",
"title": "Christ Pantocrator"
},
{
"id": "2990930",
"text": "public criticism that the development and deployment of these technologies could potentially lead to a mass surveillance system, the IAO was defunded by the United States Congress in 2003. The second source of controversy involved IAO’s original logo, which depicted the \"all-seeing\" Eye of Providence atop of a pyramid looking down over the globe, accompanied by the Latin phrase \"scientia est potentia\" (knowledge is power). Although DARPA eventually removed the logo from its website, it left a lasting impression on privacy advocates. It also inflamed conspiracy theorists, who misinterpret the \"eye and pyramid\" as the Masonic symbol of the Illuminati,",
"title": "New World Order (conspiracy theory)"
},
{
"id": "1281230",
"text": "European Jewish population was particularly hard hit, being reduced by ninety percent. While a disproportionate number of Jewish religious scholars were killed, more than eighty percent of the world's total, the perpetrators of the Holocaust did not merely target religious Jews. A large percentage of the Jews killed both in Eastern and Western Europe were either nonobservant or had not received even an elementary level of Jewish education. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have traditionally taught that God is omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotent (all-powerful), and omnibenevolent (all-good) in nature. However, these views are in apparent contrast with the injustice and suffering in",
"title": "Holocaust theology"
},
{
"id": "2348149",
"text": "Aberdeen. A black wavy band divides the two sides, and features heraldic symbols in gold representing technology (a mechanical cog), learning (a flaming torch) and commerce (a gold coin). The university's motto is \"Omni Nunc Arte Magistra\", which translates literally from Latin as \"\"Now by all your mastered arts...\"\", as if to suggest making use in everyday life of knowledge and skills gained. It is sometimes translated as \"\"Make the best of all your abilities\"\", although this is a somewhat more liberal rendering of the Latin. It comes from Virgil's \"Aeneid\", Book VIII, line 441, as the god Vulcan encourages",
"title": "Robert Gordon University"
},
{
"id": "10175582",
"text": "allies. Jews were killed in higher proportions than other groups; some scholars limit the definition of the Holocaust to the Jewish victims of the Nazis as Jews alone were targeted for the Final Solution. Others include the additional five million non-Jewish victims, bringing the total to about 11 million. One third of the total worldwide Jewish population were killed during the Holocaust. The Eastern European Jewish population was particularly hard hit, being reduced by ninety percent. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have traditionally taught that God is omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotent (all-powerful), and omnibenevolent (all-good) in nature. However, these views are in",
"title": "Aftermath of the Holocaust"
},
{
"id": "1811524",
"text": "His criticisms of the free will defence are particularly significant. He argued that the idea of human free will is no defense for those who wish to believe in an omnicompetent being in the face of evil and suffering, as such a being could have given us both free will and moral perfection, thus resulting in us choosing the good in every situation. In 1955 he published one of his \"Evil and Omnipotence\", summarizing his view that the simultaneous existence of evil and an all-powerful, all-knowing and all-good God was \"positively irrational\". Mackie's views on this so-called logical problem of",
"title": "J. L. Mackie"
},
{
"id": "12315950",
"text": "a poet, grammarian, and antiquarian is quoted by St. Augustine in the \"De civitate Dei\" (7.9) to support his view that the tutelary deity of Rome was the Capitoline Jupiter: \"Iuppiter omnipotens regum rerumque deumque \"progenitor genetrixque deum, deus unus et omnes …\" The syntax poses difficulties in attempts at translation, and there may be some corruption of the text. It seems to say something like \"Jupiter All-powerful, of kings and the material world and of gods the Father (\"progenitor\"), the Mother (\"genetrix\") of gods, God that is One and All … .\" Augustine says that his source for the",
"title": "Quintus Valerius Soranus"
},
{
"id": "18638160",
"text": "Vishva \"vishva\"' or \"viśva\" (Sanskrit:विश्व), root विश् (\"\"vish\"\") (to pervade) means – all, whole, entire, universal, every, everyone, all-pervading, omnipresent. It is another name for Vishnu and also refers to the world, the universe. In literature, this word refers to the entire enchanted universe. The word, (विश्व) (\"vishva\"), appears in the Rig Veda, for example, Rishi Dirghatamas (R.V.I.146.1) states:- that just as the seven bright rays of the sun and the brightness of Agni light up the entire world of inanimate and animate objects, so do the learned people with their wisdom gracefully illuminate the minds of all beings for",
"title": "Vishva"
},
{
"id": "16529721",
"text": "environment, avoidance of conflicts of civilisations, multiculturalism and minorities. Omnilateralism Omnilateralism (from \"omnibus\" in Latin \"\"for all and by all\"\") is used as a term in international relations in order to distinguish movements towards comprehensive global governance from the current multilateral institutions that have evolved since the Congress of Vienna. Historically, the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant defined omnilateral in the \"Science of Right\", the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), as \"\"derived from the particular wills of all the individuals\"\". While multilateralism refers only to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue, omnilateralism connotes a wider",
"title": "Omnilateralism"
},
{
"id": "304710",
"text": "Lord God omnipotent reigneth\" (the original Greek word is παντοκράτωρ, \"all-mighty\"). All the above stated claims of power are each based on scriptural grounds and upon empirical human perception. This perception is limited to our senses. The power of a deity is related to its existence.There are however other ways of perception like: reason, intuition, revelation, divine inspiration, religious experience, mystical states, and historical testimony. According to the Hindu philosophy the essence of God or Brahman can never be understood or known since Brahman is beyond both existence and non-existence, transcending and including time, causation and space, and thus can",
"title": "Omnipotence"
},
{
"id": "233593",
"text": "Christian vocabulary became a part of the language, either from Greek or Hebrew borrowings or as Latin neologisms. Continuing into the Middle Ages, Latin incorporated many more words from surrounding languages, including Old English and other Germanic languages. Over the ages, Latin-speaking populations produced new adjectives, nouns, and verbs by affixing or compounding meaningful segments. For example, the compound adjective, \"omnipotens\", \"all-powerful,\" was produced from the adjectives \"omnis\", \"all\", and \"potens\", \"powerful\", by dropping the final \"s\" of \"omnis\" and concatenating. Often, the concatenation changed the part of speech, and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns",
"title": "Latin"
},
{
"id": "16529719",
"text": "Omnilateralism Omnilateralism (from \"omnibus\" in Latin \"\"for all and by all\"\") is used as a term in international relations in order to distinguish movements towards comprehensive global governance from the current multilateral institutions that have evolved since the Congress of Vienna. Historically, the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant defined omnilateral in the \"Science of Right\", the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), as \"\"derived from the particular wills of all the individuals\"\". While multilateralism refers only to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue, omnilateralism connotes a wider participation by all and a broader purpose for all.",
"title": "Omnilateralism"
},
{
"id": "14737580",
"text": "applications, and social media. Companies that use omnichannel contend that a customer values the ability to engage with a company through multiple avenues at the same time. A common misconception is that to be omnichannel, a strategy needs to support all possible channels, which is a practical impossibility for most organizations. \"Omnis\" is Latin for \"every/all\" and here suggests the integration of all physical channels (offline) and digital channels (online) to offer a unified customer experience. According to \"Frost & Sullivan\", omnichannel is defined as \"seamless and effortless, high-quality customer experiences that occur within and between contact channels\". The effort",
"title": "Omnichannel"
},
{
"id": "3454021",
"text": "infinite, omnipotent, omniscient, happiness itself, knowledge itself, love itself, omnipresent, immutable, and eternal. Summing up these properties, Aquinas offers the term \"actus purus\" (Latin: \"pure actuality\"). Aquinas held that not only does God have knowledge of everything, but that God has \"the most perfect knowledge,\" and that it is also true to say that God \"is\" His understanding. Aquinas also understands God as the transcendent cause of the universe, the \"first Cause of all things, exceeding all things caused by Him,\" the source of all creaturely being and the cause of every other cause. Consequently, God's causality is not like",
"title": "Thomism"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "9906466",
"text": "Irenaean theodicy The Irenaean theodicy is a Christian theodicy (a response to the problem of evil). It defends the probability of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God in the face of evidence of evil in the world. Numerous variations of theodicy have been proposed which all maintain that, while evil exists, God is either not responsible for creating evil, or he is not guilty for creating evil. Typically, the Irenaean theodicy asserts that the world is the best of all possible worlds because it allows humans to fully develop. Most versions of the Irenaean theodicy propose that",
"title": "Irenaean theodicy"
},
{
"id": "649242",
"text": "Alakh Niranjan. The religion only takes after the belief in \"One God for All\" or Ik Onkar. Followers of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (Pastafarianism) worship the Flying Spaghetti Monster as the all-powerful deity who is the source of all existence. Pastafarians believe that He created the universe (Omphalos hypothesis) \"after drinking heavily\" which was the cause for a flawed Earth. The purpose of His Noodliness is to create the urge in all to resist dogma and be compassionate of others (no matter ethnicity or sexuality). In the Bahá'í Faith God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is",
"title": "Creator deity"
},
{
"id": "15895555",
"text": "Augustinian theodicy The Augustinian theodicy, named for the 4th- and 5th-century theologian, philosopher and (according to some Christian denominations) Saint Augustine of Hippo, is a type of Christian theodicy designed in response to the evidential problem of evil. As such, it attempts to explain the probability of an omnipotent (all-powerful) and omnibenevolent (all-good) God amid evidence of evil in the world. A number of variations of this kind of theodicy have been proposed throughout history; their similarities were first described by the 20th-century philosopher John Hick, who classified them as \"Augustinian\". They typically assert that God is perfectly (ideally) good;",
"title": "Augustinian theodicy"
},
{
"id": "407314",
"text": "God is perfectly powerful, knowing and loving, then he could have actualized a world with free creatures without moral evil where everyone chooses good, is always full of loving-kindness, is compassionate, always non-violent and full of joy, where earth were just like the monotheistic concept of heaven. If God did create a heaven with his love, an all-loving and always-loving God could have created an earth without evil and suffering for animals and human beings just like heaven. \"Process theodicy reframes the debate on the problem of evil by denying one of its key premises: divine omnipotence.\" It integrates philosophical",
"title": "Problem of evil"
},
{
"id": "5471753",
"text": "with divinity. The Pantheon \"thus imbues the modern with the aura of the divine\", and \"models the interplay of ancient and modern forms of fame\". This trend continued into modern times, with the word \"pantheon\" 'of or for the gods' being reflected in the journalistic meme that refers to financial titans as \"Masters of the Universe\". For example: Francis Ford Coppola has been described as a member of \"that revered pantheon of independent movie directors, which broke the standard Hollywood studio mould as the 1960s expired\". Pantheon (religion) A pantheon (from Greek πάνθεον \"pantheon\", literally \"(a temple) of all gods\",",
"title": "Pantheon (religion)"
},
{
"id": "4058753",
"text": "WILL say hello to you.\" G.U.E. Tech's motto, seen on the student ID card in the feelies, is \"Omne ignotum pro magnifico\", a Latin phrase meaning \"Everything unknown is taken for magnificent.\" The game was very well received. \"Computer Gaming World\" wrote of \"Lurking\", \"Stephen King couldn't have done it better\". In 1996, \"Next Generation\" ranked it as the 24th top game of all time, calling it \"the best adventure game of all time,\" as well as \"one of only two in the horror genre that has ever seemed genuinely scary (\"Resident Evil\" is the other).\" They elaborated that \"Not",
"title": "The Lurking Horror"
},
{
"id": "7043757",
"text": "The All The All (also called The One, The Absolute, The Great One, The Creator, The Supreme Mind, The Supreme Good, The Father, and The All Mother) is the Hermetic, pantheistic, pandeistic or panentheistic (and thus also panpsychism/monopsychism/unus mundus/anima mundi) view of God, which is that everything that is, or at least that can be experienced, collectively makes up The All. One Hermetic maxim states, \"While All is in The All, it is equally true that The All is in All.\" The All can also be seen to be androgynous, possessing both masculine and feminine qualities in equal part. The",
"title": "The All"
},
{
"id": "407447",
"text": "what he calls \"the power of love\" as representative of God's involvement in the struggle against evil. Theodicy Theodicy (), in its most common form, is an attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil, thus resolving the issue of the problem of evil. Some theodicies also address the evidential problem of evil by attempting \"to make the existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful and all-good or omnibenevolent God consistent with the existence of evil or suffering in the world.\" Unlike a defense, which tries to demonstrate that God's existence is logically possible in",
"title": "Theodicy"
},
{
"id": "13311833",
"text": "establishment of a global legal order demands the full harmonization of the various legal systems, as well as a global authority that would exist above the states themselves. The only conceivable institution which would be capable of bringing this global authority into reality would be none other than a Global Parliament, the democratic institution par excellence. Using the terminology of H.L.A Hart, the “rule of recognition” of this new global law could be expressed with the old Latin aphorism: “quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbetur” (Law which affects all must be approved by all). This basically means that rules governing",
"title": "Rafael Domingo Osle"
},
{
"id": "9434455",
"text": "almighty (having all power), God is omnipotent (having all power), God is omnipresent (present everywhere), God is omniscient (knows everything), eternally and immutably so. Infiniteness and immutability in God are mutually supportive and imply each other. An infinite and changing God is inconceivable; indeed, it is a contradiction in definition. Immutability (theology) The Immutability of God is an attribute that \"God is unchanging in his character, will, and covenant promises.\" The Westminster Shorter Catechism says that \"[God] is a spirit, whose being, wisdom power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth are infinite, eternal, and unchangeable.\" Those things do not change. A",
"title": "Immutability (theology)"
},
{
"id": "292383",
"text": "Latin text adds \"Deum de Deo\" and \"Filioque\" to the Greek. On the latter see The Filioque Controversy above. Inevitably also, the overtones of the terms used, such as \"\" (pantokratora) and \"omnipotentem\" differ (\"pantokratora\" meaning Ruler of all; \"omnipotentem\" meaning omnipotent, Almighty). The implications of this for the interpretation of \"\" and \"qui ... procedit\" was the object of the study \"The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit\" published by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in 1996. Again, the terms \"\" and \"consubstantialem\", translated as \"of one being\" or \"consubstantial\", have",
"title": "Nicene Creed"
},
{
"id": "11076525",
"text": "systematic lists of these attributes, some based on statements in the Bible (e.g., the Lord's Prayer, stating that the Father is in Heaven), others based on theological reasoning. In Islamic theology, God ( \"\") is the all-powerful and all-knowing creator, sustainer, ordainer and judge of everything in existence. Islam emphasizes that God is strictly singular (\"\") unique (') and inherently One ('), all-merciful and omnipotent. According to Islamic teachings, God exists without place and according to the Quran, \"No vision can grasp him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all",
"title": "Abrahamic religions"
},
{
"id": "407303",
"text": "the skeptical theism defense as \"devaluing the suffering\" and not addressing the premise that God is all-benevolent and should be able to stop all suffering and evil, rather than play a balancing act. The omnipotence paradoxes, where evil persists in the presence of an all powerful God, raise questions as to the nature of God's omnipotence. There is the further question of how an interference would negate and subjugate the concept of free will, or in other words result in a totalitarian system that creates a lack of freedom. Some solutions propose that omnipotence does not require the ability to",
"title": "Problem of evil"
},
{
"id": "10048205",
"text": "their brains and they have deep psychic significance in the present time, in spite of urbanization. Humans are dependent on healthy nature not only for their physical sustenance, but for mental health, too. The concept of a state of nature was first posited by the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes in \"Leviathan\". Hobbes described the concept in the Latin phrase \"bellum omnium contra omnes\", meaning \"the war of all against all.\" In this state any person has a natural right to do anything to preserve their own liberty or safety. Famously, he believed that such a condition would lead",
"title": "Wildness"
},
{
"id": "20098579",
"text": "attribute of omnipotence or the statement that \"God is sovereign.\" Rather, \"the negative attributes of God are the true attributes\". Maimonides argues that any statement of a positive attribute implies polytheism and is inadequate. But negative attributes do not create any incorrect notion or deficiency. \"If Maimonides is right, there can be no plurality of faculties, moral dispositions, or essential attributes in God. Even to say that God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good is to introduce plurality, if one means thereby that these qualities are separate attributes whatever in reference to God. . . [but to] say that God does",
"title": "Sovereignty of God in Christianity"
},
{
"id": "16478310",
"text": "to the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, all-loving God.\" Lam also observes that \"no theodicy is easy.\" The \"Dictionary of Theology\" explains why Lam asserts that \"no theodicy is easy.\" It explains that \"the [theodic] issue is raised in light of the sovereignty of God,\" and it asks, \"how could a holy and loving God who is in control of all things allow evil to exist?\" The difficulty of the question is attested by the fact that \"the answer has been debated for as long as the church has existed,\" but \"we still do not have a definitive answer and",
"title": "Theodicy and the Bible"
},
{
"id": "7153306",
"text": "God, we do not mean, like the naive Christians and their spiritual exploiters, a man-like being sitting around somewhere in the universe. The force governed by natural law by which all these countless planets move in the universe, we call omnipotence or God. The assertion that this universal force can trouble itself about the destiny of each individual being, every smallest earthly bacillus, can be influenced by so-called prayers or other surprising things, depends upon a requisite dose of naivety or else upon shameless professional self-interest. As the Nazi Party began its takeover of power in Germany in 1933 the",
"title": "Religion in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"id": "20598997",
"text": "emphatic one such as \"omnis\" \"all\": This also applies when a participle is used instead of an adjective: The orders Adjective-Noun-Genitive and Adjective-Genitive-Noun are both common in Caesar and Cicero; but Genitive-Adjective-Noun is infrequent. There are certain words that are enclitic, that is to say, they always follow a stronger word. Typical of these are \"enim\" \"for\", \"autem\" \"however, moreover\", and \"vero\" \"indeed\", which virtually always come after the first full word of the sentence (not counting prepositions), never first. Other words which require a stronger word to lean on are \"quoque\" \"also\" and \"quidem\" \"indeed\". These can never begin",
"title": "Latin word order"
},
{
"id": "304704",
"text": "with God.' For whatever implies a contradiction cannot be a word, because no intellect can possibly conceive such a thing.\" In recent times, C. S. Lewis has adopted a scholastic position in the course of his work \"The Problem of Pain\". Lewis follows Aquinas' view on contradiction: Early Freudianism saw a feeling of omnipotence as intrinsic to early childhood. 'As Freud and Ferenczi have shown, the child lives in a sort of megalomania for a long period...the \"fiction of omnipotence\"'. At birth. 'the baby \"is\" everything \"as far as he knows\" - \"all powerful\"...every step he takes towards establishing his",
"title": "Omnipotence"
},
{
"id": "7302832",
"text": "the abbreviation for Dieu Seul, which is God Alone in French. On the top-right quadrant there is a sailboat at sea. On the bottom-left quadrant there is a star and a man in the boat. The Crest is adorned with green olive branches, derived from Ancient Greece, to symbolize peace and prosperity. The Crest carries the Latin motto “Labor Omnia Vincit” which means, “Labour conquers all things.” Monfort Secondary School is affiliated to Catholic Junior College. Graduating students may opt to move on to Catholic Junior College with affiliation favours. Being a government secondary school, Monfort Secondary School offers three",
"title": "Montfort Secondary School"
},
{
"id": "649238",
"text": "one (\"ahad\"), all-merciful and omnipotent. According to tradition there are 99 Names of God (al-asma al-husna lit. meaning: \"The best names\") each of which evoke a distinct attribute of God. All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are \"the Compassionate\" (\"al-rahman\") and \"the Merciful\" (\"al-rahim\"). Creation is seen as an act of divine choice and mercy, one with a grand purpose: \"And We (Royal we) did not create the heaven and earth and that between them in play.\" Rather, the",
"title": "Creator deity"
},
{
"id": "589509",
"text": "unique problem for free will given that propositions about the future already have a truth value in the present (that is it is already determined as either true or false), and is referred to as the problem of future contingents. Omniscience is the capacity to know everything that there is to know (included in which are all future events), and is a property often attributed to a creator deity. Omniscience implies the existence of destiny. Some authors have claimed that free will cannot coexist with omniscience. One argument asserts that an omniscient creator not only implies destiny but a form",
"title": "Free will"
},
{
"id": "7271269",
"text": "Classical theism Classical theism is a form of theism in which God is characterized as the absolutely metaphysically ultimate being, in contrast to other conceptions such as pantheism, panentheism, polytheism and process theism. Classical theism is a form of monotheism. Whereas most monotheists agree that God is, at minimum, all-knowing, all-powerful, and completely good, classical theism asserts that God is both immanent (encompassing or manifested in the material world) and simultaneously transcendent (independent of the material universe); simple, and having such attributes as immutability, impassibility, and timelessness. A key concept in classical theism is that \"created beings\" (ie, material phenomena,",
"title": "Classical theism"
},
{
"id": "19183994",
"text": "Order of the Sword & Shield The Order of the Sword & Shield National Honor Society (OSSNHS) is an American honor society for undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of homeland security, intelligence, emergency management, and all protective security disciplines. The National Honor Society is also known by its Greek designation Omicron Sigma Sigma (ΟΣΣ). The official colors are gold and blue. The official motto in Latin is \"ex scientia pax\" which means \"out of knowledge comes peace\". The Order of the Sword & Shield was established in 2010 at St. Johns University by Professor Jeffrey Grossmann.",
"title": "Order of the Sword & Shield"
},
{
"id": "474581",
"text": "of the Quranic message. The central theme of the Quran is monotheism. God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., Quran , , ). God's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create. He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., Quran , , etc.). All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God, and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly. The Quran uses cosmological and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove",
"title": "Quran"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "18534120",
"text": "and guidance to better \"karma\". In Jain temples or festivals, the Jinas and Devas are revered. Ahura Mazda (); is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism. The literal meaning of the word \"\" is \"mighty\" or \"lord\" and \" \" is \"wisdom\". Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, taught that Ahura Mazda is the most powerful being in all of the existence and the only deity who is worthy of the highest veneration. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is not omnipotent because his evil twin brother Angra Mainyu is nearly as powerful as him. Zoroaster taught that the",
"title": "Deity"
},
{
"id": "5548043",
"text": "omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe. The existence of God and the universe is thought to be eternal, without a beginning or end. The Bahá'í teachings state that God is too great for humans to fully comprehend, or to create a complete and accurate image of, by themselves. Therefore, human understanding of God is achieved through his revelations via his Manifestations. In the Bahá'í religion God is often referred to by titles and attributes (e.g. the All-Powerful, or the All-Loving), and there is a substantial emphasis on monotheism. The Bahá'í teachings",
"title": "Bahá'í teachings"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "19195546",
"text": "end of February 2010, the Pussycat Dolls left the Pure nightclub for a new lounge at the Chateau nightclub, which is part of Paris Las Vegas. The Omnia (Latin for \"[the sum of] all things\") nightclub, opened in March 2015, replacing the Pure nightclub which operated there for over a decade. The $107 million expansion and redesign incorporates both the Pure facility and the adjacent World of Poker tournament room to create a space that can accommodate 3,500 people. Designed by the Rockwell Group, the club is outfitted with theatrical lighting, sound, and climate-control systems, along with rigging and catwalks",
"title": "Caesars Palace"
},
{
"id": "2041947",
"text": "wool industry), a pair of crossed shuttles (the cotton industry) and a papyrus plant (the paper industry). Above them are a closed visor capped by a mayfly and two red roses. The Latin motto \"\"Vincit Omnia Industria\"\" translates as \"\"work conquers all\"\". With the passage of the Local Government Act 1972, Bury merged with the neighbouring municipal boroughs of Radcliffe and Prestwich, together with the urban districts of Whitefield, Tottington and Ramsbottom in 1974 to become the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. The borough is part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. On 3 July 2008, a referendum was held",
"title": "Bury, Greater Manchester"
},
{
"id": "11019201",
"text": "negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began by declaring that \"all men are created equal.\" We now practically read it \"all men are created equal, except negroes.\" When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read \"all men are created equals, except negroes and foreigners and Catholics.\" When it comes to that I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of",
"title": "Know Nothing"
},
{
"id": "3418433",
"text": "that have distinct Self-Consciousness and that make up the Spiritual Hierarchy of Creation, yet remain connected through the flow of the \"River of Life\" and \"Lifestream\" to the one undivided God — the All in All — the Good — the Source from which all Life, Light, and Love come.(or from which all things, yin & yang come. Even what one may perceive as darkness \"evil\" or \"bad\" is in someway working out for the Good and toward the elevation and ascension of all people. All things pervading or pouring out from the One perfect intelligent mind i.e. God), there",
"title": "Ascended master"
},
{
"id": "5180414",
"text": "(in which we can observe for ourselves does not need a 'designer' or a 'watchmaker' to be created). Although he admits the analogy of a universe to a vegetable to seem ridiculous, he says that it is just as ridiculous to analogize the universe with a watch. The third criticism that Hume offers is that even if the argument did give evidence for a designer; it still gives no evidence for the traditional 'omnipotent', 'benevolent' (all-powerful and all-loving) God of traditional Christian theism. One of the main assumptions of Paley's argument is that 'like effects have like causes'; or that",
"title": "Watchmaker analogy"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "14188938",
"text": "In saecula saeculorum The Latin phrase expresses the idea of eternity and is literally translated as \"unto the ages of ages.\" The phrase occurs in the New Testament in the Vulgate and translates the original Koine Greek phrase \"\" (\"eis toùs aionas ton aiṓnōn\"), found e.g. at Phillippians 4:20. The phrase expresses the eternal duration of God's attributes. Other variations of the phrase are found at e.g. Eph 3:21, as εἰς πάσας τὰς γενεὰς τοῦ αἰῶνος τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν, here referring to the glory of God the Father; this may be translated as \"from all generations for ever and ever,",
"title": "In saecula saeculorum"
},
{
"id": "3863431",
"text": "beyond the natural, causal universe. This creates a definitional conflict because predeterminism, by this understanding, logically leads to a belief in the existence of a conscious being who must determine \"all\" actions and events in advance and who, possessing such seeming omnipotence, almost certainly operates outside of the laws of nature. This conscious entity is probably, then, a being who is omnipotent as well as presumably supernatural and omniscient. The definitional confusion here is that there is already a name for this very concept: predestination. Predestination asserts that a supremely powerful being has, in advance, fixed all events and outcomes",
"title": "Predeterminism"
},
{
"id": "1965283",
"text": "a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short\" (\"Leviathan,\" Chapters XIII–XIV). Hobbes described this natural condition with the Latin phrase \"bellum omnium contra omnes\" (meaning war of all against all), in his work \"De Cive\". Within the state of nature there is neither personal property nor injustice since there is no law, except for certain natural precepts discovered by reason (\"laws of nature\"): the first of which is \"that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining",
"title": "State of nature"
},
{
"id": "6929260",
"text": "realms, variations of the style are used, specifying the realm in question and varying some of the other elements of the title. Originally, it had a literal meaning: the divine will was invoked—notably by Christian monarchs—as legitimation (the only one above every earthly power) for the absolutist authority the monarch wielded. This is also known as the divine right of kings, that is, the endorsement of God for the monarch's reign. While the Christian Roman emperors during the late Dominate, especially in the East (as continued in Byzantium after the fall of Rome), came remarkably close to acting out the",
"title": "By the Grace of God"
},
{
"id": "1587828",
"text": "the served and servant, is the proper relationship among humans. In order to achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently \"reminds\" men of two points: 1. That God is one; everything except God (including the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. 2. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God. According to the Qur'an, Allah is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil. As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil; and that their natures have been predisposed as such",
"title": "Tawhid"
},
{
"id": "5583544",
"text": "to produce the \"greatest possible good\" out of all the goodness. Evil fuels goodness, which leads to a perfect system. For Leibniz, an additional central concern is the matter of reconciling human freedom (indeed, God's own freedom) with the determinism inherent in his own theory of the universe. Leibniz' solution casts God as a kind of \"optimizer\" of the collection of all original possibilities: Since he is good and omnipotent, and since he chose this world out of all possibilities, this world must be good—in fact, this world is the best of \"all\" possible worlds. In his writing, \"Discourse on",
"title": "Best of all possible worlds"
},
{
"id": "1718632",
"text": "eternal. In Western theism, omnipresence is roughly described as the ability to be \"present everywhere at the same time\", referring to an unbounded or universal presence. Omnipresence means minimally that there is no place to which God’s knowledge and power do not extend. It is related to the concept of ubiquity, the ability to be everywhere or in many places at once. This includes unlimited temporal presence. William Lane Craig states that we shouldn’t think of God as being in space in the sense of being spread out like an invisible ether throughout space. He is not like an invisible",
"title": "Omnipresence"
},
{
"id": "13022069",
"text": "argument\" to include most of the rest of the work as well, wherein he establishes the attributes of God and their compatibility with one another. Continuing to construct a being greater than which nothing else can be conceived, Anselm proposes such a being must be \"just, truthful, happy, and whatever it is better to be than not to be\". Chapter 6 specifically enumerates the additional qualities of awareness, omnipotence, mercifulness, impassibility (inability to suffer), and immateriality; Chapter 11, self-existent, wisdom, goodness, happiness, and permanence; and Chapter 18, unity. Anselm addresses the question-begging nature of \"greatness\" in this formula partially by",
"title": "Anselm of Canterbury"
},
{
"id": "457764",
"text": "West Bromwich town arms were worn on the players' shirts for the 1931, 1935 and 1954 FA Cup finals. The town's Latin motto, \"\"Labor omnia vincit\",\" translates as \"labour conquers all things\" or \"work conquers all\". The town arms were revived as the shirt badge from 1994 until 2000, with the throstle moved to the collar of the shirts. Albion's first regular shirt badge appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s where it was blue. Although it featured the throstle, it did not include the blue and white striped shield of the club badge. A similar design was also",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion F.C."
},
{
"id": "649237",
"text": "2nd-century theological development. According to this view, church fathers opposed notions appearing in \"pre\"-Christian creation myths and in Gnosticism—notions of creation by a demiurge out of a primordial state of matter (known in religious studies as \"chaos\" after the Greek term used by Hesiod in his \"Theogony\"). Jewish thinkers took up the idea, which became important to Judaism. According to Islam, God, known in Arabic as Allah, is the all-powerful and all-knowing Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer, and Judge of the universe. Islam puts a heavy emphasis on the conceptualization of God as strictly singular (tawhid). God is unique (\"wahid\") and inherently",
"title": "Creator deity"
},
{
"id": "1763403",
"text": "is benevolent. Vanity hungry is spiteful.\" In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock, and in Biblical terms, by the Whore of Babylon. During the Renaissance, vanity was invariably represented as a naked woman, sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto. Symbols of vanity include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and the figure of death. Some depictions of vanity include scrolls that read \"Omnia Vanitas\" (\"All is Vanity\"), a quotation from the Latin translation of the Book of",
"title": "Vanity"
},
{
"id": "9183365",
"text": "all\" as a translation of \"pro multis\", since \"for all\" corresponds to a correct interpretation of Christ's intention expressed in the words of the consecration, and since it is a dogma of the Catholic faith that Christ died on the Cross for all (cf. , , , ). Pro multis Pro multis is a Latin phrase that means \"for many\" or \"for the many\". Not having the definite article, Latin does not distinguish between these two meanings. The phrase is part of the longer phrase \"qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum\" used, with reference to the",
"title": "Pro multis"
},
{
"id": "8771503",
"text": "less strict sense, much less with the related but very different terms philomath and know-it-all. A pantomath (\"pantomathēs\", παντομαθής, meaning \"having learnt all\", from the Greek roots παντ- \"all\", \"every\" and the root μαθ-, meaning \"learning\", \"understanding\") is a person whose astonishingly wide interests and knowledge span the entire range of the arts and sciences. Pantomath is typically used to convey the sense that a great individual has achieved a pinnacle of learning, that an \"automath\" has taken autodidacticism to an endpoint. As an example, the obscure and rare term seems to have been applied to those with an astonishingly",
"title": "Pantomath"
},
{
"id": "304713",
"text": "is consciously taking actions. It could be concluded from an emanationism point of view, that all actions and creations by a deity are simply flows of divine energy (the flowing Tao in conjunction with qi is often seen as a river; Dharma (Buddhism) the law of nature discovered by Buddha has no beginning or end.) Pantheism and pandeism see the universe/multiverse itself as God (or, at least, the current state of God), while panentheism sees the universe/multiverse as 'the body of God', making 'God' everybody and everything. So if one does something, actually 'God' is doing it. We are 'God's'",
"title": "Omnipotence"
},
{
"id": "8913383",
"text": "forth with a scholar pointing to the heavens with the word SCIENCE surrounded by olive branches on the base, above this states the term LABOR • OMNIA • VINCIT *The film was ahead of its time being available in color hand painted frame by frame! Across the world, many educational institutions have adopted the phrase as a motto, including: South America The Bishops' High School Labor omnia vincit#/editor/3 Labor omnia vincit Labor omnia vincit is a Latin phrase meaning \"Work conquers all\". The phrase is adapted from Virgil's \"Georgics\", Book I, line 145–6: \"...Labor omnia vicit / improbus\" (\"Steady work",
"title": "Labor omnia vincit"
},
{
"id": "2585280",
"text": "is among the most widely distributed images in history. Subsequent similar images of Earth (including composites at much higher resolution) have also been termed \"Blue Marble\" images, and the phrase \"blue marble\" (as well as the picture itself) is frequently used, as in the Earth flag by environmental activist organizations or companies attempting to promote an environmentally conscious image. There has also been a children's television program called \"Big Blue Marble\". Poet-diplomat Abhay K has penned an Earth Anthem inspired by the blue marble which contains \"all the peoples and the nations of the world, one for all, all for",
"title": "The Blue Marble"
},
{
"id": "16418141",
"text": "Corinthians 4:4. Like the hymn or poem in Colossians, Hebrews also portrays Christ as the exact (divine) counterpart through whom the Father speaks and is revealed, and who is the one that sustains the entire universe: \"He reflects the glory of God and bears the very stamp of his nature, upholding the universe by his word of power\" (). The whole context of suggests a more than Adamic and human interpretation of \"the first-born of all creation\". Christ is the \"first-born\" in the sense of being \"prior to\" and supreme \"over\" all creation, just as by virtue of his resurrection",
"title": "Last Adam"
},
{
"id": "6190072",
"text": "sons found when searching for a company name. \"Ineo\" is Latin for a new beginning, \"Eos\" is the Greek goddess of dawn and \"neos\" means something new and innovative. As a result, the name Ineos represents the \"dawn of something new and innovative\". Jim Ratcliffe, 65, chief executive of Ineos, in May 2018 topped the Sunday Times Rich List with a fortune of £21.05 billion, making him the UK's wealthiest person. Inspec had been formed by Sir Jim Ratcliffe, previously a director of US private equity group Advent International, and John Hollowood in 1992 to undertake a management buy-in of",
"title": "Ineos"
},
{
"id": "13766934",
"text": "world with an all-good, all-knowing, all-powerful (omniscient and omnipotent) God. Talmudists and mystics in the rabbinic tradition explained evil as an absence or distance from God, rather than the opposite of God's all-powerful goodness. Examples include Job complaining to his friends about God causing him suffering, Maimonides' explanation of evil and suffering being the result of man's actions against God rather than God's actions or ill-will towards man, and Spinoza's emphasis on the impersonal nature of the universe and the efficacy of human reason in avoiding evil and suffering. Generations of pre-Holocaust Jewish scholars were able to come up with",
"title": "Jewish existentialism"
},
{
"id": "1467990",
"text": "a creator who created it and that: He existed eternally in the past and He cannot perish while we exist after being non-existent and we can perish. And you know that He was and is eternally all-powerful and that impotence is not possible for Him. And you know that He is omniscient of the past and present and that ignorance is not possible for Him. And you know that He knows everything that was, everything that is, and how things that are not would be if they were. And you know that He is eternally in the past and future",
"title": "Muʿtazila"
},
{
"id": "407390",
"text": "Theodicy Theodicy (), in its most common form, is an attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil, thus resolving the issue of the problem of evil. Some theodicies also address the evidential problem of evil by attempting \"to make the existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful and all-good or omnibenevolent God consistent with the existence of evil or suffering in the world.\" Unlike a defense, which tries to demonstrate that God's existence is logically possible in the light of evil, a theodicy attempts to provide a framework wherein God's existence is also plausible.",
"title": "Theodicy"
},
{
"id": "157286",
"text": "central criticisms of Christian theism: if God is all good, all wise and all powerful, how did evil come into the world? The answer (according to Leibniz) is that, while God is indeed unlimited in wisdom and power, his human creations, as creations, are limited both in their wisdom and in their will (power to act). This predisposes humans to false beliefs, wrong decisions and ineffective actions in the exercise of their free will. God does not arbitrarily inflict pain and suffering on humans; rather he permits both \"moral evil\" (sin) and \"physical evil\" (pain and suffering) as the necessary",
"title": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
},
{
"id": "1382065",
"text": "sacred Author of all things! ... Nothing more is now wanting to our island\". His emblem, as given in a description of the flag he raised when claiming Antarctica, is a large golden N on a black field. The motto of the \"Nautilus\" was \"Mobilis in mobili\", which may be roughly translated from Latin as, \"moving amidst mobility\", \"moving within the moving element\", or \"changing in the changes\". In the initial draft of \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\", Nemo was a Polish noble, a member of the szlachta, resenting the murder of his family during the Russian repression of",
"title": "Captain Nemo"
},
{
"id": "7613652",
"text": "of arms is that of an archbishop. The flame and dove on the left half of the shield represents the Holy Spirit. The open book on the right half depicts the Word of God. The fish and wavy blue lines represent Singapore and the Archdiocese. The coat of arms also include Archbishop's motto \"Omnia Omnibus\", which is Latin for \"all things to all men\" (1 Corinthians 9:22). The coat of arms was designed by a team from the Catholic Audio-Visual Centre, Singapore. Prior to his appointment as Archbishop, Archbishop Chia was the Parish Priest to the Church of the Holy",
"title": "Nicholas Chia"
},
{
"id": "20966397",
"text": "upon the One Substance—the Deity, the \"Divine All\" proceeding from the Divine Wisdom—incomprehensible, unknown and \"unnamed\"—by any ancient or modern religious philosophy.\" Having mentioned these manifestations of Theosophy, the article author declares: \"Every Theosophist, then, holding to a theory of the Deity 'which has not revelation, but an inspiration of his own for its basis,' may accept any of the above definitions or belong to any of these religions, and yet remain strictly within the boundaries of Theosophy. For the latter is belief in the Deity as the All, the source of all existence, the infinite that cannot be either",
"title": "What Is Theosophy?"
},
{
"id": "13182322",
"text": "UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's omnium The Women's omnium at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships was first contested in 2009 in Poland. The format of the multi-race endurance event (\"Omnium\" coming from the Latin \"Omnia\", for all) has evolved rapidly since its introduction in 2009. In its first iteration, the competition consisted of 5 events over a single day; a 'flying lap', a time trial over 200 metres with a rolling start, a scratch race, an individual pursuit time trial, a points race, and a 500 metre time trial. Riders were awarded points to match their placing",
"title": "UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's omnium"
},
{
"id": "4577441",
"text": "necessity bring death to them both – Their horoscopes are wonderfully alike and they have both been saved from extreme peril. II.18, \"Non ebur neque aureum...\" – The Vanity of Riches – The poet, content with his own moderate fortune, inveighs against the blindness of avarice – for the same end awaits all men. II.19, \"Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus...\" – Hymn to Bacchus – The poet celebrates Bacchus as all-powerful, all-conquering, and lord of creation; whom the earth, the sea and all nature obey; to whom men are subject, and the giants and the monsters of Orcus are all",
"title": "Odes (Horace)"
},
{
"id": "13182326",
"text": "it also makes Great Britain the most successful nation in the event. UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's omnium The Women's omnium at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships was first contested in 2009 in Poland. The format of the multi-race endurance event (\"Omnium\" coming from the Latin \"Omnia\", for all) has evolved rapidly since its introduction in 2009. In its first iteration, the competition consisted of 5 events over a single day; a 'flying lap', a time trial over 200 metres with a rolling start, a scratch race, an individual pursuit time trial, a points race, and a",
"title": "UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's omnium"
},
{
"id": "9906471",
"text": "as a form of theodicy by John Hick in \"Evil and the God of Love\", written in 1966. Hick distinguished between the Augustinian theodicy, which is based on free will, and the Irenaean theodicy, which casts God as responsible for evil but justified in it. The Irenaean theodicy is distinguished by its acceptance that God is responsible for evil, but that he is not at fault. The Irenaean theodicy is a response to the evidential problem of evil which raises the problem that, if an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God exists, there should be no evil in",
"title": "Irenaean theodicy"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "4058832",
"text": "if a truth is unknown, then it is unknowable. Fitch's paradox of knowability Fitch's paradox of knowability is one of the fundamental puzzles of epistemic logic. It provides a challenge to the \"knowability thesis\", which states that every truth is, in principle, knowable. The paradox is that this assumption implies the \"omniscience principle\", which asserts that every truth is known. Essentially, Fitch's paradox asserts that the existence of an unknown truth is unknowable. So if all truths were knowable, it would follow that all truths are in fact known. The paradox is of concern for verificationist or anti-realist accounts of",
"title": "Fitch's paradox of knowability"
},
{
"id": "7932603",
"text": "seen to be personally involved in his creation. \"The All\" is the Hermetic version of God. It has also been called \"The One\", \"The Great One\", \"The Creator\", \"The Supreme Mind\", \"The Supreme Good\", \"The Father\" and \"The Universal Mother\". The All is seen by some to be a panentheistic conception of God, subsuming everything that is or can be experienced. One Hermetic maxim states that \"While All is in THE ALL, it is equally true that THE ALL is in All.\" (Three Initiates p. 95) The All can also be seen to be hermaphroditic, possessing both masculine and feminine",
"title": "Conceptions of God"
},
{
"id": "18291993",
"text": "day in the monastery's Book of the Dead. In addition to his duties as monastery school master and his activities as a writer of legal records, Ratpert produced poetry and chronicled the History of The Abbey. Little of his poetry has survived. His other works include the All Saints' Day Litany, \"Ardua spes mundi\" (\"*The World's highest hope\"\"),) the Eucharist song \"Laudes, omnipotens, ferimus\" (\"\"We bring you praise, all powerful one\"\"), an Old High German \"St Gallen Song\" and his Chronicle of the Monastery, \"Casus sancti Galli\" (\"literally \"The Matter of St Gallen\"\"). The Chronicle of the Monastery was subsequently,",
"title": "Ratpert of St. Gallen"
},
{
"id": "1580863",
"text": "than \"bisexual\". To what extent the term \"bisexual\" is inclusive when compared with the term \"pansexual\" is debated within the LGBT community, especially the bisexual community. The prefix \"pan-\" comes from the Ancient Greek word for \"all, every\", \"πᾶν\"; \"omni-\" comes from the Latin word for \"all\", \"omnis\". The hybrid words \"pansexual\" and \"pansexualism\" were first attested in 1917, denoting the idea \"that the sex instinct plays the primary part in all human activity, mental and physical\", a reproach (credited to Sigmund Freud) levelled at early psychology. A literal dictionary definition of \"bisexuality\", due to the prefix \"bi-\", is sexual",
"title": "Pansexuality"
},
{
"id": "509967",
"text": "of nature\", human life would be \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short\". In the absence of political order and law, everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms, including the \"right to all things\" and thus the freedom to plunder, rape, and murder; there would be an endless \"war of all against all\" (\"bellum omnium contra omnes\"). To avoid this, free men contract with each other to establish political community (civil society) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign, one man or an assembly of men. Though the sovereign's edicts",
"title": "Social contract"
},
{
"id": "304700",
"text": "what His omnipotence precisely consists: for there may be doubt as to the precise meaning of the word 'all' when we say that God can do all things. If, however, we consider the matter aright, since power is said in reference to possible things, this phrase, 'God can do all things,' is rightly understood to mean that God can do all things that are possible; and for this reason He is said to be omnipotent.\" In the scholastic understanding, omnipotence is generally understood to be compatible with certain limitations or restrictions. A proposition that is necessarily true is one whose",
"title": "Omnipotence"
},
{
"id": "318075",
"text": "and existence in the material universe. Shiva is her transcendent masculine aspect, providing the divine ground of all being. \"There is no Shiva without Shakti, or Shakti without Shiva. The two ... in themselves are One.\" Thus, it is She who becomes the time and space, the cosmos, it is She who becomes the five elements, and thus all animate life and inanimate forms. She is the primordial energy that holds all creation and destruction, all cycles of birth and death, all laws of cause and effect within Herself, and yet is greater than the sum total of all these.",
"title": "Panentheism"
},
{
"id": "6284",
"text": "the literate, Latin anagrams were prominent.. Two examples are the change of \"Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum\" (\"Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord [is] with you\") into \"Virgo serena, pia, munda et immaculata\" (\"Serene virgin, pious, clean and spotless\"), and the anagrammatic answer to Pilate's question, \"Quid est veritas?\" (\"What is truth?\"), namely, \"Est vir qui adest\" (\"It is the man who is here\"). The origins of these are not documented. Latin continued to influence letter values (such as I = J, U = V and W = VV). There was an ongoing tradition of allowing anagrams to",
"title": "Anagram"
},
{
"id": "3972794",
"text": "cannot dissipate heat as easily as in open air, and since adjacent circuits contribute induced currents, wiring regulations give rules to establish the current capacity (ampacity). Special sealed fittings are used for wiring routed through potentially explosive atmospheres. For very high currents in electrical apparatus, and for high currents distributed through a building, bus bars can be used. (The term \"bus\" is a contraction of the Latin \"omnibus\" – meaning \"for all\".) Each live conductor of such a system is a rigid piece of copper or aluminium, usually in flat bars (but sometimes as tubing or other shapes). Open bus",
"title": "Electrical wiring"
},
{
"id": "18515452",
"text": "who is omnipresent (\"sarvagata\"), is without attributes; Brahman with attributes is Ishvara, who is \"vibhu\" possessing \"mahāmāyā\", and who through his diverse powers creates all this diversity experienced through the senses. Vibhu Vibhu (Sanskrit:विभु) means – 'mighty', 'powerful', 'eminent', 'supreme', 'able to', 'capable of', 'self-subdued', 'firm' or 'self-controlled'; in Nyaya philosophy, it means – 'eternal', 'existing everywhere', 'all-pervading', 'pervading all material things'. This word also refers to \"manas\" or mind. This word has its root in the term, bhū ( भू), meaning – 'become', 'arise', 'come into existence'; thus \"vibhu\" means – 'expand', 'become manifest', 'appear', 'pervade'. From Atharvaveda it",
"title": "Vibhu"
},
{
"id": "12830393",
"text": "The Promise: God's Purpose and Plan for When Life Hurts The Promise: God's Purpose and Plan for When Life Hurts (2008) is a non-fiction self-help book written by Jonathan Morris, a Catholic priest, professor and news contributor and analyst for the Fox News Channel. The book is published by HarperOne. In an interview, Morris said the idea behind his book came partly from a question posed to him by Neil Cavuto: 'With all the suffering in the world, is God just really ticked off?' Morris said that he felt the widely asked question - why an all-loving, all powerful God",
"title": "The Promise: God's Purpose and Plan for When Life Hurts"
},
{
"id": "4767444",
"text": "power \"p\" can be an amicable number. If there is such a number, then \"p\" must be greater than 10 and \"n\" must be greater than 1400. In the 1997 film \"Cube\", prime powers play a key role, acting as indicators of lethal dangers in a maze-like cube structure. Prime power In mathematics, a prime power is a positive integer power of a single prime number. For example: , and are prime powers, while , and are not. The number 1 is not counted as a prime power. The prime powers are: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11,",
"title": "Prime power"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Omnipotence context: its own laws unless there were an overwhelming reason to do so. The word \"Omnipotence\" derives from the Latin term \"\"Omni Potens\"\", meaning \"All-Powerful\" instead of \"Infinite Power\" implied by its English counterpart. The term could be applied to both deities and Roman Emperors. Being the one with \"All the power\", it was not uncommon for nobles to attempt to prove their Emperor's \"\"Omni Potens\"\" to the people, by demonstrating his effectiveness at leading the Empire. St. Thomas Aquinas, OP acknowledged difficulty in comprehending the Deity's power: \"All confess that God is omnipotent; but it seems difficult to explain in\n\nIf Omnipotence is Latin for all powerful, what is Latin for all knowing?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Omnibenevolence context: Omibenevolence Omnibenevolence (from Latin \"omni-\" meaning \"all\", \"bene-\" meaning \"good\" and \"volens\" meaning \"willing\") is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as \"unlimited or infinite benevolence\". Some philosophers have argued that it is impossible, or at least improbable, for a deity to exhibit such a property alongside omniscience and omnipotence, as a result of the problem of evil. However, some philosophers, such as Alvin Plantinga, argue the plausibility of co-existence. The word is primarily used as a technical term within academic literature on the philosophy of religion, mainly in context of the problem of evil and theodical responses to such.\n\ntitleodicy context: Theodicy Theod (), in most form, is attempt to answer the question why a good God permits the manifestation of evil resolving the issue problem of evil Some theodic address evidential problem of evil by \" make the existence an all-knowing, all-power and all- omnibenevolent God consistent with the existence of evil or suffering in the world.\" Unlike defense, which tries to demonstrate God's existence is log possible in the light of evil, a theod attempts provide a framework where God's existence is also plausible.\n\ntitleributes of in Christianity context: ultimate Rahner viewsodystery” andology “cience’ of mysteryai Berdae “inexplicery Gods definition Ramsey as “perent mystery The omipot of God refers to Him being \"all powerful Thised with phrase \"Almy as the Testament \" Almy ( of Hebrew titleEl Shai\") and the \" the Almighty\" in Apost' Cre in God all things are. S. \"isipotence means\ntitle: Omaterismism (omn\" \"\" and is a term in in distinguishensive from institutions have the of Vienna. Historically, the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant defined omnilateral in the \"Science of Right\", the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), as \"\"derived from the particular wills of all the individuals\"\". While multilateralism refers only to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue, omnilateralism connotes a wider participation by all and a broader purpose for all.\n\nIf Omnipotence is Latin for all powerful, what is Latin for all knowing?",
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} |
78,705 | The boll weevil, a species of beetle, causes damage to which crop? | [
"Manufacture of cotton",
"Absorbent cotton",
"Bomull",
"Processing of Cotton",
"Cotton fiber",
"Cotton Boll",
"Cotton cloth",
"Cotton picking",
"Indian Cotton",
"Cotton industry",
"Cotton linter",
"Cotton",
"Cotton Fabric",
"Cottons",
"Cotton wool"
] | Cotton | [
{
"id": "1465577",
"text": "Weevil. Boll weevil The boll weevil (\"Anthonomus grandis\") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "1465566",
"text": "Boll weevil The boll weevil (\"Anthonomus grandis\") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is grayish",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "88909",
"text": "beetle\". The story concludes with the comment that the beetles were used as toys by young boys, and that the head was removed and worn as a pendant. About 75% of beetle species are phytophagous in both the larval and adult stages. Many feed on economically important plants and stored plant products, including trees, cereals, tobacco, and dried fruits. Some, such as the boll weevil, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers, can cause extremely serious damage to agriculture. The boll weevil crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico around 1892, and had",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "2204970",
"text": "Weevil Weevils are certain beetles, namely the ones belonging to the Curculionoidea superfamily. They are usually small, less than , and herbivorous. About 97,000 species of weevils are known. They belong to several families, with most of them in the family Curculionidae (the true weevils). Some other beetles, although not closely related, bear the name \"weevil\", such as the biscuit weevil (\"Stegobium paniceum\"), which belongs to the family Ptinidae. Many weevils are considered pests because of their ability to damage and kill crops. The grain or wheat weevil (\"Sitophilus granarius\") damages stored grain. The boll weevil (\"Anthonomus grandis\") attacks cotton",
"title": "Weevil"
},
{
"id": "3637527",
"text": "he successfully passed a bill prohibiting secret and exclusive societies at the public institutions of higher learning. The law stayed on the books for twelve years. Russell was elected to the office of lieutenant governor in 1915 and elected governor in 1919. His term was marked by crop failures due to the boll weevil. Russell also filed an antitrust suit against several fire insurance companies for their business practices. In 1923, he was sued for seduction and breach of promise by his former secretary Frances Birkhead. Russell was acquitted and he blamed the lawsuit on the fire insurance industry. Russell",
"title": "Lee M. Russell"
},
{
"id": "686519",
"text": "of 1812. The city of Montgomery, which is the county seat, is named for Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City, Canada. Over much of the 19th century great wealth was derived from the cotton crop, with the Civil War producing a temporary setback. More lasting trouble came in 1914 with the arrival of the boll weevil, which became very destructive to the cotton harvest from 1915 on. By the 1940s county farms earned more from cattle than cotton. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area",
"title": "Montgomery County, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "990602",
"text": "Coffee County. Facing economic ruin, the nearly bankrupt area farmers were forced to diversify, planting peanuts and other crops in an effort to lessen the damage and recoup some of the losses inflicted upon them by the invading insect. Two years later, Coffee County was the leading producer of peanuts in the United States. Enterprise was able not only to stave off disaster, but its economy was renewed by the thriving new crop base. In appreciation, the people of Enterprise erected a monument in the city center to what the monument describes as their \"herald of prosperity\"; the boll weevil.",
"title": "Enterprise, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "88910",
"text": "reached southeastern Alabama by 1915. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the US, traveling per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Mississippi State University has estimated, since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The bark beetle, elm leaf beetle and the Asian longhorned beetle (\"Anoplophora glabripennis\") are among the species that attack elm trees. Bark beetles (Scolytidae) carry Dutch elm disease as they move from infected breeding sites to healthy trees. The disease",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "15704926",
"text": "insects that entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, created 100 years of problems for the U.S. cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages. In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was",
"title": "History of cotton"
},
{
"id": "6068799",
"text": "Boll Weevil Monument The Boll Weevil Monument in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, United States is a prominent landmark and tribute erected by the citizens of Enterprise in 1919 to show their appreciation to an insect, the boll weevil, for its profound influence on the area's agriculture and economy. Hailing the beetle as a \"herald of prosperity,\" it stands as the world's first monument built to honor an agricultural pest. The Monument consists of a statue of a woman holding a pedestal with a boll weevil perched on top. The boll weevil (\"Anthonomus grandis\"), sometimes referred to as the \"Mexican cotton boll",
"title": "Boll Weevil Monument"
},
{
"id": "2328310",
"text": "potato, sorghum, sunflower, and sweet potato. The ants also interfere with plants' root systems and feed on young growth. Sometimes, colonies build mounds around or near the base of citrus trees chew off new growth and feed on the flowers or developing fruit. Citrus trees are often girdled or killed. Despite its pest status and notoriety, the red imported fire ant can be beneficial. The ant is an effective insect predator, so it may serve as a biological agent against other pest species, especially in sugarcane fields. Pest insects the ant kills include: boll weevils (\"Anthonomus grandis\") in cotton crops,",
"title": "Red imported fire ant"
},
{
"id": "13136394",
"text": "caused by \"Heliothis virescens\"; the USDA has records dating to around 100 years ago describing significant losses to tobacco agriculture totaling around US$2000 per hectacre\".\" \"H. virescens\" was misidentified up until the 1920s as \"Heliothis zea\", both of which are still referred to as heliothines or the “bollworm complex.\" The bollworm complex was described by the Ecological Society of America as “the nation’s most destructive and ecologically disruptive insect pest problem, costing the country over $1 billion dollars for their damage.\" This damage occurs because larvae tunnel into buds and blossoms, tender terminal growth, leaf petioles, and stalks of their",
"title": "Heliothis virescens"
},
{
"id": "9714550",
"text": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program The Boll Weevil Eradication Program is a program sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that has sought to eradicate the boll weevil in the cotton-growing areas of the United States. It is one of the world's most successful implementations of integrated pest management. The program has enabled cotton farmers to reduce their use of pesticides by between 40 and 100 percent, and increase their yields by at least 10%, since its inception in the 1970s. By the autumn of 2009, eradication was finished in all US cotton regions with the exception of less",
"title": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
},
{
"id": "88830",
"text": "effective camouflage. Beetles are prominent in human culture, from the sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively coloured making them objects of collection and decorative displays. Over 300 species are used as food, mostly as larvae; species widely consumed include mealworms and rhinoceros beetle larvae. However, the major impact of beetles on human life is as agricultural, forestry, and horticultural pests. Serious pests include the boll weevil of cotton, the Colorado potato beetle, the coconut hispine beetle, and the mountain pine",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "1220811",
"text": "population had exploded, going from approximately 500 in 1880 to 2,500 by 1920. Edgefield, it seemed, was finally getting back on its economic feet. Unfortunately, beginning in 1921 and 1922, the boll weevil, which had come from Central America and had been marching across the South since the turn of the century, finally arrived in Edgefield County, devastating the cotton crop on which the economy was almost entirely based. Farmers saw their production of cotton plummet by as much as 90 percent. Lands which had been devoted to cotton for more than a century were allowed to go idle. Sharecroppers,",
"title": "Edgefield, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "17334522",
"text": "had become effective enough to be commercially viable, and it quickly gained appeal and affordability throughout the U.S. cotton growing area. The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following overproduction and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in 1921. Annual production slumped from 1,365,000 bales in the 1910s to 801,000 in the 1920s. In South Carolina, Williamsburg County production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in McCormick County produced 65 bales in 1921",
"title": "Cotton production in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9714558",
"text": "in addition to reducing pesticide use in the US, the fumigation of exported U.S. cotton bales with methyl bromide has also been significantly reduced. Fewer pesticide applications enable other insects to survive, including those that naturally prey on the boll weevil. Boll Weevil Eradication Program The Boll Weevil Eradication Program is a program sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that has sought to eradicate the boll weevil in the cotton-growing areas of the United States. It is one of the world's most successful implementations of integrated pest management. The program has enabled cotton farmers to reduce their",
"title": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
},
{
"id": "4239512",
"text": "1950s, during the Eisenhower administration, but the term did not gain currency until the 1980s, when it was revived by Representative Charles W. Stenholm of Texas. The group adopted the name of the boll weevil, a pest destructive to cotton crops, because of the difficultly of eradicating the weevil and the pest's Southern habitat. Nonetheless, a bloc of conservative Democrats, mostly Southerners, remained in the United States Congress throughout the 1970s and 1980s (the Conservative Coalition). These included Democratic House members as conservative as Larry McDonald, who was also a leader in the John Birch Society. During the administration of",
"title": "Boll weevil (politics)"
},
{
"id": "1465570",
"text": "has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The boll weevil contributed to the economic woes of Southern farmers during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s. The boll weevil appeared in Venezuela in 1949 and in Colombia in 1950. The Amazon Rainforest was thought to present a barrier to its further spread, but it was detected in Brazil in 1983, and an estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to Paraguay and Argentina. The International",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "16628841",
"text": "came with the decimation of the American crop of 1921 by the ravages of the boll weevil. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought with it the Great Depression and the effect on the Liverpool cotton market was severe: in 1931 Liverpool’s cotton imports were at their lowest for 62 years. The Second World War sealed the Liverpool Cotton Market’s fate. U-boat attacks and the bombing of ports and cities threatened cotton supplies and resulted in drastic action. The government took responsibility for purchase and distribution and the Liverpool Cotton Futures Market closed. After the War the Raw Cotton Commission",
"title": "International Cotton Association"
},
{
"id": "1039056",
"text": "a buffer against the hardships of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was preceded by the \"Cotton Bust\" across the South. This reached Rome in the mid-1920s, and caused many farmers to move away, sell their land or convert to other agricultural crops, such as corn. Farm workers were displaced, and many African Americans left the area in the Great Migration, seeking work in cities, including those in the North and Midwest. Cotton crops were being destroyed by the boll weevil, a tiny bug that reached Georgia in 1915 (invading from Louisiana). The boll weevil destroyed many fields of cotton",
"title": "Rome, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "473016",
"text": "cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides. Other significant global pests of cotton include the pink bollworm, \"Pectinophora gossypiella\"; the chili thrips, \"Scirtothrips dorsalis\"; the cotton",
"title": "Cotton"
},
{
"id": "14773790",
"text": "Maize weevil The maize weevil (\"Sitophilus zeamais\"), known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, and various coarse, milled grains. It has even been known to attack fruit while",
"title": "Maize weevil"
},
{
"id": "17334520",
"text": "profits, and cotton towns, “more benign than the British” came to be established in the country. Following the end of slavery in the southern states the boll weevil, a pest from Mexico, began to spread across the United States, affecting yields drastically as it moved east. The fashion cloth of the blue jeans furthered boom of cotton for three decades. Adoption of chemical pesticides to reduce diseases and thus increase yield of the crop further boosted production. Further innovations in the form of genetic engineering and of nanotechnology are an encouraging development for the growth of cotton. The average production",
"title": "Cotton production in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1465569",
"text": "levels. Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. Its natural predators include fire ants, insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitic wasp, \"Catolaccus grandis\". The insects sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available. The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892 and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., travelling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "1465573",
"text": "insecticide costs. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U. S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in Southampton County, Virginia, to determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "9714551",
"text": "than one million acres still under treatment in Texas. Since its migration from Mexico in the late 19th century, the boll weevil had been the single most destructive cotton pest in the United States, and possibly the most destructive agricultural pest in the United States. The cost of its crop depredations has been estimated at $300 million per year. The control measures used have included a wide range of pesticides, including calcium arsenate, DDT, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, malathion, and parathion. In 1958, the National Cotton Council garnered the Congressional support to create the USDA Boll Weevil Research Lab.",
"title": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
},
{
"id": "6068804",
"text": "display at Enterprise's Depot Museum, a few hundred feet away at 106 Railroad Street. There is a security camera nearby that monitors the monument for further vandalism. Boll Weevil Monument The Boll Weevil Monument in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, United States is a prominent landmark and tribute erected by the citizens of Enterprise in 1919 to show their appreciation to an insect, the boll weevil, for its profound influence on the area's agriculture and economy. Hailing the beetle as a \"herald of prosperity,\" it stands as the world's first monument built to honor an agricultural pest. The Monument consists of a",
"title": "Boll Weevil Monument"
},
{
"id": "8784582",
"text": "Hylobius abietis Hylobius abietis or the large pine weevil is a beetle belonging to Curculionidae family. This species is widely regarded as the most important pest of most commercially important coniferous trees in European plantations. Seedlings planted or arising from natural regeneration (germinated seed-fall) after clear felling operations are especially at risk. The adult weevils cause damage by eating the bark of seedlings around the 'collar' of the stem, thus 'ring-barking' the tree seedling which usually results in its demise. The adult weevils are approximately in length (without beak/snout) and are dark brown with patches of yellow or light brown",
"title": "Hylobius abietis"
},
{
"id": "10418646",
"text": "(\"Mycosphaerella dendroides\"), and pecan scab (\"Cladosporium effusum\"). Mockernut hickory is host to anthracnose (\"Gnomonia caryae\"). Nuts of all hickory species are susceptible to attack by the hickory nut weevil (\"Curculio caryae\"). Another weevil (\"Conotrachelus aratus\") attacks young shoots and leaf petioles. The \"Curculio\" species are the most damaging and can destroy 65 percent of the hickory nut crop. Hickory shuckworms also damage nuts. The bark beetle (\"Scolytus quadrispinosus\") attacks mockernut hickory, especially in drought years and where hickory species are growing rapidly. The hickory spiral borer (\"Argilus arcuatus torquatus\") and the pecan carpenterworm (\"Cossula magnifica\") are also serious insect enemies",
"title": "Carya tomentosa"
},
{
"id": "473617",
"text": "season, many species of birds, including the long-tailed widowbird, and rodents feed upon wheat crops. These animals can cause significant damage to a crop by digging up and eating newly planted seeds or young plants. They can also damage the crop late in the season by eating the grain from the mature spike. Recent post-harvest losses in cereals amount to billions of dollars per year in the United States alone, and damage to wheat by various borers, beetles and weevils is no exception. Rodents can also cause major losses during storage, and in major grain growing regions, field mice numbers",
"title": "Wheat"
},
{
"id": "17341759",
"text": "whites. By the late 1920s around two-thirds of all African-American tenants and almost three-fourths of the croppers worked on cotton farms. 3 out of every 4 black farm operators earned at least 40% of their income from cotton farming during this period. Studies conducted during the same period indicated that 2 in 3 black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming. The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following overproduction and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in",
"title": "African-American history of agriculture in the United States"
},
{
"id": "11200227",
"text": "programs among the most environmentally friendly treatments to be used to manage and control insect pest populations. Insect pheromone has been successfully used as an effective tool to slow the spread and to eradicate pests from very large areas in the US; for example to control the Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), a devastating forestry pest, and to eradicate the boll weevil and pink bollworm, two of the most damaging pest of cotton. Conventional pesticide based control methods, kill insects directly, whereas mating disruption confuses male insects from accurately locating a mating partner, leading to the eventual collapse of the mating",
"title": "Mating disruption"
},
{
"id": "2264708",
"text": "Southern farmers and mill workers to consume milled Midwestern corn, which was relatively cheap but also devoid of the niacin necessary to prevent pellagra.\" The study provided evidence in favor of the theory: there were lower pellagra rates in areas where farmers had been forced to abandon cotton production (a highly profitable crop) in favor of food crops (less profitable crops) due to boll weevil infestation of cotton crops (which occurred randomly). The whole dried corn kernel contains a nutritious germ and a thin seed coat that provides some fiber. \"\"Place the grits in a pan and cover them with",
"title": "Pellagra"
},
{
"id": "13232323",
"text": "the U.S. from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, causing severe devastation to the industry. The song is known to be \"at least a century old.\" Perhaps as early as 1908, blues pioneer Charley Patton wrote a song called \"\"Mississippi Boweevil Blues\"\" and recorded it in July 1929 (as \"The Masked Marvel\") for Paramount Records. Some of the lyrics are similar to \"Boll Weevil,\" describing the first time and \"the next time\" the narrator saw the boll weevil and making reference to the weevil's family and home. \"Mother of the",
"title": "Boll Weevil (song)"
},
{
"id": "16481160",
"text": "data on the habits of both insects that finally enabled scientists to get their populations under control. But the boll weevil infested cotton crops throughout the South in the early 20th century, causing much destruction and costing countless agricultural jobs. Morgan's role in fighting the cattle tick and boll weevil infestations endeared him to many of the state's farmers and gained the respect of regional agricultural experts. After getting established in teaching and research, Morgan married Sara Elizabeth Fay. They had four children together: Harcourt Jr.; John, Fay, and Lucy. In 1904, the University of Tennessee hired Tulane professor Brown",
"title": "Harcourt Morgan"
},
{
"id": "990600",
"text": "middle of Main Street. The city erected the statue because the destruction of the cotton crop by the boll weevil had led to agricultural diversity, starting with peanuts and more prosperity than had ever come from cotton alone. It is said to be the only statue to an insect pest in the world. Enterprise is right outside Fort Rucker, an Army base which is the home of Army Aviation. Enterprise is home to Enterprise State Community College. The founder of Enterprise, John Henry Carmichael, first settled there in 1881. Carmichael opened a store, which attracted more settlers to the area,",
"title": "Enterprise, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "6258123",
"text": "Wheat weevil The wheat weevil (\"Sitophilus granarius\"), also known as the grain weevil or granary weevil, occurs all over the world and is a common pest in many places. It can cause significant damage to harvested stored grains and may drastically decrease crop yields. The females lay many eggs and the larvae eat the inside of the grain kernels. Adult wheat weevils are about long with elongated snouts and chewing mouth parts. Depending on the grain kernels, the size of the weevil varies. In small grains, such as millet or grain sorghum, they are small in size, but are larger",
"title": "Wheat weevil"
},
{
"id": "1672655",
"text": "setting but beneficial, domesticated or acceptable in another. Animals are called pests when they cause damage to agriculture by feeding on crops or parasitising livestock, such as codling moth on apples, or boll weevil on cotton. An animal could also be a pest when it causes damage to a wild ecosystem or carries germs within human habitats. Examples of these include those organisms which vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry the plague disease, mosquitoes which vector malaria, and ticks which carry Lyme disease. A species can be a pest in one setting but beneficial or domesticated",
"title": "Pest (organism)"
},
{
"id": "1038978",
"text": "were on the rise in the small town, the main source of economy for the town was farming. Cotton was the number one crop for a long time until 1921 when the boll weevil appeared, quickly destroying crops and placing the town into an economic depression and causing the town to lose its charter. By the time the Great Depression struck the country, Brooks had been suffering for eight years. Brooks began to come out of the depression in 1939 after electricity was installed in the town. Around this time Brooks received its town charter again. Another factor in the",
"title": "Brooks, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "12134317",
"text": "own experience, Knapp was convinced that demonstrations carried out by farmers themselves were the most effective way to disseminate good farming methods. His efforts were aided by the onslaught of the boll weevil, a voracious cotton pest whose presence was felt not only in Louisiana but also throughout much of the South. Damage associated with this pest instilled fear among many merchants and growers that the cotton economy would disintegrate around them. In the view of many, a farm demonstration at the Walter G. Porter farm, now a National Historic Landmark in Terrell, Texas, set up by the Department of",
"title": "Seaman A. Knapp"
},
{
"id": "915186",
"text": "the chief commodity crop for this county from the early 19th century through the 1920s. In the antebellum era, most of the intensive labor was accomplished by African-American slaves, many of whose descendants still live in this rural area. After the Civil War, many African Americans initially worked as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Over time the soil became depleted, but more damaging was infestation in the 20th century by the boll weevil. Together with mechanization of agriculture, the need for labor was reduced. In the first half of the 20th century through the 1940s, millions of African Americans left the",
"title": "Fairfield County, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "18652850",
"text": "Bruchus rufimanus Bruchus rufimanus, commonly known as the broad bean weevil, broad bean beetle, or broad bean seed beetle is a leaf beetle which inhabits crops and fields, as well as some homes. It is a pest of faba beans (\"Vicia faba\" L.). The adult beetles feed on pollen, while their larvae tunnel in seeds destroying crops and moving on to new ones once they dry out. The adult beetle, being one of the biggest of its genus, ranges from 3 to 5 mm in length. The broad bean beetle, \"B. rufimanus\" is univoltine. It reproduces in spring in faba",
"title": "Bruchus rufimanus"
},
{
"id": "17440368",
"text": "nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable. Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate",
"title": "Diabrotica balteata"
},
{
"id": "990985",
"text": "land subsequently cleared, cotton was cultivated as a staple of the local economy. The crops were devastated by the boll weevil in the early 1900s. Farmers turned to peanut production, which was successful and brought financial gain to the city. It became a hub for the production and transport of peanuts and peanut-related products. Today, one-quarter of the U.S. peanut crop is harvested within of Dothan. A two-week fall festival known as the National Peanut Festival celebrates this heritage. Dothan also sought out industrial development, with textile and agricultural concerns being joined by manufacturing plants for the Sony, Michelin, and",
"title": "Dothan, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "16481159",
"text": "born in 1867 and raised by his parents Rebecca (née Truman) and John Morgan on a farm near Kerwood in Adelaide Township, Ontario. He attended the University of Toronto's Ontario Agricultural College, earning his Bachelor of Science in 1889. He briefly attended Cornell University and conducted research at the Marine Biological Laboratory before accepting a position as professor of entomology at Louisiana State University. At LSU, Morgan studied two parasitical insects, the cattle tick and the cotton boll weevil, both of which had proven destructive to farmers in the state. Camping out in pastures and cotton fields, Morgan collected invaluable",
"title": "Harcourt Morgan"
},
{
"id": "13232322",
"text": "Boll Weevil (song) \"Boll Weevil\" is a traditional blues song, also known by similar titles such as \"Boweavil\" or \"Boll Weevil Blues\". Although many songs about the boll weevil were recorded by blues musicians during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, this one has become well known, thanks to Lead Belly's rendition of it as recorded by folklorist Alan Lomax in 1934. A 1961 adaptation by Brook Benton became a pop hit, reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The lyrics deal with the boll weevil \"(Anthonomus grandis)\", a beetle, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers, that migrated into",
"title": "Boll Weevil (song)"
},
{
"id": "12652038",
"text": "Red flour beetle The red flour beetle (\"Tribolium castaneum\") is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety research. The red flour beetle attacks stored grain and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta, biscuits, beans, and nuts, causing loss and damage. The United Nations, in a recent post-harvest compendium, estimated that \"Tribolium castaneum\" and \"Tribolium confusum\", the confused flour beetle, are \"the two most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in store throughout the world.\"",
"title": "Red flour beetle"
},
{
"id": "475164",
"text": "stemborers – including those in the genera \"Scirpophaga\" and \"Chilo\", the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus \"Leptocorisa\", the rice leafroller, rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper. The fall army worm, a species of Lepidoptera, also targets and causes damage to rice crops. Rice blast, caused by the fungus \"Magnaporthe grisea\", is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. Other major rice diseases include: sheath blight, rice ragged stunt (vector: BPH), and tungro (vector: \"Nephotettix\" spp). There is also an ascomycete fungus, \"Cochliobolus miyabeanus\", that causes brown spot disease in rice. Several",
"title": "Rice"
},
{
"id": "3485230",
"text": "The Bootheel and the Oklahoma-Kansas-Missouri border near the 37th parallel north form the two biggest jogs in a nearly straight line of state borders that starts on the Atlantic Ocean with the Virginia–North Carolina border and extends to the tristate border of Nevada, Arizona and Utah. Until the 1920s the district was a wheat-growing area of family farms. Following the invasion of the boll weevil, which ruined the cotton crop in Arkansas, planters moved in. They bought up the land for conversion to cotton commodity crops, bringing along thousands of sharecroppers. After mechanization of agriculture and other changes in the",
"title": "Missouri Bootheel"
},
{
"id": "10956027",
"text": "in the South. Based on his own experience, Knapp was convinced that demonstrations carried out by farmers themselves were the most effective way to disseminate good farming methods. His efforts were aided by the onslaught of the boll weevil, a voracious cotton pest whose presence was felt not only in Louisiana but also throughout much of the South. Damage associated with this pest instilled fear among many merchants and growers that the cotton economy was disintegrating around them. In the view of many, a farm demonstration at the Walter G. Porter farm, now a National Historic Landmark in Terrell, Texas,",
"title": "History of the Alabama Cooperative Extension System"
},
{
"id": "88828",
"text": "often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra, though some such as the rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "1465575",
"text": "history. The Library of Congress American Memory Project contains a number of oral history materials on the boll weevil's impact. A 2009 study found \"that as the weevil traversed the American South [in the period 1892-1932], it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements.\" The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of peanut cropping. The citizens of Enterprise, Alabama, erected the Boll Weevil Monument in 1919, perceiving",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "13999392",
"text": "Oncideres cingulata Oncideres cingulata, the twig girdler, is a brownish-gray beetle, typically in length, in the longhorn beetle family. It is characterized by long antennae, long. The species is found in Eastern and Gulf Coast of the United States. This beetle is widely known for the damage it causes to pecan plantations, but also to lumber trees such as hickory, oak, poplar and elm. In late summer and fall, the adult female girdles small branches, diameter, with its mandibles, cutting through the bark and into the wood. The resulting effect looks almost as if it were cut with a small",
"title": "Oncideres cingulata"
},
{
"id": "12517545",
"text": "and live cattle. Cotton was the culture that most contributed to the economic development of the municipality. Between 1930 and 1955, the production was so great that the producers started to benefit it in the field even using handmade machines. Faced with the success of cotton growing, modern cotton factories were installed in the city. The municipality had six plants in operation. Since 1980, the crop has declined, due to several factors, as an interruption of financial aid by the government, (such as crop insurance), cotton boll weevil (pests that destroy crops), high interest rates for production financing, and of",
"title": "Brumado"
},
{
"id": "12494335",
"text": "Georgia Apple Festival The Georgia Apple Festival is an annual festival in Ellijay, Georgia. The festival has been held every October since 1971 and offers handmade crafts, live music, and apples. An annual parade and antique car show are also held in conjunction with the festival. After the boll weevil came through and destroyed Georgia's cotton crops in the 1920s, Gilmer County's economy was bolstered by its apple orchards. A festival to celebrate the apples and what they did for the county during the hard times created by the loss of the cotton crop was first held in 1971. There",
"title": "Georgia Apple Festival"
},
{
"id": "316749",
"text": "potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (\"Myzus persicae\"), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that thrives on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, crop rotation is recommended. During the crop year 2008, many of the certified organic potatoes produced in the United Kingdom and certified by the Soil Association as organic were sprayed with a copper pesticide to control potato blight (\"Phytophthora infestans\").",
"title": "Potato"
},
{
"id": "17622283",
"text": "beetle, also known as the \"\"ten striped spearman\"\", is a common pest of potato crops. It is most likely native to the area between Colorado and northern Mexico, and was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say in the Rocky Mountains. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been one of the most destructive pests of the cultivated potato. The insect made its way to Germany in the 1870s but was successfully eradicated. However, it made a second appearance after World War I in the Bordeaux area in France, where it probably arrived with American troops and equipment. It reached the French",
"title": "War against the potato beetle"
},
{
"id": "11258606",
"text": "Pectinophora Pectinophora is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. Perhaps the best known species is the pink bollworm, \"Pectinophora gossypiella\" (Saunders). \"P. gossypiella\" is one of the world's most destructive insect pests that causes terrible damage to cotton bolls. The larvae (caterpillars) bore into the squares, causing them to fall or the blossoms to fail to open. The larvae tunnel through the immature lint and into the seeds eating them. As a result the lint may be unpickable or so stunted as to greatly lower the yield and grade. The yield of oil from the seeds is greatly",
"title": "Pectinophora"
},
{
"id": "11258607",
"text": "reduced. Double seeds are found when the cotton is gained, two partly eaten seeds being fastened together. Species of this genus include: Pectinophora Pectinophora is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. Perhaps the best known species is the pink bollworm, \"Pectinophora gossypiella\" (Saunders). \"P. gossypiella\" is one of the world's most destructive insect pests that causes terrible damage to cotton bolls. The larvae (caterpillars) bore into the squares, causing them to fall or the blossoms to fail to open. The larvae tunnel through the immature lint and into the seeds eating them. As a result the lint may",
"title": "Pectinophora"
},
{
"id": "5569368",
"text": "effects, some positive. Various species of fruit flies cause damage to fruit and other plant crops. The genus \"Bactrocera\" is of worldwide notoriety for its destructive impact on agriculture. The olive fruit fly (\"B. oleae\"), for example, feeds on only one plant: the wild or commercially cultivated olive, \"Olea europaea\". It has the capacity to ruin 100% of an olive crop by damaging the fruit.\" Euleia heraclei\" is a pest of celery and parsnips. The genus \"Anastrepha\" includes several important pests, notably \"A. grandis\", \"A. ludens\", \"A. obliqua\", and \"A. suspensa\". Other pests are \"Strauzia longipennis\", a pest of sunflowers",
"title": "Tephritidae"
},
{
"id": "19209243",
"text": "the larvae, however \"Acremonium lolii\" renders perennial ryegrass toxic to livestock at some stages of growth, putting them at risk of developing the disease perennial ryegrass staggers. Listronotus bonariensis Listronotus bonariensis is a species of weevil that is native to South America and is commonly known as the Argentine stem weevil. It is a pest of grasses and cereals, with the larvae being more destructive than the adult insects. It has spread to Australia and New Zealand, where it is regarded as a pest species. The Argentine stem weevil is a small grey insect up to long, with a waxy",
"title": "Listronotus bonariensis"
},
{
"id": "9714557",
"text": "than 41 percent of all insecticides in agricultural use; they regularly sprayed their cotton as many as 15 times a season. In contrast, under this program, only two applications are made by the third year, and this number may be reduced to nearly zero when the nationwide program is completed. The benefit-cost ratio is estimated by the USDA at 12:1, and the research that built the program will be used in other projects. The program may be used as a model for control of the sea lamprey infestation of the Great Lakes. The ecological benefits of the program are manifold;",
"title": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
},
{
"id": "12652053",
"text": "males try to achieve greater reproductive success. Red flour beetle The red flour beetle (\"Tribolium castaneum\") is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety research. The red flour beetle attacks stored grain and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta, biscuits, beans, and nuts, causing loss and damage. The United Nations, in a recent post-harvest compendium, estimated that \"Tribolium castaneum\" and \"Tribolium confusum\", the confused flour beetle, are \"the two most common secondary pests of all",
"title": "Red flour beetle"
},
{
"id": "13316037",
"text": "control the native grey-backed cane beetle (\"Dermolepida albohirtum\") and French's beetle (\"Lepidiota frenchi\"). These beetles are native to Australia and they are detrimental to sugar cane crops, which are a major source of income for Australia. Adult cane beetles eat the crop's leaves, but the main problem is the larvae, which feed on the roots. Adult cane beetles have a heavy exoskeleton and their eggs and larva are often buried underground, making them difficult to exterminate. Furthermore, conventional methods of pest control, such as pesticide use, would eradicate harmless species of insects as well, making it an unsatisfactory method. Cane",
"title": "Cane toads in Australia"
},
{
"id": "9075838",
"text": "Maurice Lukefahr Maurice James Lukefahr, a pioneer researcher in the fields of host plant resistance and environmental control of cotton insect pests, died in Elsa, Texas in 2002. Born in Greeley, Nebraska in 1926, he and his family relocated to Bay City, Texas during the Dust Bowl. He received a B.S. degree from Texas A&I College (now Texas A&M University-Kingsville) in 1950. He received his M.S. (1953) and PhD (1961) degrees from Texas A&M University-College Station in 1961. His graduate research centered on control of the immature stages of the boll weevil and pink bollworm, two economically important insect pests",
"title": "Maurice Lukefahr"
},
{
"id": "1518399",
"text": "The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont, Texas, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting \"Oil Boom\" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the most significant economic expansion after the Civil War. In the early 20th century, invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African",
"title": "Southern United States"
},
{
"id": "1465567",
"text": "color, and is usually less than 6 mm long. Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields,and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "88911",
"text": "has devastated elm trees across Europe and North America. Some species of beetle have evolved immunity to insecticides. For example, the Colorado potato beetle, \"Leptinotarsa decemlineata\", is a destructive pest of potato plants. Its hosts include other members of the Solanaceae, such as nightshade, tomato, eggplant and capsicum, as well as the potato. Different populations have between them developed resistance to all major classes of insecticide. The Colorado potato beetle was evaluated as a tool of entomological warfare during World War II, the idea being to use the beetle and its larvae to damage the crops of enemy nations. Germany",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "6258128",
"text": "is to immerse them in water. If they float to the surface, it is a good indication of infestation. Even if identified early, disposal may be the only effective solution. Deltamethrin powder (WP) is another solution to weevil infestation in grains. Wheat weevil The wheat weevil (\"Sitophilus granarius\"), also known as the grain weevil or granary weevil, occurs all over the world and is a common pest in many places. It can cause significant damage to harvested stored grains and may drastically decrease crop yields. The females lay many eggs and the larvae eat the inside of the grain kernels.",
"title": "Wheat weevil"
},
{
"id": "13613581",
"text": "Plains are typical habitat. A majority of shinnery oak occurs on private land used for agriculture and/or livestock production. It is considered undesirable on grazing lands, because it competes with better livestock forage and its buds and leaves are toxic to cattle for several weeks in spring. In addition, where cotton is grown near shinnery oak, boll weevils overwinter in the oak litter and infest nearby cotton fields in spring. Thus, most research and other human effort concerning shinnery oak have been devoted to its eradication. The use of chemical and mechanical control methods has been extensive, making it likely",
"title": "Quercus havardii"
},
{
"id": "5513104",
"text": "Roosevelt, whose mother had attended school in Columbia, called for reconciliation of still simmering animosities between the North and the South. The Progressive Movement came to the state with Governor Richard Irvine Manning III in 1914. The expansion of bright-leaf tobacco around 1900 from North Carolina brought an agricultural boom. This was broken by the Great Depression starting in 1929, but the tobacco industry recovered and prospered until near the end of the 20th century. Cotton remained by far the dominant crop, despite low prices. The arrival of boll weevil infestation sharply reduced acreage, and especially yields. Farmers shifted to",
"title": "History of South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "9975596",
"text": "region of France. The potato famine in Ireland during the mid-to-late 19th century was caused by a fungus called \"Phytophthora infestans\" that rotted the potato crops for several years. Dutch elm disease, which has ravaged elms across Europe and North America in the last 50 years, is caused by the microfungi of the genus \"Ophiostoma\". Rice blast, a devastating fungal disease of cereals including rice, wheat and millet, is caused by the phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus \"Magnaporthe grisea\". In the built environment, the toxic fungus \"Stachybotrys chartarum\" causes damage to damp walls and furnishings, and may be responsible for sick building",
"title": "Microfungi"
},
{
"id": "19209242",
"text": "is a parasitoid of the pest in South America and has been introduced to control it. The wasp has become established in the North Island and appears to be reducing populations of the weevil. Another wasp \"Microctonus aethiopoides\" had previously been introduced in order to control the clover root weevil (\"Sitona lepidus\"), and it has also been found to parasitize \"L. bonariensis\". Several species of endophytic fungi, especially \"Acremonium\" spp., have also been studied with a view to biological control in New Zealand. Their presence inside the crop plant deters egg-laying by the weevil and reduces the damage done by",
"title": "Listronotus bonariensis"
},
{
"id": "17711907",
"text": "grain. Species like \"Bruchidius atrolineatus\" and \"Callosobruchus maculatus\", (commonly known as cowpea weevils, or bruchids) carry out their life cycle within grain, and their presence makes the crop unfit for human or animal consumption. These insects reproduce rapidly, thus only a few of the insects within a collection of cowpeas can cause significant damage within a month. Cowpea is an extremely important crop to Western and Central African countries. Not only are cowpeas highly nutritious for humans, but they are also a source of fodder for animals, and are regularly used by rural women to generate their own income, thus",
"title": "Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags"
},
{
"id": "1039638",
"text": "the end of the one-crop \"(cotton)\" economy. Throughout the state they began to educate farmers in crop diversification so that if one crop failed income from other crops could support the family. In Gwinnett, Cherokee and Hall counties, farmers increased production of dairy products. The peach crop in Bartow County was expanded. In Habersham and Gilmer counties farmers increased production of apples and peaches. The extension agents' push for this diversity seemed almost prescient, for in 1922 the boll weevil began the systematic destruction of cotton crops in the state of Georgia. By 1924 cotton output had dropped to 50%",
"title": "Cornelia, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "7234914",
"text": "variety is ineffective against the pink bollworm pest in parts of Gujarat, India. Infestation on susceptible cotton is generally controlled with insecticides. Once a crop has been harvested, the field is plowed under as soon as possible to stop the life cycle of the new generation of bollworm. Unharvested bolls harbor the larvae, so these are destroyed. The plants are plowed into the earth and the fields are irrigated liberally to drown out remaining pests. Some farmers burn the stubble after harvest. Surviving bollworms will overwinter in the field and re-infest the following season. Populations of bollworms are also controlled",
"title": "Pink bollworm"
},
{
"id": "2328309",
"text": "to invade soybean crops causing lower yields, and could cause $156 million in losses for soybean crops in the southeastern United States. Reports from Georgia and North Carolina claim that 16.8 to 49.1 kg/ha of soybeans could not be harvested due to interference from fire ant mounds; combine harvesters skipped over the mounds preventing the crops from being harvested, and farmers raised the cutter bars on their combine harvesters to avoid impacting the mounds. The feeding behaviour of red imported fire ants can result in significant damage to many other crops, including: beans, cabbage, citrus, corn, cucumber, eggplant, okra, peanut,",
"title": "Red imported fire ant"
},
{
"id": "9075841",
"text": "of gossypol (a natural insect toxin) and that manifested physical features (such as glabrous leaf and stem surfaces) that decreased their suitability for insect egg deposition. In 1979 Lukefahr retired from the USDA and for the next 13 years worked in Nigeria, Brazil, and Niger under the auspices of various United Nations-affiliated agencies. His research focused on developing strains of cowpea, millet, sorghum, and tropical bean with improved genetic and environmental host plant resistance to insect pests. While in Brazil he contributed to the development of a pest management program for the newly introduced boll weevil, which had devastated cotton",
"title": "Maurice Lukefahr"
},
{
"id": "13779433",
"text": "(\"Armillaria mellea\"). The oomycete \"Phytophthora ramorum\" (responsible for \"Sudden oak death\" in the USA) has killed large numbers of Japanese Larch trees in the UK. Beetles, moths and weevils can also damage trees, but the majority do not cause serious harm. Notable exceptions include the Large Pine Weevil (\"Hylobius abietis\"), which can kill young conifers, the Spruce Bark Beetle (\"Ips typographus\") which can kill spruces, and the Cockchafer (\"Melolontha melolontha\") which eats young tree roots and can kill in a dry season. Rabbits, squirrels, voles, field mice, deer, and farm animals can pose a significant threat to trees. Air pollution,",
"title": "Forestry in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "8841310",
"text": "to Birmingham. Instead, he served his full sentence and after release in 1945 returned to his farm. The fluctuating cotton market before and after the Great Depression led to extremely hard times for southern sharecroppers and cotton farmers. Many were increasingly victimized by white landowners who sought to recoup their own monetary losses by seizing the property of their tenant farmers. Cobb gained great recognition and praise, for as a black man he was making a name for himself. He managed to maintain his farm even through the natural disasters such as the boll weevil epidemic and the collapse of",
"title": "Ned Cobb"
},
{
"id": "17431105",
"text": "Heterobostrychus Heterobostrychus is a genus of beetles in the family Bostrichidae, the horned powder post beetles. Like other beetles of the family, these live in wood, often inflicting significant damage on timber and other wood products. This genus can also be found in crop plants such as cassava, potato, coffee, oilseeds, and pulse crops. \"Heterobostrychus aequalis\", known commonly as the lesser auger beetle, trank borer, black borer, and kapok borer, is a notorious pest of many wood products. It has been found in plywood, furniture, wooden toys, wooden clogs, and carvings. These beetles are transported from their native range in",
"title": "Heterobostrychus"
},
{
"id": "1465572",
"text": "weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the red imported fire ant, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas. Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitic wasp \"Catolaccus grandis\", the fungus \"Beauveria bassiana\", and the Chilo iridescent virus. Genetically engineered Bt cotton is not protected from the boll weevil. Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, to do so was costly in terms of",
"title": "Boll weevil"
},
{
"id": "9714556",
"text": "those fields where weevils are detected. This phase begins in late spring and continues until the first killing frost. The final phase of the program involves monitoring and trapping at a density of one trap per , with spot spraying as required. The program has become more high-tech in recent years, employing GPS mapping technology and bar code readers that transmit trap data electronically. In portions of its range, the program has been bolstered by the spread of the red imported fire ant, which attacks the larvae and pupae of the boll weevil. At one time, cotton growers applied more",
"title": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
},
{
"id": "755362",
"text": "where insects are reared, and has been proposed as helpful to other crops, such as cotton, if the two are interplanted, because the alfalfa harbours predatory and parasitic insects that would protect the other crop. Harvesting the alfalfa by mowing the entire crop area destroys the insect population, but this can be avoided by mowing in strips so that part of the growth remains. Like most plants, alfalfa can be attacked by various pests and pathogens. Diseases often have subtle symptoms which are easily misdiagnosed and can affect leaves, roots, and stems. Some pests, such as the alfalfa weevil, aphids,",
"title": "Alfalfa"
},
{
"id": "7427406",
"text": "Sunn pest A sunn pest is an insect belonging to a group representing several genera of the 'shield bug' (Scutelleridae) and 'stink bug' (Pentatomidae) Families, with the species \"Eurygaster integriceps\" being the most economically important. Sunn pests are found in parts of North Africa, throughout West Asia and many of the new independent states of Central Asia. The sunn pest is one of the most serious pests of wheat and barley in West Asia, where over $42 million (U.S.) is spent for its control. Yield loss from its damage has been estimated at 20-30% in barley and 50-90% in wheat.",
"title": "Sunn pest"
},
{
"id": "19209239",
"text": "are cream-coloured grubs with brownish heads. The Argentine stem weevil is native to South America where it is present in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. In these countries it is not considered to be economically important. It has spread to Australia and New Zealand, in both of which countries it is regarded as a pest species. In New Zealand, it is considered to be the most important insect pest in the country, causing a total loss estimated in 1991 to be NZ$78–251 million per year. This weevil feeds on a number of crop plants including perennial ryegrass, on which",
"title": "Listronotus bonariensis"
},
{
"id": "15916021",
"text": "suddenly in dire straights as the cost of production had not decreased along with the prices they received for their produce. The boll weevil pest was responsible for a great deal of the misery suffered by South Carolina cotton farmers after 1920. In 1922, South Carolina cotton farmers produced 22% fewer bales than they had in 1920. The South Carolina Office of Tourism encourages travelers to visit one monument in Blackstock. This monument, dedicated to the slave Burrel Hemphill, can be found on the front grounds of Hopewell ARP Church. The monument consists of a small stone building with a",
"title": "Blackstock, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "20553748",
"text": "as \"Solanum carolinense\". Few enemies of this weevil have been identified, but it is sometimes parasitised by the braconid wasp, \"Nealiolus curculionis\" and less frequently by the chalcid wasp, \"Eurytoma tylodermatis\". The adults feed on leaves producing ragged holes, but it is the larvae that cause most damage to the potato crop with their tunnelling activities. At one time this weevil was considered a serious pest of potatoes, however modern management practices have reduced its impact. The burning or removal of crop residues destroys the overwintering adults. Trichobaris trinotata Trichobaris trinotata, commonly known as the \"potato stalk borer\", is a",
"title": "Trichobaris trinotata"
},
{
"id": "7234912",
"text": "Pink bollworm The pink bollworm (\"Pectinophora gossypiella\"; ) is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. The adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. The larva is a dull white, caterpillar with eight pairs of legs with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum. The larva reaches one half inch in length. The pink bollworm is native to Asia, but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions. It reached the cotton belt in the southern United States by the 1920s. It is a major pest in the cotton fields of",
"title": "Pink bollworm"
},
{
"id": "3001997",
"text": "scale are often cut and left on the ground, which promotes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well. The 2-mm-long coffee borer beetle (\"Hypothenemus hampei\") is the most damaging insect pest to the world's coffee industry, destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee berries on plantations in most coffee-producing countries. The adult female beetle nibbles a single tiny hole in a coffee berry and lays 35 to 50 eggs. Inside, the offspring grow, mate, and then emerge from the commercially ruined berry to disperse, repeating the",
"title": "Coffee"
},
{
"id": "7455969",
"text": "In 1912, he ran for governor of Iowa in the Republican primary. After his defeat, Holden moved to Michigan again where he became director of International Harvester's Agricultural Extension department. He was especially interested in the boll weevil infestation in the South and in encouraging farmers to diversify to try to prevent such disasters. He retired in 1932 and helped his wife with her egg business on their Michigan farm. Holden died on October 8, 1959. Personal and business papers were donated to the Michigan State College Library and are held in the Michigan State University's Archives and Historical Collections",
"title": "Perry Greeley Holden"
},
{
"id": "19632273",
"text": "can create serious economic losses. The range of types of fungi involved is also wide, including Ascomycetes such as \"Fusarium\" causing wilt, Basidiomycetes such as \"Ustilago\" causing smuts and \"Puccinia\" causing cereal rusts, and Oomycetes such as \"Phytophthora\" causing potato late blight and the resulting Great Irish Famine of 1845-1849. Where crop diversity is low, and in particular where single varieties of major crops are nearly universal, fungal diseases can cause the loss of an entire crop, as with the potato in Ireland, and as with the monocultured crop of maize (corn) in the USA in 1970, where over a",
"title": "Human interactions with fungi"
},
{
"id": "19209238",
"text": "Listronotus bonariensis Listronotus bonariensis is a species of weevil that is native to South America and is commonly known as the Argentine stem weevil. It is a pest of grasses and cereals, with the larvae being more destructive than the adult insects. It has spread to Australia and New Zealand, where it is regarded as a pest species. The Argentine stem weevil is a small grey insect up to long, with a waxy covering. Soil particles adhere to this wax, and while the insect remains stationary, which it often does, this makes it well-camouflaged and difficult to spot. The larvae",
"title": "Listronotus bonariensis"
},
{
"id": "16793972",
"text": "as plants are at an ever-increasing risk of exposure to pests and pathogens. Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi. The warmer, wetter winters are promoting fungal plant diseases like soybean rust to travel northward. Soybean rust is a vicious plant pathogen that can kill off entire fields in a matter of days, devastating farmers and costing billions in agricultural losses. Another example is the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic in BC, Canada which killed millions of pine trees because the winters were not cold enough to slow or kill the",
"title": "Effects of global warming on human health"
},
{
"id": "5277915",
"text": "stink bugs, they are collectively known as sunn pests (also spelled as senn, , or shüne pests) or wheat bugs. The most economically important species of which are members of the genus \"Eurygaster\". \"Eurygaster integriceps\", in particular, is a very destructive pest of cereal crops in North Africa, the Balkans, and western and central Asia. Other scutellerids known under the name 'sunn pest' include members of the genus \"Odontotarsus\", among others. Methods of control for sunn pests have included biological pest control, using wasps of the family Scelionidae from the genera \"Trissolcus\" and \"Ooencyrtus\". The cotton harlequin bug (\"Tectocoris diophthalmus\")",
"title": "Scutelleridae"
},
{
"id": "12836119",
"text": "during World War II. Like Germany, the nation suggested that the Colorado potato beetle, aimed at the enemy's food sources, would be an asset during the war. As early as 1939 biological warfare experts in France suggested that the beetle be used against German crops. Germany is known to have pursued entomological warfare programs during World War II. The nation pursued the mass-production, and dispersion, of the Colorado potato beetle (\"Lepinotarsa decemlineata\"), aimed at the enemy's food sources. The beetle was first found in Germany in 1914, as an invasive species from North America. There are no records that indicate",
"title": "Entomological warfare"
},
{
"id": "16424815",
"text": "infection of the rice kernels by fungi such as species of the ubiquitous genus \"Fusarium\". In South America, the small rice stink bug, \"Oebalus poecilus\" (also \"Solubea poecila\"), is the most destructive pest of rice crops. It attacks rice, barley, oats, corn, and wheat, while it occasionally attacks soybean, cotton, and guava. The small rice stink bug looks similar to the rice stink bug. Oebalus pugnax The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax, is a flying insect in the shield bug family Pentatomidae native to North America that has become a major agricultural pest in the Southern United States. It has",
"title": "Oebalus pugnax"
},
{
"id": "7494604",
"text": "sustained some form of damage. Loss of crops in Mississippi totaled $2 million with corn, cotton, hay, and unharvested oats heavily damaged. As was the case in Louisiana, boll weevil poisoning efforts were thwarted in Mississippi. Damage from Audrey in Arkansas was limited to minor roof damage caused by strong winds in El Dorado. The fringe effects of Audrey's remnant wind field and rainfall also extended to Georgia, where wind damage was light but widespread. Peaches were blown down from trees and corn was blown over. Falling trees and branches damaged homes and disrupted electric and telecommunication services. Tracking farther",
"title": "Hurricane Audrey"
},
{
"id": "13107325",
"text": "fruit trees and banana plants) are cloned. A single pest or disease could threaten a whole crop due to this uniformity (\"genetic erosion\"). A well-known historic case was the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1847, where a vital crop with low diversity was destroyed by a single fungus. Another example is when a disease caused by a fungus affected the monocultured 1970 US corn crop, causing a loss of over one billion dollars in production. A danger to agriculture is wheat rust, a pathogenic fungus causing reddish patches, coloured by its spores. A virulent form of the wheat disease, stem rust,",
"title": "Crop diversity"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Boll weev context: Weevil. Boll weevil The boll weevil (\"Anthonomus grandis\") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is\n\nThe boll weevil, a species of beetle, causes damage to which crop?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
"origin_tokens": 205,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Boll Weev Eradication Program context: than one million acres still under treatment in Texas. Since its migration from Mexico in the late 19th century, the boll weevil had been the single most destructive cotton pest in the United States, and possibly the most destructive agricultural pest in the United States. The cost of its crop depredations has been estimated at $300 million per year. The control measures used have included a wide range of pesticides, including calcium arsenate, DDT, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, malathion, and parathion. In 1958, the National Cotton Council garnered the Congressional support to create the USDA Boll Weevil Research Lab.\n\ntitleour bele context: Red flour beet The red flour beetTribolium castane\") is a species of beet in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and model organ forological safety research. red flour beet gra and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta biscuits, beans and nuts loss and damage. Nations, recent-har compendium estimated that \"Tribol castane\" \"Tribolium confusum\", the confused flour beetle, are \"the two most secondary p of all commodities store throughout the\ntitle Potato context:ases or damage the plants the Coloradoatoetle, potato moth green peach aphMyz persicae\"),ato aph, beet leafhoppersrips, and mites. The potatoyst is a microscopicormes on the thus causing the potato plants toilt its eggsive in soil years,rop rotation the 208 of certified organatoes produced in the by the as organic withide to controlato blPhytophora infest\").\ntitle S: A is the) and 'stink bug' (Pentatomidae) Families, with the species \"Eurygaster integriceps\" being the most economically important. Sunn pests are found in parts of North Africa, throughout West Asia and many of the new independent states of Central Asia. The sunn pest is one of the most serious pests of wheat and barley in West Asia, where over $42 million (U.S.) is spent for its control. Yield loss from its damage has been estimated at 20-30% in barley and 50-90% in wheat.\n\nThe boll weevil, a species of beetle, causes damage to which crop?",
"compressed_tokens": 554,
"origin_tokens": 14640,
"ratio": "26.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,706 | A staunch conservationist, which US President is credited with creating the National Forest Service, 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests? | [
"T Ros",
"Feddy Roosevelt",
"26th President of the United States",
"Trust Buster",
"The Cowboy President",
"Teddy roosevelt",
"Theodore Roosavelt",
"President Theodore Roosevelt",
"Theodor roosevelt",
"Teddy Rose",
"Teddy Roosevelt",
"Theodore roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt",
"Teodoro Roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt Administration",
"Teddy Roosvelt",
"Teddy Rosevelt",
"Roosevelt, Theodore",
"Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy",
"T Roosevelt",
"Cowboy of the Dakotas",
"Teddy Roose",
"Theodore Roosevelt"
] | Teddy Roosevelt | [
{
"id": "413827",
"text": "Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 National Forests. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately . Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President. By the end of his second term in office, Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land. Roosevelt",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "560659",
"text": "construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi or 930,000 km) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five national parks, and signed the year 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new national monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 national forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed",
"title": "Conservation movement"
},
{
"id": "132049",
"text": "and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately . Gifford",
"title": "Environmental movement in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4736683",
"text": "allowed for him to \"declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic and scientific interest that are situated upon lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be National Monuments.\" Under this act he created up to 18 national monuments. During his presidency, Roosevelt established 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 4 National Game Preserves, 150 National Forests, and 5 National Parks. Overall he protected over 200 million acres of land. Ecology became a central part of the World's politics as early as 1971, UNESCO launched a research program called \"Man",
"title": "History of ecology"
},
{
"id": "11880245",
"text": "for Roosevelt to proclaim twenty-one new forest preserves and to enlarge eleven existing ones, of about , which he did on March 1–2, 1907. After having done so, Roosevelt then signed the Agricultural Appropriations Act, which included the now-irrelevant amendment. \"Roosevelt later gleefully recalled how opposing interests 'turned handsprings in their wrath' over the setting aside of these 'midnight reserves' --a stroke described by a Forest Service historian as 'the last flamboyant act of the conservation movement.'\" During his administration, President Roosevelt set aside 150 national forests, the first 51 federal bird reservations, five national parks, the first 18 national",
"title": "Midnight forests"
},
{
"id": "13574013",
"text": "the agency. By the end of his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt, in partnership with Gifford Pinchot, had successfully increased the number of national parks as well as added area to existing forest reserves. The legacy of his actions as president at the turn of the twentieth century include estimated 230 million acres of land as public lands, through his aforementioned establishment of the United States Forest Service as well as dozens of national forests, national parks, and bird reserves, in addition to 4 game preserves. This legacy, though establishing what many consider the root of modern conservationism, remained within the hands",
"title": "Conservation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12307863",
"text": "signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new United States National Monuments. He also established the first 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation's first. Around 1909, Rungius gave up illustrating to pursue a career as a full-time easel painter. His illustrations, however, stayed in circulation long after, playing a large role in spreading information about ethical hunting. In early twentieth-century North America, there were few major zoos and photography was still in its infancy, so illustrations from",
"title": "Carl Rungius"
},
{
"id": "5306965",
"text": "President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), and influenced by the ideas of 'philosopher-scientists' such as George Perkins Marsh, John Wesley Powell, John Muir, Lester Frank Ward and W. J. McGee, the largest government-funded conservation-related projects in U.S. history were undertaken: On March 14, 1903, President Roosevelt created the first National Bird Preserve, (the beginning of the Wildlife Refuge system), on Pelican Island, Florida. In all, by 1909, the Roosevelt administration had created an unprecedented 42 million acres (170,000 km²) of United States National Forests, 53 National Wildlife Refuges and 18 areas of \"special interest\", such as the Grand Canyon. In addition, Roosevelt",
"title": "Progressivism in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1919530",
"text": "timberland for preservation and parks, Roosevelt increased the area to 146 million acres (592,000 km²) and began systematic efforts to prevent forest fires and to retimber denuded tracts. His appointment of his friend Gifford Pinchot as chief forester resulted in vigorous new scientific management of public lands. TR added 50 wildlife refuges, 5 new national parks, and initiated the system of designating National Monuments, such as the Devils Tower National Monument. Roosevelt's popularity was at its peak as the campaign of 1908 neared, but he was unwilling to break the tradition by which no President had held office for more",
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)"
},
{
"id": "530551",
"text": "United States Forest Service The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch. Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of the Interior. The concept of the National Forests was born from Theodore Roosevelt’s conservation group, Boone and Crockett Club, due to concerns regarding Yellowstone",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "20687185",
"text": "an undistributed profits tax on corporate earnings. Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although FDR was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on TR's scale, his growth of the national systems were comparable. FDR created 140 national wildlife refuges (especially for birds) and established 29 national forests and 29 national parks and monuments, including Everglades National Park and Olympic National Park. His favorite agency, the CCC, expended most of its effort on environmental projects. In the dozen years after its creation, the CCC built 13,000 miles",
"title": "First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "530578",
"text": "both the National Forest Management Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. United States Forest Service The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch. Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of the Interior. The concept of the National Forests was born from Theodore",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "9013254",
"text": "youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although FDR was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on TR's scale, his growth of the national systems were comparable. FDR created 140 national wildlife refuges (especially for birds) and established 29 national forests and 29 national parks and monuments, including Everglades National Park and Olympic National Park. His favorite agency, the CCC, expended most of its effort on environmental projects. In the dozen years after its creation, the CCC built 13,000 miles of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles of dirt roads. Roosevelt was particularly supportive of water management",
"title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "575161",
"text": "Marble Canyon: Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the Gulf of California. The Grand Canyon became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, Roosevelt established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28, 1906. Livestock grazing was reduced, but predators such as mountain lions, eagles, and wolves were eradicated. Roosevelt along with other members of his conservation group, the Boone and Crockett Club helped form the National Parks Association, which",
"title": "Grand Canyon"
},
{
"id": "13574011",
"text": "the Forest Reserve Act, presidents Harrison, Cleveland, and McKinley had transferred approximately into the forest reserve system. However, President Theodore Roosevelt is credited with the institutionalization of the conservation movement in the United States. For President Roosevelt, the conservation movement was not about the preservation of nature simply for nature itself. After his experiences traveling as an enthusiastic, zealous hunter, Roosevelt became convinced of \"the need for measures to protect the game species from further destruction and eventual extinction\". President Roosevelt recognized the necessity of carefully managing America's natural resources. According to Roosevelt, \"We are prone to speak of the",
"title": "Conservation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12307862",
"text": "trips to New Brunswick in 1900-1909 and to the Yukon in 1904, Rugius’s fascination with the North American moose began. Rungius found work, as hunters and naturalists commissioned wildlife illustrations for their magazines, books, and campaigns to protect endangered animals. Rungius’s arrival in the United States coincided with the recognition of the plight of the continent’s game animal and bird populations. Several concerned sportsmen had turned their energy to correcting the deteriorating situation, the most noteworthy being Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt was a leader in Conservation, fighting to end the waste of natural resources. Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service,",
"title": "Carl Rungius"
},
{
"id": "6749816",
"text": "by transferring control over national forests from the Department of the Interior to the Bureau of Forestry, which was part of the Agriculture Department. Pinchot's agency was renamed to the United States Forest Service, and Pinchot presided over the implementation of assertive conservationist policies in national forests. Roosevelt encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, which promoted federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. In 1906, Congress passed the Antiquities Act, granting the president the power to create national monuments in federal lands. Roosevelt set aside",
"title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "4891138",
"text": "like the Grand Canyon. National Parks in Yellowstone and around Yosemite Valley were established by the early 1890s. U.S. Senator Benjamin Harrison introduced a bill in 1887 to establish a national park at the Grand Canyon. The bill died in committee, but on February 20, 1893, Harrison (then President of the United States) declared the Grand Canyon to be a National Forest Preserve. Mining and logging were allowed, but the designation did offer some protection. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, he established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28,",
"title": "History of the Grand Canyon area"
},
{
"id": "11880246",
"text": "monuments, the first four national game preserves and the first 24 reclamation, or federal irrigation, projects; the national forests alone consisted of of land by the end of his term in 1909. Because of the nature of the timing of the proclamations, and from President Roosevelt`s own comment, these forest preserves/national forests created in March, 1907 are sometimes referred to as the \"midnight forests\". Midnight forests Midnight forests was a nickname given to the forests created by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt near the end of his term as president. In early 1891, Congress was reconsidering provisions in",
"title": "Midnight forests"
},
{
"id": "3388977",
"text": "for the passage of the legislation. Since the Antiquities Act became law, all but four presidents, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush have chosen to enlarge or dedicate new national monuments. President Obama in his last term in office erected more monuments than any President before him, with 26. The previous record was held by President Theodore Roosevelt with 18 monuments. On April 26, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing a review of the law and its uses. The Act was intended to allow the President to set aside certain valuable public natural",
"title": "Antiquities Act"
},
{
"id": "5517192",
"text": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway is a scenic road that connects Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is federally owned and managed by the National Park Service. It is named in remembrance of John D. Rockefeller Jr., a conservationist and philanthropist who was instrumental in the creation and enlargement of numerous national parks including Grand Teton, Virgin Islands, Acadia and the Great Smoky Mountains. Created in 1972 through the authorization of the United States Congress, and consisting of , it also borders National Forest",
"title": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway"
},
{
"id": "1739554",
"text": "generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Pinchot rose to national prominence under the patronage of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1905, his department also gained control of the national forest reserves, thereby dramatically increasing the authority of the Forest Service. Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests could be developed by private interests, under set terms, in exchange for a fee. Pinchot embarked on many publicity campaigns to direct national discussions of natural",
"title": "Gifford Pinchot"
},
{
"id": "10906745",
"text": "Baldwin on the ballot as its presidential candidate. The Indy Greens call for balancing the federal budget and paying off the federal debt. The Republican Party had long supported the protection of the environment at the first half of 20th Century. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the modern National Park Service. Republican President Richard Nixon was responsible for establishing the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. More recently, California Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, with the support of 16 other states, sued the federal government and the United States Environmental Protection",
"title": "Green conservatism"
},
{
"id": "2826809",
"text": "carbon pollution\" or \"greenhouse emissions\". Obama's advisers called for a halt to petroleum exploration in the Arctic in January 2013. On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline. It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. Obama has emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Obama called for Congress to",
"title": "Barack Obama"
},
{
"id": "530579",
"text": "United States National Forest National Forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands in the United States. National Forests are largely forest and woodland areas owned collectively by the American people through the federal government, and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The National Forest System was created by the Land Revision Act of 1891, which was signed under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. It was the result of concerted action by Los Angeles-area businessmen and property owners who were concerned by the harm being done to the",
"title": "United States National Forest"
},
{
"id": "2005776",
"text": "General Grant (tree) The General Grant tree is the largest giant sequoia (\"Sequoiadendron giganteum\") in the General Grant Grove section of Kings Canyon National Park in California and the second largest tree in the world. The tree was named in 1867 after Ulysses S. Grant, Union Army general and the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877). President Calvin Coolidge proclaimed it the \"Nation's Christmas Tree\" on April 28, 1926. Due in large part to its huge base, the General Grant tree was thought to be the largest tree in the world prior to 1931, when the first precise measurements",
"title": "General Grant (tree)"
},
{
"id": "12430748",
"text": "both political parties, beginning with Theodore Roosevelt, had established ample precedents by proclaiming 82 National Monuments, seven of which were larger than Jackson Hole. The proclamation was nevertheless also contested in court, where it was strongly defended by the Departments of Justice and Interior and upheld. A compromise was worked out and embodied in legislation approved by President Harry S Truman on September 14, 1950. It combined Jackson Hole National Monument and the old Grand Teton National Park in a \"new Grand Teton National Park\" containing some , with special provisions regarding taxes and hunting. It also prohibited establishing or",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "138969",
"text": "lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although Roosevelt was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on Theodore Roosevelt's scale, his growth of the national systems were comparable. Roosevelt was active in expanding, funding, and promoting the National Park and National Forest systems. Under Roosevelt, their popularity soared, from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade to 15.5 million in 1939. The Civilian Conservation Corps enrolled 3.4 million young men and built 13,000 miles of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles of dirt",
"title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "13574012",
"text": "resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is not so\". Nonetheless, Roosevelt believed that conservation of America's natural resources was for the successful management and continued sustain yield harvesting of these resources in the future for the benefit and enjoyment of the American people. Roosevelt took several major steps to further his conservation goals.In 1902, Roosevelt signed the National Reclamation Act, which allowed for the management and settlement of a large tract of barren land. Then, in 1905, President Roosevelt helped to create the United States Forest Service and then appointed respected forester, Gifford Pinchot, as the first head of",
"title": "Conservation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5194856",
"text": "actual founder of the United States National Forest after a century of mystery shrouded the origin in conflicting claims. An almost forgotten politician named William S. Holman created the concept and the initial legislation, as revealed in documents Arnold discovered in the National Archives. He was invited to present his findings at the centennial symposium of the United States Forest Service in 1991. Environmentalists have challenged Arnold’s “Wise Use Movement,” launched at a Reno, Nevada conference in 1988, as inappropriately co-opting the term from utilitarian conservationist and first Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot, who held different views",
"title": "Ron Arnold"
},
{
"id": "7705073",
"text": "General Revision Act of 1891 is often mentioned alongside a series of federal policy reforms, which occurred after its passing. Theodore Roosevelt assumed the office of the President in 1901 after William McKinley's assassination in Buffalo, NY of that year. Under Theodore Roosevelt, four significant land reform achievements were realized. First, the National Forest grew to obtain 150 acres of land, 75 of which could be sold under marketable timber through the creation of the Bureau of Forestry in 1901. Second, the federal government emphasized holding onto lands containing reserves of coal, phosphates and oil despite the liquidation of other",
"title": "General Revision Act"
},
{
"id": "17994272",
"text": "United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996 The United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-329) is a United States federal law which established a commemorative coin program within the United States Mint in 1996. In addition, the law specifically authorized commemorative coins to observe the 150th anniversary of the death of Dolley Madison, to honor George Washington, the 125th anniversary of the establishment Yellowstone National Park, and the 50th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's racial desegregation of Major League Baseball. It also established commemorative coin fundraising programs for the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial,",
"title": "United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996"
},
{
"id": "823391",
"text": "oldest federal environmental review statutes. Under Darling's guidance, the Bureau began an ongoing legacy of protecting vital natural habitat throughout the country. The FWS was finally created in 1940, when the Bureaus of Fisheries and Biological Survey were combined after being moved to the Department of the Interior. In 1959, the methods used by FWS's Animal Damage Control Program were featured in the Tom Lehrer song \"Poisoning Pigeons in the Park\". The Service governs six National Monuments: Pursuant to the eagle feather law, Title 50, Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 22), and the \"Bald and",
"title": "United States Fish and Wildlife Service"
},
{
"id": "6683548",
"text": "in the Midwest and South. The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species. About 91,000 insect species have been described. The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself. There are 59 national parks and hundreds of",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "1404329",
"text": "added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public. Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States' national parks, which have grown in number over the years to 60. Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in",
"title": "National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "413828",
"text": "was unapologetic about his extensive use of executive orders to protect the environment, despite the perception in Congress that he was encroaching on too many lands. Eventually, Senator Charles Fulton (R-OR) attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that effectively prevented the president from reserving any further land. Before signing that bill into law, Roosevelt used executive orders to establish an additional 21 forest reserves, waiting until the last minute to sign the bill into law. In total, Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 121 forest reserves in 31 states. Prior to Roosevelt, only one president had issued over",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "3305075",
"text": "1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Under his leadership, the Interior Department aggressively promoted an expansion of federal public lands and assisted with the enactment of major environmental legislation. Among his accomplishments, Udall oversaw the addition of four national parks, six national monuments, eight national seashores and lakeshores, nine national recreation areas, twenty national historic sites, and fifty-six national wildlife refuges, including Canyonlands National Park in Utah, North Cascades National Park in Washington, Redwood National Park in California, the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge in New Jersey, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail stretching",
"title": "Stewart Udall"
},
{
"id": "20476183",
"text": "was wholeheartedly embraced and became championed as the \"American Adam of landscape painting.” Cole is considered to be one of the pioneers of American environmentalism, for his concern for the impending destruction by “Copper-hearted barbarians … pushing a railroad up through his valley to exploit its natural resources – through mining, quarrying, and logging” and in his effort to inform the public, Thomas Cole’s labors are among those that motivated the creation of the National Park Service. Catskill Park was established in 1904 to protect thousands of acres, incredible vistas, and mountain ranges including thirty-three Catskill’s high peaks, a natural",
"title": "Lake with Dead Trees"
},
{
"id": "1404332",
"text": "\"System\" as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of the United States, and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to metaphorically as \"crown jewels\". The system encompasses approximately 84.4 million acres (338,000 km²), of which more than 4.3 million acres (17,000 km²) remain in private ownership. The largest unit is Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. At 13,200,000 acres (53,000 km²), it is over 16 percent of the entire system. The smallest unit in the system is Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, Pennsylvania, at 0.02 acre (80 m²). In addition to",
"title": "National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1404386",
"text": "considered to merit the protection of all the peoples in the world. The National Park Service is responsible for 16 of the 19 World Heritage Sites in the United States. In September 2010, the NPS released its Climate Change Response Strategy, followed in April 2012 by the Green Parks Plan. The Climate Friendly Parks Program is a subset of the Green Parks plan. It was created in collaboration between the National Park Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The program is meant to measure and reduce greenhouse gases to help slow the effects of climate change. Parks in the",
"title": "National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "9217858",
"text": "an act of “domestic extremism\". During his time as President of the United States, Bill Clinton made strides towards environmentalism and sustainability. Throughout the 1990s, Clinton signed various executive orders committing to the preservation of many facets of the environment including animals, forests and wetlands. In 1993, Clinton and Gore hosted the Forest Conference which was considered to be the beginning of developing a comprehensive, long term policy in which workers, businesses and communities dependent on timber sales would be supported. In the same year, Clinton issued executive orders for federal agencies to increase the use of alternative-fueled vehicles and",
"title": "Anti-environmentalism"
},
{
"id": "17938842",
"text": "a \"National Park\" did require Congressional action. In addition to limiting the number of national monument declarations the president could make, the bill would forbid the government from declaring land belonging to a private owner as a national monument without the private owner's consent. The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. President Theodore Roosevelt established the first national monument, Devils Tower in Wyoming, on September 24, 1906. There are over 100 National Monuments in the United States. Presidential use of the Antiquities Act to declare a National Monument: \"This summary",
"title": "Ensuring Public Involvement in the Creation of National Monuments Act"
},
{
"id": "13787215",
"text": "15 administrative regions, plus the Metropolitan area and the M. de Santiago, which are listed in alphabetical order (each region's serial number—based on information sourced to Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF)— appears in parentheses): The total number of protected areas in the above listed regions are 100 covering a total area of 14.5 million hectares (20% of the country) in 36 National Parks, 49 National Reserves, and 15 National Monuments. The monuments category accounts for a minuscule percentage of 0.01 percent with the other two categories accounting 99.9%. In terms of world statistics of area covered under protection, Chile has the",
"title": "Wildlife of Chile"
},
{
"id": "12430724",
"text": "placed under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior who shortly acquired some additional land. In 1906 Congress created Platt National Park which included the Sulphur Springs Reservation. Forty-four years after the establishment of Yellowstone, President Woodrow Wilson created the National Park Service on August 25, 1916. For years J. Horace McFarland, President of the American Civic Association; Secretaries of the Interior Walter Fisher and Franklin K. Lane; Presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson; Frederick Law Olmsted Jr..; Representatives William Kent and John E. Raker of California; Senator Reed Smoot of Utah; Stephen T. Mather and Horace M.",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1697773",
"text": "Muir died at California Hospital (now California Hospital Medical Center) in Los Angeles on December 24, 1914, of pneumonia at age 76, after a brief visit to Daggett, California, to see his daughter Helen Muir Funk. His grandson Ross Hanna lived until 2014, when he died at age 91. During his lifetime John Muir published over 300 articles and 12 books. He co-founded the Sierra Club, which helped establish a number of national parks after he died. Today the club has over 2.4 million members. Muir has been called the \"patron saint of the American wilderness\" and its \"archetypal free",
"title": "John Muir"
},
{
"id": "5071736",
"text": "Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12153358",
"text": "Shift 2007 conference was a project of the Energy Action Coalition. In 2015, according to \"The New York Times\" and others, oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause global warming since the 1970s but, nonetheless, funded deniers for years. Historical support for environmental protection has been relatively non-partisan. Republican Theodore Roosevelt established national parks whereas Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Soil Conservation Service. This non-partisanship began to change during the 1980s when the Reagan administration stated that environmental protection was an economic burden. Views over global warming began to seriously diverge among Democrats and Republicans when",
"title": "Climate change in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3130772",
"text": "in 1916 when the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that Yakamas' hunting off the reservation had to subscribe to state fish and game laws. Many tribes in the area have continued to use the area's resources while encountering non-Native hunters, fishers, and recreation users. It was later renamed the Gifford Pinchot National Forest on June 15, 1949 in honor of Gifford Pinchot, one of the leading figures in the creation of the national forest system of the United States. In 1985 the non-profit Gifford Pinchot Task Force formed to protect the area. Gifford Pinchot National Forest is located in a",
"title": "Gifford Pinchot National Forest"
},
{
"id": "530553",
"text": "forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry, henceforth known as the United States Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "11419136",
"text": "United States. Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment. The United States maintains hundreds of national parks as well as several preservation areas, such as in the Florida Everglades. There are more than 400 protected sites spread across 84 million acres but very few are large enough to contain ecosystems. The Nature Conservancy works with public and private partners to ensure our lands and waters are protected for future generations. They work in all 50 states, protecting habitats from grasslands to coral reefs and addressing threats to conservation. Environment of the United States The environment of",
"title": "Environment of the United States"
},
{
"id": "7576318",
"text": "be found occurring in the United States. The book was one of the most influential books of its time, next to Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, inspiring conservation and reform in the USA since it forebode what happened to an ancient civilisation when it depleted and exhausted its natural resources. The book was instrumental in the creation of Adirondack Park in New York and the United States National Forest. Gifford Pinchot, first Chief of the United States Forest Service, called it \"epoch making\" and Stewart Udall wrote that it was \"the beginning of land wisdom in this country.\"",
"title": "Man and Nature"
},
{
"id": "3336857",
"text": "park units from 1934 to 1941, and they developed roads and other structures in use today. The area was designated the \"Roosevelt Recreation Demonstration Area\" in 1935. In 1946 it was transferred to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as the \"Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge\". President Truman established the \"Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park\" on April 25, 1947, the only National Memorial Park ever established. In 1978, in addition to boundary adjustments and the establishment of 29,920 acres (121.1 km) of the Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness, the park's designation was changed to \"Theodore Roosevelt National Park\". Both main units",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park"
},
{
"id": "413826",
"text": "served as honorary president of the American School Hygiene Association from 1907 to 1908, and in 1909 he convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children. Of all Roosevelt's achievements, he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources, and extending federal protection to land and wildlife. Roosevelt worked closely with Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield and Chief of the United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot to enact a series of conservation programs that often met with resistance from Western members of Congress such as Charles William Fulton. Nonetheless, Roosevelt established the United States",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "1679278",
"text": "National Monument (United States) A national monument in the United States is a protected area that is similar to a national park, but can be created from any land owned or controlled by the federal government by proclamation of the President of the United States. National monuments can be managed by one of several federal agencies: the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Land Management, or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (in the case of marine national monuments). Historically, some national monuments were managed by the War Department. National",
"title": "National Monument (United States)"
},
{
"id": "970704",
"text": "the absence of wilderness areas in heavily cultivated Europe, as well as a longstanding interest in laissez-faire government in some countries, like the UK, leaving it as no coincidence that John Muir, the Scottish-born founder of the National Park movement (and hence of government-sponsored conservation) did his sterling work in the USA, where he was the motor force behind the establishment of such NPs as Yosemite and Yellowstone. Nowadays, officially more than 10 percent of the world is legally protected in some way or the other, and in practice, private fundraising is insufficient to pay for the effective management of",
"title": "Conservation (ethic)"
},
{
"id": "8474192",
"text": "Burke's view that society is a partnership among past, present and future generations. REP cites the conservation achievements of Republican leaders, including Abraham Lincoln's initial protection of Yosemite Valley and pioneering conservationist president, Theodore Roosevelt's establishment of national forests, monuments, parks, and wildlife refuges. Other Republican leaders often cited by REP for their conservation records include Presidents Herbert Hoover, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan, Senators John Chafee, William Roth and John McCain, Congressman John Saylor, and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. REP advocates for conservation and environmental protection on a wide variety of environment and energy-related issues.",
"title": "ConservAmerica"
},
{
"id": "17994281",
"text": "income to the U.S. Treasury after recipients were unable to raise the matching funds. United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996 The United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-329) is a United States federal law which established a commemorative coin program within the United States Mint in 1996. In addition, the law specifically authorized commemorative coins to observe the 150th anniversary of the death of Dolley Madison, to honor George Washington, the 125th anniversary of the establishment Yellowstone National Park, and the 50th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's racial desegregation of Major League Baseball. It also established commemorative",
"title": "United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996"
},
{
"id": "20175194",
"text": "part in the emergence of the modern environmental movement. The precursor of this movement in the United States was the early 20th century conservation movement, associated with President Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. This was the period in which U.S. Forest Service was formed, and that public concern for consumer protection began, epitomized by the publication of \"The Jungle\" by Upton Sinclair. The origins of the modern environmental movement took place in the United States with the publication of Rachel Carson's \"Silent Spring\", which pointed out the perils of pesticide use and rallied concern for the environment in general. Carson",
"title": "William Ophuls"
},
{
"id": "6907308",
"text": "the expansion and protection of Yellowstone National Park and the establishment of American conservation in general. The Club and its members were also responsible for the elimination of commercial market hunting, creation of the National Park and National Forest Services, National Wildlife Refuge system, wildlife reserves, and funding for conservation, all under the umbrella of what is known today as the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. Key members of the club have included Theodore Roosevelt, George Bird Grinnell, Madison Grant, Charles Alexander Sheldon, William Tecumseh Sherman, Gifford Pinchot, Frederick Russell Burnham, Charles Deering and Aldo Leopold. Today the Club",
"title": "Boone and Crockett Club"
},
{
"id": "1739556",
"text": "cutting while Congress was increasingly hostile to conservation of the forests, bowing to local commercial pressures for quicker exploitation. In 1907, Congress forbade the creation of more forest reserves in the Western states. Roosevelt designated 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests just minutes before his power to do so was stripped by a congressionally mandated amendment to the Agriculture Bill. These were called the Midnight forests. For his contributions to conservation, Pinchot was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1916. Pinchot's authority was substantially undermined by the election of President William",
"title": "Gifford Pinchot"
},
{
"id": "12613798",
"text": "the mid-19th century was instrumental in convincing Congress in 1872 to create Yellowstone, the first national park in the United States. Photography produced by Philip Hyde for the Sierra Club found extensive use in promoting the preservation of natural places in the Western United States during the 20th century. Renowned landscape photographer Ansel Adams received both a Conservation Service Award and a Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of the influence of his work on the preservation of wilderness and fostering of environmental consciousness. Landscape photography commonly involves daylight photography of natural features of land, sky and waters, at a",
"title": "Landscape photography"
},
{
"id": "7356096",
"text": "the Middle East that helped precipitate the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. Seiberling is noted for effectively doubling the size of the United States National Park System, adding approximately two-hundred million acres during his sixteen-year tenure in congress. On January 8, 2001, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton. On Thursday, October 12, 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 6051, which designates the Federal building and United States courthouse in Akron as the John F. Seiberling Federal Building and United States Courthouse. Seiberling's legacy is honored at 2370 Everett Road; a Covered bridge in",
"title": "John F. Seiberling"
},
{
"id": "19867813",
"text": "the mill, as the demand for rayon and logs for rebuilding decreased, the primary focus of the mill became the manufacture of paper. In September 1907, the Tongass National Forest was established, and by 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt and the U.S. Forest Service founder Gifford Pinchot have expanded it to 15.4 million acres. The Tongass National Forest became the largest national forest in the United States Of America, and was viewed by many as an opportunity to convert old growth stands into sustainable young growth forests, with an emphasis on pulp production. In 1911, the United States Forest Service began",
"title": "Sitka Pulp Mill"
},
{
"id": "1698407",
"text": "president David Starr Jordan, who contacted Fresno Congressman James C. Needham. Jordan and Needham, in turn, influenced Gifford Pinchot to advocate the establishment of the Pinnacles Forest Reserve to President Theodore Roosevelt, who proclaimed the establishment on July 8, 1906. Pinchot, who was primarily interested in the management of forests for productive use rather than for preservation, advocated the use of the recently passed Antiquities Act to designate the scenic core of the area as Pinnacles National Monument, which was done by Roosevelt on January 16, 1908. This designation nominally passed control of the Pinnacles from the Department of Agriculture",
"title": "Pinnacles National Park"
},
{
"id": "19951707",
"text": "halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.\"[2] The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). During Obama’s presidency, 29 species recovered enough to be taken off the endangered species list, more than under all four presidents before him (George H. W. Bush did not delist any species). And 340 were added, far more than under his predecessor, George W. Bush. But the Endangered Species Act itself has changed during the Obama years, and critics say that despite the impressive numbers,",
"title": "Endangered sea turtles"
},
{
"id": "8798993",
"text": "conserve 58.5 million acres (237,000 km²) of pristine National Forests and Grasslands from most logging and road construction. When he entered office, the U.S. President at that time George W. Bush modified these regulations to allow a more autonomous approach, wherein state governments would be permitted to designate their own roadless areas. On September 20, 2006, U.S. District Judge Elizabeth Laporte ruled against the Bush Administration's plan to reverse the Clinton-era regulations, saying that the Bush plan \"established a new regime in which management of roadless areas within the national forests would, for the first time, vary not just forest",
"title": "Roadless area conservation"
},
{
"id": "289816",
"text": "purview. American Pulitzer Prize-winning author Wallace Stegner wrote: National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst. In his book \"Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks\", Mark David Spence made the point that in order to create these uninhabited spaces, the United States first had to disposess the Indians who were living in them. Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the",
"title": "National park"
},
{
"id": "560582",
"text": "be made to save the wildlife, particularly the American bison. The death of the last passenger pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. In 1916 the National Park Service was founded by US President Woodrow Wilson. Pioneers of the movement called for more efficient and professional management of natural resources. They fought for reform because they believed the destruction of forests, fertile soil, minerals, wildlife and water resources would lead to the downfall of society. The group that has been the most active in recent years",
"title": "Environmental movement"
},
{
"id": "11880242",
"text": "Midnight forests Midnight forests was a nickname given to the forests created by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt near the end of his term as president. In early 1891, Congress was reconsidering provisions in the nation's land laws. An amendment (Section 24) attached to the legislation would allow the President of the United States to set aside forest reserves from the land in the public domain. The act, signed on March 3, 1891, was later referred to as the Creative Act, or the Forest Reserve Act. Due to complaints from many special interest groups, ranging from cattlemen to",
"title": "Midnight forests"
},
{
"id": "18010598",
"text": "of the NPS is delegated by the Secretary of the Interior to the National Park Service Director, who must be confirmed by the Senate. In 2008, there were 21,989 employees of the NPS who oversaw units, of which 59 are designated national parks. National parks must be established by an act of the United States Congress. The first national park, Yellowstone, was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, followed by Mackinac National Park in 1875 (decommissioned in 1895), and then Sequoia and Yosemite in 1890. Criteria for the selection of National Parks include natural beauty, unique",
"title": "National Park Service 100th Anniversary Commemorative Coin Act"
},
{
"id": "12430751",
"text": "of the United States'.\" This new and greatly broadened national policy has been the cornerstone of the Federal Government's historic preservation program ever since 1935, reaffirmed both in the Act of October 26, 1949, which created the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and in the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. To carry out the policy, the Act assigned broad powers, duties and functions to the Secretary of the Interior to be exercised through the National Park Service, among them: The Act established an Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments. Some of the most important historical",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1862326",
"text": "Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land, national parks, and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. Roosevelt explained his position in 1910: The third element, smallest at first but growing rapidly after 1870, were the environmentalists who honored nature for its own sake, and rejected the goal of maximizing human benefits. Their leader was John Muir (1838–1914), a widely read author and naturalist and pioneer advocate of preservation of wilderness for its own",
"title": "American frontier"
},
{
"id": "7837321",
"text": "in 1909, Roosevelt had issued a total of 5l Executive Orders that established wildlife reservations in 17 states and three territories. Congress also had continued to respond to the public mood recognized by Roosevelt in establishing the Wichita Mountains Forest and Game Preserve in 1905, the National Bison Range in 1908, and the National Elk Refuge in 1912. The latter was the first unit of the present system to be referred to as a \"refuge.\" The Izaak Walton League had initiated establishment of the National Elk Refuge by purchasing lands which they then donated to the government as a nucleus",
"title": "History of the National Wildlife Refuge System"
},
{
"id": "1697713",
"text": "John Muir John Muir (; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) also known as \"John of the Mountains\" and \"Father of the National Parks\", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The John Muir",
"title": "John Muir"
},
{
"id": "11886249",
"text": "environmental movement spanning the late 1960s through the early 1980s. Prior to the passage of these statutes, most federal environmental laws were not nearly as comprehensive. The precursor of the modern environmental movement in the United States was the early 20th century conservation movement, associated with President Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. During this period, the U.S. Forest Service was formed and public concern for consumer protection began, epitomized by the publication of \"The Jungle\" by Upton Sinclair. The modern environmental movement was inspired in part by the publication of Rachel Carson's controversial 1962 book \"Silent Spring\", which pointed out",
"title": "Environmental policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12430739",
"text": "owned or controlled by the United States. Between 1906 and 1933 successive Presidents proclaimed ten National Monuments on military reservations; The authority to proclaim National Monuments on military reservations is still valid, no others have been proclaimed. Instead, historic but obsolete fortifications are declared surplus by the United States Department of Defense and transferred to the National Park Service, the States, or other political subdivisions following Congressional authorization. Between 1907 and 1933, six presidents proclaimed 21 National Monuments on National Forest lands administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: The first two National Monuments in the Department of Agriculture were",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1404325",
"text": "employs approximately 27,000 employees who oversee units, of which 60 are designated national parks. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior. They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational,",
"title": "National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "560581",
"text": "went on to set up the Sierra Club in 1892. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism. However, the early movement in the U.S. developed with a contradiction; preservationists like John Muir wanted land and nature set aside for its own sake, and conservationists, such as Gifford Pinchot (appointed as the first Chief of the US Forest Service from 1905-1910), wanted to manage natural resources for human use. In the 20th century, environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts were beginning to",
"title": "Environmental movement"
},
{
"id": "5093174",
"text": "on to set up the Sierra Club in 1892. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism. In the 20th century, environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly the American bison. The death of the last passenger pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. In 1916 the National Park Service was founded by US President Woodrow Wilson. The Forestry",
"title": "Environmentalism"
},
{
"id": "1820586",
"text": "Jack Nicklaus Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed The Golden Bear, is an American retired professional golfer. Many observers regard him as the greatest golfer of all time. During a span of more than 25 years, he won a record 18 major championships while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes. Nicklaus focused on the major championships—Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship and PGA Championship—and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (80). Nicklaus won the U.S. Amateur",
"title": "Jack Nicklaus"
},
{
"id": "6192849",
"text": "The Hall of Presidents The Hall of Presidents is an attraction located in Liberty Square at the Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort. The attraction is a multi-media presentation and stage show featuring Audio-Animatronic figures of all 44 individual United States Presidents. It opened on October 1, 1971, along with the rest of the Magic Kingdom and resort. Housed in a building resembling Philadelphia's Independence Hall, the current attraction features a short film depicting a historical account of several American presidencies, notably George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. The",
"title": "The Hall of Presidents"
},
{
"id": "1064212",
"text": "scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the \"Reserves Act of 1977\", the \"National Parks Act of 1980\", and the \"Conservation Act of 1987\". Under these classifications, the Department of Conservation administers more than 80,000 km---nearly 30 percent of the nation's total area---with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total. Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term \"nature reserve\" is",
"title": "Nature reserve"
},
{
"id": "6478041",
"text": "September 22, 2017. In attendance at the opening event were prominent North American conservation leaders and numerous celebrities including U.S. President Jimmy Carter, U.S. President George W. Bush, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke, Mark Wahlberg, Kevin Costner, Bill Dance, Jimmy Houston, Dale Earnhardt, Jr., Tony Stewart, Luke Bryan, Dierks Bentley, Easton Corbin, and many others. More than 40 conservation groups, including the National Audubon Society, Ducks Unlimited, National Wildlife Federation, National Wild Turkey Federation and National Geographic Society, partnered with the Wonders of Wildlife project, which was nearly a decade in development and construction. Wonders of Wildlife was",
"title": "Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium"
},
{
"id": "5973513",
"text": "Peak already enjoyed protection as a National Monument, set aside by Roosevelt in 1907. The uneasy relationship between the US Forest Service and the National Park Service continued for several decades, perhaps culminating in 1931 when Congress forbade Lassen National Park from expanding its boundaries. Earlier, in 1906, Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester in the Department of Agriculture, sought to move the national parks into the forest service. Pinchot was thwarted by Congressman John F. Lacey, an ardent preservationist. Pinchot's goal was to subject the Parks to logging and other aspects of his \"scientific management philosophy\". Later, in 1939, Interior Secretary",
"title": "Lassen National Forest"
},
{
"id": "2170403",
"text": "Smokey Bear Smokey Bear is an American advertising icon created by the U.S. Forest Service with artist Albert Staehle, possibly in collaboration with writer and art critic Harold Rosenberg. In the longest-running public service advertising campaign in United States history, the Ad Council, the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the National Association of State Foresters (NASF) employ Smokey Bear to educate the public about the dangers of unplanned human-caused wildfires. A campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan \"Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires\" began in 1944. His later slogan, \"Remember... Only YOU Can",
"title": "Smokey Bear"
},
{
"id": "2504440",
"text": "force, the Park Police are responsible for policing many of the famous monuments in the United States. The USPP shares law enforcement jurisdiction in all lands administered by the National Park Service with a force of National Park Service Rangers tasked with the same law enforcement powers and responsibilities. The agency also provides protection for the President, Secretary of the Interior, and visiting dignitaries. The Park Police is a unit of the National Park Service, which is a bureau of the Department of the Interior. The Park Watchmen were first recruited in 1791 by George Washington to protect federal property",
"title": "United States Park Police"
},
{
"id": "2392168",
"text": "wild spaces\" of North America. When outdoorsman Teddy Roosevelt became president of the United States, he began to enlarge the U.S. National Parks system, and established the National Forest system. By the 1920s, travel across North America by train to experience the \"wilderness\" (often viewing it only through windows) had become very popular. This led to the commercialization of some of Canada's National Parks with the building of great hotels such as the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise. Despite their similar name, national parks in England and Wales are quite different from national parks in many other countries.",
"title": "Wilderness"
},
{
"id": "530565",
"text": "conduct internal and civil claim investigations. The of public land that are managed as national forests and grasslands are collectively known as the National Forest System. These lands are located in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands and comprise about 9% of the total land area in the United States. The lands are organized into 155 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The mission of the National Forest System is to protect and manage the forest lands so they best demonstrate the sustainable multiple-use management concept, using an ecological approach, to meet the diverse needs of people. The",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "530570",
"text": "year, not all National Forests are entirely forested. There are tidewater glaciers in the Tongass National Forest in Alaska and ski areas such as Alta, Utah in the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. In addition, the Forest Service is responsible for managing National Grasslands in the midwest. Furthermore, areas designated as wilderness by acts of Congress, prohibit logging, mining, road and building construction and land leases for purposes of farming and or livestock grazing. Since 1978, several Presidents have directed the USFS to administer National Monuments inside of preexisting National Forests. The Forest Service also manages Grey Towers National Historic Site in",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "12430780",
"text": "President Jimmy Carter signed into law the creation of the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, comprising 15 park units, ranging over 5,000 acres, and included 48 miles of the Chattahoochee River, in the Atlanta metropolitan area. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter created a dozen national monuments, in Alaska. The controversy that ensued lead to the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA). Through this act, Congress affirmed the Executive Order, adding to it. The act set aside to the National Park System and to the National Wildlife Refuge System. The act provided for the creation or expansion",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1739549",
"text": "successor. Pinchot relied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service when Pinchot established it in 1905. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences formed the National Forest Commission. Pinchot was the only non-Academy member. President Grover Cleveland later asked Pinchot to develop a plan for managing the nation's Western forest reserves. In 1897, Pinchot became a member of Boone and Crockett Club one of North America's first conservation organizations, which was founded by Theodore Roosevelt. In 1898, Gifford Pinchot succeeded Bernhard Fernow as chief of the Division",
"title": "Gifford Pinchot"
},
{
"id": "11850846",
"text": "for agency reports and research documents. With the inauguration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March, 1933, Grant's workload dramatically expanded. In June, Roosevelt signed an executive order nearly doubling the size of the Park Service with the addition of many national monuments, historic sites, and national battlefields; at the same time, the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided the resources and manpower to undertake dramatic improvements in state and national parks; and Grant was called upon to document many CCC projects in the national parks. He also accompanied teams traveling to different regions to survey for planned",
"title": "George A. Grant"
},
{
"id": "8976911",
"text": "Harold Bell Harold Bell (October 5, 1919 – December 4, 2009) was an American marketer and merchandising executive who co-created Woodsy Owl, the iconic mascot of the United States Forest Service. Bell created Woodsy Owl with two U.S. park rangers, Chuck Williams and Glenn Kovar, and another colleague, Betty Hite, for the first Earth Day in 1970. Woodsy Owl is best known for the motto, \"Give a hoot, don’t pollute!\". Harold Bell was born on October 5, 1919, in Union City, New Jersey. He was one of three sons born to his parents, David and Hilda Rosenthal Belsky. His father",
"title": "Harold Bell"
},
{
"id": "12430783",
"text": "has approved nineteen new National Park Units since taking office in January 2009 (through February 2016). As of January, 2011, five parks have been authorized by Congress with the intention of adding them to the National Park system upon land acquisition or monument completion. The National Park Service will end furloughs, known as sequestration, for US Park Police on June 1, 2013. History of the National Park Service Since 1872 the United States National Park System has grown from a single, public reservation called Yellowstone National Park to embrace over 450 natural, historical, recreational, and cultural areas throughout the United",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "1679285",
"text": "restrict the president's authority., none of which have been enacted. Most of the 16 national monuments created by President Clinton are managed not by the National Park Service, but by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System. Presidents have used the Antiquities Act's proclamation authority not only to create new national monuments but to enlarge existing ones. For example, Franklin D. Roosevelt significantly enlarged Dinosaur National Monument in 1938. Lyndon B. Johnson added Ellis Island to Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and Jimmy Carter made major additions to Glacier Bay and Katmai",
"title": "National Monument (United States)"
},
{
"id": "20150687",
"text": "Executive Order 13792 Executive Order 13792, entitled \"Review of Designations Under the Antiquities Act,\" is an executive order issued by US President Donald Trump on April 26, 2017, that directs the Secretary of the Interior to review designations of national monuments made since 1996. The order applies to all new monuments greater than 100,000 acres in size and monuments that were expanded by at least 100,000 acres. Twenty-two land monuments and five marine monuments that were created by the administrations of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama will be subject to review. The order requires Secretary of the",
"title": "Executive Order 13792"
},
{
"id": "530571",
"text": "Milford, Pennsylvania, the home and estate of its first Chief, Gifford Pinchot. In August 1944, to reduce the number of forest fires, the Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council began distributing fire education posters featuring a black bear. The poster campaign was a success; the black bear would later be named \"Smokey Bear\", and would, for decades, be the \"spokesbear\" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in innumerable TV commercials; his popular catch phrase, \"Only YOU can prevent forest fires\", is one of the most widely recognized slogans in the United States. A recent study found that",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "1679281",
"text": "proclaimed Katmai National Monument in Alaska, comprising more than . Katmai was later enlarged to nearly by subsequent Antiquities Act proclamations and for many years was the largest national park system unit. Petrified Forest, Grand Canyon, and Great Sand Dunes were also originally proclaimed as national monuments and later designated as national parks by Congress. In response to Roosevelt's declaration of the Grand Canyon monument, a putative mining claimant sued in federal court, claiming that Roosevelt had overstepped the Antiquities Act authority by protecting an entire canyon. In 1920, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the Grand Canyon",
"title": "National Monument (United States)"
},
{
"id": "530436",
"text": "United States Secretary of Agriculture The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The current Secretary of Agriculture is former Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue. Perdue took office on April 25, 2017 after being confirmed by the U.S Senate 87-11. The position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments. The department includes several organizations. The 297,000 mi (770,000 km) of national forests and grasslands are managed by the United States Forest Service. The safety of food produced and sold in the United States is ensured by the United States",
"title": "United States Secretary of Agriculture"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 National Forests. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President. By the end of his second term in office, Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land. Roosevelt\n\nA staunch conservationist, which US President is credited with creating the National Forest Service, 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests?",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 National Forests. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President. By the end of his second term in office, Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land. Roosevelt\n\ntitle: Environmental movement in the United States context and placed 230 million acres60,000² or 930,000 km²) federal protection. Roosevel set aside more Federal land for national parks nature preserves all of his predecessors combined Roosevel United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Foroshone National Forest, the's The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totalsifford\n Carl: signed into law the creation of five National Parks and1906 Antiqu proclaimed 18 Monuments. also51 Birderves, four Preserves, 15 National For National, thes first Around9ius illustrating as ael. illustrations, in circul after playing a role in spreading information aboutical early twentiethcentury North there wereos and was still in its infations\n: movement: construction ofams toate small acres60 mi km)t aside forerves than all.t United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five national parks, and signed the year 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new national monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 national forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed\n\nA staunch conservationist, which US President is credited with creating the National Forest Service, 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests?",
"compressed_tokens": 519,
"origin_tokens": 14047,
"ratio": "27.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,707 | What had Grandma been drinking too much of in the song 'Grandma got run over by a reindeer'? | [
"Egg toddy",
"Egg Toddy",
"Eggnog",
"Egg milk punch",
"Eggnob",
"Egg Nog",
"Eggnog latte",
"Egg nog",
"Eggflip",
"Egg nogg",
"Nogs",
"Egg-milk punch",
"Egg nogs",
"Eggnogs",
"Egg-nog"
] | Egg nog | [
{
"id": "1989319",
"text": "a Christmas novelty song and it was originally recorded by then husband-wife recording duo Elmo Shropshire and his wife Patsy in 1979, called \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". It tells the tragic-comic story of a family grandmother who meets her end on Christmas Eve. After having drunk too much eggnog and forgetting to take her medicine, she staggers out of her family's house late Christmas Eve. She is mauled over by Santa Claus' entourage, and found dead at the scene the next morning. \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is perhaps the only hit Christmas novelty song",
"title": "Novelty song"
},
{
"id": "6080196",
"text": "give a license/To a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves\". Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when, while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog, she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room. She is found the next day, trampled; Santa",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080181",
"text": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when, while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog, she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room. She is found the next day, trampled; Santa Claus and his reindeer are determined to be the culprit when \"incriminating Claus",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6367835",
"text": "Allegre, Brazil. On December 24, 2016, he performed on Fox News Channel's \"FOX and Friends.\" Elmo Shropshire Elmo Shropshire, DVM (born October 26, 1936) is an American veterinarian, competitive runner and country music singer. Shropshire, who typically performs under the name \"Dr. Elmo,\" is best known for his Christmas novelty song \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". He originally recorded the song in 1979 with his then-wife, Patsy, then re-recorded it solo for the 1992 album \"Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas\" and again in 2000 for the album \"Up Your Chimney\". He also recorded two albums of year-round songs: \"Dr.",
"title": "Elmo Shropshire"
},
{
"id": "6367831",
"text": "Elmo Shropshire Elmo Shropshire, DVM (born October 26, 1936) is an American veterinarian, competitive runner and country music singer. Shropshire, who typically performs under the name \"Dr. Elmo,\" is best known for his Christmas novelty song \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". He originally recorded the song in 1979 with his then-wife, Patsy, then re-recorded it solo for the 1992 album \"Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas\" and again in 2000 for the album \"Up Your Chimney\". He also recorded two albums of year-round songs: \"Dr. Elmo's Twisted Tunes\" (1993) and \"Love, Death and Taxes\" (2000). Elmo is a native of",
"title": "Elmo Shropshire"
},
{
"id": "3787400",
"text": "Comedy Hour,\" \"The Mike Douglas Show,\" \"The Dating Game,\" \"The Pig And Whistle,\" and \"The Beachcombers.\" In 1968, they were named \"Folk Group of the Year\" by the predecessor of the JUNO Awards, and in 1969 they received a Grammy Award nomination for \"Folk Performance of the Year.\" In the early 1980s, the group adjusted its style and began aiming itself towards the country-rock field. Renamed The Rovers, the group scored a major international hit with \"Wasn't That a Party\" and also found success with the Christmas novelty recording \"Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer\". By the late 1980s,",
"title": "The Irish Rovers"
},
{
"id": "1355707",
"text": "Seventies comedic singing duo Cheech & Chong's debut single in 1971 was \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\". The Kinks did \"Father Christmas\" in 1977, and Elmo & Patsy came out with \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" in 1979. More recent titles added to the canon include: Seattle radio personality Bob Rivers became nationally famous for his line of novelty Christmas songs and released five albums (collectively known as the \"Twisted Christmas\" quintilogy, after the name of Rivers' radio program, \"Twisted Radio\") consisting entirely of Christmas parodies from 1987 to 2002. \"Don't Shoot Me Santa\" was released by",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "12403077",
"text": "participant in the 2009 Taco Bell All-Star Legends Celebrity Softball Game which aired on ESPN, July 13, 2009. On August 13, 2009, she appeared on the celebrity edition of \"Who Wants to be a Millionaire\". She correctly answered a question about the lyrics to \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", winning $50,000 for her chosen charity, Blank Children's Hospital. Johnson judged the 2010 Miss America pageant. In September 2013, Johnson was a guest star on the revival of \"Whose Line Is It Anyway?\" Johnson was a cast member for the 2015 season of \"Celebrity Apprentice\". She was the sixth",
"title": "Shawn Johnson East"
},
{
"id": "13939148",
"text": "for Christmas,\" a comedic, hilarious family favorite\". Allmusic critic Stewart Mason calls the album \"a rather skimpy but nonetheless useful compilation of Christmas songs\" and says it \"wisely steers mostly clear of the annoying novelty Christmas songs of the rock era.\" While it does include the \"horrifyingly bad 'Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer',\" it also includes \"Charles Brown's 'Please Come Home for Christmas', maybe the best R&B Christmas song ever\". Rhino Records subsequently released four other albums as \"Billboard\" Christmas hits: Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits is a set of two Christmas-themed compilation albums released",
"title": "Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits"
},
{
"id": "1355697",
"text": "Mathis' \"Do You Hear What I Hear?\" and Harry Simeone Chorale's \"Little Drummer Boy\". The Pinnacle Media Worldwide survey divided its listeners into music-type categories: Among the most-hated Christmas songs, according to Edison Media Research's 2007 survey, are Barbra Streisand's \"Jingle Bells?\", the Jackson 5's \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", Elmo & Patsy's \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", and \"O Holy Night\" as performed by cartoon characters from Comedy Central's \"South Park\". The \"most-hated Christmastime recording\" is a rendition of \"Jingle Bells\" by Don Charles's Singing Dogs, a revolutionary novelty song originally released in 1955, and re-released",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "7031842",
"text": "lyrics, which displays the original name of the song: \"She Fucking Hates Me\". The title was changed to make it more acceptable to the public decorum, though the line is still heard in its original form in the unedited version of the song. The song is featured in season 2 episode 9 of The Good Place, played by the DJ in hell as one of the two worst songs in history, the other being Grandma Got Run Over By A Reindeer. She Hates Me \"She Hates Me\", sometimes colloquially referred to as \"She Fucking Hates Me\", is a song by",
"title": "She Hates Me"
},
{
"id": "6080192",
"text": "1985 when a disc jockey played the song 27 times back-to-back during the morning show before station management was able to stop him. The disc jockey, who was suspended, was reportedly depressed and upset that a co-worker had left employment at the station to work out-of-state. Shropshire claims it is \"a beloved holiday favorite.\" The video of the song was \"a holiday staple on MTV for many seasons.\" It has been \"incorporated into talking toys and a musical greeting card.\" \"My royalties are four or five times what they were\" 20 years ago, claims Elmo, who performs the song with",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3787403",
"text": "series on the Global Television Network in conjunction with Ulster Television in Ireland. Although most of their music focuses on the band's Irish roots, in the early 1980s, The Irish Rovers recorded an unknown novelty Christmas song written by Randy Brooks. Record producer Jack Richardson produced The Rovers' album, \"It Was A Night Like This.\" The single release of \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" rose to the top 20 in Canada within a week of airplay. Exposure of the music on television also added to the popularity of their music. In 1980, their crossover hit recording of Tom",
"title": "The Irish Rovers"
},
{
"id": "8571586",
"text": "on bass guitar. Also that year, a compilation titled \"For Diehards Only\" was released, featuring a selection of songs from the group's first four albums. Da Yoopers' 1993 album \"One Can Short of a Six-Pack\" featured both regular and Christmas songs, including a parody of \"Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer\" titled \"Grandpa Got Run Over By a Beer Truck\". After the release of this album, both Potila and Bradbury departed the group. Potila was replaced with lead guitarist/vocalist Jim Bellmore, who made his first appearance on the 1995 album \"We're Still Rockin<nowiki>'</nowiki>\". Bellmore also succeeded Potila as the",
"title": "Da Yoopers"
},
{
"id": "5952199",
"text": "format at 101.3 FM since 1983) \"swapped\" frequencies. KUUL's 50s and 60s format moved to 101.3 FM, while WLLR's country format took over 103.7 FM. In December 1985, WLLR briefly gained national attention when a disc jockey played the Christmas song \"Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer\" 27 times back-to-back during the morning show. Station management was eventually able to pull the jockey off the air and suspended him. The disc jockey was reportedly depressed and upset that a co-worker had left employment at the station for an out-of-state job. Some of WLLR's best-known personalities include: Mike Kenneally, Ron",
"title": "WLLR-FM"
},
{
"id": "6080188",
"text": "50,000 45s sold; Soundwaves: 175,000 45s sold; Epic: 150,000 45s sold and 90,000 LPs sold. The Epic Records version charted at #64 on the country charts in 1998 and #48 in 1999. The original version was released in the United Kingdom on Stiff Records (BUY 99) in 1980. It did not chart. Other releases by the original artist(s) would follow: A sequel, titled \"Grandpa's Gonna Sue the Pants Off of Santa\", in which Grandpa gets lawyers to fight Santa in court, was released by Elmo Shropshire on his album \"Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas\" (1992). The song has been recorded by",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080189",
"text": "other acts. Z100 Portland Morning Zoo made a New Kids on the Block-bashing parody of the song for Christmas 1989, entitled \"New Kids Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". A parody \"Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck\" was released by Da Yoopers in 1993. Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own topical parody titled \"Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" on the 2002 \"White Trash Christmas\" album. Cledus T. Judd in 1996 released a parody called \"Grandpa Got Run Over by a John Deere\" as a sequel to \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" and as",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080190",
"text": "well did a cover of the song in 2002. Stan Boreson sings a Norwegian-American version, \"Lena Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" on his Christmas album, \"Stan Boreson Fractures Christmas\". 2 Live Jews released a parody titled \"Moisha Got Run Over by a Wheelchair\" on their 1998 album \"Christmas Jews\". Others include \"Grandma Got Molested at the Airport\" by Donny Aldridge, also sung by Dick Mango; and \"Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw\". Edison Media Research and Pinnacle Media Worldwide independently survey radio listeners on which Christmas songs they like and dislike. In both surveys, results of which were reported",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080193",
"text": "his bluegrass group year-round. \"A lot of younger people say it's not really Christmas until they hear it.\" The 2000 animated television program \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" portrays the events depicted in the song, though made for children; the cartoon is toned down a bit, so that Grandma survives. Moreover, Santa is actually innocent of the crime, which was instead masterminded by scheming relative Cousin Mel, who is mentioned briefly in the song but made into a gold-digging villainness in the special. Elmo Shropshire narrates the special and voices Grandpa. The special is a staple of Cartoon",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080183",
"text": "such in the lyrics, is an attractive and much younger woman in the music video and animated film). The upshot is a warning to the listener to be aware, because \"a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves\" should never receive a driver's license. In the music video, in which Elmo plays both Grandma and Grandpa while Patsy plays Cousin Mel, Grandma survives the attack and makes a triumphant return through the chimney. According to Brooks, he played the song while sitting in with Elmo and Patsy at the Hyatt Lake Tahoe in December 1978, and after the",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "1770094",
"text": "Amin Meets Eydie Gorme\"), Larry \"Wild Man\" Fisher (\"My Name Is Larry\"), Larry Groce (\"Junk Food Junkie\", 1975) and Elmo and Patsy (\"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", 1979). The show helped revive and maintain interest in novelty hits from the 1950s and 1960s that received scant airplay on mainstream pop or oldies radio stations, including \"Alley Oop\" by the Hollywood Argyles, \"The Ballad of Irving\" by Frank Gallop, \"The Battle of Kookamonga\" by Homer and Jethro, \"Monster Mash\" by Bobby \"Boris\" Pickett, \"Hello Muddah, Hello Faddah (A Letter from Camp)\" by Allan Sherman, \"I Want My Baby Back\"",
"title": "Dr. Demento"
},
{
"id": "9171921",
"text": "a Bostonian group of psychics. Several actors in cinematic renditions of \"The Statement of Randolph Carter\" have portrayed Harley Warren, the most notable of them being John Rhys-Davies in \"\". The H.P. Lovecraft Historical society did a song entitled \"Harley Got Devoured by the Undead\", a parody of \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". Harley Warren Harley Warren is a fictional character created by H. P. Lovecraft, based on his friend Samuel Loveman (1887–1976). Lovecraft had a dream about Loveman, which inspired him to write the short story \"The Statement of Randolph Carter\" in 1919. In the story, Warren",
"title": "Harley Warren"
},
{
"id": "6367832",
"text": "Lexington, Kentucky and has a Bachelors of Science in Agriculture from the University of Florida and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Auburn University in Alabama. He was racetrack veterinarian at Aqueduct and Belmont Park in New York before moving to San Francisco to open his own hospital, Arguello Pet Hospital. In San Francisco he started playing banjo in a Bluegrass band, and later became a competitive runner. In 1979, Elmo recorded \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" (written by his friend Randy Brooks), and instantly, Elmo & Patsy became regional superstars. They divorced in 1985. Since then, Elmo",
"title": "Elmo Shropshire"
},
{
"id": "6080184",
"text": "show they had him make a cassette of the song for them to learn. A year later, they were selling 45s of the song from the stage, with Elmo himself appearing in drag on the album cover as \"Grandma\". The song was originally self-released in San Francisco by the Shropshires in 1979 on their own record label (on \"Elmo 'n' Patsy\" #2984), with the B-side titled \"Christmas\". Initial copies appeared on a cream-colored label, with a sketch of a pig clearly visible, at left. Once initial copies had sold out, later-pressed #2984 cream-colored 45 label copies retained the same pig",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "4468148",
"text": "country at 6:00 p.m. on December 25, about 14 hours earlier than originally planned. The final song on \"Lite FM\" was \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" by Elmo & Patsy, while the first (and ultimately last) song on \"Buz'n\" was \"My Kinda Party\" by Jason Aldean. On December 26, 2011, WLTE changed its call letters to KMNB to reflect the new branding. WLTE was the last of four CBS Radio stations to drop the AC format in 2011 after March's flip of WIAD in Washington, D.C. from AC to hot adult contemporary (WWFS in New York City followed",
"title": "KMNB"
},
{
"id": "6702878",
"text": "had gone off. The video was edited with Yankovic by Darren Bramen, with final edits and effects by John Peterson. In the late 1980s, the song was a staple on MTV during the holiday season. The song has been well received. Julio Diaz of the \"Pensacola News Journal\" wrote \"While 'Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer' got old decades ago, this is one musical dose of sick holiday humor that hasn't lost its novelty.\" He went on to compliment the music video as well, calling it \"a lot of fun\". Joey Green, in his book \"Weird and Wonderful Christmas\",",
"title": "Christmas at Ground Zero"
},
{
"id": "6080187",
"text": "In 1984, with the song now a big hit nationally, CBS Records was interested in re-issuing both the 1982 Oink 45 re-recording, and the 1982 Oink LP. Soon after, Epic Records acquired the rights to both, from Elmo and Patsy. The Epic #04703 45 opted to replace the Oink 45's B-side, \"Christmas\", with a track from the LP, (\"Percy, the Puny Poinsettia\"). Epic's 1984 re-release of the 1982 Oink LP was a straight re-issue, on Epic #39931. By the end of 1984, it was reported that sales of \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" were, by record label: Oink:",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6367833",
"text": "settled a class action suit against Sony based upon the royalties paid from downloads and ringtone sales. In 2000, he served as co-writer of an animated Christmas special based on the song. For this television special, he also provided the voices of Grandpa and the narrator. In 2007, Elmo was sued by the Fred Rappaport Company, the producer of the show, over the right to use the song in show-related merchandise. On December 23, 2014, Elmo performed \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" on The Meredith Vieira Show as part of a segment called \"Real or Fake\". Today, Elmo",
"title": "Elmo Shropshire"
},
{
"id": "6080186",
"text": "the country singles charts. In 1982, the duo both re-recorded and re-released the song as a single, again as Oink #2984. But this time, Oink chose to handle all nationwide product distribution themselves, ending the old NSD-Soundwaves agreement. Re-recorded Oink #2984 45 copies appeared on a white label, not a cream-colored label, however. That is the easiest way (aside from listening to the 45 itself) to differentiate between the original, 1979 Oink #2984 recording and its now-much-more familiar, 1982 re-recording. An entire LP, named after their hit song, was also recorded in 1982, and was initially released as Oink #8223.",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080194",
"text": "Network's holiday programming and airs every holiday season on The CW (The special originally aired on the WB Network every holiday season until the 2006 merger with UPN to form The CW, where it continues to air today). In the 2015 episode of the television show \"Scorpion\", titled \"Dam Breakthrough\", three of the main characters sing part of this song, while inhaling helium. The promotional music video for Elmo & Patsy's \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" was released in the mid-1980s, and aired on MTV for at least 18 years. The video could also be seen on VH1,",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9297670",
"text": "disappearance, and along with Quincy, follows her to a cabin in the woods where she and I.M. Slime are keeping Grandma out of sight. They rescue Grandma, and find Santa's letter explaining what happened that Cousin Mel had found at the site of Grandma's accident—and also the vial of the ingredient Cousin Mel added to Grandma's fruit cake that Christmas Eve night, which had the effect of \"reindeer-nip\" that reindeer are strongly attracted to. They then manage to restore Grandma's memory by feeding her some of her own fruit cake, and rush to the courthouse to prove that Cousin Mel",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "6080191",
"text": "in 2007, the only song that reached the top of both liked and disliked lists was \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer.\" Its \"loved\" ratings in the Edison and Pinnacle polls were relatively high—47 and 32 percent, respectively—but so were the \"hate\" or \"dislike\" ratings—17 and 22 percent. A major Washington, D.C. radio station, WASH (97.1 FM), dropped the song from its playlist. \"It was too polarizing,\" says Bill Hess, program director. \"It wasn't strong, except with a few people, and it had a lot of negatives.\" The song also gained notoriety at Davenport, Iowa radio station WLLR in",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080195",
"text": "CMT, TNN, GAC, and VH1 Classic during the holiday season, as well as on Spike's official website and YouTube. Elmo Shropshire played Grandpa and Grandma while Patsy played Cousin Mel. While the family matriarch was run over by Santa Claus's reindeer, she has survived the accident (unlike in the actual song) and thus reappears toward the end of the video, alive and very much well, but somewhat fazed by the trampling. While being escorted inside the house by two policemen, she finally speaks the cautionary last line of the last verse as though commenting on Santa's driving: \"They should NEVER",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6080182",
"text": "marks\" are found on Grandma's back. The second and third verses describe the Christmas gathering where \"all the family's dressed in black\" and the family wonders if all the Christmas gifts they bought for her should be returned (the consensus is a firm yes). Christmas dinner otherwise goes on as normal, with a centerpiece of roast goose, figgy pudding for dessert, and \"blue and silver candles\" to match Grandma's hairpiece; the newly widowed Grandpa seems completely unfazed by his wife's demise and spends the holiday \"watching football, drinking beer and playing cards with Cousin Mel\" (who, while not stated as",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "7880751",
"text": "change its programming to feature related music. On Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, they broadcast all historical recordings and testimonials, including three original ones from XM programmers Russ Davis (Audio Visions and Beyond Jazz), BK Kirkland (The Groove), and Bill Wax (Bluesville). The channel would temporarily change its name to \"Special XMas\" during the Christmas season and play nonstop offbeat holiday music and programming, from songs like \"Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer\" to shorts like \"A Very (Charlton) Heston Christmas\". In January 2004 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), XM announced that several channels would be eliminated",
"title": "Special X"
},
{
"id": "6080185",
"text": "sketch, but decided to both move the sketch, and add the word \"Oink\", to the top of the 45's label. Meanwhile, the duo's names were moved to the bottom of the label, below the song title. By the early 1980s, the song was becoming a seasonal hit, first on country stations and then on Top 40 stations. Oink Records, still based in Windsor, California, continued distribution of the 45 rpm record in the western U.S., with \"Nationwide Sound Distributors\" (NSD) of Nashville, Tennessee pressing and distributing the song on its Soundwaves Records in the eastern U.S., peaking at #92 on",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9297664",
"text": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film) Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer is a Canadian–American animated Christmas special, directed by Phil Roman. The special first aired October 31, 2000 on The WB. Despite this film's Christmas theme, the date for its original airing was Halloween. It has subsequently aired on The CW (the successor to The WB), Cartoon Network, Boomerang and Freeform during Advent. Since Warner Home Video distributed this special, Warner Bros. owns the copyrights. The title and plot are based on the novelty song of the same name. The show begins by introducing Jake Spankenheimer,",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "9297672",
"text": "cake instead of her own recipe, with the result that Santa hits her again as he is trying to fly back to the North Pole. Grandpa and Jake pick her up; this time Grandma did not suffer amnesia. Santa's sleigh takes off into the night with him saying the Spanish phrase for \"Merry Christmas\": \"Feliz Navidad\". Warner Home Video released \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" to VHS on October 31, 2000 and to DVD on October 16, 2001. Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film) Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer is a Canadian–American animated Christmas",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "6993458",
"text": "June 2012. All of the network's prime time programming has been presented in HD since March 2012 (when \"America's Next Top Model\" became the final CW program to convert to the format), with the exception of certain specials produced prior to that point (such as \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", a holiday special carried over to the network from The WB) and select movie presentations. The network's Saturday morning E/I block, One Magnificent Morning, is also broadcast in HD, with the final SD program, the two-season daytime talk show \"The Robert Irvine Show\" converting to the format for",
"title": "The CW"
},
{
"id": "13861355",
"text": "Norman recorded a version of the song on his 1981 album \"Something New Under the Son\". Norman's version changes the tone of the song to that of a somewhat humorous cautionary tale and is renamed as \"Watch What You're Doing.\" Norman took full writing credit for the song in the album's accompanying liner notes. Norman's version opens with the lyrics \"Mama killed a chicken, thought it was a duck, she put it on the table with its legs sticking up, Papa broke his glasses, when he fell down drunk, tried to drown the kitty-cat, turned out to be a skunk,",
"title": "The Duck's Yas-Yas-Yas"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "5072973",
"text": "Peter Brown in his book \"The Love You Make\", the song was written in a \"creative outburst\" following Lennon and Yoko Ono going \"cold turkey\" from their brief heroin addictions. However Lennon's personal assistant in the late 1970s Fred Seaman claimed otherwise, stating that Lennon confided in him that the song was actually about a severe case of food poisoning suffered by John and Yoko after eating Christmas leftovers \"cold turkey\". Lennon thought people would laugh at him if they knew the truth about the song's origin, so he said it was inspired by his recent heroin withdrawal. Brown states",
"title": "Cold Turkey"
},
{
"id": "1951118",
"text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "7738794",
"text": "\"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". Also a new unreleased song, \"Whatcha Gonna Do with It\", was added to the \"Hip Hope Hits: 2008\" album. Another previously unreleased song, \"Master of Disguise\", was posted on YouTube. However, due to mixed fan reaction to the song it was not slated for release at the time. In June 2008, Family Force 5 released an EP entitled \"Dance or Die EP\" to debut three songs from their upcoming album \"Dance or Die\". On August 19, 2008, the full-length album was released taking on a more club oriented, electronic dance sound than \"Business",
"title": "Family Force 5"
},
{
"id": "10088599",
"text": "¿Dónde Está Santa Claus? \"¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?\" (Spanish for \"Where is Santa Claus?\") is a novelty Christmas song. 12-year-old Augie Rios had a hit with the song in 1958 which featured the Mark Jeffrey Orchestra. Written by George Scheck, Rod Parker, and Al Greiner, and copyrighted in 1958, the copyright was renewed and is owned by Ragtime Music. The song was originally released on MGM Records' Metro label. The 45 record single was backed with the song \"Ol' Fatso (I Don't Care Who You Are Old Fatso, Get Those Reindeer Off My Roof).\" The song is referred to in",
"title": "¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?"
},
{
"id": "9297671",
"text": "has been behind everything that happened to Grandma. Confronted with the evidence, Cousin Mel is forced to confess everything she did. She even confesses that she hates the true meaning of Christmas and how everyone share and cares. She is then placed under arrest for obstructing justice and \"almost ruining Christmas\" and the judge lets Santa go after finally discovering the truth. Austin approaches Grandma again, this time offering to franchise her store throughout the country, having seen how much she and Jake care about their family and business. The show ends with Grandma accidentally picking up the tainted fruit",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "9297667",
"text": "and his reindeer fly overhead, suddenly out of control, crash into her. Jake witnesses the accident, but the family refuse to believe him. The next morning, however, Grandma is missing, and the police find an imprint of her in the snow, along with her belongings. Cousin Mel also finds a letter that she quickly hides from the others. Nine months pass without Grandma and the store's business drops; during this time, Cousin Mel comes up with a new plan to sell the store to Austin, by tricking Grandpa into giving her his power of attorney. However, when Jake objects, Austin",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "7365258",
"text": "On Top of Spaghetti \"On Top of Spaghetti\" is a ballad and children's song with the best-known performance by folk singer Tom Glazer with the Do-Re-Mi Children's Chorus in 1963. The song is sung to the tune of \"On Top of Old Smoky\". It is the tale of a meatball that was lost when \"somebody sneezed\". The song discusses what happened to the meatball after it fell off of a pile of spaghetti and rolled away. In 1961, to the same tune, Dick Biondi, The 9-Midnight DJ on WLS Chicago (1960–63), had recorded on IRC \"The Pizza Song\". In 1962",
"title": "On Top of Spaghetti"
},
{
"id": "1407927",
"text": "closely associated with the Andrews Sisters include their first major hit, \"Bei Mir Bist Du Schön (Means That You're Grand)\" (1938), \"Beer Barrel Polka (Roll Out the Barrel)\" (1939), \"Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar\" (1940), \"Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (With Anyone Else but Me)\" (1942), and \"Rum and Coca Cola\" (1945), which helped introduce American audiences to calypso. The Andrews Sisters' harmonies and songs are still influential today, and have been copied and recorded by entertainers such as Bette Midler, Christina Aguilera, Pentatonix, and others. The group was among the inaugural inductees to the Vocal Group",
"title": "The Andrews Sisters"
},
{
"id": "3421666",
"text": "sometimes debated. Some derby names are obscene, and this attracts controversy among other skaters. Copying of derby names has attracted legal and sociological analysis as an example of indigenous development of property rights. New players are encouraged to check derby names against an international roster to ensure they are not already in use. The names of roller derby events are also sardonic and convoluted—for example, Night of the Rolling Dead (Night of the Living Dead), Knocktoberfest (Oktoberfest), Spanksgiving (Thanksgiving), Seasons Beatings (Seasons Greetings), Grandma Got Run Over By a Rollergirl (Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer), Cinco de May-hem",
"title": "Roller derby"
},
{
"id": "9297666",
"text": "as does his grandmother, though most of his family is not as excited about it. Jake and his sister, Daphne, argue over Santa Claus' existence, as Jake's parents gently try to break the news to him that Santa is not real. Meanwhile, Cousin Mel comes up with a plan to sabotage Grandma's famous fruitcake recipe, secretly add an extra ingredient with hopes that they won't sell, forcing Grandma to sell the store to Austin. Grandma, who hasn't taken her medication that evening, then takes the fruit cake with her when she leaves the house on Christmas Eve night, but Santa",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "9297669",
"text": "Cityville, however, Cousin Mel and her attorney, I.M. Slime, quickly tricked Grandma into going with them. After Santa explains to Austin what happened, Jake and Quincy discover that Grandma has gone missing again. Cousin Mel then use the opportunity to accuse Santa of being behind her disappearance, and he is put on trial for kidnapping, leaving the scene of an accident and \"sleighicular negligence\". The two then plot to sue him, deducing that someone who can pay for billions of presents must be incredibly wealthy. Three months later, Jake suspects that Cousin Mel may have been involved in Grandma's second",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "1951123",
"text": "music has also been very influential abroad. During World War II, Vera Lynn was known as the Forces' Sweetheart, with \"We'll Meet Again\", sung to British troops, among the songs most associated with her. In addition to \"Colonel Bogey March\" (which was whistled), another popular British song during the war, \"Run Rabbit Run\", contained Ralph Butler's lyrics \"Run rabbit – run rabbit – Run! Run! Run!\", which were altered by the public to poke fun at the Axis. Butler also wrote \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\" and \"Nellie the Elephant\". The UK single and album charts are revealed",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "12556949",
"text": "I please, nothing to lose and not even the blues, and added them into \"Just Bummin' Around.\" Graves also said he pulled the line \"I got an old slouch hat\" from an Ernest Tubb song, \"Blue Eyed Jane.\" He said he waited on Tubbs to sue him but he didn’t. Just Bummin' Around \"Just Bummin' Around\" was a song performed by American singer Dean Martin, in the 1967 television special, \"Movin' With Nancy\", starring Nancy Sinatra. It was released to home video in 2000. The single reached number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and topped the Easy Listening",
"title": "Just Bummin' Around"
},
{
"id": "9236891",
"text": "Up on the House Top \"Up on the House Top\" is a Christmas song written by Benjamin Hanby in 1864. It has been recorded by a multitude of singers, most notably Gene Autry in 1953. Verse 1: Up on the housetop reindeer pause Out jumps good old Santa Claus. Down through the chimney, with lots of toys, All for the little ones' Christmas joys. Chorus: Ho, ho, ho! Who wouldn’t go. Ho, ho, ho! Who wouldn’t go, Up on the housetop, click, click, click; Down through the chimney with (good / nice / old) Saint Nick. Verse 2: First comes",
"title": "Up on the House Top"
},
{
"id": "1500624",
"text": "\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". He wrote \"Here Comes Santa Claus\" after being the Grand Marshal of the 1946 Santa Claus Lane Parade (Now the Hollywood Christmas Parade). He heard all of the spectators watching the parade saying \"Here comes Santa Claus!\" virtually handing him the title for his song. He recorded his version of the song in 1947 and it became an instant classic. Autry was the original owner of Challenge Records. The label's biggest hit was \"Tequila\" by The Champs in 1958, which started the rock-and-roll instrumental craze of the late 1950s and early 1960s. He sold the label",
"title": "Gene Autry"
},
{
"id": "3644201",
"text": "a television series. In Jane Austen's \"Emma\", the character Miss Bates is a spinster, and Austen (who never married) gives her stereotypical negative characteristics such as garrulousness. Bob Dylan's song \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\" (1963) tells the true story of a murder at a spinsters' ball in Baltimore in 1963. Paul McCartney, while in the band the Beatles, composed the hit song \"Eleanor Rigby\" (1966) about the loneliness and death of a spinster (though he never used the term in the lyrics). The country song \"Delta Dawn\", made famous by Tanya Tucker, overviews the plight of a woman",
"title": "Spinster"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "6784343",
"text": "Water, Water Every Hare Water, Water Every Hare is a \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon released in 1952 featuring Bugs Bunny and Gossamer, with a similar premise to \"Hair-Raising Hare\". The title is a pun on the line \"Water, water, everywhere / Nor any drop to drink\" from the poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\", by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The cartoon is available on Disc 1 of the \"\". Much like in \"Hair-Raising Hare\", Bugs (after being flooded out of his rabbit hole while sleeping during a heavy rain) finds himself trapped in the castle of an \"evil scientist\" (the neon",
"title": "Water, Water Every Hare"
},
{
"id": "15743595",
"text": "names of the eight reindeer which went: \"You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen,<br> But do you recall The most famous reindeer of all?\" The song was first sung by crooner Harry Brannon on New York City radio in early November 1949, before Gene Autry's recording hit No. 1 in the U.S. charts during Christmas 1949. The song was suggested as a \"B\" side for a record Autry was making. Autry rejected the song. His wife convinced him to use it. The success of this Christmas song by Autry gave support",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"
},
{
"id": "12116915",
"text": "He Had a Hat He Had a Hat is a 2007 album by jazz pianist Jeff Lorber. All compositions on this album were original, except for \"Grandma's Hands\" which was originally composed and performed by Bill Withers. The album, and title track, are named after the punchline of an old Jewish joke about a grandmother whose grandson is saved from drowning in the ocean after she prays to God. The joke was told to Lorber by the album's producer, Bobby Colomby, in the recording studio, and Lorber felt it fit in well with the album's lighthearted mood. \"He Had a",
"title": "He Had a Hat"
},
{
"id": "7175590",
"text": "positive critical reviews. The song starts with Santa's elves making Christmas presents for good, \"Gentile\" children (this works because \"gentile\" is slang for non-Jewish, and is not normally something somebody would bother to mention in a Christmas song). Suddenly, a drunken Santa bursts in with a rifle in his hand, and covered with ammunition. He says, \"Merry Christmas to all / Now you're all gonna' die!\", then proceeds to destroy half of the North Pole, bombing the workshop, murdering reindeers Cupid and Comet in the blast, then holding the elves and helpers hostage, and killing 5 of the other 7",
"title": "The Night Santa Went Crazy"
},
{
"id": "10165629",
"text": "of Hell\" (Meat Loaf, 1977). By the end of the 1970s, teenage tragedy would chart without the element of melodrama – in 1979, \"I Don't Like Mondays\" by the Boomtown Rats, written by Bob Geldof in response to a senseless school shooting in the news while he was on tour in the U.S., went to No. 1 in the UK, and No. 4 in Canada. The Smiths 1987 song \"Girlfriend in a Coma\" also took inspiration from teenage tragedy songs, by taking the melodramatic aspect and pushing it to extremes. Some songs merely updated the sound of the previous era,",
"title": "Teenage tragedy song"
},
{
"id": "14753650",
"text": "for their support. Grandma – In a game against West Bromwich Albion in February 2011, the big screen at the City of Manchester Stadium zoomed in on an elderly looking woman. City fans cheered, so the camera zoomed in on her a few more times throughout the match. As the game went on City fans nicknamed her 'Grandma' and started singing songs such as '75 years and she's still here' and 'Grandma do the Poznan' (which she did). She was later revealed to be Mavis Goddard from nearby Hulme. Unfortunately she suffered a stroke and was unable to attend the",
"title": "Manchester City F.C. supporters"
},
{
"id": "3863108",
"text": "that Sony would be making further re-issues from the back catalogue, and that he was working on a new album, \"Femmes Mythologiques\", slated for release in September 2019, playing a segment of a song called \"Cleopatra\". According to the \"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums\", the band's name was a mondegreen from the Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood song, \"Jackson\", misheard by frontman Paddy McAloon. The correct opening lyrics for \"Jackson\" are \"\"We got married in a fever, hotter than a pepper sprout\"\", which McAloon misinterpreted as 'hotter than a prefab sprout'. However, Allmusic reckons that the prosaic",
"title": "Prefab Sprout"
},
{
"id": "9236896",
"text": "consecutive weeks. Up on the House Top \"Up on the House Top\" is a Christmas song written by Benjamin Hanby in 1864. It has been recorded by a multitude of singers, most notably Gene Autry in 1953. Verse 1: Up on the housetop reindeer pause Out jumps good old Santa Claus. Down through the chimney, with lots of toys, All for the little ones' Christmas joys. Chorus: Ho, ho, ho! Who wouldn’t go. Ho, ho, ho! Who wouldn’t go, Up on the housetop, click, click, click; Down through the chimney with (good / nice / old) Saint Nick. Verse 2:",
"title": "Up on the House Top"
},
{
"id": "652647",
"text": "George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975",
"title": "Captain Kangaroo"
},
{
"id": "9297668",
"text": "agrees to give him another week in order to find Grandma before going through with the deal. Adamant in his belief that Santa ran over her, Jake emails Santa, and soon Quincy, Santa's head elf, comes to take Jake to the North Pole. It turns out that Santa had taken Grandma back to the North Pole for medical treatment. Unfortunately she since has amnesia, and until receiving Jake's e-mail Santa been unsure of who she was. As Jake explains the situation, Santa, Quincy and the amnesiac Grandma agree to go with him to stop the deal. When they arrive in",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "3910319",
"text": "were dead. Repeat chorus Oh, Dory swam over the ocean, Oh, Dory swam over the sea, Oh, Dory swam over the ocean, Now Dory has swum back to me. Repeat chorus My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean, My Bonnie Lies over the Sea, My Daddy laid over my Mommy, And that is how I came to be. Repeat chorus My mother, she drowned in the bathtub, My father, he died from his gin, My sister she choked on her chocolate, My stars, what a fix I am in. Repeat chorus I tried making beer in the bathtub, I tried making",
"title": "My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean"
},
{
"id": "4513489",
"text": "Who Threw the Overalls in Mrs. Murphy's Chowder \"Who Threw the Overalls in Mrs. Murphy's Chowder?\" is a popular song, sometimes known as \"Who Threw the Overalls in Mistress Murphy's Chowder\". It was written by George L. Giefer in 1898 and originally recorded by Edward M. Favor in 1901. It was later recorded by Bing Crosby on December 6, 1945 and included in his album \"St. Patrick's Day\". Julie Andrews included the song in her album \"Don't Go in the Lion's Cage Tonight\" (1962).<br> The song describes an incident in which a pair of worn-out overalls are found in a",
"title": "Who Threw the Overalls in Mrs. Murphy's Chowder"
},
{
"id": "1959105",
"text": "back, while she eats her sandwich!\" TISM song '(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River' cites her conjectured cause of death among a catalogue of other famous \"bad ends\" from the history of popular music: \"Mama Cass's sandwich, I ate the same!\". The Crosby, Stills & Nash \"Daylight Again\" video released in 1982 was dedicated to Cass Elliot. The Crosby, Stills & Nash \"Greatest Hits\" album released in 2005 was dedicated to Cass Elliot. Elliot's recording of \"Make Your Own Kind of Music\" is featured prominently in several episodes of seasons 2 and 3 of \"Lost\" as well as season",
"title": "Cass Elliot"
},
{
"id": "15743597",
"text": "1.75 million copies its first Christmas season, eventually selling a total of 12.5 million. Cover versions included, sales exceed 150 million copies, second only to Bing Crosby's \"White Christmas\". In December 2018, Autry's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 at #36, nearly 70 years after it first charted. The lyric \"All of the other reindeer\" can be misheard in dialects with the cot–caught merger as the mondegreen \"Olive, the other reindeer\", and has given rise to another character featured in her own Christmas television special, \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\". The song in its Finnish translation, \"Petteri Punakuono\", has led to",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"
},
{
"id": "5412327",
"text": "\"Uncles a Go-Go. In the first episode of the 1977 sitcom \"Mind Your Language\" it is mentioned that a professor went crazy and sang this song. Swedish performer Povel Ramel wrote a Swedish version of the song in 1950. This version, \"Far jag kan inte få upp min kokosnöt\" (\"Dad I can't crack my coconut open\"), has little to do with the original. It is sung by a little boy who, in the course of his attempts to open his resilient coconut, disfigures his mother, demolishes the family's furniture, and finally blows their house up. This version also features prominently",
"title": "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts"
},
{
"id": "1460308",
"text": "had their first No. 1 single in the UK with \"Rat Trap\", the first new wave chart-topper in Britain. In 1979, they gained international attention with their second UK No. 1, \"I Don't Like Mondays\". This was both successful and controversial. Geldof had written it in the aftermath of Brenda Ann Spencer's attempted massacre at an elementary school in San Diego, California in 1979. In 1980, The Boomtown Rats released the album \"Mondo Bongo\". Its single \"Up All Night\" was a huge hit in the U.S. and its video was played frequently on MTV. Geldof became known as a colourful",
"title": "Bob Geldof"
},
{
"id": "9309909",
"text": "adaptation of Rudolph. Though the song was turned down by such popular vocalists as Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore, it was recorded by the singing cowboy Gene Autry. \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" was released in 1949 and became a phenomenal success, selling more records than any other Christmas song, with the exception of \"White Christmas\". In 1941, May married another Ward employee, Virginia, and had five children with her. She was a devout Catholic, and he converted to Catholicism during the marriage. May wrote two sequels to \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". The first is mostly in prose (except that Rudolph",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "7736249",
"text": "immediately intent on marriage (recounting his experiences on the game show \"Love Connection\"). In the end, Lōc concludes the concoction is simply not worth the trouble (and the video shows him regretfully emptying the bottle into a storm drain). After the song became popular, several different cocktails were introduced bearing the name \"Funky Cold Medina\". \"Funky Cold Medina\" contains samples from the following songs: \"Honky Tonk Women\" by The Rolling Stones, \"Hot Blooded\" by Foreigner, \"Christine Sixteen\" by Kiss, '\"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\" by Bachman-Turner Overdrive, and the introduction to \"Get Off Your Ass and Jam\" by Funkadelic. US",
"title": "Funky Cold Medina"
},
{
"id": "4952496",
"text": "Bell include \"Without Pants\", \"My Grandfather Had a Long One\", \"The Girl From Chicago\", \"The Ballad of Ikey and Mikey\", \"My Condominium\", \"I'm Gonna Give My Girl a Goose for Thanksgiving\", \"There Ain't No Santa Claus\", and \"Everybody Wants My Fanny\". He continued recording and releasing records into the 1980s, but he remained little-known beyond New York City until the 1970s when \"Shaving Cream\" was played regularly on the Dr. Demento radio program, leading to its re-issue as a single in 1975 on the Vanguard Records label, along with a similarly titled album. The single reached #30 in the US",
"title": "Benny Bell"
},
{
"id": "12661132",
"text": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me, I'll Read to You: Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\" series. It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley. The book is retellings of nursery rhymes. It has retellings such as Humpty Dumpty chatting with his doctor and Little Miss Muffet explaining 'curds and whey' to the spider. Other rhymes include \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\", \"Simple Simon\", and \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\". It was reviewed",
"title": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You"
},
{
"id": "9297665",
"text": "along with his family, most notably his Grandma, who owns a small general store in the town of Cityville. The store happens to be the only piece of property not owned by Austin Bucks, the wealthiest man in town, whose CEO corporation specializes in making Christmas easier and less involved for the town's busy residents. Grandma, however, tells Austin that his method of trying to make Christmas easier is not really for the best and refuses to sell the store. This runs afoul of the gold-digging Cousin Mel, who plans to sell the store anyway. Jake loves the holiday season,",
"title": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)"
},
{
"id": "4919724",
"text": "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" is a popular song that is sung to congratulate a person on a significant event, such as a promotion, a birthday, a wedding (or playing a major part in a wedding), a wedding anniversary, the birth of a child, or the winning of a championship sporting event. The melody originates from the French song \"Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre\" (\"Marlborough Has Left for the War\"). The traditional children's song \"The Bear Went Over the Mountain\" is sung to the same tune. According to the \"Guinness World Records\", \"For He's",
"title": "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow"
},
{
"id": "6077166",
"text": "textbook?! I've got a good mind to slap your fat face!\", which echoes a line from \"Animal House:\" \"What kind of man hits a defenseless animal [a misbehaving horse]? I've got a good mind to smash your fat face in!\" Metcalf's character reprises his question from the \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" video, \"What do you want to do with your life?!\" This provides a lead-in for the track, as the student answers with the first line of the song, \"\"I wanna rock!\"\", after which he and four of his classmates are instantly transformed into Twisted Sister's five members. After",
"title": "I Wanna Rock"
},
{
"id": "12125640",
"text": "in the Bunch,\" \"Life's a Funny Proposition After All,\" \"I Want To Hear a Yankee Doodle Tune,\" \"You Won't Do Any Business If You Haven't Got a Band,\" \"The Small Town Gal,\" \"I'm Mighty Glad I'm Living, That's All,\" \"That Haunting Melody,\" \"Always Leave Them Laughing When You Say Goodbye\", and America's most popular World War I song \"Over There\", which was recorded by Nora Bayes and by Enrico Caruso, among others. The latter song reached such currency among troops and shipyard workers that a ship was named \"Costigan\" after Cohan's grandfather, Dennis Costigan. During the christening, \"Over There\" was",
"title": "George M. Cohan"
},
{
"id": "5601514",
"text": "been the responsibility of the private broadcasting company TV 2. In the year 2007, a \"People's Amanda\" (\"\"Folkets Amanda\"\") was awarded for the first time, where the winner was arrived at by popular vote. The first winner of the award was the horror movie \"Fritt Vilt\", directed by Roar Uthaug. The name \"Amanda\" is derived from a song, or sea shanty, titled \"\"Amanda fra\" [from] \"Haugesund\"\". Supposedly the song in turn refers to a real woman from the 1920s – a single mother who made a living from selling liquor to sailors during the prohibition period. The figurine that is",
"title": "Amanda Award"
},
{
"id": "4965197",
"text": "Can't Stand the Rezillos Can't Stand the Rezillos is the debut studio album by Edinburgh-based punk band the Rezillos, released on Sire Records on 21 July 1978 and including the top twenty UK hit \"Top of the Pops\", part of which was used as a jingle on BBC Radio 1. Unusually for a punk rock/new wave group, the album featured several sixties covers, \"Glad All Over\" (originally a hit for the Dave Clark Five), \"Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonight\" (originally by Fleetwood Mac) and \"I Like It\", a Gerry & the Pacemakers hit. The record reached number",
"title": "Can't Stand the Rezillos"
},
{
"id": "19115563",
"text": "commercial networks' announcements come shortly after the networks have had a chance to buy Canadian rights to new American series. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" 2015–16 Canadian network television schedule The 2015–16 network television schedules for the five major English commercial",
"title": "2015–16 Canadian network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "4947738",
"text": "\"Abbey Road\"'s \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and the unreleased song \"Madman\", which the Beatles ultimately abandoned after a few run-throughs. The song is very often associated with three other songs by the Beatles: \"Watching Rainbows\" appeared as one of the three songs that made \"I've Got a Feeling\". The other two songs were \"I've Got a Feeling\", and Lennon's \"Everyone Had a Hard Year\", which is another unreleased song from the \"Get Back\" sessions. \"Watching Rainbows\" was also the name of a bootleg, released in 1978. Watching Rainbows \"Watching Rainbows\" is an unreleased song by the Beatles recorded on 14 January",
"title": "Watching Rainbows"
},
{
"id": "1370982",
"text": "their finest moments. (\"Ice hockey hair\" is a slang term for a mullet.) Featuring four tracks, the EP sampled from Black Uhuru. The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\". In a \"Melody Maker\" interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'. It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No. 12 in the charts and leading to a memorable appearance on \"Top of the Pops\". In November 1998, the album \"Out Spaced\" was released. This was a collection",
"title": "Super Furry Animals"
},
{
"id": "15593832",
"text": "was more of an elopement, than of a shotgun marriage, since \"Grandma Kate\" – the narrator's grandmother who raised her mother to be a proper lady – likely would not have approved of the relationship). Unlike other songs where the father is absent due to abandonment, in this song the father died of illness when she was only five. Songwriter Ed Bruce recorded the song for his own 1978 album \"Cowboys and Dreamers\"; released as a single, it made number 70 on the country charts. The Man That Turned My Mama On \"The Man That Turned My Mama On\" is",
"title": "The Man That Turned My Mama On"
},
{
"id": "4958320",
"text": "narrator remarks \"...hair on a tin whistle sure I never saw before.\" Other versions claim the \"thing\" involved is a candle (in which case she doesn't recycle an excuse from an earlier night). The narrator this time remarks that he had never before seen a pair of balls on a candle. There are also vernacular versions of the song among Irish-Americans, with at least one version referred to as \"Uncle Mike.\" In that version, the wife's reply to the drunkard (Uncle Mike) is: \"Oh you darn fool, you damn fool, you son-of-a-bitch said she,\" \"It only is a milk cow",
"title": "Seven Drunken Nights"
},
{
"id": "12116916",
"text": "Hat\" was nominated for a 2008 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album, losing to Herbie Hancock's \"\". He Had a Hat He Had a Hat is a 2007 album by jazz pianist Jeff Lorber. All compositions on this album were original, except for \"Grandma's Hands\" which was originally composed and performed by Bill Withers. The album, and title track, are named after the punchline of an old Jewish joke about a grandmother whose grandson is saved from drowning in the ocean after she prays to God. The joke was told to Lorber by the album's producer, Bobby Colomby, in",
"title": "He Had a Hat"
},
{
"id": "1681952",
"text": "old friend. \"Where have you been?\" the friend asked. \"Sick,\" Amsterdam replied, \"I've been in bed with a cold.\" His friend looked at him and asked, \"What's so funny about that?\" During the 1930s, Amsterdam was a regular on \"The Al Pearce Show\" radio program, and by 1937 was the master of ceremonies on \"The Night Club of the Air\". Amsterdam also had a notable career as a songwriter, with his first popular success being \"Why Oh Why Did I Ever Leave Wyoming\". Amsterdam was credited as the lyricist on the 1945 Andrews Sisters hit \"Rum and Coca-Cola\". However, the",
"title": "Morey Amsterdam"
},
{
"id": "20682849",
"text": "out chord changes on the recording. Glenn A. Baker said the song was inspired by, \"a bizarre incident on Christmas Day where a Hare Krishna cousin of Jimmy's conducted a self-immolation rite in a bathtub.\" Hands Out of My Pocket \"Hands Out of My Pocket\" was a 1994 single from Australian rock band Cold Chisel, the first from the album \"Teenage Love\". It reached number 9 in the Australian charts. \"Teenage Love\" was a compilation album that collected studio recordings, many just demos, that the band had previously not released. \"Hands Out of My Pocket\" was originally demoed for the",
"title": "Hands Out of My Pocket"
},
{
"id": "9463719",
"text": "the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" version and features an acoustic guitar solo introduction; it is this version that has since become the more commonly heard rendition on radio. The song's enduring popularity is evidenced by its reaching #30 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart in 1998, as well as #21 on the US Country Digital Songs chart and #5 on the Holiday 100 chart in 2011. The song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time in 2017, after rules on chart eligibility for older songs had been relaxed several years before, and reached a peak of #38. In December",
"title": "A Holly Jolly Christmas"
},
{
"id": "16505937",
"text": "York, but sold out and moved after one season to a smaller venue (the Alhambra) on Coney Island. He also managed a bar on Fulton Street in Brooklyn. Songs he wrote include \"When Peggy And I Are Wed,\" \"Molly and I and the Baby,\" \"Say Au Revoir, But Not Good-bye,\" \"A Flower from Mother's Grave,\" \"Cradle's Empty, Baby's Gone,\" \"An Old Fashioned Photograph,\" \"Patsy Branigan,\" \"I Owe Ten Dollars to O'Grady,\" \"I Had Fifteen Dollars in my Inside Pocket,\" \"Hush Don't Wake the Baby,\" \"Grandmother's Birthday,\" and \"Little Empty Stockings By the Fire.\" He married his first wife, Nellie [Brock]",
"title": "Harry Kennedy (songwriter)"
},
{
"id": "7054076",
"text": "Knock Me Down \"Knock Me Down\" is a song by the funk rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers from their fourth studio album, \"Mother's Milk\" (1989). The track, released August 22, 1989, was the album's second single and depicts a negativity towards the stereotypically egotistic lifestyle of a typical rock-star and was considered to be disavowing of drugs. \"Knock Me Down\" became the band's second hit, peaking at number six on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks. The band recorded basic tracks during March and early April 1989 at Hully Gully studios in Silver Lake. \"Knock Me Down\" originated during these",
"title": "Knock Me Down"
},
{
"id": "6784351",
"text": "face. • Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Gossamer (\"Rudolph\") and Mouse • John T. Smith as Scientist (uncredited) Water, Water Every Hare Water, Water Every Hare is a \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon released in 1952 featuring Bugs Bunny and Gossamer, with a similar premise to \"Hair-Raising Hare\". The title is a pun on the line \"Water, water, everywhere / Nor any drop to drink\" from the poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\", by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The cartoon is available on Disc 1 of the \"\". Much like in \"Hair-Raising Hare\", Bugs (after being flooded out of his rabbit hole",
"title": "Water, Water Every Hare"
},
{
"id": "5890336",
"text": "the Goofy short \"For Whom the Bulls Toil\" made in 1953, attempted to sing \"On Top of Old \"Popocatépetl\"\". A hit song from in 1963, \"On Top of Spaghetti\" by Tom Glazer, begins with the quatrain On top of spaghetti<br> All covered with cheese,<br> I lost my poor meatball<br> When somebody sneezed. This version, too, seems to have entered modern folklore and is widely known to children; one source writes of the original \"On Top of Old Smokey\", \"if you can listen to it and not think about spaghetti, sneezing and meatballs, more power to you.\" Some of \"On Top",
"title": "On Top of Old Smoky"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Novelty song context: a Christmas novelty song and it was originally recorded by then husband-wife recording duo Elmo Shropshire and his wife Patsy in 1979, called \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\". It tells the tragic-comic story of a family grandmother who meets her end on Christmas Eve. After having drunk too much eggnog and forgetting to take her medicine, she staggers out of her family's house late Christmas Eve. She is mauled over by Santa Claus' entourage, and found dead at the scene the next morning. \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is perhaps the only hit Christmas novelty song\n\nWhat had Grandma been drinking too much of in the song 'Grandma got run over by a reindeer'?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer context: give license/To a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves\". Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when, while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog, she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room. She is found the next day, trampled; Santa\n\ntitle: Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer context Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when, while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog, she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room. She is found the next day, trampled; Cla his reindeer are determined to theprit \"incrimin Claus\n Novelty: a Christmas novelty song and it originally by husbandwife recordingo Elmo Shro and Patsy 17 calledGr Run Over bydeer\". It tells theiccomic endve. Afterunk egg forget staggers her' late Christmas E. She mauusourage and the Got Over by Reinde perhaps the only hit Christmas novelty\n: Grander:500457 ;ic:150 sold sold.ic Recordsed4 on the country charts in 1998 and #48 in 1999. The original version was released in the United Kingdom on Stiff Records (BUY 99) in 1980. It did not chart. Other releases by the original artist(s) would follow: A sequel, titled \"Grandpa's Gonna Sue the Pants Off of Santa\", in which Grandpa gets lawyers to fight Santa in court, was released by Elmo Shropshire on his album \"Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas\" (1992). The song has been recorded by\n\nWhat had Grandma been drinking too much of in the song 'Grandma got run over by a reindeer'?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
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78,708 | What is wrong with the Grinch’s heart in ‘How the Grinch stole Christmas’ ? | [
"It is 2 sizes too small"
] | It is 2 sizes too small | [
{
"id": "13423885",
"text": "to let out bitter and sorrowful cries, but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead. He is puzzled until it dawns on him that \"maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more\" than just presents and feasting. The Grinch's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes. The reformed and liberated Grinch returns to the village to give back all of the Whos' Christmas stuff and participate in their Christmas feast. The Grinch first appeared in a 32-line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called \"The Hoobub and the Grinch,\" which was originally published in the May 1955 edition",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "5410563",
"text": "is misanthropic and mean-tempered, with a heart that is \"two sizes too small\". He especially hates the Christmas season, making particular note of how disturbing the various noises of Christmastime are to him, including the singing of Christmas carols. Unable to stand the holiday any longer, he decides to destroy it once and for all. Aided by his pet dog, Max, he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos' homes to steal everything they own and dump it off a nearby mountain. Although he pulls off the theft successfully, on Christmas morning, he is shocked to hear",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "7902044",
"text": "does not depend on material things. The Grinch begins to understand the true meaning of Christmas, though he barely does so in time to prevent the stolen treats from going over the cliff and while he tries to stop the sleigh from falling off, his heart grows three sizes—granting him \"the strength of ten Grinches, plus two!\", which he needs to lift up the sleigh. He brings everything back to the Whos and participates in the holiday feast. He is given the honor of carving the roast beast, while Max gets the first slice for himself for all his troubles.",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "5410565",
"text": "stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head, and he is also described as \"[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two\" (a phrase lifted from the original book) during that moment of crisis. With the character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "7902041",
"text": "narrator. The Grinch (voiced by Boris Karloff) is the film's main character. He lives in a cave atop Mt. Crumpit, located above the village of Whoville. The Grinch is a surly character with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years. On Christmas Eve, he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville. When he sees his dog, Max, with snow all over his face in the shape of a hat and beard,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "19559650",
"text": "is puzzled to see that they are celebrating Christmas despite his theft. After heeding Cindy's advice and immersing himself to their singing, his small heart triples in size, causing him to double over in breathless joy and wonder. The sleigh almost falls off Mount Crumpit and the Grinch tries to save it. In the nick of time, Fred and his family come to his aid. After securing the sleigh, the Grinch and Max go to Whoville to return the stolen items and he admits his theft to the Whos and apologizes before going back to his cave. Feeling sorry for",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "7707211",
"text": "discover the theft, and May Who blames Cindy Lou for inciting the Grinch. Her father defends her for reminding the Whos that Christmas is about love of family and friends, not just gifts. The people start singing Seuss's \"Welcome Christmas\". Before the Grinch can push the stolen gifts off the top of Mount Crumpit, he hears the Whos' singing and sees he has failed to prevent Christmas, and has an epiphany that Christmas \"doesn't come from a store\", but \"perhaps ... means a little bit more\". His heart grows three sizes, and as the sleigh full of gifts begins to",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "19559649",
"text": "away, touches the Grinch's bitter heart. Nevertheless, the Grinch carries on with his mission. After stealing every Christmas present and decoration, the Grinch and Max head back to Mount Crumpit to dispose of them. The Whos wake up and are shocked to see that the presents and decorations are gone. Cindy at first believes she's to blame because she 'caught' Santa, but Donna tells her that Christmas is more than just about presents and that Cindy's the best thing that ever happened to her. The Whos join together in song. The Grinch and Max hear the singing and the Grinch",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "5410564",
"text": "the Whos still singing cheerfully, happy simply to have each other. He then realizes that the holiday has a deeper meaning that he never considered. Inspired, he stops the Whos' belongings from falling off the edge of the mountain, and in the process his heart grows three sizes. He returns all the gifts he stole and gladly takes part in the Whos' Christmas celebration. The Grinch is still portrayed as a bitter and ill-tempered character in artwork or other media. In both the animated TV special and the 2000 live-action film, he is shown to have superhuman strength when he",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "19559647",
"text": "Santa Claus to help her mother but after encountering the Grinch, who sarcastically says that she'll have to talk to Santa face-to-face about it, she eventually decides to try and trap Santa with the help of her friends. With Christmas just around the corner, all the Whoville festivities force the Grinch to recall his sad childhood spent mostly alone and unwanted in a run down orphanage. The Grinch soon decides that he will steal Christmas from Whoville to assuage his distress. He acquires a fat reindeer whom he calls Fred to help him pull a sleigh that he stole from",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423882",
"text": "it one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\". In 2012, it was ranked number 61 among the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" – the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list. The book has been adapted as a 1966 animated TV film starring Boris Karloff, a 2000 live-action feature film starring Jim Carrey, and a 2018 computer-animated film starring Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "19559648",
"text": "frenemy Mr. Bricklebaum. After a test run, the Grinch discovers that Fred has a wife and child. With a heavy heart, he lets Fred go back to them. On Christmas Eve, after making a Santa Claus disguise and dozens of gadgets to help him with his theft, the Grinch and Max, who pulls the sleigh in Fred's place, go down to Whoville and begin stealing the decorations and presents. He soon encounters Cindy after falling into her trap. Her request to help lighten her mother's workload, and her kind advice about listening to the Whos' singing to take his sadness",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423883",
"text": "high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His only companion is his unloved, but loyal dog, Max. From his cave, the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville. Continuously annoyed, he devises a wicked scheme to steal their presents, trees, and food for their Christmas feast. He crudely disguises himself as Santa Claus, and forces Max, disguised as a reindeer, to drag a sleigh down the mountain towards Whoville. Once at Whoville, the Grinch slides down the chimney of one house and steals all of the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "13423892",
"text": "\"I was brushing my teeth on the morning of the 26th of last December when I noticed a very Grinch-ish countenance in the mirror. It was Seuss! So I wrote about my sour friend, the Grinch, to see if I could rediscover something about Christmas that obviously I'd lost.\" Seuss's step-daughter, Lark Dimond-Cates, stated in a speech in 2003, \"I always thought the Cat... was Ted on his good days, and the Grinch was Ted on his bad days.\" Cohen notes that Seuss drove a car with a license plate that read \"GRINCH\". Thomas Fensch notes that the Grinch is",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "7707210",
"text": "to erect before he leaves. The mayor then shames Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch. Since the Grinch's attack has failed to crush the Whos' Christmas spirit, he concocts a plan to steal all of their presents, decorations, and food while they are sleeping. Creating a Santa suit and powered sleigh, and dressing his dog Max as a reindeer, the Grinch descends to Whoville and steals all of the Christmas gifts. When Cindy Lou catches him stealing the tree, he tells her he is taking it to Santa's workshop for repair of a defective light. On Christmas morning, the Whos",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "7902042",
"text": "he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas. The Grinch makes himself a Santa coat and hat and disguises the innocent Max as a reindeer. He loads empty bags onto a sleigh and travels to Whoville with some difficulty. In the first house he is almost caught by Cindy Lou Who (voiced by an uncredited June Foray), a small Who girl who wakes up and sees him taking the Christmas tree. Pretending to be Santa, the Grinch tells Cindy Lou that he is merely taking the tree to his workshop for repairs, and then gets her a",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "7902043",
"text": "drink before sending her back to bed. He empties the first house of all the food and Christmas-related items, namely presents, the tree, decorations and even the stockings on the chimney, then repeats the process at the other houses in Whoville, while also taking the village decorations. With the Whos' stolen Christmas goods, the Grinch and Max travel back up Mt. Crumpit. Before dropping the loaded sleigh off the mountain, the Grinch waits to hear a sad cry from the Whos. However, down in the village, the Whos joyously begin to sing Christmas carols, proving that the spirit of Christmas",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "7707209",
"text": "Who reminds him of his childhood humiliation by giving him an electric shaver as a present, then publicly proposes marriage to Martha May, giving her a large ring and promising her a new car. In response, the Grinch berates the Whos, telling them that Christmas is only about gifts that they will end up throwing in the garbage, which is dumped on Mount Crumpit near his home. He proceeds to ruin the party by burning down the town's Christmas tree and causing chaos throughout Whoville. His actions prove fruitless, as the Whos have a spare tree, which they are able",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "13423881",
"text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve. The story was published as a book by Random House in 1957, and at approximately the same time in an issue of \"Redbook\". The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "7707212",
"text": "slide over the edge of the cliff, he desperately strains to save them, but cannot. He then sees Cindy Lou on top of the sleigh because she has come to spend Christmas with him. Motivated to save not just gifts but a life, the Grinch finds the strength to lift the loaded sleigh and Cindy Lou to safety. They then ride the sleigh down the mountain to return the gifts. The Grinch confesses to the burglary, apologizes, and surrenders himself to the police chief. The chief accepts the Grinch's apology, and refuses to follow the mayor's desire to have the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "5410562",
"text": "Grinch The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. He is best known as the main character of the children's book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957). He has been played by many different actors, including: Boris Karloff, Hans Conried, Jim Carrey and Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is depicted as a hairy, pot-bellied, pear-shaped, snub-nosed creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. In full-color adaptations, he is typically colored avocado green. He has spent the past 53 years living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the town of Whoville. In contrast to the cheerful Whos, the Grinch",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "12909011",
"text": "messages, remixes, and a Christmas medley, and again as Merry Christmas Jackson's. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r9998 [edit] In 1957, Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" was published by Random House. The tale's rhyming verse accompanies illustrations by the author, and follows a disagreeable character called the Grinch and his attempts to thwart the arrival of Christmas by stealing the gifts, trims, and other trappings of the holiday from the happy Whos of Whoville. In spite of his attempts, Christmas arrives all the same. The Grinch realizes then that Christmas is something more than its trappings. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "7707206",
"text": "likes the Grinch, due to the vengeful and harmful stunts he occasionally pulls on them. Seven-year-old Cindy Lou Who believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by focusing on the gifts and festivities, instead of personal relationships. She has a face-to-face encounter with the Grinch at the post office, in which he reluctantly saves her life, and she becomes interested in his history. She asks everyone what they know about him and discovers his tragic past. The Grinch arrived in Whoville as a baby, and was adopted by two spinster sisters. He showed some sadistic tendencies as a child,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "19559646",
"text": "The only one who isn't amused is a cantankerous, green furred creature called The Grinch, who has a heart \"two sizes too small\" and lives in a cave on the top of Mount Crumpit just north of Whoville. The Grinch's only friend is his loyal pet dog Max and they both only visit Whoville when the Grinch needs to buy food and do bad things. Meanwhile, 6-year-old Cindy Lou Who notices that her mother Donna is overworked trying to take care of herself and her twin infant brothers, Buster and Bean. She at first decides to send a letter to",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "3903233",
"text": "as he still longs to deliver Christmas presents and feels that it would be rude not to wear the suit Sally worked so hard on. Along with Sora and the gang, he helps defeat Doctor Finkelstein's experiment, who stole Christmas presents from Santa in search of a heart. As a reward for all his hard work and assistance, Santa brings Jack on a ride-along with him in his sleigh for a while. After Santa drops Jack off at Halloween Town, Jack learns the true meaning of Christmas by understanding the act of giving. He dances with Sally in the end,",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "5410571",
"text": "Time\" list. Grinch The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. He is best known as the main character of the children's book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957). He has been played by many different actors, including: Boris Karloff, Hans Conried, Jim Carrey and Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is depicted as a hairy, pot-bellied, pear-shaped, snub-nosed creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. In full-color adaptations, he is typically colored avocado green. He has spent the past 53 years living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the town of Whoville. In contrast to the cheerful Whos,",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "13423884",
"text": "Whos' Christmas presents, the Christmas tree, and the log for their fire. He is briefly interrupted in his burglary by Cindy Lou, a little Who girl, but concocts a crafty lie to effect his escape from her home. After stealing from one house, he does the same thing to all the other houses in the village of Whoville. After spending all night stealing stuff from the houses of Whoville, the Grinch travels back to the top of Mount Crumpit, intending to dump all of the Christmas stuff into the abyss. As dawn arrives, the Grinch expects the people in Whoville",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "7707207",
"text": "but was timid and not as cruel as he would later become. In school, the Grinch had a crush on Martha May Whovier, and was Augustus May Who’s rival for Martha May's affections. One year, the Grinch made a Christmas gift for Martha, and cut his face attempting to shave after May Who pointed out he had a beard. When his classmates laughed at his cut face, he lost his temper, destroyed the Christmas gift, trashed the classroom, and exiled himself to the top of Mount Crumpit, north of Whoville. Touched by this story, Cindy Lou decides to nominate the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "3908560",
"text": "driving the old man to suicide. One year later, Grimsdyke comes back from the dead and takes revenge on James. The following morning, Edward finds his son dead with a note that said, \"HAPPY VALENTINE'S DAY--YOU WERE MEAN AND CRUEL-RIGHT FROM THE START-NOW YOU REALLY HAVE NO--!\"Edward opens up the folded end of the note and realizes that the final word of that note is \"HEART,\" represented by James's heart, which has been torn from his body while still beating. Ineffective businessman Ralph Jason (Richard Greene) is close to financial ruin. His wife Enid (Barbara Murray) discovers a Chinese figurine",
"title": "Tales from the Crypt (film)"
},
{
"id": "3713164",
"text": "mother who both have alcohol abuse problems. Lucy is finally able to come into her own and show her potential in the Christmas episode \"How the Finch Stole Christmas\" when patient Valerie Paige comes to the ER in desperate need of a heart transplant. Lucy goes above and beyond to ensure Valerie gets the life saving procedure - even going so far as to bang on Dr. Robert Romano's door in the middle of the night on Christmas Eve. Though initially angry with her, Romano agrees to perform the operation after Lucy berates him for his seemingly flippant attitude towards",
"title": "Lucy Knight"
},
{
"id": "17622974",
"text": "persuades a group to believe that the other party is treacherous. \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" is an iconic piece of literature that uses the rhetorical device of bdelygmia to portray the main character, Mr. Grinch, as a terrible person. The lyrics not only allow the audience to understand that the Grinch is a bad person, but they use words such as \"foul\" and \"nasty\" [?to attribute with the Grinch]. Another example of bdelygmia in popular culture is found in the movie \"\"National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation\"\". When Clark Griswold finds out he will not get his expected bonus, he goes",
"title": "Bdelygmia"
},
{
"id": "19559651",
"text": "the Grinch, Cindy comes to invite him to celebrate Christmas at her house and he awkwardly attends. When seated down for dinner, he confesses that it wasn't really Christmas he disliked but being lonely and his bitterness over being neglected. Before carving the roast beast, the Grinch offers a toast, \"To kindness and love, the things we need most.\" In February 2013, it was announced that Illumination Entertainment was developing a 3D animated feature film based on the Dr. Seuss book, with the working title \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", later shortened to \"The Grinch\". Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "8095294",
"text": "what he will be if he isn't Santa. Several films have been created which explore the consequences should an impostor Santa take over. Probably one of the first films featuring a fake Santa Claus is the 1914 silent film, \"The Adventure of the Wrong Santa Claus\", written by Frederic Arnold Kummer. In this film, a bogus Santa steals all the Christmas presents and amateur detective Octavius (played by Herbert Yost) tries to recover them. Arguably the most notorious impostor appears in the 1966 cartoon based on Dr. Seuss's children's book, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", wherein the Grinch attempts to",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"id": "2490476",
"text": "discover a man made of tin, rusted solid. They oil his joints (\"Slide Some Oil To Me\") and he tells them how, to prevent him from marrying a servant girl, the Wicked Witch of the East put a spell on his axe so that it began to cut off parts of his body. Each time it happened, a tinsmith replaced the missing part with one made of tin until he was entirely made of it. The one thing the tinsmith forgot was a heart, and the Tin Man has longed for one ever since. Dorothy and the Scarecrow invite him",
"title": "The Wiz"
},
{
"id": "19559663",
"text": "like its hairy protagonist’s heart), \"The Grinch\" is impossibly cute, visually rich and boasts enough festive fun to satisfy young viewers.\" The Grinch (film) The Grinch (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Grinch) is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated Christmas comedy film produced by Illumination. Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", it is the third screen adaptation of the story, following the television special from 1966 and the live-action feature-length film from 2000. It also marks Illumination's second Dr. Seuss film adaptation, following \"The Lorax\" (2012). The film is directed by Yarrow Cheney and",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423897",
"text": "Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat\". Max, the Grinch's dog, and the Grinch himself also appear in the children's puppet show \"The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss\". The Grinch, Cindy Lou Who, and Max, appear in \"Seussical\", a musical which takes it plot from several Dr. Seuss books. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "8369942",
"text": "his family is in trouble. Nick, who still has Santa's device, races back to the house and get there just in time. He saves his family from the men using the device to shrink Eliot. This causes Bill, Harry, and Eliot to drive away terrified. Nick returns the device to Santa and then gives Santa his beloved laptop to fix Santa's sleigh and save Christmas. The next morning, Nick wakes up and sees Santa has given him the guitar that he has wanted since childhood, but never got for Christmas because he was on the naughty list. 'Twas the Night",
"title": "'Twas the Night"
},
{
"id": "7707205",
"text": "by Howard and Brian Grazer's Imagine Entertainment, \"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" was released by Universal Pictures on November 17, 2000 to mixed reviews from critics yet grossed over $345 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest grossing film of 2000 and the second highest-grossing holiday film of all-time behind \"Home Alone\" (1990). It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup as well as getting nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. All the residents of Whoville (Whos) enjoy celebrating Christmas, except for the Grinch, a misanthropic and egotistical creature who hates it and the Whos. No one",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "7707213",
"text": "Grinch pepper-sprayed. Martha turns down the mayor's proposal and returns his engagement ring, deciding to be with the Grinch instead. The Grinch joins in the Whos' celebration feast, carving the roast beast himself. Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. However, his widow Audrey Geisel, agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories and CDs. In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "13423891",
"text": "moral and humor. Charlotte Jackson of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" called the book \"wonderful fantasy, in the true Dr. Seuss manner, with pictures in the Christmas colors.\" Some writers, including Dr. Seuss himself, have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss. In the story, the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos' celebration of Christmas for 53 years. As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note, Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book. Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of \"Redbook\":",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "13423887",
"text": "Neil Morgan wrote, \"It was the easiest book of his career to write, except for its conclusion.\" According to Dr. Seuss, \"I got hung up getting the Grinch out of the mess. I got into a situation where I sounded like a second-rate preacher or some biblical truism... Finally in desperation... without making any statement whatever, I showed the Grinch and the Whos together at the table, and made a pun of the Grinch carving the 'roast beast.' ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices, and then after three months it came out like that.\" By mid-May 1957,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "8750172",
"text": "having a soft spot in his heart for his mother, cries when he hears this, disassembles his machines, and continues his change of heart into the next morning. When his reflection tries to convert him back to his old self, Max drains out his voice with the Vacusound Sweeper. 1982 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. Both the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat were recast with different voice actors than the ones used in previous specials, all of whom had died. Bob Holt voiced the Grinch (Hans Conried, who voiced the Grinch in \"Halloween Is Grinch Night\",",
"title": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat"
},
{
"id": "13627798",
"text": "of Hearts (Rocky the Flying Squirrel) made tarts: \"Soybean, rutabaga, asparagus and turnip. I'm using my new health-food cookbook!\" The King (Bullwinkle Moose) replied, \"Turnip TARTS?!? YUCK!\". Whereupon the Knave of Hearts (Boris Badenov) stole them. Captured by the King, the Knave \"...vowed he'd steal no more\". But the King had other ideas. \"You're not getting off THAT easy!\" he warned. \"You STOLE 'em, friend...you EAT 'em!\" In Tim Burton's 2010 adaptation of \"Alice in Wonderland\", the Red Queen (Helena Bonham Carter) makes her introduction exclaiming that \"SOMEONE HAS STOLEN 3 OF MY TARTS!\", unlike in the poem, the culprit",
"title": "The Queen of Hearts (poem)"
},
{
"id": "5843172",
"text": "yet to come shows Scrooge what will happen In the future. Tim dies with his family mourning him and the dead man that got robbed and spoken of was himself after seeing his 'grave'. The ghost of Marley returns him to the present where Scrooge at first does not change but after seeing his 'chains' via a mirror quickly repents and hires a boy to buy and deliver a goose to the Cratchits. Scrooge becomes a kinder man and is praised by the ghosts of the Past and Present. However Scrooge becomes guilt ridden when the children's hospital Belle and",
"title": "Christmas Carol: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "7696729",
"text": "for the people involved in the events of the first film; Jack Sparrow (the pirate involved); Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann (aided in his escape); and James Norrington who resigned his commission months prior and disappeared (failed to go after Sparrow immediately) - Beckett however offers a deal to Turner. If Turner successfully locates Jack Sparrow for Beckett to employ as a privateer for England with his Letters of Marque and brings back Sparrow's compass for Beckett's use, Turner and Swann will be pardoned. Beckett desires the compass to locate the \"Dead Man's Chest\"; whomsoever possesses Davy Jones's heart within",
"title": "Cutler Beckett"
},
{
"id": "6449239",
"text": "which creates a dramatic break in a romantic relationship which is similar to the 1997 film. In the 1997 film a fictional treasure hunter, Brock Lovett (Bill Paxton), searches for a priceless blue diamond necklace which he believes lies within the wreck of the RMS Titanic. Lovett explains that the necklace was fashioned from a large blue diamond worn by Louis XVI in his royal crown. Shortly after the King's execution in 1793, the diamond was cut into a heart shape and became known as the Heart of the Ocean. The story of the Heart of the Ocean is similar",
"title": "Heart of the Ocean"
},
{
"id": "19800295",
"text": "by replacing one of Santa Claus's reindeer with a real reindeer, but it backfires when the Christmas elf with Santa Claus cuts the real reindeer loose and it falls through the Griffin family's roof and onto their dinner table. The next day, Peter receives a box containing all of Meg's farts and calls Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson over to investigate. When Peter looks into it, the combined stench burns off 90% of his face. At Printex, Stewie is sickened when he learns that his firing ruse has been implemented and a co-worker whose marriage has fallen apart",
"title": "How the Griffin Stole Christmas"
},
{
"id": "8750169",
"text": "using a device he has invented, the \"Vacusound Sweeper\", in the process sabotaging other sounds within a 50-mile radius. The Grinch then proceeds to his \"darkhouse\", a lighthouse that spreads darkness, to tamper with the Cat's sight. The Cat becomes upset with the Grinch's hijinks and has a psychiatric session with him in a thought bubble to find out what makes him so mean-spirited. Predictably, he gets nowhere with the imaginary Grinch, so he then decides to go over and have a talk with him, but the Grinch makes it so dark that he can't see where he's going, and",
"title": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat"
},
{
"id": "9399834",
"text": "that included electricity. Many homeowners often pass along their decorations to new residents when they sell their property. While they're not under any sort of contractual obligation to decorate, most opt to do so. Popular annual displays include several Peanuts characters ice-skating on a small pond, a plywood Oregon State Beaver and a large wooden Grinch from \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" that has been a staple since the 1980s. The Grinch has been vandalized several times over the years. It was stolen for a brief period in 1994 and was decapitated in 1997. The Grinch now has a red",
"title": "Peacock Lane"
},
{
"id": "7902040",
"text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special) How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18, 1966, it went on to become a perennial holiday special. The special also features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch and the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "6965197",
"text": "Cutler Beckett, Bootstrap, still delusional, encounters and fights Will, not recognising him. He is subdued by Will, and only recognises his son after seeing Jones stab Will and catching a glimpse of Will's dagger. In a fit of rage, Bootstrap attacks Jones and is nearly killed before Sparrow uses Will to stab Jones' heart. With their captain gone, Bootstrap and the other crewmen cut out Will's heart and place it in the Dead Man's Chest, restoring him as the new captain of the \"Dutchman\". Following the battle's end, Will offers the now-free Bootstrap to leave the \"Dutchman\" and live a",
"title": "Bootstrap Bill Turner"
},
{
"id": "829126",
"text": "and dance. Meanwhile, the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig. Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag, the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the \"Sleeping Death\", a curse she learns can only be broken by \"love's first kiss\", but is certain Snow White will be buried alive. While the Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away,",
"title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"
},
{
"id": "11705180",
"text": "snouts and twelve toes. In the live-action film, the fur was missing from the Whos. Just north of Whoville, atop a high mountain, Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max. Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" In the 2000 live action film, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" she is played by actress Taylor Momsen. The Grinch is a fictional, green colored creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. He lives in isolation upon Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max.",
"title": "Whoville"
},
{
"id": "19806718",
"text": "their king Corakinus (Paul Marc Davis). Meanwhile, their friends and families work together to try to stop flesh-eating petals to take over the city, and Charlie (Greg Austin) is faced with the possibility of using the Cabinet of Souls, thus destroying the souls of his entire race, to either destroy the petals and save earth, or wipe out the Shadow Kin to avenge his and Miss Quill (Katherine Kelly)'s races, thus committing genocide. The episode's title, which refers to April's braveness to face Corakinus and the fact they share the same heart, is also a reference to Mel Gibson's 1995",
"title": "Brave-ish Heart"
},
{
"id": "8750170",
"text": "he crashes his car when he passes a \"Dead End\" sign. The Cat attempts to hide from the Grinch in a nearby restaurant, but the Grinch's machine continues to mess with reality, making the restaurant and everything with it literally come crazily to life, and his hijinks result in confusion all over the restaurant. The Cat is now furious with the Grinch and ponders to himself how he can change the Grinch, eventually racing through a door and sending himself hurtling into the Grinch's Dimension. He soon figures it out and rallies everybody in the restaurant to follow him to",
"title": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat"
},
{
"id": "8750168",
"text": "on December 2, 2011 until December 9, 2013. The Grinch wakes up in a good mood one morning until his reflection in the mirror prompts him to repeat the \"Grinch's Oath\" and prove himself a Grinch. Meanwhile, the Cat in the Hat goes on a picnic. Their paths cross when the Grinch can't get his car around the Cat's, and things quickly escalate into a fierce car chase after the Cat unintentionally insults the Grinch by calling him \"Mr. Greenface.\" The Cat returns to the safety of his house, but the Grinch follows him there and tampers with his voice",
"title": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat"
},
{
"id": "4349128",
"text": "on a request from Lenny. The sequence of Mr. Burns and Smithers going through multiple doors to get to the main power switch, and the music accompanying it, is a parody of the opening credits of Get Smart. Before Mr. Burns shuts off the power to the town in response to the strike, he says, \"From Hell's heart I stab at thee\" which is a reference to Captain Ahab's curse, from the novel \"Moby-Dick\". The workers' resistance to the power outage, and Mr. Burns's response, is a parody of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". In 2017, Lenny's request that Lisa",
"title": "Last Exit to Springfield"
},
{
"id": "19800290",
"text": "Grinch Stole Christmas!\" Unlike most episodes that are rated TV-14 on American television, this one is rated TV-PG for suggestive dialogue (D) and offensive language (L). When Christmas comes around Quahog, the Griffins decide to go sledding instead of attending church after watching \"How David Lynch Stole Christmas\". Mayor Adam West at first bans sledding from Quahog. After an argument with Peter, he reverses the decision and severely injures himself. When sledding, the Griffins go sledding on the dining room table, except for Lois who protests that the table has been in her family for generations. The remaining members go",
"title": "How the Griffin Stole Christmas"
},
{
"id": "11299494",
"text": "of the previous film, Chev Chelios (Jason Statham) lands in the middle of an intersection after falling out of a helicopter. He is scooped off the street via snow shovel by a group of Chinese medics and removed from the scene. Chev wakes up in a makeshift hospital and sees doctors removing his heart while Johnny Vang (Art Hsu) watches. The doctors place Chev's heart in a white cooler with a padlock, and place a clear plastic artificial heart in his chest. He wakes up sometime later and escapes. He notices a yellow battery pack is attached to him. After",
"title": "Crank: High Voltage"
},
{
"id": "13008320",
"text": "of the writer Mark Gatiss. Interviewed in 2008, Gatiss said that \"Lost Hearts\" is his favourite adaptation because it is the one that frightened him as a child and that \"I absolutely love \"The Treasure of Abbot Thomas\". The moment when Michael Bryant has found the treasure and ... is obviously losing his wits. He just says, rationally, 'It is a thing of slime, I think. Darkness and slime ...' There's also the fantastic scene where he thinks he's got away with it by putting the treasure back. The doctor is heading up the drive and he can't quite see",
"title": "A Ghost Story for Christmas"
},
{
"id": "10526143",
"text": "The spirit transports Scrooge to Bob's residence, discovering that Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is then taken to a cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, confirming Scrooge was the man who died. Scrooge promises to change his ways just as the Ghost forces him to fall into his empty coffin lying in a deep grave that sits above the fires of Hell. Waking up in his own room on Christmas Day, with love and happiness in his heart, a gleeful Scrooge decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner, and ventures out with the charity workers",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "640292",
"text": "Other features described include an inner eyelid, or nictitating membrane, which protects their vision from bright lights, an adaptation for their bright, hot home world. In addition, their hearts are located on the right side of the torso, between the ribs and pelvis; as Dr. McCoy once says about Spock: \"He is lucky that his heart is where his liver should be, or he'd be dead!\" (\"ST:TOS\", \"A Private Little War\") Vulcans are vegetarians by choice and were omnivores in ages past. In the episode \"\", Spock willingly consumes meat; partly as a result of the effects of time travel",
"title": "Vulcan (Star Trek)"
},
{
"id": "2455161",
"text": "foreign country, the Driver drives a wounded man who carries a mysterious briefcase, while under helicopter attack. During the attack the briefcase is struck by a bullet, causing a display on it to begin counting down, and it to leak an unknown grey fluid from the bullet hole. The Driver manages to cause the helicopter to crash, but refuses to proceed without knowing the contents of the damaged briefcase. It is revealed that the man guards a human heart for transplant to a statesman (shown in military uniform), whose life and peacemaking is needed for the continued freedom of the",
"title": "The Hire"
},
{
"id": "627762",
"text": "given resolution to Brock Lovett's story. In the original version of the ending, Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide. Rose then reveals that she had the \"Heart of the Ocean\" diamond all along but never sold it, in order to live on her own without Cal's money. She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean, after allowing him to hold it. After accepting that treasure is worthless, Brock laughs at his stupidity. Rose then goes back to her cabin",
"title": "Titanic (1997 film)"
},
{
"id": "7613279",
"text": "Jack magnanimously, if unintentionally, allows them to rejoin his crew. Although they become more or less loyal members of his crew, the writers state in the DVD commentary that Jack considers them, as well as James Norrington, as the most expendable crew members. Later, when Jack is searching for Davy Jones's heart and a fight breaks out between himself, Norrington, and Will Turner, Pintel and Ragetti once again have an opportunity to steal something valuable; to convince his partner, Pintel tells Ragetti they will be \"removing temptation from their paths\" by stealing the Dead Man's Chest. They take it, but",
"title": "Pintel and Ragetti"
},
{
"id": "7707217",
"text": "Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, including one about a family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the \"Who-steins\" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of The Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall. Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script. The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Geisel visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "17679049",
"text": "of regrets (Emma for giving up Henry, Mary Margaret for giving up Emma), but Regina, whose love for her son outweighs any regret for the things she'd done that led to her getting him, manages to break free of the tree and grab Henry’s heart from Pan’s chest and the box holding Rumpelstiltskin. Regina then restores Henry’s heart just in the nick of time. As everyone makes it on board the Jolly Roger, Regina goes below deck and tucks Henry in, then casts a spell on his heart to protect it. Meanwhile up on deck, Gold is released from the",
"title": "Save Henry"
},
{
"id": "6945860",
"text": "his boss back in Trenton, but misheard his boss's instructions to escort the body back to Trenton for burial (\"\"bring the fart to me\"\") as instructions to bring Louie D's \"heart\" back. DeChooch cut out Louie D's heart and brought it back to Trenton, but now he's lost it, and Louie's widow, Sophia, is demanding that he get it back. DeChooch kidnaps Stephanie's Grandma Mazur and demands the heart in exchange for her. Stephanie manages to rescue her by swapping her for a pig's heart from the butcher shop. When Mooner also disappears, Stephanie tracks him and Dougie down, with",
"title": "Seven Up (novel)"
},
{
"id": "16250682",
"text": "learning that the Diablos brought Puss to him to recover the heart, the Whisperer is about to punish them for their betrayal, but Puss fights him and lets the Diablos escape. They, however, return to help Puss with what they learned from him and the Whisperer falls into a bottomless pit, Puss reclaiming the heart in the process. Puss then returns the heart to the Princess and is rewarded with gold, and he gives the Princess the Diablos as her new personal bodyguards. They then say their goodbyes and Puss claims \"He will never forget them, just as he is",
"title": "Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos"
},
{
"id": "7707224",
"text": "give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort.\" Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey \"was born to play this role\" and noted that \"Carrey carries nearly every scene. In fact, if he's not in the scene, there is no scene. Owen Gleiberman of \"Entertainment Weekly\" began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch's \"mischievously divided, now-I'm-calm/ now-I'm-a-raving-sarcastic-PSYCH-o! personality\" and summed up Carrey's Grinch as \"a slobby, self-loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he's always being left out of things.\" Gleiberman expressed surprise at \"how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch's ultimate big-hearted turnaround, as Carrey",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "115624",
"text": "He was not against writing about issues, however; he said that \"there's an inherent moral in any story\", and he remarked that he was \"subversive as hell.\" Many of Geisel's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues: \"The Lorax\" (1971), about environmentalism and anti-consumerism; \"The Sneetches\" (1961), about racial equality; \"The Butter Battle Book\" (1984), about the arms race; \"Yertle the Turtle\" (1958), about Adolf Hitler and anti-authoritarianism; \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957), criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season; and \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (1954), about anti-isolationism and internationalism. Geisel",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "4520722",
"text": "blood is held in sinuses throughout the body cavity, and is pumped through the body by the rhythmic action of the foot. The heart, a characteristic feature of all other groups of mollusca, has been considered totally lost or reduced to a thin fold of the pericardium; however, according to more recent studies, the muscular, regularly beating perianal blood sinus is homologous to the ventricle and is therefore considered the scaphopod heart. Metabolic waste is excreted through a pair of nephridia close to the anus. The tusk shells appear to be the only extant molluscs which completely lack the otherwise",
"title": "Tusk shell"
},
{
"id": "7902057",
"text": "(alternatively titled \"The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched\"), aired on ABC in 1982. Though credited to DePatie-Freleng, it was produced by Marvel Productions, which had taken over DePatie-Freleng in 1981. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special) How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "4645111",
"text": "on, Martin makes remarks about the forecastle of the \"Pequod\" in reference to \"Moby Dick\". During \"Snow Day\", the citizens of Springfield sing \"Winter Wonderland\". The scene where everyone in Springfield gathers around the town circle, holds hands and begins singing is a reference to \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" \"Hallelujah\", the chorus from George Frideric Handel's \"Messiah\", can be heard when it starts snowing. The episode has received positive reviews from television critics. The authors of the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, wrote, \"A cracking opener",
"title": "Bart Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "6309691",
"text": "Untamed Heart Untamed Heart is a 1993 American romantic drama film directed by Tony Bill, written by Tom Sierchio, and starring Christian Slater and Marisa Tomei. It tells the story of a young woman unlucky in love finding true love in a very shy young man. The original music score was composed by Cliff Eidelman, and includes a classical arrangement of \"Nature Boy\". A remixed version of Suzanne Vega's 1981 song \"Tom's Diner\" is featured in the opening scene of the film. Caroline is a young woman living in Minneapolis. She is a beauty school student and a part-time waitress",
"title": "Untamed Heart"
},
{
"id": "3564084",
"text": "An Open Fire)\" December 1988 \"We Three Kings Of Orient Are,\" A Wonderful Life,l Sweetest Thing 1988 Christmas Must Be Tonight. The rendition of \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\" by Al Green and Annie Lennox spent 17 weeks in the U.S. music charts, peaking at number 9 on January 14, 1989. The film's marketing made references to Murray's role in \"Ghostbusters\", with taglines including \"Bill Murray is back among the ghosts, only this time, it's three against one\". \"Scrooged\" premiered in Los Angeles, California on November 17, 1988, followed by its public release on November 23, 1988. \"Scrooged\"",
"title": "Scrooged"
},
{
"id": "6449242",
"text": "Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio), which leads up to the night of the sinking. On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack, resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose's fiancé Cal. As the ship starts to list dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink. With this in mind Rose's fiancé, Cal, returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat. Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat, forgetting about the diamond",
"title": "Heart of the Ocean"
},
{
"id": "11218273",
"text": "to arrest Axel. However, some time after this, Christian collapses while in the shower and is discovered by a horrified Oliver who takes him to the hospital. Despite insisting his collapse was a minor thing, it is confirmed that he suffers from a bacterial infection which has spread to his heart muscle called myocarditis, a result of a common cold not healing properly, which impairs him from doing any kind of professional sport. This abrupt change of life causes a short downward spin for Christian, having to give up his passion for boxing, but soon learns to change his life",
"title": "Christian Mann"
},
{
"id": "2763068",
"text": "journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch. His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends",
"title": "Tin Woodman"
},
{
"id": "15180730",
"text": "great Wizard of Oz to help her return home. The Wicked Witch of the West, sister of the late Wicked Witch of the East, vows revenge upon Dorothy. Dorothy meets the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman. The Scarecrow wants to get a brain, and the Tin Woodman needs a heart (\"If I Only Had a Brain\"/\"If I Only Had a Heart\"). Dorothy suggests that the Wizard can help them too (\"We're Off to See the Wizard\"). They then meet the Cowardly Lion (\"If I Only Had the Nerve\"). The four friends travel down the yellow brick road, having been warned",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (1942 musical)"
},
{
"id": "16435431",
"text": "1897 until his death. At Rikshospitalet he is credited with performing the first surgery on a human heart on 4 September 1895. The patient needed emergency surgery due to a knife wound. Cappelen accessed the thoracic cavity by cutting through the fourth rib. He repaired the wound of the left ventricle where he has sustained the stab wounds in the left side of his chest. After two days of intensive care, the patient died of coronary occlusion and not because of the repairing of the heart. At the autopsy the wound was found to be satisfactorily closed. He was a",
"title": "Axel Cappelen"
},
{
"id": "1063974",
"text": "Scrooge sees his belongings being sold to Old Joe, the local rag-and-bone man (\"We're Despicable (Plunderer's March)\"). Scrooge begs to be shown \"tenderness connected with death\", but discovers that Tiny Tim has died. The Ghost takes Scrooge to a cemetery and shows him his own grave, revealing that this deceased man is him. Scrooge realizes in anguish that he has spent his life poorly, and repents (\"Alone in the World (Reprise)\"). Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning with a renewed purpose. He meets the two men from the previous day and makes a generous donation, then anonymously sends Cratchit a Christmas",
"title": "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "2621228",
"text": "ultimately leading to him making the second and final decision for divorce. Maris attempts to reconcile with him by sending him expensive gifts, but Niles remains steadfast in his decision for divorce and Maris responds by shredding their financial settlement document - she turns it into the wrapping paper for her final gift to Niles - a five-cent piece in a jeweler's box along with the poem 'Roses are red, your heart is fickle, when I'm through with you, all you'll have is this nickel' - and proceeds to nearly bankrupt Niles. He is forced to sublet his suite at",
"title": "Niles Crane"
},
{
"id": "12617033",
"text": "others keep Christmas before seeing Fred celebrate with his wife and friends. The Ghost of Christmas of yet to Come (C.V. France) shows Scrooge what lies in store the following year. Scrooge discovers Tim is dead and that the man that was robbed and spoken of by some businessmen was himself after seeing his grave. Scrooge returns home a changed man and becomes a generous person. He orders a turkey for Bob and his family, gives a healthy donation to the two men from the day before and dines with Fred. The film then ends with Scrooge raising Bob's wages",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "5410570",
"text": "by Illumination Entertainment, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the title character. The Grinch has since become an icon of Christmas and the winter holidays, despite the character's hatred of the season. Over the years he has appeared on various forms of memorabilia such as Christmas ornaments, plush dolls, and various clothing items. The grumpy, anti-holiday spirit of the character has led to the term \"Grinch\" coming to refer to a person opposed to Christmas time celebrations or to someone with a coarse, greedy attitude. In 2002, \"TV Guide\" ranked The Grinch number 5 on its \"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "884245",
"text": "Show\" (1998) and \"Man on the Moon\" (1999), with each garnering him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. In the 2000s, he gained further popularity for his portrayal of the Grinch in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" and for the comedy \"Me, Myself & Irene\" (both in 2000), as well as \"Bruce Almighty\" (2003), \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004) for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, \"Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events\" (2004), \"Fun with Dick and Jane\" (2005), \"Yes Man\" (2008), \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (2008)",
"title": "Jim Carrey"
},
{
"id": "17548265",
"text": "be able to track them, but come to a ravine. Henry takes the pixie dust, and has enough belief in its power to allow him to fly. The runaway reveals that he himself is Peter Pan, and that he has been seeking the heart of the truest believer, which resides in Henry. Pan signals the Lost Boys, who surround Henry. Neal wakes up in the same place where Aurora woke from her sleeping curse, being tended to by her, Prince Phillip, and Mulan. When Neal reveals that he knows Emma, Aurora tries to communicate with Henry through the Netherworld via",
"title": "The Heart of the Truest Believer"
},
{
"id": "17043522",
"text": "Viktor accepts the offer. Gerhardt finds Viktor digging up a body from a graveyard to use for his experiments. They are interrupted by a guard, who fatally shoots Gerhardt. Viktor attempts to revive Gerhardt in the laboratory, but the procedure burns his heart into charcoal. Alphonse discovers what has happened and disowns Viktor. Rumplestiltskin appears again and offers Viktor a magical heart in exchange for \"putting on a show\" for his \"friend,\" Regina. After receiving the heart, Viktor successfully brings Gerhardt back to life. Alphonse is initially pleased, but becomes dismayed when he discovers Gerhardt is now an animalistic \"monster.\"",
"title": "In the Name of the Brother"
},
{
"id": "4235871",
"text": "with Savage's empowered progeny, John's bionic shell was badly damaged. Looking to make good with all the bad in his life he willingly offered his Kryptonite heart to Superman (the depowered hero having discovered a treatment for his loss of powers that essentially involved giving himself chemotherapy with kryptonite), knowing full well he couldn't survive without it. Metallo’s metallic body offers him a high degree of protection from physical and energy attacks. He has enhanced abilities and no longer needs to eat, sleep, or breathe. His brain is hermetically sealed inside a shielded alloy skull that has its own power",
"title": "Metallo"
},
{
"id": "4656947",
"text": "Burton), and demands advanced technology in exchange for his safe return. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) refuses to have a medical operation on his artificial heart on board the \"Enterprise\" by Doctor Katherine Pulaski (Diana Muldaur) as he is concerned about his image with the crew. He instead heads to a nearby Starbase for the operation, travelling by shuttlecraft. Acting Ensign Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton) accompanies him, as he is due to undergo his Starfleet Academy entrance exams. Though initially rebuffing Wesley's attempts to make conversation, Picard eventually softens, and talks of his past, including why he needs an artificial",
"title": "Samaritan Snare"
},
{
"id": "9585875",
"text": "beyond reason\". That night Jake saves Geranium, persuading her not to commit suicide as she had been intending to do. Stevine Odion sings \"My Heart is a Thumb\" while Jake and Geranium spend time together and then have sex in the sex scene car. Then the Thumbtanic hits an iceberg and there is major flooding. Jake and Geranium exit the car and head onto the now tilted deck. A senior crewman attempts to calm the passengers, but the captain suddenly screams \"We're all going to die!\" causing mass panic. Mr. Prickle appears, loudly demanding that the ship sink faster. He",
"title": "Thumbtanic"
},
{
"id": "6682187",
"text": "dead, giving them more time to pay off their debt. After Scrooge asks to see some tenderness connected with death, the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the passing of Tiny Tim. The spirit then takes Scrooge to a rundown churchyard and shows the repentant miser his own grave; Scrooge then realizes that the dead man of whom the others spoke ill was himself. Horrified, Scrooge begs the ghost for another chance to redeem his life and \"sponge away the writing on this stone\". Scrooge then watches as the Spirit's robe shrinks to become his bedpost and",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come"
},
{
"id": "401319",
"text": "form of a pair of pelvic spurs. These small, claw-like protrusions on each side of the cloaca are the external portion of the vestigial hindlimb skeleton, which includes the remains of an ilium and femur. Snakes are polyphyodonts with teeth that are continuously replaced. The snake's heart is encased in a sac, called the \"pericardium\", located at the bifurcation of the bronchi. The heart is able to move around, however, owing to the lack of a diaphragm. This adjustment protects the heart from potential damage when large ingested prey is passed through the esophagus. The spleen is attached to the",
"title": "Snake"
},
{
"id": "19559645",
"text": "Cameron Seely and Angela Lansbury, and is narrated by Pharrell Williams. The plot follows the Grinch as he plans to ruin Whoville's Christmas celebration by stealing all the town's decorations and gifts. \"The Grinch\" was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on November 9, 2018, in RealD 3D and select IMAX theaters. It has grossed over $377 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the animation but said the film added little to nothing new to the source material. In the town of Whoville, human-like creatures called Whos are filled with excitement about celebrating Christmas.",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "6560006",
"text": "Your Grave\"). Scrooge discovers that his fellow exchange workers--and indeed, no one at all--is mourning for him, while his charwoman and other impoverished people strip his body and bedroom of their valuables to sell to a shady pawnbroker. Scrooge also witnesses the Cratchits kneeling before Tiny Tim's grave, as nothing was done to save him (\"You Mean More to Me Reprise\"). The Ghost shows Scrooge his own bare grave, and the elderly man breaks down in tears (\"Yesterday, Tomorrow, and Today\"). At this, Grace Smythe appears and begins to sing to Scrooge, encouraging him to find his own inner light",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "12338148",
"text": "Wolf then transforms into his human form, Dagger (Rocco Sisto). Godfrey repeats how Allen said he had no heart, and wonders aloud if the truth is really known, how he gave up his heart and soul to possess Dagger, the Power of the Wolf. Godfrey asks Dagger what the people are saying about him. Dagger says that the people are afraid of him, but not all. He remarks how Linet, however, his own \"flesh and blood\", has no fear. Godfrey replies that soon she will, like everyone else. After he leaves, Dagger sings how he's good at only one thing",
"title": "Red Riding Hood (1989 film)"
},
{
"id": "5334300",
"text": "for NHL goaltenders. In the early morning hours of Sunday, November 10, 1985, Lindbergh lost control of his customized Porsche 930 Turbo and struck a wall in front of a Somerdale, New Jersey elementary school, critically injuring himself and severely injuring his two passengers. Although declared brain dead a few hours later, he was kept on life support until his father arrived from Sweden late the next day and his parents gave their permission to terminate treatment. He died on Monday, November 11 after a five-hour operation to harvest his heart and other organs for transplant. At the time of",
"title": "Pelle Lindbergh"
},
{
"id": "3172690",
"text": "Johnny was actually a powerful magician who sold his soul to Satan in exchange for stardom, but then sought to renege on the bargain. In 1943, Johnny kidnapped a young soldier from Times Square and performed a Satanic ritual on the boy, murdering him and eating his still-beating heart in order to assume his identity and hide from the Devil. Johnny was supposed to drop out and resurface as the soldier he murdered, but was unexpectedly drafted into the war, injured, then sent home with amnesia. Hoping to jar his memory, the Krusemarks took Johnny from the hospital and released",
"title": "Angel Heart"
},
{
"id": "4840055",
"text": "(better known as \"Cruella De Vil (102 Dalmatians),\" sung by Camara Kambon and Mark Campbell of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack a derivation of \"Cruella de Vil\"). The film opened at the third position behind M. Night Shyamalan's \"Unbreakable\" and Ron Howard's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas.\" The film did well at the box office, earning $67 million in the U.S. and $116.7 million overseas, bringing its total to $183.6 million worldwide. After premiering in New Zealand, the film received positive reviews and was described by media as a \"howling success\". In the United States, the film received generally",
"title": "102 Dalmatians"
},
{
"id": "7239056",
"text": "and together with the woodman, the cowardly lion, and several new creations equally delightful, they journey through Oz -- the earthquake -- and into the glass city. The Scarecrow is elated to think he is going to get his brains at last and be like other men are; the Tin-Woodman is bent upon getting a heart, and the cowardly lion pleads with the great Oz for courage. All these are granted by his Highness. Dorothy picks the princess. -- The Dangerous Mangaboos. -- Into the black pit, and out again. We then see Jim, the cab horse, and myriads of",
"title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! context: to let out bitter and sorrowful cries, but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead. He is puzzled until it dawns on him that \"maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more\" than just presents and feasting. The Grinch's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes. The reformed and liberated Grinch returns to the village to give back all of the Whos' Christmas stuff and participate in their Christmas feast. The Grinch first appeared in a 32-line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called \"The Hoobub and the Grinch,\" which was originally published in the May 1955 edition\n\nWhat is wrong with the Grinch’s heart in ‘How the Grinch stole Christmas’ ?",
"compressed_tokens": 202,
"origin_tokens": 202,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Whoville context: snouts and twelve toes. In the live-action film, the fur was missing from the Whos. Just north of Whoville, atop a high mountain Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max. Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" In the 2000 live action film, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" she is played by actress Taylor Momsen. The Grinch is a fictional, green colored creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. He lives in isolation upon Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max.\n\ntitle: Grinch context: stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from over a cliff lifts it over his head, and he is also described as \"[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two\" (a phrase lifted from the original book) during that moment of crisis. With character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.\ntitle: How Gr Sto! context: to let sorrowfulries, is confused to them joyous song instead. is puzzled it dawns on him \"maybe Christmas perhaps, means a little bit than presents and feast. The Gr' shrunken heart three. reformed liberated Grinch returns the back all theos Christmas and participate in Christmas feast. The Gr appeared in a 32- Dr Se \"obub the Grinch,\" which originally published in the May 195 edition\n How the Grle not depend on material things Theinch begins to so theolen going and to the, his \"the! which He brings the is given the honor of carving the roast beast, while Max gets the first slice for himself for all his troubles.\n\nWhat is wrong with the Grinch’s heart in ‘How the Grinch stole Christmas’ ?",
"compressed_tokens": 485,
"origin_tokens": 14417,
"ratio": "29.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,709 | Mug, Hires, and Barq's are all types of what? | [
"Root beers"
] | Root beers | [
{
"id": "14636892",
"text": "scuttle) has been produced since 1840, and a US patent for a shaving scuttle for use with a hard soap was granted in 1867. Shaving sticks (shaving soap formed into a cylinder) have existed at least since the mid-19th century. Traditional shaving soap is often sold as a round puck, either with a rounded bottom intended for use with a shaving scuttle or a flat bottom for use in a mug. High-end soaps may be sold with their own dishes, typically made of either wood or ceramic, and be formed to fit the dish with which the puck is sold.",
"title": "Shaving soap"
},
{
"id": "2760923",
"text": "a handle, i.e., a bowl or a beaker, is topologically equivalent to a saucer, which is quite evident when a raw clay bowl is flattened on a potter's wheel. Mug A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot beverages, such as coffee, hot chocolate, soup, or tea. Mugs usually have handles and hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cup. Usually a mug holds approximately 8- of liquid; double a tea cup. A mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "4677593",
"text": "would not function at all. Frequent complaints about paid street fundraisers include the use of aggressive or deceitful tactics, inability to accept anything but an ongoing donation and lack of knowledge of the charity. Paid street fundraisers are sometimes known as 'chuggers' (a portmanteau of \"charity\" and \"mugger\") because fundraising can be viewed as aggressive or invasive. 'Chuggers' can often only accept bank details for ongoing donations and therefore turn down one-off donations if offered. Sometimes the sheer frequency of fundraisers in a certain area will lead to frustration; a survey in London during 2009 found 500 fundraisers working on",
"title": "Street fundraising"
},
{
"id": "2717898",
"text": "Root Beer) was introduced. Mug Cream Soda and Diet Mug Cream Soda were later introduced, but they are not as widely available. Mug was purchased by Pepsi in 1986, and replaced On-Tap Draft Style Root Beer as Pepsi's root beer brand. Mug Root Beer is manufactured by independent bottlers under the authority of New Century Beverage Company. The Mug features the company's mascot, a bulldog named Dog, holding a mug of root beer. On the Mug Root Beer website, there is a free online comic to view the dog's adventures. Mug Root Beer MUG Root Beer, A PepsiCo Subsidiary/Root Beer",
"title": "Mug Root Beer"
},
{
"id": "16616506",
"text": "Breastaurant A breastaurant is a restaurant that has skimpily-dressed female waiting staff. The term \"breastaurant\" dates from the early 1990s, around the time that the restaurant chain Hooters became popular in the United States. It has since been applied to other restaurants that offer similar services, such as Redneck Heaven, Tilted Kilt Pub & Eatery, Twin Peaks, Bombshells, Bone Daddy's, Ojos Locos, Chula’s, Bikinis Sports Bar & Grill, Racks, Show-Me's, Mugs & Jugs, and The WingHouse Bar & Grill. The restaurants often have a sexual double-entendre brand name and also offer specific themes, both in decoration and menu. The restaurants",
"title": "Breastaurant"
},
{
"id": "2213322",
"text": "after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized the process. \"Mug\" is an English slang term for \"face\", dating from the 18th century. Mug shot can more loosely mean any small picture of a face used for any reason. A typical mug shot is two-part, with one side-view photo, and one front-view. The background is usually stark and simple, to avoid distraction from the facial image (as distinguished from a casual snapshot in a more naturalistic setting). Mug shots may be compiled into a mug book in order to determine",
"title": "Mug shot"
},
{
"id": "3093874",
"text": "and \"Cognac type\" . Modern barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, and different types of plastic, such as HDPE. Someone who makes barrels is called a \"barrel maker\" or cooper. Barrels are only one type of cooperage. Other types include, but are not limited to: buckets, tubs, butter churns, hogsheads, firkins, kegs, kilderkins, tierces, rundlets, puncheons, pipes, tuns, butts, pins, and breakers. Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water and oil, fermenting wine, arrack, and sake, and maturing beverages such as wine, cognac, armagnac, sherry, port, whisky, and beer.",
"title": "Barrel"
},
{
"id": "4885873",
"text": "A stoneware mug is a form of beer stein, another type of vessel which may only be referred to as a Maß if capable of holding a regulation quantity of beer. In the Southern German areas (Austro-Bavarian), the \"Maß\" originally measured 1.069 litres, equivalent to 2.259 US or 1.881 UK pints. Other German speaking areas had different measures: in Switzerland between 1838 and 1877 and in Baden until 1871 the \"Maß\" was 1.5 litres. The modern Maßkrug is slightly larger than 1 litre, with a \"\" (calibration mark) denoting the level to which the beer must be filled to allow",
"title": "Maß"
},
{
"id": "159340",
"text": "locations which are harder to reach. Dangerous or illegal items, weapons, food and drugs are not allowed and are specifically against the rules of most geocache listing sites. If a geocache has been vandalized or stolen, it is said to have been \"muggled\". The former term plays off the fact that those not familiar with geocaching are called muggles, a term borrowed from the \"Harry Potter\" series of books which was rising in popularity at the same time geocaching got its start. Traditional geocaching gave birth to GeoCaching – an active urban game of the Encounter project. The game is",
"title": "Geocaching"
},
{
"id": "13635938",
"text": "usually a tankard (mug) shaped glass, rather than a pint shaped glass. It shouldn't be confused with Schooner Lager, which is a regional brand of beer found only in the eastern maritime provinces of Canada. In the United States, \"schooner\" refers to the shape of the glass (rounded with a short stem), rather than the capacity. It can range from 18 oz. (532 mL) to 32 oz. (946 mL). Schooner (glass) A schooner is a type of glass for serving drinks. In the United Kingdom it is the name for a large sherry glass. in Australia it is the name",
"title": "Schooner (glass)"
},
{
"id": "5274393",
"text": "a Jersey Wooly, people must know that the head and ears have the most points. The head is bold and squarish which led the breed to being affectionately referred to as the \"Mug Head.\" These rabbits are very affectionate and playful and most Jersey Woolys have very friendly personalities. As pets, they range from laid-back lap bunnies to outgoing explorers. The average life span of a Jersey Wooly can depend on many factors, including genetics and care. It is not uncommon for a Jersey Wooly to live 7-10+ years when properly cared for. There is a common myth that those",
"title": "Jersey Wooly"
},
{
"id": "3595173",
"text": "1960. This regulation defines the units of weights and measures, both regular and metric, in Australia. The \"blob\" is the inch version of the slug (1blob is equal to 1 lbf⋅s/in, or 12slugs) or equivalent to . This unit is also called \"slinch\" (a portmanteau of the words slug and inch). Similar terms include \"slugette\" and \"snail\". Similar metric units include the \"glug\" in the centimetre–gram–second system, and the \"mug\", \"par\", or \"MTE\" in the metre–kilogram–second system. Slug (unit) The slug is a derived unit of mass in the weight-based system of measures, most notably within the British Imperial measurement",
"title": "Slug (unit)"
},
{
"id": "2012921",
"text": "A&W Restaurants A&W Restaurants, Inc. is a chain of fast-food restaurants distinguished by its draft root beer, root beer floats and burgers. Its origins date back to 1919 when Roy W. Allen opened a walk-up root beer stand in Lodi, California. Allen's employee Frank Wright partnered with him and founded this first restaurant in Sacramento, California, in 1923. The company name was taken respectively from the initials of their last names—Allen and Wright. The company became famous in the United States for its \"frosty mugs,\" where the mugs would be kept in the freezer and eventually get filled with A&W",
"title": "A&W Restaurants"
},
{
"id": "2113370",
"text": "Stout. \"Black and Tan\" refers to Guinness and Bass. \"Half and Half\" is Guinness and Harp. Guinness and Smithwick's is a Blacksmith. In Scotland, a half and a half (a hauf and a hauf) is a glass of whisky (a \"wee hauf\", a quarter gill) and a half-pint of beer as a 'chaser'. \"Pola pola\" (\"half and half\") is a slang term for the drink spritzer, made out of equal parts of white wine or rosé wine and carbonated water. Different ratios of wine and carbonated water are named with various slang terms, depending on the region. \"Pola pola\" is",
"title": "Half and half"
},
{
"id": "7713301",
"text": "Mugwort Mugwort is a common name for several species of aromatic plants in the genus \"Artemisia.\" In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species \"Artemisia vulgaris\", or common mugwort. While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply \"mugwort\" in many contexts. The Anglo-Saxon \"Nine Herbs Charm\" mentions . A folk etymology, based on coincidental sounds, derives \"\" from the word \"mug\"; more certainly, it has been used in flavoring drinks at least since the early Iron Age. Other sources say \"mugwort\" is derived from the Old Norse \"muggi\" (meaning \"marsh\")",
"title": "Mugwort"
},
{
"id": "20744888",
"text": "any trumps may he discard (\"abwerfen\") any card. As far as possible, each player is required to play a high enough card to win the trick in question. The trick is always won by the player who has admitted the highest card. At the start of the game each player places 100 chips or equivalent into a mug (the \"Haferl\"). If the declarer wins a Pick-Up contract, he is paid from the mug. If the declarer loses, he pays one opponent from the mug and the other opponent from his own pocket. In Hand contracts everyone pays double the basic",
"title": "Bavarian Tarock"
},
{
"id": "2717897",
"text": "Mug Root Beer MUG Root Beer, A PepsiCo Subsidiary/Root Beer Corporation is a brand name of root beer made by the New Century Beverage Company of San Francisco, California, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. It was originally produced by the Belfast Beverage Company in San Francisco, California, during the 1940s as Belfast Root Beer. An advertisement for Belfast Root Beer appears as early as 1947. The product name was later changed to Mug Old Fashioned Root Beer. An advertisement for Belfast Old Fashioned Mug Root Beer appears as early as 1952. In the late 1960s, Sugar Free Mug (now Diet Mug",
"title": "Mug Root Beer"
},
{
"id": "5232755",
"text": "Gruit Gruit (alternately grut or gruyt) is an herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops. Gruit or grut ale may also refer to the beverage produced using gruit. Historically, \"gruit\" is the term used in an area today covered by the Netherlands, Belgium and westernmost Germany. Today however, \"gruit\" is a colloquial term for any beer seasoned with gruit-like herbs. Gruit was and is a combination of herbs, commonly including sweet gale (\"Myrica gale\"), mugwort (\"Artemisia vulgaris\"), yarrow (\"Achillea millefolium\"), ground ivy (\"Glechoma hederacea\"), horehound (\"Marrubium vulgare\"), and Calluna heather (\"Calluna vulgaris\").",
"title": "Gruit"
},
{
"id": "8144293",
"text": "species, including the Barbel Society and the Barbel Catchers Club. Baits for catching barbel vary widely according to local practices and conditions. In the UK, popular baits include tinned luncheon meat, fishmeal-based pellets, hemp seed, maggots, and boilies. In France, many anglers still use natural baits, especially caddis larvae, which they collect from the stones and gravel near the fish's feeding areas. Common barbel The common barbel, \"Barbus barbus\", is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It shares the common name 'barbel' with its many relatives in the genus \"Barbus\", of which it is the type",
"title": "Common barbel"
},
{
"id": "2760909",
"text": "even lead, starting from roughly 2000 BCE, but were hard to use with hot drinks. The invention of porcelain around 600 CE in China brought a new era of thin-walled mugs suitable both for cold and hot liquids, which are enjoyed today. A shaving scuttle and shaving mug were developed around the 19th century; the first patent for a shaving mug is dated 1867. As hot water was not common in many households, one way to provide hot lather was to use a scuttle or mug. A traditional scuttle resembles a teapot with a wide spout where hot water is",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "6107535",
"text": "local word with German origins is \"butcher\", the name given to a 200 ml (7 fl.oz.) beer glass, which is believed to be derived from the German \"becher\", meaning a cup or mug. The Barossa is also home to kegel, a variety of nine-pin bowling, which takes place on indoor lanes (\"Kegelbahn\"), and is based on traditional German games similar to alley skittles. The Barossa town of Tanunda still features the Tanunda Kegel Club, founded in 1858. Barossa German Barossa German ( or ) is a dialect of German, predominately spoken in the Barossa Valley region of South Australia. The",
"title": "Barossa German"
},
{
"id": "2760906",
"text": "Mug A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot beverages, such as coffee, hot chocolate, soup, or tea. Mugs usually have handles and hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cup. Usually a mug holds approximately 8- of liquid; double a tea cup. A mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a teacup or coffee cup is preferred. Shaving mugs are used to assist in wet shaving. Ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, or shaped of clay, while",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "4499379",
"text": "more plastic casks around than wooden ones. Plastic casks are increasing in popularity because they are cheaper to buy and lighter to carry. Though they don't last as long, they are also less likely to be stolen as they have no melt-down value. Beer casks come in a number of sizes, but by far the most common in the pub trade are those of 9 gallons (72 pints or roughly 41 litres) which is known as a Firkin and 18 gallons (144 pints or roughly 83 litres) known as a Kilderkin. (N.B. These are imperial gallons, equal to 1.201 US",
"title": "Cask ale"
},
{
"id": "19314985",
"text": "and shivering. It was an old tradition that a sudden shock, such as the surprise of seeing a frog or toad in your beer would deliver a cure. Some of these mugs were made with the intention of encouraging young children to finish their drink by exposing the frog or toad. They were first made in Sunderland around 1775 before being copied in such places as Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Newcastle. In the 1860s there were around twenty-five potteries producing these mugs on the Tees, Tyne and Wear. They are sometimes known as Sunderland mugs because of their first place of",
"title": "Frog mug"
},
{
"id": "14636891",
"text": "Shaving soap Shaving soap is a hard soap that is whipped into a lather using a shaving brush. The lather it produces is used to coat the face during shaving, providing protection and lubrication for the razor. Among cartridge razor users, shaving soap has largely been displaced by canned shaving foam or gel, but hard shaving soaps are still utilized by users of double-edge safety razors and straight razors. Hard shaving soaps in their modern form have existed since at least the early 19th century. Williams (a common American shaving soap intended for use in a mug rather than a",
"title": "Shaving soap"
},
{
"id": "15867952",
"text": "Macau, and other markets in China, and Australia/New Zealand in 2013. Brotzeit International is a member of the FLA (Franchise and Licensing Association) Singapore, and the FCA - Franchise Council of Australia. The chain serves Bavarian cuisine like Schweinshaxe or pork knuckles and Nürnberger sausages. Other menu items include homemade Brezn (pretzels) and Brotzeit's own proprietary sausage recipes for Käsekrainer, Hühnerwurst, Nürnberger, Weißwurst, Knoblauchwurst, Currywurst, and Bockwurst. Beer (or Bier) served at Brotzeit are brewed according to the Reinheitsgebot a.k.a. German Beer Purity Law or Bavarian Purity Law which was passed in 1516. Most of the outlets serve Paulaner, Löwenbräu",
"title": "Brotzeit (restaurant)"
},
{
"id": "7852152",
"text": "Lager, Straub American Amber Lager, Straub IPL (India Pale Lager), and 1872 (Pre-Prohibition-style Lager). The brewery also produces several seasonal beer styles including Kölsch Ale, Vienna Lager, Dunkel, Helles, Doppelbock, 1872 Lager, Maibock, Altbier, Oktoberfest, Pilsner, and Hefeweizen. The most popular tourist attraction at Straub Brewery is the Eternal Tap™. Located just off of the production floor, visitors are invited to sample an ever-changing selection of Straub's flagship and craft beers at the Eternal Tap™. The Eternal Tap™ has garnered national and international attention in such media outlets as the Associated Press, \"Maui News\" in Hawaii, \"Salem Evening News\" in",
"title": "Straub Brewery"
},
{
"id": "3766339",
"text": "together. Double hooks are used on some artificial lures and are a traditional fly hook for Atlantic Salmon flies, but are otherwise fairly uncommon. Treble hooks are used on all sorts of artificial lures as well as for a wide variety of bait applications. Bait hook shapes and names include the Salmon Egg, Beak, O'Shaughnessy, Baitholder, Shark Hook, Aberdeen, Carlisle, Carp Hook, Tuna Circle, Offset Worm, Circle Hook, suicide hook, Long Shank, Short Shank, J Hook, Octopus Hook and Big Game Jobu hooks. Fly hook shapes include Sproat, Sneck, Limerick, Kendal, Viking, Captain Hamilton, Barleet, Swimming Nymph, Bend Back, Model",
"title": "Fish hook"
},
{
"id": "19314986",
"text": "manufacture. Frog mug A frog mug, toad mug or surprise mug also known as an ague mug is a type of ceramic vessel mainly used for drinking beer or similar alcoholic beverages. They were first produced in Sunderland before being copied in such places as Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Newcastle. These mugs were part of the tradition of drinking games such as fuddling cups and puzzle jugs. In this case the drinking vessels featured one or more painted or three-dimensional ceramic frogs or toads that slowly emerged at the bottom of the vessel it was drained. These practical joke mugs containing",
"title": "Frog mug"
},
{
"id": "2760910",
"text": "poured in; this is where it differs from a shaving mug, which has no spout. Both shaving scuttles and mugs usually have a handle, but some have none. Shaving mugs often look like a standard mug, however, some also have a built in brush rest, so the brush does not sit in lather. Modern versions of the scuttle are in limited production, usually by independent potters working in small volumes. At the top of the scuttle or mug is a soap holder. Traditionally, it was used with a hard block of shaving soap (rather than soft soap or cream) and",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "3409645",
"text": "(\"Brathendl\"). Another popular form is the fried \"Backhendl\" () version, a specialty of the Viennese cuisine. The Standard German term is \"Hähnchen\" (\"cockerel\"). In the new states of Germany it is often called \"Broiler\". Hendls are traditionally served in Bavarian beer gardens or at festivals such as Oktoberfest, and are generally eaten with a \"Brezen\" and/or a \"Maß\" of beer. They are also widely available from mobile rotisserie trucks that park near well-frequented locations such as supermarkets or large parking lots. Paprika Hendl (paprika chicken) is mentioned in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\", as a dish enjoyed by J. Harker who wishes",
"title": "Roast chicken"
},
{
"id": "13452061",
"text": "the ends of mounted staves, coopers produced containers of all sizes. Ranging from small water and liquor kegs to 206-gallon hogsheads, their barrels stored goods including tobacco, whale oil, whiskey, molasses, flour, apples, sugar, and hardware. Household appliances such as water tubs, sap buckets, butter churns, milk pails, and drinking or ladling mugs called piggins, reflected the extensive reach of a coopers’ trade. The United States 1850 census recorded forty-three thousand practicing coopers, but by the late nineteenth century, the introduction of metal drums and other machine-made storage and shipping containers greatly diminished the demand for wooden cooperage so that",
"title": "Shaker Shed"
},
{
"id": "1745228",
"text": "triangle is a woman, whereas for a split-object love triangle it is a man, due to the same reasons that polygyny is far more common than polyandry. Those who find themselves tempted to become the Other Man may, however, still find a cynic's advice from the 1930s pertinent on 'the emotional position of the adulterer, and why to avoid it...\"Did I know what a mug's game was? – No. – \"A mug's game,\" he told me, \"is breaking your back at midnight, trying to make another man's wife come\". Love triangles are a popular theme in entertainment, especially romantic fiction,",
"title": "Love triangle"
},
{
"id": "19314981",
"text": "Frog mug A frog mug, toad mug or surprise mug also known as an ague mug is a type of ceramic vessel mainly used for drinking beer or similar alcoholic beverages. They were first produced in Sunderland before being copied in such places as Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Newcastle. These mugs were part of the tradition of drinking games such as fuddling cups and puzzle jugs. In this case the drinking vessels featured one or more painted or three-dimensional ceramic frogs or toads that slowly emerged at the bottom of the vessel it was drained. These practical joke mugs containing frogs",
"title": "Frog mug"
},
{
"id": "4057941",
"text": "series is charger (12 inches); dinner plate (10.5 inches); dessert plate (8.5 inches) salad plate (7.5 inches); side plate, tea plate (6.75 inches). Glasses and mugs of various types are an important part of tableware, as beverages are important parts of a meal. Vessels to hold alcoholic beverages such as wine, whether red, white, sparkling tend to be quite specialised in form, with for example Port wine glasses, beer glasses, brandy balloons, aperitif and liqueur glasses all having different shapes. Water glasses, juice glasses and hot chocolate mugs are also differentiated. Their appearance as part of the tableware depends on",
"title": "Tableware"
},
{
"id": "2740760",
"text": "Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris (common mugwort or common wormwood) is one of several species in the genus \"Artemisia\" commonly known as mugwort, although \"Artemisia vulgaris\" is the species most often called mugwort. This species is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor's tobacco, naughty man, old man or St. John's plant (not to be confused with St John's wort). Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs. \"Artemisia vulgaris\" is native to temperate Europe, Asia, northern Africa and Alaska and is naturalized in North America, where some consider it an",
"title": "Artemisia vulgaris"
},
{
"id": "3076028",
"text": "Morris on tours of Cathedrals often filled with \"Eagle\" readers keen to meet the comic's creators. Peter Ling and Macdonald Hastings were contributors, as was Harris Tweed's creator John Ryan, who was also responsible for Captain Pugwash, printed in the first 19 issues. Children were encouraged to submit their good deeds to the comic; those that had their stories printed were called MUGs, a not-so-subtle dig at the \"spivs\" who made fun of them. The best of these stories were awarded the title of \"MUG of the Month\", or \"MUG of the Year\". Readers were also invited to join an",
"title": "Eagle (British comics)"
},
{
"id": "13802969",
"text": "of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. \"Turmut, 'tates and mate\" (i.e. swede, potatoes and meat) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots. Pasties are often locally referred to as \"oggies\". Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries. The Pasty Shop and West Cornwall Pasty are among the Cornish chains that have popularised traditional oggies around the UK. Squab",
"title": "Cornish cuisine"
},
{
"id": "6352468",
"text": "Tiki mugs Tiki mugs are large ceramic cocktail mugs that originated in tiki bars and tropical-themed restaurants. The term \"tiki mugs\" is a generic blanket term for sculptural drinkware that depict Polynesian, mock-Polynesian, or tropical themes. Tiki mugs are not commonly seen outside tiki bars and restaurants, but are also a kitsch collectors item. Originally created as both signature and marketing tools to hold the exotic libations, the 1960s also saw the ceramic craft market following suit by releasing ceramic tiki mug molds for the hobbyist to customize. These original mugs, whether related to a location or made by the",
"title": "Tiki mugs"
},
{
"id": "2760912",
"text": "conservation of water and soap, whilst retaining enough heat to ensure a long shave. Tiki mugs, drinking vessels usually made of ceramics, originated in mid-20th century tropical themed restaurants and tiki bars. The term \"Tiki mugs\" is a generic, blanket term for sculptural drink ware that depict imagery from Melanesia, Micronesia, or Polynesia, and more recently anything tropical or related to surfing. Often sold as souvenirs, tiki mugs are highly collectable. Modern manufacturers include Muntiki and Tiki Farm. Individual artists, such as Van Tiki, also produced limited one-of-a-kind hand sculpted mugs. Travel mugs (introduced in the 1980s) generally employ thermal",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "5094203",
"text": "Tyg A tyg (or tig) is a large English pottery mug with three or more handles dividing the rim into sections for several drinkers. These tall, black-glazed, red-bodied drinking vessels were produced from the 15th century through the first half of the 17th century, peaking in popularity during the 16th and 17th centuries. Some were made with as many as nine handles. The multiple handles also allow hot drinks to be passed around without pain. Tygs were made in large quantities at Wrotham in Kent and in many Staffordshire factories. Examples have surfaced at 17th-century American colonial sites, as well",
"title": "Tyg"
},
{
"id": "8546887",
"text": "to move into the warmest part of the water, the surface and first layer (about 18 inches) of water below. When fishing a river for coarse fish species such as chub, barbel, roach, dace and bream, the favourite hook baits tend to be maggot (white, red, and bronze), caster (maggot chrysalis), worm, cheese, pellets (halibut, trout, and carp), boilies (round boiled baits typically made with fish meal, milk, and soya) and luncheon meat. Loose feed can be any of the above baits with a particle bait fed by hand, in a feeder, or by catapult, sometimes in the form of",
"title": "Coarse fishing"
},
{
"id": "5768379",
"text": "cooper and spent a year and a half apprenticing, learning the ancient art of barrel making. Using Oregon Oak, Nate assembles, raises, toasts, chars, hoops, heads, hoops again, cauterizes, sands and brands each one barrel, one at a time, all by hand. At full capacity, he makes one barrel a day. John C. Maier, current brewmaster, joined the company in 1989 after a chance encounter with Joyce at an airport. Rogue to date has produced more than 60 different ales. The company uses a proprietary yeast known as \"Pacman\". Maier says that all of their beers are meant to go",
"title": "Rogue Ales"
},
{
"id": "12483301",
"text": "галстук \"galstuk\" is not a scarf (German literally: \"\"Halstuch\"\"), but a tie, even though the modern German equivalent \"Krawatte\" (Croatian neck tie) seems to be of a more recent date; nor would a парикмахер \"parikmacher\" (German literally: \"\"Perückenmacher\"\") be a \"wig-maker\", but actually is a hairdresser. It seems, though, that the hair dresser was indeed called a wig maker, i.e. when wigs were in fashion and that was what they did. Thus both Italians (parrucchiere) and Spaniards (peluquero) still call all hair dressers, for gentlemen and ladies, wig makers. Likewise, in Japanese, a \"messer\" is not a knife, but a",
"title": "Germanism (linguistics)"
},
{
"id": "3941236",
"text": "the World. By the early 20th century, petroleum jelly, beeswax, and lard were more commonly used. Early 20th century examples of pomades include Murray's Superior Pomade (originating in 1925), Sweet Georgia Brown Hair Dressing Pomade (originating in 1934) and Royal Crown Pomade (originating in 1936). Dixie Peach Hair Pomade was popular with teenage boys in the U.S. from World War II through the 1960s. Pomades were much more popular in the 1920s to 1950s than they are today, although they have made a comeback in the 2010s with recent alternations to the marketplace, which feature not only traditionally manufactured petrolatum",
"title": "Pomade"
},
{
"id": "6352469",
"text": "hobbyist, also known as the vintage mugs, once found in abundance on the dusty shelves of junk shops in the 1980s and 90s, became a sought after item for those who were responsible for the revival of interest in the heyday of places like Don the Beachcomber and Trader Vic's. Though hobbyists and ceramic artists, in a small capacity, have continued to make these mugs at home, and larger manufacturers have mass-produced restaurant and bar promotional souvenirs since the 1960s the \"tiki revival\" of the 1990s and then 2008 onwards produced new variations. Tiki mugs Tiki mugs are large ceramic",
"title": "Tiki mugs"
},
{
"id": "515448",
"text": "gastropubs, with less sophisticated alternatives being available in regular public houses (pubs). In 2009, the dish was listed as Britain's most popular comfort food in a survey commissioned by TV channel \"Good Food\". Although it is sometimes stated that the term \"bangers\" has its origins in World War II, the term was actually in use at least as far back as 1919. The term \"bangers\" is attributed (in common usage in the UK) to the fact that sausages made during World War I, when there were meat shortages, were made with such a high water content that they were more",
"title": "Bangers and mash"
},
{
"id": "2213321",
"text": "Mug shot A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the waist up, typically taken after a person is arrested. The original purpose of the mug shot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to allow for identification purposes by victims, the public and investigators. However, in the United States, entrepreneurs have recently begun to exploit the mug shot for commercial gains via the mug shot publishing industry. Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years",
"title": "Mug shot"
},
{
"id": "16616508",
"text": "\"breastaurant\" as a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Male oriented restaurants with a similar focus on server appearance include Tallywackers, featuring scantily clad men, which opened in Dallas, Texas, in May 2015 and closed in August 2016. In Japan, there are places like Macho Cafe and Macho Meat Shop, where brawny men serve food and drinks for a limited time. Breasturants have been criticized for being sexist. Breastaurant A breastaurant is a restaurant that has skimpily-dressed female waiting staff. The term \"breastaurant\" dates from the early 1990s, around the time that the restaurant chain Hooters became",
"title": "Breastaurant"
},
{
"id": "7275360",
"text": "These may simply be smaller pint glasses, or may be a special pony glass. In the US, a pint is , but the volume is not strictly regulated and glasses may vary somewhat. Glasses of 500 ml are usually called pints in American parlance. The common shapes of pint glass are: Beer connoisseurs sometimes invest in special, non-traditional glassware to enhance their appreciation. An example was the range marketed by Michael \"Beer Hunter\" Jackson. Typically used for serving brandy and cognac, a snifter is ideal for capturing the volatiles of aromatic beers such as Double/Imperial IPAs, Belgian ales, barleywines and",
"title": "Beer glassware"
},
{
"id": "16479676",
"text": "The actual liquors used by a drinking establishment will vary. A bartender's well may include at least one variety each of gin, rum, whiskey, vodka, bourbon, tequila, triple sec, and vermouth. Some establishments that cater to higher-end clientele or wish to project an aura of luxury choose premium brands to be their well liquors (thus offering a \"premium well\"). A rail or well drink is usually served when a customer does not specify that a particular brand of liquor be used. For example, a customer order for a \"Scotch and soda\" would lead the bartender to use a rail/well Scotch",
"title": "Well drink"
},
{
"id": "2760911",
"text": "therefore had drain holes at the bottom. Later scuttles and mugs do not include the holes, and thus can be used with creams and soft soaps. Some scuttles and mugs have concentric circles on the bottom, which retain some water thus helping to build lather. In use, the shaving brush is dunked into the wide spout, allowing it to soak into the water and heat up. The soap is placed in the soap holder. When needed, one can take the brush and brush it against the soap, bringing up a layer of lather; excess water is drained back. This allows",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "18395806",
"text": "varieties of noble hops: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, Tettnanger, Spalter, and Saaz hops. The beer is matured in scotch, cognac and port barrels for the better part of a year. A limited number of bottles are released each year; in 2007, only 12,000 bottles were produced, and in 2009, only 9,000 bottles were released. Sold in a ceramic bottle resembling a copper-finished brewing kettle, a single bottle of \"Utopias\" cost $100 in 2002, and $150 in 2009. Because of legal restrictions, \"Utopias\" is not offered in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, or West",
"title": "Samuel Adams (beer)"
},
{
"id": "949067",
"text": "at least some of their cocktails in ceramic mugs depicting tikis, also known as tiki mugs. The styles and sizes varied widely. Most restaurants offered their signature drink in a tiki mug that the patron was able to take home. This led to a large number of tiki mugs surviving as souvenirs. Today, the tiki mug is a highly prized find and is considered to be as much a symbol of the tiki culture as a tiki itself. With the resurgence of tiki culture in the later part of the 1990s, a resurgence in the interest of the original exotic",
"title": "Tiki culture"
},
{
"id": "3215164",
"text": "to the company's established 'round' deco offering; coupe shape and height remain the same, along with the brand's signature concentric rings. In October 2016, Fiesta announced the discontinuation of the square bowl (992) and the square mug (923). \"American Fiesta\", a one-man play written and performed by Steven Tomlinsoni, refers to the central character's obsession with collecting vintage Fiesta dinnerware. Fiesta (dinnerware) Fiesta, often called Fiestaware, is a line of ceramic glazed dinnerware manufactured and marketed by the Homer Laughlin China Company of Newell, West Virginia since its introduction in 1936, with a hiatus from 1973 to 1985. Fiesta is",
"title": "Fiesta (dinnerware)"
},
{
"id": "1778797",
"text": "a bout of diphtheria, it is a moment of pathos and a symbol of her frailty. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century hairdressers in England and France did a brisk business supplying \"postiches\", or pre-made small wiglets, curls, and false buns to be incorporated into the hairstyle. The use of postiches did not diminish even as women's hair grew shorter in the decade between 1910 and 1920, but they seem to have gone out of fashion during the 1920s. In the 1960s a new type of synthetic wig was developed using a modacrylic fiber which made wigs more",
"title": "Wig"
},
{
"id": "20842021",
"text": "1907, and its assets were sold in late 1908. Indiana Glass Company mostly made tableware, lamps, and vases although it had additional products. Collectors consider the company a manufacturer of Depression glass, Goofus glass, and Carnival glass. One well known customer was the A&W drive-in chain that featured mugs of A&W Root Beer, and Indiana Glass was the original manufacturer of root beer mugs for that company. Another major customer was Kmart. During 1957, Lancaster Lens Company acquired a controlling interest in Indiana Glass. Lancaster Lens Company was renamed Lancaster Glass Company, but Indiana Glass continued to be a separate",
"title": "Indiana Glass Company"
},
{
"id": "3221575",
"text": "Quavers Quavers are a British snack food, originally made by Smiths, and now produced by Walkers. Walkers, owned by PepsiCo, purchased the Quavers brand in 1997, when it became one of the Frito Lay International brand names. Quavers were launched in 1968 with the advertising slogan \"you get a lovely lot of Quavers in a bag\". Packaging described them as \"curly potato puffs\". In 2007, Walkers changed the packaging for all their snack products, which were Quavers, Wotsits, Squares, French Fries and Monster Munch. This packaging reflected the usage of Sunseed Oil, which was used in all products. The Multipack",
"title": "Quavers"
},
{
"id": "2760922",
"text": "they are ready to hand. Those are especially useful on ships in high waves. The mug serves as one of the most popular examples of homeomorphism in topology. Two objects are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other without cutting or gluing. Thus in topology, a mug is equivalent (homeomorphic) to a doughnut (torus) as it can be reshaped into a doughnut by a continuous deformation, without cutting, breaking, punching holes or gluing. Another topological example is a mug with two handles, which is equivalent to a double torus – an object resembling number 8. A mug without",
"title": "Mug"
},
{
"id": "9276398",
"text": "Quidditch (sport) Quidditch is a sport of two teams of seven players each mounted on broomsticks played on a hockey rink-sized pitch. It is based on a fictional game of the same name invented by author J. K. Rowling, which is featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and related media. The game is also sometimes referred to as muggle quidditch to distinguish it from the fictional game, which involves magical elements such as flying broomsticks and enchanted balls. In the \"Harry Potter\" universe, a \"muggle\" is a person without the power to use magic. The pitch is rectangular",
"title": "Quidditch (sport)"
},
{
"id": "1599645",
"text": "American cook books have tended to be somewhat elastic. James Beard's \"Fireside Cookbook\" (1949), for example, contains a recipe for what he calls a \"Fines Herbes Bowl\", a dip featuring chopped parsley, chives, dill, chopped green pepper, and salt, mixed into a pint of sour cream. In his subsequent discussion of \"Salad Herbs\", Beard lists: 1) Tarragon: \"The most pleasant salad herb ... Use the fresh if you can\"; 2) Chervil, which he calls \"delicate and subtle\"; 3) Fresh Dill, which Beard recommends especially for salads containing cucumber or cabbage; and 4) Sweet Basil: a \"a natural complement to tomatoes\".",
"title": "Fines herbes"
},
{
"id": "5852003",
"text": "by the stems. The following gallery shows popular bride's bouquet shapes, including cascading, hand-tied, nosegay, pomander, flower spray and Biedermeier. Flower bouquet A flower bouquet is a collection of flowers in a creative arrangement. Flower bouquets can be arranged for the decor of homes or public buildings, or may be handheld. Handheld bouquets are classified by several different popular shapes and styles, including nosegay, crescent, and cascading bouquets. Flower bouquets are often given for special occasions such as birthdays or anniversaries. They are also used extensively in weddings. Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for home decor can be arranged",
"title": "Flower bouquet"
},
{
"id": "7275366",
"text": "mugs, that is synonymous with the German standard glass. It is characterized by its shape: conical to the top portion where it curves inward to converge back to the top of a smaller diameter opening. The Willi cup is produced in sizes of 200 ml, 250 ml, 300 ml, 400 ml and 500 ml. Beer boots (or \"\") have over a century of history and culture behind them. It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle. When the troops prevailed, the general had a glassmaker",
"title": "Beer glassware"
},
{
"id": "4508193",
"text": "Wine gum Wine gums (or winegums) are chewy, firm pastille-type sweets similar to gumdrops without the sugar coating, originating from the United Kingdom. All brands have their own recipes containing various sweeteners, flavourings, and colourings. Wine gums are popular in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, South Africa and many Commonwealth nations, as well as several European countries. Common brands include Maynards, Bassett's and Lion. The gums usually come in five shapes: kidney, crown, rhombus, circle and oblong, and are usually labelled with the name of a wine: for example, \"Maynard's\" use port, sherry, champagne, burgundy, and claret; other manufacturers may",
"title": "Wine gum"
},
{
"id": "949630",
"text": "was an unsuccessful scammer, he gained reputation as a genius operator mostly because Houston's satirical writing wasn't understood as such. The National Police Gazette coined the term \"confidence game\" a few weeks after Houston first used the name \"confidence man\". A confidence trick is also known as a con game, a con, a scam, a grift, a hustle, a bunko (or bunco), a swindle, a flimflam, a gaffle or a bamboozle. The intended victims are known as marks, suckers, stooges, mugus, rubes or gulls (from the word \"gullible\"). When accomplices are employed, they are known as shills. A short con",
"title": "Confidence trick"
},
{
"id": "4791544",
"text": "pinning/wedging/clenching); or other types. Faceplates have probably been around at least since the era of medieval clock-makers. Tooling similar to today's chucks seems likely to have evolved from faceplate work, as workers using faceplates for repetitive work began to envision types of clamps or dogs for the faceplate that could be opened and closed in more convenient ways than repeated total disassembly and reassembly. A \"chock\" was originally just a lump of wood. However by 1703 it could be \"… Chocks, belonging to the Screw-Mandrel\". By 1807 the word had changed to the more familiar \"'chuck\": \"On the end of",
"title": "Chuck (engineering)"
},
{
"id": "34417",
"text": "Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 °C (60 °F) the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below . Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature—reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served. Beer is consumed out of a variety of vessels, such as a glass, a beer stein, a mug, a pewter tankard, a beer bottle or a can; or at music festivals and some bars and nightclubs, from a plastic",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"id": "4086348",
"text": "take their name from the grunting sound they make while cooking. Another name for the types of biscuits or dumplings used is \"dough-boys\". Dough-boys are used in stews and cobblers alike. In the United States, additional varieties of cobbler include the apple pan dowdy (an apple cobbler whose crust has been broken and perhaps stirred back into the filling), the Betty, the buckle (made with yellow batter (like cake batter), with the filling mixed in with the batter), the dump (or dump cake), the grump, the slump, and the sonker. The sonker is unique to North Carolina: it is a",
"title": "Cobbler (food)"
},
{
"id": "313570",
"text": "companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City. Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son,",
"title": "Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "1183794",
"text": "that the city more than doubled in population each decade, as it attracted new industrial workers with the growth of the pottery industry. By 1910, it had more than 20,000 people. East Liverpool once produced more than half of the United States's annual ceramics output. Throughout East Liverpool's ceramics history, there were more than 300 potteries. Of these potteries, three continue to operate in the area: the American Mug & Stein Company, the Hall China Company, and the Homer Laughlin China Company. In the mid-19th century, East Liverpool also produced most of the yellowware pottery used in the United States.",
"title": "East Liverpool, Ohio"
},
{
"id": "8666490",
"text": "Fishing Tackle and Fish Hooks\" described the Turle Knot thus: For attachment to a bare hook I have been hitherto in the habit of using a very ingenious knot invented by Major Turle, and known under his name.* Attached to the turn-down eyed hook it answers excellently well, as I can testify from experience, having used nothing else for many weeks in sea and river fishing, when the catch amounted to some thousands of whiting, mackerel, gurnets, flat-fish, &c., and also in legering and float-fishing on the Thames and Norfolk Broads for bream, roach, barbel, chub, perch, and gudgeon. Turle",
"title": "Turle knot"
},
{
"id": "15369197",
"text": "are what you put on the fishing line to weigh down your lure/bait so it doesn't float. Shallow water fishing Shallow water fishing is one type of the many types of fishing there is. Shallow can mean many different things; shallow lakes, shallow rivers, and most common to fishermen is the shallow ponds with high concentrations of moss. There are many different baits and fishing lures for shallow water fishing such as, \"Skitter Pop, Skitter Walk, Pencil Popper, Popper, Slim Dog, Z-Top, Turbo Toad Buzz Baits, Locust, Frogs, Jerk Baits, etc. Weight has a lot to do with shallow water",
"title": "Shallow water fishing"
},
{
"id": "3627110",
"text": "the west used to have a long brewing tradition as well, but in the 20th century, big brewers took over many of these smaller breweries or offered them a license to sell their beer brand, while stopping their own production. In the 21st century, many new microbreweries were founded, brewing topfermenting beers in many different styles. In September 2013, there were 184 active breweries in the Netherlands. Popular styles include bock, trappist ale, stout, and wheat beer. Of the range of bitters, \"Beerenburg\" is the most famous. Strong liquors include \"Jenever\" (distilled malt wine and the precursor to Gin), '",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "10952915",
"text": "sex workers. Reports can be collected by outreach workers who are distributing the list. Bad Date List websites are also frequently used, mainly by indoor sex workers. Sometimes information comes from the police or the media. The first Canadian bad date book was published in Vancouver, Canada by the “Alliance for Safety of Prostitutes” (ASP) in 1983. The Prostitution Collective in Victoria, Australia developed the first Ugly Mugs Scheme in May 1986, using the term ‘ugly mugs’ to describe punters who become unreasonable and violent. Many organizations produce a \"bad date list\" including: Bad date list A bad date list",
"title": "Bad date list"
},
{
"id": "18684519",
"text": "sausages were traditionally made from \"still warm, freshly slaughtered\" meat. In contemporary times, sausages are mainly produced using chilled or matured meat. In addition, fat stabilization and structure formation (gelation) are crucial factors in cooked sausage. According to German guidelines, parboiled sausages are divided for meat and meat products, broadly divided into four groups: Additional types of brühwurst include \"Bierschinken\", \"Knackwurst\" and \"Bierwurst\". Brühwurst have been used in army provisions as a non-perishable food (that does not require refrigeration) and as a food that has properties similar to fresh products. Brühwurst Brühwurst (\"scalded sausage\" or \"parboiled sausage\") is the collective",
"title": "Brühwurst"
},
{
"id": "16746785",
"text": "Gretel II Gretel II (KA-3) is an Australian International 12-metre class racing yacht built for the America's Cup challenge series in 1970. She was designed by Alan Payne and built by W.H. Barnett for Australian media tycoon Sir Frank Packer. Packer had first challenged for the America's Cup in 1962 with the yacht \"Gretel\", which was named after his wife. \"Gretel\" was competitive but lost that challenge 4–1. In 1970 Packer returned to Newport, Rhode Island to challenge again for the 'Auld Mug' with his new 12-metre yacht \"Gretel II\" representing the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron. This yacht was the",
"title": "Gretel II"
},
{
"id": "4713170",
"text": "Model Mugging Model Mugging is a form of self-defense training that uses padded instructors, known as \"Model Muggers\", to simulate assaults. It was founded by Matt Thomas, and developed by Danielle Smith, Julio Toribio, Sheryl Doran and Mark Morris. Its inspiration was the 1971 rape and beating of a karate black belt. Model Mugging attempts to turn the adrenaline reaction to an active response rather than a fear response through simulated attacks and group talk sessions. Model mugging training involves students role-playing and sometimes fighting through a variety of assault scenarios. Students are taught physical defenses, methods of avoiding or",
"title": "Model Mugging"
},
{
"id": "5199646",
"text": "of cuts such as sausages, small roasts, steaks, wings, drumsticks, schnitzel and turkey mince. Ready-to-eat lines are either roasted or smoked and packaged. Frozen items include a whole turkey, buffé, or Kiev. Inghams claim to be the largest manufacturer of stockfeed in Australasia; with product lines for horses, pigs, and poultry. The equine division provides unique products for the racing, breeding and leisure/performance horse industries. Some equine products lines are exported to Asia, the Middle East, UK, and South Africa. The company was founded in 1918 when Walter Ingham Sr. purchased of bush land in Casula as a gift to",
"title": "Inghams Enterprises"
},
{
"id": "3387795",
"text": "Clean climbing Clean climbing is rock climbing techniques and equipment which climbers use in order to avoid damage to the rock. These techniques date at least in part from the 1920s and earlier in England, but the term itself may have emerged in about 1970 during the widespread and rapid adoption in the United States and Canada of nuts (also called chocks), and the very similar but often larger hexes, in preference to pitons, which damage rock and are more difficult and time-consuming to install. Pitons were thus eliminated in North America as a primary means of climbing protection in",
"title": "Clean climbing"
},
{
"id": "5428236",
"text": "presented to customers wrapped in the previous day's newspapers. These days bunny chows are available in many small take-aways and Indian restaurants throughout South Africa. The price ranges from for a quarter beans or dhal, to for a quarter mutton bunny, and generally one can multiply the price of a quarter by between 3 and 4 to attain the price of a full bunny. Each year, the \"Bunny Chow Barometer\" is held in September on the south bank of the Umgeni River, just above Blue Lagoon (a popular Sunday picnic spot for Durban Indians), attracting numerous entrants from across the",
"title": "Bunny chow"
},
{
"id": "4992894",
"text": "Hair rig The hair rig is a piece of fishing tackle which allows a bait to be presented without sitting directly on the hook. It is mainly associated with boilies, but also works effectively with many other baits. The hair rig became popular in the 1970s. It has been experimented with by English anglers, and has revolutionised carp fishing. At the beginning, natural wire (from a ponytail) was used to link the bait to the hook. This is why it was called the 'hair rig'. This material was very discreet but it was a little fragile. The bait also didn't",
"title": "Hair rig"
},
{
"id": "1736264",
"text": "was marketed as the strongest commercial beer in the world (a mark that has since been challenged). The company subsequently released new \"vintages\" of \"Utopias\" annually, increasing the alcoholic content to 27% ABV by 2007. \"Utopias\" is made with caramel, Vienna, Moravian and Bavarian smoked malts, and four varieties of noble hops: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, Tettnanger, Spalter, and Saaz hops. The beer is matured in scotch, cognac and port barrels for the better part of a year. A limited number of bottles are released each year; in 2007, only 12,000 bottles were produced, and in 2009, only 9,000 bottles were released.",
"title": "Boston Beer Company"
},
{
"id": "4924252",
"text": "be taller than a pint glass, and generally holds 500 millilitres with room for foam or \"head\". In some countries, such as Belgium, the glass may be 250 ml or 330 ml. Wheat beers tend to foam a lot, especially if poured incorrectly. A customary manner is to swirl around a bit of (preferably cold) water in the glass to wet it and afterwards pouring the beer slowly, holding the glass in an angle of approximately 45 °. A beer stein (or simply a stein ) is an English neologism for a traditional type of beer mug. Steins may be",
"title": "Beer in Germany"
},
{
"id": "158742",
"text": "with fresh fruit. Apples, plums, strawberries, and cherries are used regularly in cakes. Cheesecake is also very popular, often made with quark. \"Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte\" (Black Forest cake, made with cherries) is probably the most well-known example of a wide variety of typically German tortes filled with whipped or butter cream. German doughnuts (which have no hole) are usually balls of yeast dough with jam or other fillings, and are known as \"Berliner\", \"Pfannkuchen\" (in Berlin and Eastern Germany), \"Kreppel\" or \"Krapfen\", depending on the region. \"Eierkuchen\" or \"Pfannkuchen\" are large (usually around 20–24 cm in diameter), and relatively thin (~5mm)",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "15738925",
"text": "Banks include: Banks Sports and Cultural Club Banks Sports and Cultural Club is a cricket club in Barbados. The club competes in the Barbados Cricket Association Division 1 competition, the premier cricket competition in Barbados. The club was established in 1964 for and by employees of Banks Brewery, a leading brewery in Barbados. Unlike some Barbadian clubs established before the 1960s such as Pickwick, Wanderers and Carlton, Banks began as a club primarily for black Barbadians. Admitted to Division 1 in 1973, Banks has since won the Division 1 championship six times: 1978, 1979, 1986, 2001, 2002 and 2007. Notable",
"title": "Banks Sports and Cultural Club"
},
{
"id": "2283371",
"text": "UK, such as Peter Austin, to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the \"Firkin\" pubs, started, running to over one hundred at the chain's peak; however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer. Some British brewpubs specialise in ale, while others brew continental lagers and wheatbeers. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley; The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford; The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the establishment were brewed on-site); The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria; and the Old Cannon Brewery,",
"title": "Microbrewery"
},
{
"id": "194490",
"text": "varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer. The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used a \"gruit\", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the old German name for horehound, \"Berghopfen\", means \"mountain hops\"), ground ivy, and heather. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne's father, Pepin III.",
"title": "Hops"
},
{
"id": "7119238",
"text": "hanging off a circular shaped knot. Bottle sling The bottle sling (or jug sling/ Scoutcraft Knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top. While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift",
"title": "Bottle sling"
},
{
"id": "10980242",
"text": "tan breeches, and may wear any type of English riding hat, including a top hat, derby. or hunt cap. Tweed jackets may be allowed at the option of show management. Whips are not allowed, spurs are optional. Bridles may be double, pelham, snaffle or Kimblewick. Browbands must be of leather and may have some ornamentation, but cannot be coloured, sequined, or solid white. The formal shadbelly is not seen in open competition as often as it is seen in the USA, other than in breed-specific competition. Horses may be braided. Australian turnout rules are reasonably flexible, depending mainly on the",
"title": "Show hack"
},
{
"id": "18328816",
"text": "Hair-cutting shears Hair-cutting shears are scissors that are specifically designed for cutting hair. They are also known as barber shears, hairdressing shears, or hair shears. Hair-cutting shears are significantly sharper than scissors, and designed specifically for cutting hair. Shears range in size from about 5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm) long. They commonly have an appendage, known as a finger brace or tang, attached to one of the finger rings. This gives the user additional control when cutting. A specialized type of hair-cutting shears known as texturizing shears are used to reduce hair thickness, to create texturizing effects,",
"title": "Hair-cutting shears"
},
{
"id": "5521428",
"text": "of coffee with dessert after the main courses in get-togethers. The traditional way of serving coffee in Norway is plain black, usually in a mug, rather than a cup. As in the rest of the west, recent years have seen a shift from coffee made by boiling ground beans to Italian-style coffee bars, tended by professional baristas. Coffee is included in one of the most traditional alcoholic beverages in Norway, commonly known as karsk, from Trøndelag. Both industrial and small-scale brewing have long traditions in Norway. In addition, the volume of craft brewed beers from an expanding number of microbreweries,",
"title": "Norwegian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7277749",
"text": "to show off tiki collections of mugs, art, and other artifacts. A hallmark of the tiki bar has always been specialty drinks, the recipes for which are often carefully guarded to prevent imitation by other bars. Various kinds of rum, Curaçao and exotic syrups like orgeat are common ingredients, along with fresh tropical fruit juices and bitters. Cocktails can be very complicated and dramatic, served in decorated ceramic vessels in the shapes of tikis (called \"tiki mugs\"), coconut shells or volcanoes among the more popular styles. Cocktails are often garnished with paper cocktail umbrellas, live flowers or plastic animals. A",
"title": "Tiki bar"
},
{
"id": "1752076",
"text": "1890s, and was originally called a \"Sean O'Farrell\" and was served only when miners ended their shifts. In England, the term boilermaker traditionally refers to a half pint of draught mild mixed with a half pint of bottled brown ale, although it now also commonly refers to the American shot and pint. In Scotland, a Half and a Half is a half pint of beer with a whisky ('a haul'). The use of these terms in Scottish and English pubs can be traced back to about 1920. There are a number of ways to drink an American boilermaker: Other pairings",
"title": "Boilermaker (beer cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4030455",
"text": "latter really fall into the categories of ivory carving, for all carved teeth and tusks, or bone carving. The making of scrimshaw began on whaling ships between 1745 and 1759 on the Pacific Ocean, and survived until the ban on commercial whaling. The practice survives as a hobby and as a trade for commercial artisans. A maker of scrimshaw is known as a \"scrimshander\". The word first appeared in print in the early 19th century, but the etymology is uncertain. Scrimshaw is derived from the practice of sailors on whaling ships creating common tools, where the byproducts of whales were",
"title": "Scrimshaw"
},
{
"id": "20842042",
"text": "due to the bankruptcy filing of Kmart Corporation. Indiana Glass Company had many glass patterns, and is considered by collectors to be a manufacturer of Depression Glass. The company was also a manufacturer of what collectors call Goofus glass, which was cheaply made glass with painted decorations. A third category of glassware associated with the company, also very low cost, is called Carnival glass. The company also made barware. In 1919, Indiana Glass began making a 10ounce beer mug. This mug was used by A&W for root beer at its A&W Root Beer stands. In the early 1920s, Indiana Glass",
"title": "Indiana Glass Company"
},
{
"id": "7713313",
"text": "moxibustion of mugwort is effective at increasing the cephalic positioning of fetuses who were in a breech position before the intervention. A Cochrane review in 2012 found that moxibustion may be beneficial in reducing the need for ECV, but stressed a need for well-designed randomised controlled trials to evaluate this usage. Mugworts are used medicinally, especially in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. Some mugworts have also found a use in modern medicine for their anti-herpetic effect. For example, one species, \"Artemisia argyi\", is often called \"mugwort\" in the context of traditional Chinese medicine, or more specifically \"Chinese mugwort\", or",
"title": "Mugwort"
},
{
"id": "5094204",
"text": "as in the UK. There are also examples of Japanese and German tygs. Many of the leading names in Staffordshire and Worcester area have manufactured miniature three handled tygs that stand proud at only 1 to 1 7/10 inches in size. Most were probably used for decoration rather than drinking, as many of them are exquisitely painted. They are widely collected. The term 'frilly-based tyg' is used in some English archaeological literature to refer to a type of medieval and early post-medieval drinking mug or pitcher, usually wheel-thrown with a rounded belly and a straight or flared neck, which may",
"title": "Tyg"
},
{
"id": "9320599",
"text": "to turkey on European Christmas tables. Roast goose is also a popular ingredient for post-Christmas meals. There are a number of recipes for Boxing Day which make use of left over roasted goose from one's Christmas Day banquet. Prevalent stuffings are apples, sweet chestnuts, prunes and onions. Typical seasonings include salt and pepper, mugwort, or marjoram. Also used are red cabbage, Klöße, and gravy, which are used to garnish the goose. Another version of roast goose is the Alsatian-style with Bratwurst-stuffing and sauerkraut as garnish. Among the most famous food products special to Kars region of Turkey are Kars honey,",
"title": "Roast goose"
},
{
"id": "1734637",
"text": "are popular targets. In North America the most popular fresh water sport species include bass, pike, walleye, muskellunge, yellow perch, trout, salmon, crappie, bluegill and sunfish. In Europe a large number of anglers fish for species such as carp, pike, tench, rudd, roach, European perch, catfish and barbel. The use of the hook in angling is descended, historically, from what would today be called a \"gorge.\" The word \"gorge\", in this context, comes from the French word meaning \"throat.\" Gorges were used by ancient peoples to capture fish and animals like seal, walrus and birds. A gorge was a long,",
"title": "Angling"
},
{
"id": "12331962",
"text": "the way cocaine is) because snuff shouldn't get past the nose, i.e. into sinuses, throat or lungs. Generally a small portion of dry snuff is either pinched in the fingers or laid out on the wrist of the user, from where it is sniffed. European snuff comes in several varieties: plain, toast (fine ground and very dry), \"medicated\" (with menthol, camphor, eucalyptus, etc.), scented, and \"Schmalzler\", a German variety. The major brand names of European snuffs are: Toque Tobacco (UK), Bernards (Germany), Fribourg & Treyer (UK), Gawith (UK), Gawith Hoggarth] (UK), Hedges (UK), Lotzbeck (Germany), McChrystal's (UK), Pöschl (Germany), Toque",
"title": "Tobacco products"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Shaving soap context: scuttle) has been produced since 1840, and a US patent for a shaving scuttle for use with a hard soap was granted in 1867. Shaving sticks (shaving soap formed into a cylinder) have existed at least since the mid-19th century. Traditional shaving soap is often sold as a round puck, either with a rounded bottom intended for use with a shaving scuttle or a flat bottom for use in a mug. High-end soaps may be sold with their own dishes, typically made of either wood or ceramic, and be formed to fit the dish with which the puck is sold.\n\nMug, Hires, and Barq's are all types of what?",
"compressed_tokens": 185,
"origin_tokens": 185,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A& Restaurants context: A&W Restaurants A&W Restaurants, Inc. is a chain of fast-food restaurants distinguished by its draft root beer, root beer floats and burgers. Its origins date back to 1919 when Roy W. Allen opened a walk-up root beer stand in Lodi, California. Allen's employee Frank Wright partnered with him and founded this first restaurant in Sacramento, California, in 1923. The company name was taken respectively from the initials of their last names—Allen and Wright. The company became famous in the United States for its \"frosty mugs,\" where the mugs would be kept in the freezer and eventually get filled with A&W\n\ntitle: M Root Be context: M Root Beer M Root Be, Apsi Subsidi/Root Corporation name of root beer made the Century Bever San Francisco, California, a subsidiary of PeCo. It was originally produced by the Belf Beverage Company San Francisco, California during the 1940s as Belf Root Beer.isement for Belfast Root Be appears as early as 1947. The product name was later changed Mug Old Fashioned Root Beer. An advertisement for Belfast Old Fashioned Mug Root Beer appears as early as 1952. the late 1960s, Sugar Free Mugnow Diet Mug\n\n context: was marketed the commercial beer in thea mark has subsequently released newvintages\", increasing alcoic content % ABV.ias\" is made caram, Vienna Morav smoked malts, and vari of nobleops:elfr Tnangeralter, and. Theer mdot port barrel for better part of. numberles are 72,000 bottles produced, and in 209, only 9,00 bottles: M: Root wasugug introduced but are not as widely available. Mug was purchased by Pepsi in 1986, and replaced On-Tap Draft Style Root Beer as Pepsi's root beer brand. Mug Root Beer is manufactured by independent bottlers under the authority of New Century Beverage Company. The Mug features the company's mascot, a bulldog named Dog, holding a mug of root beer. On the Mug Root Beer website, there is a free online comic to view the dog's adventures. Mug Root Beer MUG Root Beer, A PepsiCo Subsidiary/Root Beer\n\nMug, Hires, and Barq's are all types of what?",
"compressed_tokens": 525,
"origin_tokens": 14880,
"ratio": "28.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,710 | Dec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What position does he hold, and rather poorly at that? | [
"Federal Reserve chairman",
"Fed Chief",
"Chairman of the fed",
"Fed Chairmanship",
"Fed Chairman",
"Fed chair",
"Federal Reserve Chairman",
"List of Chairmen of the Federal Reserve",
"Federal Reserve Board Chairman",
"Chairman of the Federal Reserve",
"Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board",
"Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve",
"Director of the Federal Reserve",
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"List of Chair of the Federal Reserve",
"Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
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"Chairman of the Fed",
"Fed chairman",
"List of the Chairman of the Federal Reserve",
"Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve"
] | Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve | [
{
"id": "5051493",
"text": "Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he was a member",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051526",
"text": "even if actual implementation of the plan might have to wait until the economic outlook improves. His remarks were most likely intended for the federal government's executive and legislative branches, since entitlement reform is a fiscal exercise that will be accomplished by the Congress and the President rather than a monetary task falling within the implementation powers of the Federal Reserve. Bernanke also pointed out that deficit reduction will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other government spending, or some combination of both. Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "1654039",
"text": "Obama administration's response to the Great Recession. After his departure from the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked in the private sector and as a columnist in major newspapers. In mid-2013, his name was widely floated as the potential successor to Ben Bernanke as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, though Obama eventually nominated Federal Reserve Vice-Chairwoman Janet Yellen for the position. As of 2017, Summers retains his Harvard University status as former president emeritus and Charles W. Eliot University Professor. Summers was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 30, 1954, into a Jewish family, the son of",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "5051503",
"text": "1985, was a visiting professor at New York University and went on to become a tenured professor at Princeton University in the Department of Economics. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005. Bernanke served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a Governor, entitled \"Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here\", he outlined what has been referred to as the Bernanke Doctrine. As a member",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "528417",
"text": "certain degree of \"irrational exuberance\" in the investment sector on the other. There are also arguments that monetarism is a special case of Keynesian theory. The central test case over the validity of these theories would be the possibility of a liquidity trap, like that experienced by Japan. Ben Bernanke, Princeton professor and another former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, argued that monetary policy could respond to zero interest rate conditions by direct expansion of the money supply. In his words, \"We have the keys to the printing press, and we are not afraid to use them.\" Progressive economist",
"title": "Monetarism"
},
{
"id": "5051501",
"text": "received a Ph.D. degree in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1979 after completing and defending his dissertation, \"Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle\". Bernanke's thesis adviser was the future governor of the Bank of Israel, Stanley Fischer, and his readers included Irwin S. Bernstein, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, and Peter Diamond of MIT and Dale Jorgenson of Harvard. Bernanke met his wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, on a blind date. She was a student at Wellesley College, and he was in graduate school at MIT. The Bernankes have two children. He is an ardent fan of",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "9002383",
"text": "Kenneth Manning Kenneth R. Manning (born December 11, 1947) is an American academic professor and author. He is currently the Thomas Meloy Professor of Rhetoric and of the History of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Born in Dillon, South Carolina and educated in local schools, Manning eventually moved to North Haven, Connecticut, soon afterwards. Manning entered Harvard University in 1966 and completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1970, his Master of Arts (M.A.) in 1971, and his Ph.D. in 1974. While he was doing his graduate studies, Manning helped guide fellow Dillon native Ben Bernanke, who",
"title": "Kenneth Manning"
},
{
"id": "5051494",
"text": "of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke Doctrine, and first discussed \"the Great Moderation\" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006.",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "11473519",
"text": "span was 1987-2007. During the mid-1980s the U.S. macroeconomic volatility was largely reduced. This phenomenon was called a \"great moderation\" by James Stock and Mark Watson in their 2002 paper, \"Has the Business Cycle Changed and Why?\" It was brought to the attention of the wider public by Ben Bernanke (then member and later chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve) in a speech at the 2004 meetings of the Eastern Economic Association. The Great Moderation has been attributed to various causes: Since the Treasury–Fed Accord of 1951, the US Federal Reserve was freed from the constraints",
"title": "Great Moderation"
},
{
"id": "5051519",
"text": "maintain market liquidity. Control of the money supply implies that the government can always avoid deflation by simply issuing more money. He said \"The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost.\" He referred to a statement made by Milton Friedman about using a \"helicopter drop\" of money into the economy to fight deflation. Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as \"Helicopter Ben\" or to his \"helicopter printing press.\" In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "137556",
"text": "the physics prize. However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. On March 6, 2008, the United States Postal Service released a 41-cent stamp honoring Hubble on a sheet titled \"American Scientists\" designed by artist Victor Stabin. His citation reads: \"(Note that the assertion that he would have won the Nobel Prize in 1953 is likely false, although he was nominated for the prize that year.\") The other scientists on the \"American Scientists\" sheet include Gerty Cori, biochemist; Linus Pauling, chemist, and John Bardeen, physicist. The play \"Creation's Birthday\", written by Cornell physicist Hasan Padamsee, tells Hubble's",
"title": "Edwin Hubble"
},
{
"id": "1422637",
"text": "the country. The concepts involved in monetary policy may be widely misunderstood in the general public, as evidenced by the volume of literature on topics such as \"Federal Reserve conspiracy\" and \"Federal Reserve fraud.\" A few of the uncertainties involved in monetary policy decision making are described by the federal reserve: The Federal Reserve is lauded by some economists, while being the target of scathing criticism by other economists, legislators, and sometimes members of the general public. The former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Ben Bernanke, is one of the leading academic critics of the Federal Reserve's policies during",
"title": "Monetary policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12751592",
"text": "betting on rare events to “Hemingway’s Santiago waiting for what seems like an eternity to catch the big fish.” As Spitznagel describes the “extreme asymmetric payoffs” of his approach: For profiting off market crashes, “I’m always in this position where I look like the jerk,” Spitznagel has said. “The jerks should be Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan,” because of Federal Reserve actions that create asset bubbles, or for the ways in which the Fed intervenes to stave off the inevitable consequences of those bubbles. Spitznagel says that he has basically been investing against the Federal Reserve and its monetary policies",
"title": "Mark Spitznagel"
},
{
"id": "12448853",
"text": "of the Great Recession seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The previous chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Generally speaking, the recovery of the world's financial systems tended to be quicker during the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the late-2000s recession. 1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the wealth gap reached such skewed",
"title": "Great Depression"
},
{
"id": "5051520",
"text": "\"people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation.\" For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the Bush tax cuts, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But Bernanke has been identified by \"The Wall Street Journal\" and a close colleague as a \"libertarian-Republican\" in",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051504",
"text": "of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which he postulated that we are in a new era called the Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics. In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, and resigned as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "2940071",
"text": "burdens to be unloaded or as revenue sources rather than as human beings in peril.\" Michael J. Sandel Michael J. Sandel (; born 1953) is an American political philosopher. He is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Theory at Harvard University Law School, where his course Justice was the university's first course to be made freely available online and on television. It has been viewed by tens of millions of people around the world, including in China, where Sandel was named the \"most influential foreign figure of the year\" (\"China Newsweek\"). He is also known for",
"title": "Michael J. Sandel"
},
{
"id": "7273790",
"text": "Harry Rowen Henry Stanislaus Rowen (October 11, 1925 – November 12, 2015) was an American national security expert, economist, and academician. Rowen was born in Boston in 1925. He attended M.I.T. and graduated with a bachelor's in industrial management in 1949. He went on to Oxford University and earned his master's degree in economics in 1955. Rowen started his career as an economist for the RAND Corporation, a Santa Monica, California think-tank, where he worked between 1950-1953, and again between 1955-1960. Between 1965-1966, Rowen was the Assistant Director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget. From 1967-1972, he was the",
"title": "Harry Rowen"
},
{
"id": "11229355",
"text": "contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president.\" The 1992 publication of David McCullough's favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded Chief Executive. According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency, Presidency of Harry S. Truman The presidency of Harry S. Truman began on April 12, 1945, when Harry S. Truman became President of the United States upon the , and ended on January 20, 1953. He had been Vice President of the",
"title": "Presidency of Harry S. Truman"
},
{
"id": "405664",
"text": "Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is currently a professor of computer science at the University of Oxford and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the internet in mid-November the same year. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees",
"title": "Tim Berners-Lee"
},
{
"id": "10028776",
"text": "Gaylord Harnwell Gaylord Probasco Harnwell CBE (September 29, 1903 – April 18, 1982), was an American educator and physicist, who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1953 to 1970. He also held a great number of positions in a wide variety of national political and educational boards and committees, as well as senior positions in both the Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania and the United States Navy. In the later part of his life he also toured both the Soviet Union and Iran as a promoter of higher education. Harnwell was born in Evanston, Illinois to Chicago",
"title": "Gaylord Harnwell"
},
{
"id": "12104729",
"text": "Stanley Deser Stanley Deser (born 1931) is an American physicist known for his contributions to general relativity. Currently, he is emeritus Ancell Professor of Physics at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts and a Senior Research Associate at California Institute of Technology. Deser earned his B.A. (Summa cum laude) in 1949 at Brooklyn College in New York, and his master's degree 1950 at Harvard, where he also earned his doctorate in 1953, with an article entitled \"Relativistic Two Body Interactions\". From 1953 to 1955, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He was at the Niels Bohr Institute",
"title": "Stanley Deser"
},
{
"id": "13431921",
"text": "he was presented with one of the 2011 National Medals of Science by President Barack Obama. Barry Mazur Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. Born in New York City, Mazur attended the Bronx High School of Science and MIT, although he did not graduate from the latter on account of failing a then-present ROTC requirement. Regardless, he was accepted for graduate school and received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959, becoming a Junior Fellow at Harvard from 1961 to 1964. He is the Gerhard",
"title": "Barry Mazur"
},
{
"id": "5051509",
"text": "the possibility of a filibuster. On a second vote to confirm, the 30 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and one independent. Bernanke was succeeded as Chair of the Federal Reserve by Janet Yellen, the first woman to hold the position. Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate on January 6, 2014. Bernanke has been subjected to criticism concerning the late-2000s financial crisis. According to \"The New York Times\", Bernanke \"has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051505",
"text": "as Fed chairman the next year. He held the post until January 2006. On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term as chairman (after having been nominated by President Bush in late 2005). By virtue of the chairmanship, he sat on the Financial Stability Oversight Board that oversees the Troubled Asset Relief Program. He also served as chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making body. His first months as chairman of the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "13704787",
"text": "upon culture as a birthright, and of the American ideal of an educated democracy.\" The collaboration was stormy, however. Finally, when Einstein wanted to appoint British economist Harold Laski as the university's president, George Alpert wrote that Laski was \"a man utterly alien to American principles of democracy, tarred with the Communist brush.\" Einstein withdrew his support and barred the use of his name. The university opened in 1948 as Brandeis University. In 1953, Brandeis offered Einstein an honorary degree, but he declined. Einstein was in favour of socialism and in opposition to capitalism, as illustrated by the following quote:",
"title": "Political views of Albert Einstein"
},
{
"id": "12813866",
"text": "Barack Obama nominated Tarullo to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. He took office on January 28, 2009, to fill an unexpired term ending January 31, 2022. On January 3, 2014, Daniel Tarullo administered the oath of office to Janet Yellen, as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, as she took office, replacing Ben Bernanke, who joined the Brookings Institution, as a distinguished fellow in residence. Daniel Tarullo Daniel K. Tarullo (born November 1952) is a former member of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve Board since January 28, 2009, in which capacity he served",
"title": "Daniel Tarullo"
},
{
"id": "4564380",
"text": "Lawrence Bacow Lawrence Seldon Bacow (; born August 24, 1951) is a Jewish American lawyer, economist, author, and the 29th President of Harvard University; he assumed office on July 1, 2018, succeeding Drew Gilpin Faust. Bacow was the Hauser leader-in-residence at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Center for Public Leadership, prior to the presidency. He was previously at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and has been a member of the Harvard Corporation, the university’s governing board, since 2011. Previous to his election to the Harvard presidency, he served as the 12th President of Tufts University from September 2001",
"title": "Lawrence Bacow"
},
{
"id": "5051499",
"text": "in his local synagogue. Although he keeps his beliefs private, his friend Mark Gertler, chairman of New York University's economics department, says they are \"embedded in who he (Bernanke) is\". The Bernanke family was concerned that Ben would \"lose his Jewish identity\" if he went to Harvard. Fellow Dillon native Kenneth Manning, who would eventually become a professor of the history of sciences at MIT, assured the family \"there are Jews in Boston\". Once Bernanke was at Harvard for his freshman year, Manning took him to Brookline for Rosh Hashanah services. Bernanke was educated at East Elementary, J.V. Martin Junior",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5284149",
"text": "Chinese history, Xi's political thoughts have been written into the party and state constitutions, and under his leadership the latter was amended to abolish term limits for the presidency. In 2018, \"Forbes\" ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, dethroning Vladimir Putin who held the accolade for five consecutive years. Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 by Mao Zedong, Xi's father held a series of posts, including propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice-chairman of the National People's Congress. Xi's father is",
"title": "Xi Jinping"
},
{
"id": "8093558",
"text": "Robert B. Pirie Jr. Robert B. Pirie Jr. (born September 10, 1933) is a retired United States Navy officer and politician. He was born in San Diego, California. Early in 2001, Pirie served as Acting Secretary of the Navy until the nomination and confirmation of an appointee by President George W. Bush. Pirie graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1955. He was also a Rhodes Scholar, and attended Oxford University from 1956 to 1959. He served 20 years as a naval officer, culminating his service with three years in command of the nuclear attack submarine",
"title": "Robert B. Pirie Jr."
},
{
"id": "11024674",
"text": "Gertler and Bernanke published \"Should Central Banks Respond to Movements in Asset Prices?\" in the \"American Economic Review\" in 2001, five years before Bernanke replaced Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The paper, which deals retrospectively with the stock market bubble of the Internet years, has become a widely cited policy paper in economics, outside the field as well as within. Bernanke and Gertler argue that the practice of targeting inflation and price stability, as the Federal Reserve has done since the 1980s, should be continued, while the more aggressive approach of managing \"asset price",
"title": "Mark Gertler (economist)"
},
{
"id": "2278078",
"text": "September 13, 2017. It then publicly rescinded the offer on September 15, 2017 after CIA Director Mike Pompeo canceled his speaking appointment and sent a letter condemning Harvard for awarding the fellowship. John F. Kennedy School of Government The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a public policy and public administration school, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The school offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, and many executive education programs. It conducts research in subjects relating",
"title": "John F. Kennedy School of Government"
},
{
"id": "3776534",
"text": "Robert Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (; ; born July 25, 1953) is an American public official and lawyer who was the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012. He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (resigning on July 7, 2006) and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001 until February 22, 2005. Zoellick has been a senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since ending his term with the World Bank. He is currently a Senior Counselor",
"title": "Robert Zoellick"
},
{
"id": "12788355",
"text": "Bernanke doctrine The Bernanke doctrine refers to measures, identified by Ben Bernanke while Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve, that the Federal Reserve can use in conducting monetary policy to combat deflation. In 2002, when the word \"deflation\" began appearing in the business news, Bernanke, then a governor on the Board of the Federal Reserve, gave a speech about deflation entitled \"Deflation: Making Sure \"It\" Doesn't Happen Here.\" In that speech, he assessed the causes and effects of deflation in the modern economy. Bernanke states: \"\"The sources of deflation are not a mystery. Deflation",
"title": "Bernanke doctrine"
},
{
"id": "8591290",
"text": "Alan Krueger Alan Bennett Krueger (born September 17, 1960) is an American economist who is the Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. On March 7, 2009, he was nominated by President Barack Obama to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy. In October 2010, he announced his resignation from the Treasury Department, to return to Princeton University. He is among the 50 highest ranked economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. On August 29, 2011, he was nominated by Obama to be chair of",
"title": "Alan Krueger"
},
{
"id": "6314711",
"text": "the early 2000s following Japan's Lost Decade. In November 2002, Ben Bernanke, then Federal Reserve Board governor, and later chairman, suggested that helicopter money could always be used to prevent deflation. Although very similar concepts have been previously defended by various people including Major Douglas and the Social Credit Movement, Nobel winning economist Milton Friedman is known to be the one who coined the term 'helicopter money' in the now famous paper \"The Optimum Quantity of Money\", where he included the following parable: Let us suppose now that one day a helicopter flies over this community and drops an additional",
"title": "Helicopter money"
},
{
"id": "3865596",
"text": "ahead of schedule, and announced its goal to finance over $500 billion in CRA business by 2010, about one third of loans anticipated to be financed by Fannie Mae during that period. Speaking in 2007, the 30th anniversary of the CRA, Ben Bernanke, Chair of the Federal Reserve System since 2006, stated that the high costs of gathering information, \"may have created a 'first-mover' problem, in which each financial institution has an incentive to let one of its competitors be the first to enter an underserved market\". Bernanke notes that at least in some instances, \"the CRA has served as",
"title": "Community Reinvestment Act"
},
{
"id": "10403752",
"text": "are chosen simply because The Scary Guy was a computer salesman at one point in his life and they looked \"cool\". The Scary Guy The Scary Guy (sometimes stylized THE SCARY GUY) (born ) is a United Kingdom-based American motivational speaker who campaigns worldwide to eliminate hate, violence, prejudice, and bullying in schools and corporations. In addition to being a tattoo shop owner, comic, entertainer, inspirational speaker, and performance artist, The Scary Guy has pierced nose, eyebrows, and ears and covers over 85 percent of his body with tattoos. The Scary Guy was born on December 29, 1953, as Earl",
"title": "The Scary Guy"
},
{
"id": "5145228",
"text": "Edward Condon Edward Uhler Condon (March 2, 1902 – March 26, 1974) was a distinguished American nuclear physicist, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, and a participant in the development of radar and nuclear weapons during World War II as part of the Manhattan Project. The Franck–Condon principle and the Slater–Condon rules are co-named after him. He was the director of the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) from 1945 to 1951. In 1946, Condon was president of the American Physical Society, and in 1953 was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. During the McCarthy period, when",
"title": "Edward Condon"
},
{
"id": "78488",
"text": "Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President Barack Obama, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the thirteenth president of Columbia University from 1948 to 1953. The university has also educated 26 foreign heads of state, including President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, President of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta,",
"title": "Columbia University"
},
{
"id": "1654034",
"text": "Lawrence Summers Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist, former Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1991–93), senior U.S. Treasury Department official throughout President Clinton's administration (ultimately Treasury Secretary, 1999–2001), and former director of the National Economic Council for President Obama (2009–2010). He is a former president of Harvard University (2001–2006), where he is currently (as of March, 2017) a professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "2154930",
"text": "electronics firms and, later, Digital Equipment Corp.. In later years, Gregg was best known for his defense of New Hampshire’s first-in-the-nation presidential primary, as well as his contention that the Republican Party started in this state. Gregg was known for a sense of humor, reflected in a small hardback book he published, titled \"All I learned about politics, by Hugh Gregg\". All of its pages are blank. Hugh Gregg Hugh Gregg (November 22, 1917September 24, 2003) was governor of the U.S. state of New Hampshire from 1953 to 1955, and was the youngest person ever elected to that office. He",
"title": "Hugh Gregg"
},
{
"id": "2940061",
"text": "Michael J. Sandel Michael J. Sandel (; born 1953) is an American political philosopher. He is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Theory at Harvard University Law School, where his course Justice was the university's first course to be made freely available online and on television. It has been viewed by tens of millions of people around the world, including in China, where Sandel was named the \"most influential foreign figure of the year\" (\"China Newsweek\"). He is also known for his critique of John Rawls' \"A Theory of Justice\" in his first book, \"Liberalism and",
"title": "Michael J. Sandel"
},
{
"id": "14051823",
"text": "hold more private wealth than any other governor in U.S. history and will be the second-wealthiest U.S. politician to have ever held office, after Michael Bloomberg. J.B. Pritzker was born in California, to a Jewish family prominent in business and philanthropy during the late 20th century. The Pritzkers are consistently named near the top of the \"Forbes\" \"America's Richest Families\" list since its 1982 inception. One of three children of Sue (née Sandel) and Donald Pritzker, elder siblings are Penny Pritzker, 38th United States Secretary of Commerce, and Anthony Pritzker. He attended Massachusetts boarding school Milton Academy and then graduated",
"title": "J. B. Pritzker"
},
{
"id": "9858932",
"text": "tender in payment of debt, nor does it permit the federal government to make \"anything\" a legal tender.\" The Commission also recommended that the federal government \"restore a definition for the term 'dollar'. We suggest defining a 'dollar' as a weight of gold of a certain fineness, .999 fine.\" On multiple occasions in congressional hearings he has sharply challenged two different chairmen of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke. He has also called for the removal of all taxes on gold transactions. He has repeatedly introduced the Federal Reserve Board Abolition Act since 1999, to enable \"America to",
"title": "Political positions of Ron Paul"
},
{
"id": "4293493",
"text": "agreed with this theory, including Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 until 2014, who, in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz, said: Friedman has said that ideally he would prefer to \"abolish the Federal Reserve and replace it with a computer.\" He preferred a system that would increase the money supply at some fixed rate, and he thought that \"leaving monetary and banking arrangements to the market would have produced a more satisfactory outcome than was actually achieved through government involvement\". In contrast to Friedman's argument that the Fed did too little to ease after the crisis,",
"title": "Criticism of the Federal Reserve"
},
{
"id": "6035997",
"text": "more French assets, the demand for the U.S. dollar fell, and the exchange rate increased. One of the only things the U.S. could do to get back into equilibrium was increase interest rates. Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman and his fellow monetarist Anna Schwartz argued that the Federal Reserve could have stemmed the severity of the Depression, but failed to exercise its role of managing the monetary system and ameliorating banking panics, resulting in a Great Contraction of the economy from 1929 until the New Deal began in 1933. This view was endorsed by Fed Governor Ben Bernanke who made",
"title": "Great Depression in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19751221",
"text": "Ireland. As the three regions are separate jurisdictions, and many elements of criminal law are devolved matters in the United Kingdom, the British Government only has the power to legislate a pardon for England and Wales. Alan Turing, after whom the proposed law has been informally named, was a mathematician, codebreaker and founding father of computer science who died in 1954 in suspicious circumstances, following his conviction for gross indecency in 1952. A campaign to pardon Turing was led by former Manchester Withington MP John Leech, who called it 'utterly disgusting and ultimately just embarrassing' that the conviction was upheld",
"title": "Alan Turing law"
},
{
"id": "19950408",
"text": "activity came to a screeching halt and the job growth of previous years was soon wiped out, with mass layoffs and unemployment rising rapidly in late 2008, and continuing into 2009. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke told a federal commission in November 2009, \"As a scholar of the Great Depression, I honestly believe that September and October of 2008 was the worst financial crisis in global history, including the Great Depression.\" Of the 13 most important US financial institutions, \"12 were at risk of failure within a period of a week or two\". The Federal Reserve and the Treasury cooperated",
"title": "History of the United States (2008–present)"
},
{
"id": "1654076",
"text": "In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with Janet Yellen, to succeed Ben Bernanke as head of the Federal Reserve System in 2014. The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some Senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing \"I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery.\". The 2010 film \"The Social",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "3433987",
"text": "foundational theories continue to give momentum for development in social science and his ideas are still widely used. Peter Blau Peter Michael Blau (February 7, 1918 – March 12, 2002) was an American sociologist and theorist. Born in Vienna, Austria, he immigrated to the United States in 1939. He completed his PhD doctoral thesis with Robert K. Merton at Columbia University in 1952, laying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The next year, he was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1953 to 1970. He also taught as Pitt Professor at Cambridge",
"title": "Peter Blau"
},
{
"id": "5051496",
"text": "agencies of foreign governments) that prevented an economic catastrophe greater than the Great Depression. Bernanke was born in Augusta, Georgia, and was raised on East Jefferson Street in Dillon, South Carolina. His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time theater manager. His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher. Bernanke has two younger siblings. His brother, Seth, is a lawyer in Charlotte, North Carolina. His sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College of Music in Boston. The Bernankes were one of the few Jewish families in Dillon and attended Ohav Shalom, a local synagogue; Bernanke learned Hebrew as",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "2127352",
"text": "on the Soviet economy. His knowledge was of vital importance to the Board, because it was during a time when the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States was a central issue. He worked on the Federal Reserve Board for four years, and was eventually promoted to the head of the International Section. In 1945, Gerschenkron became an American citizen and in 1948, he left the Federal Reserve Board to accept a position as a tenured professor at Harvard University. He was a Professor of Economics at Harvard for about 25 years. There, he taught economic history and",
"title": "Alexander Gerschenkron"
},
{
"id": "5051507",
"text": "Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under his guidance, the Fed lowered its funds interest rate from 5.25% to 0.0% within less than a year. When this was considered insufficient to abate the liquidity crisis, the Fed initiated Quantitative Easing, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the created money to buy financial assets from banks and from the government. On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "2060",
"text": "Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step",
"title": "Albert Einstein"
},
{
"id": "12654941",
"text": "Ben Polak Benjamin \"Ben\" Polak (born 22 December 1961) is a British professor of economics and management and Provost at Yale University. From 1999-2001 Polak was the Henry Kohn Associate Professor of Economics and is now the inaugural William C. Brainard Professor of Economics. In January 2013, he became the Provost of Yale University. Polak specialises in microeconomic theory, has published 19 peer reviewed papers in leading journals, and is Associate editor of the Journal of Economic Theory. In fall 2007, Polak participated in the Open Yale Courses initiative, recording the 24 lecture series and making all course materials freely",
"title": "Ben Polak"
},
{
"id": "587248",
"text": "\"Design for a garden\" (1948) was exhibited in several shows, as was a photo mural of Church at Pampulha. Niemeyer produced very few designs for the United States because his affiliation to the Communist Party usually prevented him from obtaining a visa. This happened in 1946 when he was invited to teach at Yale University, when his political views cost him a visa. In 1953, at 46, Niemeyer was appointed dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, but because of his political views the United States government denied his visa therefore preventing him from entering the country. In 1950",
"title": "Oscar Niemeyer"
},
{
"id": "5051521",
"text": "the mold of Alan Greenspan. In 2005 Bernanke coined the term saving glut, the idea that relatively high level of worldwide savings was holding down interest rates and financing the current account deficits of the United States. (Alternative reasons include relatively low worldwide investment coupled with low U.S. savings.) As the recession began to deepen in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest of the Federal Open Market Committee) to lower the federal funds rate below what it had done. For example, Larry Summers, later named Director of the White House's National Economic Council under President Obama, wrote in",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "363751",
"text": "the Soviet Union and the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States of America. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the de-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite,",
"title": "Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "10971462",
"text": "Lewis Salter Lewis Salter (1926–1989) was an American theoretical physicist, physics professor, and researcher. He served as the dean of Knox College for 11 years and was the twelfth president of Wabash College. Salter was born in Norman, Oklahoma. He spent three years in the United States Army during World War II, then received his undergraduate education at the University of Oklahoma, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He was selected as a Rhodes Scholar, and spent 1949 to 1953 at the University of Oxford, where he received his master's degree and doctorate in theoretical physics. After leaving",
"title": "Lewis Salter"
},
{
"id": "1449995",
"text": "left alone. This is why they advocated a non-interventionist approach—one of targeting a pre-specified path for the money supply independent of current economic conditions—even though in practice this might involve regular intervention with open market operations (or other monetary-policy tools) to keep the money supply on target. The former Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, suggested in 2004 that over the preceding 10 to 15 years, many modern central banks became relatively adept at manipulation of the money supply, leading to a smoother business cycle, with recessions tending to be smaller and less frequent than in earlier decades,",
"title": "Money supply"
},
{
"id": "13533363",
"text": "as evinced by both the Soviet press and that of Nazi Germany. In particular, he adapted Soviet ideological discourse constructed to ensure that public statements could not be questioned. Winston Smith's job, \"revising history\" (and the \"unperson\" motif) are based on the Stalinist habit of airbrushing images of 'fallen' people from group photographs and removing references to them in books and newspapers. In one well-known example, the Soviet encyclopaedia had an article about Lavrentiy Beria. When he fell in 1953, and was subsequently executed, institutes that had the encyclopaedia were sent an article about the Bering Strait, with instructions to",
"title": "Nineteen Eighty-Four"
},
{
"id": "12301611",
"text": "Robert Pound Robert Vivian Pound (May 16, 1919 – April 12, 2010) was an American physicist who helped discover nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and who devised the famous Pound–Rebka experiment supporting general relativity. He became a tenured professor of physics at Harvard without ever having received a graduate degree. Pound was born in Ridgeway, Ontario. The discovery of NMR won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1952, though, due to the limitation on the number of recipients and the simultaneous achievements of Felix Bloch's group, only two recipients were designated. In his address to recipient Ed Purcell, Professor Hulthén nevertheless",
"title": "Robert Pound"
},
{
"id": "15886076",
"text": "expected but this could take anything from years to decades, it warned. Furthermore, there are particularly large gains to be had in the area \"cognition-augmenting innovations (as opposed to labor-augmenting innovations)\". Writing in Forbes, Steve Denning described Cowen's \"low-hanging fruit theory\" as \"folkloric nonsense\". The world of 1953, when Denning was young, is inconceivable to a young person today, he wrote, adding that the qualification \"apart from the Internet\" is equivalent to saying \"apart from the wheel\" when discussing transport. The \"Financial Times\" reviewer recognized that Cowen, a prominent blogger, \"is no Luddite...he thinks life is more fun and interesting",
"title": "The Great Stagnation"
},
{
"id": "2162",
"text": "to Einstein in 1922. Footnotes Citations Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of",
"title": "Albert Einstein"
},
{
"id": "727421",
"text": "Joseph Stiglitz Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (; born February 9, 1943) is an American economist, public policy analyst, and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the (US president's) Council of Economic Advisers. He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization, of \"laissez-faire\" economists (whom he calls \"free",
"title": "Joseph Stiglitz"
},
{
"id": "3433964",
"text": "Peter Blau Peter Michael Blau (February 7, 1918 – March 12, 2002) was an American sociologist and theorist. Born in Vienna, Austria, he immigrated to the United States in 1939. He completed his PhD doctoral thesis with Robert K. Merton at Columbia University in 1952, laying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The next year, he was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1953 to 1970. He also taught as Pitt Professor at Cambridge University in Great Britain, as a senior fellow at King's College, and as a Distinguished Honorary professor at",
"title": "Peter Blau"
},
{
"id": "8614591",
"text": "Bill Green (New York politician) Sedgwick William Green (October 16, 1929 – October 14, 2002) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. Bill Green was born on October 16, 1929 in New York City, the son of Louis A. Green and Evelyn (née Schoenberg) Green. His father was a wealthy investor who was one of the main shareholders in Grand Union, and Bill Green grew up in Manhattan. He graduated from The Horace Mann School in 1946, Harvard University in 1950, and Harvard Law School in 1953. From 1953 to 1955, he served",
"title": "Bill Green (New York politician)"
},
{
"id": "6998476",
"text": "Life: Reflections on Leadership and Change\". Management expert James O'Toole, in a 2005 issue of Compass, published by Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, claimed that Bennis developed \"an interest in a then-nonexistent field that he would ultimately make his own -- leadership -- with the publication of his 'Revisionist Theory of Leadership' in Harvard Business Review in 1961.\" O'Toole observed that Bennis challenged the prevailing wisdom by showing that humanistic, democratic-style leaders are better suited to dealing with the complexity and change that characterize the leadership environment. Bennis was born in The Bronx and grew up within",
"title": "Warren Bennis"
},
{
"id": "6030833",
"text": "inflation returns to the 2 percent target level. Such a use of the exchange rate as tool within the regime of inflation targeting should not be confused with a fixed exchange-rate system or with a currency war. In a historic shift on 25 January 2012, U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke set a 2% target inflation rate, bringing the Fed in line with many of the world's other major central banks. Until then, the Fed's policy committee, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), did not have an explicit inflation target but regularly announced a desired target range for inflation (usually",
"title": "Inflation targeting"
},
{
"id": "8273174",
"text": "Raymond L. Orbach Raymond Lee Orbach (born 1934) is an American physicist and administrator. He served as Under Secretary for Science in the United States Department of Energy from 2006 until 2009, when he was replaced by Steven E. Koonin. Until his resignation in December 2012, in the wake of a conflict-of-interest controversy involving the geologist Charles G. Groat, Orbach was Director of the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. Orbach received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1956 and a Ph.D. degree in Physics from the University of",
"title": "Raymond L. Orbach"
},
{
"id": "5051525",
"text": "of the far right. ... I view myself now as a moderate independent, and I think that's where I'll stay.\" Bernanke favors reducing the U.S. budget deficit, particularly by reforming the Social Security and Medicare entitlement programs. During a speech delivered on April 7, 2010, he warned that the U.S. must soon develop a \"credible\" plan to address the pending funding crisis faced by \"entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare\" or \"in the longer run we will have neither financial stability nor healthy economic growth.\" Bernanke said that formulation of such a plan would help the economy now,",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "3792879",
"text": "was \"more likely to have the opposite effect\" and \"lead to increased conflicts within Europe and between Europe and the United States.\" In 2005, Feldstein was widely considered a leading candidate to succeed chairman Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. This was in part due to his prominence in the Reagan administration and his position as an economic advisor for the Bush presidential campaign. The \"New York Times\" wrote an editorial advocating that Bush choose either Feldstein or Ben Bernanke due to their credentials, and the week of the nomination \"The Economist\" predicted that the two men",
"title": "Martin Feldstein"
},
{
"id": "14753220",
"text": "professors took issue with the question of academic freedom in a nation that hinders freedom of expression and, in light of the Shadrake verdict, asked the University administrators to reconsider establishing the college. They were unsuccessful, and Yale-NUS opened its doors in 2011. Shadrake was born in Essex in England. After working with several local weeklies and a news agency in Bolton, Lancashire, he joined the Daily Express in Manchester. He resigned in 1962 to freelance in West Berlin six months after the Berlin Wall was built and stayed until 1967. He returned to freelance in London and to start",
"title": "Alan Shadrake"
},
{
"id": "14431401",
"text": "to President Harry S. Truman. He was appointed to the post of Director of the Bureau of the Budget in 1950, and held the position until 1953. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Lawton to a term on the United States Civil Service Commission after he left the Bureau; he served from 1953 to 1963. His economic policy consisted of making budget cuts among various departments of the federal government. One of his primary contributions was in helping to re-design the Bureau of Internal Revenue, action which led to the creation of the Internal Revenue Service. Lawton advocated a civil service,",
"title": "Frederick Lawton"
},
{
"id": "10920519",
"text": "as Society for Science & the Public, from 1965–1967. Bronk is quoted as saying: Detlev Bronk Detlev Wulf Bronk (August 13, 1897 – November 17, 1975) was a prominent American scientist, educator, and administrator. He is credited with establishing biophysics as a recognized discipline. Bronk served as President of Johns Hopkins University from 1949 to 1953 and as President of The Rockefeller University from 1953 to 1968. Bronk also held the presidency of the National Academy of Sciences between 1950 and 1962. Bronk was a descendent of Pieter Bronck, an early settler to New Netherland from whose family name and",
"title": "Detlev Bronk"
},
{
"id": "5051515",
"text": "covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics, coauthored with Robert H. Frank. Bernanke was the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research and the editor of the American Economic Review. He is among the 50 most published economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the Great Depression, on which he has published numerous academic journal articles. Before Bernanke's work, the dominant monetarist theory of the Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had been largely caused by the Federal Reserve's having reduced the money",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "15420211",
"text": "Ben Broadbent Benjamin Robert Hamond Broadbent (born 1 February 1965) is a British economist and has been Deputy Governor for Monetary Policy at the Bank of England since 1 July 2014. He had previously been an external member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee between June 2011 and June 2014. He attended St Paul's School, London from 1977 to 1982, gained a first-class honours degree in Economics from Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1988, and then studied for a Ph.D at Harvard University, where he was a Fulbright Scholar. After working for HM Treasury, he worked for the Bank",
"title": "Ben Broadbent"
},
{
"id": "17749643",
"text": "Federal Reserve: What Everyone Needs to Know\", published by Oxford University Press (2013) and \"Inside the Fed: Monetary Policy and its Management, Martin through Greenspan to Bernanke\", revised edition to take full account of great credit crisis published by MIT Press (2011 and 2013). Stephen H. Axilrod Stephen H. Axilrod is an American author who spent 30-plus years from 1952 to 1986 as a bureaucrat within the US Federal Reserve System before spending another 2 plus decades working in private markets in the U.S. and as a consultant to various developing and transitional countries abroad on monetary policy questions and",
"title": "Stephen H. Axilrod"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "18353171",
"text": "were \"interviewed together\" on WBAI radio in 1979. They split in the 1980s. The memoir's appendixes include the first public release of the Crittenden Report, a 1957 suppressed US military study concluding that there was \"no sound basis for the belief that homosexuals posed a security risk...No intelligence agency, as far as can be learned, adduced any factual data...with which to support these opinions...[T]he concept that homosexuals necessarily pose a security risk is unsupported by adequate factual data.\" Edward Lawrence Gibson was born on December 25, 1935 in rural Alta Vista, VA. He and his mother were brutally abused by",
"title": "Get Off My Ship: Ensign Berg v. the US Navy"
},
{
"id": "2278070",
"text": "ethnicities represented, and it is named after late Harvard Professor and Dean of the Graduate School of Public Administration, now known as the John F. Kennedy School of Government, from 1947 to 1958 Edward Sagendorph Mason who thought of bringing the developing world leaders to Harvard to stand on the cutting edge of development knowledge ultimately aiming for a better world. In addition to the master's programs, HKS administers four doctoral programs. PhD degrees are awarded in political economy and Government, Public Policy, and social policy, in conjunction with the Departments of government and sociology in the Faculty of Arts",
"title": "John F. Kennedy School of Government"
},
{
"id": "9302368",
"text": "Zvi pursued a successful career as an industrial engineer; he was also an amateur astronomer who, in 1953, built a telescope for Albert Einstein. This telescope was the first one that Einstein had looked through. They raised two sons, Daniel (now a NASA astrophysicist) and Walter (a businessman, entrepreneur and industry leader in marine manufacturing). Well into her 90s, Temima was a fierce advocate for the role of art in child development and for the innate creative spirit of the child. During her long career, she lectured on art and education all over the U.S. and around the world. Temima",
"title": "Temima Gezari"
},
{
"id": "11995628",
"text": "Greylock Partners (founded in 1965 by Charlie Waite and Bill Elfers) and Morgan, Holland Ventures, the predecessor of Flagship Ventures (founded in 1982 by James Morgan). <br> American Research and Development Corporation American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC) was a venture capital and private equity firm founded in 1946 by Georges Doriot, the former dean of Harvard Business School and \"father of venture capitalism\", with Ralph Flanders and Karl Compton (former president of MIT). ARDC is credited with the first major venture capital success story when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in equity (\"70% of the company\") and approximately $2",
"title": "American Research and Development Corporation"
},
{
"id": "6381497",
"text": "Michael C. Jensen Michael Cole \"Mike\" Jensen (born November 30, 1939), an American economist, works in the area of financial economics. Between 2000 and 2009 he worked for the Monitor Company Group, a strategy-consulting firm which became \"Monitor Deloitte\" in 2013. He holds the position of Jesse Isidor Straus Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus, at Harvard University. Born in Rochester, Minnesota, United States, he received his A.B. in Economics from Macalester College in 1962. He received both his M.B.A. (1964) and Ph.D. (1968) degrees from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, notably working with Professor Merton Miller (1990",
"title": "Michael C. Jensen"
},
{
"id": "597040",
"text": "tried, but it can't be too negative, since people might withdraw cash from bank accounts if they have negative interest rate. Thus the central bank must directly set a target for the quantity of money (called \"quantitative easing\") and may use extraordinary methods to increase the supply of money, e.g. purchasing financial assets of a type not usually used by the central bank as reserves (such as mortgage-backed securities). Before he was Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke claimed in 2002, \"...sufficient injections of money will ultimately always reverse a deflation\", although Japan's deflationary spiral was not",
"title": "Deflation"
},
{
"id": "9526869",
"text": "Siegfried Balke Siegfried Balke (1 June 1902 – 11 June 1984) was a German politician (CSU). He served as German Federal Minister for Post and Communications from 1953 to 1956 and as German Federal Minister for Nuclear Energy from 1956 to 1962. Balke was born in Bochum. He obtained his master's degree in chemistry in 1924, and a doctorate in chemistry in 1925. During the Nazi period, Balke, a Protestant Christian, was classified as a half-Jew, which prevented him from pursuing an academic career in Germany. From 1925 to 1952, he worked for various chemical companies, until he became director",
"title": "Siegfried Balke"
},
{
"id": "1406734",
"text": "about the risks associated with derivatives, including the risks posed by concentration in certain derivatives markets, notably the over-the-counter (OTC) markets for U.S. dollar interest rate options.\" Greenspan opposed tariffs against People's Republic of China for its refusal to let the yuan rise, suggesting instead that any American workers displaced by Chinese trade could be compensated through unemployment insurance and retraining programs. Greenspan's term as a member of the Board ended on January 31, 2006, and Ben Bernanke was confirmed as his successor. As chairman of the board, Greenspan did not give any broadcast interviews from 1987 through 2005. Immediately",
"title": "Alan Greenspan"
},
{
"id": "5051516",
"text": "supply and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said: \"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.\" Bernanke has cited Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in his decision to",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "2304901",
"text": "Jeb Bush, and upon Bush's suspension of his campaign Gregg endorsed Ohio Governor John Kasich. Born in Nashua, New Hampshire, he is the son of Catherine Gregg (née Warner) and Hugh Gregg, who was Governor from 1953 to 1955. Gregg graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1965. Gregg received his baccalaureate from Columbia University in 1969 and, from Boston University School of Law, a Juris Doctor in 1972 and a Master of Laws in 1975. The first elective office held by Gregg was a seat on the Executive Council of New Hampshire, a post which he held from 1979 to",
"title": "Judd Gregg"
},
{
"id": "18379656",
"text": "Alan Garber Alan Michael Garber (born 1955) is an American academic administrator. He is the Provost of Harvard University. Alan Garber was born in 1955. He graduated from Harvard University in 1977. He earned a PhD in Economics from Harvard University in 1982, and an MD from Stanford University in 1983. Garber is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Health Care Policy at Harvard Medical School, a Professor of Economics in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Professor of Public Policy in the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, and Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management in the Harvard School",
"title": "Alan Garber"
},
{
"id": "9002384",
"text": "would eventually become the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, to apply to Harvard. He helped assuage the Bernanke family, who were concerned that Ben would \"lose his Jewish identity\" if he went to Harvard, that \"there were Jews in Boston.\" Manning has been on the faculty at MIT since 1974. Manning's 1983 book, \"\", depicts the life and career of Ernest Everett Just, who was born in Charleston, South Carolina and went on to become a world-famous biologist. Manning won several awards for the book and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Biography. Manning was also inducted into",
"title": "Kenneth Manning"
},
{
"id": "13431917",
"text": "Barry Mazur Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. Born in New York City, Mazur attended the Bronx High School of Science and MIT, although he did not graduate from the latter on account of failing a then-present ROTC requirement. Regardless, he was accepted for graduate school and received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959, becoming a Junior Fellow at Harvard from 1961 to 1964. He is the Gerhard Gade University Professor and a Senior Fellow at Harvard. His early work was in geometric topology.",
"title": "Barry Mazur"
},
{
"id": "2273217",
"text": "Harlow Shapley Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was a 20th-century American scientist, head of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952), and political activist during the latter New Deal and Fair Deal. Shapley used RR Lyrae stars to correctly estimate the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and the Sun's position within it by using parallax. In 1953 he proposed his \"liquid water belt\" theory, now known as the concept of a habitable zone. Shapley was born on a farm in Nashville, Missouri, to Willis and Sarah (née Stowell) Shapley, and dropped out of school with only the",
"title": "Harlow Shapley"
},
{
"id": "13456507",
"text": "Global saving glut A global saving glut (also global savings glut, GSG, cash hoarding, dead cash, dead money, glut of excess intended saving, or shortfall of investment intentions) is a situation in which desired saving exceeds desired investment. By 2005 Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, expressed concern about the \"significant increase in the global supply of saving\" and its implications for monetary policies, particularly in the United States. Although Bernanke's analyses focused on events in 2003 to 2007 that led to the 2007–2009 financial crisis, regarding GSG countries and the United",
"title": "Global saving glut"
},
{
"id": "5284144",
"text": "Xi Jinping Xi Jinping (; ; Mandarin: ; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician serving as general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), president of the People's Republic of China, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. Often described as China's \"paramount leader\", in 2016 the CPC officially gave him the title of \"core leader\". As general secretary, Xi holds an ex-officio seat on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's top decision-making body. Xi is the first general secretary born after the Second World War and the establishment of the People's",
"title": "Xi Jinping"
},
{
"id": "13256755",
"text": "Hal S. Scott Hal S. Scott (born 1943) is the Director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, Co-Chair of the Council on Global Financial Regulation, an independent director of Lazard, Ltd., a member of the Bretton Woods Committee. He is a past President of the International Academy of Consumer and Commercial Law and a past Governor of the American Stock Exchange (2002–2005). He is the Nomura Professor and Director of the Program on International Financial Systems at Harvard Law School, where he has taught since 1975. He teaches courses on Capital Markets Regulation, International Finance, the Payment system, and",
"title": "Hal S. Scott"
},
{
"id": "6704838",
"text": "Fisher. As a result, his writings on theory have had no lasting influence on economic thought. James Laurence Laughlin James Laurence Laughlin (April 2, 1850 – November 28, 1933) was an American economist and Professor at Harvard University, Cornell University and the University of Chicago, who helped to found the Federal Reserve System and was \"one of the most ardent defenders of the gold standard.\" Born in Deerfield, Ohio, Laughlin received his PhD from Harvard University. His thesis regarded \"Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure\" and was supervised by Henry Adams. A conservative, he generally subscribed to the economic theories of John Stuart",
"title": "James Laurence Laughlin"
},
{
"id": "9374240",
"text": "the US Coast Guard during the Second World War, Price joined the Bureau of the Budget in 1946. He was deputy chairman of the US Department of Defense's Research & Development Board from 1952 to 1953, then vice-president of the Ford Foundation until 1959. In 1958 he was appointed as the founding Dean at Harvard University's Graduate School of Public Administration. From 1961 to 1963 he acted as an adviser to President Kennedy on the structure and operations of the US Federal Government. Price retired from the John F. Kennedy School of Government (as the Harvard Graduate School of Public",
"title": "Don K. Price"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ben Bernan context: Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he was a member\n\nDec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What position does he hold, and rather poorly at that?",
"compressed_tokens": 223,
"origin_tokens": 223,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ben Bernanke context: of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke Doctrine, and discussed \"the Great Moderation\" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006.\n\ntitle Ben Bernan context: Ben Bernan Ben Shalom Bernanke ; born December 13, 1953) an economist at Brookings Institution who two terms as of the Federal Reserve central bank of the United States, 2006 to 2014 During his tenure chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired department of economics there from 1996 September 200, when on public service leave From August5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he a member\ntitle: Bernanke: as Fed chairman the next year He held the post 006 February1,20, Bernan began four-year term a member of the Reserve of Governors ayear term as ( having been nominated President Bush in late200). virtue of the chairmans, sat theanability Overs overse the Trd Relief. He served chairman the Federal Committee System' monetary policy. His as of Federal Reserve marked difficulties\ntitleanke the of System on February2, speech in that are a new era called the whereasedility cycle the it should be a central In, was chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, and resigned as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan\n\nDec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What position does he hold, and rather poorly at that?",
"compressed_tokens": 490,
"origin_tokens": 14291,
"ratio": "29.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,711 | On December 14, 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to visit where? | [
"Geographic south pole",
"Ceremonial South Pole",
"Terrestrial South Pole",
"The South Pole",
"90 degrees south",
"90th parallel south",
"South Terrestrial Pole",
"South Pole",
"Southpole",
"Latitude 90 degrees S",
"Geographic South Pole",
"South pole"
] | The South Pole | [
{
"id": "826235",
"text": "south at midday. True south is the direction towards the sun end of the axis about which the Earth rotates, called the South Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica. Magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, after Ernest Shackleton from the UK was forced to turn back some distance short. The Global South refers to the socially and economically less-developed southern half of the globe. 95% of the Global North has",
"title": "South"
},
{
"id": "12773966",
"text": "from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states. Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"id": "4152018",
"text": "had reached a point just 97 nautical miles from the South Pole. Shackleton named this plateau the \"King Edward VII Plateau\" in honor of the King of the United Kingdom. In December 1911, while returning from the first journey to the South Pole, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen decided to name this plateau the \"Haakon VII Plateau\" in honor of the newly elected King Haakon VII of Norway. The Antarctic Plateau was first observed and photographed from the air in 1929 from a Ford Trimotor airplane carrying four men on the first flight to the South Pole and back to",
"title": "Antarctic Plateau"
},
{
"id": "354747",
"text": "Roald Amundsen Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (; ; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. As the leader of the Antarctic expedition of 1910–12, which was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, he was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. In 1926, he was the first leader for the air expedition to the North Pole, making him the first person, without dispute, to reach both poles. He is also known as having the first expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage (1903–06) in the",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "4617254",
"text": "Polheim Polheim (\"Home at the Pole\") was Roald Amundsen's name for his camp (the first ever) at the South Pole. He arrived there on December 14, 1911, along with four other members of his expedition: Helmer Hanssen, Olav Bjaaland, Oscar Wisting, and Sverre Hassel. At the first estimated position of the South Pole, Amundsen declared \"\"So we plant you, dear flag, on the South Pole, and give the plain on which it lies the name King Haakon VII's Plateau.\"\" Both the Norwegian and \"Fram's\" flag were planted. Due to the historical disputes over the claims of polar explorers prior to",
"title": "Polheim"
},
{
"id": "14650725",
"text": "He was the first to reach the South Pole, December 14, 1911. Amundsen Coast Amundsen Coast is that portion of the coast to the south of the Ross Ice Shelf lying between Morris Peak, on the east side of Liv Glacier, and the west side of the Scott Glacier. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Captain Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who led his own expedition in 1910–12 to the Antarctic. Setting up a base at Framheim at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, he sledged southward across the shelf and discovered a route up",
"title": "Amundsen Coast"
},
{
"id": "13631113",
"text": "by Christen Christensen and his son Lars. The first two Norwegian expeditions were carried out by sealing ships in 1892–93 and 1893–94. While they were primarily sent for exploring, sealing, and whaling possibilities, they also performed scientific research. Further Norwegian expeditions were mounted into the first decades of the 20th century. The Antarctic Plateau was claimed for Norway by Roald Amundsen as the King Haakon VII Plateau when his expedition was the first to reach South Pole on 14 December 1911. It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole, including all the land above",
"title": "Queen Maud Land"
},
{
"id": "13907632",
"text": "reached – 112 statute miles from the Pole – before being forced to turn back. The first humans to reach the South Pole were Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole \"King Haakon VII Vidde\" in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott had also returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, in a race against Amundsen to the Pole. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On",
"title": "Major explorations after the Age of Discovery"
},
{
"id": "11384863",
"text": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. He and four others arrived at the pole on 14 December 1911, five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base, and later knew that Scott and his four companions had died on their return journey. Amundsen's initial plans had focused on the Arctic and the conquest of the North Pole by means of an extended drift in an icebound",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "11384918",
"text": "be their own dogs' droppings off in the distance, magnified by mirage. Next day they camped at 89° 45′ S, from the pole. On the following day, 14 December 1911, with the concurrence of his comrades Amundsen travelled in front of the sledges, and at around 3 pm the party reached the vicinity of the South Pole. They planted the Norwegian flag and named the polar plateau \"King Haakon VII's Plateau\". Amundsen later reflected on the irony of his achievement: \"Never has a man achieved a goal so diametrically opposed to his wishes. The area around the North Pole—devil take",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "354774",
"text": "Ikuallaq's DNA to that of other European members of Amundsen's crew. Works by Amundsen Roald Amundsen Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (; ; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. As the leader of the Antarctic expedition of 1910–12, which was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, he was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. In 1926, he was the first leader for the air expedition to the North Pole, making him the first person, without dispute, to reach both poles. He is also",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "15062098",
"text": "Mohn Basin The Mohn Basin () is a major depression in the surface near the edge of the Antarctic polar plateau. It extends southward from the western limit of the Quarles Range for about and includes the névé area adjacent to the heads of the Bowman, Devils, Amundsen and Scott glaciers, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. The feature was encountered in December 1911 by the South Pole party of the Norwegian expedition under Roald Amundsen, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Norwegian meteorologist Henrik Mohn, the author of the meteorological report of this",
"title": "Mohn Basin"
},
{
"id": "618440",
"text": "the 'Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration'. Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on 13 December 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. Aristotle speculated, \"Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole...\". It was not until Prince Henry the Navigator began in 1418 to encourage the penetration of the torrid zone in the effort to reach India by circumnavigating Africa that European exploration of the southern hemisphere began. In 1473 Portuguese navigator",
"title": "History of Antarctica"
},
{
"id": "5832598",
"text": "Nils Olav Brigadier Sir Nils Olav is a king penguin who resides in Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. He is the mascot and Colonel-in-Chief of the Norwegian King's Guard. The name 'Nils Olav' and associated ranks have been passed down through three king penguins since 1972 – the current holder is Nils Olav III. Norway whose explorer Roald Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole in 1911 presented Edinburgh Zoo with its first king penguin at its opening in 1913. When the Norwegian King's Guard visited the Edinburgh Military Tattoo of 1961 for a drill display, a lieutenant called",
"title": "Nils Olav"
},
{
"id": "12368948",
"text": "addition, Shackleton and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship \"Fram\" became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the",
"title": "Antarctica"
},
{
"id": "15062099",
"text": "expedition. Mohn Basin The Mohn Basin () is a major depression in the surface near the edge of the Antarctic polar plateau. It extends southward from the western limit of the Quarles Range for about and includes the névé area adjacent to the heads of the Bowman, Devils, Amundsen and Scott glaciers, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. The feature was encountered in December 1911 by the South Pole party of the Norwegian expedition under Roald Amundsen, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Norwegian meteorologist Henrik Mohn, the author of the meteorological report of",
"title": "Mohn Basin"
},
{
"id": "354758",
"text": "Axel Heiberg Glacier, they arrived at the edge of the Polar Plateau on 21 November after a four-day climb. On 14 December 1911, the team of five, with 16 dogs, arrived at the Pole (90° 0′ S). They arrived 33–34 days before Scott's group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp \"Polheim,\" meaning \"Home on the Pole.\" Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VII's Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim. The team returned to Framheim on 25 January 1912, with 11 surviving dogs. They made",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "743160",
"text": "highly in the Norwegian of the Century poll in 2005. Titles and styles which Haakon VII bore from birth to death, in chronological order: Haakon VII was the last of Norway's Kings to have the style \"by the Grace of God\" (). The King Haakon VII Sea in East Antarctica is named in the king's honour as well as the entire plateau surrounding the South Pole was named \"King Haakon VII Vidde\" by Roald Amundsen when he in 1911 became the first human to reach the South Pole. See Polheim. In 1914 Haakon County in the American state of South",
"title": "Haakon VII of Norway"
},
{
"id": "9149677",
"text": "its day, and continues to be controversial, on December 14, 1911, Roald Amundsen undisputedly reached the South Pole. Subsequent expeditions to and flights over the south pole have conclusively demonstrated that there are no large holes there. Phantom of the Poles The Phantom of the Poles is a book written by William Reed, and published in 1906. It attempts to explain certain mysterious phenomena reported by polar explorers by postulating that the Earth is in fact hollow, with holes at its poles. In the General Summary chapter of \"The Phantom of the Poles\", Reed posed several questions that he claimed",
"title": "Phantom of the Poles"
},
{
"id": "1726756",
"text": "operational season from October to February. In recent years the winter-time population has been around 50 people. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Scientific Station is the southernmost habitation on Earth. It is continuously inhabited. Its name honors Roald Amundsen, whose Norwegian expedition reached the Geographic South Pole in December 1911, and Robert F. Scott, whose British expedition of five men reached the South Pole about one month later (in January 1912) in a race to become the first person ever to reach the South Pole. All of Scott's expedition perished during the journey back towards the coast, while all of Amundsen's",
"title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station"
},
{
"id": "17641450",
"text": "most known Viking explorers, including Leif Ericson, Erik the Red, Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir and Garðar Svavarsson. The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. He and four others arrived at the pole in December 1911, five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition. Photographs from the two expedition and replicas of equipment used by the explorers are among the items on display. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base. Scott and his four companions died on their return journey.",
"title": "The Exploration Museum"
},
{
"id": "10129758",
"text": "It shares the park with Eliza Chappell Elementary School and Amundsen's sports stadium, Jorndt Field. The school was named after Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who led the first expedition to reach the South Pole. His expedition reached the pole on December 14, 1911. Designed by architect Paul Gerhardt, Roald Amundsen School opened on November 10, 1930, two years after the explorer died in a rescue mission to the North Pole. Amundsen was not a high school when it opened, but a junior high. The Amundsen building also played host to branches of other schools, including a branch of McPherson",
"title": "Amundsen High School"
},
{
"id": "4144067",
"text": "Karljohansvern, the naval base in Horten during 1909 when Roald Amundsen asked him to go north with him on his forthcoming North Pole expedition. Amundsen later secretly changed his plans. Wisting went to sea believing they were heading for the North Pole. Instead he learned that they were going south to pick up the race with Robert Falcon Scott to the South Pole. On 14 December 1911 along with Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Olav Bjaaland and Sverre Hassel, Wisting planted the Norwegian flag on the Geographic South Pole, the first explorers to have reached that point. From 1918 to 1925 Wisting",
"title": "Oscar Wisting"
},
{
"id": "11230793",
"text": "and plunges them into the icy waters, they signal for help and are picked up by a passing airship. Penguins, seals, and Arctic birds wave goodbye. The explorers return in triumph to the Aero Club, where they bow to all assembled. Although the film's story is treated in a vein of fantasy, it took much of its inspiration from current affairs. Robert E. Peary and his team had set foot on the North Pole on 6 April 1909, and Roald Amundsen had made it to the South Pole on 14 December 1911, four months before Méliès started filming. The claims",
"title": "The Conquest of the Pole"
},
{
"id": "9884830",
"text": "at the University of Cambridge. Because explorer Frederick Cook's story of reaching the North Pole in 1908 is generally rejected, the elimination of Peary and Byrd leaves fourth North Pole claimant Roald Amundsen as first there in 1926 in the airship \"Norge\" (Norwegian for Norway). Having attained the South Pole in 1911, Amundsen thus became the first to reach each geographical pole of the earth, as proposed in Rawlins's 1973 book. There was drama at Johns Hopkins University in America on 18/10/2018. A security guard and some Police are mentioned. Dennis Rawlins Dennis Rawlins (born 1937) is an American astronomer",
"title": "Dennis Rawlins"
},
{
"id": "15764819",
"text": "him. Also in 1909, Admiral Robert E. Peary was the first to reach the North Pole. When he returned, Admiral Peary presented to Burroughs Wellcome specimens of Tabloid products that he had carried with him to the North Pole. Several years later, the Norwegian Captain Roald Amundsen and the Englishman Captain Robert Scott raced to become the first to reach the South Pole. Both expeditions started almost simultaneously but it was Amundsen who reached the pole first on December 14, 1911. Both men carried Tabloid outfits with them. On foot, by ship and also in the air, Burroughs Wellcome’s first",
"title": "Pac-Kit First Aid Kits"
},
{
"id": "4021001",
"text": "Axel Heiberg Glacier The Axel Heiberg Glacier in Antarctica is a valley glacier, long, descending from the high elevations of the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly at sea level) between the Herbert Range and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen in the Queen Maud Mountains. This huge glacier was discovered in November 1911 by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Axel Heiberg, a Norwegian businessman and patron of science who contributed to numerous Norwegian polar expeditions. Amundsen used this glacier as his route up onto the polar plateau during his successful expedition to the",
"title": "Axel Heiberg Glacier"
},
{
"id": "7323534",
"text": "1910 in \"Terra Nova\", one of \"Discovery's\" relief ships. Its programme was complicated by the simultaneous arrival in the Antarctic of Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. Amundsen's party reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911 and returned safely. Scott and four companions, including Wilson, arrived at the Pole on 17 January 1912; all five perished on the return journey. Notes References Online sources Discovery Expedition The Discovery Expedition of 1901–04, known officially as the British National Antarctic Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage sixty years earlier. Organized on a large",
"title": "Discovery Expedition"
},
{
"id": "12773970",
"text": "men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole \"King Haakon VII Vidde\" in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold. In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"id": "3444914",
"text": "and gained control of the Canadian Shield. Many coureurs des bois accepted British rule and continued to use the sled dog. The French term became \"Mush!\" in English. During the Klondike Gold Rush, many prospectors came in the Yukon with sled dogs. This \"Last Great Gold Rush\" has been immortalized by American author Jack London in \"The Call of the Wild\". Sled-dog became the common mode of transportation in Yukon and in the new US Territory of Alaska. In 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen used sled dogs in a race to become the first person to reach the South Pole.",
"title": "Mushing"
},
{
"id": "13561913",
"text": "of Scott, Edward A. Wilson, Henry R. Bowers, Edgar Evans and Oates remained to walk the last to the Pole. On 18 January 1912, 79 days after starting their journey, they finally reached the Pole only to discover a tent that Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his four-man team had left behind at their Polheim camp after beating them in the race to be first to the Pole. Inside the tent was a note from Amundsen informing them that his party had reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911, beating Scott's party by 35 days. Scott's party faced extremely",
"title": "Lawrence Oates"
},
{
"id": "4144127",
"text": "Helmer Hanssen participated in Roald Amundsen's successful search for the Northwest Passage, as second mate on board the ship \"Gjøa\". On the expedition he learned from the Inuit how to drive sled dogs. In 1910 he headed south with Amundsen to conquer the South Pole, this time as an expert dog driver. He was also in charge of navigation, carrying the master compass on his sledge. He was one of the first five people to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911, along with Roald Amundsen, Olav Bjaaland, Oscar Wisting, and Sverre Hassel. During their stay at the South",
"title": "Helmer Hanssen"
},
{
"id": "4071441",
"text": "Prince Olav Mountains The Prince Olav Mountains is a mountain range of the Queen Maud Mountains stretching from Shackleton Glacier to Liv Glacier at the head of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen on the way to the South Pole, and named by him for the then Crown Prince Olav of Norway. This range includes the following mountains and peaks: Allaire Peak is a rock peak standing 3 nautical miles (6 km) northwest of Mount Hall, between the Gough and Le Couteur Glaciers. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Captain C.J. Allaire, USA,",
"title": "Prince Olav Mountains"
},
{
"id": "618469",
"text": "Two expeditions set off in 1910 to attain this goal; a party led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship \"Fram\" and Robert Falcon Scott's British group from the \"Terra Nova\". Amundsen succeeded in reaching the Pole on 14 December 1911 using a route from the Bay of Whales to the polar plateau via the Axel Heiberg Glacier. Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold. The Amundsen–Scott",
"title": "History of Antarctica"
},
{
"id": "14650724",
"text": "Amundsen Coast Amundsen Coast is that portion of the coast to the south of the Ross Ice Shelf lying between Morris Peak, on the east side of Liv Glacier, and the west side of the Scott Glacier. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Captain Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who led his own expedition in 1910–12 to the Antarctic. Setting up a base at Framheim at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, he sledged southward across the shelf and discovered a route up the Axel Heiberg Glacier along this coast to reach the polar plateau.",
"title": "Amundsen Coast"
},
{
"id": "4021110",
"text": "() is a seamount named in association with Marie Byrd Land. Name approved 6/88 (ACUF 228). Marie Byrd Land was first explored from the west where it could be accessed from the Ross Sea. The far western coast of Marie Byrd Land was seen from the decks of Robert Falcon Scott's ship \"Discovery\" in 1902. He named the peninsula adjacent to the Ross Sea King Edward VII Land and the scattered outcrops that were within sight, the Alexandra Mountains. In 1911, during Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition, Kristian Prestrud led a sledge party that visited these isolated outcrops (nunataks) in",
"title": "Marie Byrd Land"
},
{
"id": "354756",
"text": "arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as \"the Great Ice Barrier\"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales, on 14 January 1911. Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it \"Framheim.\" Amundsen eschewed the heavy wool clothing worn on earlier Antarctic attempts in favour of adopting Inuit-style furred skins. Using skis and dog sleds for transportation, Amundsen and his men created supply depots at 80°, 81° and 82° South on the Barrier, along a line directly south to the Pole. Amundsen also planned to kill some of his dogs on the way",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "13907631",
"text": "injury and death. The Norwegian Roald Amundsen reached the Pole in December 1911, following a race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. The first attempt to find a route to the South Pole was made by British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of traveling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached . Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the Nimrod Expedition in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he",
"title": "Major explorations after the Age of Discovery"
},
{
"id": "13907615",
"text": "in injury and death. The Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole in December 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. The \"Northwest Passage\" is a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean. Interest kindled in 1564 after Jacques Cartier's discovery of the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, Martin Frobisher had formed a resolution to undertake the challenge of forging a trade route from England westward to India. In 1576 - 1578, he took three trips to what is now the Canadian Arctic in order to find the passage. Frobisher",
"title": "Major explorations after the Age of Discovery"
},
{
"id": "4021123",
"text": "his quest for the South Pole, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen established a temporary base, which he named Framheim, at the Bay of Whales. The base was used between January 1911February 1912. The Bay of Whales has also served as a logistical support base for several other important Antarctic expeditions, including: The configuration of the Bay of Whales is continuously changing. A survey by the second Byrd expedition in 1934 determined that the feature lay at the junction of two separate ice systems, the movements of which are influenced by the presence of Roosevelt Island. Commander Glen Jacobsen, USN, who visited",
"title": "Bay of Whales"
},
{
"id": "13768208",
"text": "expedition: the South Pole was first reached by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen in 1911, and in 1939 Norway had claimed a region of Antarctica under the name Queen Maud Land (). After Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union preparations were made for establishing Norwegian colonies in Northern Russia. Quisling designated the area reserved for Norwegian colonization as \"Bjarmeland\", a reference to the name featured in the Norse sagas for Northern Russia. Quisling's regime ceased to exist in 1945, with the end of World War II in Europe. Norway was still under occupation in May 1945, but Vidkun Quisling and",
"title": "Quisling regime"
},
{
"id": "5175465",
"text": "flying there on a small aeroplane fitted with skis. The North Pole scene was filmed in May 1992, after the rest of the series had been shot, as weather conditions were more suitable then as the ice was too fragile the previous year. From there, he heads to Greenland, then the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, where the towns of Ny Ålesund and Longyearbyen are located. From there he sails across the Barents Sea on a supply ship to the Norwegian port city of Tromsø, where he visits a statue of Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole.",
"title": "Pole to Pole"
},
{
"id": "11683783",
"text": "Farthest South Farthest South was the most southerly latitudes reached by explorers before the conquest of the South Pole in 1911. Significant steps on the road to the pole were the discovery of lands south of Cape Horn in 1619, Captain James Cook's crossing of the Antarctic Circle in 1773, and the earliest confirmed sightings of the Antarctic mainland in 1820. From the late 19th century onward, the quest for Farthest South latitudes became in effect a race to reach the pole, which culminated in Roald Amundsen's success in December 1911. In the years before reaching the pole was a",
"title": "Farthest South"
},
{
"id": "14092951",
"text": "the extent to which the public and his backers would support him, he kept this revised objective secret. When he set out in June 1910, he led even his crew to believe they were embarking on an Arctic drift, and revealed their true Antarctic destination only when \"Fram\" was leaving their last port of call, Madeira. Amundsen's South Pole expedition, with Amundsen and four others, arrived at the pole on 14 December 1911, five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their",
"title": "Polar exploration"
},
{
"id": "4020996",
"text": "Queen Maud Mountains The Queen Maud Mountains are a major group of mountains, ranges and subordinate features of the Transantarctic Mountains, lying between the Beardmore and Reedy Glaciers and including the area from the head of the Ross Ice Shelf to the Antarctic Plateau in Antarctica. Captain Roald Amundsen and his South Pole party ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier near the central part of this group in November 1911, naming these mountains for the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales. Despite the name, they are not located within Queen Maud Land. Elevations bordering the Beardmore Glacier, at the western extremity of these",
"title": "Queen Maud Mountains"
},
{
"id": "14933022",
"text": "Mount Wisting Mount Wisting () is a rock peak (2,580 m), the northwesternmost summit of the massif at the head of Amundsen Glacier in the Queen Maud Mountains. In November 1911, a number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. Amundsen named one of them for Oscar Wisting, a member of the party. The peak described was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1960-64. For the sake of historical continuity and to commemorate the Norwegian exploration in this area,",
"title": "Mount Wisting"
},
{
"id": "15066383",
"text": "Mount Hassel Mount Hassel () is a rock peak high, the northeasternmost summit of the massif at the head of Amundsen Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. In November 1911, a number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. Amundsen named one of them for Sverre Hassel, a member of the party. The peak described was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1960–64. For the sake of historical continuity and to commemorate the Norwegian exploration in this",
"title": "Mount Hassel"
},
{
"id": "11683826",
"text": "by 14 January had found the inlet, or \"Bay of Whales\", where Borchgrevink had made his landing eleven years earlier. This became the location of Amundsen's base camp, \"Framheim\". After nine months' preparation, Amundsen's polar journey began on 20 October 1911. Avoiding the known route to the polar plateau via the Beardmore Glacier, Amundsen led his party of five due south, reaching the Transantarctic Mountains on 16 November. They discovered the Axel Heiberg Glacier, which provided them with a direct route to the polar plateau and on to the pole. Shackleton's Farthest South mark was passed on 7 December, and",
"title": "Farthest South"
},
{
"id": "9224782",
"text": "1131 Porzia (7.13 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km) 1310 Villigera (15.24 km), and 1468 Zomba (7 km); but still smaller than the largest members of this group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are larger than 20 kilometers in diameter (in one or other given source). This minor planet was named after Roald Amundsen (1872–1928), the prolific Norwegian polar explorer of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. He was the first to reach the South Pole in December 1911. He died during the rescue mission of Airship \"Italia\"",
"title": "1065 Amundsenia"
},
{
"id": "7900658",
"text": "Customs House, built in classical revival style, was opened in 1902 adjoining the original 1815 Bond Store. The iconic grand sandstone Hobart General Post office with classical clock-tower, designed by architect Alan Walker in High Victorian style, and built through funds donated by the people of Hobart in celebration of Australian Federation, opened on 2 September 1905. A telephone exchange was added in 1907. The Hobart GPO is probably most famous internationally for being the place where Roald Amundsen, in front of a large gathering of locals, telegraphed the news, on 7 March 1912, around the world that he had",
"title": "History of Hobart"
},
{
"id": "11384924",
"text": "she was joined by Douglas Mawson's ship \"Aurora\", which was in service with the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Amundsen presented them with a gift of his 11 surviving dogs. On 8 November 1911, Prestrud, Stubberud and Johansen had departed for King Edward VII Land. The search for the point at which the solid ice of the Barrier became ice-covered land proved difficult. On 1 December the party had their first sighting of what was indubitably dry land, a nunatak which had been recorded by Scott during the \"Discovery\" expedition in 1902. After reaching this point they collected geological specimens and samples",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "14928933",
"text": "the northern side of the nunataks on 3 December 1911 by Prestrud during Amundsen's expedition. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 66), following a proposal by New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Scott Nunataks The Scott Nunataks are a group of conspicuous nunataks lying about 18 km east of the Richter Glacier and forming the northern end of the Alexandra Mountains in King Edward VII Land, Antarctica. The formation was discovered in 1902 by the British National Antarctic Expedition under Captain Robert Falcon Scott. It was named after Scott",
"title": "Scott Nunataks"
},
{
"id": "1824053",
"text": "The glacier was discovered and climbed by Ernest Shackleton during his Nimrod Expedition of 1908. Although Shackleton turned back before reaching the South Pole, he established the first proven route towards the pole and, in doing so, became the first person to set foot upon the polar plateau. In 1911–1912, Captain Scott and his Terra Nova Expedition team reached the South Pole by similarly climbing the Beardmore. However, they reached the pole a month after Roald Amundsen and his team, who had chosen a route up the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier. It was on the way back to the",
"title": "Beardmore Glacier"
},
{
"id": "3222321",
"text": "Framheim Framheim was the name of explorer Roald Amundsen's base at the Bay of Whales on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica during his quest for the South Pole. It was used between January 1911 and February 1912. The hut was constructed in sections by a master carpenter, Jørgen Stubberud and erected at Amundsen's home in Norway, then dismantled for shipment to Antarctica on the \"Fram\". Framheim literally means \"home of the Fram\". During its construction in Norway, Amundsen maintained that the hut was for \"observation\", which would fit in nicely with his supposed intent to head to the North",
"title": "Framheim"
},
{
"id": "11384925",
"text": "of mosses, and briefly explored their surroundings before returning to Framheim on 16 December. They were the first men to set foot on King Edward VII Land. After leaving the Bay of Whales on 15 February 1911, \"Fram\" sailed for Buenos Aires where she arrived on 17 April. Here, Nilsen learned that the expedition's funds were exhausted; a sum supposedly set aside for the ship's needs had not materialised. Fortunately, Amundsen's friend Don Pedro Christopherson was at hand to fulfil his earlier promises to provide supplies and fuel. \"Fram\" departed in June for an oceanographic cruise between South America and",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "16522135",
"text": "after the great achievements of Roald Amundsen in 1911–1912. Andersen was the second Norwegian to visit the Pole after the Amundsen expedition. An American expedition which reached the Pole a week before him honored his achievements by naming a mountain escarpment Andersen Escarpment after him. During the fieldworks for his Master's thesis \"Om isens tilbaketrekking i området mellom Lysefjorden og Jøsenfjorden i Ryfylke\" (On the glacial retreat in the area between the Lysefjorden and Jøsenfjorden in Ryfylke), with Werner Werenskiold as advisor, he found among other things that Trollgaren was a moraine, and that it was formed in the early",
"title": "Bjørn G. Andersen"
},
{
"id": "4617261",
"text": "of his runs. The tent has not been seen since Scott's party left it in January 1912. Determining the present location of Amundsen's tent requires consideration of the precision of Amundsen's navigation in 1911, the flow of ice since then, and the amount of burial by intervening snow fall. The present location of the tent has been calculated to be 89° 58′ 51″ S, 46° 14′ E, with around uncertainty in the position. It probably lies below the present snow surface. Polheim Polheim (\"Home at the Pole\") was Roald Amundsen's name for his camp (the first ever) at the South",
"title": "Polheim"
},
{
"id": "6122757",
"text": "February 1958. It was named by Mawson after Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who was first to reach the South Pole. Amundsen Bay Amundsen Bay, also known as Ice Bay, is a long embayment wide, close west of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. The bay was seen as a large pack-filled recession in the coastline by Sir Douglas Mawson on January 14, 1930. Seen by Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in charge of a Norwegian expedition during an airplane flight on January 15 and subsequently mapped nearer its true position by the Norwegians. The bay was mapped in detail by",
"title": "Amundsen Bay"
},
{
"id": "1726752",
"text": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the Earth. The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2,835 metres (9,301 feet) above sea level and is administered by the Division of Polar Programs within the National Science Foundation under the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). It is named in honor of Norwegian Roald Amundsen and Englishman Robert F. Scott, who led separate teams that raced to become the first to the South Pole in the early 1900s.",
"title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station"
},
{
"id": "15526863",
"text": "and a note from Archibald Lang McLean, who along with Frank Hurley and Alfred Hodgeman had been sent out by \"Aurora\"'s captain John King Davis to search for the Far Eastern Party. From the note, Mawson learned he was south-east of Aladdin's Cave, and near two further food depots. The note also reported on the other parties of the expedition—all had returned to the hut safely—and on Roald Amundsen's attainment of the South Pole in December 1911. The cairn had been left there just six hours before, when the three men had returned to the hut. Struggling on his injured",
"title": "Far Eastern Party"
},
{
"id": "1405144",
"text": "Sea was discovered by James Ross in 1841. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island with the Mt. Erebus volcano, in the east Roosevelt Island. The southern part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf. Roald Amundsen started his South Pole expedition in 1911 from the Bay of Whales, which was located at the shelf. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice during the summer. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is approximately two hundred miles from the geographic South Pole.",
"title": "Ross Sea"
},
{
"id": "14969181",
"text": "Mount Bjaaland Mount Bjaaland () is a rock peak (2,675 m), the southeasternmost summit of the massif at the head of Amundsen Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains. In November 1911, a number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. Amundsen named one of them for Olav Bjaaland, a member of the party. The peak described was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1960-64. For the sake of historical continuity and to commemorate the Norwegian exploration in this area,",
"title": "Mount Bjaaland"
},
{
"id": "11799084",
"text": "Mount Prestrud Mount Prestrud () is an Antarctic peak over 2,400 m which rises from the southwestern part of the massif at the head of Amundsen Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains. In November 1911, a number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. Amundsen named one of them for Lieutenant Kristian Prestrud, first officer of the \"Fram\" and leader of the Norwegian expedition's Eastern Sledge Party to the Scott Nunataks. The peak described was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S.",
"title": "Mount Prestrud"
},
{
"id": "7354046",
"text": "something to have got here\" Scott still hoped to race Amundsen to the telegraph cablehead in Australia: \"Now for a desperate struggle to get the news through first. I wonder if we can do it.\" On 18 January 1912 they discovered Amundsen's tent, some supplies, a letter to King Haakon VII of Norway (which Amundsen politely asked Scott to deliver) and a note stating that Amundsen had arrived there with four companions on 1911. After confirming their position and planting their flag, Scott's party turned homewards. During the next three weeks they made good progress, Scott's diary recording several \"excellent",
"title": "Terra Nova Expedition"
},
{
"id": "12004012",
"text": "soon judged to be fraudulent, and Peary was credited as the discoverer of the North Pole for much of the 20th century. In recent decades, however, Peary's claim has become the subject of controversy, though he did set a new record for Farthest North – his support party was dismissed at . With Peary's claim accepted at the time, overland expeditions to the North Pole came to an end. Roald Amundsen of Norway redirected his planned Arctic expedition and instead aimed for the South Pole, which he achieved in 1911. In 1931, an expedition led by Sir Hubert Wilkins and",
"title": "Farthest North"
},
{
"id": "5774729",
"text": "Kapitan Khlebnikov (icebreaker) The Kapitan Khlebnikov (, ) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) icebreaker. The vessel now operates as a cruise ship offering excursions to the Arctic and Antarctic. The \"Kapitan Khlebnikov\" was completed in Finland in 1981 as one of four Kapitan Sorokin class icebreakers. She was refitted in 1990 as a tour ship. and was the first ship to circumnavigate Antarctica with passengers in 1996-97. In February 2006 the \"Kapitan Khlebnikov\" reached the Bay of Whales in the Antarctic, reaching 78° 40.871' south and equalling the record set by Roald Amundsen in the Fram in 1911. In November",
"title": "Kapitan Khlebnikov (icebreaker)"
},
{
"id": "15066598",
"text": "Prof. B. Helland-Hansen, of the University of Oslo, Norway. Helland-Hansen Shoulder Helland-Hansen Shoulder () is a mainly ice-covered ridge which extends southward from the west portion of Mount Fridtjof Nansen and overlooks the northern side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier in Antarctica. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Professor Bjørn Helland-Hansen, of the University of Oslo, Norway. Latitude: 852600S Longitude: 1681000W Description: A mainly ice-covered ridge which extends southward from the west portion of Mount Fridtjof Nansen and overlooks the northern side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. Discovered in",
"title": "Helland-Hansen Shoulder"
},
{
"id": "7354001",
"text": "Terra Nova Expedition The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the \"Discovery\" Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days.",
"title": "Terra Nova Expedition"
},
{
"id": "19110300",
"text": "usual for large, strong people, he had an outstanding good humor. Despite his size, nobody was faster in the rigging. He had that quality that certain ice captains have—he could sense the ice moving. Amundsen held Beck in high esteem and, when Beck had an opinion or suggestion, Amundsen went along with it.\" In January 1912, Beck and the \"Fram\" returned to the Bay of Whales and retrieved the expedition, which had planted the Norwegian flag at the South Pole on December 14, 1911. They then traveled to Hobart, Tasmania and on to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where the \"Fram\" was",
"title": "Andreas Beck (explorer)"
},
{
"id": "11799085",
"text": "Navy aerial photography, 1960-64. For the sake of historical continuity, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) has selected this feature to be designated Mount Prestrud. Mount Prestrud Mount Prestrud () is an Antarctic peak over 2,400 m which rises from the southwestern part of the massif at the head of Amundsen Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains. In November 1911, a number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. Amundsen named one of them for Lieutenant Kristian Prestrud, first officer of the \"Fram\" and leader of",
"title": "Mount Prestrud"
},
{
"id": "4144216",
"text": "Sverre Hassel Sverre Helge Hassel (30 July 1876 – 6 June 1928) was a Norwegian polar explorer and one of the first five people to reach the South Pole. Sverre Hassel was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. As soon as he was old enough, he went to sea, earning his mate's certificate. Between 1898 and 1902, Hassel participated on board the \"Fram\" in Otto Sverdrup's attempt to circumnavigate Greenland. Along with Helmer Hanssen, Hassel was picked as an expert dog driver to take part in Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition 1910 – 1912. On 14 December 1911, Hassel together",
"title": "Sverre Hassel"
},
{
"id": "12308576",
"text": "and his expedition was soon forgotten in the dramas which surrounded these and other Heroic Age explorers. Roald Amundsen, conqueror of the South Pole in 1911, acknowledged that Borchgrevink's expedition had removed the greatest obstacles to Antarctic travel, and had opened the way for all the expeditions that followed. Born in Oslo in 1864 to a Norwegian father and an English mother, Carsten Borchgrevink emigrated to Australia in 1888, where he worked on survey teams in the interior before accepting a provincial schoolteaching appointment in New South Wales. In 1894 he joined a commercial expedition, led by Henryk Bull in",
"title": "Southern Cross Expedition"
},
{
"id": "18728497",
"text": "only North American selected to join a team of Norwegians restaging Roald Amundsen’s 1911 expedition to the South Pole for a History Channel and BBC documentary. The expedition team skied and dog sledded 1400 miles over 72 days on the Greenland icecap, using 1911 period clothing, equipment and food. During December 2007 and January 2008, Huston led a full-length ski expedition to the South Pole, covering 720 miles in 57 days. In April 2009, Huston and his expedition partner, Tyler Fish, traveled unsupported from land to the North Pole. In doing so, they became the first North Americans to complete",
"title": "John Huston (polar explorer)"
},
{
"id": "19181850",
"text": "South Pole Medal The South Pole Medal () or Medal Commemorating the 1910–1911 \"Fram\" Expedition to the South Pole (\"Medalje til erindring om \"Frams\" ekspedisjon til Sydpolen 1910–1911\") is a Norwegian medal established by Haakon VII of Norway on August 20, 1912 to recognize participants in Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition. The medal was awarded to participants in the exhibition on the day it was instituted. The medal was designed by the engraver Ivar Throndsen. The South Pole Medal was cast in gold, silver, and bronze, and it was awarded in gold. The obverse depicts King Haakon VII with his",
"title": "South Pole Medal"
},
{
"id": "11384927",
"text": "\"Kainan Maru\" departed the next day, and on 26 January she landed a party on King Edward VII Land. This was the first landing on this shore from the sea; attempts by \"Discovery\" (1902), \"Nimrod\" (1908) and \"Terra Nova\" (1911) had all failed. In Hobart, Amundsen received congratulatory telegrams from, among others, former US President Theodore Roosevelt and King George V of the United Kingdom. The king expressed particular pleasure that Amundsen's first port of call on his return had been on soil of the British Empire. In Norway, which only six years earlier had become an independent country after",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "14766890",
"text": "(HSM 24), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Mount Betty Mount Betty is a small ridge overlooking the Ross Ice Shelf, on the north side of Bigend Saddle, at the north-eastern extremity of the Herbert Range in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. It was discovered in November 1911 by Captain Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Betty Andersson, nurse and housekeeper in the Amundsen family for many years. A cairn was erected on the ridge by Amundsen on 6 January 1912, on his way back to Framheim from the South Pole. It is",
"title": "Mount Betty"
},
{
"id": "19297474",
"text": "to pioneer a route through the Transantarctic Mountains, reaching a point from the South Pole. The expedition commemorated the centenary of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition. He returned to the Antarctic in 2011, leading a team of six in retracing Roald Amundsen's successful journey in 1912 to the South Pole, marking its centenary. In completing the route, he became the first person to have successfully undertaken the routes taken by Shackleton, Robert Falcon Scott and Amundsen. Worsley's intention was to follow in the spirit of his hero, Shackleton, and before starting the trip raised over £100,000 for the Endeavour Fund, set up",
"title": "Henry Worsley (explorer)"
},
{
"id": "15433935",
"text": "1901–1904 and Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913. In between, Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition also used Lyttelton as the base for their attempt to reach the South Pole, but they failed to get there. The objective of the Terra Nova Expedition was to be the first to reach the geographical South Pole. Scott and four companions reached the pole on 1912, to find that a Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 33 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole. Their deaths resulted in them being treated as heroes throughout the British Empire. The",
"title": "Scott Statue"
},
{
"id": "11384865",
"text": "and revealed their true Antarctic destination only when \"Fram\" was leaving their last port of call, Madeira. Amundsen made his Antarctic base, which he named \"Framheim\", in the Bay of Whales on the Great Ice Barrier. After months of preparation, depot-laying and a false start that ended in near-disaster, he and his party set out for the pole in October 1911. In the course of their journey they discovered the Axel Heiberg Glacier, which provided their route to the polar plateau and ultimately to the South Pole. The party's mastery of the use of skis and their expertise with sled",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "18170760",
"text": "with Stein P. Aasheim, Harald Dag Jølle and Vegard Ulvang. The expedition followed the same route as Roald Amundsen’s expedition in 1911-12 and reached the Pole precisely 100 years after Amundsen as part of the celebration of the Nansen-Amundsen Year in 2011. In 2013, he led the International Nansen Memorial Expedition from Archangel to the Yenisei River aboard the former Russian research vessel Professor Molchanov. He took part on behalf of Norway in the Olympic Torch Relay prior to the Winter Olympics in Sochi in 2014 when it visited the North Pole in October 2013. Jan-Gunnar Winther proposed the Constitution",
"title": "Jan-Gunnar Winther"
},
{
"id": "6122756",
"text": "Amundsen Bay Amundsen Bay, also known as Ice Bay, is a long embayment wide, close west of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. The bay was seen as a large pack-filled recession in the coastline by Sir Douglas Mawson on January 14, 1930. Seen by Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in charge of a Norwegian expedition during an airplane flight on January 15 and subsequently mapped nearer its true position by the Norwegians. The bay was mapped in detail by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions party landed by aircraft in 1956 and another landed by launch from \"Thala Dan\" in",
"title": "Amundsen Bay"
},
{
"id": "4071577",
"text": "of the United States Antarctic Program (1939–41), and leader of two Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Parties (1962–63 and 1964–65) to this vicinity; Senior Scientist USARP Marie Byrd Land Survey, 1966–67 and 1967-68. Mount Wade Mount Wade is a massive mountain in Antarctica. It is the most distinctive landmark in its region and the highest in its range, standing six kilometres northwest of Mount Campbell in the Prince Olav Mountains. The mountain is easily viewed from Shackleton Glacier or the Ross Ice Shelf. The mountain was discovered by Roald Amundsen in 1911. It was photographed by Byrd on flights to the",
"title": "Mount Wade"
},
{
"id": "4071576",
"text": "Mount Wade Mount Wade is a massive mountain in Antarctica. It is the most distinctive landmark in its region and the highest in its range, standing six kilometres northwest of Mount Campbell in the Prince Olav Mountains. The mountain is easily viewed from Shackleton Glacier or the Ross Ice Shelf. The mountain was discovered by Roald Amundsen in 1911. It was photographed by Byrd on flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929. It was named by US-SCAN for F. Alton Wade (1903–78), a geologist with the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933–35). He was also senior scientist at West Base",
"title": "Mount Wade"
},
{
"id": "714430",
"text": "claim of such speed — is contradicted by companion Henson's account of tortured detours to avoid \"pressure ridges\" (ice floes' rough edges, often a few meters high) and \"leads\" (of open water between those floes). The conflicting and unverified claims of Cook and Peary prompted Roald Amundsen to take extensive precautions in navigation during his Antarctic expedition so as to leave no room for doubt concerning his 1911 attainment of the South Pole, which (like Robert Scott's a month later in 1912) was supported by the sextant, theodolite, and compass observations of several other navigators. See Polheim. In sum, Peary",
"title": "Robert Peary"
},
{
"id": "12479584",
"text": "the first maps and geological interpretations of significant areas of Antarctica. In January 1911, he led an expedition to the coastal area west of McMurdo Sound, in a region between the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the Koettlitz Glacier. He led a second successful expedition in November 1911, this time centering on the Granite Harbour region approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Butter Point. Meanwhile, Scott led a party of five on a journey to the South Pole, in a race to get there before a rival expedition led by Norwegian Roald Amundsen. They reached the Pole in January 1912,",
"title": "Thomas Griffith Taylor"
},
{
"id": "11794626",
"text": "I have felt that we have overshot our mark. No-one is to blame and I hope no attempt will be made to suggest that we had lacked support.\" (Farewell letter to Sir Edgar Speyer, cited from Karen May 2012.) Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions Between December 1911 and January 1912, both Roald Amundsen (leading his South Pole expedition) and Robert Falcon Scott (leading the Terra Nova Expedition) reached the South Pole within a month of each other. But while Scott and his four companions died on the return journey, Amundsen's party managed to reach the geographic south pole",
"title": "Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions"
},
{
"id": "3222350",
"text": "with five others were invited to France to compete with the best skiers of Europe. On this trip, Bjaaland by chance met Roald Amundsen. The already-successful explorer invited Bjaaland to join his forthcoming expedition to the North Pole. Bjaaland was thrilled, and still believing that they were heading to the North Pole. However, they left Oslo, Norway on 7 June 1910 heading south to race for the Antarctic pole against Robert Falcon Scott. Bjaaland was a skilled carpenter, and on the trip he managed to reduce the prefabricated sledges bought in Oslo (Scott had bought the same type of sledges",
"title": "Olav Bjaaland"
},
{
"id": "11384894",
"text": "response. Although Nansen gave his blessing and warm approval, Amundsen's actions were with few exceptions condemned by press and public, and funding dried up almost completely. Reactions in Britain were predictably adverse; an initial disbelief expressed by Keltie soon turned to anger and scorn. \"I have sent full details of Amundsen's underhand conduct to Scott ... If I was Scott I would not let them land\", wrote Sir Clements Markham, the influential former RGS president. Unaware of the world's reactions, \"Fram\" sailed south for four months. The first icebergs were sighted on New Year's Day 1911; the Barrier itself came",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "14092950",
"text": "Pole, accompanied by his employee Matthew Henson and four Inuit men Ootah, Seegloo, Egingway, and Ooqueah (although whether he actually reached the Pole is doubted by some). Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had planned to reach the North Pole by means of an extended drift in an icebound ship. He obtained the use of Fridtjof Nansen's polar exploration ship \"Fram\", and undertook extensive fundraising. Preparations for this expedition were disrupted when Cook and Peary each claimed to have reached the North Pole. Amundsen then changed his plan and began to prepare for a conquest of the geographic South Pole; uncertain of",
"title": "Polar exploration"
},
{
"id": "11794589",
"text": "Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions Between December 1911 and January 1912, both Roald Amundsen (leading his South Pole expedition) and Robert Falcon Scott (leading the Terra Nova Expedition) reached the South Pole within a month of each other. But while Scott and his four companions died on the return journey, Amundsen's party managed to reach the geographic south pole first and subsequently return to their base camp at Framheim without loss of life, suggesting that they were better prepared for the expedition. The contrasting fates of the two teams seeking the same prize at the same time invites",
"title": "Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions"
},
{
"id": "7332170",
"text": "of the party, two posthumously. Shackleton later wrote that those who died \"gave their lives for their country as surely as those who gave up their lives in France or Flanders.\" After the conquest of the South Pole by Roald Amundsen in December 1911 Shackleton, who had sought this achievement himself, was forced to rethink his polar ambitions. He believed that there remained \"one great main objective of Antarctic journeyings—the crossing of the South Polar continent from sea to sea.\" Basing his strategy on plans developed earlier by the Scottish explorer William Spiers Bruce, Shackleton planned to land with his",
"title": "Ross Sea party"
},
{
"id": "354753",
"text": "miles (800 km) away, Eagle City, Alaska, had a telegraph station; Amundsen traveled there (and back) overland to wire a success message (collect) on 5 December 1905. His team reached Nome in 1906. Because the water along the route was sometimes as shallow as , a larger ship could not have made the voyage. At this time, Amundsen learned that Norway had formally become independent of Sweden and had a new king. The explorer sent the new King Haakon VII news that his traversing the Northwest Passage \"was a great achievement for Norway\". He said he hoped to do more",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "5718241",
"text": "to beat the Norwegian Roald Amundsen to the South Pole in 1911 was considered a blot on Britain's reputation in polar exploration. Shackleton's expedition was intended to return the country to the forefront of Antarctic endeavour. He set up his headquarters at Burlington Road in London, and was interviewing candidates for the expedition. One available position was that of captain for the expedition's vessel, the \"Endurance\". Worsley, in London while awaiting a new berth, joined the expedition as a result of a dream, in which he was navigating a ship around icebergs drifting down Burlington Street. He took it as",
"title": "Frank Worsley"
},
{
"id": "354754",
"text": "and signed it \"Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen.\" The crew returned to Oslo in November 1906, after almost 3.5 years abroad. It took until 1972 to have the \"Gjøa\" returned to Norway. After a 45-day trip from San Francisco on a bulk carrier, the \"Gjøa\" was placed in her current location on land, outside the Fram Museum in Oslo. Amundsen next planned to take an expedition to the North Pole and explore the Arctic Basin. Finding it difficult to raise funds, when he heard in 1909 that the Americans Frederick Cook and Robert Peary had claimed to reach the North",
"title": "Roald Amundsen"
},
{
"id": "7790563",
"text": "Farewell Arctic expedition, Hartley discovered Nyskjæret, an island about the size of a football field, in the archipelago of Svalbard, a Norwegian territory in the Arctic Ocean. The island had been revealed from within the melting ice of a retreating glacier and Hartley was the first human to stand on it. He originally called it Nymark (meaning 'new land') and the Norwegian Polar Institute has since recognised the island as Nyskjæret and included it on all maps and charts subsequent to its discovery. In September 2011 he returned to the island with permission from the Governor of Svalbard to declare",
"title": "Alex Hartley"
},
{
"id": "11794610",
"text": "had travelled nearly in the same area, during the same time period and same temperatures, using a dog team. Scott also blamed \"a prolonged blizzard\". But while there is evidence to support the low temperatures, there is only evidence for a \"normal\" two- to four-day blizzard, and not the ten days that Scott claims. During depot laying in February 1911, Roald Amundsen had his first (and last) of his route marked like a Norwegian ski course using marker flags initially every eight miles. He added to this by using food containers painted black, resulting in a marker every mile. From",
"title": "Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions"
},
{
"id": "11384940",
"text": "South Pole Station, to honour the memories of both polar pioneers. In a paper published 100 years after the Amundsen expedition, researchers claimed that the tent and flags are buried under of ice and about a minute of latitude north of the South Pole, or about one nautical mile. Scott's party was the last to see the tent, which they found on 18 January 1912. Henry Robertson Bowers took a photo of the tent, but died returning from the Pole. Notes References Amundsen's South Pole expedition The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
},
{
"id": "4152017",
"text": "Antarctic Plateau The Antarctic Plateau, or Polar Plateau or Haakon VII Plateau, is a large area of East Antarctica which extends over a diameter of about , and includes the region of the geographic South Pole and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. This huge continental plateau is at an average elevation of about high. This plateau was first sighted in 1903 during the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic, which was led by Robert Falcon Scott. Ernest Shackleton became the first to cross parts of this plateau in 1909 during his Nimrod Expedition, which turned back in bad weather when it",
"title": "Antarctic Plateau"
},
{
"id": "15039596",
"text": "Johansen Peak Johansen Peak () is a prominent peak, high, standing east-southeast of Mount Grier in the La Gorce Mountains of the Queen Maud Mountains in Antarctica. It was discovered by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd on the South Pole Flight of November 28–29, 1929, and mapped in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn. The peak was so named in an attempt to reconcile Byrd's discoveries with the names applied by Roald Amundsen in 1911. Amundsen had named a peak in the general vicinity for Hjalmar Johansen, a member of the Eastern Sledge Party",
"title": "Johansen Peak"
},
{
"id": "13277120",
"text": "1948 preface to his book, also rediscovered in 2012, he admits to the existence of Scott's order, and explains that Scott's order could not have been carried out because insufficient dog food had been laid out (this was Cecil Meares's responsibility, being the dog-driver and the recipient of Scott's order) and because one of the base camp team, Atkinson, was too exhausted at the specified time of departure. Robert Falcon Scott and four companions reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, to find that they had been forestalled by a Norwegian party led by Roald Amundsen, who had arrived",
"title": "Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: South context: south at midday. True south is the direction towards the sun end of the axis about which the Earth rotates, called the South Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica. Magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, after Ernest Shackleton from the UK was forced to turn back some distance short. The Global South refers to the socially and economically less-developed southern half of the globe. 95% of the Global North has\n\nOn December 14, 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to visit where?",
"compressed_tokens": 190,
"origin_tokens": 190,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ross Sea context: Sea was discovered by James Ross in 1841. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island with the Mt. Erebus volcano, in the east Roosevelt Island. The southern part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf. Roald Amundsen started his South Pole expedition in 1911 from the Bay of Whales, which was located at the shelf. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice during the summer. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is approximately two hundred miles from the geographic South Pole.\n\ntitle: Amund Coast context: He was the first South Pole December 14, 191. Amundsen Coast Amundsen Coast is portion of the to the south of the Ice Sh Peak, on the east side of Liv Glacier, and the west side of the Scott Glacier Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Captain Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer led own expedition in 19–12 to the Antarctic Setting up aramheim at the edge of Ross Ice Shelf sledged southward across the shelf and discovered a route up\n\ntitle: AmundsenScott South Pole context: AmundScott Pole Station The AmundScott South Pole is United States scientific research at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the. The station is located on high plate Antarctica at an elevation,83 (9,0 feet sea is administered Pol the National Science Foundation under the United AntarUS). is in honor of Norwegian Roald Amundsenman Robert. Scott, who separate raced to become the to the South P in the early1.\n Majororations the ofovery: reached 1 – forced. first the Norwegian and party,.heim and the entire \"K\" in Scott had also returned his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, in a race against Amundsen to the Pole. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On\n\nOn December 14, 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to visit where?",
"compressed_tokens": 485,
"origin_tokens": 14607,
"ratio": "30.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,712 | What's the defining characteristic of an ungulate animal? | [
"It has hooves"
] | It has hooves | [
{
"id": "433689",
"text": "Ungulate Ungulates (pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotamuses. Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, \"being hoofed\" or \"hoofed animal\". As a descriptive term, \"ungulate\" normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433710",
"text": "animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. In most modern ungulates, the radius and ulna are fused along the length of the forelimb; early ungulates, such as the arctocyonids, did not share this unique skeletal structure. The fusion of the radius and ulna prevents an ungulate from rotating its forelimb. Since this skeletal structure has no specific function in ungulates, it is considered a homologous characteristic that ungulates share with other mammals. This trait would have been passed down from a common",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "79785",
"text": "million animals, most of which are domesticated. The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 1400, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia. Camel A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus \"Camelus\" that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as \"humps\" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, as livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from hair). As working animals, camels—which are uniquely suited to",
"title": "Camel"
},
{
"id": "2514248",
"text": "Hoof A hoof ( or ), plural \"hooves\" ( or ) or \"hoofs\" , is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering. Artiodactyls are even-toed ungulates, meaning that these species have an even number of digits on each foot. Ruminants, with two main digits, are the largest group. Examples include deer, bison, cattle, goats and sheep. Perissodactyls have an odd number of toes. Examples of perissodactyl mammals are horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs. Hooves are generally cited as limb structures restricted to placental mammals, which unlike other mammal groups undergo prolonged pregnancies.",
"title": "Hoof"
},
{
"id": "1956266",
"text": "orange colour of the rump. It then crouches, droops its wings, and lowers its tail. With an increasing intensity, the wings are held higher, the tail is fanned out, and the tail becomes more depressed. Another behaviour that has received attention is the \"ungulate display\", where the adult raises its wings, exposes its rump, lowers its head, and charges at the intruder. This can be fatal, however, to the displaying bird. The intensity of the responses to predators varies throughout the breeding season. During egg-laying, the most common response to predators is to quietly leave the nest. As incubation starts",
"title": "Killdeer"
},
{
"id": "13451377",
"text": "Ungula In solid geometry, an ungula is a section or part of a solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to its base. A common instance is the spherical wedge. The term \"ungula\" refers to the hoof of a horse, an anatomical feature that defines a class of mammals called ungulates. The volume of an ungula of a cylinder was calculated by Grégoire de Saint Vincent. Two cylinders with equal radii and perpendicular axes intersect in four double ungulae. The bicylinder formed by the intersection had been measured by Archimedes in The Method of Mechanical Theorems, but the",
"title": "Ungula"
},
{
"id": "433697",
"text": "are known from the northern Pacific Rim, from southern Japan through Russia, the Aleutian Islands and the Pacific coast of North America to the southern tip of Baja California. Their dental and skeletal form suggests desmostylians were aquatic herbivores dependent on littoral habitats. Their name refers to their highly distinctive molars, in which each cusp was modified into hollow columns, so that a typical molar would have resembled a cluster of pipes, or in the case of worn molars, volcanoes. They are the only marine mammals to have gone extinct. The South American meridiungulates contain the somewhat tapir-like pyrotheres and",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "718075",
"text": "snouts. Like pigs, they have four toes, but unlike pigs, all of the toes are used in walking. Hippopotamids are unguligrade, although, unlike most other such animals, they have no hooves, instead using a pad of tough connective tissue on each foot. Their stomachs have three chambers, but they are not true ruminants. The living species are smooth-skinned and lack both sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The outer epidermis is relatively thin, so hippos dehydrate rapidly in dry environments. Both the incisors and canines are large and tusk-like, although the canine tusks are by far the larger. The tusks grow",
"title": "Hippopotamidae"
},
{
"id": "572762",
"text": "mouse deer, often reaches a body length of only and a weight of . The largest member, the hippopotamus, can grow up to in length and weigh , and the giraffe can grow to be tall and in body length. All even-toed ungulates display some form of sexual dimorphism: the males are consistently larger and heavier than the females. In deer, only the males boast antlers, and the horns of bovines are usually small or not present in females. Male Indian antelopes have a much darker coat than females. Almost all even-toed ungulates have fur, with an exception being the",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "79743",
"text": "Camel A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus \"Camelus\" that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as \"humps\" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, as livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from hair). As working animals, camels—which are uniquely suited to their desert habitats—are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three surviving species of camel. The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up the remainder. The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is",
"title": "Camel"
},
{
"id": "79746",
"text": "The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in its throat, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth. Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position. Camels do not directly store water in their humps; they are reservoirs",
"title": "Camel"
},
{
"id": "433721",
"text": "are unique when compared to their relatives. Each \"horn\" of the pronghorn is composed of a slender, laterally flattened blade of bone that grows from the frontal bones of the skull, forming a permanent core. As in the Giraffidae, skin covers the bony cores, but in the pronghorn it develops into a keratinous sheath which is shed and regrown on an annual basis. Unlike the horns of the family Bovidae, the horn sheaths of the pronghorn are branched, each sheath possessing a forward-pointing tine (hence the name pronghorn). The horns of males are well developed. Many of the world’s ungulate",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "3170421",
"text": "limbs, the proximal bones of ungulates are short and the distal bones long to provide length of stride; proximally, large and short muscles provide rapidity of step. The odd-toed ungulates, such as the horse, use a single third toe for weight-bearing and have significantly reduced metacarpals. Even-toed ungulates, such as the giraffe, uses both their third and fourth toes but a single completely fused phalanx bone for weight-bearing. Ungulates whose habitat does not require fast running on hard terrain, for example the hippopotamus, have maintained four digits. In species in the order Carnivora, some of which are insectivores rather than",
"title": "Upper limb"
},
{
"id": "2514255",
"text": "behind infertility and mastitis, is the biggest cause of economic loss to a dairy farmer. Hoof care is most well known with the equine industry. Problems that can arise with poor horse hoof care include hoof cracks, thrush, abscesses and laminitis. Hooves have historical significance in ceremonies and games. They have been used in burial ceremonies. Hoof A hoof ( or ), plural \"hooves\" ( or ) or \"hoofs\" , is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering. Artiodactyls are even-toed ungulates, meaning that these species have an even number of",
"title": "Hoof"
},
{
"id": "2150869",
"text": "Dromedary The dromedary ( or ), also called the Arabian camel (\"Camelus dromedarius\"), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. The dromedary is the tallest of the three species of camel; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. Males typically weigh between , and females weigh between . The species' distinctive features include its long, curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump (compared with two on the Bactrian camel and wild Bactrian camel), and long hairs on the throat, shoulders and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, tall",
"title": "Dromedary"
},
{
"id": "433719",
"text": "male secondary sexual traits in the animal kingdom, and grow faster than any other mammal bone. Growth occurs at the tip, and is initially cartilage, which is mineralized to become bone. Once the antler has achieved its full size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. In most cases, the bone at the base is destroyed by osteoclasts and the antlers fall off at some point. As a result of their fast growth rate, antlers are considered a handicap since there is an incredible nutritional demand on deer to re-grow",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "572769",
"text": "and hippopotamuses have a relatively large number of teeth (with some pigs having 44); their dentition is more adapted to a squeezing mastication, which is characteristic of omnivores. Camels and ruminants have fewer teeth; there is often a yawning diastema, a designated gap in the teeth where the molars are aligned for crushing plant matter. The incisors are often reduced in ruminants, and are completely absent in the upper jaw. The canines are enlarged and tusk-like in the Suina, and are used for digging in the ground and for defense. In ruminants, the males' upper canines are enlarged and used",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "2514253",
"text": "hard or rubbery sole with a hard wall formed by a thick nail – instead it is a soft toe with little more than a nail merely having an appearance of a hoof. Some odd-toed ungulates (equids) have one hoof on each foot; others have (or had) three distinct hooved or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dewclaws. The tapir is a special case, having three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot. Hooves grow continuously. In nature, wild animals are capable of wearing down the hoof as it continuously grows, but captive",
"title": "Hoof"
},
{
"id": "433716",
"text": "sexual display seen in pigs and peccaries, some species of deer, musk deer, hippopotamuses, beaked whales and the Narwhal, with its long canine tooth. Ungulates evolved a variety of cranial appendages that today can be found in cervoids (with the exception of musk deer). In oxen and antelope, the size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433722",
"text": "species exist only in relatively small populations in which some degree of inbreeding inevitably occurs. A study of 16 species of captive ungulates revealed that juvenile survival of inbred young is generally lower than that of non-inbred young. (Also see Inbreeding depression). These findings have implications for the genetic management of small ungulate populations. Ungulate Ungulates (pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotamuses. Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes, usually",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "317671",
"text": "are grey or brown, although zebras and young tapirs are striped. The main axes of both the front and rear feet pass through the third toe, which is always the largest. The remaining toes have been reduced in size to varying degrees. Tapirs, which are adapted to walking on soft ground, have four toes on their fore feet and three on their hind feet. Living rhinos have three toes on both the front and hind feet. Modern equines possess only a single toe; however, their feet are equipped with hooves, which almost completely cover the toe. Rhinos and tapirs, by",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433709",
"text": "the ocean depths; grasslands to deserts and some have been domesticated by humans. Ungulates have developed specialized adaptations, especially in the areas of cranial appendages, dentition, and leg morphology including the modification of the astragalus (one of the ankle bones at the end of the lower leg) with a short, robust head. The hoof is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "2274786",
"text": "of eusocial insects such as ants, bees, and wasps are immobile and helpless grubs that are completely dependent on the workers tending to them. At the opposite end of the spectrum are precocial animals in which the young have open eyes, have hair or down, have large brains, and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to flee from, or defend themselves against, predators. For example, with ground-nesting birds such as ducks or turkeys, the young are ready to leave the nest in one or two days. Among mammals, most ungulates are precocial, being able to walk almost immediately after birth.",
"title": "Altriciality"
},
{
"id": "572763",
"text": "nearly hairless hippopotamus. Fur varies in length and coloration depending on the habitat. Species in cooler regions can shed their coat. Camouflaged coats come in colors of yellow, gray, brown, or black tones. Even-toed ungulates bear their name because they have an even number of toes (two or four) – in some peccaries, the hind legs have a reduction in the number of toes to three. The central axis of the leg is between the third and fourth toe. The first toe is missing in modern artiodactyls, and can only be found in now-extinct genera. The second and fifth toes",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "5728963",
"text": "the species: Domestic pig The domestic pig (\"Sus scrofa domesticus\" or only \"Sus domesticus\"), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a domesticated large, even-toed ungulate. It is variously considered a subspecies of the wild boar or a distinct species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body-length ranges from , and adult pigs typically weigh between , with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of a hog largely depends on its breed. Compared to other artiodactyls, its head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts.",
"title": "Domestic pig"
},
{
"id": "2121529",
"text": "have true canine teeth and tusk-like premolars, which are separated from the molars by a gap. The musculature of the hind limbs differs from those of other ungulates in that the legs are attached to the body only at the top of the thigh, rather than attached by skin and muscle from the knee upwards. Because of this, camelids have to lie down by resting on their knees with their legs tucked underneath their bodies. They have three-chambered stomachs, rather than four-chambered ones; their upper lips are split in two, with each part separately mobile; and, uniquely among mammals, their",
"title": "Camelid"
},
{
"id": "55413",
"text": "animals in North America and Europe. They are typical artiodactyl (cloven hooved) ungulates, and are similar in appearance to other bovines such as cattle and true buffalo. They are broad and muscular with shaggy coats of long hair. Adults grow to approximately in length and can weigh from approximately in smaller cows, up to in large bulls. American bison tend to be slightly heavier than European bison, while European bison tend to be taller than American bison. Bison are nomadic grazers and travel in herds. The bulls leave the herds of females at two or three years of age, and",
"title": "Bison"
},
{
"id": "13451379",
"text": "and formula_3 Then For a cone of height \"h\" on the unit disk, the intersection is found from formula_5 Using the area of a triangle with base 1 and height \"z\" produces a volume Ungula In solid geometry, an ungula is a section or part of a solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to its base. A common instance is the spherical wedge. The term \"ungula\" refers to the hoof of a horse, an anatomical feature that defines a class of mammals called ungulates. The volume of an ungula of a cylinder was calculated by Grégoire de",
"title": "Ungula"
},
{
"id": "5728924",
"text": "Domestic pig The domestic pig (\"Sus scrofa domesticus\" or only \"Sus domesticus\"), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a domesticated large, even-toed ungulate. It is variously considered a subspecies of the wild boar or a distinct species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body-length ranges from , and adult pigs typically weigh between , with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of a hog largely depends on its breed. Compared to other artiodactyls, its head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Even-toed ungulates",
"title": "Domestic pig"
},
{
"id": "840191",
"text": "allows their internal body temperatures to adjust to the harsh temperatures of the Himalayan Mountains. As a member of the ungulate group of mammals, the Himalayan tahr possesses an even number of toes. They have adapted the unique ability to grasp both smooth and rough surfaces that are typical of the mountainous terrain on which they reside. This useful characteristic also helps their mobility. The hooves of the tahr have a rubber-like core which allows for gripping smooth rocks while keratin at the rim of their hooves allow increased hoof durability, which is important for traversing the rocky ground. This",
"title": "Himalayan tahr"
},
{
"id": "433714",
"text": "up-and-down motion with the tail fin, called the fluke, which is used for propulsion, while the pectoral fins together with the entire tail section provide directional control. All modern cetaceans still retain their digits despite the external appearance suggesting otherwise. Most ungulates have developed reduced canine teeth and specialized molars, including bunodont (low, rounded cusps) and hypsodont (high crowned) teeth. The development of hypsodonty has been of particular interest as this adaptation was strongly associated with the spread of grasslands during the Miocene about 25 million years. As forest biomes declined, grasslands spread, opening new niches for mammals. Many ungulates",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "4880348",
"text": "peccaries, the Chacoan peccary has many pig-like features. It is an ungulate with a well-formed rostrum with a tough leathery snout. The bristle-like hair is generally brown to almost gray. A dark stripe runs across the back, and white fur is on the shoulders. Chacoan peccaries differ from other peccary species by having longer ears, snouts, and tails. It has white hairs around the mouth, unlike other peccaries. \"Catagonus wagneri\" also has a third hind toe, but other peccaries only have two. The hypsodont teeth follow this dental formula: 2/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3. The upper canines display the distinguishing trait",
"title": "Chacoan peccary"
},
{
"id": "3725873",
"text": "investors are those who deliberately choose to invest or speculate counter to the \"herd\". Herd A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic. The form of collective animal behavior associated with this is referred to as \"herding\". The term \"herd\" is generally applied to mammals, and most particularly to the grazing ungulates that classically display this behaviour. Different terms are used for similar groupings in other species; in the case of birds, for example, the word is \"flocking\", but \"flock\" may also be used, in certain instances, for mammals, particularly sheep",
"title": "Herd"
},
{
"id": "6374991",
"text": "possess true \"hooves\" – it walks on soft toes which have little more than a nail merely giving an appearance of a \"hoof\". Similarly, the pig, although it has cloven true hooves, does not ruminate. Other animals such as dogs or cats exhibit neither characteristic, and are thus also forbidden for Jewish consumption. Cloven hoof A cloven hoof, cleft hoof, divided hoof or split hoof is a hoof split into two toes. This is found on members of the mammalian order \"Artiodactyla\". Examples of mammals that possess this type of hoof are cattle, deer, antelopes, gazelles, goats, and sheep. In",
"title": "Cloven hoof"
},
{
"id": "317677",
"text": "mainly tropical rainforests. Rhinos tend to live alone in rather dry savannas, and in Asia, wet marsh or forest areas. Horses inhabit open areas such as grasslands, steppes, or semideserts, and live together in groups. Odd-toed ungulates are exclusively herbivores that feed, to varying degrees, on grasses, leaves, and other plant parts. A distinction is often made between primarily grass feeders (white rhinos, equines) and leaf feeders (tapirs, other rhinos). Odd-toed ungulates are characterized by a long gestation period and a small litter size, usually delivering a single young. The gestation period is 330–500 days, being longest in the rhinos.",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433715",
"text": "switched from browsing diets to grazing diets, and possibly driven by abrasive silica in grass, hypsodonty became common. However, recent evidence ties the evolution of hyspodonty to open, gritty habitats and not the grass itself. This is termed the Grit, not grass hypothesis. Some ungulates completely lack upper incisors and instead have a dental pad to assist in browsing. It can be found in camels, ruminants, and some toothed whales; modern baleen whales are remarkable in that they have baleen instead to filter out the krill from the water. On the other spectrum teeth have been evolved as weapons or",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "50569",
"text": "brown bears are quite self-assured predators who habitually pursue and catch large prey items, mainly ungulates. Such bears are usually taught how to hunt by their mothers from an early age. They are the most regular predator of ungulates among extant bear species. The extent of hunting behavior differs by region. For example, in Slovenia, ungulate meat was four times more likely to be obtained as carrion than through hunting, while on the contrary in east-central Alaska, live hunting of ungulates was four times more likely than scavenging of carrion. The extent of carnivory in brown bears has been proven",
"title": "Brown bear"
},
{
"id": "433720",
"text": "antlers annually, and thus can be honest signals of metabolic efficiency and food gathering capability. Ossicones are horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances that can be found on the heads of giraffes and male okapis today. They are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, save that they are derived from ossified cartilage, and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horn. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed \"velvet\", is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. Pronghorn",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "572779",
"text": "common offspring. In other species, the females and juveniles stay together, while males are solitary or live in bachelor groups and seek out females only during mating season. Many artiodactyls are territorial and mark their territory, for example, with glandular secretions or urine. In addition to year-round sedentary species, there are animals that migrate seasonally. There are diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal artiodactyls. Some species' pattern of wakefulness varies with season or habitat. Generally, even-toed ungulates tend to have long gestation periods, smaller litter sizes, and more highly developed newborns. As with many other mammals, species in temperate or polar regions",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "2976334",
"text": "hunt as much as lions, and with later studies this has been shown to be the average in all areas of Africa. However spotted hyenas remain being mislabeled as scavengers, often even by ecologists and wildlife documentary channels. The spotted hyena is very efficient at eating its prey; not only is it able to splinter and eat the largest ungulate bones, it is also able to digest them completely. Spotted hyenas can digest all organic components in bones, not just the marrow. Any inorganic material is excreted with the faeces, which consist almost entirely of a white powder with few",
"title": "Spotted hyena"
},
{
"id": "317672",
"text": "contrast, have hooves covering only the leading edge of the toes, with the bottom being soft. The ulnae and fibulae are reduced in horses. A common feature that clearly distinguishes this group from other mammals is the saddle-shaped ankle between the astragalus and the scaphoid, which greatly restricts the mobility of the foot. The thigh is relatively short, and the clavicle is absent. Odd-toed ungulates have a long upper jaw with an extended diastema between the front and cheek teeth, giving them an elongated head. The various forms of snout between families are due to differences in the form of",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "6390480",
"text": "from source. Mating occurs in August and September, and female roe deer are the only ungulates to undergo embryonic diapause. Embryonic implantation takes place in January and gestation lasts 280–300 days. Females usually have two young at a time, which are weaned after 4–5 months. Females reach sexual maturity in their first year of age but usually do not breed until their second. Males usually mate in their third year of life. The life-span the Siberian roe deer does not usually exceed 10 years. Males mark their territory with olfactory marks, using secretion glands on the head skin, which they",
"title": "Siberian roe deer"
},
{
"id": "12418547",
"text": "a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats. An exception to this is the Boer goat, which sometimes may have up to eight teats. Goats have horizontal, slit-shaped pupils. Because goats' irises are usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris and sclera. Both male and",
"title": "Goat"
},
{
"id": "572780",
"text": "have a fixed mating season, while those in tropical areas breed year-round. They carry out polygynous mating behavior, meaning a male mates with several females and suppresses all competition. The length of the gestation period varies from four to five months for porcine, deer, and musk deer; six to ten months for hippos, deer, and bovines; ten to thirteen months with camels; and fourteen to fifteen months with giraffes. Most deliver one or two babies, but some pigs can deliver up to ten. The newborns are precocial (born relatively mature) and come with open eyes and are hairy (with the",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "4379098",
"text": "suggests that widened distal phalanges were developed in arboreal primates, rather than in quadrupedal terrestrial primates. In ungulates (hoofed mammals) the forelimb is optimized for speed and endurance by a combination of length of stride and rapid step; the proximal forelimb segments are short with large muscles, while the distal segments are elongated with less musculature. In two of the major groups of ungulates, odd-toed and even-toed ungulates, what remain of the \"hands\" — the metacarpal and phalangeal bones — are elongated to the extent that they serve little use beyond locomotion. The giraffe, the largest even-toed ungulate, has large",
"title": "Phalanx bone"
},
{
"id": "572766",
"text": "artiodactyls often have very slender legs. A clavicle is never present, and the scapula is very agile and swings back and forth for added mobility when running. The special construction of the legs causes the legs to be unable to rotate, which allows for greater stability when running at high speeds. In addition, many smaller artiodactyls have a very flexible body, contributing to their speed by increasing their stride length. Many even-toed ungulates have a relatively large head. The skull is elongated and rather narrow; the frontal bone is enlarged near the back and displaces the parietal bone, which forms",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "5731385",
"text": "meet the cloven hoof criterion. Like these animals, camels (and llamas) are ruminants with a multi-chambered stomach. Camels are even-toed ungulates, with feet split in two. However, a camel's feet form soft pads rather than hard hooves. In Islam, the eating of camel is allowed, and is indeed traditional in the Islamic heartland in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula more generally. There is a strong taboo against eating cats in many Western parts of the world, including most of the Americas and Europe. Cat meat is forbidden by Jewish and Islamic law as both religions forbid the eating of",
"title": "Food and drink prohibitions"
},
{
"id": "317673",
"text": "the premaxilla. The lacrimal bone has projecting cusps in the eye sockets and a wide contact with the nasal bone. The temporomandibular joint is high and the mandible is enlarged. Rhinos have one or two horns made of agglutinated keratin, unlike the horns of even-toed ungulates, which have a bony core. The number and form of the teeth vary according to diet. The incisors and canines can be very small or completely absent, as in the two African species of rhinoceros. In the horses, usually only the males possess canines. The surface shape and height of the molars is heavily",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "2609148",
"text": "Wrist\". The calcification of the unciform bone is seen on X-rays during puberty and is sometimes used in orthodontics to determine if an adolescent patient is suitable for orthognathic intervention (i.e. before or at their growth spurt). The etymology derives from the Latin \"hamatus\" \"hooked,\" from \"hamus\" which means \"hook\". Hamate bone The hamate bone or unciform bone (from Latin \"uncus\", \"hook\") is a bone in the human wrist readily distinguishable by its wedge shape and a hook-like process (\"hamulus\") projecting from its palmar surface. The hamate is an irregularly shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The hamate is",
"title": "Hamate bone"
},
{
"id": "572746",
"text": "Even-toed ungulate The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla, ) are ungulates (hoofed animals) whose weight is borne equally by the third and fourth toes. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, bear their weight primarily on their third toes. The aquatic cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) evolved from even-toed ungulates, so modern taxonomic classification sometimes combines the Artiodactyla and Cetacea into the Cetartiodactyla. Excluding whales, the roughly 220 artiodactyl species include pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, llamas, alpacas, mouse deer, deer, giraffes, antelopes, sheep, goats, and cattle, many of which are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans. The oldest fossils",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "572770",
"text": "as a weapon in certain species (mouse deer, musk deer, water deer); species with frontal weapons are usually missing the upper canines. The lower canines of ruminants resemble the incisors, so that these animals have eight uniform teeth in the frontal part of the lower jaw. The molars of porcine have only a few bumps. In contrast, the camels and ruminants have bumps that are crescent-shaped cusps (selenodont). Artiodactyls have a well-developed sense of smell and sense of hearing. Unlike many other mammals, they have a poor sense of sight – moving objects are much easier to see than stationary",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "572764",
"text": "are adapted differently between species: in the hippos, they are directed forward and fully functional; for the other even-toed ungulates, they face backwards or are completely reduced. For pigs and deer, the toes are still in contact with soft, muddy ground and increase the contact surface area. In most cases, however, they no longer touch the ground. In some groups, like the camels and giraffes, regression has progressed so far that the second and fifth toe are not even present. When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails (while both are made of keratin, claws",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "163492",
"text": "Giraffe The giraffe (\"Giraffa\") is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants. The genus currently consists of one species, \"Giraffa camelopardalis\", the type species. Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known from fossils. Taxonomic classifications of one to eight extant giraffe species have been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of \"Giraffa,\" but the IUCN currently recognises only one species with nine subspecies. The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive",
"title": "Giraffe"
},
{
"id": "605978",
"text": "buffaloes are distinguished, with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes. Thus: Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language (for example, Arapaho possesses gender-neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk, mule deer, etc.), and so presumably is due to the special significance of the buffalo in Plains Indian life and culture. A bison has a shaggy, long, dark-brown winter coat, and a lighter-weight, lighter-brown summer coat. As is typical in ungulates, the male bison is slightly larger than the female and, in some cases, can",
"title": "American bison"
},
{
"id": "19045124",
"text": "kneading. This behaviour develops throughout the animals life and is not only found in cats. It has also been found in other carnivorous mammals and some ungulates. Bunting in ungulates has no olfactory function but may have a role in the weaning of young. When a juvenile is nursing from its mother, it will bunt the udder with its head. This is to stimulate milk production or \"let down\" and causes some pain to the mother when the bunting movement is frequently performed. Over time, there is an increase in the number of times the udder is bunted by the",
"title": "Bunting (animal behavior)"
},
{
"id": "50572",
"text": "a danger primarily to young, spring neonatal ungulates in the first couple of days of life, when they have undeveloped legs and cannot run at full speed, young ungulates may be pursued well into summer or fall after they have developed running abilities. Most attacks on adult ungulates occur when the prey has some variety of physical disadvantage. When emerging from hibernation, brown bears, whose broad paws allow them to walk over most ice and snow, may pursue large prey such as moose, whose hooves cannot support them on encrusted snow. Similarly, predatory attacks on large prey sometimes occur at",
"title": "Brown bear"
},
{
"id": "433711",
"text": "ancestor. While the two orders of ungulates colloquial names are based on the number of toes of their members (\"odd-toed\" for the perissodactyls and \"even-toed\" for the terrestrial artiodactyls), it is not an accurate reason they are grouped. Tapirs have four toes in the front, yet they are members of the \"odd-toed\" order; peccaries and modern cetaceans are members of the \"even-toed\" order, yet peccaries have three toes in the front and whales are an extreme example as they have flippers instead of hooves. Scientists had classified them according to the distribution of their weight to their toes. Perissodactyls have",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "2150930",
"text": "whereas a Bactrian camel has an annual yield of nearly . Dromedaries under the age of two years have a fine undercoat that tends to fall off and should be cropped by hand. Little information about camel hides has been collected but they are usually of inferior quality and are less preferred for manufacturing leather. Dromedary The dromedary ( or ), also called the Arabian camel (\"Camelus dromedarius\"), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. The dromedary is the tallest of the three species of camel; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall.",
"title": "Dromedary"
},
{
"id": "108878",
"text": "bite to the throat. They occasionally blind their prey by attacking the eyes. Serows are among the only ungulate species capable of effectively defending themselves against dhole attacks, due to their thick, protective coats and short, sharp horns capable of easily impaling dholes. They will tear open their prey's flanks and disembowel it, eating the heart, liver, lungs and some sections of the intestines. The stomach and rumen are usually left untouched. Prey weighing less than 50 kg is usually killed within two minutes, while large stags may take 15 minutes to die. Once prey is secured, dholes will tear",
"title": "Dhole"
},
{
"id": "572777",
"text": "litter size. Pigs, which have the largest litter size of all even-toed ungulates, have two rows of teats lined from the armpit to the groin area. In most cases, however, even-toed ungulates have only one or two pairs of teats. In some species, these form an udder in the groin region. Secretory glands in the skin are present in virtually all species and can be located in different places, such as in the eyes; behind the horns, the neck, or back; on the feet; or in the anal region. Artiodactyls are native to almost all parts of the world, with",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433718",
"text": "the animals skull. Antlers are unique to cervids and found mostly on males: only caribou and reindeer have antlers on the females, and these are normally smaller than those of the males. Nevertheless, fertile does from other species of deer have the capacity to produce antlers on occasion, usually due to increased testosterone levels. Each antler grows from an attachment point on the skull called a pedicle. While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone. Antlers are considered one of the most exaggerated cases of",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "17037630",
"text": "rhinos and tapirs, and many extinct families and species. Members of this order walk on either one toe (like horses) or three toes (like rhinos and tapirs). This is in contrast to even-toed ungulates, members of the order Artiodactyla, which walk on cloven hooves, or two toes. This order includes many species associated with livestock, such as sheep, goats, pigs, cows and camels, as well as species of giraffes, antelopes and deer. Equine hooves and legs have evolved over millions of years to the form in which they are found today. The original ancestors of horses had shorter legs, terminating",
"title": "Limbs of the horse"
},
{
"id": "317700",
"text": "in the wild of almost all other odd-toed ungulates species has declined dramatically because of hunting and habitat destruction. The quagga is extinct and Przewalski's horse has been eradicated in the wild. Present threat levels, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (2012): Odd-toed ungulate Members of the order Perissodactyla, also known as odd-toed ungulates, are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentation with somewhat simple stomachs. \"Perissodactyla\" comes from the Ancient Greek περισσός (\"perissós\", \"uneven\") and δάκτυλος (\"dáktylos\", \"finger, toe\"). Unlike the even-toed ungulates, they digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "5784300",
"text": "Water chevrotain The water chevrotain (\"Hyemoschus aquaticus\"), also known as the fanged deer, is a small ruminant found in tropical Africa. It is the largest of the 10 species of chevrotains, basal even-toed ungulates which are similar to deer, but are barely larger than small dogs. Unusually for most mammals, female water chevrotains are larger than males. On average, they weigh over 2 kg more than the 10-kg males. Their body length is about 85 cm, and their shoulder height is around 35 cm. Water chevrotains have a rich, sleek, red-brown coat on top, and the underside of the coat",
"title": "Water chevrotain"
},
{
"id": "3725865",
"text": "Herd A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic. The form of collective animal behavior associated with this is referred to as \"herding\". The term \"herd\" is generally applied to mammals, and most particularly to the grazing ungulates that classically display this behaviour. Different terms are used for similar groupings in other species; in the case of birds, for example, the word is \"flocking\", but \"flock\" may also be used, in certain instances, for mammals, particularly sheep or goats. A group of quail is often referred to as a covey. Large",
"title": "Herd"
},
{
"id": "5784306",
"text": "known, but recent evidence shows the population is declining in some areas. Water chevrotain The water chevrotain (\"Hyemoschus aquaticus\"), also known as the fanged deer, is a small ruminant found in tropical Africa. It is the largest of the 10 species of chevrotains, basal even-toed ungulates which are similar to deer, but are barely larger than small dogs. Unusually for most mammals, female water chevrotains are larger than males. On average, they weigh over 2 kg more than the 10-kg males. Their body length is about 85 cm, and their shoulder height is around 35 cm. Water chevrotains have a",
"title": "Water chevrotain"
},
{
"id": "572781",
"text": "exception of the hairless hippos). Juvenile deer and pigs have striped or spotted coats; the pattern disappears as they grow older. The juveniles of some species spend their first weeks with their mother in a safe location, where others may be running and following the herd within a few hours or days. The life expectancy is typically twenty to thirty years; as in many mammals, smaller species often have a shorter lifespan than larger species. The artiodactyls with the longest lifespans are the hippos, cows, and camels, which can live 40 to 50 years. Artiodactyls have different natural predators depending",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "8922657",
"text": "notably ungulates and other herbivores, for over two hundred years. Based on observational studies of dental wear in Pleistocene fossils, it has been proposed that osteophagia dates as far back as 780 thousand years ago. It has been seen in domestic animals, as well as red deer, camels, giraffes, wildebeest, antelopes, tortoises, and grizzly bears. Due to differences in tooth structure, herbivores tend to chew old dry bones that are easier to break, while carnivores prefer to chew softer fresh bones. Variations of the behavior have also been observed in humans. While osteophagy has been regarded as a beneficial behavior",
"title": "Osteophagy"
},
{
"id": "2908582",
"text": "White-tailed deer The white-tailed deer (\"Odocoileus virginianus\"), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced to New Zealand, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, the Lesser Antilles, and some countries in Europe, such as Finland, the Czech Republic, Romania and Serbia. In the Americas, it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate. In North America, the species is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains, but elsewhere, it is mostly replaced",
"title": "White-tailed deer"
},
{
"id": "572784",
"text": "ago. Today, artiodactyls are kept primarily for their meat, milk, and wool, fur, or hide for clothing. Domestic cattle, the water buffalo, the yak, and camels are used for work, as rides, or as pack animals. The endangerment level of each even-toed ungulate is different. Some species are synanthropic (such as the wild boar) and have spread into areas that they are not indigenous to, either having been brought as farm animals or having run away as people's pets. Some artiodactyls also benefit from the fact that their predators (e.g. the Tasmanian tiger) were severely decimated by ranchers, who saw",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "50358",
"text": "and eaten. The brown bear and both species of black bears sometimes take large ungulates, such as deer and bovids, mostly the young and weak. These animals may be taken by a short rush and ambush, though hiding young may be stiffed out and pounced on. The polar bear mainly preys on seals, stalking them from the ice or breaking into their dens. They primarily eat the highly digestible blubber. Large mammalian prey is typically killed by a bite to the head or neck, or (in the case of young) simply pinned down and mauled. Predatory behaviour in bears is",
"title": "Bear"
},
{
"id": "2514251",
"text": "and the stratum medium is what makes up the bulk of the hoof wall. Inside the hoof wall is a laminar junction, a soft tissue structure that allows the hoof to withstand the demands of force transmission it undergoes. This tissue structure binds the inner surface of the hoof wall, the dermis parietis and the outer surface of the third phalanx. Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison and pigs) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most of these cloven-hooved animals also have two smaller hooves called \"dewclaws\" a little further",
"title": "Hoof"
},
{
"id": "11893067",
"text": "Sheep Domestic sheep (\"Ovis aries\") are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Like most ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus \"Ovis\", in everyday usage it almost always refers to \"Ovis aries\". Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a \"ewe\" (), an intact male as a \"ram\" or occasionally a \"tup\", a castrated male as a \"wether\", and a younger sheep as a \"lamb\". Sheep are",
"title": "Sheep"
},
{
"id": "4379093",
"text": "hand, meaning that the thumb has two phalanges, whilst the other fingers each have three. In the distal phalanges of the hand the centres for the bodies appear at the distal extremities of the phalanges, instead of at the middle of the bodies, as in the other phalanges. Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify. The distal phalanges of ungulates carry and shape nails and claws and these in primates are referred to as the \"ungual phalanges\". The term phalanx or phalanges refers to an ancient Greek army formation in which",
"title": "Phalanx bone"
},
{
"id": "7130267",
"text": "placed. Most vertebrates—the amphibians, the reptiles, and some mammals such as humans and bears—are plantigrade, walking on the whole of the underside of the foot. Many mammals, such as cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed. Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement. Birds are also digitigrade. Some animals such as horses are unguligrade, walking on the tips of their toes. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed. A few mammals are also known to walk on their knuckles, at least for their front legs.",
"title": "Terrestrial locomotion"
},
{
"id": "4096274",
"text": "Japanese serow The Japanese serow (\"Capricornis crispus\") is a Japanese goat-antelope, an even-toed ungulate mammal. It is found in dense woodland in Japan, primarily in northern and central Honshu. The animal is seen as a national symbol of Japan and is subject to protection in conservation areas. Adult Japanese serow stand about tall and weigh . They are black to whitish, and colouring lightens in summer. The fur is very bushy, especially the tail. Both sexes have short, backwards-curving horns and are difficult to distinguish by sight. Japanese serow are found in dense mountain forests where they eat leaves, shoots,",
"title": "Japanese serow"
},
{
"id": "572778",
"text": "the exception of Oceania and Antarctica. Humans have introduced different artiodactyls worldwide as hunting animals. Artiodactyls inhabit almost every habitat, from tropical rain forests and steppes to deserts and high mountain regions. The greatest biodiversity prevails in open habitats such as grasslands and open forests. The social behavior of even-toed ungulates varies from species to species. Generally, there is a tendency to merge into larger groups, but some live alone or in pairs. Species living in groups often have a hierarchy, both among males and females. Some species also live in harem groups, with one male, several females, and their",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "5731430",
"text": "wasteful and decadent practice. Another explanation offered for the taboo is that pigs are omnivorous, not discerning between meat or vegetation in their natural dietary habits. The willingness to consume meat sets them apart from most other domesticated animals which are commonly eaten (cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) who would naturally eat only plants. Mary Douglas has suggested that the reason for the taboo against the pig in Judaism is three-fold: (i) it trangresses the category of ungulates, because it has a split hoof but does not chew the cud, (ii) it eats carrion and (iii) it was eaten by non-Israelites.",
"title": "Food and drink prohibitions"
},
{
"id": "433712",
"text": "a mesaxonic foot meaning that the weight is distributed on the third toe on all legs thanks to the plane symmetry of their feet. There has been reduction of toes from the common ancestor, with the classic example being horses with their single hooves. In consequence, there was an alternative name for the perissodactyls the nearly obsolete Mesaxonia. Perissodactyls are not the only lineage of mammals to have evolved this trait; the meridiungulates have evolved mesaxonic feet numerous times. Terrestrial artiodactyls have a paraxonic foot meaning that the weight is distributed on the third and the fourth toe on all",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "6588841",
"text": "weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy. This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates. This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy. Dogs have disconnected shoulder bones (lacking the collar bone of the human skeleton) that allow a greater stride length for running and leaping. They walk on four toes, front and back, and have vestigial dewclaws on their front legs and on their",
"title": "Dog anatomy"
},
{
"id": "12230565",
"text": "below. Also worth note is that a lion or other beast may additionally be described in terms of the position of its head, differently coloured parts (such as teeth, claws, tongue, etc.), or by the shape or position of its tail. A beast may be \"armed\" (horns, teeth and claws) or \"langued\" (tongue) of a tincture, while a stag may be \"attired\" (antlers) or \"unguled\" (hooves) of a tincture. The tail may be forked (\"queue fourchée\") or doubled (\"double-queued\"). In addition to the below, there may be rare or arguably, not entirely standard attitudes, such as \"a snorting bison\". A",
"title": "Attitude (heraldry)"
},
{
"id": "3170422",
"text": "carnivores, the cats are some of the most highly evolved predators designed for speed, power, and acceleration rather than stamina. Compared to ungulates, their limbs are shorter, more muscular in the distal segments, and maintain five metacarpals and digit bones; providing a greater range of movements, a more varied function and agility (e.g. climbing, swatting, and grooming). Some insectivorous species in this order have paws specialised for specific functions. The sloth bear uses their digits and large claws to tear logs open rather than kill prey. Other insectivorous species, such as the giant and red pandas, have developed large sesamoid",
"title": "Upper limb"
},
{
"id": "247157",
"text": "reptiles and some mammals such as humans and bears—are [[plantigrade]], walking on the whole of the underside of the foot. Many mammals, such as cats and dogs, are [[digitigrade]], walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed. Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement. Some animals such as [[horse]]s are [[unguligrade]], walking on the tips of their toes. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed. A few mammals, namely the great apes, are also known to [[Knuckle-walking|walk on their knuckles]], at least for their front legs. [[Giant anteater]]s and platypuses are",
"title": "Mammal"
},
{
"id": "641682",
"text": "fin, possibly an evolutionary adaptation to swimming easily under ice. Their neck vertebrae are jointed, like those of land mammals, instead of being fused together as in most whales. Both these characteristics are shared by the beluga whale. The tail flukes of female narwhals have front edges that are swept back, and those of males have front edges that are more concave and lack a sweep-back. This is thought to be an adaptation for reducing drag caused by the tusk. The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is a single long tusk, a canine tooth that projects from the",
"title": "Narwhal"
},
{
"id": "801530",
"text": "grasp prey. Because the dew claw does not touch the ground, it receives less wear and tends to be sharper and longer. A nail is homologous to a claw but is flatter and has a curved edge instead of a point. A nail that is big enough to bear weight is called a \"hoof\". (Nevertheless, one side of the cloven-hoof of artiodactyl ungulates may also be called a claw). Every so often, the growth of claws stops and restarts, as does hair. In a hair, this results in the hair falling out and being replaced by a new one. In",
"title": "Claw"
},
{
"id": "4693749",
"text": "Laminitis Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates, and is found mostly in horses and cattle. Clinical signs include foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk, increased digital pulses, and increased temperature in the hooves. Severe cases with outwardly visible clinical signs are known by the colloquial term founder, and progression of the disease may lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof or being unable to stand up requiring euthanasia. The bones of the hoof are suspended within the axial hooves of ungulates by layers of modified skin cells, known as",
"title": "Laminitis"
},
{
"id": "4693706",
"text": "Laminitis Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates, and is found mostly in horses and cattle. Clinical signs include foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk, increased digital pulses, and increased temperature in the hooves. Severe cases with outwardly visible clinical signs are known by the colloquial term founder, and progression of the disease may lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof or being unable to stand up requiring euthanasia. The bones of the hoof are suspended within the axial hooves of ungulates by layers of modified skin cells, known as",
"title": "Laminitis"
},
{
"id": "572765",
"text": "are curved and pointed while nails are flat and dull). These claws consist of three parts: the plate (top and sides), the sole (bottom), and the bale (rear). In general, the claws of the forelegs are wider and blunter than those of the hind legs, and the gape is farther apart. Aside from camels, all even-toed ungulates put just the tip of the foremost phalanx on the ground. In even-toed ungulates, the bones of the stylopodium (upper arm or thigh bone) and zygopodiums (tibia and fibula) are usually elongated. The muscles of the limbs are predominantly localized, which ensures that",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "50571",
"text": "Despite being characterized as unskilled predators with minimally-refined hunting skills, most individual bears who are routine ungulate predators have shown the ability to vary their hunting strategy and have hunting success rates comparable to other large, solitary carnivorans. Brown bears will on occasion bite or swipe at some prey in order to stun it enough to knock it over for consumption. To pick out young or infirm individuals, bears will charge at herds so the slower-moving and more vulnerable individuals will be made apparent. Brown bears may also ambush young animals by finding them via scent. Despite being characterized as",
"title": "Brown bear"
},
{
"id": "317697",
"text": "\"Solipèdes\", meaning \"one-hoof animal\". In 1861, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850) classified ungulates by the structure of their feet, differentiating those with an even number of toes from those with an odd number. He moved the horses as \"solidungulate\" over to the tapirs and rhinos as \"multungulate\" animals and referred to all of them together as \"onguligrades à doigts impairs\", coming close to the concept of the odd-toed ungulate as a systematic unit. Richard Owen (1804–1892) quoted Blainville in his study on fossil mammals of the Isle of Wight and introduced the name \"Perissodactyla\". In 1884, Othniel Charles Marsh",
"title": "Odd-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "3973458",
"text": "Digitigrade A digitigrade (), is an animal that stands or walks on its digits, or toes. Digitigrades include walking birds (what many assume to be bird knees are actually ankles), cats, dogs, and many other mammals, but not plantigrades or unguligrades. Digitigrades generally move more quickly and quietly than other animals. There are anatomical differences between the limbs of plantigrades, like humans, and both unguligrade and digitigrade limbs. Digitigrade and unguligrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which would correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human.",
"title": "Digitigrade"
},
{
"id": "2929757",
"text": "the olive baboon has an elongated, dog-like muzzle. In fact, along with the muzzle, the animal's tail () and four-legged gait can make baboons seem very canine. The tail almost looks as if it is broken, as it is erect for the first quarter, after which it drops down sharply. The bare patch of a baboon's rump, famously seen in cartoons and movies, is a good deal smaller in the olive baboon. The olive baboon, like most cercopithecines, has a cheek pouch with which to store food. The species inhabits a strip of 25 equatorial African countries, very nearly ranging",
"title": "Olive baboon"
},
{
"id": "11893150",
"text": "sicher weiden\") and Pink Floyd's \"Sheep\", and poems like William Blake's \"The Lamb\". Sheep Domestic sheep (\"Ovis aries\") are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Like most ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus \"Ovis\", in everyday usage it almost always refers to \"Ovis aries\". Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a \"ewe\" (), an intact male as a \"ram\" or occasionally a \"tup\", a castrated",
"title": "Sheep"
},
{
"id": "572757",
"text": "scientific name \"Artiodactyla\" in 1848. Internal morphology (mainly the stomach and the molars) were used for classification. Suinas (including pigs) and hippopotamuses have molars with well-developed roots and a simple stomach that digests food. Thus, they were grouped together as non-ruminants (Porcine). All other even-toed ungulates have molars with a selenodont construction (crescent-shaped cusps) and have the ability to ruminate, which requires regurgitating food and re-chewing it. Differences in stomach construction indicated that rumination evolved independently between tylopods and ruminants; therefore, tylopods were excluded from Ruminantia. The taxonomy that was widely accepted by the end of the 20th century was:",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "433708",
"text": "most part herbivores, with some of them being grazers. However, there are exceptions to this as pigs, peccaries, hippos and duikers are known to have an omnivorous diet. Some cetaceans are the only modern ungulates that are carnivores; baleen whales consume significantly smaller animals in relation to their body size, such as small species of fish and krill; toothed whales, depending on the species, can consume a wide range of species: squid, fish, sharks, and other species of mammals such as seals and other whales. In terms of ecosystem ungulates have colonized all corners of the planet, from mountains to",
"title": "Ungulate"
},
{
"id": "18073713",
"text": "prey of crowned eagles in South Africa. National Geographic recorded video depicting a crowned eagle stalking a water chevrotain (\"Hyemoschus aquaticus\") (the only African representative of a small-bodied, deer-like family) along a rainforest river but show the chevrotain evading the eagle by submerging and swimming away from it. The taking of ungulates on a large scale, unlike primates, is not unique to the crowned eagle. The martial eagle was reported in Tsavo East National Park to hunt mainly dik-diks and elsewhere has exceptionally killed large duiker weighing up to . Even more impressive feats of ungulate-hunting have been credited to",
"title": "Crowned eagle"
},
{
"id": "14254600",
"text": "\"house cow\". Other obsolete terms for cattle include \"neat\" (this use survives in \"neatsfoot oil\", extracted from the feet and legs of cattle), and \"beefing\" (young animal fit for slaughter). An onomatopoeic term for one of the most common sounds made by cattle is \"moo\" (also called \"lowing\"). There are a number of other sounds made by cattle, including calves \"bawling\", and bulls \"bellowing\". Bawling is most common for cows after weaning of a calf. The bullroarer makes a sound similar to a bull's territorial call. Cattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which",
"title": "Cattle"
},
{
"id": "572768",
"text": "be branched, as in the white-tailed deer (\"Odocoileus virginianus\"), or palmate, as in the moose (\"Alces alces\"). \"Ossicones\" are permanent bone structures that fuse to the frontal or parietal bones during an animal's life and are found only in the Giraffidae. \"Pronghorns\", while similar to horns in that they have keratinous sheaths covering permanent bone cores, are deciduous. All these cranial appendages can serve for posturing, battling for mating privilege, and for defense. In almost all cases, they are sexually dimorphic, and often found only on the males. There are two trends in terms of teeth within Artiodactyla. The Suina",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
},
{
"id": "10669832",
"text": "mainly for their musk glands, which are used as a base for perfumes. Ethical concerns have led to the use of synthetic musk, but this has not prevented the black musk deer from being included on the endangered list. Black musk deer The black musk deer or dusky musk deer (\"Moschus fuscus\") is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Moschidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. \"M. fuscus\" is, in appearance, a small deer with long, thick hind legs in comparison to the front legs, and no antlers. The dusky musk deer has large",
"title": "Black musk deer"
},
{
"id": "572775",
"text": "and do not ruminate. They consume around of grass and other plant matter each night. They may cover distances up to to obtain food, which they digest with the help of microbes that produce cellulase. Their closest living relatives, the whales, are obligate carnivores. Unlike other even-toed ungulates, pigs have a simple sack-shaped stomach. Some artiodactyla, such as white-tailed deer, lack a gall bladder. <section begin=genitourinary_system /> The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The corpora cavernosa is only slightly developed; and an erection mainly causes",
"title": "Even-toed ungulate"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ung context: Ungulate Ungulates (pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotamuses. Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, \"being hoofed\" or \"hoofed animal\". As a descriptive term, \"ungulate\" normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates\n\nWhat's the defining characteristic of an ungulate animal?",
"compressed_tokens": 217,
"origin_tokens": 218,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ung context: Ungulate Ungulates (pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotamuses. Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, \"being hoofed\" or \"hoofed animal\". As a descriptive term, \"ungulate\" normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates\n\ntitle:ulate context are unique compared to relatives.\" the prong composed a slender later flattened blade of bone that grows from the frontal bones of the skull, forming a core. in Giraffidae skin covers the b cores, but in pronghorn it develops into a keratinous she which is shed and reg on an annual basis Un the horns the family Bovidae, the horn sheaths of the pronghorn are branched she possessing forward-pointing t (hence the name pronghorn). The horns of males well developed of the world’s ungulate\ntitle:ulate context:ulllers are to cer and found onlyibou reindeer havelers the females, are normally smaller. fertile does species of de the capacity to produce antlers occasionone grows attachment point on sk a While growing is covered with highly vasc velvet, which supplies oxygen andrients the growing.lers are considered one of mostagger cases\n:ig context: pigig\"us called or other aulate islyspeciesar or species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body-length ranges from , and adult pigs typically weigh between , with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of a hog largely depends on its breed. Compared to other artiodactyls, its head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Even-toed ungulates\n\nWhat's the defining characteristic of an ungulate animal?",
"compressed_tokens": 498,
"origin_tokens": 14661,
"ratio": "29.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,713 | What degree does a US law school graduate get? | [
"Jd.",
"J.D.",
"JD",
"JD (disambiguation)",
"J-d",
"J.d.",
"Jd",
"J.D. (disambiguation)",
"J D",
"J-D"
] | Jd | [
{
"id": "1724105",
"text": "the principal law degree is an undergraduate degree, usually known as a Bachelor of Laws (LLB). Graduates of such a program are eligible to become lawyers by passing the country's equivalent of a bar exam. In these countries, graduate law programs are advanced degrees which allow for more in-depth study or specialisation. In the United States, the primary law degree is a graduate degree known as the Juris Doctor (JD). Students may pursue such a degree only after completing an undergraduate degree, usually a bachelor's degree. The undergraduate degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelor's",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "1717112",
"text": "four years). Other degrees that are awarded include the Master of Laws (LL.M.) and the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D.) degrees, which can be more international in scope. Most law schools are colleges, schools, or other units within a larger post-secondary institution, such as a university. Legal education is very different in the United States from that in many other parts of the world. In the United States, most law schools require a bachelor's degree, a satisfactory undergraduate grade point average (GPA), and a satisfactory score on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) as prerequisites for admission. Some",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1717111",
"text": "Law school in the United States In the United States, a law school is an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree. Law schools in the U.S. confer the Juris Doctor degree (J.D.), which is a professional doctorate, and is the highest degree necessary to practice law in the United States, and the final degree obtained by most practitioners in the field. Although most law schools only offer the traditional three-year program, other variants offered at some U.S. law schools include an Accelerated JD program, and a part-time program (usually completed in",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1717162",
"text": "they were first established. Law school in the United States In the United States, a law school is an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree. Law schools in the U.S. confer the Juris Doctor degree (J.D.), which is a professional doctorate, and is the highest degree necessary to practice law in the United States, and the final degree obtained by most practitioners in the field. Although most law schools only offer the traditional three-year program, other variants offered at some U.S. law schools include an Accelerated JD program, and a part-time",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "231688",
"text": "admission. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States and Canada (with the exception of McGill University) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws) as the practitioner's law degree. Many schools also offer post-doctoral law degrees such as the LL.M (Legum Magister/Master of Laws), or the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor/Doctor of Juridical Science) for students interested in advancing their research knowledge and credentials in a specific area of law. The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"id": "2635437",
"text": "doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor (J.D.) is a professional doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other common law countries. Many who hold the degree of Juris Doctor are professionals committed to the practice of law, and may choose to focus their practice on criminal law, tort, family law, corporate law, or a wide range of other areas. The majority of individuals holding a J.D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their",
"title": "Master of Laws"
},
{
"id": "2036703",
"text": "criminal law. The Master of Science of Laws (MSL) is also offered in some universities accredited by the American Bar Association. While the LL.B. was conferred until 1971 at Yale University, since that time, all universities in the United States have awarded the professional doctorate J.D., which then became the generally standardized degree in most states for the necessary bar exam prior to practice of law. Many law schools converted their basic law degree programmes from LL.B. to J.D. in the 1960s, and permitted prior LL.B. graduates to retroactively receive the new doctorate degrees by returning their LL.B. in exchange",
"title": "Bachelor of Laws"
},
{
"id": "5835138",
"text": "received through a law school program. The professional degree granted by U.S. law schools is the Juris Doctor (J.D.). Prospective lawyers who have been awarded the J.D. (or other appropriate credential), must fulfill additional, state-specific requirements in order to gain admission to the bar in the United States. The Juris Doctor (J.D.), like the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), is a professional doctorate. The American Bar Association issued a Council Statement that the JD is equivalent to the PhD for educational employment purposes. The Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) (\"\"Scientiae Juridicae Doctor\"\" in Latin), and Doctor of Comparative Law (D.C.L.), are",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1451158",
"text": "countries based on a British law system, where law is taught at the undergraduate level, resulting in a Bachelor of Laws being awarded. The Doctor of Laws exists in the United States as an honorary degree. The highest law degrees obtainable in the United States are Doctor of Juridical Science (\"Scientiae Juridicae Doctor\", abbreviated \"S.J.D.\" or \"J.S.D.\") and a Masters of Laws (\"Magister Legum\", abbreviated \"LL.M.\". The S.J.D. is akin to an academic degree that, like the Ph.D., is research-based and requires a dissertation (an original contribution to the academic study of law). The LL.M. is generally earned by completing",
"title": "Attorneys in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1350727",
"text": "Juris Doctor The Juris Doctor degree (J.D. or JD), also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree (J.D., JD, D.Jur. or DJur), is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States, and some other common law countries. It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate in the United States, a master's degree in Australia, and a second-entry, baccalaureate degree in Canada (in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D. or D.D.S., the degrees required",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "1724142",
"text": "Doctor (J.D.), a Doctoral degree, the pursuit of which students undertake only after having completed an undergraduate degree in some other field (usually a bachelor's degree). The law school program is considered to be a professional school program and upon graduation you receive the distinct title of Doctor (although most states strictly regulate the ability of attorneys to style themselves \"doctor\"). Research degrees that are awarded include the Master of Laws (LL.M.), Doctor of Juridical Science degrees (J.S.D. or S.J.D.) and Doctor of Comparative Law (D.C.L.), are post-undergraduate and research and academic-based level degrees. In the U.S. the Legum Doctor",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "1724141",
"text": "practice as a barrister, legal executive, or solicitor. Bar Professional Training Course is regarded as one of the hardest degrees and presently it is the most expensive law-related degree. The education of lawyers in the United States is generally undertaken through a law school program, although in some states (such as California and Virginia) applicants who have not attended law school may qualify to take the bar exam. Legal education in the United States normally proceeds along the following route: In the United States,in most cases, the degree awarded by American law schools is the Doctor of Jurisprudence or Juris",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "2635436",
"text": "Master of Laws The Masters in Law (M.L. or LL.M.; Latin ' or ') is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the \"Masters in Law\" is the basic professional degree for admission into legal practice. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. While in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws (or LL.B.) is required, the U.S. and Canada generally require a professional",
"title": "Master of Laws"
},
{
"id": "422005",
"text": "United States. This freedom allows law students to take many tax courses such as federal taxation, estate and gift tax, and estates and successions before completing the Juris Doctor and taking the bar exam in a particular U.S. state. Master of Laws (LL.M) programs are offered in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands and an increasing number of countries. Many of these programs focus on domestic and international taxation. In the United States, most LL.M. programs require that the candidate be a graduate of an American Bar Association-accredited law school. In other countries a graduate law degree is sufficient",
"title": "Tax law"
},
{
"id": "6556131",
"text": "law. A further possible degree is the academic doctoral degree in law of Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) (in the U.S or Canada)., or the Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) in Canada or the UK, or the Ph.D. in Law from European or Australasian universities. In addition to attending law school, many jurisdictions require law school graduates to pass a state or provincial bar examination before they may practice law. The Multistate Bar Examination is part of the bar examination in almost all United States jurisdictions. Generally, the standardized, common law subject matter of the MBE is combined with state-specific essay",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "2635440",
"text": "Canada. Most schools require an LL.M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded (often by two graders), orally defended (by an exam known as \"viva voce\") and then often published as a book or series of articles. The \"Doctor of Laws\" (LL.D.) degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. Historically, the LL.M. degree is an element particular to the education system of English speaking countries, which is based on a distinction between Bachelor's and Master's degrees. Over",
"title": "Master of Laws"
},
{
"id": "1724106",
"text": "degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools are usually an autonomous entity within a larger university. Primary degrees in law are offered by law schools, known in some countries as faculties of law. Law schools may have varying degrees of autonomy within a particular university or, in some countries, can be entirely independent of any other post-secondary educational institution. Higher degrees allow for more advanced academic study. These include the Masters of Law (LLM) by coursework or research, and doctoral degrees such as the PhD or SJD. Practitioners may undertake a Masters of Law by coursework to",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "13268292",
"text": "still have 2.75 as their pass standard. Some doctoral programs do not have a formal pass standard, but it is unlikely that they would retain a student who is doing work below 'B' quality. Most American law schools require no more than a 2.0-grade point average to qualify for the professional doctorate in law. This is because law school grades are usually based on a strict bell curve system which typically results in the failure of 10–30% of first-year students. A few law schools require 2.3 or 2.5 for post-doctoral degrees, such as the American LL.M. or S.J.D. degrees. Regular",
"title": "Academic grading in the United States"
},
{
"id": "8589431",
"text": "structured to allow only those attorneys who are most qualified in the area to become certified by the bar or licensing authority. One way in which an attorney in the United States can obtain additional education to practice health law or to use in becoming certified in the specialty of health law, is through one of the Master of Laws (LL.M.) programs that are offered by certain law schools. The LL.M. is considered to be a postgraduate law degree which shows a higher level of course work and study above the basic law degree (J.D. or B.S.L.). Some law schools",
"title": "Health law"
},
{
"id": "1350761",
"text": "graduate level law degrees. Similarly, Columbia refers to the LL.M. and the J.S.D. as its graduate program. Yale Law School lists its LL.M., M.S.L., J.S.D., and Ph.D. as constituting graduate programs. A distinction thus remains between professional and graduate law degrees in the United States. The English legal system is the root of the systems of other common-law countries, such as the United States. Originally, common lawyers in England were trained exclusively in the Inns of Court. Even though it took nearly 150 years since common law education began with Blackstone at Oxford for university education to be part of",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "4719270",
"text": "performed by barristers. This was because Victorian reforms, which had unified the other classes of court attorney into the single profession of Barrister, had overlooked the Doctors of Law. In the United States of America, the LL.D. is awarded as an honorary degree only. The terminal academic law degree is the Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (S.J.D. or J.S.D.), equivalent to the Ph.D. Legum Doctor Legum Doctor (Latin: \"teacher of the laws\") (LL.D.; Doctor of Laws in English) is a doctorate-level academic degree in law, or an honorary doctorate, depending on the jurisdiction. The double \"L\" in the abbreviation refers to the",
"title": "Legum Doctor"
},
{
"id": "1451157",
"text": "be accepted into the four-year Rule Six Law Clerk Program, obtain employment in a law firm or with a judge for at least 30 hours a week and study a prescribed Course of Study under a tutor. After successful completion of the program, a law clerk may take the Washington State Bar Exam and, upon passing, will be admitted as an attorney into the Washington State Bar Association. The degree earned by prospective attorneys in the United States is generally a Juris Doctor (Latin for \"Doctor of Jurisprudence\"; abbreviated \"J.D.\" or, when conferred in English, \"D.Jur.\"). This is different from",
"title": "Attorneys in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5835121",
"text": "Legal education in the United States Legal education in the United States generally refers to a graduate degree, the completion of which makes a graduate eligible to sit for an examination for a license to practice as a Lawyer. Around 60 percent of those who complete a law degree typically practice law, with the remainder primarily working in business (especially finance, insurance, real estate, and consulting) or government or policy roles, where their degrees also confer advantages. (Other types of legal education, such as that of paralegals, of Limited Practice Officers (in Washington), and of the citizenry in general, and",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3372037",
"text": "(J.D.), master of laws (LL.M.) in either business law, child and family law, health law or tax law. Specialized certificates are available in advocacy, child and family law, health law, international law and practice, public interest law, tax law, and transactional law. Students may pursue a master of jurisprudence (M.J.) in either business and compliance law, child and family law, health law, global competition, and rule of law for development. There are two major doctoral degrees: doctor of juridical sciences in health law and policy (S.J.D.) which is the highest degree any attorney may obtain in the United States and",
"title": "Loyola University Chicago School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1569183",
"text": "work, agriculture, nursing, accountancy, architecture and engineering are offered as B.S. degrees in most colleges and universities. The latter three specializations require five years of schooling, in contrast to the standard of four years. Other common degrees are Bachelor in Education (B.Ed.) and Bachelor of Laws (LL.B., a professional degree). Being patterned after the United States, all universities and colleges offer graduation with honors—\"cum laude\", \"magna cum laude\", and \"summa cum laude\". Universities, colleges, and institutions of higher learning provide the bachelor's degree, called 'haksa' (). For example, a university student who majored in literature and graduates obtains a B.A.,",
"title": "Bachelor's degree"
},
{
"id": "7946923",
"text": "states require a baccalaureate degree (with any major concentration, or in general studies), followed by a professional doctorate in law - specifically a Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from a law school accredited by the American Bar Association. Some states, such as New York, permit persons with an accredited foreign law degree of comparable duration to join the state bar so long as their education is in the common law. A very small number of states accept US law degrees from unaccredited law schools. At least one state, California, requires no general degree and no law degree. It",
"title": "Admission to practice law"
},
{
"id": "4221631",
"text": "more than 10 applicants for one place at the Law faculties. The admission system however vary from every country. The degree is roughly equal to the \"Master of Laws (LLM)\" in Europe but a step above the \"Juris Doctor (JD)\" the United States which would be the equivalent of a LL.B . Candidate of Law Candidate of Law (, , , , ) is the degree awarded to jurists who have passed the law exam in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland after studying law for about 5–6 years. In Iceland, graduates are now awarded a master's degree in the field",
"title": "Candidate of Law"
},
{
"id": "5835139",
"text": "research and academic-based doctorate level degrees. In the U.S., the Legum Doctor is only awarded as an honorary degree. As of July 2012, Yale Law School offers a Ph.D. in Law designed for students who have already earned a J.D. and who wish to pursue extended legal scholarship. Academic degrees for non-lawyers are available at the baccalaureate and master's level. A common baccalaureate level degree is a Bachelor of Science in Legal Studies (B.S.). Academic master's degrees in legal studies are available, such as the Master of Studies (M.S.), and the Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.). Foreign lawyers seeking to",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "231687",
"text": "approve and thereby which ones are deemed most respectable. In England and Wales, the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) must be taken to have the right to work and be named as a barrister. Students who decide to pursue a non-law subject at degree level can instead study the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) after their degrees, before beginning the Legal Practise Course (LPC) or BPTC. In the United States and countries following the American model, (such as Canada with the exception of the province of Quebec) law schools are graduate/professional schools where a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"id": "1784782",
"text": "Law Students' Examination (commonly referred to as the \"Baby Bar\") administered by the CBE. Upon successful passing of the \"Baby Bar,\" those students may continue with their law studies to obtain their J.D. degree. Students at law schools accredited by either the ABA or CBE are exempt from having to take and pass the Baby Bar. In California, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming an applicant who has not attended law school may take the bar exam after study under a judge or practicing attorney for an extended period of time. This method is known as \"reading law\" or \"reading",
"title": "Admission to the bar in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5835163",
"text": "Ethics: The Young Lawyer's Conundrum\", by Patrick J. Schiltz, January 2000 Washington State Bar News Legal education in the United States Legal education in the United States generally refers to a graduate degree, the completion of which makes a graduate eligible to sit for an examination for a license to practice as a Lawyer. Around 60 percent of those who complete a law degree typically practice law, with the remainder primarily working in business (especially finance, insurance, real estate, and consulting) or government or policy roles, where their degrees also confer advantages. (Other types of legal education, such as that",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2036651",
"text": "Bachelor of Laws The Bachelor of Laws (; LL.B. or B.L.) is an undergraduate degree in law (or a first professional degree in law, depending on jurisdiction) originating in England and offered in Japan and most common law jurisdictionsexcept the United States and Canadaas the degree which allows a person to become a lawyer. It historically served this purpose in the U.S. as well, but was phased out in the mid-1960s in favor of the Juris Doctor degree, and Canada followed suit. Historically, in Canada, Bachelor of Laws was the name of the first degree in common law, but is",
"title": "Bachelor of Laws"
},
{
"id": "6556102",
"text": "university coursework and is similar to the first law degree in the United States. There is some scholarly content in the coursework (such as an academic research paper required in most schools). The programs consist of three years, and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc. Some schools, however, have not switched from LL.B. to the J.D. – one notable university that still awards the LL.B is McGill",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "1451154",
"text": "case, lawyers seeking admission must earn a Juris Doctor degree from a law school approved by the jurisdiction, and then pass a bar exam administered by it. Typically, there is also a character and fitness evaluation, which includes a background check. However, there are exceptions to each of these requirements. A lawyer who is admitted in one state is not automatically allowed to practice in any other. Some states have reciprocal agreements that allow attorneys from other states to practice without sitting for another full bar exam; such agreements differ significantly among the states. In 1763, Delaware created the first",
"title": "Attorneys in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4458283",
"text": "designed to help students write a substantial research paper. NYU Law also hosts the original chapter of the Unemployment Action Center. LL.M is an abbreviation for Master of Laws, an advanced academic degree, pursued by those holding a professional law degree. In general, there are two types of LL.M. programs in the United States. The majority are programs designed to expose foreign legal graduates to the American Common Law. Other programs involve post doctoral study of a specialized area of the law such as Admiralty, Tax Law, Banking and Financial Law, Elder Law, Aeronautical Law or International Law. NYU Law",
"title": "New York University School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1350769",
"text": "project is sometimes required). As a professional training, it provides sufficient training for entry into practice (no apprenticeship is necessary to sit for the bar exam). It requires at least three academic years of full-time study. While the J.D. is a doctoral degree in the US, lawyers usually use the suffix of \"esquire\" as opposed to the prefix \"Dr.\" Although calling an American lawyer \"doctor\" would not be incorrect, provided the attorney has a J.D. or other doctoral degree (as opposed to an LL.B., which is a baccalaureate, not a doctorate), the title is more commonly used in Europe and",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "5584182",
"text": "in the Western Hemisphere, offering a course of study leading to the simultaneous conferring of a J.D. (Juris Doctor), which is the normal first degree in American law schools, and a D.C.L. (Diploma in Comparative Law), which recognizes the training its students receive in both the common and the civil law. Until voting in April 2015 to realign itself as an academic unit of Louisiana State University, the Paul M. Hebert Law Center was an autonomous campus of, rather than a dependent academic unit of the larger university. Its designation as a Law Center, rather than Law School, derives not",
"title": "Paul M. Hebert Law Center"
},
{
"id": "1350795",
"text": "Laws (LL.M.), which ordinarily requires the J.D. as a prerequisite, and the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D./J.S.D.), which ordinarily requires the LL.M. as a prerequisite. However, the American Bar Association has issued a Council Statement, advising law schools that the J.D. should be considered equivalent to the Ph.D. for educational employment purposes. Accordingly, while most law professors are required to conduct original writing and research in order to be awarded tenure, the majority have a J.D. as their highest degree. Research in 2015 showed an increasing trend toward hiring professors with both J.D. and Ph.D. degrees, particularly at more highly",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "6556126",
"text": "in Taiwan. Non-citizens are not allowed to sit in the prosecutor or judge examinations unless they are naturalized citizens of Taiwan. Once a non-citizen is approved to practice law in Taiwan, he or she must abide by all statutes related to the legal practice, Codes of Legal Ethics, and the Articles of Incorporation of the Bar Association to which they are members. In the United States, law school is a postgraduate program usually lasting three years and resulting in the conferral upon graduates of the Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree. Some schools in Louisiana concurrently award a Graduate Diploma in",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "9518619",
"text": "Pre-law In the United States, pre-law refers to any course of study taken by an undergraduate in preparation for study at a law school. The American Bar Association requires law schools to admit only students with an accredited Bachelor's Degree or its equivalent depending on the student's country of origin. However, there are no specific \"pre-law\" degree or majors, and unlike pre-med, an undergraduate student seeking legal education in the United States is not required to take a set of prerequisites in order to apply. Hence, most undergraduate institutions do not offer an official \"pre-law\" concentration, and in some cases",
"title": "Pre-law"
},
{
"id": "12552316",
"text": "Howard University School of Law Howard University School of Law (also known as Howard Law or HUSL) is one of the professional graduate schools of Howard University. Located in Washington, D.C., it is one of the oldest law schools in the country and the oldest historically black college or university law school in the United States. Today, Howard University School of Law confers about 185 Juris Doctor and Master of Law degrees annually to students from the United States and countries in South America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. Howard University School of Law was accredited by the American Bar",
"title": "Howard University School of Law"
},
{
"id": "5860986",
"text": "leading to the award of the J.D. (Juris Doctor), the LL.M. (Master of Laws), the M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), the M.P.P. (Master of Public Policy) and the J.S.D. (Doctor of Juridical Science) degrees. McGeorge offers both a three-year day division program and four-year evening division program. As an ABA approved law school, McGeorge graduates are eligible to sit for the bar examination in any American jurisdiction. Students from McGeorge taking the California Bar Exam for the first time in July 2015 had a 70% pass rate, placing it in the top half of California ABA approved law schools. In",
"title": "McGeorge School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1131473",
"text": "Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a student's undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE-graduate schools in general), the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), or the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelor's degree to enter their programs; however, business school candidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying. 8.9 percent of students receive postgraduate degrees. Most, after obtaining their bachelor's degree, proceed directly into the",
"title": "Education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6556106",
"text": "Law as superior to the LL.B. degree designation. Some universities have developed joint Canadian LL.B or J.D. and American J.D programs, such as York University and New York University, the University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy, and the University of Ottawa and Michigan State University program. Law school is usually entered to at the undergraduate level in a university. There is an intermediate bachelor's degree (\"oikeusnotaari\"), but the target is the master's degree in law (\"oikeustieteen maisteri\"; until 2005 \"oikeustieteen kandidaatti\"). Once university education is complete, the title of \"varatuomari\" (VT) is obtained with an one-year externship",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "2170259",
"text": "excel in placing graduates at the top 250 law firms. The advanced degrees in law, LL.M. and JSD, have been offered at Cornell since 1928. The JD/MBA has three- and four-year tracks, the JD/MILR program is four years, the JD/MPA is four years, and JD/MRP is four years. In addition, Cornell has joint program arrangements with universities abroad to prepare students for international licensure: The JD/Master en Droit lasts four-years and prepares graduates for admission to the bar in the United States and in France. The JD/M.LL.P is three years and conveys a mastery of German and European law and",
"title": "Cornell Law School"
},
{
"id": "231686",
"text": "taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Master or Bachelor of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Nor is the LL.B the sole obstacle; it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the UK and U.S.A., law is primarily taught at law schools. In America, the American Bar Association decides which law schools to",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"id": "1350730",
"text": "known as \"federal courts\". Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the federal court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a federal district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the professional doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English as \"Juris Doctor\" (sometimes shown on Latin diplomas in the accusative form \"Juris Doctorem\") and at some law schools Doctor of Law (J.D. or JD), or Doctor of Jurisprudence (also abbreviated JD or J.D.). \"Juris Doctor\" literally means \"Teacher",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "115963",
"text": "grant the J.D. (\"Juridicae Doctor\" or \"Juris Doctor\") degree (considered, like the medical professional degrees, to be at bachelor's level) to their existing students and to their alumni - as a replacement for the degree they traditionally awarded: the LL.B. (\"Legum Baccalaureus\" or \"Bachelor of Laws\"). The course requirements did not change, only the name. Canadian law schools started offering this option to their graduates to make it easier to practise in the United States (where law schools have traditionally granted a J.D. rather than an LL.B.). The convention governing use of the title \"Dr\" by lawyers has not changed",
"title": "Doctor (title)"
},
{
"id": "115964",
"text": "in Canada. The only lawyers who typically use \"Dr\" are those who have continued with their studies, in order to obtain both an LL.M. (\"Legum Magister\" or \"Master of Laws\") and an S.J.D. (\"Scientiae Juridicae Doctor\" or \"Doctor of the Science of the Law\"). Sometimes also referred to as a \"J.S.D.\", the S.J.D. degree is legal discipline's equivalent to a Ph.D. degree. The McGill University Faculty of Law offers a doctoral level program in law, but it grants a D.C.L. (\"Doctor of Civil Law\") instead. To save money, some Canadian law schools (including U.B.C. and Calgary) have opted to work",
"title": "Doctor (title)"
},
{
"id": "4993285",
"text": "and teaching program in areas of public policy and law in its field. Thomas Jefferson School of Law offers a Juris Doctor (JD), a Masters of Science of Law (MSL) for those without a law degree, a Masters of Law (LLM) for those with a law degree, and a Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD) which is a PhD equivalent. The MSL and LLM program have concentrations in: 1) Taxation; 2) Financial Compliance and Risk Management; 3) Financial Services and Wealth Management. The programs were started in 2008, making them one of the longest standing online programs at any ABA-law school.",
"title": "Thomas Jefferson School of Law"
},
{
"id": "5457157",
"text": "ranking of \"America's Best Intellectual Property Law Programs\", \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked UNH Law's program 6th in the nation in the intellectual property specialty rankings. Most recently, UNH Law was ranked 48th by Above The Law's 2018 rankings which are outcome oriented. UNH Law offers a JD program, as well as masters-level programs in the law, including the Master of Laws in Intellectual Property (L.L.M-IP), Master of Laws in Commerce and Technology (LLM-CT), and Master of Law in International Criminal Law and Justice (L.L.M-ICLJ). It is the only law school in the United States offering a graduate degree",
"title": "University of New Hampshire School of Law"
},
{
"id": "9592782",
"text": "the People is the Highest Law.\" On February 18, 2013 the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that applications to the School of Law were \"down about 15 percent\" from the previous year, following a dramatic national decline in law school applications. The Duquesne University School of Law offers several degree programs. The Juris Doctor, the primary degree required to practice law in the United States, can be obtained through either the daytime, evening, or part-time division. An LLM, or Master of Laws, is offered through the School of Law for foreign attorneys who have already received a law degree in their native",
"title": "Duquesne University School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1784781",
"text": "actually take the bar exam unless one's law school is accredited by the ABA, and this requirement has withstood constitutional attack: thus, graduates of a law school without ABA accreditation may not sit for the Arizona bar, although they may take the bar in other states. In California, certain law schools are registered with the Committee of Bar Examiners of The State Bar of California. Such schools, though not accredited by either the ABA or the Committee on Bar Examiners, are authorized to grant the Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree. Students at these schools must take and pass the First-Year",
"title": "Admission to the bar in the United States"
},
{
"id": "11628465",
"text": "and graduates and journalists on a tuition basis. M.L.S programs offered through Stanford Law School and the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law provide the opportunity for interdisciplinary research as well as a foundational legal education in U.S. law. Master of Studies in Law A Master of Studies in Law (M.S.L.), also Master of Science of Law or Master of Legal Studies (M.L.S.) or Juris Master (J.M.), or Masters of Jurisprudence (M.J.) is a master's degree offered by some law schools to students who wish to study the law but do not want to become attorneys. M.S.L.",
"title": "Master of Studies in Law"
},
{
"id": "3372225",
"text": "in New Orleans who were forced to relocate for a period of time after the hurricane. Degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (JD); Master of Science in Legal Studies (MLS); Master of Laws (LLM); Master of Laws in Taxation; Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration (JD/MBA); Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD) It has been an American Bar Association (ABA) approved law school since 1935. It is a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Loyola is a member of the Order of the Coif, a national law school honorary society Before 2004, Loyola used a unique \"numeric grading system\"",
"title": "Loyola Law School"
},
{
"id": "1350765",
"text": "changes proposed in the United States, such as requiring previous college education before studying law. Legal education is rooted in the history and structure of the legal system of the jurisdiction where the education is given; therefore, law degrees are vastly different from country to country, making comparisons among degrees problematic. This has proven true in the context of the various forms of the J.D. which have been implemented around the world. Until about 1997 the J.D. was unique to law schools in the U.S. But with the rise in international success of law firms from the United States, and",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "1717115",
"text": "reducing the actual cost of attending law school compared to sticker tuition. Some law schools condition scholarships on maintaining a certain GPA. To sit for the bar exam, the vast majority of state bar associations requires that an applicant's law school be accredited by the American Bar Association. The ABA has promulgated detailed requirements covering every aspect of a law school, down to the precise contents of the law library and the minimum number of minutes of instruction required to receive a law degree. , there are 205 ABA-accredited law schools that award the J.D., divided between 200 with full",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5835140",
"text": "practice in the U.S., who do not have a Juris Doctor (J.D.), often seek to obtain a Juris Master (J.M.), Master of Laws (LL.M.), Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), or a Master of Jurisprudence (M.J.). Please see Admission to the bar in the United States. Depending upon their state, attorneys must also satisfy Continuing Legal Education (CLE) credit requirements. American law firms are often very credential-oriented. Apart from the minimum requirements of a J.D. and admission to the state bar, there are certain credentials recognized within the profession to distinguish lawyers from one another; those credentials are almost always mentioned",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1920005",
"text": "the Master of Laws (LL.M.) and the Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.) degrees. The LL.M. Program is considered one of the best in the United States and has been ranked very highly according to private studies. Each year the law school enrolls approximately 210 graduate students from more than 50 countries with experience in all areas of the legal profession, including academia, the judiciary, public service, civil rights and human rights advocacy, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private practice. Graduate students are an important component of the law school community. They participate in many co-curricular activities, including student",
"title": "Columbia Law School"
},
{
"id": "18739298",
"text": "to a bachelor's degree. This is present value, as of the start of law school, and includes opportunity costs and financing costs. After taxes, the mean present value will be around $700,000. At the median, or 50th percentile, the pretax present value is $610,000 and the after tax value is $430,000. After tuition, the median law graduate becomes around $330,000 richer. Even toward the bottom of the distribution, the value of a law degree will typically exceed its costs by hundreds of thousands of dollars. According to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, the national average",
"title": "Post-law school employment in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15352279",
"text": "the Doctor of Juridical Science (or Scientiae Juridicae Doctor), abbreviated as S.J.D. or D.J.S. Applicants for S.J.D. programs must first earn a J.D., and some programs require both a J.D. and an LL.M. before admission. Similar to the Ph.D., the S.J.D. is a research doctorate and has been described as the \"highest degree in law\" by the University of Virginia, as well as the \"terminal degree in law\" by Indiana University and Harvard Law School. It has also been called the \"most advanced law degree\" by Yale Law School, Georgetown Law, New York University, and Stanford University. The University of",
"title": "Doctor of Law"
},
{
"id": "5835152",
"text": "up at an elite university, but many can, and often do, find well-paying jobs in law firms, government, or business positions. \"After the JD\", a large study of law graduates who passed the bar examination (but were not necessarily practicing law), found that even graduates of lower ranked law schools were typically making six figure ($100,000+) incomes within 12 years after graduation., although graduates of higher ranking schools typically earned more. \"The Economic Value of a Law Degree\", a peer reviewed study which included law graduates who do not pass the bar exam, found that law graduates at the 25th",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3366355",
"text": "of American Law Schools (AALS), the school is accredited by the Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar of the American Bar Association (ABA). It offers a Juris Doctor, with certificates available in Native Hawaiian Law, Pacific-Asian Legal Studies, and Environmental Law, with students able to matriculate either full-time or part-time. It also offers an Advanced Juris Doctor, for foreign students who have earned a law degree abroad, and a LLM. For 2016, \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked Richardson as 82nd among the nations law schools. Richardson's part-time program was ranked 30th. The establishment",
"title": "William S. Richardson School of Law"
},
{
"id": "6967066",
"text": "Notre Dame Law School The Notre Dame Law School, or NDLS, is the professional graduate law program of its parent institution, the University of Notre Dame. Established in 1869, NDLS is ranked 24th among the nation's \"Top 100 Law Schools\" by \"U.S. News & World Report\" and 18th by Above The Law in their annual Top 50 Law School Rankings It is ranked 8th in graduates attaining federal judicial clerkships and 17th in graduates attaining Supreme Court clerkships (tied with Cornell Law School). According to Notre Dame's 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 80.7% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required",
"title": "Notre Dame Law School"
},
{
"id": "1717149",
"text": "government positions. \"After the JD\", a large study of law graduates who passed the bar examination, found that even graduates of lower ranked law schools were typically making six figure ($100,000+) incomes within 12 years after graduation. Graduates of higher ranking schools typically earned more than $170,000. \"The Economic Value of a Law Degree\", a peer reviewed study which included law graduates who did not pass the bar exam and were not practicing law, found that law graduates at the 25th percentile of earnings ability typically earned around $20,000 more every year than they would have earned with only a",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "231691",
"text": "the current state of the law by two or three decades. Some jurisdictions grant a \"diploma privilege\" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law. Mexico allows anyone with a law degree to practice law. However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a bar examination (or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice. In a handful of U.S. states, one may become an attorney (a so-called country lawyer) by simply \"reading law\" and passing the bar examination, without",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"id": "4747003",
"text": "among the top 25 public research universities nationally. In addition to the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree, the law school offers several joint degrees, including the J.D./LL.M. (Juris Doctor/Master of Laws, Insurance Law), J.D./M.B.A. (Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration), J.D./M.L.S. (Juris Doctor/Master of Library Science), J.D./M.P.A. (Juris Doctor/Master of Public Affairs Administration), J.D./M.P.H. (Juris Doctor/Master of Public Health), and J.D./M.S.W. (Juris Doctor/Master of Social Work). UConn Law offers one of only two LL.M programs in insurance law in the United States. The faculty are known particularly for their strength in insurance law and intellectual property law. The law school has approximately",
"title": "University of Connecticut School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1350767",
"text": "the J.D. as created in the U.S. Various characteristics can therefore be seen among J.D. degrees as implemented in universities around the world. Until very recently, only law schools in the United States offered the \"Juris Doctor\". Starting about 1997, universities in other countries began introducing the J.D. as a first professional degree in law, with differences appropriate to the legal systems of the countries in which these law schools are situated. As stated by James Hall and Christopher Langdell, two people who were involved in the creation of the J.D., the J.D. is a professional degree like the M.D.,",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "2617697",
"text": "typically only one student every few years will attain the requisite 182 average. Additionally, the law school awards two honors at graduation that are based on class rank. Of the students who earned at the law school at least 79 of the 105 credits required to graduate, the top 10% are elected to the \"Order of the Coif.\" Students finishing their first or second years in the top 5% of their class, or graduating in the top 10%, are honored as \"Kirkland and Ellis Scholars\". In 2018, the law school was ranked first in the United States by the \"National",
"title": "University of Chicago Law School"
},
{
"id": "1784777",
"text": "earn a Juris Doctor degree from a law school approved by the jurisdiction, and then pass a bar exam administered by it. Typically, there is also a character and fitness evaluation, which includes a background check. However, there are exceptions to each of these requirements. A lawyer who is admitted in one state is not automatically allowed to practice in any other. Some states have reciprocal agreements that allow attorneys from other states to practice without sitting for another full bar exam; such agreements differ significantly among the states. The use of the term \"bar\" to mean \"the whole body",
"title": "Admission to the bar in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15352280",
"text": "Connecticut School of Law explains that this specific degree is \"intended for individuals who have demonstrated evidence of superior scholarly potential.\" The National Association of Legal Professionals states that the S.J.D./D.J.S. is \"the most advanced or terminal law degree that would follow the earning of the LL.M. and J.D. degrees.\" It typically requires three to five years to complete, and requires an advanced study in law as a scientific discipline and a dissertation, which serves as an original contribution to the scholarly field of law. As with most other countries, in the United States the Legum Doctor (LL.D.), also colloquially",
"title": "Doctor of Law"
},
{
"id": "12150068",
"text": "William & Mary Law School The Marshall–Wythe School of Law at the College of William & Mary, commonly referred to as William & Mary Law School, is the oldest law school in the United States. Located in Williamsburg, Virginia, it is a part of William & Mary, the second oldest college and first university in the United States. The Law School has an enrollment of 636 full-time students (in 2017–18) seeking a juris doctor (J.D.) or an LL.M. in the American Legal System, a two or three semester program for lawyers trained outside the United States. William & Mary Law",
"title": "William & Mary Law School"
},
{
"id": "2036705",
"text": "Hennock. For the most part, foreign law graduates seeking admission to the bar in the United States will find their LL.B. law degree does not of itself fulfill the core admission requirements of most states, thereby not allowing them to take the bar exam. The major exception to this is New York, where those foreign graduates who have fulfilled the educational requirements to practice law in another common law country through study at an approved educational institution, similar in both duration and content to the equivalent teaching at an approved U.S. law school, are permitted to sit for the bar",
"title": "Bachelor of Laws"
},
{
"id": "1724144",
"text": "to be admitted to the bar is to pass a (usually multi-day) written examination. Once admitted, most States require attorneys to must meet certain Continuing Legal Education (CLE) requirements. Academic degrees for non-lawyers are available at the baccalaureate and master's level. A common baccalaureate level degree is a Bachelor of Science in Legal Studies (B.S.). Academic master's degrees in legal studies are available, such as the Master of Studies (M.S.), and the Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.). Such a degree is not required to enter a J.D. program. Foreign lawyers seeking to practice in the U.S., who do not have",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "1717157",
"text": "alphabetically, are: California–Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Duke, Georgetown, Harvard, the University of Michigan, New York University, Northwestern, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford, the University of Virginia, and Yale. In addition, graduates with higher law school GPAs tend to have higher earnings than students with lower law school GPAs. Even graduates of non-elite law schools who passed the bar and are working full-time are typically earning close to $100,000 per year within seven years of graduating law school. It is unclear whether attending a higher ranked law school provides a larger boost to law school graduates' earnings than attending a lower",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2635443",
"text": "a small number of LL.M. programs. One of the most popular LL.M. degrees in the United States is tax law, sometimes referred to as an MLT (Master of Laws in Taxation). Other LL.M. degree programs include bankruptcy law, banking law, commercial law, criminal law, dispute resolution, entertainment and media law, environmental law, estate planning (usually as a sub-specialty of tax law), financial services law, human rights law, information technology law, insurance law, intellectual property law, international law, law and economics, litigation, maritime law, military law, patent law, prosecutorial sciences, real estate law, social care law, telecommunications law, trade law, Trial",
"title": "Master of Laws"
},
{
"id": "1717130",
"text": "Professors then grade the exams on an anonymous basis, only discovering student names after grades have been submitted to the Registrar's Office. General adoption of blind grading followed admission of significant numbers of minority students to law schools. An Accelerated JD program may refer to one of the following: As a result of student concerns about the time and cost (both in terms of tuition and the opportunity cost associated with foregoing a salary for three years) required to complete a law degree, there has been an emerging trend to develop accelerated JD programs. Most law school education in the",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1350758",
"text": "Medicine and Arts and Sciences were all graduate schools, and their degrees were therefore a second degree. Two of them conferred a doctorate and the other two a baccalaureate degree. The change from LL.B. to J.D. was intended to end \"this discrimination, the practice of conferring what is normally a first degree upon persons who have already their primary degree\". The J.D. was proposed as the equivalent of the J.U.D. in Germany to reflect the advanced study required to be an effective lawyer. The University of Chicago Law School was the first to offer the J.D. While approval was still",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "7061733",
"text": "Fredric G. Levin College of Law The Fredric G. Levin College of Law is the law school of the University of Florida located in Gainesville, Florida. The Levin College of Law offers a three-year, full-time program leading to a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. It also offers advanced law degrees, including Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree programs in taxation, international taxation, comparative law, land use, and environmental law, in addition to a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) in taxation. According to the 2017 \"U.S. News & World Report\" law school rankings, the Levin College of Law ranks 41st overall among American",
"title": "Fredric G. Levin College of Law"
},
{
"id": "5835149",
"text": "their mid 50s; thus graduates of top tier law schools can likely peak at incomes exceeding $250,000 per year. Though the specific rankings change from year to year, the overall composition of the top schools has remained fairly constant. Most legal professionals (judges, practitioners, or professors) rank the University of Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, NYU, Stanford, and Yale in the top echelon of American law schools, with Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, and Stanford Law School being considered the most prestigious and the most selective schools to gain admission as measured by reputation scores from \"U.S. News\" surveys and admissions",
"title": "Legal education in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14668929",
"text": "Magister Juris MJur (Magister Juris or Master of Jurisprudence; common abbreviations include MJur, M.Jur., Mag. Jur. and Mag. iur.) is an academic degree in law awarded by some universities. The Magister Juris (MJur) is a one-year master's level course offered at the University of Oxford. It is a postgraduate degree requiring a previous undergraduate degree in law for admission, and is thus comparable to an LL.M. It is a counterpart to the long-established Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL), with which it shares all course options, but for students from a civil law rather than a common law background. Historically, students",
"title": "Magister Juris"
},
{
"id": "15352257",
"text": "with a tradition of several centuries, originally the highest possible degree. Nowadays, its scholar importancy is quite limited, but it serves as a traditional and popular badge degree, especially useful for attorneys. In older times with no master's degree, JUDr. served as the only law degree (and was roughly equivalent to the today's master's degree, plus a special exam). Requirements for obtaining a JUDr degree are a highly rated Master (Mgr.) degree in law, the compilation of a thesis (including successful defense) and passing an oral exam called \"Rigorosum\". The thesis itself is also sometimes called \"Rigorosum\". Many JUDr. theses",
"title": "Doctor of Law"
},
{
"id": "2635471",
"text": "States the acquisition of an LL.M. degree is often a way to specialize in an area of law such as tax law, business law, international business law, health law, trial advocacy, environmental law or intellectual property. A number of schools have combined J.D.-LL.M. programs, while others offer the degree through online study. Some LL.M. programs feature a general study of American law. An LL.M. degree from an ABA-approved law school also allows a foreign lawyer to become eligible to apply for admission to the bar (license to practice) in certain states. Each state has different rules relating to the admittance",
"title": "Master of Laws"
},
{
"id": "6556127",
"text": "Civil Law (D.C.L.). To gain admission to a law school that is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), applicants must usually take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), and have an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree in any major. Currently, there are 205 ABA-approved law schools that grant the JD degree. There currently are five online law schools that are unaccredited by the ABA but registered by the State Bar of California. Non-ABA approved law schools have much lower bar passage rates than ABA-approved law schools, and do not submit or disclose employment outcome data to the ABA. According to a",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "1717127",
"text": "better or worse they are than the median. A few schools, such as Yale Law School, Stanford Law School, Harvard Law School and University of California, Berkeley School of Law, and Northeastern University School of Law have alternate grading systems that put less emphasis (or no emphasis) on rank. Other schools, such as New York's Fordham Law School, use a much more demanding grading system in which precise percentages of students are to receive certain grades. For instance, such a system could oblige professors to award a minimum and maximum number of \"A's\" and \"F's\" (e.g., 3.5%/7% A's and 4.5%/10%",
"title": "Law school in the United States"
},
{
"id": "10483016",
"text": "on Water Policy & Law, promote scholarship in comparative, maritime, and environmental law. Tulane conducts an annual summer school in New Orleans and offers summer-study programs abroad. Tulane also offers semester-long exchange programs with select law schools in a number of countries throughout the world. In addition to the J.D., the school offers two graduate degrees in law: The Master of Laws (LL.M.) the Doctor of Laws (S.J.D.) program. The five specialized LL.M. programs are in: maritime law, energy and environmental law, American business law, American law, and international and comparative law. LL.M. students may also pursue a general LL.M.,",
"title": "Tulane University Law School"
},
{
"id": "9518620",
"text": "provide somewhat equivalents such as \"Law, Society and Justice\" instead. Students awarded with Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science or equivalent degrees (and more rarely, higher degrees such as the master's degree and doctorate) may apply for law schools as long as they meet specific admission requirements set forth by individual law schools, as well as the standard requirements (such as character and fitness) as set forth by the ABA and the Law School Admission Council. In 2001, the five most common majors of students entering law school were political science, history, English, psychology, and criminal justice. The five majors",
"title": "Pre-law"
},
{
"id": "1920013",
"text": "was a Major League Baseball player, and a spy for the United States. Alumni of the law school have been the president or founder of more than 30 colleges and universities in the nation. Columbia Law School Columbia Law School (often referred to as Columbia Law or CLS) is a professional graduate school of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. It has always been ranked in the top five law schools in the United States by \"U.S. News and World Report\". Columbia is especially well known for its strength in corporate law and its placement power in the",
"title": "Columbia Law School"
},
{
"id": "1919970",
"text": "Columbia Law School Columbia Law School (often referred to as Columbia Law or CLS) is a professional graduate school of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. It has always been ranked in the top five law schools in the United States by \"U.S. News and World Report\". Columbia is especially well known for its strength in corporate law and its placement power in the nation's elite law firms. Columbia Law School was founded in 1858 as the Columbia College Law School and was known for its legal scholarship dating back to the 18th century. Graduates of the university's",
"title": "Columbia Law School"
},
{
"id": "6450385",
"text": "50 hours of pro bono legal work before graduation. Roger Williams University School of Law offers two degrees: the standard American law school professional degree, Juris Doctor (JD), as well as a Master of Studies in Law (MSL) degree. In addition, Roger Williams University offers numerous joint degree programs. The JD/Master of Science in Criminal Justice is designed to prepare graduates to formulate system policy and serve effectively as administrators to United States justice system agencies. The School of Law offers two joint-degree programs in conjunction with the University of Rhode Island: a JD/Master of Marine Affairs program is geared",
"title": "Roger Williams University School of Law"
},
{
"id": "6967076",
"text": "Dame Law School is ranked 24th among the nation's \"Top 100 Law Schools\" by \"U.S. News & World Report\" and 18th by Above The Law in their annual Top 50 Law School Rankings. The law School is a top 10 runner up for Elite Litigation boutique hiring. The Law School grants the professional Juris Doctor, Master of Laws and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees. The Master of Laws program can be pursued either at the main campus in South Bend or at the Law School's London Law Centre in the United Kingdom. The law school also offers a Master of",
"title": "Notre Dame Law School"
},
{
"id": "1350798",
"text": "\"equivalent to, if not higher than, a master's degree\". Presumably because it did not entirely replace the L.L.B. for new graduates until 1971, it has not been customary in the U.S. to address holders of the J.D. as \"doctor\". It was noted in the 1920s, when the title was widely used by people with doctorates (even those that, at the time, were undergraduate qualifications) and others, that the J.D. stood out from other doctorates in this respect. This continues to be the case in general today. In the late 1960s, the rising number of American law schools awarding J.D.s led",
"title": "Juris Doctor"
},
{
"id": "6556128",
"text": "study by labor economists Michael Simkovic and Frank McIntyre, a law degree increases the present value of lifetime earnings in the U.S. by $1,000,000 compared to a bachelor's degree. According to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, the national average salary for lawyers in 2012 was above $130,000. Salaries vary by geography, with higher average salaries in big cities—especially New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Los Angeles—and lower salaries in rural areas. An unpublished table produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that unemployment rates among experienced lawyers are lower than those for most",
"title": "Law school"
},
{
"id": "7484324",
"text": "months after graduation. The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Pace Law School for the 2014-2015 academic year is $68,286. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $243,596. In 2017, the U.S. News & World Report has ranked Pace Law School #120 in the United States. The U.S. News & World Report limits its rankings to a total of 145 law schools. Pace Law School offers programs of study leading to the Juris Doctor (J.D.), Master of Laws (LL.M.), and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) degrees.",
"title": "Pace University School of Law"
},
{
"id": "1724131",
"text": "the Legal Education Board Legal education in the Philippines normally proceeds along the following route: Law degree – jurist (often compared to an LL.M., but in fact equivalent to the degree of Specialist specific to the Soviet educational system) is awarded in Russia and Ukraine after 5 years of study at a university. Jurist degree may also be awarded in a shorter period of time if a law student has already completed Bachelor or Specialist degree in another field of studies or has previously earned a basic law degree (comparable to Paralegal, an associate degree in U.S.) from a specialized",
"title": "Legal education"
},
{
"id": "422004",
"text": "Tax law Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study which deals with the constitutional, common-law, statutory, tax treaty, and regulatory rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation. Primary taxation issues facing the governments world over include; In law schools, \"tax law\" is a sub-discipline and area of specialist study. U.S. law schools require 30 semester credit hours of required courses, 60 hours or more of electives and a combined total of at least 90 credit hours completed. Law students must choose available courses on which to focus before graduation with the J.D. degree in the",
"title": "Tax law"
},
{
"id": "7946875",
"text": "undergraduate foundational and generic degree, (usually B.A.Law but in some cases Bachelor of General Laws/Bachelor of Socio-Legal Studies etc.) is awarded after three years of study, and the professional Law Degree called the LL.B. (Honours) Degree, which has a substantial component of Practical training, is earned after two years of further legal studies. Alternatively any graduate with a bachelor's degree in any subject (obtained after 15 years of education, i.e. after graduation), can enroll for a second graduate degree in law of a three-year course (LL.B. Degree). The 5 Year LL.B. (honours) Degree and the 3-year LL.B. Degree are the",
"title": "Admission to practice law"
},
{
"id": "12410377",
"text": "an international moot court competition in neighboring Sierra Leone. The School of Law has a course of study that leads to the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree after three years of specialization by students at the university. Like the juris doctorate (JD), the LL.B. requires the completion of an undergraduate degree, which is legal study similar to the JD. Grimes School of Law also offers a part-time evening program that encompasses five years of study. Courses include civil procedure, legal research and writing, criminal law, property, torts, constitutional law, contracts, evidence, along with other standard law school courses. As the",
"title": "Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law"
},
{
"id": "9427344",
"text": "at #1 in the country for the past three years. The School of Law offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree along with Master of Laws (LL.M.), Master of Jurisprudence (M.J.) and Ph.D. degrees. J.D. students can also choose from one of nine specializations: Asian Law, Dispute Resolution, Environmental Law, Global Business, Health Law, Intellectual Property, and International and Comparative Law, Law, Business & Entrepreneurship and Public Service Law. The Law School also offers the opportunity to undertake a concurrent degree program, such as a J.D./Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) dual degree. Students who already hold J.D. degrees can seek an",
"title": "University of Washington School of Law"
},
{
"id": "7476436",
"text": "of \"Terry v. Ohio\" first in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, then the United State Supreme Court. In addition to the Juris Doctor (J.D.) and the Master of Laws (L.L.M.) degrees, Cleveland-Marshall also offers dual degrees, which include a J.D./M.B.A.(Master of Business Administration), a J.D./M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), a J.D./M.U.P.D.D. (Master of Urban Planning, Design and Development), a J.D./M.A.E.S. (Master of Arts in Environmental Studies), and a J.D./M.S.E.S. (Master of Science in Environmental Science) degree program. In 2016 \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked Cleveland-Marshall's full-time J.D. program at 106. In 2014 Cleveland-Marshall was ranked 115th (out",
"title": "Cleveland–Marshall College of Law"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Legal education context: the principal law degree is an undergraduate degree, usually known as a Bachelor of Laws (LLB). Graduates of such a program are eligible to become lawyers by passing the country's equivalent of a bar exam. In these countries, graduate law programs are advanced degrees which allow for more in-depth study or specialisation. In the United States, the primary law degree is a graduate degree known as the Juris Doctor (JD). Students may pursue such a degree only after completing an undergraduate degree, usually a bachelor's degree. The undergraduate degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelor's\n\nWhat degree does a US law school graduate get?",
"compressed_tokens": 174,
"origin_tokens": 174,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Legal education in the United States context: received through a law school program. The professional degree granted by U.S. law schools is the Juris Doctor (J.D.). Prospective lawyers who have been awarded the J.D. (or other appropriate credential), must fulfill additional, state-specific requirements in order to gain admission to the bar in the United States. The Juris Doctor (J.D.), like the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), is a professional doctorate. The American Bar Association issued a Council Statement that the JD is equivalent to the PhD for educational employment purposes. The Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) (\"\"Scientiae Juridicae Doctor\"\" in Latin), and Doctor of Comparative Law (D.C.L.), are\n\ntitle school in the United context: years). Other degrees are awarded include the Master of Laws (LL.M.) and the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D.) degrees, which can be in scope. Most law are colleges, schools, units within a post-secondary institution, such as a university Legal is very in the United from that in many other parts of the world. In the United States, most law schools require a bachelor's degree satisfactory undergraduate grade point average (GPA), and satisfactory score on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) as prerequisites for admission Some\n\ntitle: Master in Law context: and journal on tuition ML.S offered Stan the University of's James. Rogers College of provide the opportunity for interdisciplinary research as well as a legal U. of Studies in in (S. of Science of or Leg StudiesML.S Juris Master (. or Masters of Jurisprudence (.J is a's degree offered by law students wish study the law but do not want become attorneS..\n Law school universitywork and is similar the. scholar the ( research required most The years, and their coursesond year the minimum requirements for various law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc. Some schools, however, have not switched from LL.B. to the J.D. – one notable university that still awards the LL.B is McGill\n\nWhat degree does a US law school graduate get?",
"compressed_tokens": 485,
"origin_tokens": 13989,
"ratio": "28.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,714 | On December 14, 1972, Eugene Cernan became the last man to do what, when he followed Harrison Schmitt into the ALM? | [
"Set foot on the moon"
] | Set foot on the moon | [
{
"id": "20326",
"text": "represented in Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, at the time. A plaque located on the LM, commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program, was then unveiled. Before reentering the LM for the final time, Gene Cernan expressed his thoughts: Cernan then followed Schmitt into the LM after spending approximately seven hours and 15 minutes outside during the mission's final lunar excursion. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the LM on December 14, at 5:55 pm EST. After a successful rendezvous and docking with Ron Evans in the",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "2047503",
"text": "19 in September 1970, pressure from the scientific community to shift Harrison Schmitt, the sole professional geologist in the active Apollo roster of astronauts, to the crew of Apollo 17, the final scheduled Apollo mission, mounted. In August 1971, NASA named Schmitt as the lunar module pilot for Apollo 17, which meant the original LM pilot Joe Engle never had the opportunity to walk on the Moon. Cernan fought to keep his crew together; given the choice of flying with Schmitt as LMP or seeing his entire crew removed from Apollo 17, Cernan chose to fly with Schmitt. Cernan eventually",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "179646",
"text": "cancelled in September 1970, the community of lunar geologists supporting Apollo felt so strongly about the need to land a professional geologist on the Moon, that they pressured NASA to reassign Schmitt to a remaining flight. As a result, Schmitt was assigned in August 1971 to fly on the last mission, Apollo 17, replacing Joe Engle as Lunar Module Pilot. Schmitt landed on the Moon with commander Gene Cernan in December 1972. Schmitt claims to have taken the photograph of the Earth known as \"The Blue Marble\", possibly one of the most widely distributed photographic images in existence. NASA officially",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "2047495",
"text": "Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "2981330",
"text": "Ronald Evans (astronaut) Ronald Ellwin Evans Jr. (November 10, 1933 – April 7, 1990), (Capt, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut, also one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Evans was selected as an astronaut by NASA as part of Astronaut Group 5 in 1966 and made his first and only flight into space as Command Module Pilot aboard Apollo 17 in 1972, the last manned mission to the Moon to date, with Commander Eugene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt. During the flight, he orbited",
"title": "Ronald Evans (astronaut)"
},
{
"id": "7562",
"text": "a total of over 20 hours EVA. Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo program, landing in the Taurus–Littrow region in December 1972. Eugene Cernan commanded Ronald E. Evans and NASA's first scientist-astronaut, geologist Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt. Schmitt was originally scheduled for Apollo 18, but the lunar geological community lobbied for his inclusion on the final lunar landing. Cernan and Schmitt stayed on the surface for just over three days and spent just over 23 hours of total EVA. Source: \"Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference\" (Orloff 2004) The Apollo program returned over of lunar rocks and",
"title": "Apollo program"
},
{
"id": "4660376",
"text": "have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,",
"title": "Moon landing"
},
{
"id": "20332",
"text": "the Apollo 17 mission, courtesy of NASA and Captain Eugene Cernan. The song \"Tomorrow\" by Public Service Broadcasting also includes audio of Commander Eugene A. Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt from the mission. Apollo 17 Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program. Launched at 12:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, with a crew made up of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original purpose; after Apollo 17, extra Apollo spacecraft were used in",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "20295",
"text": "Apollo 17 Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program. Launched at 12:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, with a crew made up of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original purpose; after Apollo 17, extra Apollo spacecraft were used in the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz programs. Apollo 17 was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the final manned launch of a Saturn V rocket. It was a \"J-type mission\" which included three",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "2981334",
"text": "19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966. He served as a member of the astronaut support crews for the Apollo 7 and Apollo 11 flights, and as backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 14. Evans' only space flight was as Command Module Pilot of Apollo 17, the last scheduled U.S. manned mission to the Moon. He was accompanied by Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt. While Cernan and Schmitt landed and worked on the Moon in the Taurus–Littrow valley, Evans remained in lunar orbit on board the Command Module \"America\", completing assigned work tasks which required visual geological observations, hand-held",
"title": "Ronald Evans (astronaut)"
},
{
"id": "179641",
"text": "Harrison Schmitt Harrison Hagan \"Jack\" Schmitt (born July 3, 1935) is an American geologist, retired NASA astronaut, university professor, former U.S. senator from New Mexico, and the most recent living person to have walked on the Moon. He is also the last living crew member of Apollo 17. In December 1972, as one of the crew on board Apollo 17, Schmitt became the first member of NASA's first scientist-astronaut group to fly in space. As Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo missions, he also became the twelfth and second-youngest person to set foot on the Moon, and the",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "2047515",
"text": "Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \"Tomorrow\", the final track of their 2015 album \"The Race for Space\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "2047505",
"text": "Aldrin spent outside the LM on Apollo 11. During this time Cernan and Schmitt covered more than using the Lunar Rover and spent a great deal of time collecting geologic samples (including a record 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, the most of any Apollo mission) that would shed light on the Moon's early history. Cernan piloted the rover on its final sortie, recording a maximum speed of , giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record. As Cernan prepared to climb the ladder for the final time, he spoke these words, currently the last spoken by a human being",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "179642",
"text": "second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "123541",
"text": "were performed among six Apollo crews, including Charles \"Pete\" Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Eugene Cernan, and Harrison \"Jack\" Schmitt. Cernan was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon. Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Al Worden made an EVA on August 5, 1971, on the return trip from the Moon, to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the Service Module. He was assisted by Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin standing up in the Command Module hatch. This procedure was repeated by Ken Mattingly",
"title": "Extravehicular activity"
},
{
"id": "2047504",
"text": "came to have a positive evaluation of Schmitt's abilities; he concluded that Schmitt was an outstanding LM pilot while Engle—notwithstanding his outstanding record as an aircraft test pilot—was merely an adequate one. Cernan's role as commander of Apollo 17 closed out the Apollo program's lunar exploration mission with a number of record-setting achievements. During the three days of Apollo 17's surface activity (Dec. 11-14, 1972), Cernan and Schmitt performed three EVAs for a total of about 22 hours of exploration of the Taurus–Littrow valley. Their first EVA alone was more than three times the length astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "179647",
"text": "credits the image to the entire Apollo 17 crew. While on the Moon's surface, Schmitt — the only geologist in the astronaut corps — collected the rock sample designated Troctolite 76535, which has been called \"without doubt the most interesting sample returned from the Moon\". Among other distinctions, it is the central piece of evidence suggesting that the Moon once possessed an active magnetic field. As he returned to the Lunar Module before Cernan, Schmitt is the next-to-last person to have walked on the Moon's surface. After the completion of Apollo 17, Schmitt played an active role in documenting the",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "7353616",
"text": "Tracy's Rock Tracy's Rock, known as Split Rock or the Station 6 Boulder in the scientific literature, is a large boulder visited by the Apollo 17 crew on December 13, 1972 at their Taurus-Littrow landing site. \"Tracy's Rock\" is its popular name. Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt and mission commander Eugene A. Cernan spent considerable time studying the rock and its vicinity at station 6 during their third Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3). At about 165:33:38, Cernan took a series of photos from higher up the hill. In this photomontage, Schmitt is standing to the left of the rock and the Lunar Roving",
"title": "Tracy's Rock"
},
{
"id": "7411726",
"text": "robot lunar rover to land on the Moon was the Soviet vessel Lunokhod 1 on November 17, 1970, as part of the Lunokhod programme. To date, the last human to stand on the Moon was Eugene Cernan, who as part of the mission Apollo 17, walked on the Moon in December 1972. \"See also:\" A full list of lunar Apollo astronauts. Moon rock samples were brought back to Earth by three Luna missions (Luna 16, 20, and 24) and the Apollo missions 11 through 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing). From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s",
"title": "Exploration of the Moon"
},
{
"id": "18392786",
"text": "part of the reason is that the IAU recognizes the larger lunar crater Henry. The crater was named by the astronauts after the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator. Henry (Apollo lunar crater) Henry is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus–Littrow valley, located at the foot of the Sculptured Hills. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landed to the southwest of it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. Henry is northwest of Shakespeare and Van Serg, and west of Cochise. It is south of Geology Station 6 of the Apollo 17 mission. The crater's name is currently",
"title": "Henry (Apollo lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "20300",
"text": "backup crew of Apollo 14) would become prime crew of the mission. NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton ultimately assigned the backup crew of Apollo 14 (Cernan and Evans), along with Schmitt, to the prime crew of Apollo 17. The Apollo 15 prime crew received the backup assignment since this was to be the last lunar mission and the backup crew would not rotate to another mission. However, when the Apollo 15 postage stamp incident became public in early 1972 the crew was reprimanded by NASA and the United States Air Force (they were active duty officers). Director",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "20298",
"text": "lunar orbit. Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle were assigned to the backup crew of Apollo 14. Engle flew sixteen X-15 flights, three of which exceeded the border of space. Following the rotation pattern that a backup crew would fly as the prime crew three missions later, Cernan, Evans, and Engle would have flown Apollo 17. Harrison Schmitt served on the backup crew of Apollo 15 and, following the crew rotation cycle, was slated to fly as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 18. However, Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970. Following this decision, the scientific",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "16879875",
"text": "Lunar basalt 70017 The Lunar basalt 70017 is a Moon rock gathered in 1972 by astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt on the Apollo 17 mission near their Apollo lunar lander from the valley of Taurus-Littrow on the moon and divided into 1.1 gram pieces. Lunar basalt 70017 is a Moon basalt that was last collected by astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt on the last manned Moon landing, Apollo 17. After gathering the basalt rock from the surface of the Moon the two astronauts made a speech referring to \"the children of the world\". They wished that parts of",
"title": "Lunar basalt 70017"
},
{
"id": "179656",
"text": "astronauts featured in the documentary \"In the Shadow of the Moon\". He also contributed to the book \"NASA's Scientist-Astronauts\" by David Shayler and Colin Burgess. Harrison Schmitt Harrison Hagan \"Jack\" Schmitt (born July 3, 1935) is an American geologist, retired NASA astronaut, university professor, former U.S. senator from New Mexico, and the most recent living person to have walked on the Moon. He is also the last living crew member of Apollo 17. In December 1972, as one of the crew on board Apollo 17, Schmitt became the first member of NASA's first scientist-astronaut group to fly in space. As",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "3757817",
"text": "17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared. Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious",
"title": "Far side of the Moon"
},
{
"id": "16879878",
"text": "angular shaped stone are rough and jagged. Lunar basalt 70017 The Lunar basalt 70017 is a Moon rock gathered in 1972 by astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt on the Apollo 17 mission near their Apollo lunar lander from the valley of Taurus-Littrow on the moon and divided into 1.1 gram pieces. Lunar basalt 70017 is a Moon basalt that was last collected by astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt on the last manned Moon landing, Apollo 17. After gathering the basalt rock from the surface of the Moon the two astronauts made a speech referring to \"the children of",
"title": "Lunar basalt 70017"
},
{
"id": "3473078",
"text": "the Moon, because NASA \"didn't have plans to land on Apollo 10\" so \"there wasn't any point in ... training in the LLTV.\" Cernan only got this training after being assigned as backup commander for Apollo 14, and in 1972 was the last to fly the LLTV while training as commander for Apollo 17, the final landing mission. Built of aluminum alloy trusses, the LLRVs were powered by a General Electric CF700-2V turbofan engine with a thrust of 4,200 lbf (19 kN), mounted vertically in a gimbal. The engine lifted the vehicle to the test altitude and was then throttled",
"title": "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle"
},
{
"id": "15835662",
"text": "eliminated the need for the thermal protection shroud. The flag which had hung in the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR) in the Mission Control Center through all the prior Apollo landings was flown to the Moon for the final mission, Apollo 17. This flag measured 20% wider and higher than the others, therefore it required a long horizontal pole. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt carried a second, identical flag to the Moon and back, and presented it to flight controller Gene Kranz after the flight, to replace the one left on the Moon. Buzz Aldrin reported that the Apollo 11",
"title": "Lunar Flag Assembly"
},
{
"id": "20622103",
"text": "of Washington, and finally a Fulbright Fellowship at the Max-Planck-Institüt für Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany. In December of 1972, Taylor was offered to be in the “back room” of Johnson Space Center during the Apollo 17 mission where he had the opportunity to directly advise astronauts on their extravehicular activities on the Moon. Subsequently, Taylor became very close friends with Harrison Schmitt, the last man to step on the lunar surface and the sole geologist to ever reach the Moon. The two would collaborate throughout their careers with Schmitt playing an influential role in helping Taylor develop the Department of",
"title": "Larry Taylor (geochemist)"
},
{
"id": "7353618",
"text": "Station 6 boulder \"Tracy's Rock\". Tracy is Gene Cernan's daughter, who was nine years old at the time of the mission. Tracy's Rock Tracy's Rock, known as Split Rock or the Station 6 Boulder in the scientific literature, is a large boulder visited by the Apollo 17 crew on December 13, 1972 at their Taurus-Littrow landing site. \"Tracy's Rock\" is its popular name. Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt and mission commander Eugene A. Cernan spent considerable time studying the rock and its vicinity at station 6 during their third Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3). At about 165:33:38, Cernan took a series of photos",
"title": "Tracy's Rock"
},
{
"id": "18392785",
"text": "Henry (Apollo lunar crater) Henry is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus–Littrow valley, located at the foot of the Sculptured Hills. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landed to the southwest of it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. Henry is northwest of Shakespeare and Van Serg, and west of Cochise. It is south of Geology Station 6 of the Apollo 17 mission. The crater's name is currently informal and not recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), although nearly all the other features within the Taurus–Littrow valley that were named by the astronauts are. Possibly",
"title": "Henry (Apollo lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "14762008",
"text": "lunar rovers in the Taurus–Littrow lunar valley, that will search for the Lunar Roving Vehicle left there by NASA astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt in 1972 during the Apollo 17 mission. The rovers are being developed by German automobile manufacturer Audi. The prototype rover is called \"Asimov Jr. R3\", while the two flight rovers are named \"Audi Lunar Quattro\". ALINA lander will also perform communications relay between the rovers and Earth, using technology based on Infineon chips, Nokia, and Vodafone's 4G LTE network. The lander and rovers may carry commercial payloads or scientific instruments for a fee. The only",
"title": "PTScientists"
},
{
"id": "20328",
"text": "19, the crew jettisoned the no-longer-needed SM, leaving only the CM for return to Earth. The Apollo 17 spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere and landed safely in the Pacific Ocean at 2:25 pm, from the recovery ship, . Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt were then retrieved by a recovery helicopter and were safely aboard the recovery ship 52 minutes after landing. The command module \"America\" is currently on display at Space Center Houston at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The ascent stage of lunar module \"Challenger\" impacted the Moon December 15, 1972 at 06:50:20.8 UT (1:50 am EST),",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "19825132",
"text": "sung on the Moon by NASA Astronauts Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan on the 1972 Apollo 17 mission. Schmitt started by singing \"I was strolling on the Moon one day...\" when Cernan joined in. Cernan kept with the original \"merry month of May\", however, while Schmitt sang \"December\", which was the actual date at the time. After a brief debate, Schmitt resumed, singing \"When much to my surprise, a pair of bonny eyes...\" until he could no longer remember the lyrics and began vocalizing the notes instead. Moments later, Capsule Communicator Robert A. Parker cut in from Houston, saying \"sorry",
"title": "Music in space"
},
{
"id": "20319",
"text": "system engine on the CSM ignited to slow down the CSM/LM stack into lunar orbit. Following orbit insertion and orbital stabilization, the crew began preparations for landing in the Taurus-Littrow valley. After separating from the CSM, the LM \"Challenger\" and its crew of two, Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, adjusted their orbit and began preparations for the descent to Taurus-Littrow. While Cernan and Schmitt prepared for landing, Command Module Pilot Ron Evans remained in orbit to take observations, perform experiments and await the return of his crew-mates a few days later. Soon after completing their preparations for landing, Cernan and",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "17072941",
"text": "short story with particular reference to J. D. Salinger. Shorty (crater) Shorty is a feature on Earth's Moon, a likely volcanic crater in the Taurus–Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. It is the location of the famous \"orange soil\". It is about in diameter and up to deep. To the east of Shorty are Victory, Camelot, and the Apollo 17 landing site. To the southeast is Brontë. To the southwest are Lara and Nansen. The crater was named after the character \"Shorty\" in Richard Brautigan's \"Trout Fishing in America\",",
"title": "Shorty (crater)"
},
{
"id": "1528725",
"text": "mission for the aging Skylab space station. However, such a mission was impeded by delays with the shuttle's development and the deteriorating orbit of Skylab. Skylab ultimately de-orbited on 11 July 1979, two years before the launch of STS-2. Engle had been the original selection as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17, but was bumped in favor of Harrison Schmitt when it became clear that the mission would be the last lunar landing. As a consequence, both Engle and Truly were rookies during STS-2 (Engle had flown the X-15 above and so had earned USAF astronaut wings, but was still",
"title": "STS-2"
},
{
"id": "17298981",
"text": "The NASA sample features a recording of Eugene Cernan from the Apollo 17 mission, in which he observes a flashing object from a window of his capsule. It was later surmised that the particle was a discarded rocket stage. Bangalter emphasized the choice of Cernan, the last man to leave the surface of the moon on the final Apollo mission, being used to end the album. Falcon recalled that upon playback of the completed \"Contact\", the studio speakers had blown out as a result of the sounds from the end of the track. He likened the effect to the end",
"title": "Contact (Daft Punk song)"
},
{
"id": "18692635",
"text": "Richard Nixon gave presentation samples of Moon rock brought back by Apollo 11 as gifts to 135 countries and 50 US states. The Apollo 17 lunar sample display consists of a Moon rock fragment from a lava Moon stone identified as lunar basalt 70017, the recipient's flag and two small metal plates attached with descriptive messages, all inside a wooden commemorative plaque. Near the end of their third and final moonwalk, and what would be the last moonwalk of the Apollo program, Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt \"picked up a very significant rock, typical of what we",
"title": "Lunar sample displays"
},
{
"id": "18389392",
"text": "Van Serg (crater) Van Serg is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus–Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission, during EVA 3. Van Serg was designated Geology Station 9. To the northwest is Shakespeare and to the northeast are Cochise and Geology Station 8 at the base of the Sculptured Hills. To the south is Sherlock, and to the southwest are the Apollo 17 landing site and the large crater Camelot. The crater was named by the astronauts after Harvard University geology professor Hugh McKinstry, who, according to",
"title": "Van Serg (crater)"
},
{
"id": "17072940",
"text": "Shorty (crater) Shorty is a feature on Earth's Moon, a likely volcanic crater in the Taurus–Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. It is the location of the famous \"orange soil\". It is about in diameter and up to deep. To the east of Shorty are Victory, Camelot, and the Apollo 17 landing site. To the southeast is Brontë. To the southwest are Lara and Nansen. The crater was named after the character \"Shorty\" in Richard Brautigan's \"Trout Fishing in America\", as well as to honor the genre of the",
"title": "Shorty (crater)"
},
{
"id": "242343",
"text": "The rovers were designed with a top speed of about , although Eugene Cernan recorded a maximum speed of , giving him the (unofficial) lunar land-speed record. The LRV was developed in only 17 months and performed all its functions on the Moon with no major anomalies. Scientist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt of Apollo 17 said, \"The Lunar Rover proved to be the reliable, safe and flexible lunar exploration vehicle we expected it to be. Without it, the major scientific discoveries of Apollo 15, 16, and 17 would not have been possible; and our current understanding of lunar evolution would not have",
"title": "Lunar Roving Vehicle"
},
{
"id": "20323",
"text": "the immediate landing site. After completing this, Cernan and Schmitt departed on the first geologic traverse of the mission towards Steno crater to the south of the landing site, during which they gathered of samples; took seven gravimeter measurements; and deployed two explosive packages, which were later detonated remotely to test geophones that had been placed by the astronauts and seismometers that had been placed on previous Apollo missions. The EVA ended after seven hours and twelve minutes. On December 12, at 6:28 pm EST, Cernan and Schmitt began their second lunar excursion. One of the first tasks of the",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "2047501",
"text": "Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "18389394",
"text": "Nansen-Apollo (crater) Nansen-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley, at the base of the South Massif. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. The astronauts referred to it simply as Nansen during the mission. Geology Station 2 of the mission was located at Nansen. Nansen is located in the 'light mantle' which is almost certainly an avalanche deposit from the South Massif. To the north of Nansen is Lara crater and Geology Station 3. To the northeast is Shorty and Geology Station 4. About 5 km to",
"title": "Nansen-Apollo (crater)"
},
{
"id": "20297",
"text": "investigate the possibility of relatively new volcanic activity in the same area. Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt returned to Earth on December 19 after a 12-day mission. Apollo 17 is the most recent manned Moon landing and the most recent time humans travelled beyond low Earth orbit. It was also the first mission to have no one on board who had been a test pilot; X-15 test pilot Joe Engle lost the lunar module pilot assignment to Schmitt, a geologist. The mission broke several records: the longest moon landing, longest total extravehicular activities (moonwalks), largest lunar sample, and longest time in",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "20299",
"text": "community pressured NASA to assign a geologist to an Apollo landing, as opposed to a pilot trained in geology. In light of this pressure, Harrison Schmitt, a professional geologist, was assigned the Lunar Module Pilot position on Apollo 17. Scientist-astronaut Curt Michel believed that it was his own decision to resign, after it became clear that he would not be given a flight assignment, that mobilized this action. Subsequent to the decision to assign Schmitt to Apollo 17, there remained the question of which crew (the full backup crew of Apollo 15, Dick Gordon, Vance Brand, and Schmitt, or the",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "18389395",
"text": "the east are Mackin and Hess craters. The crater was named by the astronauts after Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian explorer. Nansen-Apollo (crater) Nansen-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley, at the base of the South Massif. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. The astronauts referred to it simply as Nansen during the mission. Geology Station 2 of the mission was located at Nansen. Nansen is located in the 'light mantle' which is almost certainly an avalanche deposit from the South Massif. To the north of Nansen",
"title": "Nansen-Apollo (crater)"
},
{
"id": "18389397",
"text": "Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak. Lara (lunar crater) Lara is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission, during EVA 2. Geology Station 3 of the mission is located on the northeast rim of Lara. Lara is located in the 'light mantle' which is almost certainly an avalanche deposit from the South Massif. To the south of Lara is Nansen crater and Geology Station 2. To the northeast is Shorty crater and Geology Station 4. The crater was named by the astronauts after",
"title": "Lara (lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "11687017",
"text": "October 1977, with a pair of two-man crews assigned to the orbiter: Haise had previously flown as the lunar module pilot of Apollo 13. Fullerton later flew as the pilot of STS-3 and commanded STS-51-F. This crew later flew on STS-2. Engle was originally the lunar module pilot for Apollo 17, but was bumped in favor of Harrison Schmitt due to pressure from the scientific community when Apollo 18 was cancelled. In addition to the two assigned shuttle crews, who would alternate crewing the orbiter, a single flight crew was attached to the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) for",
"title": "Approach and Landing Tests"
},
{
"id": "18389396",
"text": "Lara (lunar crater) Lara is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission, during EVA 2. Geology Station 3 of the mission is located on the northeast rim of Lara. Lara is located in the 'light mantle' which is almost certainly an avalanche deposit from the South Massif. To the south of Lara is Nansen crater and Geology Station 2. To the northeast is Shorty crater and Geology Station 4. The crater was named by the astronauts after the heroine of the novel",
"title": "Lara (lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "7039841",
"text": "NASA scientist-astronaut in June 1965. He resigned from NASA in September 1969 without having being assigned to any spaceflight missions. Michel believed that it was his decision to resign, after it became clear that he would not be given a flight assignment, that motivated the scientific community to demand that his fellow scientist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt be reassigned to Apollo 17 after Schmitt's planned mission on Apollo 18 was cancelled. After his resignation from NASA, Michel returned to teaching and research at Rice, where he also served as chair of the space physics and astronomy department from 1974 to 1979. He",
"title": "Curt Michel"
},
{
"id": "2052865",
"text": "landing was almost aborted when a malfunction was detected in the SPS engine control system in the Service Module. It was determined that the problem could be worked around, and the mission continued. On the surface, Young took three moonwalks in the Descartes Highlands with Charles Duke on April 21, 22 and 23, 1972, making Young the ninth person to walk on the surface of the Moon, while Ken Mattingly flew the Command Module in lunar orbit. Young's final assignment in Apollo was as the backup commander for Cernan on Apollo 17. The backup crew was originally the Apollo 15",
"title": "John Young (astronaut)"
},
{
"id": "20320",
"text": "Schmitt began their descent to the Taurus-Littrow valley on the lunar surface. Several minutes after the descent phase was initiated, the LM pitched over, giving the crew their first look at the landing site during the descent phase and allowing Cernan to guide the spacecraft to a desirable landing target while Schmitt provided data from the flight computer essential for landing. The LM touched down on the lunar surface at 2:55 pm EST on December 11. Shortly thereafter, the two astronauts began re-configuring the LM for their stay on the surface and began preparations for the first moonwalk of the",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "8966022",
"text": "song in a medley on his album \"101 Gang Songs\" (1961) A few bars of \"The Fountain in the Park\" were sung on the Moon by NASA Astronauts Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan on the Apollo 17 mission. Schmitt started by singing \"I was strolling on the Moon one day...\" when Cernan joined in. Cernan kept with the original \"merry month of May\", however, while Schmitt sang \"December\", which was the actual date at the time. After a brief debate, Schmitt resumed, singing \"When much to my surprise, a pair of bonny eyes...\" until he could no longer remember the",
"title": "The Fountain in the Park"
},
{
"id": "2047496",
"text": "1972, the final Apollo lunar landing. Cernan was also a backup crew member of the Gemini 12, Apollo 7 and Apollo 14 space missions. Cernan was born on March 14, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois; he was the son of Rose (née Cihlar) and Andrew Cernan. His father was of Slovak descent and his mother was of Czech ancestry. Cernan grew up in the Illinois towns Bellwood and Maywood. He was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of Second Class. After attending McKinley Elementary School in Bellwood and graduating from Proviso East High School in Maywood in 1952, he studied",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "885526",
"text": "orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979. In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside. The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with",
"title": "Space Race"
},
{
"id": "7532",
"text": "All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, included at least two (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space, and landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17. Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews. NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or",
"title": "Apollo program"
},
{
"id": "2217116",
"text": "the LM as a \"life boat\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home. Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17. Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike John Young and Eugene Cernan, he never walked on it. He accrued over 715 hours, and had seen",
"title": "Jim Lovell"
},
{
"id": "16880215",
"text": "sample displays were also distributed to all the other states of the United States and all the countries (at the time) of the world. The New York Apollo 17 lunar sample display commemorative style plaque, measuring 10 by 14 inches, consists of one \"moon rock\" particle specimen that was cut from lunar basalt 70017 and a New York state flag. The basalt 70017 was collected by Apollo 17 astronauts Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan at the end of their third and final moonwalk. Once the lunar basalt 70017 was brought back to earth from the moon, the basalt moon rock",
"title": "New York lunar sample displays"
},
{
"id": "123539",
"text": "outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating. Cernan attempted but failed to test an Air Force Astronaut Maneuvering Unit which included a self-contained oxygen system. On November 13, 1966, Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin became the first to successfully work in space without tiring, on the Gemini 12 last flight. Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes, in addition to two stand-up EVAs in the spacecraft hatch for an additional 3 hours and 24 minutes. Aldrin's interest in scuba diving inspired the use of underwater EVA training to simulate weightlessness, which has been used ever since to allow",
"title": "Extravehicular activity"
},
{
"id": "3088415",
"text": "10 lifted off on May 18, 1969. Despite heavy oscillation during ascent, Apollo 10 achieved orbit without incident, successfully docked the LM and CM, and achieved its translunar injection burn. Upon arriving in lunar orbit, Stafford and Cernan undocked in the LM and entered an elliptical orbit with a periapsis (the closest distance) of nine miles over the lunar surface. To provide reconnaissance, the periapsis coincided with the Sea of Tranquility, the intended landing site for Apollo 11. Upon ascent, the LM began turning rapidly from a misaligned switch on the Abort Guidance System; Stafford was able to regain control",
"title": "Thomas P. Stafford"
},
{
"id": "2047502",
"text": "Cernan turned down the opportunity to walk on the Moon as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16, preferring to risk missing a flight for the opportunity to command his own mission. Cernan moved back into the Apollo rotation as commander of the backup crew of Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and Joe Engle for Apollo 14, putting him in position through normal crew rotation to command his own crew on Apollo 17. Escalating budget cutbacks for NASA, however, brought the number of future lunar missions into question. After the cancellation of Apollo 15 in its original H class profile and Apollo",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "20296",
"text": "days on the lunar surface, extended scientific capability, and the third Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). While Evans remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), Cernan and Schmitt spent just over three days on the Moon in the Taurus–Littrow valley and completed three moonwalks, taking lunar samples and deploying scientific instruments. Evans took scientific measurements and photographs from orbit using a scientific instruments module mounted in the service module. The landing site was chosen with the primary objectives of Apollo 17 in mind: to sample lunar highland material older than the impact that formed Mare Imbrium, and",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "13629437",
"text": "and finishing in 6th place. Glenn returned to space on October 29, 1998 aboard Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-95) while still a sitting Senator. The next year he retired from Congress. Two Apollo astronauts were elected to the United States Congress. \"Astronaut turned Sen. Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt\", whose participation on the Apollo 17 mission made him the only geologist to walk on the Moon, resigned from NASA in August 1975 and shortly thereafter ran as a Republican, winning the New Mexico Senate seat in 1976 over two-term Democratic incumbent, Joseph Montoya by a margin of 57% to 42%, despite being described",
"title": "Astronaut-politician"
},
{
"id": "11925228",
"text": "of both were Tiger Woods (2002) and Jordan Spieth (2015). In addition, Nicklaus held the PGA Championship title from February 1971; four weeks later, he was the runner-up by a single stroke at the Open Championship at Muirfield, Scotland. Nicklaus won seven additional majors, the last at the Masters fourteen years later in 1986 at age 46. \"Thursday, June 15, 1972\" \"Friday, June 16, 1972\" \"Saturday, June 17, 1972\" \"Sunday, June 18, 1972\" In high winds, Nicklaus was even par on the front nine; after a double-bogey at the tenth, Arnold Palmer and Bruce Crampton trailed by just two shots.",
"title": "1972 U.S. Open (golf)"
},
{
"id": "2047506",
"text": "standing on the lunar surface: Cernan's status as the last person to walk on the Moon means Purdue University is the \"alma mater\" of both the first person to walk on the Moon—Neil Armstrong—and the most recent. Cernan is one of only three astronauts to travel to the Moon on two occasions; the others being Jim Lovell and John Young. , he is also one of only twelve people to have walked on the Moon. Apollo 10 holds the record for the highest speed attained by any manned vehicle at during its return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "2047500",
"text": "a substitute target vehicle was made impossible by the failure of a protective shroud to separate after launch. The crew, however, performed a rendezvous that simulated procedures that would be used in the Apollo 10 mission; the first optical rendezvous and a lunar-orbit-abort rendezvous. Cernan performed the second American EVA—the third-ever spacewalk—but overexertion caused by a lack of limb restraints prevented testing of the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit and forced the early termination of the spacewalk. Cernan was also a backup pilot for the Gemini 12 mission. Cernan was selected for the lunar module pilot position on the backup crew for",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "5220873",
"text": "visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname \"Three-Day Gray\". These absences, combined with Gray's hospitalization and recuperation from November 20, 1972, to January 2, 1973, meant that Felt was effectively in charge for much of his final year at the Bureau. Bob Woodward wrote \"Gray got to be director of the FBI and Felt did the work.\" Felt wrote in his memoir: The record amply demonstrates that President Nixon made Pat Gray the Acting Director of the FBI because he wanted a politician in J. Edgar Hoover's position who would convert",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "179645",
"text": "the landing missions, he participated in the examination and evaluation of the returned lunar samples and helped the crews with the scientific aspects of their mission reports. Schmitt spent considerable time becoming proficient in the CSM and LM systems. In March 1970 he became the first of the scientist-astronauts to be assigned to space flight, joining Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (Commander) and Vance Brand (Command Module Pilot) on the Apollo 15 backup crew. The flight rotation put these three in line to fly as prime crew on the third following mission, Apollo 18. When Apollo flights 18 and 19 were",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "12213588",
"text": "a flight around the Moon in December 1968. Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon. On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.",
"title": "NASA"
},
{
"id": "2617253",
"text": "Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division in the Department of Justice. In 1972, Gray was nominated to be Deputy Attorney General, but before he could be confirmed by the full United States Senate his nomination was withdrawn. Instead, President Nixon designated him as Acting Director of the FBI after the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Gray served for less than a year. Day-to-day operational command of the Bureau remained with Associate Director Mark Felt. On June 17, 1972, just six weeks after Gray took office at the FBI, five men were arrested after breaking into the Democratic National Committee",
"title": "L. Patrick Gray"
},
{
"id": "4881171",
"text": "transmitter bolted to its side, where he discovered a vacuum tube had failed due to vibration and hot weather. After Silva fixed the problem overnight, the Telecopter made the world's first successful television news flight on July 4, 1958. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had a number of Bell 47s during the Apollo program, used by astronauts as trainers for the lunar lander. Apollo 17 commander Eugene Cernan had a nearly disastrous crash into the Indian River in Florida in 1972, shortly before his flight to the moon. The 47 has also served as the helicopter of choice",
"title": "Bell 47"
},
{
"id": "2170327",
"text": "pack very similar to the MMU. This was planned to be tested during Project Gemini on an EVA by Eugene Cernan on Gemini 9A on June 5, 1966. However, the test had to be cancelled because Cernan, tired and overheated, sweated so profusely that his helmet visor fogged before he could get to the AMU mounted on the back of the spacecraft. Astronauts did not learn how to work during EVA without tiring until the final Gemini 12 mission, but no AMU was carried on that flight. Since there was no real need for self-contained astronaut EVA flight in the",
"title": "Manned Maneuvering Unit"
},
{
"id": "2741762",
"text": "Module Pilot for the Apollo 14 mission and was due to land on the Moon as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17, but was replaced by geologist Harrison Schmitt after Apollo 18 was cancelled with pressure from the scientific community to have a scientist explore the Moon, and not just test pilots who had been given geology training. In response to getting bumped from the mission, he said \"When you think about it, the lunar missions were geology-oriented.\" According to Engle, Deke Slayton asked him whether he would prefer to fly on Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz, or the Space Shuttle; Engle responded",
"title": "Joe Engle"
},
{
"id": "15296181",
"text": "our duty – and our destiny – to settle that frontier with American leadership, courage, and values. The signing of this new directive is yet another promise kept by President Trump.\" Among other dignitaries on hand for the signing, were NASA astronauts Sen. Harrison \"Jack\" Schmitt, Buzz Aldrin, Peggy Whitson, and Christina Koch. Schmitt landed on the Moon 45 years to the minute that the policy directive was signed as part of NASA's Apollo 17 mission, and is the most recent living person to have set foot on our lunar neighbor. Aldrin was the second person to walk on the",
"title": "Space policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "753829",
"text": "were uncertain. As the last scheduled mission, it was primarily intended to complete tasks that had not been successfully or fully carried out on earlier missions. While NASA had successfully performed rendezvous during Project Gemini, the gravity-gradient stabilization test on Gemini 11 was unsuccessful. NASA also had concerns about extra-vehicular activity (EVA). Eugene Cernan on Gemini 9 and Richard Gordon on Gemini 11 had suffered from fatigue carrying out tasks during EVA. Whereas Michael Collins had a successful EVA on Gemini 10, which suggested that the order in which he had performed his tasks was an important factor. It therefore",
"title": "Buzz Aldrin"
},
{
"id": "20108",
"text": "the first human to fly solo around the Moon, while Stafford and Cernan flew the LM in lunar orbit as part of the preparations for Apollo 11. Young was also backup commander of Apollo 13 and Apollo 17 and Cernan was backup commander of Apollo 14. The Apollo 10 crew are also the humans who have traveled the farthest away from home, some from their homes and families in Houston. While most Apollo missions orbited the Moon at the same from the lunar surface, the distance between the Earth and Moon varies by about , between perigee and apogee, throughout",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "290703",
"text": "him terribly.\" NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said, \"As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own\". A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13 at Washington National Cathedral, whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels. In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first",
"title": "Neil Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "12164865",
"text": "Mueller. In this position he stayed at mission control when Apollo 13 experienced a crippling explosion; later he promoted the selection of geologist and astronaut Harrison Schmitt as a crew member of Apollo 17. He served until 1974. During this time he earned three NASA Distinguished Service Medals, one in 1971 for his work on the Apollo program and two in 1974 (one for his work on Skylab and the Shuttle, the other for his work towards manned spaceflight). In 1970 he also received an honorary doctorate from Whitworth College. Myers was a president of the National Academy of Engineering.",
"title": "Dale D. Myers"
},
{
"id": "179644",
"text": "Before joining NASA as a member of the first group of scientist-astronauts in June 1965, he worked at the U.S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Center at Flagstaff, Arizona, developing geological field techniques that would be used by the Apollo crews. Following his selection, Schmitt spent his first year at Air Force UPT learning to become a jet pilot. Upon his return to the astronaut corps in Houston, he played a key role in training Apollo crews to be geologic observers when they were in lunar orbit and competent geologic field workers when they were on the lunar surface. After each of",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "16879901",
"text": "the landing of Apollo 17 on the Moon, which was memorialised by astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and Harrison H. Schmitt when they talked directly to the \"youth ambassadors\" from the surface of the Moon. Matthews was able to see astronaut Neil Armstrong personally at the luxury hotel in Orlando, Florida. He also got quite acquainted with Armstrong's daughter and became lifetime pen pals with her. The program directors promised each \"youth ambassador\" a lunar sample from the Apollo 17 mission. In 1973 Matthews was sent the Canadian \"goodwill moon rock\" encased in a clear Lucite ball about the size of",
"title": "Canada lunar sample displays"
},
{
"id": "2554382",
"text": "February 1973. The last A-4 loss in the Vietnam War occurred on 26 September 1972, when USMC pilot Captain James P. Walsh, USMC of VMA-211, flying close air support from Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, was hit by ground fire during the Battle of An Lộc. Captain Walsh ejected safely and was the last U.S. Marine to be taken prisoner during the war. He was released as a POW on 12 February 1973. Although the first A-4Es were flown in Vietnam in early 1965, the A-4Cs continued to be used until late 1970. On 1 June 1965, the Chu",
"title": "Douglas A-4 Skyhawk"
},
{
"id": "17358",
"text": "April 17, 1970, six days after launch. The flight passed the far side of the Moon at an altitude of above the lunar surface, and 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth, a spaceflight record marking the farthest humans have ever traveled from Earth. The mission was commanded by James A. Lovell with John L. \"Jack\" Swigert as Command Module Pilot and Fred W. Haise as Lunar Module Pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for the original CM pilot Ken Mattingly, who was grounded by the flight surgeon after exposure to German measles. The story of the Apollo 13 mission has",
"title": "Apollo 13"
},
{
"id": "5999001",
"text": "wasn't going to have a flight for him\". Another lunar landing was lost in April 1970 when Apollo 13 had its in-flight failure, and the Fra Mauro landing site was reassigned to Apollo 14. Then on September 2, 1970, NASA announced it was canceling the H4 and J4 missions, due to more budget cuts. Skylab was also pushed out to 1973, and the final landing schedule became: At the time, 35 of NASA's 49 active astronauts were waiting for a chance for a mission. In the closing days of the program, Apollo 17 LMP Harrison Schmitt aggressively lobbied for a",
"title": "Canceled Apollo missions"
},
{
"id": "11565199",
"text": "of Parlotti, his friend, Giacomo Agostini, an Italian MV Agusta rider and a ten time 350cc and 500cc world champion, announced that he would never return to the Isle of Man to race. He considered the course too dangerous for international competition. As the years went on more top riders joined Agostini's boycott and in 1976 it was announced that the TT would be removed from the championship calendar. The British round of the FIM championship was held at Silverstone Circuit on the mainland from 1977 onwards. In the last race of the 1972 event, Agostini won his 10th TT",
"title": "1972 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"id": "8144405",
"text": "The Magnificent Seven Ride The Magnificent Seven Ride (also known as The Magnificent Seven 4) is a 1972 western film and is the third and last sequel of the 1960 western, \"The Magnificent Seven\". It stars Lee Van Cleef as Chris Adams, succeeding Yul Brynner and George Kennedy in the role. It was directed by George McCowan. In southern Arizona Territory, former hired gun-turned-marshal Chris Adams rescues his old friend, former bounty hunter Jim Mackay from an ambush. After recovering from his long ride across the desert, Jim asks Chris to help him defend the small Mexican border town of",
"title": "The Magnificent Seven Ride"
},
{
"id": "6651914",
"text": "man to complete a double Atlantic crossing non-stop, rowing solo and un assisted. Leaving from Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, his trajectory took him across the North Atlantic to the Canary islands, and then back East-West to finish in Martinique. The expedition saw him a total of 145 days and 22 hours at sea and marked a world first, it was completed on 1 December 2012. \"La Mondiale\" set the original record in 1992. After much work and refurbishment this beautiful old boat was ready to go to sea again in 2008/9 and race two state of the art modern lightweight boats both of",
"title": "Ocean rowing"
},
{
"id": "2585277",
"text": "22727, is also used as a full-Earth image. The photographer used a 70-millimeter Hasselblad camera with an 80-millimeter Zeiss lens. NASA credits the image to the entire Apollo 17 crewEugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Jack Schmittall of whom took photographs during the mission with the on-board Hasselblad, although evidence examined after the mission suggests that Jack Schmitt was the photographer. All Apollo flights were heavily scheduled down to the minute. At the time this photo was taken, none of the astronauts was scheduled to do so. Thus this photo was taken quickly in a stolen moment. The astronaut who took",
"title": "The Blue Marble"
},
{
"id": "3022993",
"text": "that would continue to relay data following the missions) and other tools used on the lunar surface. He also served as a capsule communicator on the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. Schmitt, Owen Garriott and Lind were the only scientist-astronauts to receive advanced helicopter training, a key prerequisite for piloting the Apollo Lunar Module. Due to standard crew rotations, it is believed that Lind would have followed Schmitt as the second scientist-astronaut Lunar Module Pilot on one of the canceled Apollo missions or projected long-range Apollo Applications Program lunar survey missions. Amid the gradual cancellation of the later Apollo",
"title": "Don L. Lind"
},
{
"id": "3022997",
"text": "Smithsonian Air and Space Museum received the unused Skylab B he \"cried ceremonially in front of it\", Lind later said; \"I was ... in the right place at the wrong time\". In 1972, Lind expressed interest in being assigned to the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the final mission of the Apollo program; ultimately, Brand was assigned as Command Module Pilot alongside senior managers Slayton (who assigned himself to the mission as Docking Module Pilot after being medically grounded for most of the space program) and Commander Thomas P. Stafford. He was reassigned to the Science and Applications Directorate in 1974, formally",
"title": "Don L. Lind"
},
{
"id": "2883676",
"text": "compared to data obtained from Glenn's \"Friendship 7\" orbital mission in 1962. In addition to becoming the oldest person to fly into space, Glenn also became the third sitting member of Congress to do so. He was preceded by Utah Senator Jake Garn (STS-51-D) and Florida Representative (later Senator) Bill Nelson (STS-61-C). At the time, Glenn was Ohio's senior or ranking Senator. Other astronauts who later entered politics include Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17), later senator from New Mexico, and Jack Swigert (Apollo 13), who was elected to Congress in Colorado but died before being sworn in. In a reprise of",
"title": "STS-95"
},
{
"id": "20325",
"text": "seven hours and thirty-seven minutes. They collected of samples, deployed three more explosive packages and took seven gravimeter measurements. The third moonwalk, the last of the Apollo program, began at 5:26 pm EST on December 13. During this excursion, the crew collected of lunar samples and took nine gravimeter measurements. They drove the rover to the north and east of the landing site and explored the base of the North Massif, the Sculptured Hills, and the unusual crater Van Serg. Before ending the moonwalk, the crew collected a rock, a breccia, and dedicated it to several different nations which were",
"title": "Apollo 17"
},
{
"id": "4005362",
"text": "Jackie Stewart, having just lost his World Champion's crown to Emerson Fittipaldi, asserted his intentions to get it back, as he dominated the entire weekend with pole, win and fastest lap and completed a sweep of the North American races. It was the twenty-second victory of the Scot's career, and his fourth in 1972. Teammate François Cevert completed the one-two finish for Tyrrell, five seconds ahead of Denny Hulme's McLaren. The then-staggering amount of $275,000 in prize money attracted 31 entries for the last race of the year. Rain and cold winds harried the drivers in qualifying, and Friday's times",
"title": "1972 United States Grand Prix"
},
{
"id": "10972290",
"text": "islands of the South Pacific. On 15 June 1972, \"Lucette\" was holed by a pod of killer whales and sank approximately 200 miles west of the Galapagos Islands. The group of six people on board escaped to an inflatable life raft and a solid-hull dinghy with little in the way of tools or provisions. Using the dinghy as a towboat powered by a jury-rigged sail, the group made its way towards the doldrums, hoping to find rain there so they could collect drinking water. They did so successfully, while catching turtles, dorado, and flying fish to eat. The inflatable raft",
"title": "Dougal Robertson"
},
{
"id": "18970797",
"text": "the enhanced-sized Cygnus PCM. In an Orbital ATK tradition, this Cygnus spacecraft was named the S.S. \"Gene Cernan\" after one of NASA's Apollo astronauts, Apollo 17 commander Eugene Cernan (1934-2017), the last man (as of 2017) to walk on the Moon and one of only three humans to visit the Moon (in orbit or on the surface) twice. Total cargo mass: Cygnus CRS OA-8E Cygnus CRS OA-8E, also known as Orbital ATK CRS-8E, was the ninth flight of the Orbital ATK unmanned resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its eighth flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract",
"title": "Cygnus CRS OA-8E"
},
{
"id": "5999002",
"text": "manned landing on the far side of the Moon, targeting the far side Tsiolkovskiy crater. Schmitt's ambitious proposal included the launch into lunar orbit of special communications satellites based on the existing TIROS satellites to allow contact with the astronauts during their powered descent and lunar surface operations. NASA administrators rejected these plans based on lack of funding and added risk. In August 1971, President Richard Nixon even proposed to cancel all remaining lunar landings (Apollo 16 and 17). His Office of Management and Budget Deputy Director Caspar Weinberger was opposed to this, persuading Nixon to keep the remaining Moon",
"title": "Canceled Apollo missions"
},
{
"id": "10033034",
"text": "Augmenting the archival audio and video are contemporary interviews with some surviving Apollo era astronauts, including Al Bean, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin, John Young, David Scott, Charlie Duke, Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt. The former astronauts have the only speaking roles in the movie, although occasional supplementary information is presented on screen with text and archival television footage presents the words of journalists such as Jules Bergman and Walter Cronkite. The only surviving moon walker at the time not to participate was Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the Moon. The documentary shares its name with a",
"title": "In the Shadow of the Moon (film)"
},
{
"id": "16879862",
"text": "wish for peace and harmony among the people of the world. He explained that Harrison Schmitt, his fellow astronaut on the Moon with him, had just picked up a \"very significant\" Moon rock that they hoped would bring this worldwide peace through the distribution of its fragments. This basalt was later identified as lunar basalt 70017, dubbed the \"goodwill rock\". Once brought back, this Moon rock was broken up into small fragments and distributed in 1973 by President Richard Nixon to all the countries of the world and to the United States with its territories as a goodwill gesture. The",
"title": "Apollo 17 lunar sample display"
},
{
"id": "71451",
"text": "a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm. Other alumni have turned their gaze to the universe. C. Gordon Fullerton (BS 1957, MS 1958) piloted the third Space Shuttle mission. Astronaut (and later, United States Senator) Harrison Schmitt (BS 1957) was the only geologist to have ever walked on the surface of the moon. Astronomer Eugene Merle Shoemaker (BS 1947, MS 1948) co-discovered Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (a comet which crashed into the planet Jupiter) and was the first person buried on the moon (by having his ashes crashed into the moon). Astronomer George O. Abell (BS 1951, MS",
"title": "California Institute of Technology"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Apollo 17 context: represented Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, at the time. A plaque located on the LM, commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program, was then unveiled. Before reentering the LM for the final time, Gene Cernan expressed his thoughts: Cernan then followed Schmitt into the LM after spending approximately seven hours and 15 minutes outside during the mission's final lunar excursion. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the LM on December 14, at 5:55 pm EST. After a successful rendezvous and docking with Ron Evans in the\n\nOn December 14, 1972, Eugene Cernan became the last man to do what, when he followed Harrison Schmitt into the ALM?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Apollo 17 context: represented Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, at the time. A plaque located on the LM, commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program, was then unveiled. Before reentering the LM for the final time, Gene Cernan expressed his thoughts: Cernan then followed Schmitt into the LM after spending approximately seven hours and 15 minutes outside during the mission's final lunar excursion. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the LM on December 14, at 5:55 pm EST. After a successful rendezvous and docking with Ron Evans in the\n\ntitle: Apollo 17 context:19, the crew jettisoned the no-longer-needed SM, leaving only the CM return to Earth. The Apollo 17 spaceentered Earth's atmosphere and landed safely in the Pacific Ocean at 2:25 pm, from recovery ship, Cernan Evans, and Sch then retrieved by a recovery helicopter and were safely aboard the recovery ship 52 minutes after landing. The command module \"America\" is currently on display at Space Center Houston at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The ascent stage lunar module \"Challenger impacted the December 15, 1972 06:50:2.8 UT (1:5 am EST),\n\ntitle Cernan context: standing lunar: Cern' as the on Moon means Purdue University is the \"ma mater\" both first person walk on the Moon—Neil Armstrong—and the most Cern is only three astronauts to the two being Lovell and. twelve to walked on. Apollo 0 holds the record for att anyned at during Moon on May 2, 1969.\n:7 context: seven hours- minutes. They collected of samples, deployed threeive tookimeter The pm1., collected They the to of the landing site and explored the base of the North Massif, the Sculptured Hills, and the unusual crater Van Serg. Before ending the moonwalk, the crew collected a rock, a breccia, and dedicated it to several different nations which were\n\nOn December 14, 1972, Eugene Cernan became the last man to do what, when he followed Harrison Schmitt into the ALM?",
"compressed_tokens": 509,
"origin_tokens": 14392,
"ratio": "28.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,715 | MTV's The Real World is still on the air after 26 seasons. What city hosts the current incarnation, whose season finale is tonight? | [
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"San Diego, Ca",
"San diego",
"San Diego California",
"America's Finest City",
"City of San Diego",
"San Diego, California",
"San diego, CA",
"Bell Junior High School",
"San deigo",
"San diego beaches",
"San Diego, CA",
"San Diego, California, U.S.",
"San Diego",
"The weather in San Diego",
"San Diegan (passenger train)",
"San Diego, Calif.",
"Crime in San Diego",
"San Diego (CA)",
"San Deigo, California",
"Pill Hill, San Diego, California",
"San Deigo",
"Sandiego",
"San diego, ca",
"Urban Communities of San Diego",
"Dan Diego",
"San Diego, United States",
"San Diego, California, U.S.A.",
"Venturan",
"Sandy Eggo",
"San Diegan",
"UN/LOCODE:USSAN",
"San Diego, California, US",
"San Diego, California, USA",
"San Diego CA",
"San Diego, USA"
] | San Diego, CA | [
{
"id": "13478546",
"text": "lives in Denver, was voted as the winner of Women's Health's America's Next Fitness Star in August 2014, and will be featured in a series of fitness DVDs. The Real World: D.C. The Real World: D.C., (occasionally known as The Real World: Washington D.C.), is the twenty-third season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fifth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Mid-Atlantic States region",
"title": "The Real World: D.C."
},
{
"id": "19532371",
"text": "Real World Seattle: Bad Blood Real World Seattle: Bad Blood is the thirty-second and final season of MTV's reality television series \"Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season as cameras document their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the ninth season to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in Washington, and is also the third season to be filmed in the Pacific Northwest after \"\". The season featured a total of fourteen people, consisting of seven original roommates and seven",
"title": "Real World Seattle: Bad Blood"
},
{
"id": "3782008",
"text": "Four Letter Word\". In 2016, Karamo Brown appeared as a cast member on the TV One original series \"\". In 2017, he is the host of MTV's Are You the One? Spinoff, \"Are You the One? Second Chances\". He is a member of the new “Fab 5” in the 2018 Netflix reboot of Queer Eye. The Real World: Philadelphia The Real World: Philadelphia is the fifteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and",
"title": "The Real World: Philadelphia"
},
{
"id": "997494",
"text": "Real World (TV series) Real World (formerly known as The Real World from 1992 to 2013) is a reality television series on MTV originally produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. First broadcast in 1992, the show, which was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series \"An American Family\", is the longest-running program in MTV history, one of the longest-running reality series in history, and is credited with launching the modern reality TV genre. Seven to eight young adults are picked to temporarily live in a new city together in one residence while being filmed non-stop. The series was hailed",
"title": "Real World (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "19532375",
"text": "the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge. Real World Seattle: Bad Blood Real World Seattle: Bad Blood is the thirty-second and final season of MTV's reality television series \"Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season as cameras document their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the ninth season to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in Washington, and is also the third season to be filmed in the Pacific Northwest after \"\". The season featured a total of fourteen",
"title": "Real World Seattle: Bad Blood"
},
{
"id": "12959454",
"text": "The Real World: Cancun The Real World: Cancun is the twenty-second season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in Mexico. The season featured eight people who lived in a hotel converted into a suite. It is the fourth season of \"The Real World\" to be set outside the United States, after \"\" in 1995, \"\" in 2003, and \"\"",
"title": "The Real World: Cancun"
},
{
"id": "4065564",
"text": "HIV positive for 25 years, was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a rare cancer of the lungs. He died at his home on August 7, 2013, at the age of 44. He is survived by his mother, Patricia Sasser of Detroit, and a younger sister. The Real World: San Francisco The Real World: San Francisco is the third season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of \"The Real",
"title": "The Real World: San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "13478536",
"text": "The Real World: D.C. The Real World: D.C., (occasionally known as The Real World: Washington D.C.), is the twenty-third season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fifth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Mid-Atlantic States region of the United States. The season featured eight people who lived in a house in Dupont Circle. Washington, D.C. was officially announced as the location for the newest",
"title": "The Real World: D.C."
},
{
"id": "4065589",
"text": "Namesake\", \"The Human Stain\", and \"The Last Kiss\". In 2004 she married actor Gabriel Macht. On August 20, 2007 she gave birth to a daughter, Geraldine Macht, in Los Angeles. Sharon Gitau works as a singer, songwriter, composer and producer. The Real World: London The Real World: London is the fourth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in",
"title": "The Real World: London"
},
{
"id": "16330599",
"text": "his eviction from the house, and Menounos questioned his attitude regarding his lifestyle and sobriety. Some of the pranks and antics were also discussed. The Real World: St. Thomas The Real World: St. Thomas is the twenty-seventh season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Caribbean, and the second season set in the United States to be filmed",
"title": "The Real World: St. Thomas"
},
{
"id": "4065552",
"text": "The Real World: San Francisco The Real World: San Francisco is the third season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\". The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was evicted and replaced. This is",
"title": "The Real World: San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "997552",
"text": "the show because heterosexual men have been socialized by the media to think of them as exotic beauties or sex objects, but that Asian men have been largely invisible in popular media. As of 2018, an Asian man has never been cast in the 25 years of the show's existence. Real World (TV series) Real World (formerly known as The Real World from 1992 to 2013) is a reality television series on MTV originally produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. First broadcast in 1992, the show, which was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series \"An American Family\", is",
"title": "Real World (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3728033",
"text": "have your show?\" Kimmel responded, \"No.\" After O'Brien was effectively forced to leave NBC and Leno was subsequently re-installed as host of \"The Tonight Show\", Daly remained at his spot and received a 4% surge in ratings. On August 19, 2010, NBC and Daly confirmed that \"Last Call with Carson Daly\" would be renewed for its tenth season. Daly commented on the recent decision by saying, “I really feel that ‘Last Call’ has hit its stride. It took 10 years, but it feels brand new and great.” In the May sweeps, \"Last Call\" received a 5% increase in viewership compared",
"title": "Last Call with Carson Daly"
},
{
"id": "5186044",
"text": "relationship issues. During the reunion for \"The Ruins\" the two indicated that they were never officially engaged, despite prior indications to the contrary. In a clip from \"\" reunion, which aired December 16, 2009, Wes and KellyAnne revealed that they were no longer a couple. The Real World: Austin The Real World: Austin is the sixteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season to be filmed",
"title": "The Real World: Austin"
},
{
"id": "997495",
"text": "in its early years for depicting issues of contemporary young-adulthood relevant to its core audience, such as sex, prejudice, religion, abortion, illness, sexuality, AIDS, death, politics, and substance abuse, but later garnered a reputation as a showcase for immaturity and irresponsible behavior indicative of the declining morals of contemporary youth. Following Bunim's death from breast cancer in 2004, Bunim/Murray Productions continues to produce the program. The most recent season, the , set in Seattle, Washington, premiered on October 12, 2016. The series has generated two notable related series, both broadcast by MTV: \"Road Rules\", a sister show, which lasted for",
"title": "Real World (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "997496",
"text": "14 seasons (1995–2007), and the ongoing spin-off reality game show \"The Challenge\", which has run for over 30 seasons since 1998. On June 8, 2018, it was announced that MTV and Bunim-Murray Productions are working on a potential revival of \"Real World\", with the hopes of selling the new version to a streaming platform. \"The Real World\" was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series \"An American Family\". It focuses on the lives of a group of strangers who audition to live together in a house for several months, as cameras record their interpersonal relationships. The show moves to a",
"title": "Real World (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "17493261",
"text": "Real World: Ex-Plosion Real World: Ex-Plosion is the twenty-ninth season of MTV's reality television series \"Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the eighth season of \"Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\" in 2011. The season featured a total of twelve cast members over the course of the season. It is the seventh season to take place in a city that had hosted",
"title": "Real World: Ex-Plosion"
},
{
"id": "5904925",
"text": "reflections. Powell also lectures around the country about pop culture, politics, and social justice, and has unsuccessfully run for Congress three times in New York. The Real World: New York The Real World (retrospectively referred to as The Real World: New York, to distinguish it from subsequent installments of the series) is the first season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It was created by producers Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. The cast consisted of seven people,",
"title": "The Real World: New York"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "5095199",
"text": "13 until June 21, 2002. The season premiered on September 17 of that year, consisted of 28 episodes, which along with the season, is the highest number to date. This was the first of three seasons of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in Las Vegas. In 2011, the show made a return to the city in the twenty-fifth season, and in 2016, set its thirty-first season, \"\", in Downtown Las Vegas. Due to the popularity of the season, MTV ordered the spin-off miniseries \"\" that reunited the cast to live in the same Palms Hotel and Casino suite they",
"title": "The Real World: Las Vegas (2002 season)"
},
{
"id": "5904912",
"text": "The Real World: New York The Real World (retrospectively referred to as The Real World: New York, to distinguish it from subsequent installments of the series) is the first season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It was created by producers Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. The cast consisted of seven people, ranging in age from 19 to 26, most of whom were already living in New York City when the series taped. The cast was filmed",
"title": "The Real World: New York"
},
{
"id": "11957627",
"text": "that documents the evolution of the series over the years. Prior to the beginning of the season Jon Murray, co-creator of \"The Real World\", and Chairman and President of Bunim-Murray Productions, explained the choice of Brooklyn: \"The Brooklyn season, like the Hollywood season, will focus on what people loved about 'The Real World' when it launched in 1992 - genuine people, meaningful conflict and powerful stories...We're thrilled that MTV is allowing 'The Real World' turn 21!\" Cast member Chet Cannon remarked on the city that was his home for three months, \"Brooklyn is usually spoken of as more a place",
"title": "The Real World: Brooklyn"
},
{
"id": "10763130",
"text": "The Real World: Hollywood The Real World: Hollywood is the twentieth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fifth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California, after \"\". The season features a total of nine cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member is evicted and replaced, and another is replaced",
"title": "The Real World: Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "11957625",
"text": "The Real World: Brooklyn The Real World: Brooklyn is the twenty-first season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fourth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, specifically in New York City after \"\". The season featured eight people who lived on Pier 41 in Red Hook. Although it is the only season to set in the borough of Brooklyn,",
"title": "The Real World: Brooklyn"
},
{
"id": "19532372",
"text": "additional permanent roommates who lived in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. This season follows a theme, similar to the past three seasons. It is the tenth season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's season was set in Seattle in 1998. Seattle was first reported as the location for the thirty-second season by the website Vevmo on May 22, 2016. Production began on June 30, and concluded on August 27, 2016 totaling up to 58 days of filming. The season premiered on October 12 of that year on MTV and",
"title": "Real World Seattle: Bad Blood"
},
{
"id": "17493272",
"text": "version of the show Ex on the Beach. Wharton also later appeared on Teen Mom OG along with Cheyenne Floyd and their daughter, Ryder. Real World: Ex-Plosion Real World: Ex-Plosion is the twenty-ninth season of MTV's reality television series \"Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the eighth season of \"Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\" in 2011. The season featured a total",
"title": "Real World: Ex-Plosion"
},
{
"id": "12959462",
"text": "romantic and sexual encounters with her female roommates were discussed. Ayiiia and Jonna explained that they are not close, due to differences that developed between them during filming. LMFAO make a special appearance on the reunion set, and concluded the reunion with a performance of their newest single \"La La La\". The Real World: Cancun The Real World: Cancun is the twenty-second season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is",
"title": "The Real World: Cancun"
},
{
"id": "17448491",
"text": "The Apprentice (U.S. season 14) The Celebrity Apprentice 7 (also known as The Apprentice 14) is the seventh installment of the reality game show, \"Celebrity Apprentice\". Despite this season having long concluded filming in early 2014, it premiered on Sunday, January 4, 2015. As a result of the significant time between the season's filming and its airing, numerous spoilers were released. The season aired more than a year and a half after the conclusion of the previous season. This was Donald Trump's final season as host as he was replaced by Arnold Schwarzenegger amidst Trump's campaign for the U.S. Presidency",
"title": "The Apprentice (U.S. season 14)"
},
{
"id": "17493262",
"text": "a previous season, as the show's was set in San Francisco in 1994. It is also the sixth season to be located in California. San Francisco, California was first reported as the location for the twenty-ninth season in an August 2013 article on the website Vevmo. Production began from late August until October 21, 2013, and the season later premiered on January 8, 2014, consisting of 12 episodes. After 21 years, this season marks the first big change in the show's format. The cast narration \"\"This is the true story...of seven strangers...\"\" that was used during the previous 28 seasons",
"title": "Real World: Ex-Plosion"
},
{
"id": "16452694",
"text": "by Regina King. On January 6, 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 10, 2017. Set in New York, season 4 reaches a milestone and a record as it is made with 20 episodes. It was announced on October 11, 2017 that the series would conclude. A two-hour movie finale was planned to air in 2018, but never came to fruition. On December 7, 2018, BET announced that the movie finale date has been pushed back to air in 2019. At the 45th NAACP Image Awards, the pilot movie won the award for Outstanding",
"title": "Being Mary Jane"
},
{
"id": "16680039",
"text": "The Real World: Portland The Real World: Portland is the twenty-eighth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the seventh season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in Oregon, and is also the second season to be filmed in the Pacific Northwest after \"\". The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the",
"title": "The Real World: Portland"
},
{
"id": "1907295",
"text": "in the hands of the rights holder Endemol. After presenting the seventh and final series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" in January 2010, she fronted her eleventh and final regular edition over the summer. As a finale to the series on Channel 4, McCall also presented the \"Ultimate Big Brother\" show, which started immediately after the main series, and featured selected past celebrity and non-celebrity housemates. Having made the decision to leave the show after \"Ultimate Big Brother\", McCall confirmed she would not be returning as host when Channel 5 announced in April 2011 that they had secured the rights to",
"title": "Davina McCall"
},
{
"id": "16329787",
"text": "on February 5, 2013. Slice chose to pass on a reunion for the second season in order to provide more episodes rather than having to cut the season even shorter. It was announced on June 6, 2013, that Slice had put the series \"on hold\" while it explored other programming. On June 27, 2014, Jody Claman stated she was no longer a celebrity during her divorce trial. While the show has not been on air since 2013, Slice have not confirmed nor denied that it has been cancelled. In 2016, former cast members were contacted for a \"Where Are They",
"title": "The Real Housewives of Vancouver"
},
{
"id": "3727583",
"text": "season of \"Real World\" whose entire cast has at one time or another competed in MTV's spin-off reality series \"The Real World/Road Rules Challenge\". The Real World: Boston The Real World: Boston is the sixth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the New England region of the United States, specifically in Massachusetts. The season featured seven people",
"title": "The Real World: Boston"
},
{
"id": "10763142",
"text": "with a 6.1 rating, a 39% increase over the previous year. The season made MTV the #1 network for the Wednesday 10pm - 11pm time slot among people 12-34, exceeding even broadcast networks for the same demographic. As of May 13, 2008, the season reached 44 million viewers, 23 million of which are in the network's 12-34 target demographic core. The Real World: Hollywood The Real World: Hollywood is the twentieth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as",
"title": "The Real World: Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "17605801",
"text": "Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce",
"title": "2014–15 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "16330592",
"text": "The Real World: St. Thomas The Real World: St. Thomas is the twenty-seventh season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Caribbean, and the second season set in the United States to be filmed outside of the contiguous United States after \"\". The season featured a cast of seven people who lived in a house on Hassel Island.",
"title": "The Real World: St. Thomas"
},
{
"id": "3383216",
"text": "at the age of 25. Challenges in bold indicate the contestant was a finalist on the Challenge. The Real World: San Diego (2004 season) The Real World: San Diego is the fourteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fourth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\". The season featured a total of",
"title": "The Real World: San Diego (2004 season)"
},
{
"id": "1998397",
"text": "presenter vacated by the recently deceased Richard Whiteley. Vorderman declined, and a search for a new presenter began while the show went into a four-month hiatus. In October 2005, Des Lynam replaced Whiteley and co-hosted with Vorderman. In January 2007 Des O'Connor replaced Lynam; Vorderman continued to co-host the show. On 25 July 2008, after 26 unbroken years with the show, it was announced that Vorderman was stepping down from \"Countdown\". She later said she had resigned after failing to agree terms with Channel 4 for a new contract, and it was reported that she had been asked to take",
"title": "Carol Vorderman"
},
{
"id": "4065583",
"text": "The Real World: London The Real World: London is the fourth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the United Kingdom. The season featured seven people and is the first of four seasons of \"The Real World\" to be filmed entirely outside of the United States, being followed by \"\" in 2003, \"\" in 2007, \"\" in 2009.",
"title": "The Real World: London"
},
{
"id": "5708599",
"text": "The Real World: Los Angeles The Real World: California (retrospectively referred to as The Real World: Los Angeles, to distinguish it from subsequent installments of the series) is the second season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months, as the cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the first season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California. The season featured a total of nine cast members over the course of the season,",
"title": "The Real World: Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "2260825",
"text": "a Deal\" has been airing on CBS since October 5, 2009, when it took over the spot on the network's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera \"Guiding Light\". Wayne Brady is the host of the current series, with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer/assistant. Tiffany Coyne is the current model, joining in 2010, with musician Cat Gray in 2011. \"Let's Make a Deal\" first aired on NBC in 1963 as part of its daytime schedule. The show moved to ABC in 1968, where it remained until 1976; and on two separate occasions the show was given a weekly",
"title": "Let's Make a Deal"
},
{
"id": "16988347",
"text": "sports, comedy, concerts and, S3D live broadcasts. Ted is a member of the Producer’s Guild of America and the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and received his Bachelor of Arts and Sciences degree from Florida State University. This list of credits includes reality TV's show, MTV's The Real World. Ted produced five seasons of The Real World (Paris, San Diego, Philadelphia, Austin and Key West). Two of these seasons were the top two rated seasons of the twenty plus season run of MTV's flagship show. Ted has experience in live broadcast productions such as Radio City's Halftime Show for",
"title": "Ted Kenney"
},
{
"id": "14894039",
"text": "The Real World: Las Vegas (2011 season) The Real World: Las Vegas is the twenty-fifth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the third season to be filmed in the Mountain States region of the United States, specifically in Nevada. The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was evicted and replaced. It is the fifth season to",
"title": "The Real World: Las Vegas (2011 season)"
},
{
"id": "14894042",
"text": "A custom suite was built at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, where the cast resided. Hard Rock President and Chief Executive Officer Joseph Magliarditi commented, \"We are very excited to partner with MTV and their hit reality show series \"The Real World\" for the 25th season in Las Vegas...We look forward to hosting the new cast.\" The penthouse suite for the cast has a large set living room, four bedrooms, and built-in bowling alley. This season, the capacity of the cast returns to a roster of seven, the first season to do so since the season.",
"title": "The Real World: Las Vegas (2011 season)"
},
{
"id": "20806404",
"text": "the final celebrity series in the three-year contract which was announced on 19 March 2015. Emma Willis returned as host of the series, while Rylan Clark-Neal continued to present \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\". On 10 September 2018, Ryan Thomas was announced as the winner of the series, with Kirstie Alley as the runner-up. On 14 September 2018, it was confirmed that this was the final series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" to air on Channel 5 after their decision to axe the show. The official logo was released on 18 July 2018 (18 years after the first episode",
"title": "Celebrity Big Brother 22 (UK)"
},
{
"id": "14122027",
"text": "city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's was set in New Orleans in 2000. New Orleans was first reported as the location for the 24th season in a December 2009 article on the website Vevmo. Pre-production began on December 2, 2009, and Production lasted from January to April 24, 2010. It premiered on Wednesday, June 30 of that year, and averaged nearly 2 million viewers for the season, a 25% increase from the previous season, and ranked as the #1 cable program for Wednesday night's 10pm–11pm time slot among viewers aged 12–34. The season premiere was watched",
"title": "The Real World: New Orleans (2010 season)"
},
{
"id": "1009508",
"text": "for \"The Tonight Show\" to return to New York after 42 years in Burbank, with comic Jimmy Fallon replacing Leno as host. The change became effective in February 2014. The relocation plans changed following Comcast Corp.'s $30 billion acquisition of NBC Universal in January 2011. NBC Universal announced in January 2012 it would relocate the NBC Network, Telemundo's L.A. Bureau, as well as local stations KNBC and KVEA to the former Technicolor building located on the lower lot of Universal Studios in Universal City. The former NBC Studios were renamed The Burbank Studios. Meanwhile, Conan O'Brien is now based in",
"title": "Burbank, California"
},
{
"id": "3383204",
"text": "The Real World: San Diego (2004 season) The Real World: San Diego is the fourteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fourth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\". The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was replaced after she",
"title": "The Real World: San Diego (2004 season)"
},
{
"id": "6621994",
"text": "Roeper became Roe's new on-air partner, and the show was rebranded The Roe Conn Show with Richard Roeper. On October 8, 2014, Roe Conn announced that the \"Roe & Roeper,\" was cancelled and he'd be leaving WLS-AM 890 after 25 years. On January 15, 2015, WGN Radio announced that Roe would be hosting afternoon drive from 3pm - 7pm, beginning on January 26. He is also a frequent guest and co-host of the Chicago daytime talk-show \"Windy City Live\" as of 2017. Roe is a 1986 graduate of Denison University, where he studied anthropology. He often describes himself as obsessive",
"title": "Roe Conn"
},
{
"id": "11557678",
"text": "the lineup airs as scheduled. Note: The 7pm hour on Fox features animated series reruns in the Pacific and Mountain time zones during the NFL season. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2007–08: ABC CBS The CW Fox MyNetworkTV NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox MyNetworkTV The entire schedule of programs for MyNetworkTV except for \"WWE Smackdown!\" did not",
"title": "2008–09 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "19299828",
"text": "The New Celebrity Apprentice The New Celebrity Apprentice is the eighth and final installment of the reality game show \"The Celebrity Apprentice\". It aired from January 2 to February 13, 2017. The winner of this season was Matt Iseman. The season marks the debut of Arnold Schwarzenegger—actor and former Governor of California, as host. The show's former host, current United States President Donald Trump, stated he opted to leave \"out of respect\" while he was focusing on his presidential campaign. NBC had also begun to cut ties with Trump following controversial remarks he made upon the start of his campaign",
"title": "The New Celebrity Apprentice"
},
{
"id": "9980198",
"text": "Bomb of All Time.\" Leno resumed his duties as host of \"The Tonight Show\" on March 1, 2010, in a final stint that lasted until his February 2014 succession by Jimmy Fallon. NBC announced in 2004 that Jay Leno would leave \"The Tonight Show\" in 2009, with Conan O'Brien as his replacement. Leno—who wanted to avoid an acrimonious transition like what he experienced when he inherited \"Tonight\" from Johnny Carson—said at the announcement, \"You can do these things until they carry you out on a stretcher, or you can get out when you’re still doing good.\" He began to regret",
"title": "The Jay Leno Show"
},
{
"id": "14894040",
"text": "take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's was set in 2002. Las Vegas was first reported as the location for the 25th season by the website Vevmo on September 8, 2010. Pre-production started in August 2010, and Production began from October to December 2010 at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino. The season premiered on March 9, 2011, consisting of 13 episodes. Director of the Nevada Film Office Charlie Geocaris commented, \"The Nevada Film Office is very excited to have MTV’s \"The Real World\" return to Las Vegas. The first time here proved",
"title": "The Real World: Las Vegas (2011 season)"
},
{
"id": "2580054",
"text": "areas, and was seen all over the world on CNN International. On June 29, 2010, King announced that the program would be coming to an end. The \"final edition\" of the program aired on December 16, but a new episode on the war against cancer aired two days later on December 18. \"Larry King Live\" was replaced by \"Piers Morgan Tonight\", a talk show hosted by the British television personality and journalist Piers Morgan, that began airing January 17, 2011. It was renamed \"Piers Morgan Live\" in 2013, and ran its last episode on March 28, 2014 after being cancelled.",
"title": "Larry King Live"
},
{
"id": "719904",
"text": "beyond the 2010-11 season. Zaslav stated that \"Oprah\" could potentially move to the new channel in some form following the end of the syndicated series. However, Harpo Productions denied the report, stating that Winfrey had \"not made a final decision as to whether she will continue her show in syndication beyond [2011]\". On November 20, 2009, Winfrey officially announced that \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" would conclude in 2011, after its 25th and final season. Winfrey explained that 25 was \"the perfect number—the exact right time\", and that \"I love this show. This show has been my life. And I love",
"title": "The Oprah Winfrey Show"
},
{
"id": "20924856",
"text": "does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled",
"title": "2019–20 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "19016610",
"text": "rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is",
"title": "2016–17 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "3582099",
"text": "The Real World: Paris The Real World: Paris is the thirteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season to be filmed in France. The season featured seven people living in a four-story château and was the second of four seasons of \"The Real World\" to be filmed entirely outside of the United States after \"\" in 1995, and before \"\" in 2007, and \"\" in 2009.",
"title": "The Real World: Paris"
},
{
"id": "6950247",
"text": "any version of \"Family Feud\" aired on ABC since the end of the original version hosted by Richard Dawson in June 1985. Unlike the current syndicated version of \"Feud\", which was taped in Atlanta, Georgia from 2011 until 2017, this version has always been produced in Los Angeles, California, and features the return of Burton Richardson, who announced the show from 1999 to 2010, to the series. On August 4, 2016, ABC renewed \"Celebrity Family Feud\" for a fourth season. On August 6, 2017, ABC renewed \"Celebrity Family Feud\" for a fifth season and premiered on June 10, 2018. On",
"title": "Celebrity Family Feud"
},
{
"id": "3371202",
"text": "he announced that he was gay, and engaged to his male partner Sheldon. He also stated that he apologized to Irene, and had rekindled his friendship with her, but Nathan refuted this. Rebecca Lord recorded a song with rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot. She is the leader of the pop band Becky, in which Keanu Reeves once played bass. Bold indicates the contestant was a finalist on the Challenge. The Real World: Seattle The Real World: Seattle is the seventh season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months",
"title": "The Real World: Seattle"
},
{
"id": "11957626",
"text": "it is also the third season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's and were set in New York in 1992 and 2001. The season was aired as 13 one-hour episodes. MTV announced the location in May 2008. Filming began August 14, 2008, and concluded November 24, 2008. The series premiered January 7, 2009, and garnered an 18% increase in ratings over the previous season with 2.3 million viewers. The premiere was made available on iTunes on January 8. On January 4, MTV aired a special called \"The Real World: Secrets Revealed\"",
"title": "The Real World: Brooklyn"
},
{
"id": "5801287",
"text": "Holly Willoughby Holly Marie Baldwin (née Willoughby; born 10 February 1981) is an English television presenter. She is currently the co-presenter of \"This Morning\" (2009–present) and \"Dancing on Ice\" (2006–2011, 2018–present) alongside Phillip Schofield. Since 2008, Willoughby has been a team captain on ITV2's \"Celebrity Juice\" alongside Fearne Cotton. From 2012 to 2015, she presented the revived television series \"Surprise Surprise\", replacing original presenter Cilla Black. Other TV work includes BBC's \"The Voice UK\" (2012–2013), \"Play to the Whistle\" (2015–2017) and \"The Xtra Factor\" (2008–2009). In November 2018, Willoughby co-presented the eighteenth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of",
"title": "Holly Willoughby"
},
{
"id": "15666727",
"text": "The Real World: San Diego (2011 season) The Real World: San Diego is the twenty-sixth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the sixth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after \"\". The season featured a cast seven people who lived in a house located in the San Diego suburb of La Jolla. It is",
"title": "The Real World: San Diego (2011 season)"
},
{
"id": "3592217",
"text": "Phil Keoghan Philip John Keoghan (; born 31 May 1967) is a New Zealand television personality, best known for hosting the U.S. version of \"The Amazing Race\" on CBS, since its 2001 debut. He is also the creator and host of \"No Opportunity Wasted\", which has been produced in the United States, New Zealand, and Canada. As of 2016, he has been involved with winning ten Primetime Emmy Awards related to his work on \"The Amazing Race\", where the show consecutively won the Outstanding Reality-Competition Program seven times. Keoghan was born in Lincoln, a satellite town of Christchurch, New Zealand.",
"title": "Phil Keoghan"
},
{
"id": "14096102",
"text": "after his non-compete clause had lapsed. In March 2013, news broke that NBC was expected to part ways with Leno for good after his contract expired in 2014, clearing the way for Fallon (whose tenure at \"Late Night\" had found success with a young, culturally savvy audience) to take over \"The Tonight Show\" beginning that year, which also marked the 60th anniversary of the franchise. NBC confirmed the change on April 3, 2013. Under Fallon, the show returned to New York City, where the show originated from its 1954 debut until 1972; NBC no longer owns the former company-owned studios",
"title": "Late-night talk show"
},
{
"id": "7545011",
"text": "However, as of 2017, a rerun of \"Inside Edition\" airs at 5PM, with a double run of \"Celebrity Name Game\" from 6-7PM. The \"CBS Evening News\" with Jeff Glor airs at 5:30. KVIQ formerly aired \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" at 7PM, one of very few stations in the country to air the show in prime-time. Oprah returned to KIEM until the show ended in May 2011. KVIQ-LP KVIQ-LP, virtual and UHF digital channel 14, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Eureka, California, United States. The station is owned by Northwest Broadcasting as part of a duopoly with NBC affiliate",
"title": "KVIQ-LP"
},
{
"id": "19861861",
"text": "Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2016–17: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2016–17: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2016–17: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2016–17: 2017–18 United States network television schedule The 2017–18 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2017 to August 2018. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2016–17 season. NBC was the first to announce its fall schedule, on May 14, 2017, followed",
"title": "2017–18 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "15666728",
"text": "the sixth season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's was set in San Diego in 2004. It is also the fifth season to be located in California. San Diego was first reported as the location for the 26th season by the website Vevmo on June 7, 2011. Production began from June to September 9, 2011 and the season premiered on September 28 of that year, consisting of 12 episodes. Most seasons of \"The Real World\", beginning with its , have included the assignment of a season-long group job or task to",
"title": "The Real World: San Diego (2011 season)"
},
{
"id": "17553225",
"text": "trauma, dating, success and failure from their years living in Hollywood. Notes References Theo Von Theodor Capitani von Kurnatowski (born March 19, 1980), known professionally as Theo Von, is an American stand-up comedian, podcaster, television personality, host, and actor. In 2000, while still in college, he appeared as a cast member of the MTV reality television series \"\". He was then a contestant on four seasons of MTV's series \"Real World/Road Rules Challenge\": \"\" (2002), \"\" (2003-2004), \"\" (2004-2005) and \"\" (2006). From 2013 to 2014, he hosted the comedy game show \"Deal with It\". Since 2016, he has hosted",
"title": "Theo Von"
},
{
"id": "10874851",
"text": "to safety. Bluebottle leads them to a beautiful city named 'Shangri-La', hidden from the rest of the world and (supposedly) free from all its vices. As Bluebottle says: \"No drink, no sex, no sins. And I'm fed up with it, I am!\" Nevertheless, Seagoon finds the utter beauty of Shangri-La compelling and must decide whether he should accept Henry Crun's invitation to stay on as the new Dalai Lama or return to his former life in the world outside. A thorough transcript of the play may be found at this web address http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/ajwills/raw/series06/s06e08.html Shangri-La Again Spike Milligan's radio play Shangri-La",
"title": "Shangri-La Again"
},
{
"id": "3043746",
"text": "different from the 2010 Tonight Show conflict that saw O'Brien depart NBC after a proposal to push \"Tonight\" back 30 minutes for Jay Leno to return to the 11:35 p.m. slot. On August 10, 2011 Lopez received a cancellation notice from TBS. The network decided not to renew Lopez Tonight for a third season. On April 18, 2013, it was announced George Lopez would be starring in his own sitcom on FX called \"Saint George\", which premiered on March 6, 2014. \"Saint George\" was produced under Debmar-Mercury and Lionsgate Television's syndication model, which states that if a show hits certain",
"title": "George Lopez"
},
{
"id": "316834",
"text": "eight seasons from 2011 to 2018, was shot on location in Portland, and satirized the city as a hub of liberal politics, organic food, alternative lifestyles, and anti-establishment attitudes. MTV's long-time running reality show \"The Real World\" was also shot in Portland for the show's 29th season: \"\" premiered on MTV in 2013. Other television series shot in the city include \"Leverage\", \"The Librarians\", \"Under Suspicion\", \"Grimm\", and \"Nowhere Man\". An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer, often with second-run or revival films. Notable examples of these \"brew and view\" theaters include",
"title": "Portland, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "385690",
"text": "station KONG-TV since KING, an NBC affiliate, was committed to the Summer Olympics in China). Seahawks Broadcasting is the Emmy Award Winning in-house production and syndication unit for the Seattle Seahawks. Curt Menefee (the host of \"Fox NFL Sunday\") has been the Seahawks TV voice since the 2009 preseason. Since the 2012 season, KCPQ-TV, which airs most of the Seahawks' regular season games (as the Seattle-Tacoma area's Fox affiliate), is the television partner for the team and has replaced KING 5 as broadcaster for preseason games, while simulcasts of any Seahawks games on ESPN's \"Monday Night Football\" will air (as",
"title": "Seattle Seahawks"
},
{
"id": "14122026",
"text": "The Real World: New Orleans (2010 season) The Real World: New Orleans is the twenty-fourth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the third season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in West South Central States region of the United States, specifically in Louisiana. The season featured eight people who lived in a house in Uptown New Orleans. It is the fourth season to take place in a",
"title": "The Real World: New Orleans (2010 season)"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "10763131",
"text": "after he voluntarily leaves the show. It is the only season to be set in the district of Hollywood and the second season to take place in a city that has hosted a previous season, as the show's was set in Los Angeles in 1993. This season also makes California the most commonly used state to be used as a setting for the series. Production started from August to December 2007. The season premiered on April 16, 2008 and consisted of 13 episodes. Comedian Andy Dick appears in Episode 3, when the cast begins their work at the Hollywood comedy",
"title": "The Real World: Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "3505539",
"text": "adaptations. On 14 September 2018 (the day of the nineteenth and final series launch), Channel 5 announced that \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" would not be returning to the channel after the end of the series. The series and subsequently, \"Big Brother\" in the UK ended after 18 years on 5 November 2018. \"Big Brother\" reality series was initially created by John de Mol and premiered in the Netherlands. Following the success of the series, it was confirmed that editions for both the United Kingdom and the United States were in the works. In March 2000, it was revealed",
"title": "Big Brother (UK TV series)"
},
{
"id": "966638",
"text": "settlement $45 million. O'Brien's final episode aired on Friday, January 22, ending his relationship with NBC after 22 years. Leno resumed hosting \"The Tonight Show\" on March 1, 2010. O'Brien returned to late-night television on November 8, 2010 (after his non-compete agreement expired) hosting the self-owned \"Conan\" on cable channel TBS. Conan remains partnered with TBS, having been renewed by the network through 2022. Leno would step down from \"The Tonight Show\" a second time in 2014. Hosting duties were taken over by Jimmy Fallon, who like O'Brien before him was seen as being able to attract a younger audience",
"title": "The Tonight Show"
},
{
"id": "13015266",
"text": "exceptions, such as \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule",
"title": "2009–10 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "12264120",
"text": "on YTV. The series continues to air regularly on Nickelodeon networks around the world. The show ended in Australia and New Zealand on December 17, 2011. The last two remaining episodes premiered in the UK on Wednesday January 4, 2012 and Thursday January 5, 2012 and with \"Mystery in Peru\" premiering on Friday January 6, 2012. The series is currently shown in Jamaica on one of the national stations TVJ (Television Jamaica) at 4:30pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. \"True Jackson, VP: Season 1, Vol. 1\" was released in a 2 disc set on September 8, 2009. Running time is 321",
"title": "True Jackson, VP"
},
{
"id": "19115563",
"text": "commercial networks' announcements come shortly after the networks have had a chance to buy Canadian rights to new American series. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2014–15:\" 2015–16 Canadian network television schedule The 2015–16 network television schedules for the five major English commercial",
"title": "2015–16 Canadian network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "3727578",
"text": "The Real World: Boston The Real World: Boston is the sixth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the New England region of the United States, specifically in Massachusetts. The season featured seven people who lived in a converted historic firehouse at 127 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Massachusetts, which is located right off of Charles Street and was",
"title": "The Real World: Boston"
},
{
"id": "17446669",
"text": "In the summer of 2013, it was announced that the series was ordered for a test run on seven Fox-owned stations in New York, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Phoenix, Houston and Tampa. In October 2013, it was announced that \"The Real\" had been green-lit for a national syndicated launch and would premiere on September 15, 2014. In February 2015, Warner Bros. announced the series had been renewed for a second season. In October 2015, the series was renewed for a third and fourth seasons, allowing it to air through 2018. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a",
"title": "The Real (talk show)"
},
{
"id": "17623066",
"text": "the show has aired on a night other than a Wednesday since aired in 2007. The season concluded on June 26, 2014, with the Reunion special. Host: T. J. Lavin, BMX rider ! Player !! Original season !! Finish The Challenge: Free Agents The Challenge: Free Agents is the 25th season of the MTV reality game show, \"The Challenge\". The season is located in Uruguay and Chile, with former cast members from MTV's \"The Real World\" and \"The Challenge\" competing. This season marks the first since that does not include any cast members from \"\" or the first \"\" challenge.",
"title": "The Challenge: Free Agents"
},
{
"id": "4077554",
"text": "New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series",
"title": "2004–05 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "247492",
"text": "and dramas such as \"Skins\" and \"Teen Wolf\". In June 2012, MTV confirmed that it would develop a series based on the \"Scream\" franchise. The series is now in its third season. In recent years, MTV has re-aired other programs from other Viacom-owned networks, such as BET's \"College Hill\", and VH1 programs \"I Love New York\" and \"Flavor of Love\". Other programs from non-Viacom networks include reruns of the shows \"Fastlane\" (from Fox), \"Life As We Know It\" (from ABC), \"Scrubs\" (from ABC and NBC), and CW programs \"America's Next Top Model\", \"Beauty and the Geek\", and \"Hidden Palms\". MTV",
"title": "MTV"
},
{
"id": "4902194",
"text": "on September 12, 2005, featuring the cast of the final ten years. KING-TV also aired \"\"Almost Live! Back At Ya\"\", a series of \"best of\" shows, on Sundays starting September 10, 2006 at 9 p.m. The \"best of\" shows currently air Saturday nights at 2 a.m. on KING-TV's sister station, KONG-TV. Reruns of normal shows are broadcast on KING-TV in Seattle at 1:35 a.m., following \"Up Late NW\". In July 2012, clips surfaced on YouTube that appeared to promote a sketch comedy show called The (206), referring to Seattle's area code. These clips featured John Keister and Pat Cashman and",
"title": "Almost Live!"
},
{
"id": "17491172",
"text": "de Rochefort in the second series, with Rupert Everett as the Marquis de Feron for the final series. Jessica Pope and Adrian Hodges produce the show for the BBC. The programme is largely filmed in the Czech Republic. In February 2015, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a third series, which was announced in April 2016 to be the last. The third series premiered in multiple countries first, before premiering in the UK on 28 May 2016, and concluding on 1 August 2016. In 1630s Paris, Athos, Aramis and Porthos are a group of highly trained",
"title": "The Musketeers"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "20733551",
"text": "American Idol (season 17) The seventeenth season of \"American Idol\" will premiere on March 3, 2019, on the ABC television network. This will be the show's second season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest will continue his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie continue as judges. Bobby Bones will return as the in-house mentor. \"American Idol\" announced in June 2018 that 20 cities would be visited by the \"Idol\" bus, beginning with Orlando, Florida and San Diego, California on August 25. Auditions may also be submitted on the official website, or on Instagram,",
"title": "American Idol (season 17)"
},
{
"id": "16544714",
"text": "commercial networks' announcements come shortly after the networks have had a chance to buy Canadian rights to new American series. Returning series: Arrived series: New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" New series: Returning series:\" Not returning from 2011–12:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" New series: Returning series: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2011–12:\" 2012–13 Canadian network television schedule The 2012–13 network television schedules for the five major English commercial broadcast networks in Canada",
"title": "2012–13 Canadian network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "18112349",
"text": "SA's Got Talent (season 5) In 2014 SA's Got Talent returned for another season. The season started on 7 September. Tatz remained the host. It has been announced that Shado is also staying, but Ian and Kabelo will leave. Lalla Hirayama and DJ Fresh are joined the judging panel this year. Acts who were accepted in the open auditions, make it through to the judges audition, where it is televised with a live audience. For the judges auditions, there is 1 episode per city where hundreds of acts are put through to have a chance to get to the next",
"title": "SA's Got Talent (season 5)"
},
{
"id": "10253532",
"text": "The Real World: Sydney The Real World: Sydney is the nineteenth season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season to be filmed in Australia. The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was replaced after she voluntarily left the show. It is the third of four seasons of \"The Real World\" to be filmed entirely outside",
"title": "The Real World: Sydney"
},
{
"id": "4748286",
"text": "coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC",
"title": "2020 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "18027509",
"text": "local stations in 98% of the United States. NBCUniversal Television renewed the show for a second season. The show originated from Studio 6-A at NBC's Rockefeller Center headquarters, previously the home to the network's \"Late Night\". On January 5, 2016, NBCUniversal announced that it was not renewing the show, citing a ratings decline, downgrades from local stations, and Vieira's work schedule. Vieira noted in a statement, \"I am so sorry to see our show come to an end after this season, but I am also incredibly proud of the work our staff has done and forever grateful to our supportive",
"title": "The Meredith Vieira Show"
},
{
"id": "484087",
"text": "been hosted since 2007 by actor/comedian Drew Carey. The network is also home to the current incarnation of \"Let's Make a Deal\", hosted by singer/comedian Wayne Brady, which originated in 1964 on NBC and was revived by CBS in 2009 (after a 19-year absence as a regular series), and is one of the several game show franchises in United States television history to appear on all of the traditional Big Three networks, with \"Family Feud\", \"The Price is Right\", \"Password\", and \"Match Game\" being the others. , CBS is the only commercial broadcast network that continues to broadcast daytime game",
"title": "CBS"
},
{
"id": "12386160",
"text": "The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Real Housewives of Atlanta (abbreviated RHOA) is an American reality television series that premiered on October 7, 2008 on Bravo. Developed as the third installment of \"The Real Housewives\" franchise, following \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\" and \"New York City\", it is currently in its eleventh season and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Atlanta, Georgia. The series originally focused on NeNe Leakes, DeShawn Snow, Shereé Whitfield, Lisa Wu, and Kim Zolciak. The current cast consists of Leakes, Kandi Burruss, Cynthia Bailey, Porsha Williams, Eva Marcille, and",
"title": "The Real Housewives of Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "5789131",
"text": "Entertainment in 2012. Upon being revived in 2012, the show was produced in New York City and aired on MTV2 during Seasons 5–7, it also returned to that location for Season 9. In 2016, the show returned to airing new episodes on MTV and also for the first time since Season 4, production is in Los Angeles.In season 12 it is airing at Atlanta, Georgia. The \"Wild 'n Out Theme Song\" for Seasons 1–4 was produced by Fatman Scoop. The theme music for Season 5 onward was created by Cannon himself, with a new remixed version made for Season 8.",
"title": "Wild 'n Out"
},
{
"id": "17553221",
"text": "Theo Von Theodor Capitani von Kurnatowski (born March 19, 1980), known professionally as Theo Von, is an American stand-up comedian, podcaster, television personality, host, and actor. In 2000, while still in college, he appeared as a cast member of the MTV reality television series \"\". He was then a contestant on four seasons of MTV's series \"Real World/Road Rules Challenge\": \"\" (2002), \"\" (2003-2004), \"\" (2004-2005) and \"\" (2006). From 2013 to 2014, he hosted the comedy game show \"Deal with It\". Since 2016, he has hosted \"This Past Weekend\", a twice-weekly podcast which alternates between interviews with guests and",
"title": "Theo Von"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Real World: D.C. context: lives in Denver, was voted as the winner of Women' Health's America's Next Fitness Star in August 2014, and will be featured in a series of fitness DVDs. The Real World: D.C. The Real World: D.C., (occasionally known as The Real World: Washington D.C.), is the twenty-third season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the fifth season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in the Mid-Atlantic States region\n\nMTV's The Real World is still on the air after 26 seasons. What city hosts the current incarnation, whose season finale is tonight?",
"compressed_tokens": 207,
"origin_tokens": 207,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Real World: Las Vegas (2011 season) context: A custom suite was built at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, where the cast resided. Hard Rock President and Chief Executive Officer Joseph Magliarditi commented, \"We are very excited to partner with MTV and their hit reality show series \"The Real World\" for the 5th season in Las Vegas...We look forward to hosting the new cast.\" The penthouse suite for the cast has a large set living room, four bedrooms, and built-in bowling alley. This season, the capacity of the cast returns to a roster of seven, the first season to do so since the season.\n\ntitle: The Real World: context: The Real World: Paris The Real World: Paris is the thirteenth season of MTV's reality television \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season to be filmed France. The season seven people living in a four- château and was the second of four seasons \"The Real World\" to be filmed entirely outside of the United States after \"\" in 1995, and before \"\" in 2007, and \"\" in 2009.\n\ntitle: The Real D.C lives in Denver, as winner of Women'ss America's Next Fitness in 204 and be featured in a series fit DVD D.. Real D.C.,occasion known as The Real: D is twentythird season MTV' television Real focus a group of str several months in a different city each, cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships the fifth season \"The Real World\" to filmed in the Mid-Atlantic region: The Real: Real is season of MTV' reality World. It is only season of\" to be the Kingdom. season seven is first of four\" to bemed, followed 00,2007, \"\" in 2009.\n\nMTV's The Real World is still on the air after 26 seasons. What city hosts the current incarnation, whose season finale is tonight?",
"compressed_tokens": 468,
"origin_tokens": 15017,
"ratio": "32.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,716 | Arch enemey of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula? | [
"Abraham van Helsing",
"Van helsing",
"Doctor Abraham Van Helsing",
"Dr Abraham Van Helsing",
"Van Helsing",
"The Adventures of Young Van Helsing",
"Abraham Van Helsing",
"The Adventures of Young Van Helsing: The Quest for the Lost Scepter",
"Professor Abraham Van Helsing",
"Lorrimar Van Helsing"
] | Professor Abraham Van Helsing | [
{
"id": "3056987",
"text": "Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout many adaptations of the story as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula. In the novel, Professor Van Helsing is called in by his former student, Dr. John Seward, to assist with the mysterious",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "1674391",
"text": "the \"sympathetic vampire\", who loathes his condition but is a slave to it. Bram Stoker, yet another Irish writer, was the author of seminal horror work \"Dracula\" and featured as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula, with the vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing his arch-enemy. \"Dracula\" has been attributed to a number of literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", famous for his intellectual prowess, skilful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Holmes' archenemy Professor",
"title": "Genre fiction"
},
{
"id": "8564425",
"text": "Arthur Holmwood Sir Arthur \"Art\" Holmwood (Later Lord Godalming) is a fictional character of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Holmwood is engaged to Lucy Westenra, and is best friends with the other two men who proposed to her on the very same day— Quincey Morris and Doctor John Seward. Holmwood is the one who drives a wooden stake into Lucy after she becomes a vampire and helps hunt Count Dracula. He is the only son of Lord Godalming'. When his father dies about halfway through the novel, Arthur inherits his title. It is through his wealth and fortune that the team",
"title": "Arthur Holmwood"
},
{
"id": "9416187",
"text": "Count Dracula Count Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends. Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works. The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture, from films to animated media",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "15046240",
"text": "Castle Dracula Castle Dracula is the fictitious Transylvanian residence of Count Dracula, the vampire antagonist in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel \"Dracula\". In Stoker's narrative, Castle Dracula is the single most important location. The first and the last part of the plot take place here. The inaccessible stronghold, which initially symbolises the vampire's power, finally becomes the scene of his extermination. In the novel's first chapters, the young English solicitor Jonathan Harker, traveling from London via Paris, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Klausenburg and Bistritz, arrives at the Castle after being picked up in the Borgo Pass by a mysterious driver, whom",
"title": "Castle Dracula"
},
{
"id": "2175933",
"text": "is obsessed with pursuing wealth and fame as an entertainer. The stories often center around Duckula's adventures in search of riches and fame, assisted by the castle's ability to teleport around the world. Another regularly occurring theme is the repeated attempt by Igor to turn Duckula into a proper vampire. Some episodes feature Duckula's Doctor Von Goosewing (based on Dr. Abraham Van Helsing, the nemesis of Dracula), a vampire hunter who blindly refuses to believe the current incarnation of Duckula is harmless. There is also an array of bizarre, often supernatural foes, from zombies to mechanical werewolves. Another feature of",
"title": "Count Duckula"
},
{
"id": "849002",
"text": "the vertical external walls of his castle, in the manner of a lizard. One very famous trait Stoker added is the inability to be seen in mirrors, which is not found in traditional Eastern European folklore. Dracula also had protruding teeth, though was preceded in this by Varney the Vampire and Carmilla. In the novel, the vampire hunter Van Helsing prescribes that a vampire be destroyed by a wooden stake (preferably made of white oak) through the heart, decapitation, drowning, or incineration. The vampire's head must be removed from its body, the mouth stuffed with garlic and holy water or",
"title": "Vampire literature"
},
{
"id": "15046257",
"text": "numerous movies like \"Blood of Dracula's Castle\" (1969) (with John Carradine as the butler and Alexander D'Arcy as Count Dracula) and other Dracula-based films. There are video games called \"Dracula's Castle\" (Game Pac Adventure), \"Escape Dracula's Castle\" (Fun Flash Games),\"Restore Dracula's Castle\" and \"Devil's Castle Dracula\" (\"Akumajō Dracula\"); the latter is best known to the west as \"Castlevania\". A prosecco produced by a descendant of the Bassarab dynasty bears the name Castle of Dracula. Castle Dracula Castle Dracula is the fictitious Transylvanian residence of Count Dracula, the vampire antagonist in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel \"Dracula\". In Stoker's narrative, Castle",
"title": "Castle Dracula"
},
{
"id": "848983",
"text": "\"Dracula\" (1897) has been the definitive description of the vampire in popular fiction for the last century. Its portrayal of vampirism as a disease (contagious demonic possession), with its undertones of sex, blood, and death, struck a chord in a Victorian Britain where tuberculosis and syphilis were common. The character of Count Dracula is based upon Vlad Dracula III (Vlad the Impaler), also known as Vlad Ţepeş', a notorious 15th-century Wallachian (Romanian) warlord, or Voivode. Unlike the historical personage, however, Stoker located his Count Dracula in a castle near the Borgo Pass in Transylvania, and ascribed to that area the",
"title": "Vampire literature"
},
{
"id": "19127644",
"text": "the highest-grossing \"Hotel Transylvania\" film. In 1897, Dracula and his friends travel in disguise on a train to Budapest. Professor Abraham Van Helsing, Dracula's arch-enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof, and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula but is constantly outsmarted by him. In the present day, Dracula is running his hotel business smoothly, with his daughter Mavis and son-in-law Johnny. Drac is depressed that he has remained single since his wife Martha's death despite his attempts to meet",
"title": "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation"
},
{
"id": "18801402",
"text": "on which he was considered an authority. In addition, Leslie Shepard was cited as an expert on the writings of Bram Stoker, Irish author of the 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". In collaboration with Albert Power, Shepard publicized and organized the Bram Stoker Society collecting, cataloging, and archiving numerous writings about both Stoker and the mythical Vampire, which the novelist used as the basis for the title character and antagonist 'Count Dracula' in his novel. Leslie Shepard Leslie Shepard (21 June 1917 – 20 August 2004) was a British author, archivist, and curator who wrote books on a range of",
"title": "Leslie Shepard"
},
{
"id": "9416231",
"text": "expression is crossed out, however, and replaced by \"Hungarian yoke\" (as appearing in the printed version), which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians. This has been interpreted by some to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian, not the Szekler interpretation, thus lending more consistency to the Romanian identity of his Count: although not identical with Vlad III, the Vampire is portrayed as one of the \"Dracula race\". Count Dracula Count Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "100189",
"text": "Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy. The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. \"Dracula\" has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel, and invasion literature. The novel has spawned numerous theatrical,",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "7796709",
"text": "literature, Patti LuPone portrays Dr. Florence Seward, a female version of the character. In \"Dracula the Un-Dead\", the official sequel to \"Dracula\", Seward has become a morphine addict obsessed with killing the undead. Seward pursues Elizabeth Bathorie, believing she is a vampire. When he discovers her bathing in blood in a theatre, Seward decides to follow Bathorie. Seward later saves Quincey Harker and Basarab from Bathorie’s vampiric servants; when Seward pursues them, he is struck and killed by a passing carriage. John Seward John \"Jack\" Seward, M.D. is a fictional character appearing in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". Seward is",
"title": "John Seward"
},
{
"id": "5781315",
"text": "in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel, \"Dracula\". \"Professional\" or semi-professional vampire hunters played some part in the vampire beliefs of the Balkans (especially in Bulgarian, Serbian, and Romani folk beliefs). In Bulgarian, the terms used to designate them included \"glog\" (lit. \"hawthorn\", the species of wood used for the stake), \"vampirdzhiya\", \"vampirar\", \"dzhadazhiya\", \"svetocher\". They were usually either born on Saturday (then called Sabbatarians, Bulgarian \"sâbotnichav\", Greek \"sabbatianoí\") or the offspring of a vampire and a woman (typically his widow), called a \"dhampir\" in Romani or a \"vampirović\" in Serbian. It was also believed that someone born on a Saturday",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "8454359",
"text": "evident by their superhuman strength, leaping ability and vampiric traits such as golden-glowing eyes. The vampire hunters meet Caroline, a young pre-teen whose traumatic experiences of her childhood \"ages\" her before her years. Appearing to be the only survivor of the vampire onslaught, she is protected by the vampire hunters allowing her to face the perils that lie ahead. Count Auguste or Sir Vampire, leads the army of vampires in the battle between light and dark and serves as the game's main antagonist and final boss. He is based on Count Dracula. He sits on his throne while his accomplices",
"title": "Vampire Night"
},
{
"id": "8325982",
"text": "walking dead, and that he can only be restrained by killing him with a sword made of yew wood, burying him upside down, surrounding his grave with thorns, and placing a large stone on top of the grave. Since 1958, it has been frequently claimed that the vampiric antagonist of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\" was extensively based on the person of the historic Wallachian ruler Vlad III, also known as Vlad Țepeș (\"the Impaler\") after his favored method of punishment and execution. This theory was the central theme of Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally's best-selling 1972 book, \"In Search of",
"title": "Abhartach"
},
{
"id": "6739448",
"text": "Jonathan Harker Jonathan Harker is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". His journey to Transylvania and encounter with the vampire Count Dracula and his Brides at Castle Dracula constitutes the dramatic opening scenes in the novel and most of the film adaptations. Stoker appropriated the surname from his friend Joseph Cunningham Harker (1855-1920), a set designer at the Lyceum Theatre and father of actor William Gordon Harker (1885-1967) as well as great-grandfather of actress Polly Adams, whose actress-daughters Susannah Harker and Caroline Harker adopted the Harker surname for their",
"title": "Jonathan Harker"
},
{
"id": "4170982",
"text": "Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 (also known internationally as Dracula 2001) is a 2000 American vampire horror film co-written and directed by Patrick Lussier and produced by Joel Soisson and Wes Craven, and starring Gerard Butler, Christopher Plummer, Jonny Lee Miller, Justine Waddell, Omar Epps, Colleen Fitzpatrick, and Jennifer Esposito. The plot follows Dracula, who arrives in New Orleans, Louisiana in the 21st century and seeks out Mary Heller, a descendant of Abraham Van Helsing. \"Dracula 2000\", the promotional title of which is \"Wes Craven Presents: Dracula 2000\", builds upon Bram Stoker's original 1897 novel \"Dracula\", with Count Dracula resurrected in",
"title": "Dracula 2000"
},
{
"id": "9484208",
"text": "Dracula in popular culture The character of Count Dracula from the 1897 novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the Count as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, such as \"Dracula's Daughter\", \"The Brides of Dracula\", and \"Dracula's Dog\". \"Dracula\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since its publication and has spawned an extraordinary vampire subculture in the second half of the 20th century. More than 200 films have been made that feature Count Dracula, a number second only to Sherlock Holmes. At the center of this subculture is",
"title": "Dracula in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "2871444",
"text": "Van Helsing (film) Van Helsing is a 2004 American horror film written and directed by Stephen Sommers. It stars Hugh Jackman as vigilante monster hunter Van Helsing, and Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious. The film is an homage and tribute to the Universal Horror Monster films from the 1930s and '40s (also produced by Universal Studios which were in turn based on novels by Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley), of which Sommers is a fan. The eponymous character was inspired by the Dutch vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from Irish author Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Distributed by Universal Pictures, the",
"title": "Van Helsing (film)"
},
{
"id": "17385498",
"text": "Dracula Reborn Dracula Reborn is a 2012 vampire-themed direct-to-video horror film, directed and written by Patrick McManus, making his feature film directorial debut. Produced by Ray Haboush, the film stars Corey Landis, Victoria Summer, Krash Miller, Stuart Rigby and Keith Reay. It is a modernized, loosely based take on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", taking place in Los Angeles, California, where a wealthy Count Dracula looks to purchase an abandoned building and pursue the wife of his realtor, Jonathan Harker. In Los Angeles, California, realtor Jonathan Harker (Corey Landis) proposes the sale of an abandoned building in a gang-dominated neighborhood",
"title": "Dracula Reborn"
},
{
"id": "3254961",
"text": "Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". The expression \"Dracula\", which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional vampire, was for centuries known as the sobriquet of VladIII. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as \"Dracula\", \"Dracuglia\", or \"Drakula\" already in the 15thcentury. He himself signed his two letters as \"Dragulya\" or \"Drakulya\" in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the Romanian sobriquet of his father, Vlad Dracul (\"Vlad the Dragon\"), who received it after he became a member of the Order of the Dragon. Dracula is the Slavonic genitive form of Dracul, meaning",
"title": "Vlad the Impaler"
},
{
"id": "5590944",
"text": "him in the heart with a pool cue. Aurora, still tied up, confesses that she is an undercover android cop investigating salvage activities. The Captain and Humvee feel betrayed, but untie her. Searching the ship's database, the Captain and the Professor (Grant Swanby), who uses a wheelchair, discover that the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing was one of the Captain's ancestors. The Professor believes Orlock will seek revenge against the Captain. The Captain learns how vampires can be stopped and decides to steer the \"Demeter\" on a course towards a binary star system. The Captain and Aurora are soon",
"title": "Dracula 3000"
},
{
"id": "4791221",
"text": "first and foremost prototype of the female vampire-as-libido-run-wild theme. Some scholars claimed the text was initially penned in 1856, over 40 years before Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\". Féval returned to the theme of vampirism with \"La Ville Vampire\" (1867) the ultimate literary ancestor of Buffy the Vampire Slayer in which the protagonist is Gothic novel writer Ann Radcliffe herself. In it, to save her friends from the dreaded vampire lord Otto Goetzi, Radcliffe and her fearless vampire hunting companions, Merry Bones the Irishman, Grey Jack the faithful old servant, the revenge-driven Doctor Magnus Szegeli, and Polly Bird, one of the vampire's",
"title": "Paul Féval, père"
},
{
"id": "5781317",
"text": "kit that used mallet, stake, crucifix. If part of a church it included holy water, holy oil, etc. However the most important things it carried were items such as rope, crowbars, or even pistols. The vampire hunter has found new popularity in modern fiction and popular culture. The most widely known example of a vampire hunter is Abraham Van Helsing of the novel \"Dracula\" and in other works of fiction adapting or modifying that work. Other more recent figures include Buffy \"the Vampire Slayer\" Summers from the television show and film of the same name. Buffy's spin-off series \"Angel\" is",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "8413002",
"text": "The Fury of Dracula The Fury of Dracula is a board game designed by Stephen Hand and published by Games Workshop in 1987. Fantasy Flight Games released an updated version in 2006 as Fury of Dracula, and a third edition in 2015 by the same name. The game takes place in Europe during 1898, eight years after the events in Bram Stoker’s novel, \"Dracula\". One player takes the role of Count Dracula while the remaining players take the roles of Hunters Abraham Van Helsing, Dr John Seward and Lord Godalming. Fantasy Flight Games added Mina Harker as a fourth hunter",
"title": "The Fury of Dracula"
},
{
"id": "16942909",
"text": "The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing is an action role-playing video game developed by the Hungarian independent development studio NeocoreGames. Based on the novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, the game focuses on the trials of young Van Helsing, son of the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from the book. The game is set in a gothic-noir 19th-century Eastern Europe and contains \"intentionally anachronistic humor and gadgetry\". On 01 Dec 2015, the game was released as part of the Games with Gold benefit, for the Xbox One. The game is based on Bram Stoker's",
"title": "The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "3807344",
"text": "author of \"The Boats of the Glen Carrig\", \"The House on the Borderland\" and \"The Night Land\". In 1897, Bram Stoker published \"Dracula\", an enormously influential Gothic novel featuring the parasitic vampire Count Dracula in an extended exercise of reversed imperialism. Unusually, Stoker makes explicit reference to the writings of Lombroso and Nordau in the course of the novel. Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories include a host of degenerationist tropes, perhaps best illustrated (drawing on the ideas of Serge Voronoff) in \"The Adventure of the Creeping Man\". Degeneration theory Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface",
"title": "Degeneration theory"
},
{
"id": "8564431",
"text": "In the course of their investigation, Sherlock Holmes realizes that Holmwood is not only adopted, but the biological son of the human Count Dracula and Van Helsing's wife; Dracula came to England to investigate rumours that his son had survived, but Van Helsing manipulated events so that Holmwood would perceive Dracula as a monster and kill him to avenge his perceived past slight. Holmwood and Godalming are both places in Surrey. Arthur Holmwood Sir Arthur \"Art\" Holmwood (Later Lord Godalming) is a fictional character of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Holmwood is engaged to Lucy Westenra, and is best friends with",
"title": "Arthur Holmwood"
},
{
"id": "17292952",
"text": "Dracula Untold Dracula Untold is a 2014 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Gary Shore in his feature film debut and written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless. Rather than using the storyline of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", the film creates an origin story for its title character, Count Dracula; in this version, Dracula is Vlad the Impaler. Luke Evans portrays the title character, and Sarah Gadon, Dominic Cooper, Art Parkinson, and Charles Dance appear in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Northern Ireland on August 5, 2013. Universal Pictures released the film in regular and IMAX",
"title": "Dracula Untold"
},
{
"id": "3057003",
"text": "differed from the novel's in that the actor portrayed the character as a visibly younger man (as did Christopher Lee as the Count), and also one whose main vocation appears to be vampire hunting. His first name is never mentioned, though in the later Hammer Dracula films set in the 1970s (which apparently exist on a different timeline) Lee's Dracula battles Cushing's 'Lorrimer Van Helsing', a grandson of a previous vampire hunter, who appears as 'Lawrence Van Helsing' (also Cushing) in the prologue to \"Dracula A.D. 1972\". In the final Hammer Dracula production \"The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires\"",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "14614737",
"text": "Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. In Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and are repulsed by garlic and the crucifix.",
"title": "Monster literature"
},
{
"id": "3370694",
"text": "Count Orlok Count Orlok () is the main antagonist and title character portrayed by German actor Max Schreck (1879–1936) in the classic 1922 silent film \"Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens\". He was based on Bram Stoker's character Count Dracula. In \"Nosferatu\", Count Orlok is a vampire from Transylvania, and is known as \"The Bird of Death\", who feasts upon the blood of living humans. He is believed to have been created by Belial, the lieutenant demon of Satan. Orlok dwells alone in a vast castle hidden among the rugged peaks in a lost corner of the Carpathian Mountains. The castle",
"title": "Count Orlok"
},
{
"id": "3057005",
"text": "when dispatching Dracula's brides, but he nevertheless leads the group to victory over Dracula's forces. Christopher Plummer portrayed Van Helsing in \"Dracula 2000\" (he had previously appeared as a vampire hunter, Professor Paris Catalano, in \"Vampire in Venice\"). After defeating Count Dracula (Gerard Butler), Van Helsing finds that the vampire lord cannot die by the conventional means of destroying a vampire and he only succeeded in paralysing him in a deathlike state. When Dracula escapes after his coffin is stolen, Van Helsing's daughter and his assistant are able to defeat him after the elder Van Helsing's death. Hugh Jackman played",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "6739455",
"text": "St. Gallen Switzerland and Graz Austria productions, Jonathan was played by the Swedish musical theater actor, Jesper Tydén. Jonathan Harker Jonathan Harker is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". His journey to Transylvania and encounter with the vampire Count Dracula and his Brides at Castle Dracula constitutes the dramatic opening scenes in the novel and most of the film adaptations. Stoker appropriated the surname from his friend Joseph Cunningham Harker (1855-1920), a set designer at the Lyceum Theatre and father of actor William Gordon Harker (1885-1967) as well as",
"title": "Jonathan Harker"
},
{
"id": "2025847",
"text": "with John William Polidori's \"The Vampyre\" (1819). This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem \"The Giaour\". Irish writer Bram Stoker was the author of seminal horror work \"Dracula\" (1897) with the primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Penny dreadful publications were an alternative to mainstream works, and were aimed at working class adolescents, introducing the infamous Sweeney Todd. The premier ghost story writer of the 19th century was the Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu. Literature for children developed as a separate genre during the Victorian era, and some works became internationally known, such",
"title": "British literature"
},
{
"id": "3057004",
"text": "(set mainly in 1904) Cushing again plays the original Van Helsing from the Hammer series. John Badham's 1979 version of \"Dracula\" saw Laurence Olivier portray Van Helsing as a frail old man whose daughter becomes one of the undead, drawing him into a conflict with Frank Langella's Count that eventually costs the Professor his life. Anthony Hopkins portrayed Professor Van Helsing in \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\" in 1992. Once again implied to be an experienced vampire hunter, Hopkins' Van Helsing often comes across as unbalanced, casually discussing how to kill the un-dead despite the brutal methods involved, and displaying ruthless methods",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "442617",
"text": "the first and most influential of which was John Polidori's \"The Vampyre\" (1819), featuring the vampire Lord Ruthven. Lord Ruthven's exploits were further explored in a series of vampire plays in which he was the antihero. The vampire theme continued in penny dreadful serial publications such as \"Varney the Vampire\" (1847) and culminated in the pre-eminent vampire novel in history: \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, published in 1897. Over time, some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire's profile: fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century, with Varney the Vampire and Count",
"title": "Vampire"
},
{
"id": "100197",
"text": "the servants who stole it off Lucy's corpse. Following Lucy's death and burial, the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a \"bloofer lady\" (i.e., \"beautiful lady\"). Van Helsing, knowing Lucy has become a vampire, confides in Seward, Lord Godalming, and Morris. The suitors and Van Helsing track her down and, after a confrontation with her, stake her heart, behead her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Around the same time, Jonathan Harker arrives from Budapest, where Mina marries him after his escape, and he and Mina join the campaign against Dracula. The vampire hunters stay at Dr.",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "3057011",
"text": "later, Van Helsing killed Dracula, and later came to London to solve the case of Jack the Ripper, eventually discovering that the murderers were mentally controlled by demons from another world. In 1902 he worked together with the resurrected Dracula to prevent the assassination of King Edward VII. There have been numerous works of fiction depicting descendants of Van Helsing carrying on the family tradition. Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "2031371",
"text": "\"Van Helsing\", a film pitting legendary vampire hunter Gabriel Van Helsing against the triumvirate of Universal movie monsters: Count Dracula, The Wolf Man, and Frankenstein's monster. Before \"Van Helsing\" even premiered, Sommers and Ducsay began developing a spin-off TV series for NBC called \"Transylvania\". Though featuring none of the characters from the film, the series (which was to have made use of the film's Prague set) was about a young cowboy from Texas who becomes a sheriff in Transylvania, has many strange adventures, and encounters many strange creatures. Sommers and Ducsay were to have been executive producers, and Sommers wrote",
"title": "Stephen Sommers"
},
{
"id": "17292984",
"text": "is not canon with \"Dark Universe\". Dracula Untold Dracula Untold is a 2014 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Gary Shore in his feature film debut and written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless. Rather than using the storyline of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", the film creates an origin story for its title character, Count Dracula; in this version, Dracula is Vlad the Impaler. Luke Evans portrays the title character, and Sarah Gadon, Dominic Cooper, Art Parkinson, and Charles Dance appear in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Northern Ireland on August 5, 2013. Universal Pictures released",
"title": "Dracula Untold"
},
{
"id": "3057006",
"text": "Gabriel Van Helsing, in \"Van Helsing\" (2004), loosely based on Stoker's character. Having been found on the steps of a church several years before with total amnesia, Gabriel hunts monsters for a secret organization made up of the world's religions (known as the Knights of the Holy Order) to rid the world of evil \"that the rest of mankind has no idea exists\", although he is the most wanted man in Europe for his conspicuous actions. In the movie he is sent to Transylvania to kill Count Dracula. When he arrives, Dracula tells Gabriel that they have already met and",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "13353131",
"text": "he succumbed to Dracula's power. Professor Abraham Van Helsing, the protagonist, embarks to defeat Dracula before he finds the manuscript and abducts the body of Mina, traveling throughout Europe to do so. He begins with a London cemetery he believes Dracula to be occupying. His adventures take him to the streets and tombs of Cairo, the salons of Vienna's aristocracy and a Rococo library that leads him on the trail to a secretive damned monastery to stop the evil plots being concocted there. The vampire hunter then finds his way to Transylvania, to the famous castle of Dracula, to complete",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "6709147",
"text": "left alone, Dracula appears and kills his former servant (\"The Master's Song-Reprise\"). Van Helsing has a private moment as he recollects on his youth and his young, beautiful wife Roseanne. Roseanne was killed by a vampire, hinted to have been Dracula, inspiring Van Helsing to become a vampire hunter in her honor (\"Roseanne\"). Holmwood, Morris, and Dr. Seward have uncovered Dracula's hiding place in the house Harker had sold to him while they were in Transylvania. Van Helsing, Holmwood, Morris, and Dr. Seward leave, leaving Mina with Harker. While Harker shows the men to the door, Mina can't help but",
"title": "Dracula, the Musical"
},
{
"id": "13353136",
"text": "ruins. Count Dracula (as the protagonist this time) awakens, weakened and stripped of his powers after years of healing from his last battle with Dr. Van Helsing. He cannot face his evil rival, the Queen, on his own. To save the world, an uneasy alliance must be formed between the Prince of Darkness and his archenemy, Van Helsing. Gameplay is designed for 6 hours + bonus content. The game features over 40 locations, easy and hard modes, challenging puzzles, optional tutorial, interactive map, achievements, etc. During the game, the player encounters assassins of the Queen of Vampires getting the choice",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "17385504",
"text": "Ian Pfister’s portrayal of Renfield, but ultimately criticized the film for leaving “little to the imagination” and claimed it “arguably never should have been conceived”. Gammon gave the film a 2 out of 5. Dracula Reborn Dracula Reborn is a 2012 vampire-themed direct-to-video horror film, directed and written by Patrick McManus, making his feature film directorial debut. Produced by Ray Haboush, the film stars Corey Landis, Victoria Summer, Krash Miller, Stuart Rigby and Keith Reay. It is a modernized, loosely based take on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", taking place in Los Angeles, California, where a wealthy Count Dracula looks",
"title": "Dracula Reborn"
},
{
"id": "541939",
"text": "willingness to endure humiliation\". Parasitism has a derogatory sense in popular usage. According to the immunologist John Playfair, The satirical cleric Jonathan Swift refers to hyperparasitism in his 1733 poem \"On Poetry: A Rhapsody\", comparing poets to \"vermin\" who \"teaze and pinch their foes\": In Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\", and its many film adaptations, the eponymous Count Dracula is a blood-drinking parasite. The critic Laura Otis argues that as a \"thief, seducer, creator, and mimic, Dracula is the ultimate parasite. The whole point of vampirism is sucking other people's blood—living at other people's expense.\" Disgusting and terrifying",
"title": "Parasitism"
},
{
"id": "7796705",
"text": "John Seward John \"Jack\" Seward, M.D. is a fictional character appearing in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". Seward is the administrator of an insane asylum not far from Count Dracula's first English home, Carfax. Throughout the novel, Seward conducts ambitious interviews with one of his patients, R. M. Renfield, in order to understand better the nature of life-consuming psychosis. As a psychiatrist, Seward enjoys using the most up-to-date equipment, including using a recording phonograph to record his interviews with his patients and his own notes. Several chapters of the novel consist of transcriptions of Seward's phonograph recordings. One of the",
"title": "John Seward"
},
{
"id": "6330697",
"text": "most well-known adventures, seems to belong in this genre - though in the end the villain turns out to be completely human and mundane, who deliberately created this misleading impression. The next prominent figure in this tradition was Dr. Abraham Van Helsing in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), followed closely by E. and H. Heron's Flaxman Low, featured in a series of stories in \"Pearson's Magazine\" (1898–99), Algernon Blackwood's Dr. John Silence, and William Hope Hodgson's Carnacki the Ghost Finder. Other supernatural sleuths in fiction dating to the late nineteenth century include Alice & Claude Askew's Aylmer Vance and Champion de",
"title": "Occult detective fiction"
},
{
"id": "5151562",
"text": "the lesbian vampire story, and influenced Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897). Stoker's novel has its own homoerotic aspects, as when Count Dracula warns off the female vampires and claims Jonathan Harker, saying \"This man belongs to me!\" \"\" (1805) by Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg is \"the earliest known novel that centers on an explicitly male-male love affair\". Set in ancient Greece, the German novel features several couples—including a homosexual one—falling in love, overcoming obstacles and living happily ever after. The Romantic movement gaining momentum at the end of the 18th century allowed men to \"express deep affection for each other\", and",
"title": "Gay literature"
},
{
"id": "5012945",
"text": "into the heart, killing him instantly. The Ultimate Marvel version of Morbius is a \"true\" vampire, the son of Dracul and brother of Vlad III Dracula himself. He has all of the powers and abilities associated with the usual interpretation of Dracula. This version of Morbius, however, seems to be heroically struggling against his baser instincts and is in fact a vampire hunter. He meets Spider-Man in a typical misunderstanding, centering on a cabal of vampires attacking Ben Urich. He is really trying to stop Urich from becoming a vampire, which he succeeds in doing despite the conflict. When Spider-Man",
"title": "Morbius, the Living Vampire"
},
{
"id": "5107786",
"text": "Alucard (Hellsing) As revealed in volume 8 of the manga, he is Count Dracula (\"Alucard\" is \"Dracula\" spelled backwards). Soon after the events presented in Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula was defeated by Abraham Van Helsing and became the family's loyal servant. Decades later, Abraham's descendant Arthur Hellsing gives the Count his current name: \"Alucard\". The manga is set over a hundred years later, where the Hellsing Organization is forced to fight the remnants of a Nazi battalion. He typically dresses in a distinctive Victorian and western fashion, with a charcoal suit, leather riding boots, a red cravat, and a",
"title": "Alucard (Hellsing)"
},
{
"id": "16942913",
"text": "A remastered version including all three games was released as one big game on November 6, 2015, called \"The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing: Final Cut\". The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing is an action role-playing video game developed by the Hungarian independent development studio NeocoreGames. Based on the novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, the game focuses on the trials of young Van Helsing, son of the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from the book. The game is set in a gothic-noir 19th-century Eastern Europe and contains \"intentionally anachronistic humor and gadgetry\". On",
"title": "The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "5107802",
"text": "greatest anime character of all time, saying that \"There have been many vampires in anime, but none have been as deliciously sadistic as Alucard.\" Alucard (Hellsing) As revealed in volume 8 of the manga, he is Count Dracula (\"Alucard\" is \"Dracula\" spelled backwards). Soon after the events presented in Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula was defeated by Abraham Van Helsing and became the family's loyal servant. Decades later, Abraham's descendant Arthur Hellsing gives the Count his current name: \"Alucard\". The manga is set over a hundred years later, where the Hellsing Organization is forced to fight the remnants of a",
"title": "Alucard (Hellsing)"
},
{
"id": "1161354",
"text": "as well as physical evidence and the presence of horribly mutilated dead, dying and imprisoned girls found at the time of her arrest. Stories describing her vampire-like tendencies (most famously the tale that she bathed in the blood of virgins to retain her youth) were generally recorded years after her death, and are considered unreliable. Her story quickly became part of national folklore, and her infamy persists to this day. She is often compared to Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia (on whom the fictional Count Dracula is partly based); some insist she inspired Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), though there is",
"title": "Elizabeth Báthory"
},
{
"id": "5836467",
"text": "Bateman threw up the management of the theatre, and Mr. Irving takes her place.\" Mrs. Bateman became the manager of Sadler's Wells Theatre. Irving continued to star in plays there, especially Shakespeare, until 1902, engaging co-star Ellen Terry for that entire period of 24 years. Bram Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 as business manager of the theatre, and Irving was Stoker's real-life inspiration for the character Count Dracula in his 1897 novel, \"Dracula\". Stoker hoped that Irving, with his dramatic, sweeping gestures, gentlemanly mannerisms, and speciality in playing villain roles, would play Dracula in the stage adaptation of his",
"title": "Lyceum Theatre, London"
},
{
"id": "17756933",
"text": "dismisses them as 'tricks' to dissuade him from the estate deal. Meanwhile, a young and attractive vampire hunter (Isabella Ferrari), arrives, determined to avenge the death of her brother, who perished trying to rid the world of Dracula and his cohorts. The events turn even more farcical when Dracula's sister confesses her love for Fracchia to try to avoid being engaged to the Frankenstein Monster. In the end an ash-tipped umbrella seems to solve the situation, but...was it all for real or just a horror-movie fueled nightmare? Fracchia contro Dracula Fracchia contro Dracula (also known as \"Who Is Afraid Of",
"title": "Fracchia contro Dracula"
},
{
"id": "4369830",
"text": "Mina Harker Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Harker (née Murray) is a fictional character in Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". She begins the story as Miss Mina Murray, a young school mistress who is engaged to Jonathan Harker, and best friends with Lucy Westenra. She visits Lucy in Whitby on July 24 of that year, when schools would have closed for the summer. After her fiancé Jonathan escapes from Count Dracula's castle, Mina travels to Budapest and joins him there. Mina cares for him during his recovery from his traumatic encounter with the vampire and his brides, and the two return",
"title": "Mina Harker"
},
{
"id": "9484245",
"text": "popular and mass culture. There are several locations associated with Dracula and Bram Stoker related tourism in Ireland, Britain, and Romania. Dracula in popular culture The character of Count Dracula from the 1897 novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the Count as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, such as \"Dracula's Daughter\", \"The Brides of Dracula\", and \"Dracula's Dog\". \"Dracula\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since its publication and has spawned an extraordinary vampire subculture in the second half of the 20th century. More than 200 films",
"title": "Dracula in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "19127643",
"text": "the film, Dracula finds love with a ship captain named Ericka Van Helsing while on a vacation on a cruise with his family and friends, but Mavis discovers that Ericka is actually the great-granddaughter of Abraham Van Helsing, Dracula's arch-enemy. \"Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation\" premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 13, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 13, 2018. Like its predecessors, the film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success, grossing over $527 million worldwide, against a budget of $80 million. To date, it is",
"title": "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation"
},
{
"id": "9794588",
"text": "of forensic psychiatry, with the unusual behavior reported as one of many aspects of extraordinary violent crimes. The syndrome is named after Dracula's human zoophagous follower, R. M. Renfield, in the 1897 novel by Bram Stoker. According to an interview conducted by psychology professor Katherine Ramsland with clinical psychologist Richard Noll, who coined the eponymous term in a 1992 book, he invented the term and its purported diagnostic criteria as a whimsical parody of the \"new DSM-speak\" of the psychiatry of the 1980s. In a public lecture hosted by Penn State University's Institute for the Arts and Humanities on 7",
"title": "Clinical vampirism"
},
{
"id": "7073252",
"text": "role. However, the actor refused to shave his head and don his make-up again. In this film, Kinski sports long blond hair. The vampire character here is simply called \"Nosferatu\" (and not Dracula). Nosferatu is an almighty and indestructible lord of the undead who wishes his immortal life to end, but can only die if a virgin woman grants him her love. Christopher Plummer plays Paris Catalano, an ineffective vampire hunter. The film had a troubled history, with several directors being fired and leaving the project, while Kinski's behavior on set caused many delays in shooting. Producer Caminito decided to",
"title": "Vampire in Venice"
},
{
"id": "3684230",
"text": "compiled his \"Who's Who in Horror and Fantasy Fiction\", Aickman objected to the inclusion of his date of birth. Instead he said that the entry should read \"Aickman, Robert. Man of Mystery\". \"That\", he said, would be helpful. I should approve entirely.\" On his mother's side, Aickman was the grandson of the prolific Victorian novelist Richard Marsh (1857–1915), known for his occult thriller \"The Beetle\" (1897), a book as popular in its time as Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\". He was involved in the famous investigation into the equally famous, haunted Borley Rectory. Another indication of his lifelong interest in the supernatural",
"title": "Robert Aickman"
},
{
"id": "7490974",
"text": "and both Charles Maturin's \"The Fatal Revenge\" (1807) and \"Melmoth the Wanderer\" (1820). Somewhat later came the first lesbian vampire novella \"Carmilla\" (1872) by Sheridan Le Fanu and \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\" (1890) by Oscar Wilde, which shocked readers with its sensuality and overtly homosexual characters. There is even gay subtext in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897) as the title character warns off the female vampires and claims Jonathan Harker, saying \"This man belongs to me!\" Richard S. Primuth of \"The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide\" writes that Stoker, a closeted gay man and close friend of Oscar Wilde, began",
"title": "LGBT themes in horror fiction"
},
{
"id": "17050665",
"text": "The Beetle (novel) The Beetle (or The Beetle: A Mystery) is an 1897 horror novel by the British writer Richard Marsh, in which a polymorphous Ancient Egyptian entity seeks revenge on a British Member of Parliament. It initially out-sold Bram Stoker's similar horror story \"Dracula\", which appeared the same year. The story is told from four points of view, which generally flow from each other with limited scene repetition. In order, the four narrators are Robert Holt, Sydney Atherton, Marjorie Lindon, and Augustus Champnell. The story is written down as elaborate testimonies gathered by Champnell, who is a detective and",
"title": "The Beetle (novel)"
},
{
"id": "6871622",
"text": "in Sommers' projects \"The Mummy\", where he played the cowardly, materialistic, multilingual Beni, \"Van Helsing\", in which he played Count Dracula's devious servant (and Dr. Frankenstein's former assistant) Igor and \"\" portraying Doctor Mindbender. He had a key supporting role in \"There Will Be Blood\" as Henry, the \"brother\" of Daniel Day-Lewis's oil man, Daniel Plainview. O'Connor also starred in John Candy's last film \"Canadian Bacon\", as the suicidal, eccentric American, Roy Boy, with an intention to sabotage Canada. Kevin J. O'Connor (actor) Kevin James O'Connor (born November 15, 1963) is an American actor. O'Connor is known for portraying character",
"title": "Kevin J. O'Connor (actor)"
},
{
"id": "9415392",
"text": "vampirism, such as a missing reflection and an uncharacteristic seductiveness and aggression when Holmwood comes to see her in her final moments. Seward accompanies Van Helsing to Lucy's grave, but find her coffin empty, and afterwards a child who is lost and alone, but who has been bitten by the now-vampiric Lucy. After reporting their findings to an incredulous Holmwood, he and Van Helsing and Seward return to Lucy's family crypt, finding her perched atop. Lucy soon approaches, now a vampire and feral, and attempts to entice Holmwood, but is forced to flee from Van Helsing's crucifix. Later in the",
"title": "Count Dracula (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "100229",
"text": "and wolves and night\". In 2009, an official sequel was published, written by Bram Stoker's great grand-nephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. Dacre Stoker and J. D. Barker will write a prequel to \"Dracula\" titled \"Dracul\". An interpretation of the missing 101 pages of the original novel, it was pieced together from Bram Stoker's editorial notes, artifacts, and journals. The story of \"Dracula\" has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title \"Dracula, or The Undead\" shortly before the",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "16639389",
"text": "is said to be the second oldest active mummy in the world, the oldest one being his wife Fanny. He is a powerful supernatural creature who is fiercely protective of Count Dracula and plays a vital role in the Count's survival of The Great Hunt. Manny was a revered prophet in Ancient Egypt. He had visions that helped guide the progress of Egyptian culture, the pyramid being one of his greatest accomplishments. (Before Manny, Egyptians were planning to bury their Pharaohs beneath cubes). Unfortunately, he didn't manage to predict that he would be poisoned by his sister-in-law. In the game,",
"title": "Vampire Season Monster Defense"
},
{
"id": "9425906",
"text": "From these clues, Van Helsing and Holmwood go about finding all but one of Dracula's \"boxes of earth\" (containing his native soil, in which a vampire must rest). But back at the hotel, the vampire hunters discover Dracula is there seeking revenge. He has bitten Mina, and before their eyes forces her to drink blood from a self-inflicted gash in his chest. All that they love, all that is theirs, he will take, he says. The tracking of Dracula back to his home commences with Van Helsing hypnotizing Mina. Via the bond of blood, she sees through Dracula's eyes and",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "18296468",
"text": "Lecter, Leatherface, Pennywise the Dancing Clown, Pinhead, The Mummy and Jigsaw (Saw character). Examples of early horror icons began with the Werewolf or Lycanthrope introduced in the 1500s, the Frankenstein monster as introduced by Mary Shelley in 1818, and Dracula as inspired by Vlad the Impaler and introduced into literature in 1897 by Bram Stoker. One of the earliest horror icons in film date back to 1913 with \"The Werewolf\", which is one of the earliest werewolf films. In the 1920s, Dracula and Frankenstein's monster had movies released. Their presence in literary history led to them becoming among the most",
"title": "Horror icon"
},
{
"id": "9484232",
"text": "Historian\" follows several historians whose research has led them too close to Dracula as they hunt the vampire across Europe. Meg Cabot's 2010 novel \"Insatiable\" has a main character named Meena Harper who has a relationship with Dracula's son, Lucien. In the book series \"Vampire Hunter D\", which takes place 10,000 years in the future, D's adversary Count Magnus discovers that D is the son of Dracula, who is referred to as \"the Sacred Ancestor\" in the series. Freda Warrington's \"Dracula the Undead\" is an unofficial sequel to \"Dracula\". Will Hill's \"Department 19\" is about Jamie Carpenter, a descendant of",
"title": "Dracula in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "5781320",
"text": "from the \"Castlevania\" series, and the eponymous hero of the \"Blade\" series of comic books, movies, , and anime, are both examples of dhampir vampire-hunters. Even rarer are vampire hunters that are vampires themselves. Two examples of this type can be found in Morbius from \"Ultimate Spider-Man\", and Zero Kiryuu in the manga and anime series \"Vampire Knight\". The image of the vampire hunter is often a mysterious and dramatic avenging hero, an eccentric extremist, a mad scientist, or sometimes a mix of these. A hunter may be a heroic figure, a villain (from the perspective of the vampire), a",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "5781314",
"text": "Vampire hunter A vampire hunter or vampire slayer is a character in folklore and fiction who specializes in finding and destroying vampires, and sometimes other supernatural creatures. A vampire hunter is usually described as having extensive knowledge of vampires and other monstrous creatures, including their powers and weaknesses, and uses this knowledge to effectively combat them. In most literature, vampire hunters are simply humans with more than average knowledge about the occult, while they may also be supernatural beings, having superhuman abilities in works of fiction. A well known and influential vampire hunter is Professor Abraham Van Helsing, a character",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "5313694",
"text": "the current reincarnation of his true love (an earlier being named Mina Harker). Dracula is ineptly pursued in turn by Sondheim's psychiatrist and quasi-boyfriend Jeffrey Rosenberg. Jeffrey is the grandson of Dracula's old nemesis Fritz ([]) van Helsing but changed his name to Rosenberg \"for professional reasons\". Rosenberg's numerous methods to combat Dracula – mirrors, garlic, a Star of David (which he uses instead of the cross), and hypnosis – are easily averted by the Count. Rosenberg also tries burning Dracula's coffin with the vampire still inside, but is arrested by hotel security. Subsequently he tries to shoot him with",
"title": "Love at First Bite"
},
{
"id": "14443243",
"text": "Dracula the Undead (novel) Dracula the Undead is a sequel written to Bram Stoker's classic novel \"Dracula\", written by Freda Warrington. The book was commissioned by Penguin Books as a sequel to Stoker's original novel for the centenary of the latter's first publication. It takes place seven years after the original. It was originally published in 1997, and was brought back to print in 2009. It is seven years since a stake was driven through the heart of the infamous Count Dracula. Seven years which have not eradicated the terrible memories for Jonathan and Mina Harker, who now have a",
"title": "Dracula the Undead (novel)"
},
{
"id": "4420998",
"text": "suicidally returns to a known favorite hotel where the vampires are sure to find him. Felix, Cat and Father Adam stage a rescue attempt but it ends with Father Adam dead and Jack spirited away by the vampire. The novel closes with Felix taking a leadership role within Vampire$ Inc., after thwarting an attempt by the now-vampirized Jack Crow to attack the Pope. Part of the novel is about the relationship between the lead vampire hunter, ex-DEA agent Jack Crow, and the gunman he hires, an ex-drugrunner named Felix. A note on the copyright page states, \"This Felix is no",
"title": "Vampire$"
},
{
"id": "7820738",
"text": "lord. While walking her guard rounds in the country, Doris Lang, the daughter of a deceased werewolf hunter, is attacked by Count Magnus Lee, a 10,000-year-old, long-lost vampire lord (also known as a Noble), who intends to make her his new vampire bride. Doris later encounters a mysterious dhampir and vampire hunter, known only as D, and hires him to protect her from Count Lee. While in town with Dan, her younger brother, and D, Doris is confronted by Greco Roman, the mayor’s son, about the Count’s attack and D, and promises to help her if he has Doris for",
"title": "Vampire Hunter D (1985 film)"
},
{
"id": "4552724",
"text": "hunters. The two set out to storm the Count's castle in the Transylvanian province of Hungary and vanquish him. As they penetrate the castle walls, an aristocratic vampire appears to warn Carrie and Reinhardt that \"all who oppose the Dark Lord will die\". The two then come upon a decrepit villa, where they meet the elderly vampire hunter Charles Vincent, beautiful yet unwilling vampire Rosa, demonic salesman Renon and young boy Malus. Beneath the estate's maze garden lies a subterranean path to the castle's center, where Dracula's servants (Actrise and Death) attempt to waylay the heroes by pitting them in",
"title": "Castlevania (1999 video game)"
},
{
"id": "5354502",
"text": "in 2000. The two films and the novels they are based on revolve around the eponymous D, a vampire hunter who is the apparent half-vampire/half-human son of Dracula who battles vampires in the year AD 12,090. In 1997 the anime series \"Vampire Princess Miyu\" became popular in Japan, many other anime followed. Later in 2012, \"Hotel Transylvania\" was released, followed by a sequel in 2015, \"Hotel Transylvania 2\" and in 2018 by \"\". Another Japanese anime series, \"Rosario + Vampire\", portrays one of the leading female characters, Moka Akashiya, as a vampire, whose demonic powers are sealed inside her with",
"title": "Vampire films"
},
{
"id": "7512320",
"text": "The Lifted Veil (novella) The Lifted Veil is a novella by George Eliot, first published in 1859. Quite unlike the realistic fiction for which Eliot is best known, \"The Lifted Veil\" explores themes of extrasensory perception, the essence of physical life, possible life after death, and the power of fate. The novella is a significant part of the Victorian tradition of horror fiction, which includes such other examples as Robert Louis Stevenson's \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" (1886), and Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897). The unreliable narrator, Latimer, believes that he is cursed with an otherworldly ability",
"title": "The Lifted Veil (novella)"
},
{
"id": "2194691",
"text": "receives word from Jonathan, who has escaped the castle and recovered at a convent, she travels to Romania to marry him. In his fury, Dracula transforms Lucy into a vampire. Van Helsing, Holmwood, Seward and Morris kill the now undead Lucy the following night. After Jonathan and Mina return to London, Jonathan and Van Helsing lead the others to Carfax Abbey, where they destroy the Count's boxes of soil. Dracula enters the asylum, where he kills Renfield for warning Mina of his presence. He visits Mina, who is staying in Seward's quarters while the others hunt Dracula, and confesses that",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula"
},
{
"id": "14204418",
"text": "easily buy their victims in this manner; to end slavery is to end the scourge of vampires. Lincoln becomes an abolitionist. Lincoln returns to his home in New Salem and begins his business and political careers by day, continuing to track down the vampires in Henry's letters at night. His life is once again tinged by tragedy when his fiancée Ann Rutledge is attacked and murdered by her ex-fiancé John McNamar, now a vampire living in New York City. With Henry's help, Lincoln catches McNamar and kills him, but he decides to give up vampire hunting and instead concentrate on",
"title": "Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel)"
},
{
"id": "13353129",
"text": "At first a zealot of Christendom, Voivod Dracula forsakes his faith at the loss of his unrequited love, who opts to commit suicide rather than give in to him. As his embitterment boils, Dracula begins to delve heavily into Satanic practice. Unsatisfied with mortality, he drinks the blood of a rival in a pact with the Devil, placing upon himself the curse that transforms him into the first vampire. In exchange for immortal powers, Dracula becomes a servant of Satan, bent on the destruction of humanity, finding his only solace in feeding upon human blood and seeking revenge for his",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "2885541",
"text": "to another. Thus, King subsisted on blood purchased (or stolen) from blood banks and consuming only corpses or animals. King also prefers not to use his vampiric powers, believing that he gave up a part of himself every time he did so. In spite of his vampirism, King continues to operate as a private detective, but only traveling freely by night. As a vampire, he first battles Dracula, the Lord of Earth's vampires. While searching for Deacon Frost, King eventually meets Blade, the vampire hunter, whose mother had been killed by Frost. Initially distrustful of each other, they nevertheless team",
"title": "Hannibal King"
},
{
"id": "17050562",
"text": "The Beetle (film) The Beetle is a 1919 British silent horror film directed by Alexander Butler and starring Maudie Dunham, Hebden Foster and Fred Morgan. It was based on the 1897 novel \"The Beetle: A Mystery\" by Richard Marsh. The 1897 novel went into print a few months after Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" hit bookshelves, and it outsold \"Dracula\" at the time. It has since passed into relative obscurity, although it seems to have served as Stoker's inspiration for his 1903 \"The Jewel of Seven Stars\", which also involved an ancient Egyptian princess reincarnating into the body of a modern-day woman.",
"title": "The Beetle (film)"
},
{
"id": "2322248",
"text": "Apocalypse defeats Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler) in Romania, who later becomes the vampire more popularly known as Count Dracula. In 1859, Apocalypse encounters British scientist Nathaniel Essex and learns more about the nature of mutants. Apocalypse uses his Celestial technology to transform Essex into the superhuman being Mister Sinister. He then coerces Sinister and the Hellfire Club into aiding his plans for global conquest, but Sinister concludes that these plans are madness and betrays Apocalypse, forcing him back into hibernation. In 1897, Count Dracula attacks the Clan Akkaba in revenge for his defeat at Apocalypse's hands, forcing the Clan",
"title": "Apocalypse (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"id": "4352901",
"text": "who try to keep the goings-on secret from the mundane population. The various \"Players\" during the Game depicted in the book are archetypal characters from Victorian Era gothic fiction – Jack the Ripper (only ever referred to as \"Jack\"), Dracula (\"The Count\"), Victor Frankenstein (\"The Good Doctor\"), and the Wolf Man (known as \"Larry Talbot\", the film character's name) all make appearances. In addition, there is a Witch (\"Crazy Jill\"), a Clergyman (Vicar Roberts), a Druid (\"Owen\"), a \"Mad Monk\" (\"Rastov\" – apparently modeled after Rasputin), and Hermetic occultists (\"Morris and McCab\" – often mentioned as a reference to a",
"title": "A Night in the Lonesome October"
},
{
"id": "9665209",
"text": "the mysterious illness of a young woman, Lucy Seward, with the help of her father and fiancé. He discovers she is the victim of Count Dracula, a powerful vampire who is feeding on her blood. The men follow one of Dracula's servants to the vampire's hiding place, where they kill him with a stake to the heart. The revised version of the play went on a national tour of the United States and replaced the original version in London. It influenced many subsequent adaptations, including the popular 1931 film adaptation starring Lugosi. A 1977 Broadway revival featured art designs by",
"title": "Dracula (1924 play)"
},
{
"id": "18483172",
"text": "a mask to protect his identity, Fate soon noticed the strong resemblance between his alien archenemy and the mild-mannered Prof. Winkle and came to the obvious conclusion, but he quickly discovered that proving it was a whole other matter. Winged masked magician, hypnotist and megalomaniacal mastermind the Bat visually resembled Batman enough to prompt a response from DC Comics attorneys threatening to sue for plagiarism. The character's name was changed to the Ray (not to be confused with the Quality Comics character) along with the addition of a lightning bolt emblem on his chest. Other characters were only somewhat less",
"title": "Captain Marvel (M. F. Enterprises)"
},
{
"id": "8171770",
"text": "blurry effect. The film is not entirely monochromatic, since computer-generated special effects add bright, acidic colours to tint golden coins, green bank notes, and red blood. In 1897, a visitor from the East, Count Dracula, arrives in London and is inadvertently invited into the home of Lucy Westenra. She is bitten by Dracula, and taken by his curse. Lucy's behavior becomes more erratic leading her to bite her fiancé. Lucy is immediately put under the care of Dr. Van Helsing. Van Helsing does blood tests on Lucy and declares \"Vampyre!\" as the source of the problem, and puts Lucy to",
"title": "Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary"
},
{
"id": "100237",
"text": "over the years, and many films have used the character as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, including \"Dracula's Daughter\" and \"The Brides of Dracula\". As of 2009, an estimated 217 films feature Dracula in a major role, a number second only to Sherlock Holmes (223 films). A large number of these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker's novel, but merely feature the character in an unrelated story. Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy.",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "6743796",
"text": "that Count Dracula is a vampire. Dracula turns his attention to Mina and begins corrupting her as well. Van Helsing suddenly has a stroke and remains in a wheelchair. Dracula visits the weakened man, mocking his attempts to destroy him. Quincey, Harker and Seward track Dracula to the abandoned abbey, but he has fled to Transylvania with the aid of a traveling Gypsy band. As Count Dracula's Gypsy servants take him back to his castle, he is trailed by Harker and Quincey. After battling the Gypsies, the two heroes find Dracula's coffin and set it on fire. Dracula, unable to",
"title": "Count Dracula (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "2194689",
"text": "the chapel's stone cross with his sword and drinks the blood that pours out of it. In 1897, newly qualified solicitor Jonathan Harker takes the Transylvanian Count Dracula as a client from his colleague Renfield, who has gone insane. Jonathan travels to Transylvania to arrange Dracula's real estate acquisitions in London, including Carfax Abbey. Jonathan meets Dracula, who discovers a picture of Harker's fiancée, Mina and believes that she is the reincarnation of Elisabeta. Dracula leaves Jonathan to be attacked and fed upon by his brides, while he sails to England with boxes of his native Transylvanian soil, taking up",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula"
},
{
"id": "2752353",
"text": "weapon as his preferred arms. Consumed by grief for his fallen comrades, Blade resumed his quest alone. Blade eventually located Dracula in Paris, where he first encountered the vampire hunter Quincy Harker, son of Jonathan Harker, whom he knew by reputation, and Harker's vampire hunters: Rachel van Helsing, great-granddaughter of Abraham Van Helsing; Taj Nital; and Frank Drake. Because of his mercurial temperament, Blade had a strained but steady relationship with the group, allying himself with them on several occasions. Later, after an unsuccessful battle with Dracula, Blade realized he was immune to turning from a vampire's bite. Armed with",
"title": "Blade (comics)"
},
{
"id": "345839",
"text": "and his initial success of keeping his small country free for a short time. In the Western world, Vlad is best known for being the inspiration to the \"vampire\" main character in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". The Romanian historiography evaluates him as a ferocious but just ruler and the defender of the Wallachian independence and of the European Christianity against the Ottoman expansionism. The Principality of Moldavia reached its most glorious period under the rule of Stephen the Great between 1457 and 1504. Stephen () ruled for 47 years, an unusually long period for that time - only 13",
"title": "History of Romania"
},
{
"id": "162241",
"text": "writer Gilbert Parker also fall into the genre, including the stories in \"The Lane that Had No Turning\" (1900). The most famous Gothic villain ever, Count Dracula, was created by Bram Stoker in his novel \"Dracula\" (1897). Stoker's book also established Transylvania and Eastern Europe as the \"locus classicus\" of the Gothic. Gaston Leroux's serialized novel \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1909–1910) is another well-known example of gothic fiction from the early 20th century. In America, two notable writers of the end of the 19th century, in the Gothic tradition, were Ambrose Bierce and Robert W. Chambers. Bierce's short stories",
"title": "Gothic fiction"
},
{
"id": "7820745",
"text": "is the son of Count Dracula, the legendary Ancestral God of Vampires. He then tries to persuade Lamika into living as a human, but she chooses to die as a member of the Nobility with her father. D, Doris and Dan escape the collapsing castle. The dhampir then sets off under a now clear blue sky. The Langs bid D goodbye as he looks back briefly to them and smiles. \"Vampire Hunter D\" is credited as one of the earliest anime productions targeted explicitly at the male teenager/adult demographic in lieu of family audiences, and capitalized on the emerging OVA",
"title": "Vampire Hunter D (1985 film)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Abraham Van Helsing context: Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout many adaptations of the story as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula. In the novel, Professor Van Helsing is called in by his former student, Dr. John Seward, to assist with the mysterious\n\nArch enemey of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula?",
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Monster literature context: Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. In Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and are repulsed by garlic and the crucifix.\n\ntitle: Vampire hunter context: Vire hunter A vampire hunter or vampire slayer is a character folklore and fiction who specializes and destroying vamp, and sometimes other supernatural creatures. A vampire hunter is usually described as having extensive knowledge of vampires and other monstrous creatures, including their powers and weaknesses, and uses this knowledge to effectively combat them. literature, vampire hunters simply humans with more than average knowledge about the occult, while they may also be supernatural beings, having superhuman abilities in works of fiction. well known and influential vampire hunter is Professor Abraham Van Helsing, a character\n: Abraham Hels Abraham Van Hels Professor Abraham Van Hels fict character from the 189 gothic novelDrac Van Hels is an poly Dutch doctor wide range accomplishments, partly attested the \",.Ph.,.itt etc etc indicating a, and expertise character known many adaptations the a vamp hunter theemy of Drac. In the novel Van Helsing is by his former. Seward, to assist myster\n: Dula context over years, and have the character while have named him, includings\" \" films in major to3 these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker's novel, but merely feature the character in an unrelated story. Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy.\n\nArch enemey of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula?",
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78,717 | On Dec 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty donned Mohawk disguises and boarded the East India company ships Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver, and then performed what act of vandalism? | [
"Dumped tea into Boston Harbor"
] | Dumped tea into Boston Harbor | [
{
"id": "20359",
"text": "turned back, but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure. A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed, and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse. On December 16, 1773, a group of men, led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians, boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £10,000 worth of tea from their holds (approximately £636,000 in 2008) into Boston Harbor. Decades later, this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "3345042",
"text": "landed. Matters reached a crisis when the time period for landing the tea and paying the Townshend taxes was set to expire, and on December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians swarmed aboard three tea-laden ships and dumped their cargo into the harbour in what is now known as the Boston Tea Party. Similar \"Destruction of the Tea\" (as it was called at the time) occurred in New York and other ports shortly thereafter, though Boston took the brunt of Imperial retaliation, because it was the first \"culprit\". The Boston Tea Party appalled British political opinion makers of all stripes.",
"title": "Tea Act"
},
{
"id": "8486177",
"text": "tea from other countries or made their own tea from local spices. Soon merchants in England began to lose money, especially the East India Company. In order to keep this company from going bankrupt, Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773. For reasons of economics and social liberty, the colonists were outraged and the seeds of dissent began to grow in the New World. On December 16, 1773, a group of angry rebels calling themselves the \"Sons of Liberty\" protested the Tea Act and disguised as Mohawk natives boarded three ships in Boston Harbor loaded with tea and proceeded to",
"title": "Chestertown Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "7498594",
"text": "Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. They boarded the ships and",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "1976223",
"text": "December 16, 1773, a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea in Boston, Massachusetts, an act that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. The colonists partook in this action because Parliament had passed the Tea Act, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, thereby saving the company from bankruptcy. This made British tea less expensive, which Parliament thought would be a welcome change in the colonies. In addition, there was added a small tax on which the colonists were not allowed",
"title": "Intolerable Acts"
},
{
"id": "20850766",
"text": "an organized group using the formal name \"Sons of Liberty\", leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776. The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts, thus undercutting local tea merchants: Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of",
"title": "Increase Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "6748196",
"text": "1773, when a tea ship of the East India Company was planning to land taxed tea in Boston, a group of local men known as the Sons of Liberty sneaked onto the boat the night before it was to be unloaded and dumped all the tea into the harbor, an act known as the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party prompted the British government to pass the Intolerable Acts in 1774 that brought stiff punishment on Massachusetts. They closed the port of Boston, the economic lifeblood of the Commonwealth, and reduced self-government. Local self-government was ended and the colony",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "3345033",
"text": "opposed the Stamp Act 1765 mobilized opposition to delivery and distribution of the tea. The company's authorised consignees were harassed, and in many colonies successful efforts were made to prevent the tea from being landed. In Boston, this resistance culminated in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, when colonists (some disguised as Native Americans, since they identified themselves as “Americans” and no longer considered themselves British subjects) boarded tea ships anchored in the harbour and dumped their tea cargo overboard. Parliamentary reaction to this event included passage of the Coercive Acts, designed to punish Massachusetts for its resistance,",
"title": "Tea Act"
},
{
"id": "18287357",
"text": "10 May 73 the Tea Act granted a tea monopoly to the East India Company. It also continued a small duty on tea. Philadelphians protested en masse in October. Bostonians tried to get their English tea agents to resign, but failed. On 16 Dec, after Governor Thomas Hutchinson blocked an attempt to return the Dartmouth, still loaded, to England, activists boarded three tea ships and dumped 342 containers of tea into the harbor. Massachusetts and Virginia, the most populous and wealthy colonies, were also the most influential. On 17 June Massachusetts called for \"a meeting of Committees from the several",
"title": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance"
},
{
"id": "9989135",
"text": "and Joseph Hawley drafted a resolution adopted by the House of Representatives threatening independence as an alternative to tyranny. The resolution argued that the colonists had never been under the sovereignty of Parliament. Their original charter, as well as their allegiance, was exclusively with the King. The Boston Tea Party, a historic demonstration against the British East India Company's tea monopoly over American merchants, took place on December 16, 1773. The British schooner \"Dartmouth\", loaded with tea to be traded subject to the new Tea Act, had previously dropped anchor in Boston harbor. By 9:00 PM, the work of the",
"title": "John Adams"
},
{
"id": "2747844",
"text": "of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates. In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the \"Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York,\" which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was \"an enemy",
"title": "Sons of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "6616354",
"text": "political freedoms and local democracy, which they felt was increasingly threatened by the English government. The main grievance was taxation, which colonists argued could only be imposed by their own legislatures and not by the Parliament in London. Their political cry was \"no taxation without representation.\" A ship was planning to land tea in Boston on December 16, 1773, and Patriots associated with the Sons of Liberty raided the ship and dumped all the tea into the harbor. This Boston Tea Party outraged British officials, and the King and Parliament decided to punish Massachusetts, passing the Intolerable Acts in 1774.",
"title": "History of New England"
},
{
"id": "523100",
"text": "George's words was \"one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]\". In 1773, the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea thrown overboard, an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was \"certainly criminal\". With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists: the Port of Boston was shut down and the charter of Massachusetts was altered so that the upper",
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "14219334",
"text": "October 19, 1774, the \"Peggy Stewart\", a Maryland cargo vessel, was set alight and burned by an angry mob in Annapolis, punishing the ship's captain for contravening the boycott on tea imports and mimicking the events of the more famous Boston Tea Party in December 1773. This event has since become known as the \"Annapolis Tea Party\". In May 1774, according to local legend, the Chestertown Tea Party took place in Chestertown, Maryland, during which Maryland patriots boarded the brigantine Geddes in broad daylight and threw its cargo of tea into the Chester River, as a protest against taxes imposed",
"title": "Maryland in the American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "11410146",
"text": "the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House and headed to Boston Harbor. That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men boarded the three vessels, some of them thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians, and dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water over the course of three hours. Adams never revealed whether he went to the wharf to witness the destruction of the tea. Whether or not he helped plan the event is unknown, but Adams immediately worked to publicize and defend it. He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a",
"title": "Samuel Adams"
},
{
"id": "2539909",
"text": "Maryland was increasingly in the hands of the Revolutionaries. On October 19, 1774 the \"Peggy Stewart\" was burned in Annapolis harbour in protest against taxes on tea, in imitation of the famous Boston Tea Party, which took place on December 16, 1773. On December 30, 1774 Eden wrote: The spirit of resistance against the Tea Act, or any mode of internal taxation, is as strong and universal here as ever. I firmly believe that they will undergo any hardship sooner than acknowledge a right in the British Parliament in that particular, and will persevere in their non-importation and non-exportation experiments,",
"title": "Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland"
},
{
"id": "2392139",
"text": "Improved Order of Red Men The Improved Order of Red Men is a fraternal organization established on North America in 1834. Their rituals and regalia are modeled after those assumed by white men of the era to be used by American Indians. Despite the name, the order was formed solely by, and for, white men. The organization claimed a membership of about half a million in 1935, but has declined to a little more than 15,000. On December 16, 1773, a group of white colonists — all men, and members of the Sons of Liberty — met in Boston to",
"title": "Improved Order of Red Men"
},
{
"id": "6655049",
"text": "25), historians don't even know exactly how many he wrote. It was the \"Boston Gazette\" that hired Paul Revere to create his famous engraving of the Boston Massacre. The British officials hated the Boston Gazette. British officers placed the paper's name on a list of enemy institutions to be captured, and if possible, laid waste. Those trumpeters of sedition, Edes and Gill, were to be put out of business once and for all. The Sons of Liberty met at the Boston Gazette. It was there that they darkened their faces, disguising themselves as Mohawk Indians before setting out to dump",
"title": "Boston Gazette"
},
{
"id": "5889681",
"text": "for Boston's decision to stop the landing of tea. Adams wrote, \"we must venture, and unless we do, we shall be discarded by the sons of liberty in the other colonies\". They were successful in preventing the landing of tea. In April 1774, they boarded the \"Nancy\" and destroyed its tea. During the Townsend Acts, Britain passed a Tea Act in 1773 to ship tea directly to North America to help the East India Company, saving it from being taxed so it can come out of bankruptcy. Sears and his companions believed that the ruin of their commerce was inevitable",
"title": "Isaac Sears"
},
{
"id": "2392151",
"text": "except with the AAORM initials. Improved Order of Red Men The Improved Order of Red Men is a fraternal organization established on North America in 1834. Their rituals and regalia are modeled after those assumed by white men of the era to be used by American Indians. Despite the name, the order was formed solely by, and for, white men. The organization claimed a membership of about half a million in 1935, but has declined to a little more than 15,000. On December 16, 1773, a group of white colonists — all men, and members of the Sons of Liberty",
"title": "Improved Order of Red Men"
},
{
"id": "10442246",
"text": "coffeehouse in colonial New York City, The King's Arms which opened under the ownership of Lieutenant John Hutchins in 1696. It stood on the west side of Broadway between Crown (now Liberty) Street and Little Queen (now Cedar) Street. On November 5, 1773, summoned by the Sons of Liberty, a huge crowd assembled outside the coffee house to denounce the Tea Act, and agents of the East India Trading company who were handling cargoes of dutied tea. It was perhaps the first public demonstration in opposition to the Tea Act in the American colonies. The park, formerly called Liberty Plaza",
"title": "Zuccotti Park"
},
{
"id": "5219275",
"text": "Adams and other Boston firebrands. Boston played the primary role in sparking both the American Revolution and the ensuing American Revolutionary War. The Boston Massacre came on March 5, 1770, when British soldiers fired into unarmed demonstrators outside the British custom house, resulting in the deaths of five civilians and dramatically escalating tensions. Parliament, meanwhile, insisted on its right to tax the Americans and finally came up with a small tax on tea. Up and down the 13 colonies, Americans prevented merchants from selling the tea, but a shipment arrived in Boston Harbor. On December 16, 1773, 30–60 local Sons",
"title": "History of Boston"
},
{
"id": "1775766",
"text": "managed to bind the wound up and reach a doctor, who sewed the wound up. Knox supported the Sons of Liberty, an organization of agitators against what they considered repressive British colonial policies. It is unknown if he participated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party, but he did serve on guard duty before the incident to make sure no tea was unloaded from the \"Dartmouth\", one of the ships involved. The next year he refused a consignment of tea sent to him by James Rivington, a Loyalist in New York. Henry married Lucy Flucker (1756–1824), the daughter of Boston Loyalists,",
"title": "Henry Knox"
},
{
"id": "607814",
"text": "ship tea (of which it had huge surpluses due to colonial boycotts organized in response to the Townshend Acts) directly to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants. Passage of the act prompted calls for renewed protests against the tea shipments, on which Townshend duties were still levied. Revere and Warren, as members of the informal North End Caucus, organized a watch over the \"Dartmouth\" to prevent the unloading of the tea. Revere took his turns on guard duty, and was one of the ringleaders in the Boston Tea Party of December 16, when colonists (some disguised as Indians) dumped tea from",
"title": "Paul Revere"
},
{
"id": "217537",
"text": "others tried to force the resignation of the agents who had been appointed to receive the tea shipments. Unsuccessful in this, they attempted to prevent the tea from being unloaded after three tea ships had arrived in Boston Harbor. Hancock was at the fateful meeting on December 16, where he reportedly told the crowd, \"Let every man do what is right in his own eyes.\" Hancock did not take part in the Boston Tea Party that night, but he approved of the action, although he was careful not to publicly praise the destruction of private property. Over the next few",
"title": "John Hancock"
},
{
"id": "2746",
"text": "American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th-century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "470008",
"text": "the East India Company in an effort to undercut competition, and Prime Minister North's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 when the Sons of Liberty dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water. Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts, which greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts. These laws also allowed",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "4650608",
"text": "the band of Bostonians who protested the Tea Act by dumping tea into Boston Harbor, an event now called the Boston Tea Party. The protesters divided themselves into three boarding parties, each going aboard one of the three tea ships, Dartmouth, Eleanor and Beaver. Hewes was appointed \"boatswain\" of his party that boarded Dartmouth, mostly on account of his \"whistling talent.\" In his capacity as boatswain, Hewes went to the captain of the boarded ship to demand the keys to the tea chests. He also fought with Captain O'Connor, a fellow protester who was trying to take some of the",
"title": "George Robert Twelves Hewes"
},
{
"id": "2392140",
"text": "protest the tax on tea imposed by England. When their protest went unheeded, they disguised themselves as their idea of Mohawk people, proceeded to Boston harbor, and dumped overboard 342 chests of English tea. (See Boston Tea Party.) For the next 35 years, the original Sons of Liberty and the Sons of St. Tamina groups went their own way, under many different names. In 1813, at historic Fort Mifflin, near Philadelphia, several of these groups came together and formed one organization known as the Society of Red Men. The name was changed to the Improved Order of Red Men in",
"title": "Improved Order of Red Men"
},
{
"id": "7498628",
"text": "by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of \"Peggy Stewart\". The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War. In his December 17, 1773 entry in his diary, John Adams wrote: There was a repeat performance on March 7, 1774, but it was much less destructive. In February 1775, Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution, which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers. The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "1900235",
"text": "haughty personality. Dunmore attempted to govern without the burgesses, but counterfeiting and other money troubles forced him to convene the Assembly in early 1773. Delegates began by voicing concerns that suspects in the burning of the revenue vessel 'Gaspee' in Rhode Island could be tried in England. When on March 3, 1773 they resolved to establish a Committee of Correspondence, Dunmore prorogued (postponed) the assembly. Moreover, Parliament passed the Tea Act in May, 1773 and on December 16, the Sons of Liberty had the Boston Tea Party. Dunmore tried to reconvene the delegates the following May. On May 24, 1774,",
"title": "George Wythe"
},
{
"id": "7498614",
"text": "than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea. Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount. Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis. The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes. The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773.",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "7498623",
"text": "the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water. The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street). Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it. He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "8486180",
"text": "the citizens that a ship in the local harbor, the brigantine \"Geddes\", had come to port with a shipment of tea. According to tradition, on May 23, 1774 a small group of men (unlike their brethren in New England, in broad daylight and without Indian disguise) forcibly boarded the ship and threw its cargo into the Chester River. \"1st – RESOLVED, that we acknowledge his majesty George III, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, to be our rightful and lawful sovereign to whom we owe and promise all dutiful allegiance and submission.\" \"2nd – RESOLVED, that no duties or",
"title": "Chestertown Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "5482927",
"text": "several close calls along the way and neither could read nor write, they were successful in evading detection. On December 21, they boarded a steamship for Philadelphia, in the free state of Pennsylvania, where they arrived early on the morning of Christmas Day. Their innovation was in escaping as a pair. Historians have noted other slave women who posed as men to escape, such as Clarissa Davis of Virginia, who dressed as a man and took a New England-bound ship to freedom; Mary Millburn, who also sailed as a male passenger; and Maria Weems from the District of Columbia. As",
"title": "Ellen and William Craft"
},
{
"id": "1734559",
"text": "landed. When the twenty-day deadline arrived on 16 December, protestors (some in Indian disguise) boarded the ships that night and dumped the tea into the harbour. Hutchinson justified the hardline stance that contributed to the crisis by claiming it was his duty as governor to uphold the revenue laws, while American opponents such as James Bowdoin observed that he could have just as easily refused to accept the tea when it was clear that popular sentiment would make it impossible to land the tea. British critics complained that he should have asked the British troops in Boston to intervene. After",
"title": "Thomas Hutchinson (governor)"
},
{
"id": "12669687",
"text": "meeting at Faneuil Hall declared \"That the sense of this town cannot be better expressed than in the words of certain judicious resolves, lately entered into by our worthy brethren, the citizens of Philadelphia.\" Indeed, Bostonians adopted the same resolutions that Philadelphians had promulgated earlier. The Boston Tea Party followed just a few weeks later, on December 16, 1773. On December 25, the British tea ship \"Polly\" sailed up the Delaware River and reached Chester, Pennsylvania. Commanded by one Captain Ayres, the ship carried 697 chests of tea consigned to the Philadelphia Quaker firm of James & Drinker. Several Philadelphia",
"title": "Philadelphia Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "14711054",
"text": "advent of ... national independence.\" Melvill participated in the Boston Tea Party, \"that immortal band which in December, 1773, in presence of the Royal fleet, boarded the tea ships in Boston harbor, and threw their rich cargoes into the ocean.\" In March 1776, when \"the British fleet was driven from Boston harbor, Captain Melvill discharged the first guns at the hostile ships, from his battery, at Nantasket.\" During the war he \"served in the Rhode Island campaigns of 1777 and 1779.\" After the war, he worked as a naval officer (1786–1820), and Surveyor (ca.1796) of the Port of Boston at",
"title": "Thomas Melvill (American patriot)"
},
{
"id": "5889684",
"text": "any persons associated with the India Tea Company had accepted a commission to sell, land, or store the tea would be paid \"an unwelcomed visit, in which they shall be treated as they deserve: by 'The Mohawks.'\" Thus Sears and McDougall initiated the use of this distinctively American name to cover the identity of those who were ready to employ violence to block the operation of the Tea Act.\" Not long after, the Boston Tea Party took place and the tea ships in Philadelphia and New York turned back to England for fear of their cargo. When in May 1774",
"title": "Isaac Sears"
},
{
"id": "7498622",
"text": "because the meeting was not yet over. While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action. In some cases, this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes. While disguising their individual faces was imperative, because of the illegality of their protest, dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice. It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America, over their official status as subjects of Great Britain. That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some dressed in",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "3157093",
"text": "dog watch, as that had been the signal to begin the mutiny. In September 1797, the crew of mutinied in the West Indies, killing almost all the officers in revenge for a number of grievances including the throwing into the sea of the bodies of three men who had been killed in falling from the rigging in a desperate scramble to avoid flogging for being last man down on deck.The \"Hermione\" was taken by the crew to the Spanish port of La Guaira. On 27 December, the crew of murdered their officers and took their ship into a French port",
"title": "Spithead and Nore mutinies"
},
{
"id": "13349986",
"text": "of what the Tea Party is, and if there is an attempt to put structure and formality around it, or to co-opt it by Washington, D.C., it's going to take away from the free-flowing nature of the true Tea Party movement. The name \"Tea Party\" is a reference to the Boston Tea Party, a protest in 1773 by colonists who objected to British taxation without representation, and demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor. The event was one of the first in a series that led to the United States Declaration of Independence and the",
"title": "Tea Party movement"
},
{
"id": "8194211",
"text": "as retribution for a previous group of captives effecting an escape from the Indians, killing several Indians to do so. This group of seven prisoners were made to gather wood for their own funeral pryer, and the fire was actually lit, before one of the captives, Lt. Maynard, a freemason, gave the mason signal of distress. Chief Brant noticed this, and stopped the execution. All of the seven captives were then made to march 40 days, first to Montreal, then to Quebec, obtaining only the sustenance they were able to gather while on the forced march. On the journey the",
"title": "Battle of Cobleskill"
},
{
"id": "2228882",
"text": "Davis, who were tried separately, had been conscripted by Bellamy – forced to choose between a life of piracy or death. Therefore, they were acquitted of all charges and spared the gallows. The last survivor was a 16-year-old Miskito Indian named John Julian – who was a skilled navigator, and also the \"Whydah's\" pilot. He was not tried, but instead was sold as a slave (to John Quincy Adams's great-grandfather) after his capture, and finally hanged 16 years later. On 15 November 1717, the famous Puritan minister Cotton Mather accompanied the six condemned men as they were rowed across Boston",
"title": "Whydah Gally"
},
{
"id": "6868575",
"text": "sentenced to be transported to Maryland. There he attempted to escape, was captured, escaped again, and fell in with friendly Indians. He travelled to Pennsylvania, swam the Delaware, adopted the guise of a Quaker, and made his way to Philadelphia and New York City. Having embarked for England, he escaped being pressed to serve in the Navy by pricking his hands and face, and rubbing in bay salt and gunpowder, so as to simulate smallpox. Such tricks were commonplaces in rogue literature. On returning to England, he claims to have found his wife and daughter and then travelled to Scotland",
"title": "Bampfylde Moore Carew"
},
{
"id": "2697832",
"text": "slump. In May 1773 the Parliament passed the Tea Act cutting the duty on tea and enabling the East India company to sell tea in the colonies cheaper than the smugglers could. This act primarily hurt the New York merchants and smugglers. The Sons of Liberty were the organizers of the opposition and in November 1773 they published \"Association of the Sons of Liberty of New York\" in which anyone who assisted in support of the act would be an \"enemy to the liberties of America\". As a result, the New York East India agents resigned. The New York assembly",
"title": "Province of New York"
},
{
"id": "7498613",
"text": "1 penny (2s 1d). Realizing that the payment of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive, the company hoped to conceal the tax by making arrangements to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies, or have the consignees quietly pay the duties after the tea was sold. This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful. In September and October 1773, seven ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies: four were bound for Boston, and one each for New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston. In the ships were more",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "12669683",
"text": "Philadelphia Tea Party The Philadelphia Tea Party was an incident in late December 1773, shortly after the more famous Boston Tea Party, in which a British tea ship was intercepted by American colonists and forced to return its cargo to Great Britain. Both the Boston Tea Party and the Philadelphia incident were the result of Americans being upset about Great Britain's decision to tax the American colonies despite a lack of representation in Parliament. The tax on tea particularly angered the colonists, so they boycotted English tea for several years, during which time merchants in several colonial cities resorted to",
"title": "Philadelphia Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "7498618",
"text": "it arrived, the consignees had resigned, and the ship returned to England with the tea. In every colony except Massachusetts, protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England. In Boston, however, Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground. He convinced the tea consignees, two of whom were his sons, not to back down. When the tea ship \"Dartmouth\", arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November, Whig leader Samuel Adams called for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall on November 29, 1773. Thousands of people arrived, so",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "4004970",
"text": "in which Boston patriots throw a shipload of tea into Boston harbor rather than allow the ship's owner to unload the tea and pay a tax imposed by Parliament in London without the consent of the people of Britain's American colonies. In retaliation Britain sends an army to occupy Boston and closes Boston's port, inflicting hardship upon the inhabitants of this commercial and trading town. Johnny acts as a spy for the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization of Boston Whigs fomenting resistance to Britain when in addition to his newspaper deliveries, he is paid by British officers to carry",
"title": "Johnny Tremain"
},
{
"id": "217522",
"text": "were present. On April 9, 1768, two customs employees (called \"tidesmen\") boarded Hancock's brig \"Lydia\" in Boston Harbor. Hancock was summoned, and finding that the agents lacked a writ of assistance (a general search warrant), he did not allow them to go below deck. When one of them later managed to get into the hold, Hancock's men forced the tidesman back on deck. Customs officials wanted to file charges, but the case was dropped when Massachusetts Attorney General Jonathan Sewall ruled that Hancock had broken no laws. Later, some of Hancock's most ardent admirers would call this incident the first",
"title": "John Hancock"
},
{
"id": "8332196",
"text": "Burying the hatchet Bury the hatchet is an American English idiom meaning \"to make peace\". The phrase is an allusion to the figurative or literal practice of putting away the tomahawk at the cessation of hostilities among or by Native Americans in the Eastern United States, specifically concerning the formation of the Iroquois Confederacy and in Iroquois custom in general. Weapons were to be buried or otherwise cached in time of peace. The first mention of the practice in English is to an actual hatchet-burying ceremony. Years before he gained notoriety for presiding over the Salem witch trials, Samuel Sewall",
"title": "Burying the hatchet"
},
{
"id": "5884014",
"text": "Cheviré. The drownings of 23 December 1793 (3 Nivôse, Year II) were recorded by three different accounts, with the accuracy of least two stories verified and confirmed. This time, Pierre Robin, Fouquet, and their accomplices forced approximately eight hundred captured \"royalist sympathizers\" of all ages and sexes onto two boats, which only sailed as far as Chantenay and drowned them. Among the most humiliating drownings were what was termed the \"underwater marriages\". It is a matter of dispute what constituted an \"underwater marriage\" or if they happened as described, but unverified accounts tell of a priest and a nun, stripped",
"title": "Drownings at Nantes"
},
{
"id": "7212991",
"text": "the already volatile colonists and resulted in a group of people living in Boston enacting the infamous Boston Tea Party, where in three ships worth of tea barrels were dumped into the Boston Harbor. In reaction to the colonists' actions regarding the Boston Tea Party, Britain decided to pass what were known as the Intolerable Acts. These acts were aimed at bringing the colonies back into compliance with the King’s wishes and included the outlawing of town meetings. Once again, the colonists were outraged. In response, twelve of the thirteen colonies formed the First Continental Congress, where they drafted a",
"title": "Nonconsumption agreements"
},
{
"id": "3793519",
"text": "Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\" training aircraft in flights of 3 to 5 aircraft. When they arrived over a town, they would perform acrobatic stunts, and put on mock dog fights for the populace. After performing their air show, they would land on a road, a golf course, or a pasture nearby. By the time they shut down their engines, most of the townspeople, attracted by their performance, would have gathered. At that point, most people had never seen an airplane, nor ridden in one. Routinely each pilot stood in the rear cockpit of his craft and told the assemblage that every",
"title": "Liberty bond"
},
{
"id": "854096",
"text": "and named after the secret patriotic society which directed the actions of the Boston Tea Party on December 13, 1773. Lieutenant General Pedro del Valle was married to Katharine Nelson (1890–1983). He died on April 28, 1978 in Annapolis, Maryland and was buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery and Columbarium. After del Valle’s death at age 85, the DAC ceased to exist. Lieutenant General Pedro del Valle's decorations and awards include: Pedro del Valle Pedro Augusto del Valle (August 28, 1893 – April 28, 1978) was a United States Marine Corps officer who became the first Hispanic to",
"title": "Pedro del Valle"
},
{
"id": "10771332",
"text": "had graduated from Harvard College in 1729 and became one of the most prominent merchants in Boston, his firm at the time of the American Revolution including his two sons, Jonathan and Isaac, under the name of Richard Clarke & Sons. Jonathan was in London in 1773 and Richard Clarke & Sons were named as factors for the Honourable East India Company and were among the consignees of the tea which was thrown into Boston Harbor in December of that year, in the Boston Tea Party. On November 2, they had received a letter signed \"O. C.,\" ordering them to",
"title": "Richard Clarke (merchant)"
},
{
"id": "114729",
"text": "7, 1972, McCoy staged the best-known of the so-called \"copycat\" hijackings (see below). He boarded United Airlines' Flight 855 (a Boeing 727 with aft stairs) in Denver, Colorado, and brandishing what later proved to be a paperweight resembling a hand grenade and an unloaded handgun, he demanded four parachutes and $500,000. After delivery of the money and parachutes at San Francisco International Airport, McCoy ordered the aircraft back into the sky and bailed out over Provo, Utah, leaving behind his handwritten hijacking instructions and his fingerprints on a magazine he had been reading. Later, a handwriting expert compared the note",
"title": "D. B. Cooper"
},
{
"id": "12669684",
"text": "smuggling tea from The Netherlands. It was generally known that Philadelphia merchants were greater smugglers of tea than their Boston counterparts. As a result, the East India Company appealed for financial relief to the British government, which passed the Tea Act on May 10, 1773. This Act of Parliament allowed the East India Company to sell tea to the colonies directly and without \"payment of any customs or duties whatsoever\" in England, instead paying the much lower American duty. The resulting tax break allowed East India to sell tea for half the old price and cheaper than the price of",
"title": "Philadelphia Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "5321800",
"text": "a fight broke out between \"Adventure's\" crew and the local Māori people, in which ten crewmen and two Māoris were killed. This was reportedly prompted by an unknowing breach of tapu by a sailor, who placed a tin can that had held food on a chief's head. Alternatively, it may have been due to a barter gone wrong at Grass Cove on 17 Dec. 1773, and Kahura taking revenge (\"utu\"). \"Adventure\" set out for home on 22 December 1773 via Cape Horn, She returned to England on 14 July 1774 and entered the double dock in the Royal Dockyard at",
"title": "HMS Adventure (1771)"
},
{
"id": "15950334",
"text": "stole the prison warden's car to get away. They made their way to Detroit, where they became affiliated with the Black Liberation Army. On August 26, 1970, federal complaints were issued in Atlantic City, charging Brown and Wright with unlawful flight to avoid confinement. On Monday, July 31, 1972, Wright, then 29, together with: boarded Delta Air Lines Flight 841 in Detroit. The DC-8 flight was bound for Miami. Wright was dressed allegedly as a priest and, using the alias the Rev. Larry Darnell Burgess, he smuggled a handgun aboard the flight in a hollowed-out Bible. One passenger described the",
"title": "George Wright (fugitive)"
},
{
"id": "2881988",
"text": "in the American Philosophical Society as well as acclaim in Europe's intellectual circles. Interest in science and education indirectly led Williamson to politics and the Patriot cause. Sailing for England in 1773 to raise funds for a local educational project, Williamson stopped en route at Boston. There he witnessed the famous Boston Tea Party, in which Patriots dressed as American Indians destroyed a cargo of tea in protest over a newly enforced Parliamentary tax on imported commodities. On reaching London he was summoned before the Privy Council to testify on this act of rebellion and on colonial affairs in general.",
"title": "Hugh Williamson"
},
{
"id": "6717932",
"text": "Daughters of Liberty were founded, and the two combined to form the Sons and Daughters of Liberty. The group appears to mimic the ideals of the original Sons of Liberty, a group of well-known rebels during the American Revolution. They are known to write and speak with the dialect of the 1700s, and date their writings 1773. Once every year, on the eve of Thomas Jefferson's birthday, the SDL post lists of 13 individuals they deem \"Rebels\", and a limited number of individuals or organizations they deem \"Tyrants\". These lists are posted around the University. Short explanations accompany the list",
"title": "Secret societies at the University of Virginia"
},
{
"id": "8305131",
"text": "11 April and arrived at Whampoa in the Pearl river region of China, on 23 August. She crossed the Second Bar on 28 November on her way home. On 17 December 1773, at 2:30 in the morning, \"Royal Captain\" struck an uncharted reef in the South China Sea. The place where she struck is now known as Royal Captain Shoal and is some 46 miles (76 kilometers) from Palawan in the South China Sea. When she struck, in addition to her captain, \"Royal Captain\" was carrying six passengers and 99 crew members. Her cargo consisted of 100,000 pieces of Chinese",
"title": "Royal Captain (1772 ship)"
},
{
"id": "5988199",
"text": "Act was passed which the New York government mostly left unenforced. Parliament reacted to this by dissolving the assembly and replacing it with one that did agree. The Sons of Liberty posted a broadside called “To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York” in response. The British blew up this liberty pole on January 16 because of the broadside and as a result of the fact soldiers were given 1800 pounds for supporting the act. They left the remains of the pole on the door of a tavern owner named Mr. Montanye. The \"red coats\" also",
"title": "Battle of Golden Hill"
},
{
"id": "607813",
"text": "issued a demand for its retraction.) In 1770 Revere purchased a house on North Square in Boston's North End. Now a museum, the house provided space for his growing family while he continued to maintain his shop at nearby Clark's Wharf. Sarah died in 1773, and on October 10 of that year, Revere married Rachel Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three of whom died young. In November 1773 the merchant ship \"Dartmouth\" arrived in Boston harbor carrying the first shipment of tea made under the terms of the Tea Act. This act authorized the British East India Company to",
"title": "Paul Revere"
},
{
"id": "5889690",
"text": "the state by May 1. He and other members of the Sons of Liberty won enough seats in the New York State Assembly in December, 1784 to enact a set of harsh anti-Loyalist laws. He was exposed for buying up soldier's pay certificates at depressed prices and using them to speculate in forfeited Loyalist property. The public regarded this as the height of venality and cynicism. He was again elected to the assembly in 1786, but by then he was deeply in debt and he left the state to avoid arrest. Sears became supercargo on a merchant ship on a",
"title": "Isaac Sears"
},
{
"id": "564287",
"text": "it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed\". Zelle was executed by a firing squad of 12 French Soldiers just before dawn on 15 October 1917. She was 41. According to an eyewitness account by British reporter Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing squad. Zelle has often been portrayed as a \"femme fatale\", the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to effortlessly manipulate men, but others view her differently: in the words of the American",
"title": "Mata Hari"
},
{
"id": "453058",
"text": "for Colenso. After his train was derailed by Boer artillery shelling, he was captured as a prisoner of war and interned in a Boer POW camp in Pretoria. In December, Churchill and two other inmates escaped the prison over the latrine wall. Churchill stowed aboard a freight train and later hid within a mine, shielded by the sympathetic English mine owner. Wanted by the Boer authorities, he again hid aboard a freight train and travelled to safety in Portuguese East Africa. Sailing to Durban, Churchill found that his escape had attracted much publicity in Britain. He did not return home,",
"title": "Winston Churchill"
},
{
"id": "5219276",
"text": "of Liberty, disguised as Native Americans, dumped 342 chests of tea in the harbor in the Boston Tea Party. The Sons of Liberty decided to take action in order to defy Britain's new tax on tea, but the British government retaliated with a series of harsh laws, closing down the Port of Boston and stripping Massachusetts of its self-government. The other colonies rallied in solidarity behind Massachusetts, setting up the First Continental Congress, while arming and training militia units. The British sent more troops to Boston, and made its commander General Thomas Gage the governor. Gage believed the Patriots were",
"title": "History of Boston"
},
{
"id": "16197728",
"text": "the ship-sloop , was engaged in searching American vessels coming from foreign ports, for enemy property and contraband. This gave rise to the so-called \"Leander\" affair with the result that on 14 June President Thomas Jefferson issued a proclamation ordering \"Leander\", \"Driver\", and \"Cambrian\" immediately to quit US waters and forbidding them ever to return. He extended the same prohibition to all vessels that their respective captains might command. On 26 April, the day after the affair, \"Leander\", \"Cambrian\", and \"Driver\" captured the American ship \"Aurora\". \"Cambrian\" continued to cruise, including sailing to Charlestown to lift a blockade of the",
"title": "HMS Cambrian (1797)"
},
{
"id": "3374762",
"text": "the House of Commons must include colonial representatives when it voted on colonial matters, or operate by using the consent of the colonial Assemblies. The Americans rejected the Stamp Act of 1765 brought in by British Prime Minister George Grenville, and violently rejected the remaining tax on tea imports, under the Tea Act passed in May 1773, at the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. The Parliament considered this an illegal act because they believed it undermined the authority of the Crown-in-Parliament. When the British then used the military to enforce laws that the colonists believed Parliament had passed",
"title": "No taxation without representation"
},
{
"id": "8713801",
"text": "for hours and even days. The British Indian Department used its influence to discourage the killing and torturing of prisoners, with some success, but in 1782 the Indians revived the practice of ritual torture in order to exact revenge for the slaughter at Gnadenhütten. Crawford and Knight were taken to Wingenund's camp on June 7, where they found nine other prisoners. On June 11, Captain Pipe painted the faces of the prisoners black, the traditional sign they were to be executed. The prisoners were marched to the Delaware town on Tymochtee Creek, near the present-day village of Crawford, Ohio. Four",
"title": "Crawford expedition"
},
{
"id": "12669685",
"text": "tea in Great Britain, enabling the firm to undercut prices offered by colonial merchants and smugglers. The Tea Act infuriated colonials precisely because it was designed to lower the price of tea without officially repealing the tea tax of the Revenue Act of 1767. And colonial leaders thought the British were trying to use cheap tea to \"overcome all the patriotism of an American,\" in the words of Benjamin Franklin. Word was received in North America by September, 1773, that East India Company tea shipments were on their way. Philadelphians held a town meeting on October 16 at the Pennsylvania",
"title": "Philadelphia Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "1734683",
"text": "in 1772 that \"democracy is too prevalent in America\". He believed that town meetings should be abolished and recommended that colonisation should be limited to the coastal areas where British rule could be enforced. Gage returned to Britain in June 1773 with his family and thus missed the Boston Tea Party in December of that year. The British Parliament reacted to the Tea Party with a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts. Some of the terms of those acts, for example the option to remove political trials to England, originated with Gage,",
"title": "Thomas Gage"
},
{
"id": "16076630",
"text": "12 February. Here the Māori were apprehensive because they believed that Cook would take revenge for the deaths in December 1773 of ten men from the \"Adventure\", commanded by Furneaux, on his second voyage. After two weeks the ships left for Tahiti but contrary winds carried them westwards to Mangaia where land was first sighted on 29 March. In order to re-provision, the ships went with the westerly winds to the Friendly Isles stopping en route at Palmerston Island. They stayed in the Friendly Isles from 28 April until mid July when they set out for Tahiti, arriving on 12",
"title": "Third voyage of James Cook"
},
{
"id": "1712767",
"text": "remained on board the ship through the next day, a Sunday, for prayer and worship. The immigrants finally set foot on land at what became Provincetown on November 13. The first task was to rebuild a shallop, a shallow draft boat that had been built in England and disassembled for transport aboard the \"Mayflower\". It would remain with the Pilgrims while the \"Mayflower\" returned to England. On November 15, Captain Myles Standish led a party of sixteen men on an exploratory mission, during which they disturbed a Native American grave and located a buried cache of Indian corn. The following",
"title": "Plymouth Colony"
},
{
"id": "15065206",
"text": "Palmes, a merchant. Montgomery fell again and his gun went off as soon as it hit the ground. The Sons of Liberty from behind the soldiers, yelled the word \"FIRE!\" and then all the British soldiers fired by accident; by popular myth, Cpt. Preston gave the command to fire, which is deemed untrue, as he stood in front of his men during the incident. On 27 March, Montgomery was indicted for murder. He was held in prison pending trial, which took place in November–December 1770, in Boston. John Adams, who would later become President of the United States, was his",
"title": "Hugh Montgomery (British Army soldier)"
},
{
"id": "20328548",
"text": "meeting \"had a greater tendency towards a revolution in government, than any preceding measures in any of the colonies.\" Around the same time as the town meeting, the Sons of Liberty constructed a crude beacon out of a turpentine barrel and mounted it on a pole on Beacon Hill. The plan was to light the beacon as soon as the British warships were spotted, as a signal to Massachusetts residents from further inland that it was time to march to Boston and \"destroy every Soldier that dares put his Foot on Shore.\" The selectmen were ordered to take the beacon",
"title": "Massachusetts Convention of Towns"
},
{
"id": "3895539",
"text": "\"Squirrel\" is improbable, as \"Golden Hind\" had been placed on permanent display in the Deptford Shipyard in the River Thames near London after Drake's circumnavigation had been completed in 1580. In 1755, The Action of June 8th, an exchange of fire by French and British Men of War occurred off Cape Race, and would end up playing a crucial role in igniting the flame of the Seven Years' War, that would ultimately see the French all but exiled from North America. According to legend, as one of the French ships crossed paths with one of the British ships, the French",
"title": "Cape Race"
},
{
"id": "7498625",
"text": "had done what the other royal governors had done and let the ship owners and captains resolve the issue with the colonists, \"Dartmouth\", \"Eleanor\" and \"Beaver\" would have left without unloading any tea. In Britain, even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies. The Prime Minister Lord North said, \"Whatever may be the consequence, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over\". The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished, and responded by closing the port of Boston and putting in place other",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "11708517",
"text": "in the grant for the American ships \"Belleville\", \"Janus\", \"Aeos\", \"Ganges\" and \"Leonidas\" seized there on 31 July 1812. Because \"Gladiator\" spent her entire career in port, she provided a convenient venue for courts-martial. In 1800 alone she was the venue for over 30. In that year alcohol was causative in many cases, but not all. On 3 July a court-martial tried John Duncan, seaman on HMS \"Hermione\", for having murdered officers of that ship, or aiding and abetting thereof in September 1797, and then conveying the ship to the enemy at La Guaira. The charges were proven so the",
"title": "HMS Gladiator (1783)"
},
{
"id": "11410144",
"text": "import duty. Meanwhile, the meeting assigned twenty-five men to watch the ship and prevent the tea from being unloaded. Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for the \"Dartmouth\" to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships arrived in Boston Harbor, the \"Eleanor\" and the \"Beaver\". The fourth ship, the \"William\", was stranded near Cape Cod and never arrived to Boston. December 16 was the last day of the \"Dartmouth's\" deadline, and about 7,000 people gathered around the Old South Meeting House. Adams received a report that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to let the ships leave, and he",
"title": "Samuel Adams"
},
{
"id": "10307211",
"text": "war took place on June 12, 1775 when a group of Machias, Maine citizens, after hearing the news of what happened in Concord and Lexington, boarded and captured the schooner British warship HMS \"Margaretta.\" In need of critical supplies, they were given the ultimatum that they either load up ships with lumber to be brought to Boston to make British barracks and receive their much needed supplies or go hungry. If they complied with this order from Lieutenant Moore of the British Navy they betrayed the American cause so they chose to fight! After word reached Boston of this courageous",
"title": "Maritime history of the United States (1776–99)"
},
{
"id": "6748195",
"text": "in the commonwealth over taxes and the presence of the British soldiers. One of the many taxes protested by the colonists was a tax on tea, imposed when Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, and retained when most of the provisions of those acts were repealed. With the passage of the Tea Act in 1773, tea sold by the British East India Company would become less expensive than smuggled tea, and there would be reduced profitmaking opportunities for Massachusetts merchants engaged in the tea trade. This led to protests against the delivery of the company's tea to Boston. On December 16,",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "2753",
"text": "a riot. In response, British troops occupied Boston, and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England. Tensions rose after the murder of Christopher Seider by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner. Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea, passing the Tea Act in 1773, attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy. The landing",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "12464380",
"text": "he was led into the transaction.\" By the appointed date of execution, it had not been answered. On June 3, 1825, another large crowd, including numerous Native Americans, gathered for the executions, which were conducted one at a time. Sawyer was hanged first, followed by the execution of Bridge, Sr. His eighteen-year-old son, John Bridge Jr., witnessed both hangings before being led to the gallows and fitted with a noose and hood. At that point, Governor Ray, who had arrived on horseback, moved through the crowd and stopped the execution. After presenting the pinioned teenage prisoner with a written pardon,",
"title": "Fall Creek massacre"
},
{
"id": "9015092",
"text": "Greenwich Tea Party The Greenwich Tea Party was an incident that took place on December 22, 1774, early in the American Revolution, in what is now Greenwich Township, a small community in Cumberland County, New Jersey on the Cohansey River. That night, a load of tea meant to be sent overland into Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was torched by a group of 40 Patriots dressed as Native Americans. The event took place a year after the Boston Tea Party. One participant of the Greenwich Tea Party was Richard Howell, who would become the third governor of the state of New Jersey and",
"title": "Greenwich Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "15930492",
"text": "short-lived faction of the Ku Klux Klan. The Knights of Liberty abducted the men at gunpoint and drove them to a deserted location west of town. The men were then, one by one, bound to a tree, whipped, then tarred and feathered. Tulsa Outrage The Tulsa Outrage was an act of vigilante violence perpetrated by the Knights of Liberty against members of the Industrial Workers of the World on November 7, 1917 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The incident occurred when 12 members of the IWW were convicted by Judge T. D. Evans of the crime of not owning a war bond.",
"title": "Tulsa Outrage"
},
{
"id": "20234252",
"text": "the East India Company ship \"Mocha\" under Captain Edgecombe. A few days later Stout led a mutiny, murdering Edgecombe and renaming the ship \"Defence\" (some records still refer to it as \"Mocha\"). Stout was elected Captain for his role in the mutiny. Off of Burma they captured a ship with Robert Culliford’s crew aboard, who had only recently staged their own escape and mutiny. Near the Nicobar Islands, Stout picked up the rest of the crew and Culliford himself, who had been marooned when prisoners on Culliford’s captured ship rebelled and ejected the pirates. Stout gained a reputation for cruelty,",
"title": "Ralph Stout"
},
{
"id": "892666",
"text": "Arnold's Bay 2 miles south of Buttonmold Bay, where the waters were too shallow for the larger British vessels to follow. These boats were then run aground, stripped, and set on fire, with their flags still flying. Arnold, the last to land, personally torched his flagship \"Congress\". The surviving ships' crews, numbering about 200, then made their way overland to Crown Point, narrowly escaping an Indian ambush. There they found \"Trumbull\", \"New York\", \"Enterprise\", and \"Revenge\", all of which had escaped the British fleet, as well as \"Liberty\", which had just arrived with supplies from Ticonderoga. Arnold, convinced that Crown",
"title": "Battle of Valcour Island"
},
{
"id": "15873113",
"text": "large crowds in Boston attacked and destroyed the magnificent houses of Andrew Oliver and Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. \"They broke down the doors with broadaxes, destroyed the furniture, stole the money and jewels, scattered the books and papers, and, having drunk the wines in the cellar, proceeded to the dismantling of the roof and walls. The owners of the houses barely escaped with their lives.\" In 1770, a mob deliberately pelted one unit of British troops with snowballs; the troops opened fire without command, killing five in the Boston Massacre. In 1773, Bostonians, some disguised as Indians, in the famous",
"title": "Expulsion of the Loyalists"
},
{
"id": "7498620",
"text": "of London – from being unloaded. Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for \"Dartmouth\" to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships, \"Eleanor\" and \"Beaver\", arrived in Boston Harbor (there was another tea ship headed for Boston, \"William\", but it encountered a storm and put aground at Cape Cod – where the tea cargo was successfully landed – before it could reach its destination). On December 16 – the last day of \"Dartmouth\"'s deadline – roughly 5,000 to 7,000 people out of a population of roughly 16,000 had gathered around the Old South Meeting House. After receiving a",
"title": "Boston Tea Party"
},
{
"id": "9804721",
"text": "flying a black flag similar to Captain Low's and set sail for the West Indies. By January 28, 1725, he had looted a Rhode Island slaver captained by Richard Duffie. Capturing a Portuguese bark en route, they looted the ship's stores while the crew were put through \"the sweats\" or a \"sweat\", a mild form of torture in which a ring of candles is lit in a circle around the mainmast and each crewman was made to enter the circle and run around the mast while the pirates poked and jabbed at them with pen knives, forks and other weapons",
"title": "Francis Spriggs"
},
{
"id": "2502280",
"text": "country and contributed to the divisive rhetoric that ultimately led to the American Civil War. It also inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe in her writing of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\", an immediately popular anti-slavery novel published in 1852. Pearl incident The Pearl Incident was the largest recorded nonviolent escape attempt by slaves in United States history. On April 15, 1848, seventy-seven slaves attempted to escape Washington D.C. by sailing away on a schooner called \"The Pearl\". Their plan was to sail south on the Potomac River, then north up the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River to the free state of New Jersey,",
"title": "Pearl incident"
},
{
"id": "5889683",
"text": "the Sons of Neptune and Liberty with the merchants and tea-smugglers. The Sons of Liberty and the Dutch smugglers had come together and sparked the \"New Flame\" described by William Smith. As the tea approached the harbors of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston in early November the campaign began. The tea stood in the boats that were in the harbor and no one dared to remove them for fear of the tea being destroyed. Towards the end of November, McDougall from Sons of Liberty made a publication to be sent out to all harbors. \"If any of the tea by",
"title": "Isaac Sears"
},
{
"id": "13844938",
"text": "Thomas White (patriot) Thomas White (March 19, 1739 – September 13, 1820) was an Irish American Patriot who took part in the Boston Tea Party, was a member of the Sons of Liberty, and served under General Washington in the American Revolution. White was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1739. Around 1771, he immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a tailor, and married Elizabeth Jones. They removed to Boston shortly thereafter, where White joined a Masonic order, possibly St. Andrews Lodge, and participated in all the anti-Crown protests. On December 16, 1773, members of the St. Andrew's Lodge and others",
"title": "Thomas White (patriot)"
},
{
"id": "5096619",
"text": "forces to protect the King's personnel. In October 1768, British troops arrived in the city of Boston and occupied the city. Tensions led to the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. In response to the Tea Party and other protests, Parliament enacted the Intolerable Acts to punish the colonies. With the Massachusetts Government Act of 1774 it effectively abolished the provincial government of Massachusetts. General Thomas Gage, already the commander-in-chief of British troops in North America, was also appointed governor of Massachusetts and was instructed by King George's government to enforce",
"title": "Boston campaign"
},
{
"id": "18031065",
"text": "in adventurers, buccaneers, pirates, and privateers. Captain Kidd is employed to \"put a stop\" to piracy, under the logic that it \"takes a rogue to catch a rogue\". He sets sail, first for New York, and later for the East. There he \"turned pirate himself\" and plunders in the areas of \"Madeiras\", \"Bonavista\", \"Madagascar\" and \"the entrance of the Red Sea\". Kidd returns to Boston, \"laden with booty\". Learning that he was to be arrested, Kidd buried \"the greater part of his treasures\". Once arrested, Kidd is returned to England and executed by hanging. This action is said to \"spread",
"title": "Kidd the Pirate"
},
{
"id": "6397031",
"text": "First Virginia Convention The First Virginia Convention was an extralegal meeting of the House of Burgesses held in Williamsburg, Virginia from August 1–6, 1774. Tensions which would boil over into the American Revolution had been rising for some time between Massachusetts and Great Britain. Following the passage of the Tea Act on May 10, 1773, which allowed the East India Company to sell tea directly to the Thirteen Colonies and threatened the livelihood of American merchants, the Sons of Liberty in Boston destroyed a shipment of tea in a protest which came to be called the Boston Tea Party. In",
"title": "First Virginia Convention"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: American Revolution context: turned back, but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure. A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed, and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse. On December 16, 1773, a group of men, led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke appearance of American Indians, boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £10,000 worth of tea from their holds (approximately £636,000 in 2008) into Boston Harbor. Decades later, this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part\n\nOn Dec 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty donned Mohawk disguises and boarded the East India company ships Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver, and then performed what act of vandalism?",
"compressed_tokens": 212,
"origin_tokens": 213,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tea Act context: landed. Matters reached a crisis when time period for landing the tea and paying the Townshend taxes was set to expire, and on December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians swarmed aboard three tea-laden ships and dumped their cargo into the harbour in what is now known as the Boston Tea Party. Similar \"Destruction of the Tea\" (as it was called at the time) occurred in New York and other ports shortly thereafter, though Boston took the brunt of Imperial retaliation, because it was the first \"culprit\". The Boston Tea Party appalled British political opinion makers of all stripes.\n\ntitle Whitepatriot) context: Thomas Whitepatriot Thomas White (March 19, 179 – September 13, 180) was Irish American Patriot who took part in the Boston Tea Party, was a member of the Sons of Liberty, and served under General Washington in the American Revolution. White was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 139. Around 1771, he immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a tailor, and married Elizabeth Jones. They removed to Boston shortly thereafter, where White joined a Masonic order, possibly St. Andrews Lodge, and participated all the anti-Crown protests. On December 16, 1773, members of St.'s Lodge others\n\ntitle: Tea context opposed the St Act 176 mobil opposition and distribution. The' authorised cons harass, in many colon successful efforts were prevent the tea from In Boston resistance cul Tea Party 16, 73, colon dis as Americans since they themselves as “ and longer considered themselves British subjects) boarded tea ships in theed over reaction this event included passage ofve Acts designed pun resistance,\ntitle: of England politicalomsocracy, which felt waslyievance wasation whichists argued could and by. \".\" A was to in Boston on173, and Patriots associated with the Sons of Liberty raided the ship and dumped all the tea into the harbor. This Boston Tea Party outraged British officials, and the King and Parliament decided to punish Massachusetts, passing the Intolerable Acts in 1774.\n\nOn Dec 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty donned Mohawk disguises and boarded the East India company ships Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver, and then performed what act of vandalism?",
"compressed_tokens": 518,
"origin_tokens": 13644,
"ratio": "26.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,718 | A pedometer is used to measure what? | [
"Steps a person takes"
] | Steps a person takes | [
{
"id": "3193961",
"text": "originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise counter and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometers or miles (distance = number of steps × step length). Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193960",
"text": "Pedometer A pedometer is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration, performed by the user, is required if presentation of the distance covered in a unit of length (such as in kilometers or miles) is desired, though there are now pedometers that use electronics and software to automatically determine how a person's step varies. Distance traveled (by walking or any other means) can be measured directly by a GPS receiver. Used",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "462930",
"text": "for others the physical, sporting and endurance aspect is more important. There are a variety of different kinds of walking, including bushwalking, racewalking, beach walking, hillwalking, volksmarching, Nordic walking, trekking and hiking. Some people prefer to walk indoors on a treadmill, or in a gym, and fitness walkers and others may use a pedometer to count their steps. Hiking is the usual word used in Canada, the United States and South Africa for long vigorous walks; similar walks are called tramps in New Zealand, or hill walking or just walking in Australia, the UK and the Irish Republic. Australians also",
"title": "Walking"
},
{
"id": "1306251",
"text": "also be helpful and route cards may be used as a guide. Proponents of ultralight backpacking argue that long lists of required items for multi-day hikes increases pack weight, and hence fatigue and the chance of injury. Instead, they recommend reducing pack weight, in order to make hiking long distances easier. Even the use of hiking boots on long-distances hikes is controversial among ultralight hikers, because of their weight. Hiking times can be estimated by Naismith's rule or Tobler's hiking function, while distances can be measured on a map with an opisometer. A pedometer is a device that records the",
"title": "Hiking"
},
{
"id": "1707076",
"text": "Wii Fit and \"Dance Dance Revolution\". Projectors can show students proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting, and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of the classroom setting. Another type of technology that is commonly used in Physical Education is the pedometer. This does not necessarily track how far a person is going, but lets them know the number of steps they are taking. Physical education Physical education, also known as Phys Ed.,",
"title": "Physical education"
},
{
"id": "3193962",
"text": "in getting fit and losing weight. A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to , is recommended by some to be the benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among experts. Thirty minutes of moderate walking are equivalent to 3,000-4,000 steps as determined by a pedometer. Step counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players, smartphones, and mobile phones. Pedometers can be a motivation tool for people wanting to increase their physical activity. Various websites exist to allow people to track their progress; however, many will also",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "6991489",
"text": "problem). The technique is increasingly employed in new drug clinical trials where sleep quality is seen as a good indicator of quality of life. The technique has also been used in studies with individuals in both health and disease, e.g., Alzheimer's and fibromyalgia, conditions. Activity actigraphs are worn and used similarly to a pedometer: around the waist, near the hip. They are useful for determining the amount of wake-time activity, and possibly estimating the number of calories burned, by the wearer. They are worn for a number of days to collect enough data for valid analysis. Movement actigraphs are generally",
"title": "Actigraphy"
},
{
"id": "3193981",
"text": "stride length that occurs as pace changes. The sensors wirelessly transfer activity data to a secure server for viewing on an individual's computer. Android integrates a step counter with version 4.4 (KitKat). A device already supporting this sensor is the Nexus 5. Another smartphone is the Samsung Galaxy S5, which features a built-in pedometer that uses the S Health software to display your daily step counts. Pedometer A pedometer is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "16131411",
"text": "range. Pedometers average 100 steps a minute in this range (depending on individual stride), or one and a half to two hours to reach a daily total of 10,000 or more steps (100 minutes at 100 steps per minute would be 10,000 steps). The typical walking speed of 1.4 m/s is recommended by design guides including the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Transport for London recommend 1.33 m/s in the PTAL methodology. Preferred walking speed The preferred walking speed is the speed at which humans or animals choose to walk. Many people tend to walk at about . Although",
"title": "Preferred walking speed"
},
{
"id": "1211221",
"text": "navigation systems are unavailable. In a simple implementation, the user holds their phone in front of them and each step causes position to move forward a fixed distance in the direction measured by the compass. Accuracy is limited by the sensor precision, magnetic disturbances inside structures, and unknown variables such as carrying position and stride length. Another challenge is differentiating walking from running, and recognizing movements like bicycling, climbing stairs, or riding an elevator. Before phone-based systems existed, many custom PDR systems existed. While a pedometer can only be used to measure linear distance traveled, PDR systems have an embedded",
"title": "Dead reckoning"
},
{
"id": "15099523",
"text": "that exercising alone led to limited weight loss. In combination with diet, however, it resulted in a 1 kilogram weight loss over dieting alone. A loss was observed with a greater degree of exercise. Even though exercise as carried out in the general population has only modest effects, a dose response curve is found, and very intense exercise can lead to substantial weight loss. During 20 weeks of basic military training with no dietary restriction, obese military recruits lost . High levels of physical activity seem to be necessary to maintain weight loss. A pedometer appears useful for motivation. Over",
"title": "Management of obesity"
},
{
"id": "25107",
"text": "desiccation, so the ability to find the shortest route back to the nest reduces that risk. Diurnal desert ants of the genus \"Cataglyphis\" such as the Sahara desert ant navigate by keeping track of direction as well as distance travelled. Distances travelled are measured using an internal pedometer that keeps count of the steps taken and also by evaluating the movement of objects in their visual field (optical flow). Directions are measured using the position of the sun. They integrate this information to find the shortest route back to their nest. Like all ants, they can also make use of",
"title": "Ant"
},
{
"id": "18826802",
"text": "domestic work is a profession in which the mistress of the house is both a worker and a leader, and proposed that each home be organized by a set of defined processes. The book proposed spending significant time studying and organizing household work, including having the housewife pin a pedometer to her bodice that would record the number and length of steps she takes. This created a comic effect that reviewers exploited, and the ideas that women should claim authority over the home and that improvement of domestic chores was important were considered even more comic. The humorous or sarcastic",
"title": "Paulette Bernège"
},
{
"id": "3193963",
"text": "find entering their daily step count and a heart-beat count onto a calendar to be motivational as well. Pedometers have been shown in clinical studies to increase physical activity, and reduce blood pressure levels and Body Mass Index. A study published in the Journal of The American Medical Association Nov. 2007 concluded, “The results suggest that the use of a pedometer is associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure.” A daily target of 10,000 steps was first proposed. The target has been recommended by the US Surgeon General and by",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193975",
"text": "height). Individuals can improve the accuracy of their stride length settings by measuring and calibrating their average stride length. Some higher-end Fitbit models include additional features such as heart rate monitoring and GPS tracking. Since most smartphones, iPod Touches and some MP3 players are enhanced with an integrated accelerometer it is possible to introduce pedometer functionality to these devices. This option was successfully realized by a number of smartphone application developers, enabling any fitness savvy smartphone owner to track the number of steps taken as well as distance traveled and calories used. This is the first integrated phone with an",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193980",
"text": "May 2010, by Philips. This MP3 capable pedometer measures aerobic intensity and matches songs on the playlist to keep the user engaged and motivated. Tractivity is a group of health-related services that include a sensor that is worn on a shoe. The Tractivity sensor logs the distance a person walks or runs, the calories burned and the time the person was active, which they can then view on a private web page. Tractivity's online web application provides a graphical experience and motivational resource to encourage people to lead healthier lifestyles. Tractivity accounts for the variation in a walker's or runner’s",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193973",
"text": "capability to Apple's first wearable device using the accelerometer and gyroscope integrated in the Apple S1 SIP (System in package). Apple Watch works in parallel with a connected iPhone to improve accuracy of the user's step count. The Fitbit is an always-on electronic pedometer, that in addition to counting steps also displays distance traveled, altitude climbed (via a number of flights of steps count), calories burned, current intensity, and time of day. Worn in an armband at night, it also purports to measure the length and quality of a user's sleep. Inbuilt is a daily target, of 10,000 steps and",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "20466228",
"text": "to enhancing their appearance, attractive clothing, shoes, or accessories, during the fertile window. One of the earliest studies on ovulatory shifts found that female lab rats tend to run on their exercise wheels more during their fertile window. Subsequent research showed that a variety of species experience an increase in the frequency of spontaneous activity and motor behavior during estrus. Some studies on humans have shown a similar pattern: women walk more steps, as counted by a pedometer, during the high-fertility phase of their cycle. However, other research has found no difference in locomotion patterns across the ovulatory cycle, and",
"title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis"
},
{
"id": "3193966",
"text": "as proving that 10,000 Steps A Day was the proper balance of caloric intake and activity-based caloric expenditure to maintain a healthy body. Jiro Kato, who founded Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, manufactured pedometers recognized to be accurate, and named them \"manpo-meter\" (later \"manpo-kei\", registered as a trademark of the company), claimed to be the world's first device to measure number of steps of walking. The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software to count steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple counter. If one shakes these devices,",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193974",
"text": "10 flights of stairs. Connected by USB with a computer, the user's data is automatically uploaded and displayed via a web-based profile page, that keeps track of historical data, to which can be added food consumption data. Based on activity users are awarded badges for daily step and climbing targets, as well as 'lifetime' awards for same. In the US and UK users can also download an iOS or Android app for recording and display of data. Most Fitbit devices estimate distance traveled based on steps counted, the intensity of the steps and the user's profile data (specifically gender and",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "2146966",
"text": "accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download. ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength accelerations. Accelerometers are used in vehicle Electronic stability control systems to measure the vehicle's actual movement. A computer compares the vehicle's actual movement to the driver's steering and throttle input. The stability control computer can selectively brake individual wheels and/or reduce engine power to minimize the difference between driver input and the vehicle's actual movement. This can help prevent the vehicle from spinning or rolling over. Some pedometers use an accelerometer to more accurately measure the number of steps taken and distance traveled than",
"title": "Accelerometer"
},
{
"id": "3193964",
"text": "the UK Department of Health. The main criticisms of setting a universal target are that it is not achievable for older persons with mobility problems or people with chronic diseases, but on the other hand, the target is probably too low for children. One criticism of the pedometer is that it does not record intensity, but this can be done by making step goals time limited (for example, 1000 steps in 10 minutes counts as moderate exercise). Leonardo da Vinci envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications. In 1780 Abraham-Louis Perrelet of Switzerland created the first pedometer,",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193979",
"text": "the Pokéwalker via infrared signals. Unlike the \"Personal Trainer: Walking\" pedometers, the Pokéwalker features a small LCD screen and multiple buttons. Walking with the Pokéwalker earns experience points for the Pokémon. The Nintendo 3DS, released March 27, 2011, features an internal pedometer that counts and records daily step counts while in sleep mode. Every hundred steps earns a Play Coin, which can be spent on a variety of extras and bonuses. This pedometer is easily fooled, however, and 'steps' can be created by simply lifting the device up and down in the hand with a motion similar to walking. Released",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "10557465",
"text": "most of the overall features of its predecessors, the game utilizes the Wii U Gamepad and can also sync data with the optional Fit Meter, a pedometer accessory which measures activities such as steps taken and altitude. Released on the Nintendo eShop in October and November 2013 to major markets, a retail version, made available in Europe and Australia in December 2013, was scheduled for release in North America in January 2014, and in Japan the following month. The gym from the Rhythm Boxing minigame is the same gym from the boxing training games from \"Wii Sports\". The male and",
"title": "Wii Fit"
},
{
"id": "13971205",
"text": "United Kingdom and is based on a similar device made by the same company for the Sony's PlayStation 2 console. The device serves as a pedometer that attaches to the Nunchuk extension of the Wii Remote. The device detects body motion, and users can move characters on the screen by making steps or by jogging in place. The device is compatible with most Wii games (any which use the nunchuck joystick) with some games being more compatible than others. Studies conducted by John Moores University have shown that the device makes users exercise, saying that users will take between 6000",
"title": "Third-party accessories for the Wii Remote"
},
{
"id": "408572",
"text": "if possible. Instead of delivering his State of the Union addresses himself, Jefferson wrote the annual messages and sent a representative to read them aloud in Congress. This started a tradition which continued until 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) chose to deliver his own State of the Union address. Jefferson invented many small practical devices and improved contemporary inventions, including a revolving book-stand and a \"Great Clock\" powered by the gravitational pull on cannonballs. He improved the pedometer, the polygraph (a device for duplicating writing), and the moldboard plow, an idea he never patented and gave to posterity. Jefferson",
"title": "Thomas Jefferson"
},
{
"id": "3193968",
"text": "locations where users frequently carry their devices (attached to the belt, shirt/pants pocket, hand bag, backpack). The accuracy of step counters varies widely between devices. Typically, step counters are reasonably accurate at a walking pace on a flat surface if the device is placed in its optimal position (usually vertically on the belt clip). Although traditional step counters are affected dramatically when placed at different angles and locations, recent advances have made them more robust to those non-ideal placements. Still, most step counters falsely count steps when a user is driving a car or makes other habitual motions that the",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "9485485",
"text": "apps, notably games. It is also used for fitness tracking purposes, primarily as a pedometer. Starting with the iPhone 5S, this functionality was included in the M7 Motion coprocessor and subsequent revisions of the embedded chip. A magnetometer is built-in since the iPhone 3GS, which is used to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the device. Sometimes certain devices or radio signals can interfere with the magnetometer requiring users to either move away from the interference or re-calibrate by moving the device in a figure-eight motion. Since the iPhone 3GS, the iPhone also",
"title": "IPhone"
},
{
"id": "3193976",
"text": "always-on pedometer which counts steps like a traditional pedometer. The sensor is made by ADI. This handset was introduced in Japan in 2004 and has sold over 3 million units. The Nokia 5500 Sports Phone uses an embedded 3 axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect the steps a user takes. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. However the application cannot run continuously as it drains the phone's battery and is therefore of limited use. Nokia Sports Tracker features pedometer for Nokia Symbian phones with an Accelerometer. Accelerometers are included in phones to save correct orientation",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193965",
"text": "measuring the steps and distance while walking; it was based on a 1770 mechanism of his to power a self-winding watch. A mechanical pedometer obtained from France was introduced in the US by Thomas Jefferson. It is not known if he modified the design; although this pedometer is widely attributed to Jefferson, proof is difficult to obtain as he did not apply for patents on any of his inventions. In 1965 a pedometer called a manpo-kei (meaning \"10,000 steps meter\" ) was marketed in Japan by Y. Hatano. Y. Hatano promoted \"manpo-kei pedometers\" from 1985, after his research was accepted",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "3193978",
"text": "be closed in order for it to count steps. When the step counter is activated, it counts detected steps during the day, and at midnight it stores the counter in a day-by-day history and resets it to zero. On November 1, 2008, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS title , which includes two pedometers. They connect to the game card via infrared signals. On September 12, 2009, Nintendo released \"Pokémon HeartGold\" and \"SoulSilver\" in Japan. Each game comes bundled with a device called a Pokéwalker, which functions as a pedometer and allows players to transfer one Pokémon from their game to",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "1707075",
"text": "One of the most affordable and effective tools is a simple video recorder. With this, students can see the mistakes they're making in things such as a throwing motion or swinging form. Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it. Educators may use technologies such as pedometers and heart rate monitors to make step and heart rate goals for students. Other technologies that can be used in a Physical Education setting include video projectors, GPS and games and gaming systems such as Kinect,",
"title": "Physical education"
},
{
"id": "18563983",
"text": "to a house party of 300 self-invited guests whom you don't know\". Lyman described her experience on a 1963 \"California Zephyr\" trip as \"48 hours answering every wish and whim of the 287 passengers\", and then estimated that she walked while performing her duties. O'Grady wore a pedometer on three consecutive round trips, over which she had walked a total of . At the end of her 16-hour workday, the Zephyrette would retire to her personal quarters at the rear of the Dome-Buffet car, next to the sleeping quarters reserved for the train's chefs and waiters. Every evening, she would",
"title": "Zephyrette"
},
{
"id": "5786318",
"text": "Pedometrics Pedometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical methods for the study of the distribution and genesis of soils. Pedometrics is a portmanteau of the Greek roots \"pedos\" (soil) and \"metron\" (measurement). Measurement in this case is restricted to mathematical and statistical methods as it relates to pedology, the branch of soil science that studies soil in its natural setting. Pedometrics addresses soil related problems when there is uncertainty due to deterministic or stochastic variation, vagueness and lack of knowledge of soil properties and processes. It relies upon mathematical, statistical, and numerical methods and includes numerical approaches to classification",
"title": "Pedometrics"
},
{
"id": "10557459",
"text": "\"Step\" in-game) focus on stepping on and off the Wii Balance Board in a rhythmic fashion. In jogging, which does not use the Wii Balance Board, the player runs in place while keeping the connected Wii Remote in his or her pocket, which acts as a pseudo-pedometer. The game provides variations of step aerobics and jogging (called \"Free Step\" and \"Free Run\" respectively) where the user may exercise at his or her own pace and does not require viewing the game screen; the player is able to watch television or something similar while performing the exercise. Balance Games consist of",
"title": "Wii Fit"
},
{
"id": "2146968",
"text": "sport features a 3D accelerometer that can be accessed from software. It is used for step recognition (counting) in a sport application, and for tap gesture recognition in the user interface. Tap gestures can be used for controlling the music player and the sport application, for example to change to next song by tapping through clothing when the device is in a pocket. Other uses for accelerometer in Nokia phones include Pedometer functionality in Nokia Sports Tracker. Some other devices provide the tilt sensing feature with a cheaper component, which is not a true accelerometer. Sleep phase alarm clocks use",
"title": "Accelerometer"
},
{
"id": "5239332",
"text": "a cow has produced, was invented at Afikim. Other inventions include the pedometer, which counts the number of steps a cow takes, indicating the right time for insemination; AfiFarm, a milking and dairy herd management software program; AfiAct, a fertility detection system; and AfiLab, a device that analyses the components of the milk and detects bacteria. In 2009, Assaf Inbari, a writer who grew up on the kibbutz, published \"Home\", a novel based on the history of Afikim. It was awarded the 2010 Israel Book Publishers Association's Platinum Prize and was on the shortlist of finalists for the Sapir Prize",
"title": "Afikim"
},
{
"id": "16131410",
"text": "optimization process that directly senses metabolic rate and iteratively adapts gait to minimize it. With the wide availability of inexpensive pedometers, medical professionals recommend walking as an exercise for cardiac health and/or weight loss. NIH gives the following guidelines: The situation becomes slightly more complex when preferred walking speed is introduced. The faster the pace, the more calories burned if weight loss is a goal. Maximum heart rate for exercise (220 minus age), when compared to charts of \"fat burning goals\" support many of the references that give the average of 1.4 m/s or 3 mph, as within this target",
"title": "Preferred walking speed"
},
{
"id": "14406636",
"text": "cannot be exported back to a Wii due to the addition of character parts in Mii Maker not present on the Wii's \"Mii Channel\". This restriction, however, is not applied when exporting a Mii from a Nintendo 3DS to a Wii U system. Activity Log is a system application that tracks game-play and keeps a record of which games have been played and for how long, as well as physical activity, such as counting every step taken while carrying a Nintendo 3DS using its built in pedometer. The feature encourages walking every day with the system in order to earn",
"title": "Nintendo 3DS"
},
{
"id": "18469217",
"text": "recognition of segment length and sequencing, identification of a frame of reference. Human movement is often guided by external aids (cartographic maps, charts, compasses, pedometers, and the like). Getting lost is particularly problematic for children (who have not yet developed tools and strategies for maintaining their bearings) and for the elderly, particularly those experiencing the onset of dementia. Such individuals \"can get lost while trying to find their local shop – due to their diminishing memory they can forget where the shop is, or where they live and why they went out of their house in the first place\". People",
"title": "Getting lost"
},
{
"id": "1211220",
"text": "general starting point. Dead reckoning is not totally accurate, which can lead to errors in distance estimates ranging from a few millimeters (in CNC machining) to kilometers (in UAVs), based upon the duration of the run, the speed of the robot, the length of the run, and several other factors. With the increased sensor offering in smartphones, built-in accelerometers can be used as a pedometer and built-in magnetometer as a compass heading provider. Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) can be used to supplement other navigation methods in a similar way to automotive navigation, or to extend navigation into areas where other",
"title": "Dead reckoning"
},
{
"id": "3193967",
"text": "one hears a lead ball sliding back and forth, or a pendulum striking stops as it swings. Today advanced step counters rely on MEMS inertial sensors and sophisticated software to detect steps. These MEMS sensors have either 1-, 2- or 3-axis detection of acceleration. The use of MEMS inertial sensors permits more accurate detection of steps and fewer false positives. The software technology used to interpret the output of the inertial sensor and \"make sense of accurate steps\" varies widely. The problem is compounded by the fact that in modern day-to-day life, such step-counters are expected to count accurately on",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "13655349",
"text": "other components was facilitating widespread adoption and availability. In professional sports, wearable technology has applications in monitoring and real-time feedback for athletes. Examples of wearable technology in sport include accelerometers, pedometers, and GPS's which can be used to measure an athlete's energy expenditure and movement pattern. On April 16, 2013, Google invited \"Glass Explorers\" who had pre-ordered its wearable glasses at the 2012 Google I/O conference to pick up their devices. This day marked the official launch of Google Glass, a device intended to deliver rich text and notifications via a heads-up display worn as eyeglasses. The device also had",
"title": "Wearable technology"
},
{
"id": "7657712",
"text": "The Other Side of the Hedge The Other Side of the Hedge is a 1911 narrative short story by E. M. Forster. Written in the first-person, \"The Other Side of the Hedge\" concerns the efforts of a \"modern day\" person who is concerned and/or consumed with achieving the goals he has set out for himself while traveling along a road to what may be perceived as success. He keeps close track of his progress along the road with the aid of his pedometer. The story was included in \"The Celestial Omnibus\", a short story collection by Forster published in 1911.",
"title": "The Other Side of the Hedge"
},
{
"id": "7657713",
"text": "The Other Side of the Hedge The Other Side of the Hedge is a 1911 narrative short story by E. M. Forster. Written in the first-person, \"The Other Side of the Hedge\" concerns the efforts of a \"modern day\" person who is concerned and/or consumed with achieving the goals he has set out for himself while traveling along a road to what may be perceived as success. He keeps close track of his progress along the road with the aid of his pedometer. The story was included in \"The Celestial Omnibus\", a short story collection by Forster published in 1911.",
"title": "The Other Side of the Hedge"
},
{
"id": "12512810",
"text": "on personal information. While users continue to eat and participate in a healthy lifestyle, they are encouraged to input daily eating and exercise habits in order to achieve virtual rewards. The free pedometer is intended to be used to help players keep track of their physical fitness and can be updated through their Nintendo DS. By receiving immediate feedback from their device, users are also encouraged to challenge themselves. Section 1: Personalize: While personalizing their profile (including information such as age, weight, height, etc.…) users are asked a series of questions in order for the game to get a better",
"title": "My Weight Loss Coach"
},
{
"id": "4640102",
"text": "expensive and lengthy. These devices are an important advancement in the field of personal health management. Self-monitoring healthcare devices exist in many forms. An example is the Nike+ FuelBand, which is a modified version of the original pedometer. This device is wearable on the wrist and allows one to set a personal goal for a daily energy burn. It records the calories burned and the number of steps taken for each day while simultaneously functioning as a watch. To add to the ease of the user interface, it includes both numeric and visual indicators of whether or not the individual",
"title": "EHealth"
},
{
"id": "6961512",
"text": "out of bounds. On Day 61, the housemates were given a walking task. Each housemate was given a pedometer and was asked to walk around the house for two hours. It was revealed that Glyn walked the most steps and received a luxury meal of his choice, though this was given in the form of a smoothie which he was forced to taste. Housemates then had to complete an assault course. The housemates passed the task and were rewarded with an eighties-theme party, along with a luxury shopping budget for the following week. Richard and Jayne were put up for",
"title": "Big Brother 7 (UK)"
},
{
"id": "3193970",
"text": "or dedicated adapter to transmit workout information such as elapsed time, distance traveled, and calories burned. The iPhone 5s was the first iPhone to contain an Apple Motion Coprocessor which was denoted the M7 chip paired with the first 64-bit ARM-based Apple processor, the Apple A7 SoC (System on a Chip). The addition of the separate always on coprocessor allows the main CPU to snooze while it tracks the motion of the phone, through the use of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) consisting of an accelerometer, MEMS gyroscope and digital compass. This means that it will know when you're jogging",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "18659272",
"text": "Self\" has become a new phenomenon, where people use technological devices to support their workouts. It is characterized by the use of gadgets such as pedometer, GPS, heart rate monitor and smartphone apps to quantify or monitor the exerciser’s efforts. There is a decrease in popularity of “pure aerobics” exercises. The attention is moving from aerobics, bodybuilding and traditional technique of exercises, to new forms of exercises such as yoga, zumba, pilates, spinning and aquacycling, tai chi, kickboxing, and outdoor fitness. Exercises have been commercialized as branded exercises by fitness institutions. Branded exercises are group workouts developed by fitness institutions",
"title": "Fitness culture"
},
{
"id": "11852964",
"text": "Pedobarography Pedobarography is the study of pressure fields acting between the plantar surface of the foot and a supporting surface. Used most often for biomechanical analysis of gait and posture, pedobarography is employed in a wide range of applications including sports biomechanics and gait biometrics . The term 'pedobarography' is derived from the Latin: \"pedes\", referring to the foot (as in: pedometer, pedestrian, etc.), and the Greek: \"baros\" meaning 'weight' and also 'pressure' (as in: barometer, barograph). The first documented pedobarographic study was published in 1882 and used rubber and ink to record foot pressures. Numerous studies using similar apparatus",
"title": "Pedobarography"
},
{
"id": "17590181",
"text": "by the early 1990s. Wearable heart rate monitors for athletes were available in 1981. Wearable fitness tracking devices, including wireless heart rate monitoring that integrated with commercial-grade fitness equipment found in gyms, were available in consumer-grade electronics by at least the early 2000s. Electronic activity trackers are fundamentally upgraded versions of pedometers; in addition to counting steps, they use accelerometers and altimeters to calculate mileage, graph overall physical activity, calculate calorie expenditure, and in some cases also monitor and graph heart rate and quality of sleep. Some also include a silent alarm. Some newer models approach the US definition of",
"title": "Activity tracker"
},
{
"id": "5786319",
"text": "to deal with a supposed deterministic variation. Simulation models incorporate uncertainty by adopting chaos theory, statistical distribution, or fuzzy logic. Pedometrics addresses pedology from the perspective of emerging scientific fields such as wavelets analysis, fuzzy set theory and data mining in soil data modelling applications. The advance of pedometrics is also linked to improvements in remote and close-range sensing. Pedometrics Pedometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical methods for the study of the distribution and genesis of soils. Pedometrics is a portmanteau of the Greek roots \"pedos\" (soil) and \"metron\" (measurement). Measurement in this case is restricted to mathematical",
"title": "Pedometrics"
},
{
"id": "3193977",
"text": "on photos and to improve the GPS positioning feature. Nokia Step Counter is a free application available at Nokia Beta Labs which works on a wide range of N-Series Nokia phones. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. This application can be left running all day as it is not a huge drain on the battery. The Sony Ericsson W710 and W580 Walkman phones use embedded 2 axis MEMS inertial sensors to detect the steps a user takes. The W710 is a clamshell phone and displays the user's steps on the external display. The W710 must",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "12729287",
"text": "Personal Trainer: Walking Personal Trainer: Walking, known in PAL regions as Walk with me! Do you know your walking routine? and in Japan as , is an exergaming application developed by Nintendo Network Service Development (Nintendo NSD) and Creatures Inc. for the Nintendo DS. The pedometer accessory was developed in-house at Nintendo NSD, while the software portion was developed in conjunction with Nintendo NSD, Creatures Inc., and Engines. It is part of both Nintendo's Touch! Generations brand and \"Personal Trainer\" series. It is one of the very few Nintendo DS titles that support the use of Mii characters. \"Personal Trainer:",
"title": "Personal Trainer: Walking"
},
{
"id": "16568102",
"text": "values called \"MET\". \"Wii Fit U\" can display output on a television screen or only use its GamePad touchscreen. All retail copies of \"Wii Fit U\" are bundled with a foldable Wii U GamePad Stand and an activity meter (pedometer) called the Fit Meter, also available separately, which is carried while jogging or otherwise moving. This is the same concept as with the Pokéwalker from \"Pokémon HeartGold\" and \"SoulSilver\". When the Fit Meter is placed near the GamePad, its data is transferred via infrared connection to the Wii U. The game became available for purchase, in standard and Wii Balance",
"title": "Wii Fit U"
},
{
"id": "16201877",
"text": "periods of sedentary time is shown to improve these risks. Specifically, utilization of portable pedal exercise machines in office environments has been shown to improve employee health, and use was demonstrated feasible during working hours. Interventions using pedometers to influence employee behavior, decrease the duration of sedentary periods, and increase total movement during the work day have also proven successful. Smartphone applications and workplace signs promoting stair use are known to improve employee health, and many employers are now investing in wearable technologies to encourage employees to monitor physical activity. Workplace Tai Chi programs have also proven effective as a",
"title": "Workplace health promotion"
},
{
"id": "19826399",
"text": "efforts were focused in three areas which formed its major departments: Clothing and Textiles, Economics of the Home, and Food and Nutrition. Among the projects in the Economics of the Home department, modern kitchen design and efficiency figured prominently. Since the early 1920s, the USDA studied how homemakers moved through their days and spent their time by equipping women with pedometers and having them keep time-use diaries. The Bureau continued the studies, examining \"various household tasks including cooking, washing, and child care\". These studies produced publications like \"Convenient Kitchens\", a detailed bulletin with specifics about kitchen layout, work surfaces, equipment",
"title": "Bureau of Home Economics (US)"
},
{
"id": "20551855",
"text": "has a built-in sensor. This function is limited to take the measurement punctually and at rest. The application also supports heart sensors from other manufacturers. It is able to generate a graph as a function of time of the different frequencies reached during a sports session as well as other information such as the average and maximum heart rate reached. pedometer Step counting is a feature that is integrated with Samsung Health with the arrival of the Samsung Galaxy S4 in April 2013. The default goal is to reach 10,000 steps per day. This number would be a recommendation of",
"title": "Samsung Health"
},
{
"id": "12512814",
"text": "advice on offer mostly consist of ball-park estimations that will have little impact on fine-tuning a lifestyle. Shop around and you'll find it available cheaply, however, so DS owners who may have considered buying a pedometer could do far worse than pick up this application for its additional feedback and ability to record and store daily activity.\" EuroGamer said that: \"As an actual coach it really only works in general terms: there's no way to finely tailor the experience for your own capabilities in ways that an actual person could, and there's not much to commit you if the determination",
"title": "My Weight Loss Coach"
},
{
"id": "2146965",
"text": "views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held. Apple has included an accelerometer in every generation of iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, as well as in every iPod nano since the 4th generation. Along with orientation view adjustment, accelerometers in mobile devices can also be used as pedometers, in conjunction with specialized applications. Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Prominent ACN systems include OnStar AACN service, Ford Link's 911 Assist, Toyota's Safety Connect, Lexus Link, or BMW Assist. Many",
"title": "Accelerometer"
},
{
"id": "3193969",
"text": "device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with moderate commutes to work. Accuracy also depends on the step-length the user enters. Best pedometers are accurate to within ± 5% error. The 5th and 6th generation iPod Nano by Apple features an integrated accelerometer. Apple and Nike, Inc. offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, which uses a motion sensor that fits into a Nike shoe or in a pocket worn on the laces of other brands of shoes. The sensor communicates with an iPhone (3GS or higher), iPod touch (2nd generation or higher), iPod nano (4th generation or higher),",
"title": "Pedometer"
},
{
"id": "520426",
"text": "Pulse In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the neck (carotid artery), wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and on foot (dorsalis pedis artery). Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate. The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat by",
"title": "Pulse"
},
{
"id": "7785652",
"text": "demonstrate proper technique. Teachers can easily create videos of students doing an activity and download them onto an iPod or computer so students have an easily accessible reference to use during transition periods or after they graduate. Video files or iMovies can be utilized as report cards or as evidence of IEP goal attainment. In APE pedometers can easily be introduced into any lesson and taught how to use and how to keep track of steps. Teachers can also play appropriate and motivating music for aerobic activities. Video games are also starting to become more and more predominant in physical",
"title": "Adapted physical education"
},
{
"id": "6626642",
"text": "activity with pedometers. Both groups had results showing they had decreased their BMIs with the America on the Move group decreasing their BMI much more significantly. In the West, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obese children and adults. In the U.S.A., only 26% of adults engage in vigorous leisure-time activity (which includes a sport) or exercising three or more times per week. In an effort to increase adult involvement and decrease the percentage of adult inactivity, the US Department of Health and Human Services has set a national health objective for 2010 that hopes to \"Reduce the",
"title": "Social influences on fitness behavior"
},
{
"id": "10594425",
"text": "the term diversity has also caught the attention of scientists working on soils and other fields within the earth sciences which creates a forum and research projects on geodiversity. Measurements of diversity were introduced to pedology few years ago. The concept of pedodiversity is now widely accepted within the soil science community. Pedodiversity, as well as biodiversity, may be considered as a framework to analyze spatial patterns, being recognized as a novel pedometric tool. Pedodiversity is a measure of soil variation and also a function of soil formation and development or evolution. Pedodiversity is introduced to pedology to analyze soil",
"title": "Pedodiversity"
},
{
"id": "12512815",
"text": "lapses.\" My Weight Loss Coach My Weight Loss Coach (known as My Health Coach: Manage Your Weight in Europe) is a game for the Nintendo DS portable video game system. It was released on June 24, 2008 by Ubisoft and developed by Ubisoft Montreal. The purpose of the game is to motivate players to reach and maintain a healthy lifestyle and target weight. In addition the game was developed with nutritionists, and includes a free pedometer to help provide the user with better results. While playing the game users create a personal profile to track performance and map out objectives",
"title": "My Weight Loss Coach"
},
{
"id": "17091952",
"text": "opponents. Next, retaining the same cannons, participants defend a city by shooting at the same opponents. In the final activity, with the cylindrical room and multiple control panels, participants defend the world targeting the same opponents as before. The attraction is notable for its use of cast-member interaction and mediation to the guests participating in it, and afterwards, there is an opportunity for guests to receive a mission in response to their chosen health habit to improve on. Also notable is the mobile application which encourages users to improve their chosen health habit via various activities (such as a pedometer",
"title": "Habit Heroes"
},
{
"id": "19369325",
"text": "premiere at the 2014 Fringe Film Festival Shenzhen, as well as being streamed online. Logistics (film) Logistics or Logistics Art Project is a 2012 experimental art film conceived and created by Erika Magnusson and Daniel Andersson. At 51,420 minutes, (857 hours or 35 days and 17 hours), it is the longest movie ever made. In 2008, Erika Magnusson and Daniel Andersson asked themselves where modern electronic gadgets come from. They conceived the idea to follow the production cycle of a pedometer in reverse chronological order from end sales back to its origin and manufacture. The route of the journey commenced",
"title": "Logistics (film)"
},
{
"id": "2531803",
"text": "2 GS, is available in clear and silver casing with a color display featuring more animations. Both of the Pokémon Pikachu incarnations differ slightly from more traditional portable virtual pets in that Pikachu does not need to be fed, watered, or cleaned up after. Instead, the Pokémon Pikachu unit can be strapped to a belt and used as a pedometer. With every step it counts, the Pokémon Pikachu credits its user with \"watts,\" which are a sort of currency used to buy Pikachu presents. Twenty steps on the pedometer will reward the player with one watt. As the player grows",
"title": "Pokémon Pikachu"
},
{
"id": "12512809",
"text": "My Weight Loss Coach My Weight Loss Coach (known as My Health Coach: Manage Your Weight in Europe) is a game for the Nintendo DS portable video game system. It was released on June 24, 2008 by Ubisoft and developed by Ubisoft Montreal. The purpose of the game is to motivate players to reach and maintain a healthy lifestyle and target weight. In addition the game was developed with nutritionists, and includes a free pedometer to help provide the user with better results. While playing the game users create a personal profile to track performance and map out objectives based",
"title": "My Weight Loss Coach"
},
{
"id": "13716496",
"text": "System was developed to use one numerical integration of the angular rate measurements. Estimation theory in general and Kalman filtering in particular, provide a theoretical framework for combining information from various sensors. One of the most common alternative sensors is a satellite navigation radio such as GPS, which can be used for all kinds of vehicles with direct sky visibility. Indoor applications can use pedometers, distance measurement equipment, or other kinds of position sensors. By properly combining the information from an INS and other systems (GPS/INS), the errors in position and velocity are stable. Furthermore, INS can be used as",
"title": "Inertial navigation system"
},
{
"id": "1494183",
"text": "Pedestrian A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In some communities, those traveling using tiny wheels such as roller skates, skateboards, and scooters, as well as wheelchair users are also included as pedestrians. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically. The meaning of pedestrian is displayed with the morphemes \"ped-\" ('foot') and \"-ian\" ('characteristic of'). This word is derived from the Latin term \"pedester\" ('going on foot') and was first used (in English language) during the 18th century. It was",
"title": "Pedestrian"
},
{
"id": "5051459",
"text": "the late 1950s, and the subsequent development of a more portable, lower cost version (the \"Mini-Wright\" peak flow meter), other designs and copies have become available across the world. Peak expiratory flow The peak expiratory flow (PEF), also called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a person's maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability to breathe out air. It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per minute",
"title": "Peak expiratory flow"
},
{
"id": "6626641",
"text": "was done over a 6-month span. There were two groups that the children were put into. The first group was the \"America on the Move\" group and the other group was the \"self monitor only\" group. The America on the Move group had to walk an additional 2,000 steps per day from their baseline which was already measured through pedometers and to eliminate 100 kcal/day from their normal diet by replacing dietary sugar with no caloric sweetener. The self monitor group did not have to change their physical activity or their diet. This group only had to record their physical",
"title": "Social influences on fitness behavior"
},
{
"id": "9705519",
"text": "side of the fault moved (see diagram for explanation), as the surface steps down in that direction, like the scales on a fish when stroked from the head. In pedology, the study of soils in their natural environments, a slickenside is a surface of the cracks produced in soils containing a high proportion of swelling clays. Slickensides are a type of cutan. In the Australian Soil Classification, slickensides, along with lenticular structural aggregates, are an indicator of a vertosol. Slickenside In geology, a slickenside is a smoothly polished surface caused by frictional movement between rocks along the two sides of",
"title": "Slickenside"
},
{
"id": "9076202",
"text": "of regional weather information. Oregon Scientific made the first stand alone waterproof mp3 player. In 2007, CES Innovations award winners included the ATC2K Waterproof Action Cam, the Talking Wireless BBQ/ Oven Thermometer and the WeatherNow II. Their Pendant MP3 Player and Waterproof MP3 player received awards for innovation at the 2005 Consumer Electronics Show. In 2003, OSI partnered with SMaL, Axia and Fujifilm to produce the world’s smallest digital camera. Other products include a waterproof digital video camera, an alarm clock designed by Philippe Starck (a French designer), a pedometer that keeps seven days' worth of data, and an electronic",
"title": "Oregon Scientific"
},
{
"id": "18562632",
"text": "allows \"Cataglyphis\" to travel farther from its nest than any other creature that lives in the Sahara, with respect to size. The ant appears to use an internal pedometer to count its steps in a harsh environment where odors quickly vanish, enabling it to \"count back\" to its nest. When stilts were glued on to the ants legs, they overshot the distance of their nests, while ants with cut legs traveled short of their nest. It's suspected that while the ants unlikely have the brainpower to literally count steps, they are somehow doing it intuitively. \"Cataglyphis fortis\" is capable, as",
"title": "Cataglyphis fortis"
},
{
"id": "9141604",
"text": "indicators in proximity to switches and inter-station signalling placed at each station stop. Trains often reach their maximum speed of in 16 to 26 seconds depending on grade and load. Trains are programmed to stop at certain station positions with a precise odometer (accurate to plus or minus five centimetres). They receive their braking program and station stop positions orders (one-third, two-thirds, or end of station) from track beacons prior to entering the station, with additional beacons in the station for ensuring stop precision. The last beacon is positioned at precisely 12 turns of wheels from the end of the",
"title": "Montreal Metro"
},
{
"id": "8648854",
"text": "come from the Tulip Rally (Tulpen rally) of the 1950s. It gives a diagrammatic representation of the road junction. Participants would be instructed to religiously follow the mileages on the left of the page to ensure that they were at the correct junction, for which an odometer could be used. Famous rallies that now have a revival edition are for example: Famous drivers of the 60s and 70s Classic rally Classic rallying, or historic rallying, is a type of road rally suitable for most standard classic cars, with no special equipment needed (the equipment allowed depends on the particular rally).",
"title": "Classic rally"
},
{
"id": "19369323",
"text": "Logistics (film) Logistics or Logistics Art Project is a 2012 experimental art film conceived and created by Erika Magnusson and Daniel Andersson. At 51,420 minutes, (857 hours or 35 days and 17 hours), it is the longest movie ever made. In 2008, Erika Magnusson and Daniel Andersson asked themselves where modern electronic gadgets come from. They conceived the idea to follow the production cycle of a pedometer in reverse chronological order from end sales back to its origin and manufacture. The route of the journey commenced in Stockholm, then proceeded through Insjön, Gothenburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam, Algeciras, Málaga, and finished in",
"title": "Logistics (film)"
},
{
"id": "15527020",
"text": "Wii U console with 32 GB of storage, a black or white Wii U GamePad, \"New Super Mario Bros. U\" and \"Wii Party U\" preloaded, a black or white Wii Remote, a Wii Sensor Bar, and a 30-day trial of the \"Wii Karaoke U\" service. The second bundle included all of the previous one's contents, additionally preloaded with \"Wii Fit U\" and including Nintendo's official Fit Meter pedometer (with the Wii Balance Board available separately). On November 1, 2013, Nintendo released a Mario & Luigi Deluxe Set in North America with the intention of replacing the original Wii U Deluxe",
"title": "Wii U"
},
{
"id": "126188",
"text": "and organic dirt that covers the surface of the planet. It is the chief organizing centre of most ecosystem functions, and it is of critical importance in agricultural science and ecology. The decomposition of dead organic matter (for example, leaves on the forest floor), results in soils containing minerals and nutrients that feed into plant production. The whole of the planet's soil ecosystems is called the pedosphere where a large biomass of the Earth's biodiversity organizes into trophic levels. Invertebrates that feed and shred larger leaves, for example, create smaller bits for smaller organisms in the feeding chain. Collectively, these",
"title": "Ecology"
},
{
"id": "4062604",
"text": "passage across or around estuaries and rivers along the route. If a ferry is not arranged or available, an alternate route around the estuary must be taken; if traveling on foot, this means road walking. The length of the trail, using the Google Maps pedometer tool to measure route mileage, is about if no ferries are used, though the official coastal guide gives a length of . If no ferries are used, about 39 percent of the route is on the beach, 41 percent is on paved road, and 20 percent is on trail and dirt roads. A chief feature",
"title": "Oregon Coast Trail"
},
{
"id": "12512811",
"text": "understanding of their goals. Upon the completion and submission of information and objectives, the game will calculate BMI (Body Mass Index), and create a program best suited for them. Section 2: Daily objectives: Based on personal needs, preferences, and goals, players can determine how they intend on achieving a healthier lifestyle. The game will then create daily sessions in order to provide users with strategies to overcome specific challenges with a positive attitude. And, at the end of each day, players are encouraged to input daily physical activity, and recorded information from the pedometer, in order to yield better results.",
"title": "My Weight Loss Coach"
},
{
"id": "11759824",
"text": "canopy position) in a stand and is estimated using an instrument called a clinometer, or measured using a laser or releskope. Tree height is also commonly estimated by measuring DBH*[this statement is inaccurate as DBH stands for diameter at breast height (4.5 feet above bare mineral soil) and does not correlate to height, as both DBH and height are affected by the canopy position of tree, such as, is it suppressed, domminant, co-dominant, or released. A tree first focuses on gaining height, and then growing diameter]. Age is calculated using an instrument called an increment borer or from planting records",
"title": "Site index"
},
{
"id": "4143278",
"text": "gypsum and halite. To study soils in deserts, pedologists have used the concept of chronosequences to relate timing and development of the soil layers. It has been shown that P is leached very quickly from the system and therefore decreases with increasing age. Furthermore, carbon buildup in the soils is decreased due to slower decomposition rates. As a result, the rates of carbon circulation in the biogeochemical cycle is decreased. Pedosphere The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον \"pedon\" \"soil\" or \"earth\" and σφαῖρα \"sphaira\" \"sphere\") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil",
"title": "Pedosphere"
},
{
"id": "3080362",
"text": "generated against an occluded airway beginning at functional residual capacity (FRC). It is a marker of respiratory muscle function and strength. Represented by centimeters of water pressure (cmH2O) and measured with a manometer. Maximum inspiratory pressure is an important and noninvasive index of diaphragm strength and an independent tool for diagnosing many illnesses. Typical maximum inspiratory pressures in adult males can be estimated from the equation, M = 142 - (1.03 x Age) cmHO, where age is in years. Spirometry Spirometry (meaning \"the measuring of breath\") is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs). It measures lung function,",
"title": "Spirometry"
},
{
"id": "11523686",
"text": "additional equivalent mass is tantamount to having the mass of each wheel-axle set be located at its radius of gyration See \"Inertia Resistance\" (for automobile wheels, but it's the same formula for railroad wheels). Deceleration was measured by measuring the distance traveled (using what might be called a recording odometer or by distance markers placed along the track say every 50 meters), versus time. A division of distance by time results in velocity and then the differences in velocities divided by time gives the deceleration. A sample data sheet shows time (in seconds) being recorded with 3 digits after the",
"title": "Curve resistance (railroad)"
},
{
"id": "14657280",
"text": "Ono, the two of them discussed the touchscreen control, with the latter comparing it to \"New Super Mario Bros. Wii\"s Super Guide function. Ono added that they were intent on making a game that could make it more approachable. He added that while some may call him a \"sell-out\", he felt that it was advantageous to the developer as well as the gamers. When Ono learned of the pedometer function of the 3DS that rewarded coins for the number of steps taken, he decided to implement it to allow coins to be spent on figurines. He also designed the Fighter",
"title": "Super Street Fighter IV: 3D Edition"
},
{
"id": "12729288",
"text": "Walking\" allows up to four users to track their walking, jogging or running activities through a series of graphs, charts and statistics, as well as set goals for themselves. The game is packaged with two infrared pedometers that communicate to the game the user's walking data. Additional pedometers will be sold separately. The game uses Miis to track each user's progress, and allows users to either create a Mii in-game (A first for the Nintendo DS), or wirelessly transfer an existing Mii from a Wii console's Mii Channel to their Nintendo DS. The game also features a number of minigames",
"title": "Personal Trainer: Walking"
},
{
"id": "320856",
"text": "distance that Antarctic tourists are instructed to maintain between themselves and penguins: tourists are instructed not to approach closer than 9 feet, but need not withdraw if the penguins come closer. In June 2011, a penguin came ashore on New Zealand's Peka Peka Beach, 3200 km off course on its journey to Antarctica. Nicknamed Happy Feet, after the movie of the same name, it was suffering from heat exhaustion and had to undergo a number of operations to remove objects like driftwood and sand from its stomach. Happy Feet was a media sensation, with extensive coverage on TV and the",
"title": "Penguin"
},
{
"id": "14817217",
"text": "the most quickly.\" Jillette also relied on the Withings Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor. The Pulse O2 started selling in summer 2013. The product was upgraded in 2014 to include additional features such as the pulse oximetry measurement (SPO2) and the wear-it-your-way form factor, and the name was changed to Ox. The Pulse contains a pedometer, heart rate monitor and blood oxygen reader. It can connect to other Withings devices such as the Smart Body Analyzer smart scales and blood pressure monitor. The user's data is pulled from those devices and into the companion app. Information like the user's weight is",
"title": "Withings"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "3609297",
"text": "realms, force dynamometers are used for measuring the back, grip, arm, and/or leg strength of athletes, patients, and workers to evaluate physical status, performance, and task demands. Typically the force applied to a lever or through a cable is measured and then converted to a moment of force by multiplying by the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis of the level. An absorbing dynamometer acts as a load that is driven by the prime mover that is under test (e.g. Pelton wheel). The dynamometer must be able to operate at any speed and load to any level of",
"title": "Dynamometer"
},
{
"id": "5679956",
"text": "Ancient Roman units of measurement The ancient Roman units of measurement were largely built on the Hellenic system, which in turn was built upon Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences. The Roman units were comparatively consistent and well documented. The basic unit of Roman linear measurement was the \"pes\" or Roman foot (plural: \"pedes\"). Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes back at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his \"Discourse on the Romane foot\". Greaves visited Rome in 1639, and measured, among other things, the foot measure on the tomb of Titus Statilius Aper, that on the statue",
"title": "Ancient Roman units of measurement"
},
{
"id": "19065728",
"text": "a fragment of ancient soil or sediment found in a younger stratum. A relict sediment is an area of ancient sediment which remains unburied despite changes in the surrounding environment. In pedology, the study of soil formation and classification, ancient soil found in the geologic record is called a paleosol, material formed in the distant past on what was then the surface. A relict paleosol is still found on the surface, and yet is known to have been formed under conditions radically different from the present climate and topography. In mineralogy, a relict mineral is a surviving mineral from a",
"title": "Relict (geology)"
},
{
"id": "5564176",
"text": "the arteries, recorded as beats per minute (bpm). It may also be called \"heart rate\". The pulse is commonly taken at the wrist (radial artery). Alternative sites include the elbow (brachial artery), the neck (carotid artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), or in the foot (dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial arteries). The pulse rate can also be measured by listening directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope. The pulse varies with age: a newborn or infant can have a heart rate of 130–150 bpm, a toddler of 100–120 bpm, an older child of 60–100 bpm, an adolescent of 80–100 bpm,",
"title": "Vital signs"
},
{
"id": "732999",
"text": "pilot finds a thermal, he begins to fly in a circle, trying to center the circle on the strongest part of the thermal (the \"core\"), where the air is rising the fastest. Most pilots use a vario-altimeter (\"vario\"), which indicates climb rate with beeps and/or a visual display, to help core in on a thermal. Often there is strong sink surrounding thermals, and there is also strong turbulence resulting in wing collapses as a pilot tries to enter a strong thermal. Good thermal flying is a skill that takes time to learn, but a good pilot can often core a",
"title": "Paragliding"
},
{
"id": "8693644",
"text": "help the radiographer measure his/her total periodic dose of radiation. When properly calibrated, recharged, and worn on the radiographer's person, it can tell the radiographer at a glance how much radiation to which the device has been exposed since it was last recharged. Radiographers in many states are required to log their radiation exposures and generate an exposure report. In many countries personal dosimeters are not required to be used by radiographers as the dose rates they show are not always correctly recorded. The film badge or TLD is more like a car's odometer. It is actually a specialized piece",
"title": "Industrial radiography"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pedometer context: originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise counter and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometers or miles (distance = number of steps × step length). Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself\n\nA pedometer is used to measure what?",
"compressed_tokens": 173,
"origin_tokens": 173,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pedometer context: Pedometer A pedometer is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration, performed by the user, is required if presentation of the distance covered in a unit of length (such as in kilometers or miles) is desired, though there are now pedometers that use electronics and software to automatically determine how a person's step varies. Distance traveled (by walking or any other means) can be measured directly by a GPS receiver. Used\ntitle: The Side of the Hedge context: The Other Side of the Hedge The Other Side of the Hedge is a 191 narr short story E. M. Forster Written first-personThe Other Side of the Hedge\" concerns the efforts of a \"modern day\" person who is concerned/or consumed achieving the he has out for himself while travel along road to may be perceived. He keeps close track of his progress along road with the aid his pedometer. The story was included \"The Celestial Omnibus\", a short story by Forster published in 1911.\ntitle: The Other Side of the Hedge: The Other Side of the Hedge The Other Side of Hedge is a 191 narrative short E.. Written in the firstperson, Side of H\" concerns the efforts of a \"mod\" person concerned and/or consum achieving goals he set out himself while a to what may be perceived as. He keeps close of his progress the road the aid of his pedometer The story was in \"The Celestial Omnibus\", a short collection by Forster published in 1911.\n\n Ped: Health. The main critic a universal areable older persons problems withicases, the hand for. criticism theometer it this be making time ( example00 asate). Leonardo en mechanical as device. In17 Abrahamlet created the firstometer,\n\ntitle: Pedometer context: as proving that 10,000 Steps A Day was the proper balance of caloric intake and activity-based caloric expenditure to maintain a healthy body. Jiro Kato, who founded Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, manufactured pedometers recognized to be accurate, and named them \"manpo-meter\" (later \"manpo-kei\", registered as a trademark of the company), claimed to be the world's first device to measure number of steps of walking. The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software to count steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple counter. If one shakes these devices,\n\nA pedometer is used to measure what?",
"compressed_tokens": 596,
"origin_tokens": 13703,
"ratio": "23.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,719 | What can be a Greek god, a Paris-based, high-fashion luxury-goods manufacturer, and a Futurama character? | [
"Hermoea",
"Kyllenios",
"Enagonios",
"Atlantiades",
"Hermes (Greek religion and mythology)",
"Hermes (mythology)",
"Hermes Cylleneius",
"Hermes",
"Hermese",
"Hermes Criophorus",
"Hermês",
"Hermes Logios",
"Hermes and Apollo",
"Cyllenius",
"Hermes Psychopompus",
"Cult of Hermes",
"Argeiphontes",
"Psychopompus",
"Cylleneius"
] | Hermes | [
{
"id": "3304421",
"text": "Versace Gianni Versace S.p.A. () usually referred to simply as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The main collection of the brand is Versace, which produces upmarket Italian-made ready-to-wear and leather accessories, while other diffusion lines are Versace Collection (mainly in the US), Versus Versace and Versace Jeans. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure. The logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall",
"title": "Versace"
},
{
"id": "4853246",
"text": "Sephora Sephora is a Paris, France-based multinational chain of personal care and beauty stores founded in Paris in 1970. Featuring nearly 300 brands, along with its own private label, Sephora offers beauty products including cosmetics, skincare, body, fragrance, nail color, and haircare. Sephora is owned by luxury conglomerate LVMH as of 1997. The Sephora logo is a white \"S\"-shaped flame against a black background. The name comes from the Greek spelling of Zipporah (, \"Sepphōra\"), wife of Moses. Sephora first launched in Paris on 14 August 1969. It was acquired by Dominique Mandonnaud in 1993, who merged the purchase with",
"title": "Sephora"
},
{
"id": "10933265",
"text": "the Vienna Volkstheater. The play is loosely centered on an exaggerated version of Hermes Phettberg's life and character. Hermes Phettberg Hermes Phettberg (born October 5, 1952, as Josef Fenz) is an Austrian artist, comedian, actor, author and talk show host. The first name of his nom de plume is taken from the ancient Greek god Hermes. The last name means \"fat mountain\", but is written as \"Phettberg\" instead of \"Fettberg\" as an ironic hint to his Greek-sounding first name. Phettberg grew up in the village of Unternalb near Retz in a family of winegrowers. Following a brief stint as a",
"title": "Hermes Phettberg"
},
{
"id": "20079229",
"text": "also possesses super-speed thanks to his winged sandals. Hermes (DC Comics) Hermes is a character in DC Comics. He is based on the Greek god of the same name. Hermes debuted in \"Wonder Woman\" #1 and was adapted by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter. Hermes is the Messenger of the Gods. He assisted in turning a baby sculpture that Queen Hippolyta made into a real baby resulting in the origin of Princess Diana. In the Post-\"Crisis\", Hermes was present at a meeting with fellow Gods in to talk about the dwindling worshipping from the mortals. After Zeus deemed",
"title": "Hermes (DC Comics)"
},
{
"id": "10035360",
"text": "played different characters in every segment. Greek gods Hermes, Artemis and Hades were given their Roman names (Mercury, Diana and Pluto respectively). Metamorphoses (1978 film) The movie was the between American golden age of Disney-influenced anime and Sanrio's second animated release in the US (following their adaptation of \"The Mouse and His Child\" the previous year). Over 170 animators, all employed in Hollywood, worked on it for three years. \"Metamorphoses\" tried to be the rock era's answer to \"Fantasia\", but its original run was critically reviled and closed as soon as it opened. According to many of its crew, many",
"title": "Metamorphoses (1978 film)"
},
{
"id": "4853259",
"text": "\"World’s Most Innovative Companies\", citing its expanded offering of broadly diverse and inclusive product lines like Fenty Beauty. Sephora Sephora is a Paris, France-based multinational chain of personal care and beauty stores founded in Paris in 1970. Featuring nearly 300 brands, along with its own private label, Sephora offers beauty products including cosmetics, skincare, body, fragrance, nail color, and haircare. Sephora is owned by luxury conglomerate LVMH as of 1997. The Sephora logo is a white \"S\"-shaped flame against a black background. The name comes from the Greek spelling of Zipporah (, \"Sepphōra\"), wife of Moses. Sephora first launched in",
"title": "Sephora"
},
{
"id": "10933259",
"text": "Hermes Phettberg Hermes Phettberg (born October 5, 1952, as Josef Fenz) is an Austrian artist, comedian, actor, author and talk show host. The first name of his nom de plume is taken from the ancient Greek god Hermes. The last name means \"fat mountain\", but is written as \"Phettberg\" instead of \"Fettberg\" as an ironic hint to his Greek-sounding first name. Phettberg grew up in the village of Unternalb near Retz in a family of winegrowers. Following a brief stint as a bank clerk and continued education, he became assistant vicar with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna. In the",
"title": "Hermes Phettberg"
},
{
"id": "20079226",
"text": "Hermes (DC Comics) Hermes is a character in DC Comics. He is based on the Greek god of the same name. Hermes debuted in \"Wonder Woman\" #1 and was adapted by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter. Hermes is the Messenger of the Gods. He assisted in turning a baby sculpture that Queen Hippolyta made into a real baby resulting in the origin of Princess Diana. In the Post-\"Crisis\", Hermes was present at a meeting with fellow Gods in to talk about the dwindling worshipping from the mortals. After Zeus deemed this issue beneath him and left, Hermes accompanied",
"title": "Hermes (DC Comics)"
},
{
"id": "20571615",
"text": "Greek Madonna The Greek Madonna is a 1460-1470 tempera on panel painting by Giovanni Bellini. It is named after the Greek monograms at top left and top right and after the major influence of Byzantine icons on the painting. The Christ Child holds a golden apple, perhaps referring to the Judgement of Paris and to Mary as the \"new Venus\". Pellizzari's theory that the work originally had a golden background like an icon was disproved by a 1986-1987 restoration, which showed that the original background had been a blue sky, seen either side of a central curtain. The curtain remains,",
"title": "Greek Madonna"
},
{
"id": "1749173",
"text": "Futurama Futurama is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of slacker Philip J. Fry, who is accidentally transported to the 31st century and finds work at an interplanetary delivery company. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on \"The Simpsons\"; he brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox. In the United States, the series aired on Fox from March 28, 1999, to August 10, 2003, and aired in reruns on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim from",
"title": "Futurama"
},
{
"id": "3096888",
"text": "including LaBarbara's goat curry which has made his skin too spicy and acidic for consumption by others. Actor Phil LaMarr states that Hermes did not originally have a Jamaican accent and was more uptight, but was asked by series creator Matt Groening to do so for his character. This resulted in making the character more workable, according to Groening. Hermes Conrad Hermes Conrad is a major character in the American animated series \"Futurama\". Hermes is Jamaican Rastafarian and grade 36 Bureaucrat, and proud of it. He works at Planet Express, handling stamping, filing, collating, and accounting. He is voiced by",
"title": "Hermes Conrad"
},
{
"id": "16642259",
"text": "names associated with the god Pluto in classical mythology. To decide on names for P4 and P5, Mark Showalter and the SETI Institute, on behalf of the discovery team, conducted a non-binding internet poll in 2013, in which the general public was invited to vote for their favorite names. The public could choose from a selection of Greek mythological names related to the god Pluto, or could propose their own names. After the initial announcement, William Shatner, the actor who plays Captain James T. Kirk in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, proposed the names Vulcan and Romulus, ostensibly referring to the",
"title": "Styx (moon)"
},
{
"id": "19615875",
"text": "March 16, 2018, Lil Yachty explained on Twitter how he and Perry do not talk anymore, but they do not necessarily have beef. On July 25, 2016, British clothing line Burberry sued Perry for using their name for his own personal profit. The company also sued for his cover artwork on his self-titled EP \"Burberry Perry\", which featured an altered version of the Burberry plaid design and knight logo. In response, Perry changed his name from Burberry Perry to TheGoodPerry. TheGoodPerry Perry Paris Moise (born September 21, 1996), better known by his stage name TheGoodPerry (formerly known as Burberry Perry),",
"title": "TheGoodPerry"
},
{
"id": "18608476",
"text": "flashback, the story of Rachel and Simon unfolds. Per the Greek myth on which the film is based, God, or a god, comes to earth with his assistant, Max Mercury. He decides he wants to possess Rachel Donnadieu, so he takes the form of Simon Donnadieu when Simon leaves home on a business trip. God-as-Simon returns to Rachel while Simon is away, and the two have an encounter. Or not. Rachel is not talking about the incident, and Simon, in a brief encounter with Klimt at the end of the film, denies that it happened. The evidence provided by the",
"title": "Hélas pour moi"
},
{
"id": "2349688",
"text": "winged stallion, tamed by their hero Bellerophon. Coins of Ephesus depicted the bee sacred to Artemis. Drachmas of Athens depicted the owl of Athena. Drachmas of Aegina depicted a chelone. Coins of Selinunte depicted a \"\"selinon\"\" (σέλινον - celery). Coins of Heraclea depicted Heracles. Coins of Gela depicted a man-headed bull, the personification of the river Gela. Coins of Rhodes depicted a \"\"rhodon\"\" (ῥόδον - rose). Coins of Knossos depicted the labyrinth or the mythical creature minotaur, a symbol of the Minoan Crete. Coins of Melos depicted a \"\"mēlon\"\" (μήλον - apple). Coins of Thebes depicted a Boeotian shield. Collections",
"title": "Ancient Greek coinage"
},
{
"id": "789866",
"text": "jackfruit tree. In Europe and America orange and yellow are the colours most associated with amusement, frivolity and entertainment. In this regard, orange is the exact opposite of its complementary colour, blue, the colour of calm and reflection. Mythological paintings traditionally showed Bacchus (known in Greek mythology as Dionysus), the god of wine, ritual madness and ecstasy, dressed in orange. Clowns have long worn orange wigs. Toulouse-Lautrec used a palette of yellow, black and orange in his posters of Paris cafes and theatres, and Henri Matisse used an orange, yellow and red palette in his painting, the \"Joy of Living\".",
"title": "Orange (colour)"
},
{
"id": "9550831",
"text": "Atticus Clothing Atticus is a brand of clothing founded in 2001 by Blink-182 members Mark Hoppus and Tom DeLonge, along with their childhood friend Dylan Anderson. The name Atticus Clothing was derived from several places, one being the main character's father in the book \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by the author Harper Lee. In addition to the literary connection the name is derived from Herodes Atticus, a Greek rhetorician who spent his fortune supporting music and the arts. The Atticus logo, created by Dylan Anderson, depicts a bird lying on its back in an almost cartoon death position, inspired by",
"title": "Atticus Clothing"
},
{
"id": "15282156",
"text": "Porteus (operating system) Porteus (formerly Slax Remix) is a portable operating system based on Slackware. It does not require installation and can be run from fixed and removable media, such as a USB flash drive or compact disc. Porteus is available in 32-bit and 64-bit version. The Porteus project started out as \"Slax Remix\" at the beginning of 2010 and was started as a community project using the Zen kernel to improve and update the Slax OS. The community agreed on the new name of the project, Porteus, which was named after \"'Portability' and 'Proteus'. 'Proteus' is a \"Greek god",
"title": "Porteus (operating system)"
},
{
"id": "15773228",
"text": "favorite names. The public could choose from a selection of Greek mythological names related to the god Pluto, or could propose their own names. After the initial announcement, William Shatner, the actor who played Captain James T. Kirk in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, proposed the names Vulcan and Romulus, ostensibly referring to the fire god Vulcan (a nephew of Pluto), and to Romulus the founder of Rome, but also alluding to the fictional planets of Vulcan and Romulus in the \"Star Trek\" universe. The 'Romulus' suggestion was discounted, because there is already an asteroid moon of that name, but Vulcan",
"title": "Kerberos (moon)"
},
{
"id": "17349974",
"text": "trees, a body of water and a radiating setting sun beyond. The plants to the lower left resemble the Agave, a species found in the south of France, Spain and Greece. \"Agave\" is also the name of three characters in Greek mythology: The two nudes appear to play a secondary role in the overall composition due to their small size. But their prominent location in the foreground and the provocative nature of public nudity propels them to a position that cannot be ignored. In this luscious setting—as in \"Luxe, Calme et Volupté\" by Henri Matisse—Metzinger makes use all the colors",
"title": "Coucher de soleil no. 1"
},
{
"id": "9694891",
"text": "Diptyque Diptyque is a Paris-based luxury goods company that produces a high-end line of scented candles, perfumes, face and body care. The name Diptyque is from Ancient Greek δίπτυχος (díptykhos) and refers to a painting or sculpture composed of two panels. Founded in 1961 by three friends (painter Desmond Knox-Leet, set designer Yves Coueslant, and Christiane Gautrot, who was working in an architecture firm), Diptyque originally produced printed fabrics, but in 1963 they introduced a line of scented candles which eventually became the focus of their business. There are now over fifty scented candles in the product line. In 1968",
"title": "Diptyque"
},
{
"id": "8376739",
"text": "wherein he and his mortal mother Sally Jackson, travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things. However, the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents, such as being attacked by the Minotaur. Percy finds himself at Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods like him. He discovers that he is a demigod, son of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, earthquakes, and father of all horses, (which he made from sea foam). Percy also learns that his best friend, Grover Underwood, is actually a satyr (a half-goat, half-man), and that the Greek",
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians"
},
{
"id": "17200046",
"text": "yellow hippopotamus-like cartoon creature with a deep voice, wearing a hat with red and white stripes, called Groquik—a variation of \"Gros Quik\" (\"Fat Quik\"), created by Gilbert Mast and puppeteered by . In Greece, the mascot was called \"Κουικάρας\" (or —English: \"Big Quik\") He was later replaced by Quiky, much to the discontent of fans who protested against the lack of a sympathetic character and the Americanism. The character was created in 1978. His first appearance was in the French magazine, Téléjunior in April 1979. The designer of the character was Gilbert Mas. In the French advertisements where Groquik was",
"title": "Nesquik"
},
{
"id": "19138396",
"text": "particular. The original painting measured x . In 2015, the mural was reproduced on another wall following construction of an adjacent new building housing a New Seasons Market; the new building hid the original mural. The \"imposing\" reproduction, as described by \"The Bee\", a community newspaper, measures x . Commerce, represented on the left side, is depicted by a shopkeeper wearing a hat with the wings of Hermes, the Greek god of commerce (or, according to some sources, Mercury, the Roman god of commerce). The business owner is bearded and wears a crocus flower in his apron. He has a",
"title": "Woodstock Mural"
},
{
"id": "13736825",
"text": "Nicolas-Philippe Ledru Nicolas-Philippe Ledru (1731, Paris – October 6, 1807, Fontenay-aux-Roses), known as Comus, was a noted European physicist, prestidigitator and illusionist of the late 18th century. He had two sons, Jacques Philippe Ledru (1754–1832), a member of the French National Academy of Medicine and a mayor of Fontenay-aux-Roses, and Jacques Auguste Ledru, an inspector of pawn-shops. The latter is the father of Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, a lawyer and a French politician. Nicolas-Philippe Ledru styled himself Comus after the Greek god of mirth and revelry, and entertained royalty, aristocrats, and the general public with his scientific experiments. He traveled extensively",
"title": "Nicolas-Philippe Ledru"
},
{
"id": "13736822",
"text": "Nicolas-Philippe Ledru Nicolas-Philippe Ledru (1731, Paris – October 6, 1807, Fontenay-aux-Roses), known as Comus, was a noted European physicist, prestidigitator and illusionist of the late 18th century. He had two sons, Jacques Philippe Ledru (1754–1832), a member of the French National Academy of Medicine and a mayor of Fontenay-aux-Roses, and Jacques Auguste Ledru, an inspector of pawn-shops. The latter is the father of Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, a lawyer and a French politician. Nicolas-Philippe Ledru styled himself Comus after the Greek god of mirth and revelry, and entertained royalty, aristocrats, and the general public with his scientific experiments. He traveled extensively",
"title": "Nicolas-Philippe Ledru"
},
{
"id": "6190072",
"text": "sons found when searching for a company name. \"Ineo\" is Latin for a new beginning, \"Eos\" is the Greek goddess of dawn and \"neos\" means something new and innovative. As a result, the name Ineos represents the \"dawn of something new and innovative\". Jim Ratcliffe, 65, chief executive of Ineos, in May 2018 topped the Sunday Times Rich List with a fortune of £21.05 billion, making him the UK's wealthiest person. Inspec had been formed by Sir Jim Ratcliffe, previously a director of US private equity group Advent International, and John Hollowood in 1992 to undertake a management buy-in of",
"title": "Ineos"
},
{
"id": "871425",
"text": "in a parchment will, says to Hermes: In Canto VII of Dante's \"The Inferno\", Plutus is a demon of wealth who guards the fourth circle of Hell, \"The Hoarders and the Wasters\". Dante likely included Plutus to symbolize the evil of hoarding wealth. Like many other figures in Greek and Roman mythology, Plutus' name is related to several English words. These include: Plutus Plutus (, \"Ploutos\", literally \"wealth\") is the Greek god of wealth. He is either the son of Demeter and Iasion, with whom she lay in a thrice-ploughed field; or the child of Plouton and Persephone. In the",
"title": "Plutus"
},
{
"id": "7499734",
"text": "TVR Cerbera The TVR Cerbera is a sports car manufactured by TVR between 1996 and 2003. The name is derived from Cerberus the three-headed beast of Greek legend that guarded the entrance of Hades. The TVR Cerbera was the third car manufactured by TVR under the leadership of Peter Wheeler (the first was the Griffith and the second was the Chimaera). The car represented three firsts for the Wheeler-led company: The prototype was introduced at the 1994 Birmingham Motor Show. Prior to the Cerbera, TVR had purchased V8 engines from Rover and then tuned them for their own use. When",
"title": "TVR Cerbera"
},
{
"id": "8240572",
"text": "in London, a city that proved a convenient choice for marriage, since religious differences would have been a hindrance for a possible marriage in Paris: Bernhardt was a Roman Catholic and Damala Greek Orthodox. Bernhardt's son, Maurice, was hostile to Damala and against this marriage. Even though Bernhardt presented Damala to reporters with the phrase \"\"This ancient Greek god is the man of my dreams\"\", the marriage became the object of criticism and even satire for press. Caricatures of Bernhardt and Damala virtually flooded newspapers for months. A review of \"Les Mères Ennemies\" featured Bernhardt holding Damala like a puppet,",
"title": "Jacques Damala"
},
{
"id": "1760536",
"text": "and made him into what was termed \"Special Developments Director\", replacing him with Harry Webster as the new Technical Director (Small/Medium cars). Stokes was heard on his appointment to say: \"We'll sharp sort this bloke Issigonis out!\". Issigonis was nicknamed \"the Greek god\" by his contemporaries. Whilst he is most famous for his creation of the Mini, he was most proud of his participation in the design of the Morris Minor. He considered it to be a vehicle that combined many of the luxuries and conveniences of a good motor car with a price suitable for the working classes –",
"title": "Alec Issigonis"
},
{
"id": "1749178",
"text": "just the way we did \"Simpsons\".' And they said, 'Well, we don't do business that way anymore.' And I said, 'Oh, well, that's the only way I do business.'\" The episode \"I, Roommate\" was produced to address Fox's concerns, with the script written to their specifications. Fox strongly disliked the episode, but after negotiations, Groening received the same independence with \"Futurama\". The name \"Futurama\" comes from a pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, the Futurama pavilion depicted how he imagined the world would look in 1959. Many other titles were considered for the",
"title": "Futurama"
},
{
"id": "9694893",
"text": "Chicago. Each boutique is designed to fit the aesthetic of the city. Diptyque Diptyque is a Paris-based luxury goods company that produces a high-end line of scented candles, perfumes, face and body care. The name Diptyque is from Ancient Greek δίπτυχος (díptykhos) and refers to a painting or sculpture composed of two panels. Founded in 1961 by three friends (painter Desmond Knox-Leet, set designer Yves Coueslant, and Christiane Gautrot, who was working in an architecture firm), Diptyque originally produced printed fabrics, but in 1963 they introduced a line of scented candles which eventually became the focus of their business. There",
"title": "Diptyque"
},
{
"id": "2896533",
"text": "and Dietrich were women turned into goddesses. Del Rio was a goddess about being a woman. Photographer Jerome Zerbe said,Dolores del Río and Marlene Dietrich are the most beautiful women I've ever photographed. The fashion designer Orry-Kelly reminisced about the first time he dressed del Rio, I draped her naked body in jersey. She wanted no underpinnings to spoil the line. When I finished draping her she became a Greek goddess as she walked close to the mirror and said, \"it is beautiful.\" Gazing into the mirror she said in a half-whisper, \"Jesus, I am beautiful\". Narcissistic? Probably yes, but",
"title": "Dolores del Río"
},
{
"id": "7531010",
"text": "Marios Lekkas Marios Lekkas () is a Greek male model. He was born in Athens, Greece on April 5, 1979, and started modeling when he was 23 years old. Most recently, Lekkas walked the runway for Frankie Morello, Gazzarini, Giorgio Armani and Versace during Milan Fashion week. Lekkas has been the face for at least three fragrance campaigns in the past six years of his career: Bvlgari, Max Factor and Ungaro Man. Lekkas is currently represented by at least 17 modelling agencies, including Fashion Model Management (Milan), MGM Models (Paris), DNA Models (New York City), Next Models (London), and View",
"title": "Marios Lekkas"
},
{
"id": "5568798",
"text": "film. It was acquired by Alamo Drafthouse Films in October 2013 and remastered in HD from the original negatives. The distributor released the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital copy in March 2014. While walking home from work, Thana, a mute seamstress in New York City's Garment District, is raped at gunpoint in an alley by a mysterious, masked attacker. She survives and makes her way back to her apartment, where she encounters a burglar and is raped a second time. Thana, her name an allusion to Greek god of death Thanatos, hits this second assailant with a small sculpture",
"title": "Ms. 45"
},
{
"id": "8017583",
"text": "Ares I Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being developed by NASA as part of the Constellation program. The name \"Ares\" refers to the Greek deity Ares, who is identified with the Roman god Mars. Ares I was originally known as the \"Crew Launch Vehicle\" (CLV). NASA planned to use Ares I to launch \"Orion\", the spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceflight missions after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011. Ares I was to complement the larger, unmanned Ares V, which was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated",
"title": "Ares I"
},
{
"id": "14326354",
"text": "the set of \"The Tourist\", Place Colette. \"The Tourist\" was filmed entirely in Paris and Venice. Locations, in narrative order, include: Paris Venice The film repeatedly uses symbolism revolving around the Roman god Janus. At a dinner in Venice, Frank asks Elise about her bracelet, and she replies: The safe in Pearce's apartment is hidden behind a Janus-relief. Finally, it is revealed that Alexander Pearce has obtained a new face with the help of plastic surgery. The film's Russian gangsters Virginsky (Igor Jijikine), Lebyadkin (Vladimir Orlov), Liputin (Vladimir Tevlovski), Fedka (Alec Utgoff) and Shigalyov (Mark Zak) all carry names from",
"title": "The Tourist (2010 film)"
},
{
"id": "4967491",
"text": "Delphos gown The Delphos gown was a finely pleated silk dress first created in about 1907 by Henriette Negrin and her husband Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo (1871–1949) and made until about 1950. It was inspired by, and named after, a classical Greek statue, the Charioteer of Delphi. Since the 1970s these gowns have been desirable and collectable pieces of vintage clothing, with one selling for a world record price of $10,000 in December 2001. Working out of a 13th-century Venetian palazzo, Fortuny, a Spanish-born artist turned textile designer, produced garments that the novelist Marcel Proust declared \"faithfully antique but markedly",
"title": "Delphos gown"
},
{
"id": "18648255",
"text": "IV.8). It has been surmised that one explanation for the scepticism of these last two fables was that Hermes was the god of trade and merchants and the Greeks had a certain ambivalence towards wealth making. The 10th century Byzantine Greek lexicon known as the Suda explains what form of statue is involved here. \"They say Hermes was responsible for profit and an overseer of the businesses: consequently they set up the statue of him weighing a purse.\" It is to such sculptures that the statue on the stairs of the Winter Palace of Prince Eugene in Vienna can be",
"title": "The Statue of Hermes"
},
{
"id": "6372822",
"text": "Bacchus (Michelangelo) Bacchus (1496–1497) is a marble sculpture by the Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect and poet Michelangelo. The statue is somewhat over life-size and depicts Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, in a reeling pose suggestive of drunkenness. Commissioned by Raffaele Riario, a high-ranking Cardinal and collector of antique sculpture, it was rejected by him and was bought instead by Jacopo Galli, Riario’s banker and a friend to Michelangelo. Along with the \"Pietà\" the \"Bacchus\" is one of only two surviving sculptures from the artist's first period in Rome. Bacchus is depicted with rolling eyes, his staggering body",
"title": "Bacchus (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"id": "17501801",
"text": "for a film director to be seated next to a Hollywood actress. The name \"Rastapopoulos\" had been invented by one of Hergé's friends; Hergé thought it was hilarious and decided to use it. He devised Rastapopoulos as an Italian with a Greek surname, but the character fitted anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jews; Hergé was adamant that the character was not Jewish. Hergé first introduced the character of Rastapopoulos in \"Cigars of the Pharaoh\", which was serialised in \"Le Petit Vingtième\" from 8 December 1932 to 8 February 1934. Tintin runs into him at the start of the \"Adventure\" aboard the M.S.",
"title": "Rastapopoulos"
},
{
"id": "2991906",
"text": "(2101) Adonis, discovered 1936 and numbered 1977. On October 15, 2003, Brian A. Skiff of the LONEOS project made an asteroid observation that, when the orbit was calculated backwards in time (by Timothy B. Spahr, Steven Chesley and Paul Chodas), turned out to be a rediscovery of Hermes. It has been assigned sequential number 69230. This minor planet was named after the Greek god Hermes, who is the messenger of the gods and son of Zeus and Maia \"(also see and )\". Recovered and numbered in autumn 2003, \"Hermes\" was originally named by the Astronomical Calculation Institute as early as",
"title": "69230 Hermes"
},
{
"id": "877242",
"text": "According to Martianus Capella, Summanus is another name for Pluto as the \"highest\" \"(summus)\" of the Manes. This identification is taken up by later writers such as Camões (\"If in Summanus' gloomy realm / Severest punishment you now endure ...\") and Milton, in a simile to describe Satan visiting Rome: \"Just so Summanus, wrapped in a smoking whirlwind of blue flame, falls upon people and cities\". Georges Dumézil has argued that Summanus would represent the uncanny, violent and awe-inspiring element of the gods of the first function, connected to heavenly sovereignty. The double aspect of heavenly sovereign power would be",
"title": "Summanus"
},
{
"id": "10156887",
"text": "increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo. Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France: Karl Lagerfeld (German) at Chanel, John Galliano (British) and later, Raf Simons (Belgian) at Dior, Paulo Melim Andersson (Swedish) at Chloe, Stefano Pilati (Italian) at Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Jacobs (American) at Louis Vuitton, and Kenzo Takada (Japanese) and Alexander McQueen (English) at Givenchy (until 2001). France is known as a country of luxury, fashion and beauty, with Paris as one of the world's fashion capitals. It also has many cities and towns with an important history and industry",
"title": "French fashion"
},
{
"id": "2213919",
"text": "\"Glimmande nymf\", Morpheus is invoked as the \"god of sleep\". Morpheus Morpheus ('Fashioner', derived from the meaning 'form, shape') is a god associated with sleep and dreams. In Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\" he is the son of Sleep, who appears in dreams in human form. From the medieval period, the name began to stand more generally for the god of dreams, or of sleep. In Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", Morpheus is one of the thousand sons of Somnus (Sleep). His name derives from the Greek word for form (\"μορφή\"), and his function was to appear in dreams in human guise. According to Ovid \"no",
"title": "Morpheus"
},
{
"id": "15611086",
"text": "Hermes (sculpture) Hermes is a public artwork by an unknown Roman artist located at the Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum at 2200 North Terrace Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The antique Roman sculpture is 8-foot high and made of marble. It depicts the Greek messenger god Hermes. \"Hermes\" stands in the courtyard of the Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum. In Greek mythology, Hermes is the son of Zeus and one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus. Greek mythology remembers him as graceful and athletic. His standard attributes are winged sandals and a hat. Hermes is also commonly seen with a",
"title": "Hermes (sculpture)"
},
{
"id": "6607924",
"text": "Saint-Michel. Another famous work were the adventures of Marzolino Tarantola, an eccentric millionaire engaged along with his butler and the hulking speech-impaired strongman \"Henry the crew\" in a car race across the world, from San Francisco to Paris; the threesome must constantly fend off the dastarldy tricks of their nemesis, \"Professor Moriarty\" and his diminutive lackey, Perfidio. The story is loosely based on the Wacky Races cartoon and the movie The Great Race with Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon but both inspirations merely served Bonvi as a pretext to let him draw wild capers across the globe in the early-1900s",
"title": "Bonvi"
},
{
"id": "8376761",
"text": "it does so as a humorous work of fantasy. I’m certainly not interested in changing or contradicting anyone’s religious beliefs. Early in the book, the character Chiron makes a distinction between God, capital-G, the creator of the universe, and the Greek gods (lower-case g). Chiron says he doesn’t want to delve into the issue of God, but he has no qualms about discussing the Olympians because they are a \"much smaller matter.\" Critics such as The Calico Critic have also disagreed with the fusion of Greek mythology and modern American culture. They have stated that it is difficult to believe",
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians"
},
{
"id": "5211788",
"text": "for showing the designs of the new elaborately patterned silks that replaced the solid-colored satins popular in mid-century. The origins of the term \"mantua\" to mean a robe are unclear. The garment may have been named after Mantua, in Italy, a centre of production for some of the expensive silks that would have been used to make up such garments. The term may also derive from \"manteau\", the French term for a coat. From this garment arose the term \"mantua-maker\", an early term for a women's dressmaker. The earliest mantuas emerged in the late 17th century as a comfortable alternative",
"title": "Mantua (clothing)"
},
{
"id": "5301082",
"text": "Phaedra (film) Phaedra () is a 1962 American drama film directed by Jules Dassin as a vehicle for his partner (and future wife) Melina Mercouri, after her worldwide hit \"Never on Sunday\". The film was the fourth collaboration between Dassin and Mercouri, who took the title role. Greek writer Margarita Lymberaki adapted Euripides' \"Hippolytus\" into a melodrama concerning the rich society of ship owners and their families, but still containing some of the tragic elements of the ancient drama. The film is set in Paris, London, and the Greek island of Hydra. Phaedra, second wife of shipping tycoon Thanos (Raf",
"title": "Phaedra (film)"
},
{
"id": "7531011",
"text": "Management (Barcelona). Marios Lekkas Marios Lekkas () is a Greek male model. He was born in Athens, Greece on April 5, 1979, and started modeling when he was 23 years old. Most recently, Lekkas walked the runway for Frankie Morello, Gazzarini, Giorgio Armani and Versace during Milan Fashion week. Lekkas has been the face for at least three fragrance campaigns in the past six years of his career: Bvlgari, Max Factor and Ungaro Man. Lekkas is currently represented by at least 17 modelling agencies, including Fashion Model Management (Milan), MGM Models (Paris), DNA Models (New York City), Next Models (London),",
"title": "Marios Lekkas"
},
{
"id": "10989740",
"text": "as Senior Designer, the new Fendissime Line. There he experimented with prêt-à-porter . In 1995, Giambattista moved to Milan, where he had been appointed Senior Designer for Krizia womenswear by Krizia-Mariuccia Mandelli. Two years later, in 1997, he moved to Paris, the city he adored since his teenage years, and the opportunity to combine his prêt-à-porter and Haute couture sensibilities - when he met Emanuel Ungaro. He headed the design studio alongside the master until 2001, when the management appointed him Creative Director for the prêt-à-porter, the Ungaro Fever line, the accessories and licenses. A few years later, Giambattista launched",
"title": "Giambattista Valli"
},
{
"id": "3552795",
"text": "Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR) through a long battle over control of Gucci, the Italian fashion house, which began with an attempted takeover of Gucci by LVMH, the world's largest luxury goods company. In March 1999, Gucci asked PPR to acquire an ownership interest in Gucci to help fend off LVMH. The result was a struggle between the two richest men in France, both self-made billionaires — Pinault and Bernard Arnault, the Chairman of LVMH. The dispute ended in September 2001, when LVMH agreed to sell its shares in Gucci to PPR for $94 a share. As part of the agreement, PPR promised",
"title": "François Pinault"
},
{
"id": "871423",
"text": "Plutus Plutus (, \"Ploutos\", literally \"wealth\") is the Greek god of wealth. He is either the son of Demeter and Iasion, with whom she lay in a thrice-ploughed field; or the child of Plouton and Persephone. In the theology of the Eleusinian Mysteries he is regarded as the \"Divine Child.\" In the philosophized mythology of the later Classical period, Plutus is envisaged by Aristophanes as blinded by Zeus, so that he would be able to dispense his gifts without prejudice; he is also lame, as he takes his time arriving, and winged, so he leaves faster than he came. When",
"title": "Plutus"
},
{
"id": "249119",
"text": "association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries",
"title": "Lupus (constellation)"
},
{
"id": "19950260",
"text": "Frederikke Sofie Frederikke Sofie Falbe-Hansen, known as Frederikke Sofie, is a Danish fashion model. She has notably starred in campaigns for Céline, Chloé, Ralph Lauren, and H&M. Her beauty has been compared to the Greek goddess Aphrodite and she is known for her fashionable \"geeky\" eyeglasses. In 2016, she was a nominee for Models.com Model of the Year Award's Breakout Star of the Year and was runner-up for Street Style Star of the Year. Frederikke Sofie was scouted at a concert in Copenhagen, Denmark and became a model in order to travel the world and make money. Her first fashion",
"title": "Frederikke Sofie"
},
{
"id": "20458810",
"text": "Triton Showers Triton Showers is a British shower manufacturer based in Warwickshire and is the UK's leading electric shower manufacturer. It was incorporated on 6 May 1975 as Triton (Aquatherm) Limited. It became Triton plc on 2 July 1982. Under the Companies Act 1985, it re-registered as a public limited company in June 1986. The name \"Triton\" refers to the Greek god Triton, who was depicted as being half-human and half-fish, and carried a trident. Triton Showers received two awards, the \"Best of British\" and \"Best Bathroom Supplier\" trophies, at the Daily Express Home and Living Awards in 2017. It",
"title": "Triton Showers"
},
{
"id": "19435928",
"text": "4,000 items dating back to the 16th century and a BiArtis bag is among them. A BiArtis bag is also presented to buyers on a delivered BiArtis pad and with white BiArtis gloves. With each passing day, BiArtis brand is more and more recognized, both in fashion and business life circles. BiArtis BiArtis is the first brand in the world that made unique luxury handbags made in leather with originally sewn oil on canvas. The name BiArtis comes from a Greek-Latin word that means \"double art\". This bags are designed to be inherited as a permanent value, as it is",
"title": "BiArtis"
},
{
"id": "3786342",
"text": "a meaning relevant to the incident it represents. Trinity was the site of the first explosion, and is therefore represented by an alpha, which is the first character of the Greek alphabet. The bombing of Nagasaki was an act of war, and Mars is the Roman god of war. The test in Siberia (actually in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic) was an example of another superpower attempting to establish balance in the nuclear arms race, and the zodiacal sign of Libra is represented by the scales, making a reference to restoring the balance. The Eniwetok Atoll test took place in",
"title": "Trinity (video game)"
},
{
"id": "2344167",
"text": "Simpsons\", would be recognizable in silhouette. During the many stages of character design, Groening decided to give Leela a large nose just for fun, but the animators resisted the idea, believing that it was unnatural.. The animators ended up drawing Leela with a small nose based on Groening's original drawing of Leela, which he references as his \"idea of a sexy babe\". Animator Gregg Vanzo notes that the artists also had initial difficulties drawing facial expressions and moods for Leela because of her single eye. Leela's usual clothing consists of a low-cut white tank top, leggings and boots. Groening intended",
"title": "Leela (Futurama)"
},
{
"id": "6372827",
"text": "and transferred to Florence in 1572. Bacchus (Michelangelo) Bacchus (1496–1497) is a marble sculpture by the Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect and poet Michelangelo. The statue is somewhat over life-size and depicts Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, in a reeling pose suggestive of drunkenness. Commissioned by Raffaele Riario, a high-ranking Cardinal and collector of antique sculpture, it was rejected by him and was bought instead by Jacopo Galli, Riario’s banker and a friend to Michelangelo. Along with the \"Pietà\" the \"Bacchus\" is one of only two surviving sculptures from the artist's first period in Rome. Bacchus is depicted",
"title": "Bacchus (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"id": "5600839",
"text": "Muhammad Ali, or Shaquille O'Neal to Michael Jordan\". In 2013, \"Complex\" enlisted the 20 best characters from the series, ranking him the tenth best character. Astaroth (Soulcalibur) Introduced in \"Soulcalibur\", Astaroth is a golem created by a cult worshiping the Greek god of war Ares to locate a cursed sword named \"Soul Edge\". Though Astaroth has consistently pursued the sword, his character has changed as the series progresses, eventually transforming into a power hungering creature desiring to consume the sword. Regarded as an iconic character of the series, Astaroth has been noted as fitting a large character stereotype seen in",
"title": "Astaroth (Soulcalibur)"
},
{
"id": "2353457",
"text": "Stephen Dedalus Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce's literary alter ego, appearing as the protagonist and antihero of his first, semi-autobiographical novel of artistic existence \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\" and an important character in Joyce's \"Ulysses\". In \"Stephen Hero\", an early version of what became \"Portrait\", Stephen's surname is spelled \"Daedalus\" in more precise allusion to Daedalus, the architect in Greek myth who was contracted by King Minos to build the Labyrinth in which he would imprison his wife's son the Minotaur. Buck Mulligan makes reference to the mythological namesake in \"Ulysses\", telling Stephen, \"Your absurd",
"title": "Stephen Dedalus"
},
{
"id": "10498332",
"text": "simply put, they don't want any ancient and powerful threats returning to compete with them. Thomas has much the same overall appearance as Harry—both are tall, with long faces and strong jaws. However, Thomas' vampire heritage gives him a more ideal, beautiful appearance and gracefulness that humans can only dream of. He also has very pale skin, muscular body, and dark curling hair; Harry comments at one point that he looks like the \"long lost Greek god of body cologne\" and the \"high priest of Bowflex.\" A running joke through the series is that people are always assuming that Harry",
"title": "Thomas Raith"
},
{
"id": "1749182",
"text": "West claims that the voice of Fry is deliberately modeled on his own, so as to make it difficult for another person to replicate the voice. Doctor Zoidberg's voice was based on Lou Jacobi and George Jessel. The character of Zapp Brannigan was originally created and intended to be performed by Phil Hartman. Hartman insisted on auditioning for the role, and \"just nailed it\" according to Groening. Due to Hartman's death, West was given the role. West states that his version of Zapp Brannigan was an imitation of Hartman and also \"modeled after a couple of big dumb announcers I",
"title": "Futurama"
},
{
"id": "7512339",
"text": "Patrick Tatopoulos Patrick Tatopoulos is a Greek French production designer and director who lives and works in the United States. His designs have appeared in numerous motion pictures, including \"Pitch Black\", \"Underworld\", \"I, Robot\", \"The Chronicles of Riddick\", \"Independence Day\", \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\", \"Stargate\", \"Spawn\", \"Godzilla\", \"Stuart Little\", \"300\", \"I Am Legend\", \"Man of Steel\", \"\", \"Justice League\", \"10,000 BC\" and \"Live Free or Die Hard\". Tatopoulos was born and raised in Paris, France, to a French mother and an immigrant father from Macedonia, Greece. His parents had a clothing store in Paris. Patrick Tatopoulos raced motorcycles, worked in 2-D",
"title": "Patrick Tatopoulos"
},
{
"id": "17844213",
"text": "Tantalus (cabinet) A Tantalus is a small wooden cabinet containing two or three decanters. Its defining feature is that it has a lock and key. The aim of that is to stop unauthorised people drinking the contents (in particular, \"servants and younger sons getting at the whisky\"), while still allowing them to be on show. The name is a reference to the unsatisfied temptations of the Greek mythological character Tantalus. The original patent in 1881 (UK Patent 58948) was by George Betjemann, a cabinet maker from the Netherlands. Betjemann & Sons had workshops at 34–42 Pentonville Road, London from the",
"title": "Tantalus (cabinet)"
},
{
"id": "9198598",
"text": "Greek god Poseidon. Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film rights and released a in 2010. Following the success of \"Percy Jackson\", Riordan created The Kane Chronicles, which features a modern-day Egyptian pantheon and two new sibling protagonists, Sadie and Carter Kane. Riordan also created a sequel series to Percy Jackson, The Heroes of Olympus. Riordan also helped create the children's book series The 39 Clues; he authored several of its books, including \"The Maze of Bones\", which topped \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list on September 28, 2008. He also wrote the introduction to the Puffin Classics edition of",
"title": "Rick Riordan"
},
{
"id": "3672317",
"text": "has been a public company since 1986, listed at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. French luxury group Kering (formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR) holds 16%, Kering's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital. Since 1 July 2013, the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden (CEO). As of 2017, Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries. Following the split from his brother, Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as \"Ruda\", but later changed the name to \"Puma\". Puma's earliest logo consisted of a",
"title": "Puma (brand)"
},
{
"id": "6572554",
"text": "Miuccia Prada Miuccia Bianchi Prada (; born Maria Bianchi ; 10 May 1949) is an Italian billionaire fashion designer and businesswoman. She is the head designer of Prada and the founder of its subsidiary Miu Miu. The youngest granddaughter of Mario Prada, she took over the family-owned luxury goods manufacturer in 1978. Since then, the company has acquired Jil Sander, Helmut Lang and shoemaker Church & Co. In 2002, Prada opened her own contemporary art gallery. In March 2013, she was one of the fifty best-dressed over 50 by the \"Guardian.\" In 2014 she was listed as the 75th most",
"title": "Miuccia Prada"
},
{
"id": "7851859",
"text": "Caduceus Cellars Caduceus Cellars is a winery in Jerome, Arizona, United States. It is owned by Maynard James Keenan, who is best known as the vocalist for Grammy Award-winning progressive metal band Tool. He is descended from Northern Italian winemakers. While the winery is named after caduceus, an ancient symbol for commerce and staff of the Greek god Hermes, the vineyard is named Merkin Vineyards, after a pubic wig (merkin). Viticulture in Arizona began in the 16th century when missionary Spanish Jesuit priests began to plant grapevines and make wine for use in Christian religious ceremonies. Unlike most vineyards in",
"title": "Caduceus Cellars"
},
{
"id": "11741230",
"text": "\"Daedalus\" were obtained by astronomers Tom Gehrels, Petr Pravec and Brian Warner. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 8.572 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.85–1.04 magnitude, indicating a non-spheroidal shape (). This minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure Daedalus, the builder of King Minos labyrinth, who was subsequently imprisoned there with his son Icarus. They escaped on wings of feathers and wax, but whereas Icarus was drowned when the wax in his wings melted, Daedalus went on to Sicily and built there a temple to Apollo. There is also a lunar crater called",
"title": "1864 Daedalus"
},
{
"id": "15816541",
"text": "Behind her is Hermes, wearing winged sandals and a hat, followed by a nude servant, depicted slightly smaller, who is mixing wine in a \"dinos\". In front of the couch there is a low table with meat, bread and a \"kylix\". In the background, a vine frames the scene between the hero and the deities. Heracles' weapons are suspended above him, presumably hung on a wall. The red-figure side differs from the black-figure one in a few regards: The servant and the herald god Hermes are absent, as are the weapons. The scene is framed by vines, but they wind",
"title": "Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)"
},
{
"id": "5280980",
"text": "Hermès Hermès International S.A., or simply Hermès (; ) is a French high fashion luxury goods manufacturer established in 1837. It specializes in leather, lifestyle accessories, home furnishings, perfumery, jewellery, watches and ready-to-wear. Its logo, since the 1950s, is of a Duc carriage with horse. Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski is the current creative director. Thierry Hermès was born in Krefeld, Germany, to a French father and a German mother. The family moved to France in 1828. In 1837, Hermès first established a harness workshop in the Grands Boulevards quarter of Paris, dedicated to serving European noblemen. He created high-quality wrought harnesses and",
"title": "Hermès"
},
{
"id": "871053",
"text": "As a result of these two divine visitations Chione gave birth to twins. By Hermes she gave birth to Autolycus who grew into a notorious thief and charlatan. By Apollo she bore Philammon, a man famed both for his voice and skill with a lyre. The attentions of not one but two gods led Chione to boast that her beauty exceeded even that of Artemis. To avenge this personal slight, not to mention blasphemy, Artemis struck Chione down by shooting an arrow straight through her tongue. Her father, Daedalion, was overcome with grief despite his brother's best efforts to console",
"title": "Daedalion"
},
{
"id": "16506515",
"text": "following June 10, announced the choice of Hermes, messenger of the Gods in the Greek mythology as the effigy of the stamps. The stamps depict a profile of the Greek messenger god Hermes (Mercury) in a frame strongly resembling that used for contemporary stamps of France. The nine values of the stamps of the \"large Hermes head\" are printed during more than twenty years (from 1861 to 1882) from the same nine typographic plates and stayed in circulation for 25 years (from 1861 to 1886) before to be used again, overprinted, in 1900/1901. The first set was issued on October",
"title": "Hermes (Greek stamp)"
},
{
"id": "15283534",
"text": "Lea T Leandra Medeiros Cerezo, known professionally as Lea T (born 19 February 1981), is a Brazilian-born, Italian-raised transgender fashion model. She is the muse of Riccardo Tisci, creative director of French luxury brand Givenchy; her professional last name of \"T\" stands for Tisci. She is the face of American hair-care brand Redken. She is also a pop culture icon of transgender advocacy in the LGBT community. She has stated that discrimination against LGBT people is an ongoing issue, and that society has more to do before it is resolved. Assigned male at birth, T is the daughter of well-known",
"title": "Lea T"
},
{
"id": "3096882",
"text": "Hermes Conrad Hermes Conrad is a major character in the American animated series \"Futurama\". Hermes is Jamaican Rastafarian and grade 36 Bureaucrat, and proud of it. He works at Planet Express, handling stamping, filing, collating, and accounting. He is voiced by actor Phil LaMarr. Hermes is a workaholic bureaucrat and the accountant at the Planet Express from Jamaica with a heavy Jamaican accent, known for his 31st-century Jamaican exclamations - for instance, \"\"Sweet manatee of Galilee!\"\". He manages the Planet Express delivery business with responsibilities that include paying bills, giving out legal waivers, and notifying next of kin. Hermes is",
"title": "Hermes Conrad"
},
{
"id": "13541486",
"text": "1875, under Adolf Čech. Paris, son of Priam, arrives with a missive from the goddess Venus to the high priest Calchas, commanding him to procure for Paris the love of Helen, promised him by Venus when he awarded the prize of beauty to her and refused it to Juno and Minerva. Paris disguises himself as a shepherd and wins three prizes at a \"contest of wit\" (outrageously silly wordgames) with the Greek kings under the direction of Agamemnon, whereupon he reveals his identity. Helen, who was trying to settle after her youthful adventure and aware of Paris's backstory, decides that",
"title": "La belle Hélène"
},
{
"id": "7180542",
"text": "such as \"Paloma with an Orange\" and \"Paloma in Blue\". Paloma Picasso's jewelry career began in 1968, when she was a costume designer in Paris. Some rhinestone necklaces she had created from stones purchased at flea markets drew attention from critics. Encouraged by this early success, the designer pursued formal schooling in jewelry design. A year later, Ms. Picasso presented her first efforts to her friend, famed couturier Yves Saint Laurent, who immediately commissioned her to design accessories to accompany one of his collections. By 1971, she was working for the Greek jewelry company Zolotas. In 1980 Picasso began designing",
"title": "Paloma Picasso"
},
{
"id": "6494409",
"text": "For Scent-imental Reasons For Scent-imental Reasons is a Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" short released in 1949. It was directed by Chuck Jones, written by Michael Maltese, and featured the characters Pepé Le Pew and Penelope Pussycat (all voices were done by Mel Blanc). It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and was the first Chuck Jones directed cartoon to win this award. The owner of a perfume shop in Paris is horrified to find a skunk, Pepé Le Pew, testing the wares inside his store. A strong and powerful gendarme, also repelled by the odor, is of",
"title": "For Scent-imental Reasons"
},
{
"id": "17609486",
"text": "fragrance \"Body Kouros\" was released in 2000, and \"Kouros Fraicheur \"by Yves Saint Laurent, a woody chypre fragrance was launched in 1993 Kouros (perfume) Kouros is a perfume for men produced by Yves Saint Laurent. The perfume was introduced in 1981. It was created by perfumer Pierre Bourdon. The perfume was inspired by a trip to Greece Saint Laurent had taken. He was particularly impressed by the kouroi: \"(I had been fascinated by the blue of the sea, the sky, the intense freshness which emanated from this universe dedicated to beauty. At the same time, I saw the statues of",
"title": "Kouros (perfume)"
},
{
"id": "2633228",
"text": "based on references to a lesbian coven across the street from Planet Express in \"Future Stock\". In \"The Lesser of Two Evils,\" one of the Miss Universe pageant contestants is an energy being identified, with little fanfare, as \"Miss Heaven,\" suggesting that by the 31st century, Heaven is an accessible part of the universe rather than a divine afterlife attainable only after death. However, another possibility is that Miss Heaven is simply from a conventional planet that has been \"named\" \"Heaven.\" Also, Hermes Conrad, who is Jamaican, claims to be a rastafarian. The episode \"Godfellas\" explores several religious themes in",
"title": "Religion in Futurama"
},
{
"id": "18526664",
"text": "Cecile Reinaud Cecile Reinaud is the founder and head designer of Séraphine, an international maternity fashion label and store. Reinaud founded Séraphine in 2002 and the label received worldwide attention after Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge, was pictured wearing the designer maternity clothes on several occasions. Reinaud was born in Paris, France, where she lived until her family relocated to the United Kingdom for her father's career. Reinaud grew up with an interest in fashion as her grandparents taught her how to sew and owned a fabric company in France that supplied companies such as Chanel and Lanvin. Reinaud",
"title": "Cecile Reinaud"
},
{
"id": "3682727",
"text": "Clash of the Titans (1981 film) Clash of the Titans is a 1981 British-American heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Desmond Davis and written by Beverley Cross which retells the Greek mythological story of Perseus. It stars Harry Hamlin, Judi Bowker, Burgess Meredith, Maggie Smith and Laurence Olivier. The film features the final work of stop motion visual effects artist Ray Harryhausen. It was released on June 12, 1981 and grossed $41 million at the North American box office, which made it the 11th highest-grossing film of the year. A novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster was published",
"title": "Clash of the Titans (1981 film)"
},
{
"id": "4593899",
"text": "Rises\". Noël Coward's play \"Semi-Monde\" is perhaps the most notable work covering the hotel in detail, following the escapades of an extravagant, promiscuous fictional Paris elite between 1924 and 1926. In the Bret Easton Ellis novel \"Glamorama\", a group of supermodels turned terrorists plant a home-made bomb in the Ritz, resulting in its destruction. In \"The Da Vinci Code\", the protagonist, Robert Langdon, stays at the hotel while in Paris, as do Andrea Sachs and Miranda Priestly in Lauren Weisberger's \"The Devil Wears Prada\". The final chapter of Ian Fleming's James Bond novel \"From Russia, with Love\" is set at",
"title": "Hôtel Ritz Paris"
},
{
"id": "6433649",
"text": "Swiss artist Sonja Knapp and Elena Bruna Fassio, Emanuel Ungaro opened his own fashion house in Paris. Ungaro launched his first menswear collection, Ungaro Uomo, in 1973, and his first perfume, \"Diva\", 10 years later in 1983. Ungaro was a participant in The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show held on November 28, 1973. Later followed the perfumes \"Senso\" (1987), \"Ungaro\" (1991) and \"Emanuel Ungaro For Men\" (1991). In 1996, he formed a partnership with Salvatore Ferragamo. In 1997, Ungaro, Ferragamo and Bulgari created a new company: Emanuel Ungaro Parfums. The new perfumes to follow was \"Fleur de Diva\" (1997), \"Desnuda\"",
"title": "Emanuel Ungaro"
},
{
"id": "273881",
"text": "Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (, ; , , Etruscan: \"Θevrumineś\") is a mythical creature portrayed in Classical times with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, a being \"part man and part bull\". It dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus, on the command of King Minos of Crete. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus. The term Minotaur derives from the Ancient Greek , a compound",
"title": "Minotaur"
},
{
"id": "8653638",
"text": "Hades (DC Comics) Hades (also sometimes referred to as Pluto or Hell) is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as an adversary and sometimes-ally of the super hero Wonder Woman. Based upon the Greek mythological figure of the same name, he is the Greek god of the dead and ruler of the underworld. Hades first appeared under his Roman name Pluto in \"Wonder Woman\" #16, volume 1, published in the summer of 1946, written by Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston. He is presented here as the villainous King Pluto, kidnapping women from Earth,",
"title": "Hades (DC Comics)"
},
{
"id": "220050",
"text": "Originally called \"Victory\", but generally known simply as the \"World Cup\" or \"Coupe du Monde\", it was renamed in 1946 to honour the FIFA President Jules Rimet who in 1929 passed a vote to initiate the competition. It was designed by French sculptor Abel Lafleur and made of gold-plated sterling silver on a lapis lazuli base. In 1954 this base was replaced with a taller version to accommodate more winner's details. It stood 35 centimetres (14 in) high and weighed 3.8 kilograms (8.4 lb). It comprised a decagonal cup, supported by a winged figure representing Nike, the ancient Greek goddess",
"title": "FIFA World Cup Trophy"
},
{
"id": "13754267",
"text": "set the trends for fashion in Europe; it remains the second largest industry in France, and is heavily regulated and supported by the government \"for its economic and tourist value\". The city has produced many notable design houses, such as Chanel, Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Chloé, Givenchy, Lanvin, Céline, Hermès, and Louis Vuitton. Paris also remains a premier destination for shopping, with streets such as Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré and the Champs-Élysées hosting boutiques from designers around the world. The city is generally considered to be part of the \"big four\" global fashion capitals, alongside Milan, London and New York",
"title": "Culture of Paris"
},
{
"id": "9215449",
"text": "of the name Cailín, which means \"girl\" in Irish. Darius was a common name for kings in ancient Persia. Maresy Doats is named for the song \"Mairzy Doats.\" Colene was unaware of the proper spelling at the time she named her imaginary friend. Kublai is reminiscent of Kublai Khan, a Chinese emperor. Koren is possibly derived from the Greek word \"kore\", \"maiden.\" Prima may be a feminization of Primus, which means \"first\" in Latin. Tom is the name for a male cat and may also be a shortened form of \"tomcat\", a slang term indicating sexual promiscuity. Pussy is a",
"title": "Mode series"
},
{
"id": "11079926",
"text": "\"illa\" and \"mansana\" both provide a play on words. \"Illa de la discòrdia\" is a Catalan expression that matches the English expression \"bone of contention,\" but also literally means \"block of discord.\" Similarly, \"mansana de la discòrdia\" is a pun that means both \"block of discord\" and \"apple of discord,\" referring to the golden Apple of Discord in the Judgment of Paris, a Greek myth in which three goddesses participate in a competition to determine which of them is the fairest. Calling the area the \"Apple of Discord\" thus refers to the presence of the major Modernista architects all competing",
"title": "Illa de la Discòrdia"
},
{
"id": "17565594",
"text": "In February, she was commissioned by jewellers Ingle and Rhode to design the first ever fairtrade, fairmined gold necklace. Zanditon was also chosen to be one of fifteen high-profile designers to be a part of the Fairtrade Collective that year, for which she designed a scarf made entirely of fairtrade cotton. Since 2011, most of Zanditon’s collections have been displayed through film as well as the classic catwalk and showcase. This new tradition started with the film for Zandition’s Spring/Summer ‘ 12 collection, “Poseisus,” named for Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, and his “son” Pegasus, the mythical winged",
"title": "Ada Zanditon"
},
{
"id": "2121341",
"text": "Comète. The first Facel Vega model, designed by Daninos himself, debuted in 1954, equipped with a Chrysler engine. Daninos counted among his clients celebrities including (Tony Curtis, Ava Gardner) and racing drivers (Stirling Moss, Maurice Trintignant). Several sports car models followed until the company's demise in the mid-1960s. During ten years of production, FACEL had manufactured 3,000 automobiles. Daninos died in Cannes at age 94 from cancer. He was buried with his relatives in Jouy-en-Josas. Jean Daninos Jean Daninos (2 December 1906 – 13 October 2001) was a Greek-French constructor of luxury cars Facel Vega, born in Paris. The brother",
"title": "Jean Daninos"
},
{
"id": "15527304",
"text": "documents were produced by the project. At the end of project review on March 12, 2015 it was estimated that $50 million had been saved by the lean development methods, minimising documentation, 'Beg and Borrowing' items and buying parts from home depot shops. Project Morpheus started in July 2010 and was named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. The Morpheus spacecraft was derived from the experimental lander produced by Project M with the assistance of Armadillo Aerospace. Project M (NASA) was a NASA initiative to design, develop and land a humanoid robot on the lunar surface in 1000 days.",
"title": "Project Morpheus"
},
{
"id": "2048035",
"text": "of Charlemagne\", and Charlemagne's personal sword, \"Joyeuse\", served as a coronation sword for French kings from the 11th century onwards. The cult of Charlemagne was further embellished by the French renaissance author Jean Lemaire de Belges, who postulated that the emperor was part of an illustrious \"translatio imperii\" originating with King Priam of Troy during the Trojan Wars, and thus by extension Zeus, the \"Father of Gods and men\" in Greek Mythology. Today, much of the pan-European, symbolic value of Charlemagne is attributed to the fact that he is considered an embodiment of the Franco-German friendship which was absent during",
"title": "Symbols of Europe"
},
{
"id": "4533307",
"text": "suspension from the ceiling of a fully decorated, upside-down Christmas tree during the holiday season also garnered attention. A bar in Khalandrion, Greece, is named after the king Alobar. You can find there amazing signature cocktails and gin&tonics by the names of the book's characters like Kudra or Priscilla. A book store located at 709 West Smith Street in Orlando, Florida from 1991 to 1995 was named Alobar Books, after the main character in the book. Project Bandaloop, a multi-dimensional dance company founded in 1991 by Amelia Rudolph, was named after the Bandaloop from \"Jitterbug Perfume\". A hostel in Kathmandu",
"title": "Jitterbug Perfume"
},
{
"id": "5498665",
"text": "a stock character from Commedia dell'arte). \"The Pope\", often depicted holding an orb or a covered communion chalice, is replaced by \"Bacus\" (Bacchus, the Greek god of wine) holding a wine cup or bottle and a fruited vine cane or bunch of grapes while astride a beer barrel or wine cask; this was copied from the Deuce of Acorns found in some German-suited patterns. \"The Hanged Man\" is shown still pendant but right-side up. \"Temperance\" bears the motto \"FAMA SOL\" (Latin > \"The Rumored or Omened Day\") in a scroll, probably counseling patience until the day of their deliverance from",
"title": "Tarot of Marseilles"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Versace context: Versace Gianni Versace S.p.A. () usually referred to simply as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The main collection of the brand is Versace, which produces upmarket Italian-made ready-to-wear and leather accessories, while other diffusion lines are Versace Collection (mainly in the US), Versus Versace and Versace Jeans. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure. The logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall\n\nWhat can be a Greek god, a Paris-based, high-fashion luxury-goods manufacturer, and a Futurama character?",
"compressed_tokens": 208,
"origin_tokens": 208,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hermes Conrad context: Hermes Conrad Hermes Conrad is a major character in the American animated series \"Futurama\". Hermes is Jamaican Rastafarian and grade 36 Bureaucrat, and proud of it. He works at Planet Express, handling stamping, filing, collating, and accounting. He is voiced by actor Phil LaMarr. Hermes is a workaholic bureaucrat and the accountant at the Planet Express from Jamaica with a heavy Jamaican accent, known for his 31st-century Jamaican exclamations - for instance, \"\"Sweet manatee of Galilee!\"\". He manages the Planet Express delivery business with responsibilities that include paying bills, giving out legal waivers, and notifying next of kin. Hermes is\n\ntitle:690 Hermes context (1onis,36 numbered17. On October 15, 203, Brian A. Skiff of theONEOS project an asteroid observation that when the orbit in time ( Tim B. Spahr Steven Ches and Paul Chodas), turned out be a rediscovery Hermes. It been sequential number 69230 This minor planet was after the Greek god Herm, who is the messenger of the gods and son of Ze and Maalso seeovered numbered in autumn 2003,Hermes originally named by Astronomical early as\n: Hermè: Herm Hermès International S..,ès ( ) French fashion goods manufact established in 1837. It specializes inatherifestyle access, homeish, perf, jewery, watch-to-wear Its thes, is a carriage with.ège is creative director.ès borneld, Germany, a father German mother family moved to France in 88 In 7ès first established harness workshop in Grands Boulevards quarter of, dedicated to European noblemen He-quality wr hares and\n:es: includingbaras goatry tooicy and acidic for consumption by others. Actor Phil LaMarr states that Hermes did not originally have a Jamaican accent and was more uptight, but was asked by series creator Matt Groening to do so for his character. This resulted in making the character more workable, according to Groening. Hermes Conrad Hermes Conrad is a major character in the American animated series \"Futurama\". Hermes is Jamaican Rastafarian and grade 36 Bureaucrat, and proud of it. He works at Planet Express, handling stamping, filing, collating, and accounting. He is voiced by\n\nWhat can be a Greek god, a Paris-based, high-fashion luxury-goods manufacturer, and a Futurama character?",
"compressed_tokens": 566,
"origin_tokens": 15249,
"ratio": "26.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,720 | What flour brand has sponsored an annual/semi-annual bake-off since 1949, the winner of which nets a cool $1million? | [
"Pillsbury",
"Pillsbury (disambiguation)"
] | Pillsbury | [
{
"id": "9392462",
"text": "Pillsbury Bake-Off The Pillsbury Bake-Off is a cooking contest, first run by the Pillsbury Company from 1949–1976, 2013 to 2014, and since 2017 as an annual contest. From 1978 to 2012, the contest was held biennially. There was no contest in 2015 to 2016. The first contest was held in 1949 as the Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest and hosted in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The grand prize was originally $25,000. From 1996 to 2014, the grand prize was $1,000,000. Since 2017, the grand prize is $50,000 plus a kitchen makeover from GE Appliances. The only required ingredient in the",
"title": "Pillsbury Bake-Off"
},
{
"id": "9392465",
"text": "Dip-Stuffed Garlic Rolls Watkins™ Vanilla Award: won by Antoinette Leal of Ridgefield, Connecticut – Very Vanilla Lemon Tarts Reynolds® Baking Magic Award: won by Elizabeth Bennett of Seattle, Washington – Chocolate-Peanut Butter-Filled Pretzels Pillsbury Bake-Off The Pillsbury Bake-Off is a cooking contest, first run by the Pillsbury Company from 1949–1976, 2013 to 2014, and since 2017 as an annual contest. From 1978 to 2012, the contest was held biennially. There was no contest in 2015 to 2016. The first contest was held in 1949 as the Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest and hosted in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The grand",
"title": "Pillsbury Bake-Off"
},
{
"id": "9392463",
"text": "early contests was Pillsbury's BEST Flour. There was no contest in 1965 because the contest was moved from October to February. Occasionally, there has been a male category winner (1978, 1990, 1992, and 2002). The only male champion was Kurt Wait of Redwood City, California, who won in 1996; that year, 14 of the 100 finalists were men. The contest had reverted to an annual contest in 2013 and 2014, after the previous 18 contests were held on the even-numbered years. In 2014, the contest added eight additional \"Sponsor Awards\" for a prize of $5,000 each. Categories and winners included:",
"title": "Pillsbury Bake-Off"
},
{
"id": "3610676",
"text": "Martha White Martha White is a U.S. brand of flour, cornmeal, cornbread mixes, cake mixes, muffin mixes, and similar products. The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of Nashville, Tennessee-based Royal Flour Mills in 1899. At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey. The Martha White brand is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the Grand Ole Opry, a radio program featuring country music. The relationship began in 1948, and has existed continuously since then, making it one of the longest continually running",
"title": "Martha White"
},
{
"id": "3477726",
"text": "Flour Mills Company, Limited which subsequently was incorporated in 1935 as Pillsbury Flour Mills Company. In 1949, the company introduced a national baking competition, which would come to be known as the Pillsbury Bake-Off; it was nationally broadcast on CBS for many years. Only seven products used the Pillsbury name in 1950, but the company began adding to its product line. The early 1950s brought the acquisition of Ballard & Ballard Company and the beginning of packaged biscuit dough, which would become one of the company's most important and profitable product lines in later decades. The company began advertising heavily",
"title": "Pillsbury Company"
},
{
"id": "17159605",
"text": "the show were short videos on the background of the contestants, as well as information on the history of baking and visiting various locations. The entire season series was shot over a one-month period. The winner of the competition received a $250,000 grand prize and a publishing contract with Simon & Schuster. On October 17, 2012, CBS ordered the series under the original title \"Bake-Off\". Since Pillsbury Company held the trademark to the name (using it for its Pillsbury Bake-Off), the show was later renamed \"The American Baking Competition\". CBS placed casting calls for participants on November 14, 2012. Auditions",
"title": "The American Baking Competition"
},
{
"id": "9062145",
"text": "accumulate a larger total). Since the genre began, many shows have offered prizes of large sums of money to contestants; Teddy Nadler set the original monetary winnings record of $264,000 during his appearance on \"The $64,000 Challenge\" in 1957. Nadler was not surpassed until 1980, when Thom McKee won $312,700 on \"Tic-Tac-Dough\". In 1999, John Carpenter won $1,000,000 on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\", becoming the first person to win a seven-figure prize on an American game show. Since then, many players have gone on to win that amount and even surpassed it. As of 2015, Brad Rutter is",
"title": "American game show winnings records"
},
{
"id": "4398069",
"text": "received a boost when it was mentioned in the \"New Good Housekeeping Cookbook\" in 1963, but did not gain real popularity until 1966, when a Bundt cake called the \"Tunnel of Fudge\", baked by Ella Helfrich, took second place at the annual Pillsbury Bake-Off and won its baker $5,000. The resulting publicity resulted in more than 200,000 requests to Pillsbury for Bundt pans and soon led to the Bundt pan surpassing the tin Jell-O mold as the most-sold pan in the United States. In the 1970s Pillsbury licensed the name Bundt from Nordic Ware and for a while sold a",
"title": "Bundt cake"
},
{
"id": "18828085",
"text": "flour, product mixing and box manufacturing. Martha White is an American brand under which several baking mixes are purveyed. The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of Nashville, Tennessee-based Royal Flour Mills in 1899. At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey. The Martha White brand is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the Grand Ole Opry, a radio program featuring country music. Auntie Anne's is an American chain of pretzel bakeries that also produces a pretzel baking mix. The chain started as",
"title": "Baking mix"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "20575942",
"text": "is said to hold approximately 600 ounces of liquids, or 37 cans of Monster Energy. The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers' Championship is awarded by the Chairman of NASCAR to the most successful Cup Series driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on race results and victories. First awarded in 1949 to Red Byron, 32 different drivers have won the Championship. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Herb Thomas in 1951 and 1953, while the record for the most Championships, seven, is shared by Richard Petty, Dale Earnhardt and Jimmie Johnson. Johnson has",
"title": "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series"
},
{
"id": "9267275",
"text": "first to put baseball cards in bubble gum. Bowman Gum of Philadelphia issued its first baseball cards in 1948 and became the biggest issuer of baseball cards from 1948 to 1952. The most famous use of prizes in the United States (and the word \"prize\" in this context) is Cracker Jack brand popcorn confection. Prizes have been inserted into every package of Cracker Jack continuously since 1912. W.K. Kellogg was the first to introduce prizes in boxes of cereal. The marketing strategy that he established has produced thousands of different cereal box prizes that have been distributed by the tens",
"title": "Loyalty marketing"
},
{
"id": "2214985",
"text": "Williamson and Lockwood played live in the studio and were the key musicians in the original studio band, the 'King Biscuit Entertainers.' Other musicians who joined the original band were Pinetop Perkins on piano and James Peck Curtis on drums. Williamson left the program in 1947, but returned for a stint in 1965 just prior to his death. The 30-minute-long live radio program is broadcast at 12:15 pm every weekday and was named after the local brand of flour, King Biscuit Flour, distributed by the Interstate Grocer Company. The distributor financed the show at the behest of Williamson in exchange",
"title": "King Biscuit Time"
},
{
"id": "2351768",
"text": "plates, a bake dish, mini burgers, a flat griddle, and a muffin pan. The worldwide popularity of the George Foreman grill has resulted in sales of over 100 million units since it was first launched, a feat that was achieved in a little over 15 years. Although Foreman has never confirmed exactly how much he has earned from the endorsement, Salton Inc paid him $138 million in 1999 in order to buy out the right to use his name. Previous to that he was being paid about 40% of the profits on each grill sold (earning him $4.5 million a",
"title": "George Foreman Grill"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "8763428",
"text": "Barry & Enright created their first game show, \"Back That Fact\" hosted by Borscht Belt comedian and syndicated columnist Joey Adams. In 1956 Barry & Enright created the game shows \"Twenty-One\" (which was created in response to the highly successful \"$64,000 Question\"), and \"Tic-Tac-Dough\". The company, along with Robert Noah, also created and produced the original version of \"Concentration\". Two years later \"Twenty-One\" was cancelled as part of the quiz show scandals, when it was revealed that the producers pre-arranged outcomes. The scandal led to Congressional legislation against the rigging of game shows (and every form of competition show). In",
"title": "Barry & Enright Productions"
},
{
"id": "1375353",
"text": "former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie. First played in 1934, the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club. The tournament has a number of traditions. Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored",
"title": "Masters Tournament"
},
{
"id": "6371885",
"text": "Greggs Greggs plc () is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom. It specialises in savoury products such as bakes, sausage rolls and sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. It is headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. The first Greggs was opened in 1951. Growing regionally from its North East base, Greggs began to acquire other regional bakery chains across the rest of the country from the 1970s onwards. By the 1990s, it was the largest bakery chain in the",
"title": "Greggs"
},
{
"id": "10059085",
"text": "Hulman & Company Hulman & Company is an American private, family-owned, company founded in 1850 by Francis T. Hulman as a wholesale foods supplier of groceries, tobacco, and liquor, headquartered in Terre Haute, Indiana. Throughout the early half of the 20th century, Hulman & Co. became nationally known for its Clabber Girl baking powder which it began producing in 1899. In 1945, the company purchased the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, in what many thought was an unusual investment for a company with a rich history in the food and beverage industry. The company also owns a television production company, Wabash Valley",
"title": "Hulman & Company"
},
{
"id": "14943385",
"text": "The Great British Bake Off The Great British Bake Off (also called Bake Off or GBBO) is a British television baking competition, produced by Love Productions, in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills, with a contestant being eliminated in each round, with the winner being selected from the contestants who reach the finals. The show's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010, with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two, until its growing popularity led the BBC to",
"title": "The Great British Bake Off"
},
{
"id": "15547578",
"text": "of bread on Easter Sunday, and continue to be made and eaten for the weeks following. Creating the flaounes can often be a family tradition shared with multiple generations. The Guinness World Records holds a record for the largest flaouna ever made. It was set on 11 April 2012 by the company Carrefour in Limassol. The pastry measured long and wide, weighing . As part of the celebrations, 20 percent of sales of flaounes in Carrefour stores on the day in Cyprus, went to charity. Flaounes were featured as a technical challenge in \"The Great British Bake Off\" pastry week",
"title": "Flaouna"
},
{
"id": "51072",
"text": "investment company Man Group, which opted to retain \"Booker\" as part of the official title of the prize. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the entire profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd, of which it is the sole shareholder. The prize money awarded with the Booker Prize was originally £21,000, and was subsequently raised to £50,000 in 2002 under the sponsorship of the Man Group, making it one of the world's richest literary prizes. In 1970, Bernice Rubens became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, for \"The Elected Member\". The rules of the Booker changed",
"title": "Booker Prize"
},
{
"id": "9685659",
"text": "television, and happily for the promoters, ended in incredible fashion, with Lew Worsham holing a wedge shot from the fairway for eagle and victory. From 1946 to 1948, the event was a 36-hole, winner-take-all exhibition event, with fields of four, eight, and twelve golfers, respectively. The winner took home prizes of $10,000, $5,000, and $10,000, respectively, and the losers were given generous travel expenses. Beginning in 1949, however, the event grew to a full-fledged 72-hole championship with a large invited field, became part of the main tour, and with its huge prize fund, became undoubtedly one of the most important",
"title": "World Championship of Golf"
},
{
"id": "11932927",
"text": "Sorvetes” (Bob’s Ice Cream), sells frozen desserts such as ice cream, milkshakes, and pies. It was rebranded to the current name in 2009 due to increased popularity of its milkshakes (principally the Ovomaltine's) compared to ice cream. Bexpress by Bob’s offers half-finished and ready sandwiches to be heated in the oven, which can be eaten in or carried out. Bob's Bob’s (, , ) is the first Brazilian fast food chain, founded in 1952 by the American Brazilian tennis champion Robert Falkenburg, Wimbledon tournament winner in 1948. The first store was opened in the Copacabana neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro.",
"title": "Bob's"
},
{
"id": "12903915",
"text": "Final. The winner is decided each year by those members of the Rugby League Writers' Association present at the match. The Trophy was first presented in 1946 to William \"Billy\" Stott of Wakefield Trinity. The Challenge Cup has been sponsored since 1980, with the sponsor being able to determine the cup's sponsorship name. There have been six sponsors and Ladbrokes is the latest one. In total, 26 different clubs have won the Challenge Cup and 30 different teams have appeared in the final. Wigan Warriors hold the record for most wins with 19 and have appeared in 30 finals. In",
"title": "Challenge Cup"
},
{
"id": "5957016",
"text": "Northumberland Plate originally took place on a Wednesday, and for many years the meeting was a holiday for local mine workers. The race became popularly known as the \"Pitmen's Derby\". The meeting ceased to be a holiday in 1949, and the race was switched to a Saturday in 1952. The Northumberland Plate is now one of the richest two-mile handicaps in the world. It was sponsored by John Smith's from 2003 to 2016 and by Stobart Rail Limited since 2017. Since 2016, it has been run on an artificial all-weather surface, Tapeta, having previously been run on turf. Most successful",
"title": "Northumberland Plate"
},
{
"id": "1771560",
"text": "\"Tic-Tac-Dough.\" Enright, who produced both \"Tic-Tac-Dough\" and \"Twenty-One\", saw Van Doren's tryout and was familiar with his prestigious family background that included multiple Pulitzer Prize-winning authors and highly respected professors at Columbia University. As a result, Enright felt that Van Doren would be the perfect contestant to be the new face of \"Twenty-One\". As part of their plan, the producers of \"Twenty-One\" arranged the first Van Doren-Stempel face-off to end in three ties. As prize money per-point in the margin of victory increased by $500 after each tie game, the next game would offer $2,000 for every point the winner",
"title": "1950s quiz show scandals"
},
{
"id": "7423292",
"text": "works, such as Dennis Wheatley and the 64% stake in Agatha Christie's works not controlled by her family. In June 1998, Agatha Christie's stakeholding was sold to Chorion for £10million, who themselves sold it on in 2012 to Acorn Media UK. The division also co founded and sponsored the prestigious Booker-McConnell Prize for literature in 1968, now known as Man Booker Prize, the Booker Prize, or simply, \"the Booker\". This was transferred to the independent Booker Prize Foundation in 2002, and became sponsored by the Man Group plc, who opted to retain the well known \"Booker\" name. Chairmen of the",
"title": "Booker Group"
},
{
"id": "5653692",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods is an American food company, operating as a subsidiary of Old Dutch Foods, that packages and sells snack foods. The company is named after the nursery rhyme character and features the character as the company logo. Humpty Dumpty Potato Chip Company, Inc. was founded in 1947 in Scarborough, Maine, USA by George Robinson and Norman Cole, producing ketchup-flavoured and sour-cream-and-clam-flavoured chips, among others. The company was acquired by Borden, Inc. in February 1989. In January 2000, it was then sold to the Canadian firm Small Fry, formally adopting the name Humpty Dumpty",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods"
},
{
"id": "9160961",
"text": "BRDC International Trophy The International Trophy is a prize awarded annually by the British Racing Drivers' Club to the winner of a motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, England. For many years it formed the premier non-championship Formula One event in Britain, alongside the Race of Champions at Brands Hatch. The event was instituted by the British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC) in August 1949, sponsored by the Daily Express newspaper, for cars meeting contemporary Grand Prix motor racing regulations. The BRDC drew the name from that of an extinct event formerly held at the Brooklands circuit in the early",
"title": "BRDC International Trophy"
},
{
"id": "7454026",
"text": "1952 and 1953 the race was restricted to colts and geldings. Since inception, it has been run at various distances: Louis B. Mayer's U.S. Racing Hall of Fame filly, Busher, won this race against males in 1945. The filly, Hubble Bubble, won in 1947. In 2009 Evita Argentina became the third filly to win this race in 68 runnings. Speed record: Most wins by a jockey: Most wins by a trainer: Most wins by an owner: San Vicente Stakes The San Vicente Stakes is an American thoroughbred horse race run annually at Santa Anita Park. A Grade II event, the",
"title": "San Vicente Stakes"
},
{
"id": "3956740",
"text": "and, inspired by Amos' story of his early business success with Famous Amos and his spirit, contacted Amos with the idea for starting a new business. In 1994, the two became partners and subsequently launched \"Uncle Noname Gourmet Muffins\". The company focused on fat-free, nutritious muffins at that time. Uncle Noname became Uncle Wally's Muffin Company in 1999. The muffins are sold in more than 3,500 stores nationwide. In 2012, Amos appeared in the February 16 episode of \"The Office\", entitled \"Tallahassee\", as himself. In 2014, an article in Fortune Magazine lauded \"The cookie comeback of \"Famous\" Wally Amos\" as",
"title": "Wally Amos"
},
{
"id": "3077564",
"text": "locally at Hammonds End farm, Harpenden. This ensures that all Redbournbury products have very low food miles, as Hammonds End is less than 2 miles away from the mill. Since 2013 Redbournbury Mill has appeared on a variety of television shows. Celebrity baker Paul Hollywood visited the mill in 2013 as part of his BBC Two series \"Paul Hollywood's Bread\", whilst his \"Great British Bake Off\" co-host Mary Berry also visited the mill in 2016 as part of her \"Easter Feast\" programme to learn more about the Alban bun, an alleged forerunner to the Hot cross bun. Chef Jay Rayner",
"title": "Redbournbury Mill"
},
{
"id": "13055408",
"text": "been nominated for the honor, edging stablemate Hoot Mon who finished in second in the balloting. Victory Song had set the harness racing record for stallions with a time of 1:57.6 in the mile. E. Roland Harriman, president of the Trotting Horse Club of America, announced the award and indicated that the enthusiasm shown for the honor led to the decision to make the \"Harness Horse of the Year\" an annual event. Good Time became the first horse to win the honor two times, winning in both 1949 and 1952. Good Time held the single-season money record at the time",
"title": "American Harness Horse of the Year"
},
{
"id": "8886030",
"text": "winners included Salmon Spray and Saucy Kit – both subsequent winners of the Champion Hurdle. The race was abandoned in 1967 and 1968, and it returned in the guise of the Christmas Hurdle in 1969. Four winners of the race in its present format have gone on to victory in the Champion Hurdle. The first was Lanzarote, the winner of the latter event in 1974, and the others are Dawn Run (1983–84), Kribensis (1989–90) and Faugheen (2014–15). During 2006–2010 this race was part of a WBX bonus scheme which offered a prize of £1,000,000 to any horse which completed the",
"title": "Christmas Hurdle"
},
{
"id": "10538038",
"text": "States, and possibly in the world. Prior to Nordic Ware, the grain elevator carried the sign for 'Lumber Stores Inc' until Nordic Ware purchased the land as it expanded and invested $40,000 in a restoration project of it. Nordic Ware Nordic Ware (also known as Northland Aluminum Products, Inc.) is a company based in the Minneapolis suburb of St. Louis Park, Minnesota, United States, notable for introducing the Bundt cake pan in the early 1950s. It was founded in 1946 by Henry David Dalquist (May 25, 1918 – January 2, 2005), who trademarked the name Bundt in 1950, his wife",
"title": "Nordic Ware"
},
{
"id": "10332515",
"text": "had around 350 employees, and in 2015 employs about 300 workers and produces 1.6 million boxes of its products each day. Its corn muffin mix accounts for 91 percent of the company's retail sales, and the company's retail market in October 2013 was $550 million. Chelsea Milling Company is a family-operated company with roots in the flour milling business dating back to the early 1800s. Originally a commercial operation that sold only to other businesses, its first baking mix designed for sale to consumers was created in the spring of 1930 by then-owner Mabel White Holmes. At the time, it",
"title": "Jiffy mix"
},
{
"id": "5382220",
"text": "FWA Footballer of the Year The Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year (often called the FWA Footballer of the Year, or in England simply the Footballer of the Year) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the season in English football. The award has been presented since the 1947–48 season, when the inaugural winner was Blackpool winger Stanley Matthews. The latest winner of the award as of 2017–18 is Mohamed Salah of Liverpool. Eight players have won the award on more than one occasion, the most recent being Cristiano",
"title": "FWA Footballer of the Year"
},
{
"id": "16897153",
"text": "Shergar Cup The Shergar Cup is an annual horse racing event held at Ascot Racecourse, usually during early August. The race is named in honour of Shergar, the horse that won the 1981 Derby, and was originally sponsored by Shergar's owner, the Aga Khan. The event is currently sponsored by Dubai Duty Free. The event was first held in 1999 at Goodwood Racecourse, but has been held at Ascot since 2000 (except in 2005, when Ascot was closed so the grandstand could be redeveloped). Unusually, for a horse racing event, it is a team competition, with jockeys invited to join",
"title": "Shergar Cup"
},
{
"id": "10952139",
"text": "a flour and water mixture. Acme sells bread (including baguettes and batards, rolls, pastries (chocolate and plain croissants), and croutons. The primary products are made in either sourdough or \"sweet\" white bread, but other dough styles are offered such as multi-grain and \"walnut levain\". Loaves are sold only whole and not sliced. After two years of study and planning the company switched to organic wheat flour in 1999. Acme operates four bakeries. It opened a wholesale-only bakery in Berkeley in 1989, a bakery in Mountain View in 1996, and a bakery and retail outlet in San Francisco as part of",
"title": "Acme Bread Company"
},
{
"id": "2084561",
"text": "suppliers. Testing covers reliability, performance, safety, energy efficiency and value-for-money, as relevant in different cases. Top-rated products are awarded the \"Which?\" 'Best Buy' status logo, an accreditation recognised by industry and consumers. \"Which?\" first used the phrase in its second magazine edition in 1958, to describe Boots 365 talcum powder. Conversely, the worst-performing products are labelled 'Don't Buys'. \"Which?\" awards The Which? Awards is an annual event to 'celebrate the UK's best products and services, from cars and restaurants to supermarkets and financial services'. Award winners are selected by Which? staff, based on test findings and feedback from Which? members",
"title": "Which?"
},
{
"id": "1323557",
"text": "in 1999, for the right to use his name. Prior to that, he was paid about 40% of the profits on each grill sold (earning him $4.5 million a month in payouts at its peak), so it is estimated he has made a total of over $200 million from the endorsement, substantially more than he earned as a boxer. Recently, Foreman has capitalized on the success obtained with the Foreman Grill to endorse InventHelp; the company behind INPEX (Invention and New Product Exposition); America's largest invention trade show. George Foreman George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American",
"title": "George Foreman"
},
{
"id": "9228802",
"text": "of major. He left the army in 1947. Returning to civilian life, Colehan moved into working for the BBC. He first came to prominence in 1948 as the producer responsible for the radio quiz programme \"Have A Go\", hosted by Wilfred Pickles. The programme was recorded on location at community centres and town halls across the UK. Colehan would personally hand the prize money to the winning contestant, in response to the audience cry of \"Give him (or her) the money, Barney!\" As a light entertainment producer Colehan produced the first programme when television arrived in the North of England",
"title": "Barney Colehan"
},
{
"id": "1432093",
"text": "General Mills General Mills, Inc., is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer foods sold through retail stores. It is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. The company markets many well-known North American brands, including Gold Medal flour, Annie's Homegrown, Betty Crocker, Yoplait, Colombo, Totino's, Pillsbury, Old El Paso, Häagen-Dazs, Cheerios, Trix, Cocoa Puffs, and Lucky Charms. Its brand portfolio includes more than 89 other leading U.S. brands and numerous category leaders around the world. The company can trace its history to the Minneapolis Milling Company, incorporated in 1856. The company was founded by Illinois",
"title": "General Mills"
},
{
"id": "4009977",
"text": "well as being financially most successful. In October 2009, Haymarket broke the world record for biggest profit made in any week, throughout TGI Fridays' history, and has also been home to several past winners from the bartenders Olympics, a contest started by Dan Scoggin. On May 20, 2014, TGI Fridays was resold to Sentinel Capital Partners and TriArtisan Capital Partners. TGI Fridays is a franchising operation, with franchisees owning most of the outlets. The largest franchisee is The Briad Group in New Jersey. An international franchisee was Whitbread PLC, the owner of T.G.I. Fridays UK. Up until 2007, it had",
"title": "TGI Fridays"
},
{
"id": "18900199",
"text": "Best of the Best PLC Best of the Best PLC (BOTB) is a Dream Car and Lifestyle Competition company that has been operating in major UK airports since 1999. The company gives a Dream Car away every week, and to date has handed the keys over to more than £25m worth of prizes. In 2018, BOTB also launched a separate weekly lifestyle competition giving away cash, luxury watches and motorbikes. Customers buy tickets for the prize they want to win and play Spot the ball. The person closest to where an independent panel of judges deem the centre of the",
"title": "Best of the Best PLC"
},
{
"id": "12927028",
"text": "the late 1880s. Chris L. Rutt was working at the Gazette when he invented and trademarked Aunt Jemima ready-mix pancake mix. Unable to make it profitable he sold the trademark and recipe to the Davis Milling Company which turned it into a national phenomenon. In 1896, it was operated by Charles F. Cochran. In 1924, Clyde Robert Bulla would be among 100 third-place winners in a contest on the theme \"A Grain of Wheat.\" Charles M. Palmer, who had bought and consolidated the \"St. Joseph News-Press\", bought the \"Gazette\". In 1939, Palmer brought in Henry D. Bradley as publisher for",
"title": "St. Joseph Gazette"
},
{
"id": "16590462",
"text": "been called \"the New England Patriots of barbecuing\". He has twice been named the Grand Champion of the Jack Daniel's World Championship BBQ Invitational in Lynchburg, Tennessee, in 2000 and 2003. It was the first occasion any competitor had won the competition more than once. The event is considered to be the most prestigious championship in competitive BBQ. He appeared in the first two series of TLC reality television show \"BBQ Pitmasters\". He was one of four chefs who travelled to Kuwait to feed the US troops stationed there, cooking over a hundred briskets at each station. In 2012 he",
"title": "Johnny Trigg"
},
{
"id": "4402724",
"text": "Roberts through her family. Her bakery had previously supplied British supermarket chain Safeway with Bara Brith, before it was bought out by Morrisons. Beca Lyne-Pirkis baked a bara brith for one her entries during the fourth season of the BBC television series \"The Great British Bake Off\" in 2013. Although she based it on her grandmother's recipe, she found it difficult to complete within the three hours allocated for that round. But, it won praise from judges Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry. The bread is made by mixing flour (either white or self raising), yeast (if not using self-raising flour),",
"title": "Bara brith"
},
{
"id": "5296286",
"text": "sport, Atkinson was contract rider for the wealthy New York City Whitney family's Greentree Stable. In 1944, he was North America's leading jockey in both number of wins and money earned. He repeated the feat in 1946, when he became the first rider to achieve purse earnings of more the $1 million in a single season. Riding Greentree's colt Capot, Atkinson just missed winning the U.S. triple Crown in 1949 when he finished second in the Kentucky Derby then won both the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes. Capot shared Horse of the Year honors with Coaltown, after beating the older",
"title": "Ted Atkinson"
},
{
"id": "3294705",
"text": "Keebler Company The Keebler Company is the second largest cookie and cracker manufacturer in the United States. Founded in 1853, it has produced numerous baked snacks. Keebler has marketed its brands such as Cheez-It (which have the Sunshine Biscuits brand), Chips Deluxe, Club Crackers, E.L. Fudge Cookies, Famous Amos, Fudge Shoppe Cookies, Murray cookies, Austin, Plantation, Vienna Fingers, Town House Crackers, Wheatables, Sandie's Shortbread, Chachos and Zesta Crackers, among others. The Keebler slogans are \"\"Uncommonly Good\"\" and \"a little elfin magic goes a long way\". Tom Shutter and Leo Burnett wrote the familiar jingle. Godfrey Keebler, of German descent, opened",
"title": "Keebler Company"
},
{
"id": "18529162",
"text": "the firm in 1966, Hudson renamed his 30 Piggly Wiggly stores the 3 Boys Market chain. Hudson House became insolvent in the early 1970s, forcing Hudson to sell his processing plants, warehouses, and 3 Boys Markets. In 1944 Hudson established the Portland Open golf tournament with a $10,000 purse. Hudson played in the tournament, but the prize went to Sam Snead. Hudson again sponsored the tournament in 1945, and the prize went to Ben Hogan. Hudson is best known for funding the 1947 Ryder Cup, a tournament that had not been played for ten years. Hudson underwrote both the British",
"title": "Robert A. Hudson"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "15249831",
"text": "2013, the BBC described Mission-based bakery Tartine as making \"some of the city’s best sourdough\". All told, in the early 2000s there were at least 65 \"Microbakeries\" in the Bay Area, including the original bakers (Boudin, Colombo, and Toscana), collectively making approximately 2.4 million loaves of bread per week. All are small locally owned operations that distribute locally, except for the \"big three\" and Grace Baking, which was purchased in 2002 by Maple Leaf Foods, a Canadian firm, and distributes nationally to Safeway and Costco. Grace maintains quality standards by baking the bread only partly, with final baking at the",
"title": "History of California bread"
},
{
"id": "1388724",
"text": "winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then, apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim. At the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson",
"title": "Indianapolis 500"
},
{
"id": "7645716",
"text": "on both BBC and RTE. Both Paul and Jeanne starred in the show that was noted for the banter between the two. Jeanne is a successful pastry chef. He has since been a regular chef on the BBC cookery programme \"Ready Steady Cook\". In 1999 Rankin was the first chef from Northern Ireland to be awarded a Michelin Star. He has written five cookery books & ran The Rankin Group chain of restaurants & cafés, including \"Cayenne\" and \"Roscoff\" in Belfast. His Canadian wife Jeanne introduced him to cooking and is co-owner of their business. In 2006 Rankin competed in",
"title": "Paul Rankin"
},
{
"id": "15080868",
"text": "Nature's Pride, Home Pride and Butternut. In 1938 Merita brought The Lone Ranger radio adventures to the South for the first time. Broadcasts were three times a week for a half-hour on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Additionally, in 1949, Merita becoming the first advertiser in the South to sponsor a network television program when it sponsored The Lone Ranger television show. In November 2010, Merita became the \"official bread\" of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and all SEC Championship events through June 2013. Merita Breads Merita is a brand of breads that was produced by Hostess Brands and now produced by",
"title": "Merita Breads"
},
{
"id": "618426",
"text": "the 1999 Car of the Century competition as producing the third most influential car of the 20th century, the Citroën DS, which trailed only the Ford Model T and BMC Mini. Citroën has produced three winners of the 50-year-old European Car of the Year award, and many rated second or third place. Citroën has produced one winner of the United States \"Motor Trend\" Car of the Year award – the original Car of the Year designation, which began in 1949. This was especially significant because this award used to be only given to cars designed and built in the United",
"title": "Citroën"
},
{
"id": "6535764",
"text": "Other resident companies of Regent Centre include the National Health Service (NHS) and the Department for Transport among others. Greggs, the largest national retail bakery, originally started with John Gregg's single shop on Gosforth High Street in 1951; initially Greggs was known as Greggs of Gosforth. In 1968 Greggs opened their first large-scale bakery on the Gosforth Industrial Estate, but in 2011 moved to a £16.5 million site in Gosforth Business Park on Gosforth Park Way. In 2012 the Greggs on the High Street was given a concept makeover depicting their 'Greggs the Bakery' format. Procter & Gamble plc formerly",
"title": "Gosforth"
},
{
"id": "11369871",
"text": "Claiming Crown The Claiming Crown, inaugurated in 1999, is a series of once seven but now nine races run under starter allowance conditions, with purses usually ranging from $50,000 to $200,000. Drew Couto, former president of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association, and Scott Savin, formerly with the National HBPA, together launched this event. It had its 19th running in 2017 at Gulfstream Park. It is seen as a \"blue collar” Breeders' Cup series for claiming horses. Any claiming horse owner can participate subject to stipulated conditions. The Claiming Crown, held under the auspices of the National Horsemen’s Benevolent and",
"title": "Claiming Crown"
},
{
"id": "3544798",
"text": "days records were broken by \"100%\" contestant Ian Lygo in 1998, while the winnings record was broken by Michael Shutterly during the original 15-night run of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\" in 1999, where he won $500,000. McKee still holds the American record for most consecutive games played (88 games, 43 wins), due to the nature of \"Tic Tac Dough\" making ties possible (and frequent). However, \"Jeopardy!\" contestant Ken Jennings (who himself set a new cash winnings record), beat the wins record with 74, and most consecutive days with 75 in 2004–05. McKee was a subject on the Robin",
"title": "Thom McKee"
},
{
"id": "12515716",
"text": "crisps, with the best six being sold later in the year before a public vote to decide the winner. The winner would win £1m. In early 2015, the packaging was again revised due to the fact that British-only ingredients were no longer part of the recipes. As a result, the various UK-related front-of-pack slogans were replaced by 'Fresh Taste Guaranteed'. The typeface was also changed. In August 2015, Walkers launched the \"Bring me Back\" campaign, reintroducing the Barbecue, Cheese and Chive, Beef and Onion, Lamb and Mint and Toasted Cheese flavours for a limited time. People could vote on the",
"title": "Walkers (snack foods)"
},
{
"id": "18828087",
"text": "goods and cookbooks. The company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts by Henry Wood. In 1996 the company's name was changed to The King Arthur Flour Co. to reflect its principal brand, and also converted to an employee-owned business structure. The employee-owned company has been named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont every year since the inception of the award in 2006. Pinnacle Foods is an American packaged foods company that owns the Duncan Hines brand, which includes cake mixes. Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 – March 15, 1959) was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings",
"title": "Baking mix"
},
{
"id": "7544093",
"text": "Peavey didn't live to see his project revolutionize the industry; he died unexpectedly of pneumonia on December 30, 1901. The experimental grain elevator stood unused as various industries came and went around it. In the 1950s the property was owned by Lumber Stores, Inc. and the elevator was painted with their name. Nordic Ware, a cookware company best known for introducing the Bundt cake pan, was founded nearby in 1946 and ultimately purchased the land with the elevator as they expanded their business. In 1969 Nordic Ware discovered that the elevator was deteriorating and in danger of collapsing. Cognizant of",
"title": "Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator"
},
{
"id": "14136537",
"text": "Zeeland perfected the art of the bolus, sometimes using steam ovens to keep the cinnamon pastry tender. Until 1998, in baking competitions, boluses were judged as well as bread, cakes and other pastries. Since 1998, every year during the \"bolus week\", on the Tuesday of the 12th week of the year, the Bolusbaking Championships Zeeland are held, organised by the Dutch Bakery Centre. Participating bakers may get eight boluses judged. A jury consisting of two bakers and two Zeelandia employees chooses the best ten products and the winner is chosen from these by the audience. The winner receives the Bolus",
"title": "Zeeuwse bolus"
},
{
"id": "20886224",
"text": "Christian Dior Ready-to-Wear runway collections Christian Dior SE also known as Dior is a luxury goods company that was founded in 1946 by the eponymous designer. Dior is part of Groupe Arnault SAS. Dior presents its women's ready-to wear collection semiannually during Paris Fashion Week. The house's creative directors have included Christian Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Bohan, Gianfranco Ferre, John Galliano, Bill Gaytten, Raf Simons, and Maria Grazia Chiuri. The Christian Dior Ready-to-Wear collection is showcased biannually for spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons during Paris Fashion Week to an audience of media, retailers, buyers, investors, and customers, under the auspices",
"title": "Christian Dior Ready-to-Wear runway collections"
},
{
"id": "20621264",
"text": "Nailed It! Nailed It! is a Netflix original series which premiered on March 9, 2018. The series is a reality bake-off competition where three amateur bakers compete to replicate complicated cakes and confectionery in order to win a $10,000 cash prize and a \"nailed it\" trophy. A second season was released on June 29, 2018. A third season, dubbed \"Nailed It! Holiday!\", was released on December 7, 2018. \"Nailed It!\" was inspired by the craze of people trying and failing to make elaborate cakes they found on the Internet. Three amateur bakers with demonstrated poor baking skills attempt to re-create",
"title": "Nailed It!"
},
{
"id": "5504808",
"text": "the Ocean Course at Kiawah Island in 2012, won by Rory McIlroy. The inaugural tournament, \"The Heritage Golf Classic,\" was held in late November 1969, with a winner's share of Forty-year-old Arnold Palmer claimed the first victory in 1969 with 283 (–1) on November 30, his first win in over The Heritage Classic, undergoing several different official names, has been held at Harbour Town annually since 1969. The founder of Sea Pines, Charles E. Fraser, started the tradition of the Heritage Classic, and the tournament is always started with a ceremonial tee shot into Calibogue Sound by the defending champion;",
"title": "Harbour Town Golf Links"
},
{
"id": "20710821",
"text": "digital gauge cluster, a removable carbon fibre steering wheel and a fire extinguisher. Brabham intends to produce 70 cars to celebrate the 70 years since the company founder Sir Jack Brabham launched his racing career in Australia in 1948. The first 35 cars will be finished in the corresponding liveries of Brabham’s 35 Grand Prix winning cars, while the rest will be finished to the owner's specifications. The BT62 has a retail price of around US$1.4 million (around GB£1 million at current exchange rates). The price includes admission into the Brabham driver development programme, which offers personalised driver coaching sessions",
"title": "Brabham BT62"
},
{
"id": "11674139",
"text": "Outside of business, Bamford is a well-known collector of early vintage Ferraris, and is the only individual to own two Ferrari 250 GTOs. He was also once the owner of a 1954 Mercedes-Benz W196 grand prix car raced by the five-time world champion Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina. In 1974, he sued the then MP Jeffrey Archer for bankruptcy after Archer failed to repay a £172,000 loan. Archer had lost the money in a fraudulent share scam. Archer later repaid the money from his earnings as a novelist and Bamford subsequently withdrew the bankruptcy notice. Bamford is a major donor",
"title": "Anthony Bamford"
},
{
"id": "12228191",
"text": "three subsidiary companies, PCF Social Enterprsies Ltd - a holding company for A. G. Carrick Ltd and Duchy Originals Ltd, Prince's Charities Events Ltd, and Golden Jubilee Events Ltd. Duchy Originals Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Foundation. It was set up as a company by the Prince of Wales in 1990, and since then Duchy Originals and Duchy Selections have become well known food brands manufactured and sold by many different companies. The Duchy Originals company is paid royalties by the sellers of Duchy Original and Duchy Selections foods. The turnover of the company, which is the",
"title": "The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation"
},
{
"id": "10527150",
"text": "His boat, \"Victura\", hull no. 94, is now on display at the John F. Kennedy Library in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The second article in that issue of \"Wooden Boat\" is by Jack Fallon. That article provides a short tutorial, \"Tuning Up with Jack Fallon,\" on how to sail a Wianno Senior. Jack won the Scudder Cup, the annual class championship, a record nine times between 1949, when the Cup was established, and 1976. More recently, Pearl River Productions has published a DVD providing a video history of the Wianno Senior class. That DVD provides updates to the",
"title": "Wianno Senior"
},
{
"id": "7758589",
"text": "two rounds of play and 36-hole leader Miller Barber was declared the winner, but only half the prize money was distributed. The tournament was rescheduled for late October/early November and Jack Nicklaus was the winner in a four-man playoff, decided on the second extra hole on Monday. The purse of the inaugural event in 1968 was $125,000, and Kermit Zarley took the winner's share of $25,000 in January for his first The final event in 2002 had a purse of $3.7 million, with a winner's share of $666,000 to Charles Howell III in early October. From 2003 to 2009, a",
"title": "Michelob Championship"
},
{
"id": "4331912",
"text": "nonprofit United States Sailing Association. They also sponsor over 110 regatta events worldwide, with approximately 50 of those based in the United States. Of these the Newport Beach to Ensenada, Mexico race is one of the largest private yacht races in the world. Mount Gay gives away distinctive red hats to top competitors at its sponsored regattas. Mount Gay is one of the key ingredients in Stirling Punch, a drink named for famous yachtsman, America's Cup winner and Vanderbilt Sailing Club founder Harold Stirling Vanderbilt. Mount Gay Rum is also commonly used in cocktails that call for Barbadian Rum because",
"title": "Mount Gay Rum"
},
{
"id": "10332514",
"text": "Jiffy mix Jiffy is a brand of baking mixes marketed by the Chelsea Milling Company in Chelsea, Michigan, that has been producing mixes since 1930. The company was previously named Chelsea Roller Mill. They are known for their products being packaged in a recognizable, small box with the brand's logo in blue. Jiffy was created as the first prepared baking mix in the United States by Mabel White Holmes. The company is now run and managed by her grandson, Howdy Holmes, a former Indianapolis 500 and CART driver. Holmes became the company's CEO in 1995. In March 2013, the company",
"title": "Jiffy mix"
},
{
"id": "13978767",
"text": "4:30 pm (1939–51), then to 5:30 pm (1951-54), concluding the series run at 5:15 pm (1954–55). From 1937 to 1949, the sponsors were Phillips Milk of Magnesia and Bayer Aspirin, followed by Procter & Gamble (1949–55). The show was scripted by Ted Ferro (who also collaborated on the \"Barnaby\" comic strip in 1946-47) and his wife, Mathilde Ferro. The announcers were Don Lowe, Norman Sweetser and George Putnam. Directors included Stephen Gross and Ernest Ricca. This show is widely acclaimed in the novel \"In Country\". Lorenzo Jones served as an example of an inventor in the oral arguments of the",
"title": "Lorenzo Jones"
},
{
"id": "1468808",
"text": "legislation. The \"Vermonster\" is a large ice cream sundae served in a \"Vermonster Bucket\" in Ben & Jerry's \"scoop shops.\" Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories (kcal), and of fat. Since 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year. \"Chubby Hubby\"",
"title": "Ben & Jerry's"
},
{
"id": "4908009",
"text": "Tunnocks, the large biscuit manufacturer, are Thorniewood United's main sponsor and have been for many years. Fans of the club are known as Woodites or Woodies and The shed boys. The club had its most successful era from the 1940s to the early 1960s, with its most recent honour achieved in 1981 under the management of Stuart Noble. In June 2015 Thorniewood won their first cup in 50 years when they defeated Blantyre Vics in a penalty shoot out to lift the Euroscot Engineering Central League Cup. The game had finished 2–2 with Thorniewood playing with nine men for 30",
"title": "Thorniewood United F.C."
},
{
"id": "3380419",
"text": "livestock feed business. That year president R. S. Dickinson opened the company's first out-of-state facility in Alabama with a flour mill and animal feed plant. After researching new uses for its flour, NCM funded the establishment of the Duncan Hines brand of cake mixes in 1951 as a way to market more flour. This venture was very successful, leading the company to its current place as the third largest flour miller in the U.S. However, this did not lead NCM to consider other food ventures, and instead it sold its assets in Duncan Hines to Procter & Gamble in 1956.",
"title": "Conagra Brands"
},
{
"id": "19104765",
"text": "track was NASCAR's very first weekly track. The track would run weekly NASCAR sanctioned events during the summer months. The first NASCAR-sanctioned event took place on May 18, 1949, and was won by Fonty Flock. The track was opened by NASCAR founder Bill France Sr. and Alvin Hawkins, and remains operated by members of the Hawkins family to this day. By the end of the inaugural Bowman Gray season 11 races had been run and five more were rained out. Tim Flock won the track championship with a season that included four wins. As the racing had become extremely popular",
"title": "Bowman Gray Stadium"
},
{
"id": "2846301",
"text": "Winn-Dixie Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. is an American supermarket chain headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida. Winn-Dixie has ranked #24 in the 2010 \"Top 75 North American Food Retailers\" based on FY2009 estimated sales of $7.3 billion by \"Supermarket News\". and was ranked the 45th largest retailer in the United States, based on 2012 revenues, by \"Stores\" magazine. Winn-Dixie operates approximately 500 stores in Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, and Mississippi. The company has had its present name since 1955 and traces its roots back to 1925. Winn-Dixie is known for its private label Chek brand soft drinks, which are produced in over 20",
"title": "Winn-Dixie"
},
{
"id": "9349737",
"text": "Jus-Rol Jus-Rol is a manufacturer of frozen pastry and related products, such as vol-au-vents. The company is owned by General Mills. The company began in 1954 in Coldstream, Scotland, when local baker, Mr Tom Forsythe, started selling \"Just Roll\" puff pastry to his customers. Jus-Rol used to have more than one factory – the other was located in Amble but was sold in the mid-to-late 1990s. In 1975 the business was sold to the food giant Fitch Lovell, before being sold off by Booker Group (the new owners of Fitch Lovell) in 1990 to Grand Metropolitan. In early 2007, the",
"title": "Jus-Rol"
},
{
"id": "9007107",
"text": "the 19th century. The Dole was the subject of a 1926 silent movie written by George Banfield and directed by Hugh Croise, and a 1671 painting; entitled \"The Tichborne Dole\" by Gillis van Tilborch. Tichborne Dole The festival dates back to the 12th century (circa 1150) and was started by Lady Mabella Tichborne who, on her death bed, instructed that a donation of farm produce be made to the poor each year. Presently, the terms of the Dole stipulate that adults from the parishes of Tichborne and Cheriton are entitled to claim 1 gallon of flour, and children half a",
"title": "Tichborne Dole"
},
{
"id": "15565",
"text": "the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award's own launch in 1949.",
"title": "Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "601061",
"text": "cookies per day. Another large manufacturer are Baily International in the Midwest and Peking Noodle in the Los Angeles area. There are other smaller, local manufacturers including Tsue Chong Co. in Seattle, Keefer Court Food in Minneapolis and Sunrise Fortune Cookie in Philadelphia. Many smaller companies will also sell custom fortunes. Authorities briefly investigated Wonton Food Inc. in 2005, after 110 Powerball lottery players won about $19 million after using the \"lucky numbers\" on the back of fortunes. Manufacturing processes vary between plants but they generally follow the same procedure. The ingredients (typically made with a base of flour, sugar,",
"title": "Fortune cookie"
},
{
"id": "20386035",
"text": "January 12, 2017, after eight weeks of competition, Amanda Faber won the season with Stephanie Chen as runner-up. This is the first season in \"Bake Off\" history to have two voluntary exits and a final two instead of a final three on finale week. Color key: In their first signature bake, the ten bakers created a winter-themed Bundt cake in under two hours. The cakes required a swirl or filling on the inside, with frosting and lace on the outside. Mary Berry's apple almond cake served as the first technical bake of the season. Lastly, in the showstopper, the bakers",
"title": "The Great American Baking Show (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19436345",
"text": "Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire, It was presented by Tom Kerridge, and the competition was judged by Benoit Blin, Cherish Finden and Claire Clark. There were fifteen teams of pastry chefs in the first round. The team from Marks & Spencer, British Armed Forces, London's Boulangerie Jade, London Hilton on Park Lane, and Leed's Lauden Chocolate winning their respective heats to reach the semifinal, while Squires Kitchen Cookery School from Surrey also went through as the best scoring runners-up. The Squires Kitchen and Hilton teams won their semifinals, with Boulangerie Jade chosen for the third spot in the final. The competition",
"title": "Bake Off: The Professionals"
},
{
"id": "11740031",
"text": "race, LifeLock had title sponsorship rights for three years pending the announcement by the speedway, but left after two. The LifeLock 400 was the name of the race formerly known as the Banquet 400 in 2007. From 2012 to 2015, Quicken Loans sponsored the race, and was replaced by FireKeepers Casino in 2016. The 1999 race, won by Dale Jarrett, went without a caution. At an average speed of 173.997 mph, it set the NASCAR all-time record for a 400-mile race. In many seasons, the race falls on Father's Day weekend. FireKeepers Casino 400 The FireKeepers Casino 400 is a",
"title": "FireKeepers Casino 400"
},
{
"id": "956663",
"text": "the Scala Theatre to see the spectacle. John Grimek earned the inaugural title with Steve Reeves placing second. Reeves eventually found his way to the microphone to declare, \"I think that John Grimek is the greatest bodybuilder who ever lived!\" While there was no contest held in 1949, behind the scenes, members of the Strength and Health League were arranging the formation of the National Amateur Body-Builders' Association or NABBA. NABBA announced that it would be hosting the Mr Universe contest again in 1950. Steve Reeves returned to England to be crowned champion that year. Despite being the first NABBA",
"title": "Universe Championships"
},
{
"id": "16308029",
"text": "Jacob Bromwell (company) Jacob Bromwell is a privately held American designer, manufacturer, marketer and distributor of kitchenware and household goods. Founded in 1819, it is the oldest housewares company in the United States. The company manufactures several historically significant products including the Original Popcorn Popper, Classic Tin Cup, and Legendary Flour Sifter. The Original Popcorn Popper is one of the company's oldest and best-selling items, and has been made with the original equipment and dies since the late 1800s, when the company acquired the patent from William Wood, its inventor. They were originally sold at a wholesale price of $3.50",
"title": "Jacob Bromwell (company)"
},
{
"id": "20392910",
"text": "Cook Off! Cook Off! is an American mockumentary comedy film directed by Cathryn Michon and Guy Shalom. The film was released on November 17, 2017, after being shelved for 10 years. The film centers on a group of quirky people as they fiercely compete in a famed cooking contest for the grand prize of one million dollars. The film was already finished by 2007, but was shelved without explanation for a decade. In September 2017, it was reported that Lionsgate Premiere would finally release the film. Lionsgate had reportedly edited the film prior to release by cutting 20 minutes of",
"title": "Cook Off!"
},
{
"id": "17054609",
"text": "want \"...reimbursement of Lance Armstrong's prizes obtained during the Tour de France and other competitions for an amount assessed at 2.95 million Euros for the development of cycling among the youth and the prevention of doping.\" As a result, there is no official Tour winner from 1999 to 2005. The president of WADA, John Fahey, stated that he believed Armstrong's decision not to contest the USADA's claims pursuant to its process indicated there was \"substance to those charges\". Episodes of the PBS children's series \"Arthur\" which featured Armstrong, \"Room to Ride\" and \"The Great MacGrady\" (along with the episode \"The",
"title": "Lance Armstrong doping case"
},
{
"id": "9486441",
"text": "was backed by Perrier-Jouët, and it was titled the Perrier-Jouët Champagne Cup. For the following three years it was sponsored by Whitbread and called the Whitbread Gold Label Cup. Subsequent sponsors have included Martell (the Martell Cup, the Martell Cognac Cup) and Betfair (the Betfair Bowl). Totesport began supporting the event as the Totesport Bowl in 2008 and the sponsorship was taken over by Betfred in 2012 after that company purchased The Tote in 2011. Betway took over sponsorship from the 2017 running. The race was promoted to Grade 1 status in 2010. It is currently held on the opening",
"title": "Betway Bowl"
},
{
"id": "15182628",
"text": "exchanged for premiums, such as bikes, microphones, or plastic rings. Bazooka Bubble Gum has a successful loyalty marketing program, through the prizes (comics) and the premiums (mail-order merchandise). Over the years, Bazooka Bubble Gum has been shipped to over 100 different countries and it has been translated into over 50 different languages. Topps sells a half a billion pieces of Bazooka Bubble Gum a year. The most famous use of prizes in the United States (and the word \"prize\" in this context) is Cracker Jack brand popcorn confection. Prizes have been inserted into every package of Cracker Jack continuously since",
"title": "Prize (marketing)"
},
{
"id": "450981",
"text": "final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR-operated \"Binion's\" in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas. The WSOP also added a made-for-television $2 million \"freeroll\" invitational Tournament of Champions (TOC) event first won by Annie Duke as a \"winner-take-all\" event. The winner of each event receives a World Series of Poker bracelet and a monetary prize based on the number of entrants and buy-in amounts. Over the years, the tournament has grown in both the number of events and in the number of participants. Each year,",
"title": "World Series of Poker"
},
{
"id": "9426315",
"text": "based on pre-tax totals, with each 75 points resulting in a $5 discount. Year-round promotions include the \"Monday Night Mystery Prize Burrito Wheel\", where any customer who purchases a regular-sized burrito every Monday night after 5:00 p.m. can spin the wheel and win a prize. The prizes range from a free cookie or brownie to $1 off their next purchase or a free signature salad. At most California Tortilla restaurant grand openings, patrons who stop by between 11 am – 2:00pm and 5:00 pm – 8:00pm receive a free burrito of their choice and a soft drink. The first ten",
"title": "California Tortilla"
},
{
"id": "768554",
"text": "people attending the fair dwindled in the face of competition for attention and changing tastes, its length was reduced from 10 days to three or four. Investec became the sponsor of the Derby in 2009, and the current sponsorship deal runs until 2022. The race was previously backed by Ever Ready (1984–94) and Vodafone (1995–2008). Epsom Derby is also referenced in the recent popular BBC television series \"Peaky Blinders\", set in the 20th century. Leading jockey (9 wins): Leading trainer (7 wins): Leading owner (7 wins): Dams of two winners: Winning distances are shown in lengths or shorter (dh =",
"title": "Epsom Derby"
},
{
"id": "320537",
"text": "United States. Major races include the Bathurst 6 Hour, Bahrain 24 Hour, Dubai 24 Hour and Malaysian 12 Hour and sanctioned by organisations such as the FIA and SCCA. Normally using an entry level formula, it has grown into a stand-alone series, with national, state and club events and championships. The first NASCAR \"strictly stock\" race was held at Charlotte Speedway, on June 19, 1949. Where a racing class requires that the cars raced be production vehicles only slightly adapted for racing, manufacturers typically produce a limited run of such vehicles for public sale so that they can legitimately race",
"title": "Production car racing"
},
{
"id": "6613270",
"text": "is determined after the flop betting by a roll of a die), first spread at Binion's in 2003, 'Must-drink, must-toke HORSE', and Lowball. Whenever anyone busts out of a BARGE tournament, they are given a round of applause; not as an ironic gesture, but as a thank-you for participating in BARGE. Many players also bring a \"bust-out gift,\" which they give to the player who busted them. These are typically small, memorable tokens, but have included such gifts as a decoupage \"Last Supper\" featuring Chris \"Jesus\" Ferguson (the late Don Perry's gift in 2005, the year he won) and an",
"title": "BARGE"
},
{
"id": "16900894",
"text": "money together to open their own shop and pledge to only sell quality, unadulterated products, sharing the profits fairly with their customers. The shop is only small and stocks just a handful of products like butter, flour and sugar, but the idea itself is revolutionary and the way they do business is fundamentally different in its nature. Commissioned by The Co-operative Group and produced by the Co-operative British Youth Film Academy, \"The Rochdale Pioneers\" was released as part of the United Nations International Year of Cooperatives, 2012. A documentary, \"The Making of 'The Rochdale Pioneers\"', was also created to accompany",
"title": "The Rochdale Pioneers"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pillsbury Bake-Off context: Pillsbury Bake-Off The Pillsbury Bake-Off is a cooking contest, first run by the Pillsbury Company from 1949–196, 2013 to 2014, and since 2017 as an annual contest. From 1978 to 2012, the contest was held biennially. There was no contest in 2015 to 2016. The first contest was held in 1949 as the Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest and hosted in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The grand prize was originally $25,000. From 1996 to 2014, the grand prize was $1,000,000. Since 2017, the grand prize is $50,000 plus a kitchen makeover from GE Appliances. The only required ingredient in the\n\nWhat flour brand has sponsored an annual/semi-annual bake-off since 1949, the winner of which nets a cool $1million?",
"compressed_tokens": 240,
"origin_tokens": 241,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pillsbury Bake-Off context: early contests was Pillsbury's BEST Flour. There was no contest in 1965 because the contest was moved from October to February. Occasionally, there has been a male category winner (1978, 1990, 1992, and 2002). The only male champion was Kurt Wait of Redwood City, California, who won in 1996; that year, 14 of the 100 finalists were men. The contest had reverted to an annual contest in 2013 and 2014, after the previous 18 contests were held on the even-numbered years. In 2014, the contest added eight additional \"Sponsor Awards\" for a prize of $5,000 each. Categories and winners included:\n\ntitle Pillsbury context: Flourills Company Limited subsequently incorporated in 9 Pillsbury Flour Mills Company. In 194, company introduced a nationalaking competition which would come to be known as the Pillsbury Bake- nationally broadcast on CBS for many seven the Pillsbury name in10, company adding to product early 150 brought the acquisitionard & Ball Company and the beginning pack bisc d, would become one of the's most important and prof product in decades The company advertising heavily\n Pills Bbury B Thebury B-Off firstills Company from19476 21014 and07 an contest From 19 contest was bienn There was contest in1 contest National and hosted the Wald. The grand prize was originally $2. From19 0, grand prize $1,00,00 Since 0, grand prize0 a makeances only requiredredient the\ntitle:buryOff DStuffs™ Leillaartsolds® Magic43.97 held. There9 as and Baking Contest and hosted in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The grand\n\nWhat flour brand has sponsored an annual/semi-annual bake-off since 1949, the winner of which nets a cool $1million?",
"compressed_tokens": 436,
"origin_tokens": 15073,
"ratio": "34.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,721 | What were the two sides facing off against each other in the 70s video tape format wars? | [
"Betamax and VHS"
] | Betamax and VHS | [
{
"id": "3408742",
"text": "format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "1311684",
"text": "For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \"videotape format war\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first",
"title": "Videotape"
},
{
"id": "3408718",
"text": "Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "626738",
"text": "changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began",
"title": "VHS"
},
{
"id": "11441180",
"text": "as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the",
"title": "1970s in science and technology"
},
{
"id": "3408719",
"text": "the Philips N1500 VCR format in 1972, followed in 1975 by Sony's Betamax. This was quickly followed by the competing VHS format from JVC, and later by Video 2000 from Philips. Subsequently, the Betamax–VHS format war began in earnest. Other competitors, such as the Avco Cartrivision, Sanyo's V-Cord and Matsushita's \"Great Time Machine\" quickly disappeared. Sony had demonstrated a prototype videotape recording system it called \"Beta\" to the other electronics manufacturers in 1974, and expected that they would back a single format for the good of all. But JVC in particular decided to go with its own format, despite Sony's",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "13530532",
"text": "major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by",
"title": "Videocassette recorder"
},
{
"id": "3408739",
"text": "Zenith, Quasar, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, even JVC itself, etc.), and compatibility for easy transfer of information. In addition, Sony, being the first producer to offer its technology, also thought it would establish Betamax as the leading format. This kind of lock-in and path dependence failed for Sony, but succeeded for JVC. For forty years JVC dominated the home market with its VHS, Super VHS and VHS-Compact formats, and collected billions in royalty payments. The video recording market was an unknown when VCRs first came on the market; as such, Sony and JVC were both developing technologies that were unproven. As a",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "10179686",
"text": "and NEC as Vice-Chair companies, and Sanyo Electric as Auditors; there were 61 general members and 72 associate members in total. The HD DVD promotion group was officially dissolved on March 28, 2008, following Toshiba's announcement on February 19, 2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. Much like the VHS vs. Betamax videotape format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s, HD DVD was competing with a rival format—in this case, Blu-ray Disc. In 2008, major content manufacturers and key retailers began withdrawing their support for the format. In an attempt to",
"title": "HD DVD"
},
{
"id": "359402",
"text": "infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8",
"title": "Sony"
},
{
"id": "8124171",
"text": "and a new porn video being produced every 39 minutes. A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography. The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media, including being a factor in the VHS vs. Betamax format war (the videotape format war) and in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war (the high-def format war).",
"title": "Pornography"
},
{
"id": "11573457",
"text": "February 19, 2008, Toshiba officially announced that it would stop the development of the HD DVD players, conceding the format war to the Blu-ray Disc format. The Blu-ray/HD DVD conflict resembled the earlier videotape format war between VHS and Betamax, partly because of Sony's strong involvement in both episodes. These format wars have often proved destructive to both camps because consumers, afraid of committing to a losing standard, would refrain from purchasing either. Format wars have been avoided in notable cases such as the DVD Forum for the unified DVD standard (except for a minor war from 1998 to 1999",
"title": "High-definition optical disc format war"
},
{
"id": "1356320",
"text": "for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This",
"title": "JVC"
},
{
"id": "3408732",
"text": "the format never gained substantial market share. V2000 was cancelled in 1985, the first casualty of the format war. The main determining factor between Betamax and VHS was the cost of the recorders and recording time. Betamax is, in theory, a superior recording format over VHS due to resolution (250 lines vs. 240 lines), slightly superior sound, and a more stable image; Betamax recorders were also of higher quality construction. But these differences were negligible to consumers, and thus did not justify either the extra cost of a Betamax VCR (which was often significantly more expensive than a VHS equivalent)",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "3408721",
"text": "circa 1997 (when DVD-Video became the new standard for high-quality). While it has been claimed that VHS won over Betamax due to the greater availability of pornographic movies on the format, no clear evidence currently exists one way or the other. Sony had met with Matsushita executives in late 1974 or early 1975 to discuss the forthcoming home video market. Both had previously cooperated in the development and marketing of the U-Matic video cassette format. Sony brought along a Betamax prototype for Matsushita's engineers to evaluate. Sony at the time was unaware of JVC's work. At a later meeting, Matsushita,",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "626746",
"text": "early 1977. Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see Videotape format war). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, higher video quality, and earlier availability but its shorter recording time proved to be a major shortcoming. Originally, Beta I machines using the NTSC television standard were able to record one hour of programming at their standard tape speed of 1.5 inches per second (ips). The first VHS machines could record for two hours, due to both a slightly slower tape speed (1.31 ips.) and significantly longer tape. Betamax's smaller-sized cassette limited the",
"title": "VHS"
},
{
"id": "3408722",
"text": "with JVC management in attendance, showed Sony a VHS prototype, and advised them it was not too late to embrace VHS \"for the good of the industry\" but Sony management felt it was too close to Betamax production to compromise. While VHS machines' lower retail price was a major factor, the principal battleground proved to be recording time. The original Sony Betamax video recorder for the NTSC television system could only record for 60 minutes, identical to the previous U-matic format, which had been sufficient for use in television studios. JVC's VHS could manage 120 minutes, followed by RCA's entrance",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "3408736",
"text": "share, but by 1986 it was down to 7.5%, and continued to decline further. In Japan, Betamax had more success, but VHS was still the market leader. Both Betamax and VHS were supplanted by higher quality video available from laser-based technology. The last Sony Betamax unit was produced in 2002. Although VHS is still available in VHS/DVD combination units, the last dedicated JVC VHS unit was produced in 2008. Beta sales dwindled away and VHS emerged as the winner of the format war. The video format war is now a highly scrutinized event in business and marketing history, leading to",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "15408886",
"text": "Chelsea F.C.–Leeds United F.C. rivalry The rivalry between Chelsea and Leeds United is a football rivalry between London-based club Chelsea and Yorkshire-based Leeds United. The rivalry first emerged in the 1960s after a series of fiercely contested and controversial matches, when the two clubs were frequently involved in the pursuit of domestic and European honours culminating in the 1970 FA Cup Final, which is regarded as one of the most physical matches in English football history. The perceived contrast between the clubs also fuelled the rivalry, summed up as \"Yorkshire grit versus flash Cockney.\" The rivalry between the clubs often",
"title": "Chelsea F.C.–Leeds United F.C. rivalry"
},
{
"id": "2321852",
"text": "and Great Time Machine from Quasar. The Beta/VHS format war soon began, while the other competitors quickly disappeared. Betamax sales eventually began to dwindle, and after several years VHS emerged as the winner of the format war. In 1988, Sony began to market its own VHS machines, and despite claims that it was still backing Beta, it was clear that the format was no longer viable in most parts of the world. In parts of South America and in Japan, Betamax continued to be popular and was still in production up to the end of 2002. Later developments saw analog",
"title": "Video tape recorder"
},
{
"id": "1571178",
"text": "Corporation and WEGA Corporations contracted with Sony to produce VCRs for their product lines. The department stores Sears (in the United States and Canada) and Quelle (in Germany) sold Beta-format VCRs under their house brands, as did the RadioShack chain of electronic stores. Betamax and VHS competed in a fierce format war, which saw VHS win in most markets. One other major consequence of the Betamax technology's introduction to the U.S. was the lawsuit \"Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios\" (1984, the \"Betamax case\"), with the U.S. Supreme Court determining home videotaping to be legal in the United States, wherein",
"title": "Betamax"
},
{
"id": "3408728",
"text": "and 35 minutes, compared to VHS's 4 hours. For the European markets the issue was one of cost, since VHS had already gained dominance in the United States (70% of the market), and the large economy of scale allowed VHS units to be sold at a far lower cost than the rarer Betamax units. (See market share below.) In the mid-to-late 80s, both formats were extended to Super Betamax and Super VHS. Super Betamax offered a slight improvement from 250 to 290 lines horizontally. Super VHS offered up to 420 lines horizontal (in modern digital terms, 560 pixels edge-to-edge) that",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "1990660",
"text": "optical video disc format in the 2000s. This proved to be a costly mistake for Toshiba (and the format's co-developers, NEC and Microsoft), and the AOD (Advanced Optical Disc) format, later renamed HD DVD, lost a brutal format war with Sony's Blu-ray Disc (BD) format. This format war delayed acceptance of either format, and Blu-ray Disc has only recently gained traction in the consumer market, where it competes with the continued success of DVD and the rise of streaming movie services such as Netflix. Video discs can be classed based on their playback mechanism: Videodisc Videodisc (or video disc) is",
"title": "Videodisc"
},
{
"id": "3408730",
"text": "out of an estimated 100,000 homes with VCRs, 70% were rented, and the presence of three competing formats (the third being Video 2000) meant that renting was an even more attractive choice, since a lot of money (about £2000) could be spent on a system which might become obsolete. By the time Betamax machines became easier to rent, VHS had already claimed 70% of the market. Within continental Europe there were three choices by 1980, with the arrival of the Video 2000 format from Philips and Grundig, which replaced Philips' outdated \"VCR\" format. Although it featured many capabilities formerly only",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "10797838",
"text": "Falklands Crisis (1770) The Falklands Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Great Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. These events were nearly the cause of a war between Britain and Spain — backed by France — and all three countries were poised to dispatch armed fleets to defend the rival claims to sovereignty of the barren but strategically important islands. Ultimately, a lack of French support for Spain defused the tension, and Spain and Britain reached an inconclusive compromise in which both nations maintained their settlements but neither relinquished its",
"title": "Falklands Crisis (1770)"
},
{
"id": "10797848",
"text": "for a future role of France in the American Revolutionary War Falklands Crisis (1770) The Falklands Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Great Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. These events were nearly the cause of a war between Britain and Spain — backed by France — and all three countries were poised to dispatch armed fleets to defend the rival claims to sovereignty of the barren but strategically important islands. Ultimately, a lack of French support for Spain defused the tension, and Spain and Britain reached an inconclusive compromise",
"title": "Falklands Crisis (1770)"
},
{
"id": "1721446",
"text": "launch of its own satellites costing an estimated £200 million. When BSB finally went on air in March 1990, 13 months after Sky, the company's technical problems were resolved and its programming was critically acclaimed. However its D-MAC receivers were more expensive than Sky's PAL equivalents and incompatible with them. Many potential customers compared the competition between the rival satellite companies to the format war between VHS and Betamax home video recorders, and chose to wait and see which company would win outright, in order to avoid buying potentially obsolete equipment. Both BSB and Sky companies had begun to struggle",
"title": "British Satellite Broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "3408740",
"text": "result of the desire to enter the marketplace faster, the firms both spent less time on research and development and tried to save money by picking a version of the technology they thought would do best without exploring the full gamut of options. In 1988, Sony began to market its own VHS machines, and, despite claims that Sony was still backing Beta, it was clear that the format was dead - at least in Europe and North America. In parts of South America and in Japan Beta continued to be popular, and machines were still in production up to the",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "12112941",
"text": "called the Icelandic Cod Wars (Icelandic: \"Þorskastríðin\", \"the cod war\", or \"Landhelgisstríðin\", \"the war for the territorial waters\"), were a series of three confrontations from the 1950s to the 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland over fishing rights in the North Atlantic. The First Cod War lasted from 1 September until 12 November 1958. It began as soon as a new Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from , came into force at midnight of 1 September. After a number of rammings and a few shots fired between the Royal Navy and Icelandic patrol boats, Britain and",
"title": "Military history of Iceland"
},
{
"id": "3408733",
"text": "or Betamax's shorter recording time. JVC, which designed the VHS technology, licensed it to any manufacturer that was interested. The manufacturers then competed against each other for sales, resulting in lower prices to the consumer. Sony was the only manufacturer of Betamax initially and so was not pressured to reduce prices. Only in the early 1980s did Sony decide to license Betamax to other manufacturers, such as Toshiba and Sanyo. Sony's decision in 1975 to limit Betamax's maximum recording time to one hour (for NTSC systems) handicapped its chances of winning this marketing war. VHS's recording time at first release",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "13664486",
"text": "2016, the Rams moved back to Los Angeles making the rivalry once again West Coast based. \"Sports Illustrated\" considers it the 8th best of all time in the NFL. The Immaculate Reception spawned a heated rivalry between the Raiders and Steelers, a rivalry that was at its peak during the 1970s, when both teams were among the best in the league and both were known for their hard-hitting, physical play. The teams met in the playoffs in each of the next four seasons, starting with the Raiders' 33–14 victory in the 1973 divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh used the AFC championship game",
"title": "National Football League rivalries"
},
{
"id": "3408734",
"text": "(1976) was two hours—meaning that most feature films could be recorded without a tape change. It was not until the early 1980s that Betamax offered recording times comparable to VHS. In UK, the L-750 Betamax tape lasted 3 hours and 15 mins while VHS was limited to a 3-hour maximum (the E-180), though later on an E-240 tape lasting four hours became available, however picture quality wasn't as good. By the time Sony made these changes to their strategy, VHS dominated the market, with Betamax relegated to a niche position. Although Betamax initially owned 100% of the market in 1975",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "1552213",
"text": "Cod Wars The Cod Wars (, \"the cod wars\", or \"Landhelgisstríðin\", \"the wars for the territorial waters\") were a series of confrontations between the United Kingdom and Iceland on fishing rights in the North Atlantic. Each of the disputes ended with an Icelandic victory. The Third Cod War concluded in 1976, with a highly favourable agreement for Iceland; the United Kingdom conceded to a Icelandic exclusive fishery zone after threats that Iceland would withdraw from NATO, which would have forfeited NATO's access to most of the GIUK gap, a critical anti-submarine warfare during the Cold War. As a result, British",
"title": "Cod Wars"
},
{
"id": "12356694",
"text": "to DVD. Opposing HD DVD was the Blu-ray format, led by the Blu-ray Disc Association, which shares many members with the DVD forum. With HD DVD launched in March 2006 and Blu-ray launched in June of the same year, a format war started. Industry analysts likened the situation to the VHS/Betamax format war of the 1980s. At the time of their launch, consumer awareness of either high-definition format was severely limited, with the end result that most consumers avoided both formats, already content with DVD. In February 2008, Toshiba capitulated, citing low demand for HD DVD and the faster growth",
"title": "DVD-Video"
},
{
"id": "2059411",
"text": "SVR). Although some early models and advertising featured a mirror-image 'VCR' badge based on the older systems' logo, Video 2000 was an entirely new (and incompatible) format that incorporated many technical innovations. Despite this, the format was not a major success and was eventually discontinued, having lost out to the rival VHS system in the videotape format war. Philips named the videotape standard Video Compact Cassette (VCC) to complement its landmark audio Compact Cassette format introduced in 1963, but the format itself was marketed under the trademark Video 2000. Despite the name, VCCs are marginally larger than VHS cassettes —shorter,",
"title": "Video 2000"
},
{
"id": "3408725",
"text": "four-hour-capable VHS machine for RCA. RCA would go on to market \"four hours, $999\", forcing a price war and also a \"tape length\" war. Betamax eventually achieved 5 hours at Beta-III speed on an ultra-thin L-830 cassette, and VHS ultimately squeezed 10-and-a-half hours with SLP/EP speed on a T-210 cassette (or 12 hours on DVHS's T-240s). Slower tape speeds meant a degradation in picture quality, as adjacent video bands created \"crosstalk\" and noise in the decoded picture. When Betamax was introduced in Japan and the United States in 1975, its Beta I speed of 1.57 inches per second (ips) offered",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "3408735",
"text": "(as VHS did not launch until the following year) the perceived value of longer recording times eventually tipped the balance in favor of VHS. By 1980, VHS had proven favorable among consumers and was successful in controlling 60 percent of the North American market. By 1981, sales of Beta machines in the United States had sunk to 25% of the VCR market. As movie studios, video studios, and video rental stores turned away from Betamax, the combination of lower market share and a lack of available titles further strengthened VHS's position. In the United Kingdom Beta held a 25% market",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "11302533",
"text": "a protracted dispute with Iceland over fishing rights in North Atlantic waters. The Royal Navy, along with tugs from the MAFF and British civilian trawlers, was involved in three major confrontations with the Icelandic Coast Guard from 1958 to 1976. These largely bloodless incidents became known as the Cod Wars, and ended with the recognition by Britain of Iceland's exclusive 200 nautical miles fishery zone. The Falklands War was fought in 1982 between Argentina and Britain over the disputed Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the",
"title": "Maritime history of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2239158",
"text": "Cambodian Civil War The Cambodian Civil War () was a military conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Viet Cong against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which were supported by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The struggle was complicated by the influence and actions of the allies of the two warring sides. North Vietnam's People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) involvement was designed to",
"title": "Cambodian Civil War"
},
{
"id": "15449609",
"text": "were lacking advanced and heavy weaponry. The war ended with the exile of the Iraqi KDP party and between 7,000–20,000 deaths from both sides combined. Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. The First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) led to a stalemate and in March 1970 Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years. However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin. The 1970 peace agreement did not",
"title": "Second Iraqi–Kurdish War"
},
{
"id": "3408723",
"text": "into the market with a 240-minute recorder. These challenges sparked a mini-war to see who could achieve the longest recording time. RCA had initially planned a home video format around 1974, to be called \"SelectaVision MagTape,\" but canceled it after hearing rumors about Sony's Betamax format, and was considering Sony as an OEM for an RCA-branded VCR. RCA had discussions with Sony, but RCA felt the recording time was too short, insisting that they needed at least a 4-hour recording time (reportedly because that was the length of an average televised American football game). Sony engineers knew that the technology",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "1964116",
"text": "such as the ongoing conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, and Israel, the US and China were unable to reach a common understanding. Most major anti-US propaganda disappeared in China after the Nixon visit; although there was still occasional criticism of US imperialism, the Soviet Union had definitively become China's arch-foe in the 1970s. The rapprochement with the United States benefited the PRC immensely and greatly increased its security for the rest of the Cold War. It has been argued that the United States, on the other hand, saw fewer benefits than it had hoped for, inasmuch as China continued to back",
"title": "China–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "10956568",
"text": "audits, Justice Department antitrust lawsuits against major television networks and newspapers that could be accused of monopolistic business practices, and the monitoring incidents of \"unfairness\" by television broadcasters that would be turned over to the Federal Communications Commission for possible legal action. As the war lengthened and the withdrawals continued, the two sides became more and more antagonistic toward one another and they battled constantly over the issues of combat refusals and the drug and morale problems of American troops. Fatigue with the war and each other have been cited for this escalating antagonism. Although MACV officially remained dedicated to",
"title": "United States news media and the Vietnam War"
},
{
"id": "16819701",
"text": "lesbian sex wars, or simply the sex wars or porn wars, were acrimonious debates amongst feminists in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The sides were characterized by anti-porn and pro-sex groups with disagreements regarding sexuality, sexual representation, pornography, sadomasochism, the role of trans women in the lesbian community, and other sexual issues. The debate pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism, and the feminist movement was deeply divided as a result. The feminist sex wars are sometimes viewed as part of the division that led to the end of the second-wave feminist era and the beginning of third-wave feminism. The",
"title": "Feminist views on sexuality"
},
{
"id": "2321851",
"text": "and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,",
"title": "Video tape recorder"
},
{
"id": "10164221",
"text": "of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD). Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the file system to use for their disc, and sought support for their format for storing computer data. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBM's Almaden Research Center, got that request, and also learned of the MMCD development project. Wary of being caught in a repeat of the costly videotape format war between VHS and Betamax in the 1980s, he",
"title": "DVD"
},
{
"id": "3408738",
"text": "in the minds of the public and press (due to excellent marketing by Sony), consumers wanted an \"affordable\" VCR (a VHS often cost hundreds of dollars less than a Betamax); Sony believed that having better quality recordings was the key to success, and that consumers would be willing to pay a higher retail price for this, whereas it soon became clear that consumer desire was focused more intently on recording time, lower retail price, compatibility with other machines for sharing (as VHS was becoming the format in the majority of homes), brand loyalty to companies who licensed VHS (RCA, Magnavox,",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "305510",
"text": "This was also the era of a bitter rivalry between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Raiders. In the 1970s, the Steelers and Raiders were frequently the two best teams in the AFC and, arguably, the NFL. The teams would meet on five different occasions in the playoffs, and the winner of the Steelers-Raiders game went on to win the Super Bowl in three of those instances, from 1974 to 1976. The rivalry garnered attention in the sports media, with controversial plays, late hits, accusations and public statements. The rivalry began with and was fueled by a controversial last-second play in their",
"title": "Oakland Raiders"
},
{
"id": "2525589",
"text": "twice since the Immaculate Reception has the team had losing seasons two years in a row and none three years in a row. The Immaculate Reception spawned a heated rivalry between the Steelers and Raiders, a rivalry that was at its peak during the 1970s, when both teams were among the best in the league and both were known for their hard-hitting, physical play. The teams met in the playoffs in each of the next four seasons, starting with the Raiders' 33–14 victory in the 1973 divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh used the AFC championship game victories over Oakland (24–13 at Oakland",
"title": "Immaculate Reception"
},
{
"id": "3004284",
"text": "could be reunited with the mainland. Deng, however, did not improve relations with the Soviet Union. He continued to adhere to the Maoist line of the Sino-Soviet Split era, which stated that the Soviet Union was a superpower equally as \"hegemonist\" as the United States, yet even more threatening to the PRC because of its closer proximity. Deng brought China conflict with Vietnam in 1979, following the Vietnam War, under this subject of border disputes, and fought in the Sino-Vietnamese War. \"Red China\" was a frequent appellation for the PRC between the Communist ascendancy and the mid-late 1970s with the",
"title": "History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)"
},
{
"id": "1375458",
"text": "Africa, Asia and Oceania together with only one qualifying place on offer. The draw for the qualifying stages was conducted on 1 February 1968 in Casablanca, Morocco, with matches beginning in May 1968 and the final fixtures being concluded in December 1969. North Korea, quarter-finalists at the previous tournament, were disqualified during the process after refusing to play in Israel for political reasons. El Salvador qualified for the finals after beating Honduras in a play-off match, which was the catalyst for a four-day conflict in July 1969 known as the Football War. Half of the eventual qualifying teams had also",
"title": "1970 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "19257053",
"text": "title by losing 1–2 in San Salvador. In 1969, Honduras faced El Salvador in the semifinal round of the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification in a period in which both nations were fighting a war over land reforms and immigration and demographic problems; the qualifying matches added more tension to a conflict that later came to be known as the Football War. Record does not include matches against domestic clubs. Honduras national football team results (1960–69) This is a list of the Honduras national football team results from 1960 to 1969. In 1960, Honduras participated for the first time in",
"title": "Honduras national football team results (1960–69)"
},
{
"id": "7410634",
"text": "1972 surprised everyone by suddenly expelling Soviet advisers from Egypt and again signaled to the United States government his willingness to negotiate. The War of Attrition was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1967 to 1970. It was initiated by Egypt to damage Israel's morale and economy after its victory in the Six-Day War. The war ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers at the same place as when the war started. The 1973 Yom Kippur War began when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise joint attack, on the Jewish day of",
"title": "History of the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"id": "13071221",
"text": "against the diversion effort are considered among the factors which led to the Six-Day War in June 1967. The war is referenced in the famous US antiwar 1965 song \"Eve of Destruction\" by Barry McGuire with the line \"And even the Jordan River has bodies floatin'\". War over Water (Jordan river) The \"War over Water\", also the Battle over Water, refers to a series of confrontations between Israel and its Arab neighbors from November 1964 to May 1967 over control of water sources in the Jordan River drainage basin. The 1949 Armistice Agreements which followed the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, created",
"title": "War over Water (Jordan river)"
},
{
"id": "15494698",
"text": "in 1960. First Iraqi–Kurdish War or Barazani Rebellion was a major event of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, lasting from 1961–1970. The struggle was led by Mustafa Barzani in an attempt to establish an independent Kurdish state in north Iraq. Throughout the 1960s the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. The war ended with a stalemate by 1970, resulting in between 75,000 to 105,000 casualties. A series of Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict. A Kurdish Autonomy agreement was reached in March 1970 by the Iraqi",
"title": "Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"
},
{
"id": "1356319",
"text": "was the Victor HR-3300, and was introduced by the president of JVC at the Okura Hotel on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom. In the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the main competitor",
"title": "JVC"
},
{
"id": "3424727",
"text": "and rockers had some fights in the mid-1960s, he argues that they were no different from the evening brawls that occurred between non-mod and non-rocker youths throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, both at seaside resorts and after football games. Newspapers of the time were eager to describe the mod and rocker clashes as being of \"disastrous proportions\", and labelled mods and rockers as \"sawdust Caesars\", \"vermin\" and \"louts\". Newspaper editorials fanned the flames of hysteria, such as a \"Birmingham Post\" editorial in May 1964 which warned that mods and rockers were \"internal enemies\" in the United Kingdom who would",
"title": "Mod (subculture)"
},
{
"id": "15423435",
"text": "First Iraqi–Kurdish War The First Iraqi–Kurdish War also known as Aylul revolts () was a major event of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, lasting from 1961 until 1970. The struggle was led by Mustafa Barzani, in an attempt to establish an autonomous Kurdish administration in northern Iraq. Throughout the 1960s, the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. The war ended with a Kurdish Victory in 1970, resulting in between 75,000 to 105,000 casualties. A series of Iraqi–Kurdish",
"title": "First Iraqi–Kurdish War"
},
{
"id": "2239231",
"text": "During this period, the children were deployed mainly in unpaid support roles, such as ammunition-carriers, and also as combatants. Cambodian Civil War The Cambodian Civil War () was a military conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Viet Cong against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which were supported by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The struggle was complicated by the influence and actions",
"title": "Cambodian Civil War"
},
{
"id": "11543021",
"text": "the Football Fans Census has shown that, within English football, both Leeds and Manchester United are ranked within the top three clubs based on the number of clubs that consider them to be their rivals. In the past, rivalry between the two clubs has gone beyond the action on the field at Old Trafford and Elland Road. Hostility became more intense over the years and during the 1970s, when British football hooliganism was at its height, fights between the Leeds United Service Crew and Manchester United's Red Army, two of the most notorious hooligan firms in Britain, were commonplace and",
"title": "Leeds United F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry"
},
{
"id": "3531512",
"text": "saw the importance of television income to the sport continue to rise, and a battle for control of television rights led to the infamous Super League war, which saw the game split between rival competitions. This event affected the sport across the world during the middle of decade, and the damage done is only now being undone. While the Super League war was being fought in Australia, Rupert Murdoch approached the British clubs with a view to forming a European Super League, primarily as a way to gain the upper hand during his battle with Kerry Packer for broadcasting rights",
"title": "History of rugby league"
},
{
"id": "4039348",
"text": "the GIUK gap. In the North Atlantic, the United Kingdom became engaged in a protracted dispute with Iceland over fishing rights. The Royal Navy, supported by tugs from the MAFF and British civilian trawlers, was involved in three major confrontations with the Icelandic Coast Guard from 1958 to 1976. These largely bloodless incidents became known as the Cod Wars, and ended with the recognition by Britain of Iceland's exclusive 200 nautical miles fishery zone. Chatham Naval Base was used for refitting nuclear submarines from 1963 but it closed in 1984. The most important operation conducted predominantly by the Royal Navy",
"title": "History of the Royal Navy"
},
{
"id": "959143",
"text": "the articles\". \"Penthouse\" gravitated towards raunchier images, ultimately arriving at hardcore pornography and photographs of women urinating, in the mid 1990s. Under new ownership since 2004, \"Penthouse\" began to steer toward a more softcore direction as well. Pubic Wars Pubic Wars, a pun on the Punic Wars, is the name given to the rivalry between the pornographic magazines \"Playboy\" and \"Penthouse\" during the 1960s and 1970s. Each magazine strove to show just a little bit more than the other, without getting too crude. The term was coined by \"Playboy\" owner Hugh Hefner. In 1950s and 1960s America, it was generally",
"title": "Pubic Wars"
},
{
"id": "5060596",
"text": "2006 in home video 2006 in home video is considered something of a watershed for home media technology, with VHS being phased out as Blu-ray fought to replace the presently dominant DVD format. 2006 marked the end of the VHS era with the release of \"A History of Violence\", the last VHS release for a major Hollywood film. Major retailers were switching to DVD-only sales while tapes were being sent to discount stores. This time marked the beginning of a major format war between Blu-ray and HD DVD which would be quickly won by Blu-ray. The following movies were released",
"title": "2006 in home video"
},
{
"id": "10544166",
"text": "Salvadoran Army The Salvadoran Army (Spanish: \"Ejército Salvadoreño\") is the land branch and largest of the Armed Forces of El Salvador. In 2006 the government of El Salvador approached the Israeli ambassador to El Salvador seeking assistance in modernising its army. The Football War (also called The Soccer War or 100-hours War) was a term coined by Polish reporter Ryszard Kapuściński to describe a brief conflict between El Salvador and neighbouring Honduras. He argued that the war began after the rival nations traded wins during the qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup. But this event was not the",
"title": "Salvadoran Army"
},
{
"id": "12055111",
"text": "China–Vietnam relations The bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ) have been turbulent, despite their common Sinospheric and socialist background. Centuries of conquest by modern China's imperial predecessor have given Vietnam an entrenched suspicion of Chinese attempts to dominate it. Though the PRC assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, relations between the two nations soured following Vietnam's reunification in 1975. China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990, but have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties. However, the two countries remain in dispute",
"title": "China–Vietnam relations"
},
{
"id": "14368963",
"text": "late 1970s, several Central American states including El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, saw civil wars and pro-communist revolutions erupt in their country. Various factions involved in those conflicts saw support from either the United States, or the Eastern Bloc, as the civil conflicts became proxies of the larger Cold War. The countries of El Salvador and Honduras also fought a brief war in July 1969, known as the Football War. The Zapatista uprising of 1994 was a rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico, coordinated by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation. Launched in response to the implementation of the North American Free",
"title": "Military history of North America"
},
{
"id": "3408741",
"text": "end of 2002. Despite the failure of Betamax, its technological successor the Betacam tape and its successor Digital Betacam (shortened to Digibeta) would become industry standard for video recording, production and presentation. Following the videotape format war, VHS was dominant until the creation of digital video disc technology. The major electronics corporations agreed on a single standard for playback of pre-recorded material on DVDs. A minor skirmish arose over DIVX, but it died a quick death. A later format war resulted from a failure to agree on a single standard for DVD's high-definition successor (HD DVD) in May 2005. This",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "19928370",
"text": "Miami Drug War The Miami Drug War was a series of armed conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s, centered in the Florida city of Miami, between the United States government and multiple drug cartels, primarily the Medellín Cartel. The drug war was triggered by the 1979 Dadeland Mall shootout; in broad daylight, two gunmen of a Colombian drug gang entered and shot two men at a liquor store. The murderers were immediately dubbed \"Cocaine Cowboys\" by a police officer. During this period, smuggling rings expanded and, in 1982, a seizure of $100 million worth of cocaine was found in Miami",
"title": "Miami Drug War"
},
{
"id": "1564194",
"text": "surpassed box office revenues for that year. In the 1980s, it was common for shops to rent equipment--typically VHS players--as well as tapes. Some video shops also had adults-only sections containing X-rated videos. To cope with the videotape format war of the 1970s and 1980s, some stores initially stocked both VHS and Betamax cassettes, while others specialized in one format or the other. During the 1980s most stores eventually became all-VHS, contributing to the eventual demise of Beta. In the late 1990s, DVDs began appearing in video rental stores. Rogers Video was the first chain to provide DVD rentals in",
"title": "Video rental shop"
},
{
"id": "16668347",
"text": "the Steelers were starting to become a powerhouse in the NFL during the 1970s while the Oilers collapsed completely. However, the Oilers became a contender in the latter part of the decade and challenged the Steelers to division and conference supremacy. Unlike other rivalries such as the one between the Steelers and Browns that was based on the close proximity between the two teams and was more fan-driven, the rivalry between the Steelers and the Oilers/Titans franchise was driven on personal hatred between the two teams, much like the concurrent rivalry the Steelers had with the Oakland Raiders or the",
"title": "Steelers–Titans rivalry"
},
{
"id": "1530431",
"text": "the world. The phrase \"culture war\" represents a loan translation (calque) from the German \"Kulturkampf\". The German word \"Kulturkampf\" (culture struggle) refers to the clash between cultural and religious groups in the campaign from 1871 to 1878 under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. The expression \"culture war\" entered the vocabulary of United States politics with the publication of \"\" by James Davison Hunter in 1991. Hunter perceived a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed United States politics and culture, including the issues of abortion, federal and state gun",
"title": "Culture war"
},
{
"id": "1591165",
"text": "MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \"Patton\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \"MASH\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \"Summer of '42\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \"Love Story\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \"Summer\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \"Summer\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at",
"title": "1970s in film"
},
{
"id": "18809328",
"text": "to play each other in the postseason. The resulting game, the Immaculate Reception, spawned a heated rivalry between the Raiders and Steelers, a rivalry that was at its peak during the 1970s, when both teams were among the best in the league and both were known for their hard-hitting, physical play (The Steelers won 13–7). The teams met in the playoffs in each of the next four seasons, starting with the Raiders' 33–14 victory in the 1973 divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh used the AFC Championship Game victories over Oakland (24–13 at Oakland in 1974 and 16–10 at Pittsburgh in 1975) as",
"title": "Raiders–Steelers rivalry"
},
{
"id": "7215255",
"text": "France, at the expense of traditional major powers such as Portugal, Spain and the Dutch Republic. Some observers saw the frequent conflicts between the two states during the 18th century as a battle for control of Europe, though most of these wars ended without a conclusive victory for either side. France largely had greater influence on the continent while Britain were dominant at sea and trade, threatening French colonies abroad. From the 1650s, the New World increasingly became a battleground between the two powers. The Western Design of Oliver Cromwell intended to build up an increasing British presence in North",
"title": "France–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"id": "11573480",
"text": "April 2008, the firm estimated a total of 10.5 million Blu-ray households, including Blu-ray consoles and Blu-ray-enabled PlayStation 3s. High-definition optical disc format war The high-definition optical disc format war was between the Blu-ray and HD DVD optical disc standards for storing high-definition video and audio; it took place between 2006 and 2008 and was won by Blu-ray Disc. The two formats emerged between 2000 and 2003 and attracted both the mutual and exclusive support of major consumer electronics manufacturers, personal computer manufacturers, television and movie producers and distributors, and software developers. Blu-ray and HD DVD players became commercially available",
"title": "High-definition optical disc format war"
},
{
"id": "14607992",
"text": "imperial government’s unwillingness to apprehend and prosecute American poachers contravening the fisheries articles of the Anglo-American Treaty of Washington of 1871, and risk a quarrel with the US on behalf of the Dominion. Another event that led to the acquisition of the training vessel was the looming crisis between Britain and Russia over the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. That predicament, which caused Britain to re-distribute its naval assets, demonstrated the relative vulnerability of Canada’s Atlantic seaboard. Although this crisis was soon averted with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, Canada still held on to the idea of making preparations",
"title": "Origins of the Royal Canadian Navy"
},
{
"id": "2251574",
"text": "militias, and states, notably the Ogaden War (1977–1978) between Ethiopia and Somalia, the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979), the Zimbabwean Gukurahundi (1980–1987), the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), the Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992), and factions of the Palestinian people. In Thailand, the pro–Chinese communist fronts were organized for revolution, but were based in the local Chinese populations, and failed to connect with the greater population. In 1971, the failure of Project 571, an attempted \"coup d'état\" against Chairman Mao, and the death of Marshal Lin Biao, Mao's executive officer, concluded the politically radical phase of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). Afterwards, China resumed",
"title": "Sino-Soviet split"
},
{
"id": "2706397",
"text": "or Syria. This forced the United States into a close alliance with Saudi Arabia. The list of Arab-Israeli wars includes a great number of major wars such as 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1956 Suez War, 1967 Six-Day War, 1970 War of Attrition, 1973 Yom Kippur War, 1982 Lebanon War, as well as a number of lesser conflicts. Between 1963 and 1974, conflict arising between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in British colonial Cyprus led to Cypriot intercommunal violence and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The Cyprus dispute remains unresolved. In the mid-to-late 1960s, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party led by Michel",
"title": "History of the Middle East"
},
{
"id": "2565078",
"text": "also referred to as the Second Korean War by some, was a series of low-level armed clashes between North Korean forces and the forces of South Korea and the United States, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 at the Korean DMZ. The Football War, also known as the Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Ceasefire by Organization of American States intervention. The Iran–Iraq War lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. \"The war left the borders unchanged. Three years later, as war with the western powers loomed, Saddam",
"title": "Status quo ante bellum"
},
{
"id": "14972768",
"text": "qualities of hovercraft, however, these plans were quickly abandoned in favour of regular craft. In 1967, the Fishery Protection Squadron consisted of three divisions: On 1 September 1972, Iceland again expanded her maritime exclusive economic zone, this time to . This provoked another dispute, eventually escalating to further armed conflict between the UK and Iceland. Iceland's expansion was recognised by fishermen from all nations except two: the UK, and Germany, who still fished up to from the Icelandic coast. German trawlers, however, tended to be more interested in saithe and ocean perch rather than cod, haddock and flatfish; because of",
"title": "Fishery Protection Squadron"
},
{
"id": "2720047",
"text": "political power play in the area is rekindled. From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. The stock collapsed to extremely low levels in the early 1990s and this is a well-known example of non-excludable, non-rivalrous public good in economics, causing free-rider problems. Iceland is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972, a dispute occurred between UK and Iceland because of Iceland’s announcement of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to reduce overfishing. This dispute is called the Cod War,",
"title": "Fishing industry"
},
{
"id": "11573456",
"text": "High-definition optical disc format war The high-definition optical disc format war was between the Blu-ray and HD DVD optical disc standards for storing high-definition video and audio; it took place between 2006 and 2008 and was won by Blu-ray Disc. The two formats emerged between 2000 and 2003 and attracted both the mutual and exclusive support of major consumer electronics manufacturers, personal computer manufacturers, television and movie producers and distributors, and software developers. Blu-ray and HD DVD players became commercially available starting in 2006. In early 2008, the war ended when several studios and distributors shifted to Blu-ray disc. On",
"title": "High-definition optical disc format war"
},
{
"id": "8971434",
"text": "by the Italian and the Japanese navies in WWII, which usually went off after ramming their target. Italian type MTM boats rammed and crippled the cruiser HMS \"York\" at Suda Bay, while Shinyo suicide boats sank a number of US amphibious craft in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. Late in the century, ramming became the tactic of choice during the Cod Wars conflict between the Icelandic Coast Guard and the Royal Navy. At least 15 British frigates, five Icelandic patrol boats and one British supply ship were damaged by ramming between 1975 and 1976. The torpedo ram was a hybrid",
"title": "Naval ram"
},
{
"id": "4946323",
"text": "the 1980s was to threaten the Soviet Union with a two-front war, in Europe and the Pacific Ocean, in the event of hostilities. In the 1948 Israeli-Arab War, the Israelis fought the Egyptians to the south and the Jordanians and Syrians in the east and the north. Israel again fought two-front wars in the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973. Two-front war In military terminology, a two-front war is a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts. It is usually executed by two or more separate forces simultaneously or nearly simultaneously,",
"title": "Two-front war"
},
{
"id": "5996412",
"text": "to the Palestinian problem\". After all hostages were removed, the planes were dramatically blown up in front of TV cameras. A bitterly fought 10-day civil war known as Black September ensued, drawing involvement by Syria and Iraq, and sparking troop movements by Israel and the United States Navy. The number of people killed on all sides were estimated as high as 3,500, other sources claiming it to be as high as 20,000. Battles between Palestinian guerrilla forces and the Jordanian army continued during the closing months of 1970 and the first six months of 1971. In November 1971, members of",
"title": "Palestinian political violence"
},
{
"id": "3408724",
"text": "available to manufacture video heads wasn't up to the task yet, but halving the tape speed and track width was a possibility. However, the picture quality would be degraded severely, and at that time Sony engineers felt the compromise was not worthwhile. Soon after, RCA met with execs at the Victor Corporation of Japan (JVC), who had created their own video format christened \"VHS\" (which stood for \"Video Home System\"). But JVC also refused to compromise the picture quality of their format by allowing a four-hour mode. JVC's parent corporation, Matsushita, later met with RCA, and agreed to manufacture a",
"title": "Videotape format war"
},
{
"id": "16038537",
"text": "A nuclear arms race developed during the Cold War, an intense period between the Soviet Union and the United States and some other countries. This was one of the main causes that began the cold war, and perceived advantages of the adversary by both sides (such as the \"missile gap\" and “bomber gap”) led to large spending on armaments and the stockpiling of vast nuclear arsenals. Proxy wars were fought all over the world (e.g. in the Middle East, Korea, Vietnam) in which the superpowers' conventional weapons were pitted against each other. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and",
"title": "Arms race"
},
{
"id": "14079150",
"text": "LICOPA affair The LICOPA affair () was a diplomatic conflict between the People's Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) and Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of Congo) during the Cold War in the early 1970s. At the time the two neighbouring states found themselves on opposing sides in Cold War politics, with Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko a Western ally and Congo a socialist state aligned with the Soviet Union. The Zairean authorities claimed that the Congolese embassy in Kinshasa had functioned as an intermediary between the Congolese League for Peace and Friendship between the Peoples (\"LIgue COngolaise pour la Paix et l'Amitié",
"title": "LICOPA affair"
},
{
"id": "141758",
"text": "consent to sex under conditions of male dominance have been particularly controversial among feminists. This debate has culminated in the late 1970s and the 1980s, in what came to be known as the feminist sex wars, which pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism, and parts of the feminist movement were deeply divided by these debates. Feminists have taken a variety of positions on different aspects of the sexual revolution from the 1960s and 70s. Over the course of the 1970s, a large number of influential women accepted lesbian and bisexual women as part of feminism. Opinions on the sex industry",
"title": "Feminism"
},
{
"id": "20762258",
"text": "Iraq–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iraq and Saudi Arabia are two fierce rivals of the Arab World. Their matches are often considered to be one of the most heated up rivalries in the world. Although received lesser attention comparing to rivalry with Iran of both sides, it is one of the oldest rivalries in Asia. Emotions often run high when two teams meet each others. The main reason behind this rivalry to exist is mainly due to political differences, and historical grievances. During the Gulf War at 1990s, Iraq invaded Kuwait, an ally of Saudi Arabia, and both fought a short",
"title": "Iraq–Saudi Arabia football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "1474833",
"text": "1970s and early 1980s, Valenti became notorious for his flamboyant attacks on the Sony Betamax Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), which the MPAA feared would devastate the movie industry. He famously told a congressional panel in 1982, \"I say to you that the VCR is to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone.\" Despite Valenti's prediction, the home video market ultimately came to be the mainstay of movie studio revenues throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1998, Valenti lobbied for the controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act, arguing that copyright infringement",
"title": "Jack Valenti"
},
{
"id": "626797",
"text": "late 1970s and early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format as well as other formats of the time. Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, as the cassette was smaller in size, and Betamax offered slightly better video quality than VHS – it had lower video noise, less luma-chroma crosstalk, and was marketed as providing pictures superior to those of VHS. However, the sticking point for both consumers and potential licensing partners of Betamax was the total recording time. To overcome the recording limitation, Beta II speed (two-hour mode, NTSC regions only) was released in order to",
"title": "VHS"
},
{
"id": "10785694",
"text": "After Somalia's independence in 1960 from Britain and Italy he became an officer in the newly formed Somali National Army. Four years later, Jibrell fought against Ethiopia during border raids caused by border disputes between the countries (which occurred from 1960 to 1964), in which he was wounded. From 1971 to 1976 he studied in the Soviet Union at the Soviet military academies studying artillery from 1971 to 1975, and Air Defense Systems in 1976. With the outbreak of the Second Ogaden war with Ethiopia in 1977, Jibrell suffered another gunshot wound, received a medal of Honour and was promoted",
"title": "Jibrell Ali Salad"
},
{
"id": "8229248",
"text": "with widespread civil disobedience and armed uprisings. Bhutto now sent in the army to maintain order and crush the insurgency. This essentially pitted the ethno-separatists against the central government, and army. As casualties rose, the insurgency became a full-fledged armed struggle against the Pakistan Army. The sporadic fighting between the insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974 when around 15,000 ethno-separatists fought the Pakistani Army and the Air Force. Sensing the seriousness of the conflict, Pakistan Navy dispatched its logistic units under the command of Vice-Admiral Patrick Simpson—Commander of the Southern",
"title": "1970s operation in Balochistan"
},
{
"id": "13593576",
"text": "of development in the 1970s; development went forward at such a fevered pitch that two million persons from other Arab countries and even Yugoslavia worked in Iraq to meet the growing demand for labor. However, Hussein's ambition soon led him to be involved in various conflicts, with disastrous results to the infrastructure of Iraq. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war, the \"Iran–Iraq War\" (1980–1988, termed \"Qādisiyyat-Saddām\" – 'Saddam's Qādisiyyah'), which devastated the economy. Iraq declared victory in 1988 but actually achieved a weary return to the \"status quo ante bellum\". The war left Iraq",
"title": "20th-century history of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "6179045",
"text": "1978. He was instrumental in transforming the International Sporting Commission into the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) in 1978. In the late 1970s, photographs began to circulate of Balestre wearing a German SS uniform, and he took unsuccessful legal action to suppress their publication. Balestre was heavily involved in what is colloquially called the FISA–FOCA war, a political battle over finances and control of the Formula One World Championships between 1980 and 1982. Balestre and his opponent, Bernie Ecclestone, settled the dispute after Enzo Ferrari brokered a compromise. Balestre signed the first Concorde Agreement, under which FOCA was granted",
"title": "Jean-Marie Balestre"
},
{
"id": "14724896",
"text": "Mamba Pistol The Mamba is a semi-automatic pistol developed in Rhodesia and later produced in South Africa, intended for military and police duty. It is named after the mamba. The origins of the \"Mamba\" pistol date back to the mid-to-late 1970s in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Rhodesia in the 1970s was facing an outright rebellion against the UDI government that at the end took the form of the Rhodesian Bush War between the white-minority Rhodesian government and two rival communist factions, ZANU and ZAPU. Due to the war, Rhodesia struggled for years against a UN embargo. In an attempt to procure",
"title": "Mamba Pistol"
},
{
"id": "13877381",
"text": "time, and produced by similar synthesis methods to those found on 8-bit microcomputers: It was first shown on BBC Four on 8 October 2009. When asked about the show in an interview for \"The Independent\" Clive Sinclair himself replied \"It was a travesty of the truth. It just had no bearing on the truth. It was terrible.\" Micro Men Micro Men, working title Syntax Era is a one-off BBC drama television show set in the late 1970s and the early-mid 1980s, about the rise of the British home computer market. It focuses on the rivalry between Sir Clive Sinclair (played",
"title": "Micro Men"
},
{
"id": "635491",
"text": "\"The Green Book\"'s socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of \"shirk\", furthering their opposition to his regime. In July 1977, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the U.S., and this pushed Libya into a strategic—although not political—alignment with the Soviet Union. In recognition of the growing",
"title": "Muammar Gaddafi"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Videotape format war context: format ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home\n\nWhat were the two sides facing off against each other in the 70s video tape format wars?",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 214,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Videotape format war context: share, but by 1986 it was down to 7.5%, and continued to decline further. In Japan, Betamax had more success, but VHS was still the market leader. Both Betamax and VHS supplanted by higher quality video available from laser-based technology. The last Sony Betamax unit was produced in 2002. Although VHS is still available in VHS/DVD combination units, the last dedicated JVC VHS unit was produced in 2008. Beta sales dwindled away and VHS emerged as the winner of the format war. The video format war is now a highly scrutinized event in business and marketing history, leading to\n\ntitle: Videotape format context end of2002 Despite failure of Betamax, its techn successor the Betacam t and its successor Digital Betacam (shortened Digibeta) would become industry standard for video recording, production and presentation Following videotape war, VHS dominant until the creation of digital video The major electronics corpor agreed on single standard for play of pre-recorded material DVDs minor skirm arose overIVX, but it died a quick death A later format war resulted from a failure to agree on a single standard DVD's high-definition successor (HD) May 2005 This\n\ntitle P context: and porn video produced every 39 minutes A significant of porographic video shot in Fernando Valley, been aering for films since 197s since homeactes production companies, and assortedes involved production and distribution of industry has been influential iniding wars media, a factor. Betamax (theotape format war and Blu- vs HD DVD format (the highdef format). context:ape period of \"\" of video videoRs, the and Video) the pre firstette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was\n\nWhat were the two sides facing off against each other in the 70s video tape format wars?",
"compressed_tokens": 481,
"origin_tokens": 14372,
"ratio": "29.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,722 | December 13, 1636 saw The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This is recognized today as the founding of what branch of the military? | [
"AFNG",
"Army National Guard Forces",
"Selective Reserve Force",
"STARC",
"Federalised",
"U.S. National Guard",
"United States National Guard.",
"National guard usa",
"National guard of the united states",
"Selected Reserve Force",
"American national guard",
"United States National Guard",
"National Guard of the United States",
"US National Guard",
"National Guard (United States)",
"Federalization of the National Guard",
"State Area Command"
] | United States National Guard. | [
{
"id": "20224067",
"text": "History of the US Army National Guard The history of the Army National Guard in the United States dates from 1636, when the Massachusetts Bay Colony's government organized existing militia companies into three regiments. The National Guard's history continued through the colonial era, including the French and Indian War, and extends into the modern era, including participation in the War on Terror. Though a militia was mustered in Spanish Florida in the 1500s, the modern Army National Guard traces its origins to 13 December 1636, the day the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court passed an act calling for the creation",
"title": "History of the US Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "7373917",
"text": "Massachusetts National Guard The Massachusetts National Guard was founded as the Massachusetts Bay Colonial Militia on December 13, 1636, and contains the oldest units in the United States Army. It is currently headquartered at Hanscom Air Force Base and commanded by Major General Gary W. Keefe. Massachusetts National Guard Soldiers and Airmen are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army and Air Force, identical ranks and insignias are utilized. National Guardsmen are eligible for all US military awards in addition to state awards. Soldiers and Airmen are held to the same uniform, physical fitness, and marksmanship standards",
"title": "Massachusetts National Guard"
},
{
"id": "492976",
"text": "descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 375 years ago. On December 13, 1636, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with a goal of increasing the militias' accountability to the colonial government, efficacy, and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians. Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills. The founding date",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "14908440",
"text": "organized under the 104th IN) World War II Operation Joint Guardian Global War on Terror (12 Combat Deployments since 11 September 2001) 101st Engineer Battalion The 101st Engineer Battalion is a branch of the Massachusetts National Guard and one of the oldest serving regiments of the United States Army. The 101st Engineer Battalion was originally established as the East Regiment. As the first muster was held on the green in Salem, Massachusetts, Salem is seen as the birthplace of the National Guard. On 13 December 1636, the Massachusetts General Court ordered the organization of three militia regiments designated as the",
"title": "101st Engineer Battalion"
},
{
"id": "14908435",
"text": "101st Engineer Battalion The 101st Engineer Battalion is a branch of the Massachusetts National Guard and one of the oldest serving regiments of the United States Army. The 101st Engineer Battalion was originally established as the East Regiment. As the first muster was held on the green in Salem, Massachusetts, Salem is seen as the birthplace of the National Guard. On 13 December 1636, the Massachusetts General Court ordered the organization of three militia regiments designated as the North, South, and East regiments. The East Regiment (later the Essex Regiment) provided protection and support to the Settlers of the Massachusetts",
"title": "101st Engineer Battalion"
},
{
"id": "7373920",
"text": "governor to augment the National Guard. The MSDF is composed of former members of the United States Armed Forces who live in Massachusetts and serve on a voluntary basis unless called to active duty. The MSDF's three major specialties are administrative support, professional support and medical support. Upon entering office in 2016 Governor Baker declined to sign the re-authorization bill concerning the guard and it was deactivated. While December 13, 1636 is often cited as the \"birthday\" of the National Guard, it was on that day that the Massachusetts militia was organized into three regiments. Prior to that date, each",
"title": "Massachusetts National Guard"
},
{
"id": "3716239",
"text": "lead its train band with the ranks of captain, lieutenant and ensign. As the populations of towns varied widely, larger towns usually had more than one train band. In the middle 1600s train bands began to be referred to as companies. On December 13, 1636 the Massachusetts Militia was organized into three regiments - North, South and East. As there are National Guard units descendants of these regiments, this date is used as the \"birthday\" of the National Guard, despite the fact that citizen militias in the American Colonies date back to the Jamestown settlement in 1607. Trainband Trainbands were",
"title": "Trainband"
},
{
"id": "1921527",
"text": "expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their \"full-time\" active duty Air Force and \"part-time\" Air Force Reserve federal counterparts. The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Air Force are used by the Air National Guard, and Air National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Air National Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in a service member's home state or equivalent. The modern day National Guard in the United States traces its origins to December 13, 1636, when the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court",
"title": "Air National Guard"
},
{
"id": "15941937",
"text": "at best. As a consequence, no Massachusetts units were federalized until 1814, although as state units they were active in guarding the state's coastline. Only after Great Britain burned Washington and generally increased its naval pressure on the East Coast did Massachusetts allow its militias to be mustered into federal service. Campaigns: Streamer without inscription The 181st and 182nd Infantry Regiments are two of the oldest units in the U.S. Army, both tracing their origins all the way back to the North Regiment, organized in 1636 from militia units at Cambridge, Charlestown, Watertown, Dedham and Concord, and redesignated as the",
"title": "Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812"
},
{
"id": "7373937",
"text": "in the United States Army. The 181st Infantry Regiment (United States), 182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 101st Field Artillery Regiment and the 772nd Military Police Company are four of only twenty Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812. Otis Air National Guard Base and Barnes Air National Guard Base are the major Massachusetts Air National Guard bases. The Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives is located in the armory in Concord, Massachusetts (not the historic Concord Armory.) Massachusetts National Guard The Massachusetts National Guard was founded as the Massachusetts Bay Colonial Militia on December 13,",
"title": "Massachusetts National Guard"
},
{
"id": "7475065",
"text": "was borrowed from England and dates in this country from 1636, when three militia regiments were organized for the common defense in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Militia companies were eventually organized throughout colonial America, and they provided its principal defense force. In spite of shortcomings, the various colonial militias became indispensable to the cause of American independence. They were the back-up for General Washington's Continental Army, providing large numbers of armed men when needed on short notice, and they assured the authority of colonial governors against British sympathizers. Later, the United States Constitution and Militia Act of 1792 provided for",
"title": "Minnesota National Guard"
},
{
"id": "1092231",
"text": "far back as the 17th century. In 1637, the first muster was held on Salem Common, where for the first time a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area, thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard. In 1637, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered the organization of the Colony's militia companies into the North, South and East Regiments. The colonists adopted the English militia system, which obligated all males between the ages of 16 and 60 to possess arms and participate in the defense of the community. On",
"title": "Salem, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "492977",
"text": "of 1636 refers to service of the colonial government; the Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments were formed by reorganizing local militias that preceded the 1636 date and dated back to the founding dates of the various Massachusetts towns of the time. The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston. On July 3, 1775 General George Washington, under",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "15941935",
"text": "the Distinctive Unit Insignia was the insignia of the old Essex Brigade. Campaigns: Streamer without inscription The 101st Field Artillery traces its lineage back to the South Regiment, organized on December 13, 1636, from new and existing train bands in Boston, Dorchester, Roxbury, Weymouth and Hingham. It was redesignated as the Suffolk Regiment in 1643. The Suffolk Regiment was expanded in 1689 to form the Boston Regiment and the Suffolk Regiment. The 101st Field Artillery is derived from the Boston Regiment. While remaining in state service during the Revolutionary War, the Boston Regiment spawned Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment, later",
"title": "Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812"
},
{
"id": "11466927",
"text": "101st Field Artillery Regiment The 101st Field Artillery (\"Boston Light Artillery\") regiment is the oldest field artillery regiment in the United States Army with a lineage dating to 13 December 1636 when it was organized as the South Regiment. For the first 250 years of the unit's existence it served in infantry formations. 101st Field Artillery Regiment was first formed on 13 December 1636 as the South Regiment by the Massachusetts General Court. Its first commander was Colonel John Winthrop. Since its creation, the regiment has served in six colonial wars and nine American wars totalling 47 campaigns through 2010.",
"title": "101st Field Artillery Regiment"
},
{
"id": "492947",
"text": "States Air Force: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard respectively. Local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia. The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title \"National Guard\" was used in 1824 by some New York State militia units, named after the French National Guard in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette. \"National Guard\" became a",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "16247252",
"text": "Artillery traces its origins back to new and existing train bands in Boston, Dorcester, Roxbury, Weymouth and Higham that were organized on December 13, 1636, as the South Regiment. On September 7, 1643, the South Regiment was redesignated as the Suffolk Regiment, which was expanded in 1689 to form the Boston Regiment and the Suffolk Regiment. It was the Boston Regiment that ultimately became the 101st Field Artillery, while the Suffolk Regiment diverged to form a separate lineage. The Boston Regiment remained in Massachusetts service during the Revolutionary War, but additionally formed Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment, authorized on January",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "2062051",
"text": "of Columbia, and operates under their respective governors. The foundation for what became the Army National Guard occurred in the city of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, the first time that a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area. The Army National Guard as currently authorized and organized operates under Title 10 of the United States Code when under federal control, and Title 32 of the United States Code and applicable state laws when under state control. The Army National Guard may be called up for active duty by the state or territorial governors to help",
"title": "Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "16247237",
"text": "Quebec, Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Monmouth, New Jersey 1776, New York 1776, New York 1780, and Rhode Island 1778. The 181st and 182nd Infantry Regiments both trace their origins to the North Regiment, organized on December 13, 1636, from militia units at Charlestown, New Town, Watertown, Dedham, and Concord. In 1643 the North Regiment was redesignated as the Middlesex Regiment. The first major military action of the Middlesex Regiment was in King Philip’s War (1675–1676), a conflict that had profound effects on the colonization of New England and the fate of the Native people there. King Philip, a Wampanoag",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "15600043",
"text": "in Egypt. The MFO is an international peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. 181st Infantry Regiment (United States) The 181st Infantry Regiment shares the distinction of being the oldest combat regiment in the United States Army. The regiment traces its history to 13 December 1636, when it was one of four colonial regiments of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts. It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during",
"title": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "15600025",
"text": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States) The 181st Infantry Regiment shares the distinction of being the oldest combat regiment in the United States Army. The regiment traces its history to 13 December 1636, when it was one of four colonial regiments of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts. It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during War with Spain, Mexican Border Campaign, World War I and World War II. Most recently the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry",
"title": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12321833",
"text": "to this point afterward. Around 1930, the home was purchased by the estate of Captain John Bertram, and is now called the John Bertram House. It is currently a home for the elderly. In 1637, the first muster on Salem Common took place where for the first time, a regiment of militia (the East Regiment) drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area, thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard. In 1714 Salem decided that forever in front of Nathaniel Higginson's House on the Common there shall be a training Field for the militia. His",
"title": "Salem Common Historic District (Salem, Massachusetts)"
},
{
"id": "11466930",
"text": "the 86th Infantry BCT was reorganized under the 10th Mountain Division as part of the Army's Associated Units Program. Battery E, 101st FA served as a target acquisition battery in the 26th Infantry Division Artillery, the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery, and the 197th Field Artillery Brigade. Battery E inactivated in (??) as part of force reductions. 101st Field Artillery Regiment The 101st Field Artillery (\"Boston Light Artillery\") regiment is the oldest field artillery regiment in the United States Army with a lineage dating to 13 December 1636 when it was organized as the South Regiment. For the first 250 years",
"title": "101st Field Artillery Regiment"
},
{
"id": "1921528",
"text": "passed an act calling for the creation of three regiments, organizing existing separate militia companies in and around Boston. The creation of the militia regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay Colony against American Indians and from other European countries operating in North America. This organization formed the basis of subsequent colonial and, post-independence, state and territorial militias which later became the Army National Guard. Being \"local\" ground forces affiliated with the Army, militias were considered state-centric/territorial-centric in nature, this versus naval forces, which were considered wholly activities of the federal government. This distinction accounts for",
"title": "Air National Guard"
},
{
"id": "12361190",
"text": "the 182nd Cavalry Regiment, headquartered at Melrose Armory in Melrose, Massachusetts. Converted back into infantry in 2010, the only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment. The 182nd Infantry Regiment traces its origins to the North Regiment which was constituted and organized on 7 October 1636 from existing \"training bands\" at Charlestown, New Town, Watertown, Concord, and Dedham. The regiment was redesignated on 10 March 1643 as the Regiment of Middlesex. As a colonial regiment operating in the American wilderness, the regiment was quick to incorporate changes in tactical doctrine based on conditions encountered in",
"title": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "16247235",
"text": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots Thirty federally recognized units in the U.S. Army have lineages that go back to the colonial era. Twenty-nine are National Guard units (regiments, battalions, companies, batteries or troops); one is a Regular Army Field Artillery battalion. Of the twenty-nine National Guard units, twenty-eight trace their origins to units initially organized in the English colonies; one is derived from militias formed on Puerto Rico when that island was still under Spanish rule. The units from the English colonies were formed during three distinct periods. The first eight, formed between 1636",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "5757623",
"text": "Flag of the United States Coast Guard The flag of the United States Coast Guard is white with a dark blue Great Seal of the United States. The shield on the eagle's breast has a blue chief over vertical red and white stripes. Inscribed in an arc above the eagle is \"UNITED STATES COAST GUARD\"; below the eagle is the Coast Guard motto, \"SEMPER PARATUS\" (\"Always Ready\") and beneath that in Arabic numerals is \"1790\", the year in which the service's ancestor, the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, was founded. All inscriptions are dark blue. The origins of the Coast Guard",
"title": "Flag of the United States Coast Guard"
},
{
"id": "20224068",
"text": "of three regiments by organizing existing separate militia companies in the towns around Boston. The creation of the militia regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay Colony against American Indians, as well as colonists and military members from other European countries who were operating in North America, including: the French in what is now Canada; the Spanish in what is now Florida, The Carolinas, and Georgia; and the Dutch in what was then New Netherland, which comprised what is now parts of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The General Court required that all able-bodied",
"title": "History of the US Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "6357350",
"text": "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts is the oldest chartered military organization in North America and the third oldest chartered military organization in the world. Its charter was granted in March 1638 by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay and signed by Governor John Winthrop as a volunteer militia company to train officers enrolled in the local militia companies across Massachusetts. With the professionalization of the US Military preceding World War I including the creation of the National Guard of the United States and the federalization of officer training,",
"title": "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "15600026",
"text": "has served in Iraq, in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, and in Afghanistan. The only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment, which returned from a year of service in Afghanistan in July 2011. The 1st Battalion was mobilized in March 2017 for one year of service with the Multinational Force & Observers in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. The 181st Infantry Regiment was organized 13 December 1636 in the Massachusetts Militia from existing train bands as the North Regiment. Redesignated 7 September 1643 as the Middlesex Regiment. Expanded 13 October 1680 to form the",
"title": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "20224069",
"text": "men between ages 16 and 60, except judges and clergy members, be considered members of the colony's militia, which was organized as the North, South, and East Regiments. Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. The militia of the Bay Colony, combined with militias from Plymouth and Saybrook and Native American allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes, fought the Native Americans of Southern New England in the Pequot War (1634–1638). This war resulted in hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout",
"title": "History of the US Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "231360",
"text": "Jackets Brigade and in 1966 the three regiments were formally amalgamated to become the Royal Green Jackets. The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets. On the disbandment of 1/RGJ in 1992, the RGJ's KRRC battalion was redesignated as 1/RGJ, eventually becoming 2/RIFLES in 2007. The King's Royal Rifle Corps was raised in the American colonies in 1756 as the 62nd (Royal American) Regiment to defend the thirteen colonies against attack by the French and their Native American allies. After Braddock's defeat in 1755, royal approval for a new regiment, as well as funds, were granted by parliament just",
"title": "King's Royal Rifle Corps"
},
{
"id": "8405948",
"text": "History of the United States Coast Guard The history of the United States Coast Guard goes back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was founded on 4 August 1790 as part of the Department of the Treasury. The Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service were merged to become the Coast Guard per which states: \"The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times.\" In 1939, the United States Lighthouse Service was merged into the Coast Guard. The",
"title": "History of the United States Coast Guard"
},
{
"id": "1300905",
"text": "1790) and the Lifesaving Service (est. 1848), and later absorbing other federal agencies, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is a military service, a law enforcement agency, and regulatory agency. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and one of the five services of the United States Armed Forces. Its role includes enforcement of U.S. maritime law, coastal defense, search and rescue, environmental protection, and regulation of maritime industries. In terms of size, the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world's 12th largest naval force. During peacetime the USCG falls under the administration of the",
"title": "Coast guard"
},
{
"id": "492975",
"text": "be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program, humanitarian missions, counter-drug operations, and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions. The Virginia Army National Guard traces its history back to 1607, to the Jamestown settlement, making it the oldest and the official start of the Army National Guard. The claim that the National Guard is older than the nation itself, with over three and a half centuries of service, is based on the claim that the modern-day 101st Field Artillery Regiment, 182nd Infantry Regiment, 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "2676601",
"text": "Connecticut Colony The Connecticut Colony or Colony of Connecticut, originally known as the Connecticut River Colony or simply the River Colony, was an English colony in North America that became the state of Connecticut. It was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation, and the English permanently gained control of the region in 1637 after struggles with the Dutch. The colony was later the scene of a bloody war between the colonists and Pequot Indians known as the Pequot War. Connecticut Colony played a significant role in the establishment of self-government in the New World",
"title": "Connecticut Colony"
},
{
"id": "7209932",
"text": "has two mandatory forces, namely the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Many states also have state defense forces and a naval militia, which assist, support and augment National Guard forces. The National Guard (or National Guard of a State) differs from the National Guard of the United States; however, the two do go hand-in-hand. The National Guard is a militia force organized by each of the states and territories of the United States. Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, state National Guard serves as part of the first-line defense for the United",
"title": "Militia (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11471103",
"text": "First ten Revenue Service cutters The first ten Revenue Service cutters were ten oceangoing cutters built at the behest of the 1st United States Congress in the early 1790s to crack down on smuggling. Since the United States Navy had at the time not yet been formed (it was established in 1798), these ten cutters of the newly formed Revenue Marine therefore represent the United States Government's first official \"armed force afloat\", as well as being the first seagoing vessels to operate with what would later become the United States Coast Guard. Immediately after the American Revolutionary War the newly",
"title": "First ten Revenue Service cutters"
},
{
"id": "19602592",
"text": "returned to Connecticut in 1954 continuing to serve the state of Connecticut until 1992, when the last remnants of the 169th Infantry Regiment were deactivated. 169th Infantry Regiment (United States) The 169th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Connecticut National Guard. They trace their ancestry back to when militia units in the Connecticut colony organized for drill in 1672, but their official organization as the 1st Connecticut occurred on 11 October 1739. Since then, the 169th and its predecessor units have fought in numerous American wars until its deactivation in 1992. The 169th Infantry Regiment",
"title": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "4320693",
"text": "real BPD cruisers. They include: Boston Police Department The Boston Police Department (BPD), dating back to 1838, holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the American city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest police department in the United States. The BPD is also the 20th largest law enforcement agency in the country and the 3rd largest in New England. Before the existence of a formal police department, the first night watch was established in Boston in 1635. In 1703, pay in the sum of 35 shillings a month was set for members of the night watch.",
"title": "Boston Police Department"
},
{
"id": "1306155",
"text": "Air Force, respectively, and is composed of National Guard units, which operate under Title 32 and under state authority as the Army National Guard and Air National Guard. The militia that later became the National Guard was first formed in the Colony of Virginia in 1607 and is the oldest uniformed military force founded in the New World. The National Guard can also be mobilized by the President to operate under Federal authority through Title 10. When acting under federal direction, the National Guard is managed by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint Army and Air Force activity",
"title": "Uniformed services of the United States"
},
{
"id": "13126498",
"text": "section is taken from \"Civil and Military List of Rhode Island, 1647-1800\" by Joseph Jencks Smith published in 1900. The Rhode Island National Guard traces it origins to the earliest known colonial defensive force which was formed on May 13, 1638, and called the \"Traine Band\", in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The new force was founded as, “Freemen as a militia subject to call and expected to perform certain military duties in the protection of the people.” During the Colonial era, the organization of the Rhode Island Militia was fairly simple. Each town had at least one militia company commanded by",
"title": "Rhode Island Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "8386337",
"text": "History of the United States Marine Corps The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of",
"title": "History of the United States Marine Corps"
},
{
"id": "1896431",
"text": "Harvard College Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world. The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court (colonial legislature, second oldest in British America) of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, instructor, or student. In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship \"John of London\". Three years later, the college was",
"title": "Harvard College"
},
{
"id": "7471378",
"text": "from the Military Department. The Military Department remains as the largest force provider to the Governor during times of domestic emergencies. Connecticut Military Department The Connecticut Military Department is a state agency of the government of Connecticut. Its primary components are the Connecticut Army National Guard, the Connecticut Air National Guard, and four companies of the state militia. The Military Department of the State of Connecticut traces its origins to May 11, 1637, when the \"General Courts\" (colonial assembly - legislature) established a military arm of the provincial government. In 1939, the State's Military Department. was established to consolidate the",
"title": "Connecticut Military Department"
},
{
"id": "14642605",
"text": "need for efficient minuteman companies was illustrated by the Powder Alarm of 1774. Militia companies were called out to resist British troops, who were sent to capture ammunition stores. By the time the militia was ready, the British regulars had already captured the arms at Cambridge and Charlestown and had returned to Boston. In August 1636, the first offensive military attack by militias failed when Massachusetts dispatched John Endecott with four companies on an unsuccessful campaign against the Pequot Indians. According to one man's account, the expedition succeeded only in killing one Indian and burning some wigwams. Weeks elapsed between",
"title": "Minutemen"
},
{
"id": "16247248",
"text": "the upper right corner of the crest. Revolutionary War Campaigns: Lexington, Boston, Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Monmouth, New York 1776, New York 1777, New Jersey 1777, New Jersey 1780, Rhode Island 1777, Rhode Island 1778, Rhode Island 1779. The 101st Engineer Battalion, like the 181st and 182nd Infantry Regiments, traces its lineage back to militia units from the Boston area that date back to 1636. The 101st Engineer Battalion originated as the East Regiment, formed in the Massachusetts Militia on December 13, 1636, from existing units at Saugus, Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury. The East Regiment was redesignated as the",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "2810753",
"text": "Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The SJC claims the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas, with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania disputes this, claiming to be eight years older. Although it was historically composed of four associate justices and one chief justice, the court is currently composed of six associate justices and one chief justice.",
"title": "Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court"
},
{
"id": "7373936",
"text": "roadside bomb during a combat patrol. He was part of Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group Major units of the Massachusetts Army National Guard include the following: Camp Edwards in the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts is the major training site for Army National Guard units. Armories for the MA ARNG include Hudson Armory. Historical Notes: The 104th Infantry Regiment was raised in 1639 as the Hampshire Regiment in Springfield, MA. The 101st Engineer Battalion (United States), 101st Field Artillery Regiment, 181st Infantry Regiment (United States) and 182nd Infantry Regiment (United States) are the oldest combat regiments",
"title": "Massachusetts National Guard"
},
{
"id": "2333148",
"text": "trains young Army officers at Fort Benning, Georgia. \"Semper fidelis\" is the motto of The West Nova Scotia Regiment (of the Canadian Forces), formed in 1936. It inherited the motto from The Lunenburg Regiment, formed in 1870. The United States Marine Corps adopted the motto \"Semper Fidelis\" in 1883, on the initiative of Colonel Charles McCawley (29 January 1827 – 13 October 1891), the 8th Commandant of the Marine Corps. There were three mottos prior to Semper Fidelis including \"Fortitudine\" (meaning \"with courage\") antedating the War of 1812, \"Per Mare, Per Terram\" (\"by sea, by land\"; presumably inherited from the",
"title": "Semper fidelis"
},
{
"id": "9428039",
"text": "also passed the Collection Act of 1789, which established the United States Customs Service and designated ports of entry. One year later, the Revenue-Marine was established when Washington signed legislation authorizing construction of ten cutters to enforce federal tariff and trade laws and to prevent smuggling. Until Congress established the Navy Department in 1798, it served as the nation's only armed force afloat. Renamed a century later as the Revenue Cutter Service, it and the U.S. Life-Saving Service were merged in 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard. After the passage of the Tariff of 1789, various other plans",
"title": "Presidency of George Washington"
},
{
"id": "10322911",
"text": "was later activated for the War of 1812 and the Spanish–American War. As under 10 U.S. Code §7851 naval militias form part of the United States organized militia and therefore are considered as such, any action to reactivate one of the nation's historic naval militia forces falls either on the Governor of Massachusetts or by legislative action of the chambers of the Massachusetts General Court. Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, which effectively controlled the Province of Massachusetts Bay, began discussing the need for",
"title": "Massachusetts Naval Militia"
},
{
"id": "7471367",
"text": "assigned to the National Guard is \"To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as otherwise provided by state law.\" The Connecticut National Guard bestows a number of decorations for services to or on behalf of the state. Major General Thaddeus J. Martin is the current Connecticut Adjutant General (TAG). The Connecticut Army National Guard was originally formed in 1672. During the War of 1812, the Federalist state government refused to place the state militia under control of the Democratic-Republican national government, which resulted in friction, especially following British attacks on New London and Stonington. The Militia Act",
"title": "Connecticut Military Department"
},
{
"id": "19602566",
"text": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States) The 169th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Connecticut National Guard. They trace their ancestry back to when militia units in the Connecticut colony organized for drill in 1672, but their official organization as the 1st Connecticut occurred on 11 October 1739. Since then, the 169th and its predecessor units have fought in numerous American wars until its deactivation in 1992. The 169th Infantry Regiment traces its heritage back to when militia units in Hartford County, Connecticut organized into the Regiment of Hartford County in 1672. The militia regiment did",
"title": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "4320670",
"text": "Boston Police Department The Boston Police Department (BPD), dating back to 1838, holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the American city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest police department in the United States. The BPD is also the 20th largest law enforcement agency in the country and the 3rd largest in New England. Before the existence of a formal police department, the first night watch was established in Boston in 1635. In 1703, pay in the sum of 35 shillings a month was set for members of the night watch. In 1796, the watch was",
"title": "Boston Police Department"
},
{
"id": "2353569",
"text": "Russian Navy The Russian Navy (, lit. \"Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation\") is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. The present Russian Navy was formed in January 1992, succeeding the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which had itself succeeded the Soviet Navy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. The regular Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great (Peter I) in October 1696. Ascribed to Peter I is the oft quoted statement: \"A ruler that has but an army has one hand, but he who has a navy has both.\" The",
"title": "Russian Navy"
},
{
"id": "2062050",
"text": "Army National Guard The Army National Guard (ARNG), in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is a militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the Army National Guard of the several states, territories and the District of Columbia (also referred to as the \"Militia of the United States\"), and the Army National Guard of the United States, part of the National Guard of the United States. The Army National Guard is divided into subordinate units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories, and the District",
"title": "Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "14763485",
"text": "First Corps of Cadets (Massachusetts) The First Corps of Cadets of Massachusetts formed in 1741. Its motto is Monstrat Viam - \"It Points the Way.\" While it has served in several wars, the sub-unit's primary contribution to Massachusetts and to the United States was as an officer-producing institution for new regiments from the Revolutionary War through World War II. Unlike the oldest regiments of the Massachusetts National Guard, which began as standing militia made up of all able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 60, the First Corps of Cadets, the Commonwealth's and the National Guard's oldest volunteer militia",
"title": "First Corps of Cadets (Massachusetts)"
},
{
"id": "492950",
"text": "major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s). From the nation's founding through the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias, directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792. In 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "7428832",
"text": "Harvard has been one of the most prestigious schools in the world, its library system and financial endowment larger than those of any other. With some 17,000 Puritans migrating to New England by 1636, Harvard was founded in anticipation of the need for training clergy for the new commonwealth, a \"church in the wilderness\". Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, the school received a printing pressthe only press in what is now the United States until Harvard acquired a second in 1659. The first printing press",
"title": "History of Harvard University"
},
{
"id": "14642627",
"text": "2015 video game \"Fallout 4\", which is set in Massachusetts, is called the \"Commonwealth Minutemen\". The inspiration for their namesake comes from the requirement to be ready \"at a minute's notice\" to defend any settlement in danger. Minutemen Minutemen were civilian colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics, and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War. They were also known for being ready at a minute's notice, hence the name. They provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats.",
"title": "Minutemen"
},
{
"id": "492982",
"text": "the American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War. With the Militia Act of 1903, the militia was more organized and the name \"National Guard\" recommended. In 1933, federally-recognized state National Guard units were required to join the National Guard of the United States, a reserve component of the U.S. Army; this is the official founding of the present National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 19 divisions. One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "7209885",
"text": "Militia (United States) The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time. During colonial America, all able-bodied men of certain ages were members of the militia. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, \"The Federalist Papers\" detailed the founders' vision of the militia. The new Constitution empowered Congress to \"organize, arm, and discipline\" this national military force, leaving significant control in the hands of each state government. Today, as defined by the Militia Act of 1903, the term \"militia\" is primarily used",
"title": "Militia (United States)"
},
{
"id": "20224133",
"text": "enforcement when required. These responses included Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and with additional troops sent in 2006, Hurricane Irene in 2011, and Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Isaac in 2012. In January, 2013 President Barack Obama signed into law House Bill 1339, which designated Salem, Massachusetts as the official birthplace of the National Guard. The Army National Guard continued to carry out a variety of missions in 2014, both in the United States and overseas, including activities to combat an Ebola epidemic in Africa in late 2014. In 2015 the Army National Guard conducted a variety of activities, including the deployment",
"title": "History of the US Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "19246654",
"text": "3 Percenters The Three Percenters (also styled 3%ers and III%ers) is an American militia organization whose members pledge protest and armed resistance against attempts to curtail constitutional rights. The organization's credo cautions against a potentially tyrannical US Federal Government, and has been characterized as being ideologically similar to the Oath Keepers. The group's name is derived from the claim that only three percent of the population of the Thirteen Colonies fought against the Kingdom of Great Britain during the American Revolution. Approximately 375,000 people out of the 2.5 million colonists—or fifteen percent—served in either the Continental Army or state militias,",
"title": "3 Percenters"
},
{
"id": "2456088",
"text": "responsible\" for the war. \"The Bay colony's gross escalation of violence… made all-out war unavoidable; until then, negotiation was at least conceivable.\" Pequot War The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the",
"title": "Pequot War"
},
{
"id": "12686523",
"text": "Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces authorized to stop, search and arrest suspected smugglers and other unlawful intruders into American waters. The Coast Guard was created from the merged United States Life-Saving Service and the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which had been established in 1790 to prevent smuggling until the reestablishment of the Navy in 1798. Although placed under the U.S. Treasury Department the Coast Guard was temporarily transferred to the Navy Department during World War I and again during World War II. In 1939, the Coast Guard also integrated and incorporated the United States",
"title": "Coast Guard Act"
},
{
"id": "878672",
"text": "New England Confederation The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, formed in May 1643. Its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies in support of the church, and for defense against the American Indians and the Dutch colony of New Netherland. It was the first milestone on the long road to colonial unity, and was established as a direct result of a war that started between the Mohegans and Narragansetts. Its charter provided for the return",
"title": "New England Confederation"
},
{
"id": "11148152",
"text": "State Guard was reorganized and trained to be able to replace the 26th Infantry Division of the Massachusetts National Guard in the event that the guard unit was deployed. The Guard was renamed the Massachusetts Military Reserve in June 1994; the State Guard name was restored during the group's reorganization after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Massachusetts State Defense Force went on inactive status in Feb 2008. However, due to the need for additional assistance in emergency management, and the shortage of state resources due to frequent deployments of the National Guard, the Massachusetts State Defense Force was reactivated",
"title": "Massachusetts State Defense Force"
},
{
"id": "1542193",
"text": "In August 2011, Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army. Prior to Confederation in 1867, the British Army, which included both \"Fencible\" Regiments of the British Army—recruited within British North America exclusively for service in North America—and Canadian militia units, was responsible for the defence of Canada. Some current regiments of the Canadian Army trace their origins to these pre-Confederation militia and Fencible units. After 1867, a Permanent Active Militia was formed, and in later decades several regular bodies of troops were created, their descendants becoming the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, the Royal Canadian Dragoons,",
"title": "Canadian Army"
},
{
"id": "18328792",
"text": "National Lancers The National Lancers are a Massachusetts-based volunteer cavalry militia troop. The National Lancers, along with the Massachusetts National Guard and the Massachusetts State Defense Force, exists as a component of the Massachusetts Organized Militia. The Lancers were organized on 31 October 1836 at the request of Governor Edward Everett and organized as a light cavalry militia troop. The Lancers were created to provide an armed escort for the governor as well as protect Massachusetts against invasion and insurrection. The National Lancers fought in the American Civil War as a part of the Army of the Potomac, and took",
"title": "National Lancers"
},
{
"id": "441022",
"text": "occasionally publishes a list of statistics that summarizes their activities. Based on 2013 statistics, on an average day the United States Coast Guard will: The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs (an important source of revenue for the new nation), which eventually evolved into the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten cutters, which it did on 4 August 1790 (now celebrated as the Coast Guard's official",
"title": "United States Coast Guard"
},
{
"id": "18068398",
"text": "to provide for the nation’s defense. These state militias would eventually evolve into the National Guard and their stateside parallels, the state defense forces, and both organizations trace their lineage directly to the state militias which operated prior to the creation of the modern-day National Guard. The first militia in Delaware was formed when Swedish settlers took up arms to defend Fort Christina (which was at the time a Swedish settlement) against Dutch invaders. During the American Revolutionary War, Delaware raised several units of militia in support of the Patriot side of the war. In the War of 1812, all",
"title": "Delaware State Guard"
},
{
"id": "6325210",
"text": "the two Services would help create the United States Coast Guard. The United States Revenue Cutter Service success is shown over a five year period from 1881 to 1885. The numbers that are shown are a yearly average: Saved from drowning 87, assisting vessels in distress 208, value of cargo on vessels $4,498,078, maintenance cost $843,595. On December 14, 1854 the United States Congress passed \"An act for the better preservation of life and property from vessels shipwrecked on the coasts of the United States. The Civil War disrupted the formation of the United States Life-Saving Service. In the year",
"title": "Virginia Beach Surf & Rescue Museum"
},
{
"id": "16247253",
"text": "12, 1777, and organized at Boston from elements of the Boston Regiment and the Corps of Independent Cadets. In the reorganization of the Massachusetts Militia following the Revolutionary War, the Boston Regiment was redesignated on April 1, 1788, as the 1st Regiment, 1st Brigade, 1st Division, which was expanded, reorganized and redesignated on August 2, 1798, as the Legionary Brigade, 1st Division, to consist of the Sublegion of Artillery (Volunteer Militia), the Sublegion of Light Infantry (Volunteer Militia), and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Sublegions (Standing Militia). The 101st Field Artillery has a very complex lineage, having incorporated the following",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "12163535",
"text": "Coast Guard Day Coast Guard Day is held every August 4 to commemorate the founding of the United States Coast Guard as the Revenue Marine on August 4, 1790, by then-Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. On that date, U.S. Congress, guided by Hamilton, authorized the building of a fleet of the first ten Revenue Service cutters, whose responsibility would be enforcement of the first tariff laws enacted by the U.S. Congress under the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Coast Guard received its present name through an act of the U.S. Congress signed into law by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on",
"title": "Coast Guard Day"
},
{
"id": "2278875",
"text": "but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit (as well as the capacity to be sued) and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled. Harvard College, an undergraduate school of Harvard University, formally the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere. Founded in 1636, the second of Harvard’s two governing boards was incorporated by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts in 1650. Significantly, Massachusetts itself was",
"title": "Joint-stock company"
},
{
"id": "7373923",
"text": "progressed, larger towns would usually have more than one militia company and the companies of adjacent towns would be organized into regiments commanded by colonels. The regiments, in turn, were organized into brigades commanded by brigadier generals. In 1692 Plymouth Colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and its militia became part of the Massachusetts Militia. Prior to the American Revolution, Massachusetts' armed citizens were organized into two major elements. There was the \"regular\" militia which consisted of all white males age 16 to 60, and the Minutemen who were better trained and equipped and who could react more quickly",
"title": "Massachusetts National Guard"
},
{
"id": "2455990",
"text": "and strongly asserted his patriotic commitment to England and English claims to North America. Captain John Underhill John Underhill (7 October 1597 – 21 July 1672) was an early English settler and soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England, he is most noted for leading colonial militia in the Pequot War (1636-1637) and Kieft's War which the colonists mounted against two different groups of Native Americans.",
"title": "Captain John Underhill"
},
{
"id": "14573745",
"text": "As a result of the Militia Act of 1903, each state's militia was reorganized into the National Guard. The deployment of each state's military forces fell to the decision of the federal government rather than the states. States which wanted to maintain a military force in order to protect against invasion, sabotage, riots, or natural or man-made disasters while their National Guard was deployed were forced to create independent units solely under state control. The modern state defense force was born as a result. In Arkansas, this unit was known as the Home Guard. The first units was created in",
"title": "Arkansas State Guard"
},
{
"id": "508664",
"text": "known as the Vermont National Guard or the \"Green Mountain Boys\", even though women have served in both branches since the mid-twentieth century. Both units use the original Green Mountain Boys battle flag as their banner. Green Mountain Boys The Green Mountain Boys was a militia organization first established in the late 1760s in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire, known as the New Hampshire Grants and later in 1775 as the Vermont Republic (which later became the state of Vermont). Headed by Ethan Allen and members of his extended family, it was instrumental",
"title": "Green Mountain Boys"
},
{
"id": "492978",
"text": "the authority of the Continental Congress, assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins. Throughout the war, militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war. The early United States distrusted a standing army, and kept the number of professional soldiers small. During the Northwest Indian War, the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias. There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.",
"title": "United States National Guard"
},
{
"id": "16247256",
"text": "the infantry company in the Independent Division, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia); and the 126th Antiaircraft Artillery, 685th Antiaircraft Artillery, 747th Antiaircraft Artillery and 772nd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions (all organized in the 1940s). The Indian head in the Distinctive Unit Insignia is from the seal of Massachusetts from 1628. The red color of the scroll is for Artillery. The Distinctive Unit Insignia was formerly the Distinctive Unit Insignia of the 211th Field Artillery, which is one of the units in the lineage of the 101st Field Artillery. Revolutionary War Campaigns: New York 1776 and Rhode Island 1777 The 772nd Military Police Company",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "5927232",
"text": "Semper Gumby Semper Gumby is an unofficial dog Latin motto for the United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard, United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Navy submariners, Navy Seabees, Army Unit Supply Specialists, and the Civil Air Patrol. It is a play on the official motto \"Semper Fidelis\", usually abbreviated \"Semper Fi\", which means \"\"Always Faithful\"\", and that of the US Coast Guard, \"Semper Paratus\", meaning \"\"Always Ready.\"\" \"Semper Gumby\", referring to the animated clay character Gumby, means \"\"Always Flexible\"\". The real Latin phrase meaning \"\"Always Flexible\"\" is \"Semper Flexibilis\". While the first use of Semper Gumby is",
"title": "Semper Gumby"
},
{
"id": "19524401",
"text": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States) The 101st Infantry Regiment was a formation of the United States Army, Massachusetts Army National Guard. Its history dates back to the American Civil War, and continues to the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II before being deactivated in 1993. The spirit of this unit and its history lives on in the modern 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Originally, the 101st Regiment was the 9th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the \"Fighting Ninth,\" and it was first mustered into federal service on 20 June 1861. Many of",
"title": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "19524379",
"text": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States) The 101st Infantry Regiment was a formation of the United States Army, Massachusetts Army National Guard. Its history dates back to the American Civil War, and continues to the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II before being deactivated in 1993. The spirit of this unit and its history lives on in the modern 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Originally, the 101st Regiment was the 9th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the \"Fighting Ninth,\" and it was first mustered into federal service on 20 June 1861. Many of",
"title": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "1092232",
"text": "August 19, 2010, Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick signed HB1145, \"An Act Designating the City of Salem as the Birthplace of the National Guard.\" This was later approved by the U.S. House of Representatives in March 2012, and was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 10, 2013. This executive order designated the City of Salem, Mass., as the birthplace of the U.S. National Guard. Each April, the Second Corps of Cadets gather in front of St. Peter's Episcopal Church, where the body of their founder, Stephen Abbott, is buried. They lay a wreath, play \"Taps\" and fire",
"title": "Salem, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "8405956",
"text": "Division of the Treasury Department. Kimball convinced Congress to appropriate $200,000 to construct new stations, repair old ones, and provide full-time crews. Shortly thereafter, in 1878, the U.S. Lifesaving Service was officially born and so-named. Although the Revenue Cutter Service is perhaps more recognized as \"the\" predecessor of the Coast Guard, the Lifesaving Service's legacy is apparent in many ways, not the least of which is the prominence of the Coast Guard's search and rescue mission in the eyes of the public. The Coast Guard takes its unofficial search and rescue motto, \"You have to go out, but you don't",
"title": "History of the United States Coast Guard"
},
{
"id": "16247247",
"text": "1st and 2nd Middlesex Regiments were reorganized as the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, which, after a number of additional reorganizations and redesignations, became the 5th Regiment of Infantry in 1855 and the 182nd Infantry in 1923. The white shield of the Distinctive Unit Insignia is from the Massachusetts state flag, and is also the original color for Infantry. The Indian is from the first seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. St. George’s cross suggests the British, or colonial, origin of the unit. The shoulder patch of the Americal Division, in which the 182nd Infantry served during World War II, occupies",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "5484421",
"text": "of the American Revolutionary War, and the similar post-Revolutionary War American military units under the Militia Act of 1792. These provided a basis for the United States Army's organization, with only minor changes, until the creation of the modern National Guard in 1903. The Militia Act provided for the use of volunteers who could be used anywhere in time of war, in addition to the State militias who were restricted to local use within their States for short periods of time. Even today's professional United States Army, which is augmented by the Army Reserve and Army National Guard, has a",
"title": "Regular Army (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2704527",
"text": "of Foot Guards are the permanent duty of its 1st Battalion. In the United Kingdom, the Household Division consists of seven regiments, giving rise to the division's motto of \"septem juncta in uno\" (Latin for \"seven joined in one\"): The seven regiments that form the Household Division in the United Kingdom are all currently units of the regular army. From 1950 to 1968, the term Household Brigade was used. In 2004, the Minister of Defence announced that the Foot Guards would gain a reserve (or Territorial Army) battalion, the London Regiment. However, the London Regiment is, according to HM Regulations",
"title": "Household Division"
},
{
"id": "6063363",
"text": "November 1929. It was redesignated for the 201st Armored Field Artillery Battalion on 20 July 1953. It was redesignated for the 201st Artillery Regiment on 18 July 1960. The insignia was redesignated for the 201st Field Artillery Regiment on 19 July 1972. 201st Field Artillery Regiment The 201st Field Artillery Regiment (\"First West Virginia\") is the United States' oldest active National Guard unit, and oldest continually serving unit in the United States Army. Based in Fairmont, West Virginia, it was first activated in 1735. It currently perpetuates the Virginia elements of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment of the American",
"title": "201st Field Artillery Regiment"
},
{
"id": "16247260",
"text": "the 772nd Military Police Company. Since companies are not issued their own separate Distinctive Unit Insignias, soldiers in the 772nd Military Police Company wear the Distinctive Unit Insignia of the higher echelon unit in which it serves, i.e., the 211th Military Police Battalion, MA ARNG. The 211th Military Police Battalion also has a lineage that dates back to the colonial militia (see below). Revolutionary War Campaigns: Lexington, Boston, Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga and Monmouth The 125th Quartermaster Company traces its history back to December 3, 1660, when the Company of Foot, Middlesex Regiment, was organized in the Massachusetts Militia",
"title": "Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots"
},
{
"id": "441009",
"text": "and 1650 smaller boats, as well as an extensive aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. While the U.S. Coast Guard is the smallest of the U.S. military service branches, in terms of size, the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world's 12th largest naval force. The Coast Guard has roles in maritime homeland security, maritime law enforcement (MLE), maritime patrol, search and rescue (SAR), marine environmental protection (MEP), and the maintenance of river, intracoastal and offshore aids to navigation (ATON). With a decentralized organization and much responsibility placed on even the most junior personnel, the Coast",
"title": "United States Coast Guard"
},
{
"id": "7944831",
"text": "Pennsylvania Army National Guard The Pennsylvania Army National Guard, abbreviated PAARNG, is part of the United States Army National Guard and is based in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Together with the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, it is directed by the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs. The PAARNG maintains 124 armories and is present in 87 communities across the Commonwealth. The PA National Guard traces its lineage back to the militia organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1747 known as the Associators. Franklin organized artillery and infantry units to defend the city of Philadelphia against French and Spanish privateers.",
"title": "Pennsylvania Army National Guard"
},
{
"id": "7471477",
"text": "National Guard is: \"To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed.\" The National Guard traces its beginning to 1636 and the militia of the colonies. In 2011 the National Guard celebrated 375 years of service. The Militia Act of 1903 organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. From 1968 to 1972 in the second term of Governor John J. McKeithen, the adjutant general was David Wade, then a retired Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force, who had commanded Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier",
"title": "Louisiana National Guard"
},
{
"id": "440964",
"text": "the creation of the Continental Army, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. The Continental Navy, established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines, established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War. These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784. The United States Congress created the current United States",
"title": "United States Armed Forces"
},
{
"id": "4228230",
"text": "Volunteer Militia established in 1862, which along with the 2nd Battalion the Queen's Own Rifles are modern Canada's oldest fighting regiments, having first seen combat in June 1866 at the Battle of Ridgeway against an invading Irish American Fenian insurgent army composed of better armed and more experienced recent civil war veterans. The regimental cap badge still bears the supposedly unlucky number from its oldest official antecedent. When the 13th Battalion first saw action at the Battle of Ridgeway it took heavy casualties and was forced to fall back along with the Queen's Own Rifles. The 13th Battalion commanding officer",
"title": "The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)"
},
{
"id": "2455970",
"text": "Captain John Underhill John Underhill (7 October 1597 – 21 July 1672) was an early English settler and soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England, he is most noted for leading colonial militia in the Pequot War (1636-1637) and Kieft's War which the colonists mounted against two different groups of Native Americans. He also published an account of the Pequot War. John Underhill was one of",
"title": "Captain John Underhill"
},
{
"id": "7209944",
"text": "45 to belong to the \"Unorganized Reserve Militia\". The Texas constitution also grants the county sheriff and the governor of the state the authority to call upon the unorganized reserve militia to uphold the peace, repel invasion, and suppress rebellion, similar to the early \"Texas Rangers\". Militia (United States) The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time. During colonial America, all able-bodied men of certain ages were members of the militia. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, \"The Federalist Papers\"",
"title": "Militia (United States)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of the US Army National Guard context: History of the US Army National Guard The history of the Army National Guard in the United States dates from 1636, when the Massachusetts Bay Col's government organized existing militia companies into three regiments. The National Guard's history continued through the colonial era, including the French and Indian War, and extends into the modern era, including participation in the War on Terror. Though a militia was mustered in Spanish Florida in the 1500s, the modern Army National Guard traces its origins to 13 December 1636, the day the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court passed an act calling for the creation\n\nDecember 13, 1636 saw The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This is recognized today as the founding of what branch of the military?",
"compressed_tokens": 212,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: United States National Guard context: descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 375 years ago. On December 13, 1636, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with a goal of increasing the militias' accountability to the colonial government, efficacy, and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians. Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills. The founding date\n\ntitle: 11 Engineer context: organized the 104th IN) World War II Operation Joint Global War on Terror (2 Comloy since September 2001) 101st Engineer Battalion The 01st Engineer Battalion is a branch of the Massachusetts National Guard and one of the oldest serving regiments of the United States Army. The 101st Engineer Battalion was originally established as the East Regiment. As the muster was held on the green in Salem Massachusetts, S is seen as the birthplace of the National Guard On 13 December 1636, the General ordered the organization of three militia reg designated as the\ntitle101st Field Artillery context: 101st Field Artillery Regiment 01st Field Art (\"oston Art\") field artillery United a line dating13 December 1636 it was South. For0' existence in infantry form.101st Artillery formed 13 December 163 as South Regiment by General. Its first commander Colonel John Winthrop Since creation the regiment in six colonial wars nine American wars totalling 7 campaign through20.\n of the Army Guard Guard Guard States from when Massachusettss government existing The Guard colonial,, extends including in. aiaered the 1500s, the modern Army National Guard traces its origins to 13 December 1636, the day the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court passed an act calling for the creation\n\nDecember 13, 1636 saw The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This is recognized today as the founding of what branch of the military?",
"compressed_tokens": 490,
"origin_tokens": 14088,
"ratio": "28.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,723 | Served in a traditional cocktail glass, what drink consists of equal parts brandy (or cognac), Contreau, and lemon juice? | [
"Motorcycle sidecar",
"Side-car",
"Side car",
"Sidecars",
"Motorcycle combination",
"A Sidecar",
"Sidecar"
] | A Sidecar | [
{
"id": "15821615",
"text": "cocktail, with two parts cognac, one part Calvados or equivalent apple brandy, and one part sweet vermouth. The Corpse Reviver #2 is the more popular of the corpse revivers, and consists of equal parts gin, lemon juice, curaçao (commonly Cointreau), Kina Lillet (now usually replaced with Cocchi Americano, as a closer match to Kina Lillet than modern Lillet Blanc), and a dash of absinthe. The dash of absinthe can either be added to the mix before shaking, or added to the cocktail glass and moved around until the glass has been coated with a layer of absinthe to give a",
"title": "Corpse Reviver"
},
{
"id": "2004981",
"text": "the drink to an American army captain in Paris during World War I and named after the motorcycle sidecar that the captain used. Both MacElhone and Vermiere state the recipe as equal parts cognac, Cointreau, and lemon juice, now known as \"the French school\". Later, an \"English school\" of sidecars emerged, as found in the \"Savoy Cocktail Book\" (1930), which call for two parts cognac and one part each of Cointreau and lemon juice. According to Embury, the original sidecar had several ingredients, which were \"refined away\". Embury also states the drink is simply a daiquiri with brandy as its",
"title": "Sidecar (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "16663551",
"text": "the basis for moretta. In 2004, AIBES (Associazione Italiana Barman e Sostenitori) recognised moretta as an official cocktail. The hot cocktail is a blend of anise, rum and brandy in roughly equal parts. The type of alcohol used can vary according to personal taste and individual recipes. For example, one variant uses cognac instead of brandy. The liquor is heated with steam, together with sugar and lemon or orange zest, and poured directly into the glass, if possible, in order to dissolve the sugar. Then, warm coffee, preferably espresso, is added slowly, so as not to mix with the liquor.",
"title": "Moretta (coffee)"
},
{
"id": "2442856",
"text": "at Elite Bars 1903-1933\", published in 1934. <poem> Jigger of Gordon's Gin ( Beefeater) 2 dash Cointreau ( Cointreau) Juice of 1 Lemon ( Lemon Juice) 1 tsp [.5 cl] Raspberry Syrup (homemade) Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass. </poem> Made with ingredients that would have been readily available during the period, this identically named cocktail aims for the same effect. If this drink is in fact the source of the modern cosmopolitan, then it would be an adaption of a Daisy rather than a Kamikaze. One version of the creation of this popular drink credits the",
"title": "Cosmopolitan (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "11158724",
"text": "cubes. Stir together sugar and 3½ cups water in a large bowl or pot until sugar is dissolved. Add lemon juice, rum, cognac, and brandy and chill, covered, at least 3 hours. Put half-gallon ice block in a punch bowl and pour punch over it. Fish House Punch Fish House Punch is a strong, rum-based punch containing rum, cognac, and peach brandy. The drink is typically served over an ice block in a punch bowl and garnished with lemon slices. This most venerable of American flowing bowls is held to have been first concocted in 1732 at Philadelphia's fishing club,",
"title": "Fish House Punch"
},
{
"id": "14728652",
"text": "invented a few years earlier in London, which has twice as much champagne as orange juice. The Poinsettia is cranberry juice with champagne (sometimes with vodka and/or Cointreau). The Soleil is made with pineapple juice. The Megmosa is a similar type of cocktail, composed of equal parts champagne and grapefruit juice. Mimosa (cocktail) A mimosa cocktail is composed of one part champagne (or other sparkling wine) and one part chilled citrus juice, usually orange juice unless otherwise specified. It is traditionally served in a tall champagne flute at brunch, at weddings, by the pint, or as part of first class",
"title": "Mimosa (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "18093304",
"text": "Hennchata The Hennchata is a cocktail consisting of Hennessy cognac and Mexican rice horchata agua fresca. It was invented by Vanessa Guizar in San Jose, California. The Hennchata consists of 4 oz horchata plus 1.5 oz (50 ml bottle) of Hennessy V.S. Jorgé Sanchez, owner of CHACHO’S was first to serve the Hennchata in a thick-walled, stemmed chavela glass with the bottle of cognac inverted in a plastic holder clipped to the rim; the brandy bottle empties itself as the level of horchata falls, making the drink more alcoholic as it is consumed. The drink was created by Vanessa Guizar",
"title": "Hennchata"
},
{
"id": "15432626",
"text": "Snowball (cocktail) A Snowball is a mixture of Advocaat and lemonade in approximately equal parts. It may have other ingredients, to taste. It typically contains a squeeze of fresh lime juice, which is shaken with the advocaat before pouring into a glass and topping up with lemonade. If not wanting to make fresh advocaat, which typically consists of 1 egg, 30 ml of simple syrup, and 60 ml of brandy, for the cocktail, then it may be substituted by using a commercial version. In the United Kingdom, it is often sold in both pubs and supermarkets in small bottles of",
"title": "Snowball (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "15432627",
"text": "approximately (known in the pub trade as \"splits\") and is usually drunk as a \"winter warmer\". Snowball (cocktail) A Snowball is a mixture of Advocaat and lemonade in approximately equal parts. It may have other ingredients, to taste. It typically contains a squeeze of fresh lime juice, which is shaken with the advocaat before pouring into a glass and topping up with lemonade. If not wanting to make fresh advocaat, which typically consists of 1 egg, 30 ml of simple syrup, and 60 ml of brandy, for the cocktail, then it may be substituted by using a commercial version. In",
"title": "Snowball (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3127132",
"text": "Cocktail glass A cocktail glass is a stemmed glass with an inverted cone bowl, mainly used to serve straight-up cocktails. The term cocktail glass is often used interchangeably with martini glass, despite them differing slightly. Today, the glass is used to serve a variety of cocktails, such as the Martini and its variations (French Martini, Vodka Martini, Espresso Martini, Appletini), Manhattan, Brandy Alexander, Pisco Sour, Negroni, Cosmopolitan, Gimlet, and the Grasshopper. Invented in the late 19th century, its form derives from the fact that all cocktails are traditionally served chilled and contain an aromatic element. Thus, the stem allows the",
"title": "Cocktail glass"
},
{
"id": "3769215",
"text": "Saint Clement's (cocktail) The Saint Clement's is a non-alcoholic cocktail. Though the ingredients may vary, it consists of orange juice mixed with bitter lemon, usually in equal proportions; the name of the drink refers to the English nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons. The drink is therefore named (indirectly) after either St Clement Eastcheap or St Clement Danes, both churches in London. The traditional recipe calls for equal parts orange juice and lemon juice served over ice in a highball glass. There are many variations, in which the lemon juice is replaced with a sweeter drink (like lemonade), or even a",
"title": "Saint Clement's (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1459937",
"text": "in \"Esquire\" magazine, December 1953, pg. 76: It was further popularized by the Jimmy Buffett song \"Margaritaville\". Margarita A margarita is a cocktail consisting of tequila, orange liqueur, and lime juice often served with salt on the rim of the glass. The drink is served shaken with ice (on the rocks), blended with ice (frozen margarita), or without ice (straight up). Although it has become acceptable to serve a margarita in a wide variety of glass types, ranging from cocktail and wine glasses to pint glasses and even large schooners, the drink is traditionally served in the eponymous margarita glass,",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "18674651",
"text": "Between the Sheets (cocktail) The Between the Sheets is a cocktail consisting of white rum, cognac, triple sec, and lemon juice. The origin of the cocktail is usually credited to Harry MacElhone at Harry's New York Bar in Paris in the 1930s as a derivative of the sidecar. However, competing theories exist that claim the cocktail was created at The Berkeley in approximately 1921, or in French brothels as an apéritif for consumption by the prostitutes. The drink is similar to the sidecar, differing only by using less cognac and adding rum. The Maiden's Prayer is variously known as an",
"title": "Between the Sheets (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1459924",
"text": "Margarita A margarita is a cocktail consisting of tequila, orange liqueur, and lime juice often served with salt on the rim of the glass. The drink is served shaken with ice (on the rocks), blended with ice (frozen margarita), or without ice (straight up). Although it has become acceptable to serve a margarita in a wide variety of glass types, ranging from cocktail and wine glasses to pint glasses and even large schooners, the drink is traditionally served in the eponymous margarita glass, a stepped-diameter variant of a cocktail glass or champagne coupe. According to cocktail historian David Wondrich, the",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "11158720",
"text": "Fish House Punch Fish House Punch is a strong, rum-based punch containing rum, cognac, and peach brandy. The drink is typically served over an ice block in a punch bowl and garnished with lemon slices. This most venerable of American flowing bowls is held to have been first concocted in 1732 at Philadelphia's fishing club, the State in Schuylkill, also known as the \"Fish House\". A 1744 note by the secretary of an embassy of Virginia Commissioners contains what may be the earliest record of the punch. Meeting local notables at the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, he described being served",
"title": "Fish House Punch"
},
{
"id": "2004983",
"text": "Recipes\", and \"Drinks As They Are Mixed\" (a revised reprint of Paul E. Lowe's 1904 book). Sidecar (cocktail) The sidecar is a cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur (Cointreau, Grand Marnier, Dry Curaçao, or some other triple sec), plus lemon juice. In its ingredients, the drink is perhaps most closely related to the older brandy crusta, which differs both in presentation and in proportions of its components. The exact origin of the sidecar is unclear, but it is thought to have been invented around the end of World War I in either London or Paris. The drink was directly",
"title": "Sidecar (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2004979",
"text": "Sidecar (cocktail) The sidecar is a cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur (Cointreau, Grand Marnier, Dry Curaçao, or some other triple sec), plus lemon juice. In its ingredients, the drink is perhaps most closely related to the older brandy crusta, which differs both in presentation and in proportions of its components. The exact origin of the sidecar is unclear, but it is thought to have been invented around the end of World War I in either London or Paris. The drink was directly named for the motorcycle attachment. The Ritz Hotel in Paris claims origin of the drink. The",
"title": "Sidecar (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3127136",
"text": "A standard cocktail glass contains , though originally they were around in size. Oversized cocktail glasses, ranging in capacity from to large glasses of or more are available. Cocktail glass A cocktail glass is a stemmed glass with an inverted cone bowl, mainly used to serve straight-up cocktails. The term cocktail glass is often used interchangeably with martini glass, despite them differing slightly. Today, the glass is used to serve a variety of cocktails, such as the Martini and its variations (French Martini, Vodka Martini, Espresso Martini, Appletini), Manhattan, Brandy Alexander, Pisco Sour, Negroni, Cosmopolitan, Gimlet, and the Grasshopper. Invented",
"title": "Cocktail glass"
},
{
"id": "11115078",
"text": "juice) and the Salty Dog (which lacks the cranberry juice and is made with a salted rim). The cocktail was born in the late 1920s, but the recipe was different from the one used today, as gin and grenadine were used in the original Sea Breeze. This was near the end of the Prohibition era. In the 1930s, a Sea Breeze had gin, apricot brandy, grenadine, and lemon juice. Later, a Sea Breeze recipe would contain vodka, dry vermouth, Galliano, and blue Curaçao. The cranberry grower's cooperative in the 1930s evolved into Ocean Spray which marketed cranberry juice in the",
"title": "Sea Breeze (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9795639",
"text": "the largest \"Gin and Juice\", a 500 litre paradise cocktail. Paradise (cocktail) The Paradise is an IBA official cocktail, and is classified as a \"pre-dinner\" drink, an apéritif. The earliest known in-print recipe for the Paradise Cocktail was written by Harry Craddock in 1930. This cocktail is prepared using gin, apricot brandy (apricot liqueur), and orange juice in a 2:1:1 ratio, with a splash of lemon juice. The Paradise cocktail plays a key part in the 1933 Warner Bros. romantic film \"One Way Passage\" as the drink of the two star-crossed lovers played by Kay Francis and William Powell. On",
"title": "Paradise (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9795638",
"text": "Paradise (cocktail) The Paradise is an IBA official cocktail, and is classified as a \"pre-dinner\" drink, an apéritif. The earliest known in-print recipe for the Paradise Cocktail was written by Harry Craddock in 1930. This cocktail is prepared using gin, apricot brandy (apricot liqueur), and orange juice in a 2:1:1 ratio, with a splash of lemon juice. The Paradise cocktail plays a key part in the 1933 Warner Bros. romantic film \"One Way Passage\" as the drink of the two star-crossed lovers played by Kay Francis and William Powell. On May 27, 2018, Snoop Dogg set the world record for",
"title": "Paradise (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1955182",
"text": "Horse's Neck A Horse's Neck is an American cocktail recognised by the IBA, identifiably sporting a long, curling strip of lemon rind. It is made with brandy (or sometimes bourbon) and ginger ale, with a long spiral of lemon peel (zest) draped over the edge of an 'old-fashioned' or highball glass. When made with Ale-8-One and Maker's Mark this drink is commonly referred to as a Kentucky Gentleman. A similar Canadian drink, the Rye & Ginger, is made with Canadian whisky and ginger ale. Dating back to the 1890s, it was a non-alcoholic mixture of ginger ale, ice and lemon",
"title": "Horse's Neck"
},
{
"id": "9639540",
"text": "Jack and Coke Jack and Coke (also referred to as JD and Coke, Jack Coke, or a Lemmy) is a cocktail made with Jack Daniel's whiskey and Coca-Cola. The drink is usually served with ice in an old-fashioned glass or a Collins glass. The first mention of the drink, also referred to as Bourbon and Coke, is in 1907, in the report of an employee of the United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. According to \"Massachusetts Beverage Business\" in 2005, the popularity of the Jack and Coke combination was on the rise. Mike Keyes, Jack Daniel's Senior Vice President",
"title": "Jack and Coke"
},
{
"id": "4364159",
"text": "again. The classic Pisco Sour recipe contains [pisco] brandy (usually an un-aged grape brandy from Perú), fresh lime juice, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, egg white, and bitters. It is shaken, strained, and served straight in a cocktail glass then garnished with the bitters (cinnamon can be used). The addition of egg white creates a foamy head when shaken before serving. While pisco sour is flavoured with key lime by default, pisco is combined with other fruit to create mango sour, maracuya (passion fruit) sour, lucuma sour and so forth. Peru has a National Pisco Sour Day (which lasts a",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "272173",
"text": "to make a frothy, bitter drink. The drink, called \"xocoatl\", was often flavored with vanilla, chile pepper, and \"achiote\". Alcoholic beverages from Mexico include tequila, pulque, aguardiente, mezcal, and charanda with brandy, wine, rum and beer also produced. The most common alcoholic beverage consumed with food in Mexico is beer, followed by tequila. A classic margarita, a popular cocktail, is composed of tequila, cointreau and lime juice. Like elsewhere in Mexico, corn is the dietary staple and indigenous elements are still strong in the cuisine. Along with a chile called simojovel, used nowhere else in the country, the cuisine is",
"title": "Mexican cuisine"
},
{
"id": "14728581",
"text": "that the Rose Bennie is best enjoyed on a hot summer afternoon. While cranberry juice comprises the typical beverage, it has also been known to be made with many variations of cranberry juice cocktails, such as white-cran grape and cran-blueberry. Some purists are known to only use freshly crushed and sugared cranberries in their Rose Bennies. Rose Bennie Rose Bennie is a drink, usually containing 1 part vodka, 2 parts lemonade, and 2 splashes of cranberry juice. There have been notable alterations to the Rose Bennie, including a Bennie-Rita, which contains tequila, and the Kentucky Bennie, which contains whiskey. The",
"title": "Rose Bennie"
},
{
"id": "4764344",
"text": "juice. The key to a balanced sangrita recipe can be found in the fruit salad's recipes, which would have included any or all of the following: tangerine, cucumber, papaya, mango and jicama. Traditionally, sangrita is served with tequila blanco, but it can also accompany tequila \"reposado\". The tequila and sangrita are each poured into a separate shot glass (or \"caballito\") and the two are alternately sipped, not chased. Sangrita is used in a drink known as \"The Mexican Flag\", where three separate double shot glasses are filled with lime juice, tequila and sangrita. Authentic sangrita from the Lake Chapala region",
"title": "Sangrita"
},
{
"id": "13917232",
"text": "has co-hosted the biannual Bermuda Race from 1906 to 1926 with various American yacht clubs, and since 1926 with the Cruising Club of America. It also currently hosts the Charleston Bermuda Race. The RBYC gave name to the \"Royal Bermuda (Yacht Club) Cocktail\", - a mixed drink that contains Barbados rum, fresh lime juice, Cointreau, sugar or falernum. Royal Bermuda Yacht Club The Royal Bermuda Yacht Club (RBYC) is a private yacht club that was established as the \"Bermuda Yacht Club\" on November 1, 1844. In 1845, Prince Albert consented to become Patron of the Club and in 1846 the",
"title": "Royal Bermuda Yacht Club"
},
{
"id": "9195537",
"text": "was born in Newcastle, United Kingdom. His brother John is the Director of Fine arts at the University of Hull. The family are of Italian background. He has a cocktail named after him \"The Bernasconi,\" which is equal parts cointreau, campari, citron vodka, a double portion of fresh grapefruit juice, topped up with prosecco and garnished with an orange slice. In addition to extensive work on Heidegger and Levinas, Bernasconi has written on Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hannah Arendt, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jean-Paul Sartre, Frantz Fanon, Jacques Derrida, and numerous others. In the early 1990s Bernasconi began to develop",
"title": "Robert Bernasconi"
},
{
"id": "1906324",
"text": "According to the recipe in Harry MacElhone's book \"Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails,\" a French 75 is supposed to be served in a highball glass. The Highball glass, which the Tom Collins Cocktail is also served in, would support the theory of French 75 being a variation of the Tom Collins. French 75 (cocktail) French 75 is a cocktail made from gin, Champagne, lemon juice, and sugar. It is also called a 75 Cocktail, or in French simply a \"Soixante Quinze\" (Seventy Five). The drink dates to World War I, and an early form was created in 1915 at the",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3769216",
"text": "carbonated citrus-flavored soft drink (like Sprite, 7-Up, or Fanta Lemon). Saint Clement's (cocktail) The Saint Clement's is a non-alcoholic cocktail. Though the ingredients may vary, it consists of orange juice mixed with bitter lemon, usually in equal proportions; the name of the drink refers to the English nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons. The drink is therefore named (indirectly) after either St Clement Eastcheap or St Clement Danes, both churches in London. The traditional recipe calls for equal parts orange juice and lemon juice served over ice in a highball glass. There are many variations, in which the lemon juice is",
"title": "Saint Clement's (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "18674652",
"text": "alternate name for the Between the Sheets, and as a different drink using gin instead of rum and cognac, and adding orange juice to the lemon juice. Between the Sheets (cocktail) The Between the Sheets is a cocktail consisting of white rum, cognac, triple sec, and lemon juice. The origin of the cocktail is usually credited to Harry MacElhone at Harry's New York Bar in Paris in the 1930s as a derivative of the sidecar. However, competing theories exist that claim the cocktail was created at The Berkeley in approximately 1921, or in French brothels as an apéritif for consumption",
"title": "Between the Sheets (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2113373",
"text": "y medio\" is also the name for another cocktail, made with White Vermouth and \"Caña\" (literally \"cane\"), a 35%-50% alcoholic beverage distilled from sugar cane. This name, however, is used not in the majority of bars but only in the most traditional ones, probably due to the existence of Roldós' \"Medio y Medio\". The Arnold Palmer, also known as a half and half, is popular in the Northeastern United States. The drink consists of 1 part lemonade and 1 part iced tea; variations may include a mixture of sweet and unsweetened tea. Some coffee shops in colder climates serve a",
"title": "Half and half"
},
{
"id": "19708957",
"text": "invented a new cocktail,\" she said. \"The next time he came in, I told him I had a new drink for him. He sipped it, and, draining the glass, he said 'By Jove! This is the real hanky-panky!' The name hanky panky, which in England meant at that time 'magic', or 'witchcraft' stuck with the drink, a combination of gin, vermouth and Fernet Branca, and is still served in the American Bar at the Savoy today, as well as listed in cocktail manuals. In late 1925, the Savoy shut down the American Bar for renovations and announced the retirement of",
"title": "Ada Coleman"
},
{
"id": "426178",
"text": "with lemon slice, cherry and a straw. The Juan Collins is a Collins cocktail made from tequila, lime juice, sugar or some other sweetening agent, and club soda. It is a variation of the original Tom Collins, first memorialized in writing in 1876 by \"the father of American mixology\" Jerry Thomas. This drink typically is served in a Collins glass over ice. Tom Collins The Tom Collins is a cocktail made from gin, lemon juice, sugar, and carbonated water. First memorialized in writing in 1876 by Jerry Thomas, the \"father of American mixology\", this drink is typically served in a",
"title": "Tom Collins"
},
{
"id": "1459936",
"text": "lime is often added to the glass). Other varieties of margarita include fruit margarita, top-shelf margarita and virgin margarita. Margaritas may be served in a variety of glasses, most notably the eponymous margarita glass, a variant of the classic champagne coupe; this is particularly associated with blended fruit margaritas, and the glass is also used for dishes such as guacamole or shrimp cocktails. In formal settings margaritas are often served in a standard cocktail glass, while in informal settings, particularly with ice, margaritas may be served in an old fashioned glass. The margarita cocktail was the \"Drink of the Month\"",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "4593895",
"text": "left, gained a reputation over the years for its glamorous cocktail parties and the unique bartending skills of Frank Meier, head barman from 1921 until his death in 1947. One of his best-known cocktails was the potent \"Rainbow\", consisting of anisette, mint, yellow chartreuse, cherry brandy, kümmel, green chartreuse and cognac. The Ritz Bar is designed in the Victorian style with red-velvet armchairs and bar furnishings, a marble fireplace and historic portraits. The Ritz Bar may have been the world's first hotel bar. Bar Hemingway was the favourite bar of Ernest Hemingway and is said by some to be the",
"title": "Hôtel Ritz Paris"
},
{
"id": "6485969",
"text": "Hussong's Hussong's Cantina is the oldest and best known cantina in Baja California, Mexico. The original Hussong's is located in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and was established in 1892. The second Hussong's Cantina opened in Las Vegas, Nevada, in January 2010. Hussong's is reputedly the place where the Margarita was created in October, 1941 by bartender Don Carlos Orozco. He concocted a mixture of equal parts tequila, damiana (Cointreau is used now) and lime, served over ice in a salt-rimmed glass for Margarita Henkel, daughter of the German Ambassador to Mexico. Hussong's founder, John Hussong, was born as \"Johann\" in",
"title": "Hussong's"
},
{
"id": "2155303",
"text": "Martini (cocktail) The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive or a lemon twist. Over the years, the martini has become one of the best-known mixed alcoholic beverages. H. L. Mencken called the martini \"the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet\" and E. B. White called it \"the elixir of quietude\". By 1922 the martini reached its most recognizable form in which London dry gin and dry vermouth are combined at a ratio of 2:1, stirred in a mixing glass with ice cubes, with the optional addition of orange or aromatic",
"title": "Martini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1459925",
"text": "margarita is merely a popular Mexican and American drink, the Daisy (\"margarita\" is Spanish for \"daisy\"), remade with tequila instead of brandy, which became popular during Prohibition as people drifted over the border for alcohol. There is an account from 1936 of Iowa newspaper editor James Graham finding such a cocktail in Tijuana, years before any of the other margarita \"creation myths\". 1937 Cafe Royal Cocktail Book contains a recipe for a Picador using the same concentrations of tequila, triple sec and lime juice as a margarita. One of the earliest stories is of the margarita being invented in 1938",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "1745854",
"text": "in the UK, is made by mixing equal measures of lager and Coca-Cola, with a shot of amaretto, (including the shot glass), 'dropped' in at the end. The \"soju\" shandy is a Korean version that includes a shot of Korean \"soju\". Shandy Shandy is beer mixed with a clear carbonated lemon-lime drink or a clear lemon-flavoured beverage. In Europe, New Zealand, and Australia, this clear lemon-lime soda is referred to as \"lemonade,\" and when mixed with beer it is called \"lemonade shandy\". The proportions of the two ingredients are adjusted to taste, but are frequently half lemonade and half beer.",
"title": "Shandy"
},
{
"id": "2113352",
"text": "Night\", the protagonist suspects that an overly flattering article in the \"Herald Tribune\" about his neighbor was \"written by a pansy full of Brandy Alexanders.\" Brandy Alexander A Brandy Alexander is a brandy-based cocktail consisting of cognac, crème de cacao, and cream that became popular during the early 20th century. It is a variation of an earlier, gin-based cocktail called simply an Alexander. There are many rumors about its origins. Some sources say it was created at the time of the London wedding of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles in 1922. Drama critic and Algonquin Round Table member Alexander Woollcott",
"title": "Brandy Alexander"
},
{
"id": "13662594",
"text": "many versions of the drink, it is topped off with champagne or white wine. Some versions call for sugaring the rim of the glass. It can be served on the rocks in a double old-fashioned glass or, especially in the champagne variation, straight up in a champagne coupe or flute or a cocktail glass. Chicago Cocktail The Chicago Cocktail is a brandy-based mixed drink probably named for the city of Chicago, Illinois. It has been documented in numerous cocktail manuals dating back to the 19th century. Chicago restaurant critic John Drury included it in his 1931 guide \"Dining in Chicago\",",
"title": "Chicago Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "11072281",
"text": "Brandy Sour (Cyprus) The Brandy Sour is a mixed alcoholic cocktail considered the unofficial national cocktail of Cyprus. While other forms of the Brandy Sour cocktail exist, the Cypriot variety is a distinct mixture, which only shares the basic brandy and lemon flavourings with other variants. Both brandy and lemons are among Cyprus's major exports, and both have distinctive Cypriot characteristics. The Cypriot Brandy Sour style was developed following the introduction of the first blended brandy made on Cyprus, by the Haggipavlu family, in the early 1930s. The cocktail was developed at the Forest Park Hotel, in the hill-resort of",
"title": "Brandy Sour (Cyprus)"
},
{
"id": "9814664",
"text": "Japanese slipper A Japanese slipper is a drink made from Midori, Cointreau, and lemon juice. It was created in 1984 by Jean-Paul Bourguignon at Mietta's Restaurant in Melbourne. The Japanese Slipper appears in literature as early as The bulletin: Issues 5617-5625 in 1988 \"you might care for one of the other current favorites — a Toblerone, a Japanese Slipper or a Mind Eraser. ... Bailey's, grand marnier) or a Melon Bullet (Midori, Mainstay, cointreau, lemon juice)\" Place a cherry into a cocktail glass. Place crushed ice into cocktail shaker, add Midori, then the Cointreau and lemon juice. Shake well and",
"title": "Japanese slipper"
},
{
"id": "5033069",
"text": "in summer 2010, with modifications to the belt, lid and other elements. In addition to redesigning the bottle for the traditional Chambord liqueur, the manufacturer has also begun using the Chambord brand name on a flavoured vodka. Common drinks made from Chambord include the Raspberry Margarita, French Manhattan, Butler Miller (Chambord Vodka Gimlet), Kir Impérial (Chambord and champagne), Chambord Daiquiri, Chambord Royal Spritzer, Lemonado (Vodka, lemonade and splash of Chambord), Little Purple Men, The Purple Hooter Shooter, Sour Grapes, Black Opal, Peanut Butter and Jelly (with Frangelico or Castries Peanut Cream), Grape Crush, the \"Blood of Christ\", Grateful Dead, and",
"title": "Chambord Liqueur"
},
{
"id": "2891532",
"text": "glass if not imbibed immediately, the result (and intention) of which is swift intoxication. It can also be served with equal parts tequila, white wine (or champagne) and lemonade, creating a more potent, flavoursome mix. A Mexican variant known as the \"Tequila Boom-Boom\" uses tequila, 7-Up (or Sprite) and grenadine syrup. Tequila Slammer A Tequila Slammer (known in Mexico as a \"muppet\" or \"mópet\") is a cocktail served in a rocks glass. It is made with tequila. The drink gets its name from the way it is commonly consumed; the usual procedure is to leave about a fifth of the",
"title": "Tequila Slammer"
},
{
"id": "2442855",
"text": "Cosmopolitan (cocktail) A cosmopolitan, or informally a cosmo, is a cocktail made with vodka, triple sec, cranberry juice, and freshly squeezed or sweetened lime juice. The International Bartenders Association recipe is based on vodka citron, lemon-flavored vodka. The cosmopolitan is a relative of cranberry coolers like the Cape Codder. Though often presented far differently, the cosmopolitan also bears a likeness in composition to the kamikaze cocktail. The origin of the cosmopolitan is disputed. While the cocktail is widely perceived to be a more modern creation, there is a strikingly similar recipe for a cosmopolitan which appears in \"Pioneers of Mixing",
"title": "Cosmopolitan (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2113348",
"text": "Brandy Alexander A Brandy Alexander is a brandy-based cocktail consisting of cognac, crème de cacao, and cream that became popular during the early 20th century. It is a variation of an earlier, gin-based cocktail called simply an Alexander. There are many rumors about its origins. Some sources say it was created at the time of the London wedding of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles in 1922. Drama critic and Algonquin Round Table member Alexander Woollcott claimed that it was named after him. Other sources say it was named after the Russian tsar Alexander II. The drink was possibly named after",
"title": "Brandy Alexander"
},
{
"id": "4043686",
"text": "that it be served in a cocktail glass if served straight, or in a rocks glass if served with ice. The Amaretto Stinger uses a 3-to-1 ratio of amaretto to white crème de menthe, while an Irish Stinger uses equal parts Irish cream liqueur and white crème de menthe. The Mexican Stinger substitutes tequila for brandy. A \"Vodka Stinger\", also known as a White Spider, uses vodka instead of brandy. A White Way Cocktail, which celebrates Broadway theatre, is a Stinger made with gin rather than brandy. Mixologists Oliver Said and James Mellgren cite a cocktail known as the Stinger",
"title": "Stinger (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2155311",
"text": "came to be seen as old-fashioned and was replaced by more intricate cocktails and wine spritzers, but the mid-1990s saw a resurgence in the drink and numerous new versions. Some newer drinks include the word \"martini\" or the suffix \"-tini\" in the name (e.g., appletini, peach martini, chocolate martini, espresso martini). These are named after the martini cocktail glass they use and generally contain vodka but share little else in common with the drink. Martini (cocktail) The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive or a lemon twist. Over the years, the martini",
"title": "Martini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9366127",
"text": "the drink will never be any better than the quality of the cheapest ingredient in it, and hence he stresses constantly the need for the highest quality spirits, liqueurs, cordials, and modifiers (fresh squeezed lemons, etc.). He also repeatedly stresses that a cocktail, in the classic sense (a before-dinner drink) should have no more than the slightest touch of sweetness to it, and deplores the use of drinks like the Brandy Alexander as pre-prandial cocktails, as they dull rather than sharpen the appetite. He does not denigrate sweet drinks as such, but rather points out that they are excellent after",
"title": "The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks"
},
{
"id": "11158723",
"text": "time in order to enliven the annual Christmas party. It was supposed to be just \"something to please the ladies' palate but get them livelier than is their usual wont.\" The punch, which contains rum, cognac, and peach brandy, is potent, so it is normally diluted with cold black tea, a common mixer for this particular punch, or with seltzer water. Some punch bowls may not be large enough to accommodate the large ice block called for, and though the block is a classic part of this recipe, it can, of course, be simply served in a pitcher over ice",
"title": "Fish House Punch"
},
{
"id": "18624911",
"text": "Picon Punch Picon Punch, or simply Picon, is a highball cocktail made with an Amaro liqueur, soda water, grenadine, a splash of lemon, and a bit of brandy floating on top. The drink is identified as Basque, but was created by Basque immigrants in the U.S. and taken back to the Basque region in the Pyrenees. It is popular in Basque restaurants and bars in Boise and southern Idaho, in Bakersfield and rural Northern and Central California, and throughout Northern Nevada. The traditional liqueur used (Amer Picon) is made in Marseilles, France, and is not readily available in the United",
"title": "Picon Punch"
},
{
"id": "93730",
"text": "Libre. Some modern recipes inspired by older ones include additional ingredients such as bitters. Some call for other colas such as Mexican Coke (which uses cane sugar instead of high-fructose corn syrup) or Moxie. More elaborate variants with additional ingredients include the Cinema Highball, which uses rum infused with buttered popcorn and mixed with cola. Another is the Mandeville Cocktail, which includes light and dark rum, cola, and citrus juice along with Pernod absynthe and grenadine. Rum and Coke Rum and Coke, or the Cuba Libre (; , \"Free Cuba\"), is a highball cocktail consisting of cola, rum, and in",
"title": "Rum and Coke"
},
{
"id": "12802437",
"text": "used in cocktails. Sourz Apple is an unusual shooter with an ABV of only 15% compared to the usual 30-50% found in most shooters. This is a Fruit Brandy as it is distilled from cherries. It is usually drunk chilled or over Ice. It has an ABV of around 24%. Apple-Kneel The Apple-Kneel is a cocktail. It consists of three shots, two Sourz Apple and one Cherry Brandy. Each shot is taken from an average shot glass which is around 1.5 ounces (roughly 45 ml). Firstly, you put two shots of Sourz Apple into a glass and then put in",
"title": "Apple-Kneel"
},
{
"id": "9613714",
"text": "the martini, however, the bijou disappeared after Prohibition. It was rediscovered by \"the King of Cocktails\" Dale DeGroff in the 1980s, when he stumbled upon the recipe in Johnson's book. While the original cocktail had equal parts of the three ingredients, DeGroff tripled the ratio of gin to vermouth and chartreuse to soften the taste profile. Eventually, his recipe became the standard. Bijou (cocktail) A bijou is a mixed alcoholic drink composed of gin, vermouth, and chartreuse. This cocktail was invented by Harry Johnson, \"the father of professional bartending\", who called it \"bijou\" because it combined the colors of three",
"title": "Bijou (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "14728580",
"text": "Rose Bennie Rose Bennie is a drink, usually containing 1 part vodka, 2 parts lemonade, and 2 splashes of cranberry juice. There have been notable alterations to the Rose Bennie, including a Bennie-Rita, which contains tequila, and the Kentucky Bennie, which contains whiskey. The Rose Bennie itself is known by several other names including \"The Bennie\" \"Rose Elsener\" and \"B Wright Elsener\" in some parts of the larger Washington, DC Area. Its origins are unknown, but it has gained significant notoriety since the mid-80s when it is believed to have been originally created by Dutch-Americans in Washington, DC. Enthusiasts say",
"title": "Rose Bennie"
},
{
"id": "13000400",
"text": "York City, where he operated a successful Second Avenue gambling resort in East Side Manhattan known as \"The Rosebud\". His place was soon a popular underworld hangout, particularly by the Eastman Gang, and Rose became closely associated with Monk Eastman, \"Big\" Jack Zelig, and the Lenox Avenue Gang. He was such a popular Broadway character that a cocktail, containing \"\"one jigger of applejack, juice of half a lemon, half an ounce of grenadine, shaken with cracked ice, and strained\"\", was named in his honor. In the summer of 1912, NYPD detective Lieutenant Charles Becker and the \"Gambling Squad\" raided \"The",
"title": "Baldy Jack Rose"
},
{
"id": "12802436",
"text": "Apple-Kneel The Apple-Kneel is a cocktail. It consists of three shots, two Sourz Apple and one Cherry Brandy. Each shot is taken from an average shot glass which is around 1.5 ounces (roughly 45 ml). Firstly, you put two shots of Sourz Apple into a glass and then put in one shot of Cherry Brandy in and mix. It is customary to sip this cocktail. It can be served 'neat' or 'on the rocks'. Sourz Apple is an apple flavoured fruit liqueur produced by Beam Global Spirits and Wine. It is most commonly served as a shooter but is also",
"title": "Apple-Kneel"
},
{
"id": "1745852",
"text": "is sometimes fortified with a shot or more of vodka. The \"Heller Moritz\" is \"Hefeweizen\" served with a \"piccolo\" (Italian: small bottle) of champagne and a slice of lemon. The Bismarck, named for a favorite drink of a nineteenth-century German Chancellor, is made with equal amounts of \"Köstritzer\" (a \"Schwarzbier)\" and champagne. It is served in a beer stein and is similar to a black velvet. The Thuringia, \"Kalte Ente\" (cold duck) is 2 parts \"Pilsner\" to one part German lemonade, with an additional shot of \"Kirsch.\" The \"Bierkut\" is half \"Pilsner\" combined with a mixture of vodka and orange",
"title": "Shandy"
},
{
"id": "11115080",
"text": "tainted with toxic herbicides, collapsing the cranberry industry. Notes Sea Breeze (cocktail) A Sea Breeze is a cocktail containing vodka with cranberry juice and grapefruit juice. The cocktail is usually consumed during summer months. The drink may be shaken in order to create a foamy surface. It is considered an IBA Official Cocktail. The drink follows the classic cocktail principle of balancing strong (alcohol) with weak (fruit juice) and sweet and sour. A Bay Breeze, or a Hawaiian Sea Breeze, is similar to a Sea Breeze except for the substitution of pineapple juice for grapefruit juice. It is also closely",
"title": "Sea Breeze (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "13423024",
"text": "The cocktails in the bar cost $13 and are all Mario-themed. On the menu there’s the “It’s a Me, A-Mario” (sweet vermouth, Don Ciccio & Figli Carcafio, Aperitivo, and spicy ginger ale), “What Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Smaller” (vodka, mandarin orange, pomelo and apricot soda) and the “King Koopa Cup” (Two James Johnny Smoking Gun whiskey, “popcorn” tea ginger, and lemon). Another Monopoly-inspired board game called \"Monopoly Gamer\" has been announced for release in August 2017. The \"Super Mario Bros.\" theme has been featured in many concerts, including \"PLAY! Chicago\", the Columbus Symphony Orchestra, the Mario & Zelda Big",
"title": "Mario (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1459930",
"text": "a lime or lemon. A recipe for a tequila-based cocktail first appeared in the 1930 book \"My New Cocktail Book\" by G.F. Steele. Without noting a specific recipe or inventor, a drink called the Tequila Daisy was mentioned in the \"Syracuse Herald\" as early as 1936. Margarita is Spanish for Daisy, which is a nickname for Margaret. A later story is that the margarita was invented in October 1961, at a party in Houston, Texas, by party goer Robert James \"Rusty\" Thomson while acting as bartender. He concocted a mixture of equal parts tequila, Controy orange liqueur, lime, and crushed",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "11072284",
"text": "with lemonade (for a classic, slightly sweeter drink) or soda water (for less sweetness and a more pronounced brandy flavour), and plenty of ice. Brandy Sour (Cyprus) The Brandy Sour is a mixed alcoholic cocktail considered the unofficial national cocktail of Cyprus. While other forms of the Brandy Sour cocktail exist, the Cypriot variety is a distinct mixture, which only shares the basic brandy and lemon flavourings with other variants. Both brandy and lemons are among Cyprus's major exports, and both have distinctive Cypriot characteristics. The Cypriot Brandy Sour style was developed following the introduction of the first blended brandy",
"title": "Brandy Sour (Cyprus)"
},
{
"id": "355697",
"text": "Roy can be made \"sweet\", \"dry\", or \"perfect\". The standard Rob Roy is the sweet version, made with sweet vermouth, so there is no need to specify a \"sweet\" Rob Roy when ordering. A \"dry\" Rob Roy is made by replacing the sweet vermouth with dry vermouth. A \"perfect\" Rob Roy is made with equal parts sweet and dry vermouth. The Rob Roy includes a \"dash\" of Angostura bitters (mostly for color) and is usually served in a cocktail glass and garnished with two maraschino cherries on a skewer (for the standard version) or a lemon twist (for the perfect",
"title": "Rob Roy (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "11115077",
"text": "Sea Breeze (cocktail) A Sea Breeze is a cocktail containing vodka with cranberry juice and grapefruit juice. The cocktail is usually consumed during summer months. The drink may be shaken in order to create a foamy surface. It is considered an IBA Official Cocktail. The drink follows the classic cocktail principle of balancing strong (alcohol) with weak (fruit juice) and sweet and sour. A Bay Breeze, or a Hawaiian Sea Breeze, is similar to a Sea Breeze except for the substitution of pineapple juice for grapefruit juice. It is also closely related to the Cape Codder (which lacks the grapefruit",
"title": "Sea Breeze (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "13930350",
"text": "the military until 1891, retiring after 44 years of military service. Pascal-Olivier de Negroni died on October 22, 1913, in Alençon a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. In addition to his military accomplishments, Pascal Olivier has been credited with inventing the famous “Negroni Cocktail” (equal parts of Campari, Gin, and Sweet Vermouth, served in a short glass over ice and garnished with an orange wedge). Experts consider Camillo Negroni the inventor. However, Colonel Hector Andres Negroni and his brother Noel Xavier Negroni, members of the prestigious Negroni family recently researched the family archives and discovered there",
"title": "Pascal Olivier Count de Negroni"
},
{
"id": "1906322",
"text": "form and \"French 75\" name in \"Here’s How\", by Judge Jr. (1927), consisting of gin, sugar, lemon juice, and champagne. This recipe was republished with the name French 75 in \"The Savoy Cocktail Book\" (1930), which helped popularize the drink. Some later cocktail books use Cognac instead of gin, such as \"The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks\" by David A. Embury. The French 75 was popularized in America at the Stork Club in New York. It appears in the movie \"Casablanca\" (1942) and is referenced twice in the John Wayne films \"A Man Betrayed\" (1941) and \"Jet Pilot\" (1957). In",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2442862",
"text": "the 1980s. A lemon twist is sometimes used to garnish. Cosmopolitan (cocktail) A cosmopolitan, or informally a cosmo, is a cocktail made with vodka, triple sec, cranberry juice, and freshly squeezed or sweetened lime juice. The International Bartenders Association recipe is based on vodka citron, lemon-flavored vodka. The cosmopolitan is a relative of cranberry coolers like the Cape Codder. Though often presented far differently, the cosmopolitan also bears a likeness in composition to the kamikaze cocktail. The origin of the cosmopolitan is disputed. While the cocktail is widely perceived to be a more modern creation, there is a strikingly similar",
"title": "Cosmopolitan (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9613713",
"text": "Bijou (cocktail) A bijou is a mixed alcoholic drink composed of gin, vermouth, and chartreuse. This cocktail was invented by Harry Johnson, \"the father of professional bartending\", who called it \"bijou\" because it combined the colors of three jewels: gin for diamond, vermouth for ruby, and chartreuse for emerald. An original-style bijou is made stirred with ice as Johnson's 1900 \"New and Improved Bartender Manual\" states \"mix well with a spoon and serve.\" This recipe is also one of the oldest in the manual, dating back to the 1890s. The bijou was popular for several decades. Unlike the Manhattan and",
"title": "Bijou (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4364158",
"text": "claims the White Lady (gin, Cointreau, fresh lemon juice). The recipe appears in his \"Savoy Cocktail Book\", published in 1930. Joe Gilmore, former Head Barman at The Savoy, says this was one of Laurel and Hardy's favorite drinks. In John le Carré's 1965 novel \"The Looking Glass War\", British spy and main protagonist Fred Leiser's favorite drink is a White Lady, and he makes several attempts to get other agents to try the cocktail. In Dorothy Sayers' mystery novel \"Have His Carcase\" Lord Peter has a White Lady when he hears about his \"Lady\" Miss Harriet Vane being in trouble",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1906321",
"text": "the 19th century. In the 19th century, the \"Champagne cup\" was a popular cocktail, consisting of champagne, lemon juice, sugar, and ice. Gin was sometimes added, yielding a drink much like the French 75. The drink was first recorded as the 75 in \"Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails\", 1922 edition, by Harry MacElhone, and in the same year in Robert Vermeire's \"Cocktails: How to Mix Them,\" which credits the drink to MacElhone. However, the recipes differed from the current form – MacElhone's version consisted of Calvados, gin, grenadine, and absinthe, while Vermeire added lemon juice. The recipe took its now-classic",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2000245",
"text": "Sazerac The Sazerac is a local New Orleans variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail, named for the \"Sazerac de Forge et Fils\" brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient. The drink is most traditionally a combination of cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey or Herbsaint are sometimes substituted. Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in pre-Civil War New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word \"cocktail\" to describe a mixture",
"title": "Sazerac"
},
{
"id": "8807652",
"text": "Jack Rose (cocktail) A Jack Rose is a cocktail containing applejack, grenadine, and lemon or lime juice. It was popular in the 1920s and 1930s, notably appearing in Ernest Hemingway's 1926 classic, \"The Sun Also Rises\", in which Jake Barnes, the narrator, drinks a Jack Rose in the Crillon Paris hotel bar while awaiting the arrival of Lady Brett Ashley. It was also a favorite drink of author John Steinbeck. The Jack Rose is one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Embury's \"The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks\". References to the Jack Rose date back to the early",
"title": "Jack Rose (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "304685",
"text": "Old Fashioned The Old Fashioned is a cocktail made by muddling sugar with bitters, then adding alcohol, originally whiskey but now sometimes brandy and finally a twist of citrus rind. It is traditionally served in a short, round, tumbler-like glass, which is called an Old Fashioned glass, after the drink. The Old Fashioned, developed during the 19th century and given its name in the 1880s, is an IBA Official Cocktail. It is also one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Embury's \"The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks\". The first documented definition of the word \"cocktail\" was in response",
"title": "Old Fashioned"
},
{
"id": "4364155",
"text": "Sour (cocktail) A sour is a traditional family of mixed drinks. Common examples of sours are the margarita and the sidecar. \"Sours\" belong to one of the old families of original cocktails and are described by Jerry Thomas in his 1862 book \"How to Mix Drinks\". Sours are mixed drinks containing a base liquor, lemon or lime juice, and a sweetener (triple sec, simple syrup, grenadine, or pineapple juice are common). Egg whites are also included in some sours. The gin sour is a traditional mixed cocktail that predates prohibition in the United States. It is a simple combination of",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "16318475",
"text": "alcohol. In January 2012, the company announced plans to be available at pools in Las Vegas by the summer. SnöBar has three types of ice-pops, Margarita, Cosmopolitan, and Mojito. Each replicate the flavor of the traditional cocktails of the same name. The Margarita ice-pop is made with tequila, lime and triple sec and the Cosmopolitan ice-pop is made with vodka, triple sec and cranberry. The ice cream is available in the following flavors: Grasshopper, Pink Squirrel, Brandy Alexander and Brandy Alexander with Chocolate Chips. The Grasshopper includes all of the traditional ingredients of brandy, creme de menthe and creme de",
"title": "SnoBar Cocktails"
},
{
"id": "171034",
"text": "and mathematician Tom Lehrer claims to have invented the gelatin shot in the 1950s while working for the National Security Agency, where he developed vodka gelatin as a way to circumvent a restriction of alcoholic beverages on base. An early published recipe for an alcoholic gelatin drink dates from 1862, found in \"How to Mix Drinks, or The Bon Vivant's Companion\" by Jerry Thomas: his recipe for \"Punch Jelly\" calls for the addition of isinglass or other gelatin to a punch made from cognac, rum, and lemon juice. Gelatin art desserts, also known as 3D gelatin desserts, are made by",
"title": "Gelatin dessert"
},
{
"id": "9675383",
"text": "are A Ramos gin fizz (also known as a \"Ramos fizz\" or \"New Orleans fizz\") contains gin, lemon juice, lime juice, egg white, sugar, cream, orange flower water, and soda water. It is served in a large non-tapered 12 to 14 ounce Collins glass. The orange flower water and egg significantly affect the flavor and texture of a Ramos, compared to a regular gin fizz. The key to making this egg cocktail is dissolving the sugar before adding ice; the sugar acts as an emulsifier, and it and the alcohol \"cook\" the egg white. Henry C. Ramos invented the Ramos",
"title": "Fizz (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "20098563",
"text": "Tommy's Margarita Tommy's Margarita is an all-day cocktail and variant of the Margarita cocktail. It is recognised by the IBA as a New Era Drink. It is made with tequila, lime juice, and agave nectar and served in a cocktail glass. It is distinct from the Margarita in its omission of orange liqueur and its substitution of agave nectar. Tommy's Margarita was conceived in San Francisco in 1990 by Julio Bermejo at his parents' restaurant called Tommy's (not to be confused with Tommy's Place in Juárez, Mexico. See Margarita Origin). Bermejo had been recently introduced to agave nectar as an",
"title": "Tommy's Margarita"
},
{
"id": "6386788",
"text": "Cod and the mother of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts. The cocktail is one of the most commonly ordered cocktails in many American bars, though usually referred to as a \"vodka soda, splash of cran.\" It is served in a rocks glass. Rose Kennedy Cocktail Rose Kennedy (also commonly known as a \"VSS,\" \"Fire Engine,\" \"The Michele,\" \"The White Girl,\" \"The Brian Ziegler,\" \"The Sean Brady,\" or \"vodka soda splash\") is a cocktail popular in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. It consists of varying amounts of vodka and club soda with a splash of cranberry juice for color",
"title": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "4369944",
"text": "advocaat, brandy, and whipped cream. The Polish equivalent called \"ajerkoniak\" (de: \"Eier\"—eggs; fr: \"Cognac\") is based on vodka instead of brandy, despite what the name may suggest. Rompope of Mexico, and Sabajón of Colombia are very similar liquors based on egg yolk and vanilla. Some varieties have additional flavourings. Advocaat Advocaat or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar, and brandy. The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like consistency. The typical alcohol content is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or",
"title": "Advocaat"
},
{
"id": "18624912",
"text": "States, so Torani Amer has come to be the standard liqueur used. Amaro CioCiaro is another acceptable liqueur that can be substituted. In Northern Nevada, the Picon Punch is served with ice in a custom stemmed glass produced by the Louie Picon Glass Company of Sparks, Nevada. In other regions, the drink is made in a highball or Collins glass filled with ice. Picon Punch Picon Punch, or simply Picon, is a highball cocktail made with an Amaro liqueur, soda water, grenadine, a splash of lemon, and a bit of brandy floating on top. The drink is identified as Basque,",
"title": "Picon Punch"
},
{
"id": "9366133",
"text": "about 1 ounce of whiskey and stir again. Add two cubes of cracked, but not crushed, ice and top off with the rest of the whiskey. Twist lemon peel over the top and serve garnished with the lemon peel and a maraschino cherry. Shake vigorously with ice and strain into a cocktail glass. Garnish with a twist of lemon, if desired. From the 1958 edition: The book gained immediate popularity and quickly became one of the most referenced and cited cocktail books. The book was highly influential on generations of cocktail enthusiasts and professionals, including many who were responsible for",
"title": "The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks"
},
{
"id": "5665612",
"text": "also called the pink lady—gin, grenadine, apple brandy, lemon juice and cracked ice, strained into a stemmed glass. It was also popular with parents of children at the many area summer camps. The main Inn was torn down in 1970 by its current owners, the Kocher family. The Auditorium and several hotel buildings still stand. The De Bruce Fly Fishing Club leases what was the Fishermans'Cottage, the hatchery and the several miles of Willowemoc. The properties are currently owned and operated by the Kocher family. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has run the De Bruce Environmental Education",
"title": "Debruce, New York"
},
{
"id": "4673636",
"text": "Appletini An Apple martini (Appletini for short) is a cocktail containing vodka and one or more of apple juice, apple cider, apple liqueur, or apple brandy. This drink, originally called an Adam's Apple Martini because the bartender who created it was named Adam, was created in 1996 at Lola's West Hollywood restaurant. In its purest form, it would contain: Typically, the ingredients are shaken or stirred and then strained into a cocktail glass. A sweet and sour mix can also be added before shaking. Optionally, vermouth may be included, as in a regular martini. A common variation of the appletini",
"title": "Appletini"
},
{
"id": "2429901",
"text": "Shirley Temple (drink) A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished with a maraschino cherry. Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part, or in whole. Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails, as is the similar Roy Rogers and Arnold Palmer. The cocktail may have been invented by a bartender at Chasen's, a restaurant in West Hollywood, California, to serve then-child actress Shirley Temple. However, other claims to its origin have been",
"title": "Shirley Temple (drink)"
},
{
"id": "17551188",
"text": "include Creme de Banana, orange juice and grenadine. Goombay Smash Goombay Smash is a rum based beverage in the Bahamas. It is traditionally served in a sling or collins glass. The Goombay Smash was created by Emily Cooper, aka Miss Emily, at the Blue Bee Bar in New Plymouth. The original recipe is a secret, but it is believed to have contained coconut rum, dirty rum, apricot brandy, and pineapple juice. Imitators and variations commonly use rum, coconut and pineapple juice. Apricot liqueur is sometimes used and dark, amber or spiced rums (dirty rums) are preferred. In place of coconut",
"title": "Goombay Smash"
},
{
"id": "8783735",
"text": "little champagne, and powdered sugar to taste.\" Sam Meyer of Cocktailians.com puts the quantities at The drink is prepared by stirring sugar and bitters, adding whiskey and liqueur, then pineapple. These are shaken with crushed ice, the mix is strained into a cocktail glass, and then one adds the champagne. Some recipes use cognac or brandy instead of rye whiskey, Bénédictine or other liqueur in lieu of Maraschino, and orange in the place of pineapple. The methods of preparation also vary. Sam Meyer praises the cocktail saying that it's \"a marvelous drink with the spicy rye ... and the sweet",
"title": "Prince of Wales (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4673637",
"text": "is the \"Rumpletini,\" with a light rum in place of the vodka. A similar cocktail can be made with Martini Bianco white vermouth and apple juice in a long drink glass filled with ice. Appletini An Apple martini (Appletini for short) is a cocktail containing vodka and one or more of apple juice, apple cider, apple liqueur, or apple brandy. This drink, originally called an Adam's Apple Martini because the bartender who created it was named Adam, was created in 1996 at Lola's West Hollywood restaurant. In its purest form, it would contain: Typically, the ingredients are shaken or stirred",
"title": "Appletini"
},
{
"id": "6386787",
"text": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail Rose Kennedy (also commonly known as a \"VSS,\" \"Fire Engine,\" \"The Michele,\" \"The White Girl,\" \"The Brian Ziegler,\" \"The Sean Brady,\" or \"vodka soda splash\") is a cocktail popular in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. It consists of varying amounts of vodka and club soda with a splash of cranberry juice for color and taste. The juice sweetens the taste and takes the edge off the alcohol. The cocktail, typically garnished with a lemon or lime wedge, is based on the Cape Cod and named after Rose Kennedy, the matriarch of the Kennedy Family of Cape",
"title": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "8424240",
"text": "well with the light, fruity flavor of the Bellini. For a non-alcoholic version, sparkling juice or seltzer is used in place of the wine. Bellini (cocktail) A Bellini cocktail is a mixture of Prosecco sparkling wine and peach purée or nectar, which originated in Venice, Italy. The Bellini was invented sometime between 1934 and 1948 by Giuseppe Cipriani, founder of Harry's Bar in Venice, Italy. He named the drink the \"Bellini\" because its unique pink color reminded him of the toga of a saint in a painting by 15th-century Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini. The drink started as a seasonal specialty",
"title": "Bellini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "8424238",
"text": "counterpart. After an entrepreneurial Frenchman set up a business to ship fresh white peach purée to both locations, it became a year-round favorite. The Bellini is an IBA Official Cocktail. They also suggest a Puccini, replacing the peach purée with an equal amount of mandarin juice, a Rossini, which uses strawberry purée, or a Tintoretto, which is made with pomegranate juice. The Bellini consists of puréed white peaches and Prosecco, an Italian sparkling wine. Marinating fresh peaches in wine is an Italian tradition. The original recipe was made with a bit of raspberry or cherry juice to give the drink",
"title": "Bellini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "10377411",
"text": "Redheaded slut The redheaded slut is a cocktail made of Jägermeister, peach-flavored schnapps, and cranberry juice. A redheaded slut, also known as a ginger bitch, is typically made as either a mixed drink or a shooter. As a mixed drink the ingredients are generally poured over ice in a small cocktail glass, then stirred. As a shooter, the ingredients are mixed with ice in a cocktail shaker then strained and poured into a shot glass. A very common variation includes equal parts Jägermeister, Schnapps, Crown Royal, and cranberry-flavored vodka. A relatively uncommon variation substitutes Chambord for the cranberry juice, and",
"title": "Redheaded slut"
},
{
"id": "11893692",
"text": "Codder is related to a number of other cocktails such as the Sea Breeze (which adds grapefruit juice), the Bay Breeze (which adds pineapple juice), the Madras (which adds orange juice), Sex on the Beach (which adds orange juice and schnapps), the Cosmopolitan, which adds Curaçao triple sec (such as Cointreau or another brand) and lime juice, and Rose Kennedy Cocktail which includes club soda. This drink was conceived in 1945 by the Ocean Spray cranberry grower's cooperative under the name \"Red Devil\" in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The \"Cape Codder\" name dates from the early 1960s. Cape Codder (cocktail) The",
"title": "Cape Codder (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9814665",
"text": "strain into the chilled cocktail glass and serve. Garnish with a slice of honeydew melon. A variation can be made by replacing the Cointreau with vodka. Japanese slipper A Japanese slipper is a drink made from Midori, Cointreau, and lemon juice. It was created in 1984 by Jean-Paul Bourguignon at Mietta's Restaurant in Melbourne. The Japanese Slipper appears in literature as early as The bulletin: Issues 5617-5625 in 1988 \"you might care for one of the other current favorites — a Toblerone, a Japanese Slipper or a Mind Eraser. ... Bailey's, grand marnier) or a Melon Bullet (Midori, Mainstay, cointreau,",
"title": "Japanese slipper"
},
{
"id": "7776486",
"text": "day, a full bar and even a wine selection. Among the drinks customarily served are the \"grande crème\" (large cup of white coffee), wine by the glass, beer (\"un demi\", half a pint, or \"une pression\", a glass of draught beer), \"un pastis\" (made with aniseed flavour spirit), and \"un espresso\" (a small cup of black coffee). Drinking at the bar is cheaper than doing so at one of the tables. The café sometimes doubles as a \"bureau de tabac\", a tobacco shop that sells a wide variety of merchandise, including metro tickets and prepaid phone cards. Some of the",
"title": "Parisian café"
},
{
"id": "1745843",
"text": "50% \"gaseosa\" (soda, like Sprite) or lemon soda. It is served in a caña glass. \"Radler\" (German for \"cyclist\") has a long history in German-speaking regions. It commonly consists of a 50:50 mixture of beer and sparkling lemonade. The origin of the name is lost to time, but is presumed to relate to the popularity of cycling and the need for a refreshing, less-alcoholic beverage on the journey. The story says that a German innkeeper was waiting for his cyclist regulars, when he found out that he did not have enough beer. So he blended the remaining beer with a",
"title": "Shandy"
},
{
"id": "1368061",
"text": "owing their existence to the success of the original Long Island Iced Tea. An example of a variation to the Long Island is the Purple Rain, which uses the same mix as a Long Island but the Triple Sec is replaced with a shot of Chambord Liqueur and the cola replaced with lemonlime soda . Long Island Iced Tea A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka, tequila, light rum, triple sec, gin, and a splash of cola, which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake. A popular version",
"title": "Long Island Iced Tea"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Corpse Reviver context: cocktail, with two parts cognac, one part Calvados or equivalent apple brandy, and one part sweet vermouth. The Corpse Reviver #2 is the more popular of the corpse revivers, and consists of equal parts gin, lemon juice, curaçao (commonly Cointreau), Kina Lillet (now usually replaced with Cocchi Americano, as a closer match to Kina Lillet than modern Lillet Blanc), and a dash of absinthe. The dash of absinthe can either be added to the mix before shaking, or added to the cocktail glass and moved around until the glass has been coated with a layer of absinthe to give a\n\nServed in a traditional cocktail glass, what drink consists of equal parts brandy (or cognac), Contreau, and lemon juice?",
"compressed_tokens": 215,
"origin_tokens": 216,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Stinger (cocktail) context: that it be served in a cocktail glass if served straight, or in a rocks glass if served with ice. The Amaretto Stinger uses a 3-to-1 ratio of amaretto to white crème de menthe, while an Irish Stinger uses equal parts Irish cream liqueur and white crème de menthe. The Mexican Stinger substitutes tequila for brandy. A \"Vodka Stinger\", also known as a White Spider, uses vodka instead of brandy. A White Way Cocktail, which celebrates Broadway theatre, is a Stinger made with gin rather than brandy Mixologists Oliver Said and James Mellgren cite a cocktail known as the Stinger\n\ntitle: Sidecocktail context: the to captain in during World War I and named after motorcycle sidecar that captain used. Bothhone and the recipe as equal parts cognac, Cointreau, and lemon ju, known as \" French Later, an \" school\" sidecars emerged as found in the \"Savoy Cocktail Book (1930), which call for two cognac and one of Cointreau and lemon juice. According to Embury, the side ingredients which were \"refined away Embury the drink is simply daiquiri with brandy as its\n: Sidecarcocktail) contextcipes\",ixed (a revised reprint ofs 90 Sidecock) side a co traditionac, orangequeurointau Marniero, some other sec plus le. its ingred the perhaps to br crusta, which differs in proport The the sidecar is unclear but it thought to been invent around the end I or The was directly\n S): the Whitegin, CS Book was of. John les 1965 novel \"The Looking Glass War\", British spy and main protagonist Fred Leiser's favorite drink is a White Lady, and he makes several attempts to get other agents to try the cocktail. In Dorothy Sayers' mystery novel \"Have His Carcase\" Lord Peter has a White Lady when he hears about his \"Lady\" Miss Harriet Vane being in trouble\n\nServed in a traditional cocktail glass, what drink consists of equal parts brandy (or cognac), Contreau, and lemon juice?",
"compressed_tokens": 495,
"origin_tokens": 14953,
"ratio": "30.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,724 | According to the nursery rhyme, who “stole a pig and away did run”? | [
"Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son",
"Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son"
] | Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son | [
{
"id": "11976894",
"text": "The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Mini Grey, published by Jonathan Cape in 2006. It won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the professional librarians, recognising the year's best-illustrated children's book published in the U.K. It was also bronze runner up for the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in ages category 6–8 years.> The title alludes to \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", an English nursery rhyme whose last line is \"And the Dish ran away with the Spoon\". According to the British librarians, the",
"title": "The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon"
},
{
"id": "2359171",
"text": "Hey Diddle Diddle \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" (also \"Hi Diddle Diddle\", \"The Cat and the Fiddle\", or \"The Cow Jumped Over the Moon\") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478. A common modern version of the rhyme is<poem>Hey Diddle Diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon. The little dog laughed, To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.</poem> The rhyme is the source of the English expression \"over the moon\", meaning \"delighted, thrilled, extremely happy\". <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key f",
"title": "Hey Diddle Diddle"
},
{
"id": "1951118",
"text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "9673588",
"text": "been inspired by the mole in Hans Christian Andersen's \"Thumbelina\" or possibly Moley in Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\". \"Diggory Delvet\" and the last rhyme in the book about a guinea pig are two of the few limericks written for children by someone other than Edward Lear. The sixth rhyme is a single stanza and accompanied by an illustration depicting a pig in a dress sitting in a high-backed chair and peeling potatoes: The seventh and last rhyme is a limerick about an \"amiable guinea-pig\" (the first guinea pig in Potter's work) who brushes his hair back like",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "7445760",
"text": "the Hills and Far Away\", in which the hero is called Tom. Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son \"Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19621. Modern versions of the rhyme include: The 'pig' mentioned in the song is almost certainly not a live animal but rather a kind of pastry, often made with an apple filling, smaller than a pie. Another version of the rhyme is: This rhyme is often conflated with a separate and longer rhyme: Both rhymes were first printed separately in a \"Tom",
"title": "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son"
},
{
"id": "540386",
"text": "over the years, sometimes making the wolf a kind character. It is a type B124 folktale in the Aarne–Thompson classification system. \"The Three Little Pigs\" was included in \"The Nursery Rhymes of England\" (London and New York, c.1886), by James Halliwell-Phillipps. The story in its arguably best-known form appeared in \"English Fairy Tales\" by Joseph Jacobs, first published on June 19, 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source. The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother, to \"seek out their fortune\". The first little pig builds a house of straw, but a",
"title": "The Three Little Pigs"
},
{
"id": "9959076",
"text": "off but in the course of their escape they come across a grocer in a cart who recognises Pig-wig as the recently stolen pig for whom a reward has been issued. By being co-operative, and with Pigling Bland faking a limp, the two pigs manage to gain time and, once the grocer is at a safe distance, flee to the county boundary and finally, over the hills and far away, where they dance to celebrate their new-found freedom. Beatrix Potter owned a farm called Hill Top which she had bought thanks to the success of her early books. The farm",
"title": "The Tale of Pigling Bland"
},
{
"id": "18509401",
"text": "Mary Had a Little Boy \"Mary Had a Little Boy\" is a 1990 song recorded by German Eurodance group Snap!. The song was released as the fourth and final single from their debut studio album, \"World Power\" in December 1990. The song's lyrics are based on the nineteenth century Nursery rhyme, \"Mary Had a Little Lamb\". The chorus includes the line \"Mary a little boy, little did she know and everywhere that Mary went, the little boy was sure to go\". The song was re-recorded and included on their in 2003, remix album, \"The Cult of Snap!\" featuring Milky &",
"title": "Mary Had a Little Boy"
},
{
"id": "2359176",
"text": "and Nursery Songs\" (1870). There are several variants of the following joke: Some memoirs claim it was a real incident. Piggy In The Middle, a song by Beatles pastiche band The Rutles, also include the lyrics 'Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle'. The children's book \"Goodnight Moon\" features a bunny saying \"good night\" to everything around, including \"Goodnight cow jumping over the moon\". Hey Diddle Diddle \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" (also \"Hi Diddle Diddle\", \"The Cat and the Fiddle\", or \"The Cow Jumped Over the Moon\") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number",
"title": "Hey Diddle Diddle"
},
{
"id": "7445758",
"text": "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son \"Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19621. Modern versions of the rhyme include: The 'pig' mentioned in the song is almost certainly not a live animal but rather a kind of pastry, often made with an apple filling, smaller than a pie. Another version of the rhyme is: This rhyme is often conflated with a separate and longer rhyme: Both rhymes were first printed separately in a \"Tom the Piper's Son\", a chapbook produced around 1795 in London, England. The",
"title": "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son"
},
{
"id": "17118901",
"text": "the Gentleman's Magazine, from which he regaled passers-by. As he was a simpleton, he is thought to be a possible inspiration for the nursery rhyme, \"Simple Simon\", which was published in the \"Royal Book of Nursery Rhymes\" nearby in Monmouth Court. Simon Edy Simon Edy, known as Old Simon, was a London beggar who lived in a derelict \"Rats' Castle\" in the rookery of Dyott Street. He was born in Woodford in Northamptonshire in 1709 and died on May 18, 1783. He had a succession of dogs and the last of them was a drover's sheepdog called Rover. He begged",
"title": "Simon Edy"
},
{
"id": "11359971",
"text": "To market, to market \"To market, to market\", \"To market, to market, to buy a fat pig\" or To market, to buy a fat pig is a nursery rhyme which is based upon the traditional rural activity of going to a market or fair where agricultural produce would be bought and sold. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19708. The first complete recorded version of the rhyme appeared in 1805 in \"Songs for the Nursery\" with no reference to a pig: When the rhyme reappeared later in the nineteenth century, it took the now common form: There",
"title": "To market, to market"
},
{
"id": "3865333",
"text": "butler is compared to Nestor of \"The Adventures of Tintin\"; a character describes Monday's Noon as exactly how she imagined Jane Austen's Mr Darcy; the Piper is a re-creation of the legendary Pied Piper of Hamelin, who with his music led a population of rats from a city, later to do the same to the town's children, whose parents had refused to pay him the promised fee. The Mariner is likely a reference to the title character of the ballad \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Both the mariner of the book and the one of",
"title": "The Keys to the Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "8964510",
"text": "Rhyme Stew Rhyme Stew is a collection of poems for children by Roald Dahl, illustrated by Quentin Blake. In a sense it's a more adult version of \"Revolting Rhymes\". The poems either parody well known fairy tales (\"Dick Whittington and His Cat, The Tortoise and the Hare, The Emperor's New Clothes, Ali Baba, Hansel and Gretel, Aladdin\") nursery rhymes (As I was going to St Ives, Hey Diddle Diddle, Mary, Mary Quite Contrary) or are little stories thought up by Dahl himself. Most of the stories contain slight sexual references. Due to slightly risqué material this book carries a warning",
"title": "Rhyme Stew"
},
{
"id": "6177312",
"text": "The earliest version to resemble the modern one is from \"Mother Goose's Melody\" published in London around 1765. The additional lines that include (arguably) the more acceptable ending for children with the survival of the cat are in James Orchard Halliwell's \"Nursery Rhymes of England\", where the cat is pulled out by \"Dog with long snout\". Several names are used for the malevolent Johnny Green, including Tommy O' Linne (1797) and Tommy Quin (c. 1840). Iona and Peter Opie suggested that it may have had its origins in Tom a lin or Tom o' Lin, the protagonist of another nursery",
"title": "Ding Dong Bell"
},
{
"id": "8964511",
"text": "that it is unsuitable for \"small people\". Rhyme Stew Rhyme Stew is a collection of poems for children by Roald Dahl, illustrated by Quentin Blake. In a sense it's a more adult version of \"Revolting Rhymes\". The poems either parody well known fairy tales (\"Dick Whittington and His Cat, The Tortoise and the Hare, The Emperor's New Clothes, Ali Baba, Hansel and Gretel, Aladdin\") nursery rhymes (As I was going to St Ives, Hey Diddle Diddle, Mary, Mary Quite Contrary) or are little stories thought up by Dahl himself. Most of the stories contain slight sexual references. Due to slightly",
"title": "Rhyme Stew"
},
{
"id": "2359175",
"text": "work; that it describes Katherine of Aragon (Katherine la Fidèle); Catherine, the wife of Peter the Great; Canton de Fidèle, a supposed governor of Calais and the game of cat (trap-ball). This profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J.R.R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of 'The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late'. Most scholarly commentators consider these to be unproven and state that the verse is probably meant to be simply nonsense. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes",
"title": "Hey Diddle Diddle"
},
{
"id": "2562196",
"text": "re-cast, was made in 2000, followed by a fourth (with some roles again re-cast) in 2001. The show's distinctive theme song, with the lyrics \"Have you ever... ever felt like this?\" was sung by Tamsin West, who played the lead female role of Linda Twist in the first series. It borrowed lines from popular nursery rhymes such as \"There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly\", \"Humpty Dumpty\" and \"Rain Rain Go Away\". Making a show about children which spanned more than a decade meant many changes in actors were required, as the child actors became too old for",
"title": "Round the Twist"
},
{
"id": "15089324",
"text": "toys. Most episodes contain a sequence of a shop. If Chris runs it, Pui comes as different nursery rhyme characters such as the Grand Old Duke of York, Little Bo Peep, Incy Wincy Spider, Little Miss Muffet, Old MacDonald, Granny Humpty and Twinkle the star. If Pui runs it, Chris enters as one of Humpty Dumpty, the Hey Diddle cow, Jack from \"Jack and Jill\", Pat the Baker, or Wee Willie Winkie. The format of the show is similar to that of \"Play School\" – the BBC programme from the '60s and '80s. Series one had 40 episodes beginning with",
"title": "Show Me Show Me"
},
{
"id": "8924384",
"text": "1960s. It has also been widely used by many revolutionary and radical organizations to describe any supporter of the status quo, including police officers, industrialists, capitalists, and soldiers. The most famous children's tale concerning pigs is that of the \"Three Little Pigs\", which has appeared in many different versions since its first publication in the 1840s. A popular English nursery rhyme and fingerplay, \"This Little Piggy\", originated in the 18th century and has been used frequently in film and literature. Several Warner Brothers cartoons, such as \"A Tale of Two Kitties\" (1942) and \"A Hare Grows In Manhattan\" (1947), use",
"title": "Pigs in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "2814358",
"text": "resident cat to hunt mice. Hickory Dickory Dock \"Hickory Dickory Dock\" or \"Hickety Dickety Dock\" is a popular English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6489. The most common modern version is: <poem> Hickory, dickory, dock. The mouse ran up the clock. The clock struck one, The mouse ran down, Hickory, dickory, dock.</poem> Other variants include \"down the mouse ran\" or \"down the mouse run\" or \"and down he ran\" or \"and down he run\" in place of \"the mouse ran down\". <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key d \\major { %\\new Lyrics",
"title": "Hickory Dickory Dock"
},
{
"id": "12441598",
"text": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19709. The most commonly used modern version is: Alternate versions include: The rhyme is first recorded in \"The Newest Christmas Box\" published in London around 1797. It may be derived from 'Diddle, diddle, diddle Dumpling', a traditional street cry of hot dumpling sellers. The rhyme was used in the refrain of the song \"Nursery Rhyme,\" written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim, from The Archies' 1969 album Jingle Jangle. 4. BBC 'Inside number",
"title": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John"
},
{
"id": "2359179",
"text": "Little Boy Blue \"Little Boy Blue\" is a popular English-language nursery rhyme, often used in popular culture. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 11318. A common version of the rhyme is: <poem>Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn, The sheep's in the meadow, the cow's in the corn. But where is the boy, who looks after the sheep? He's under a haystack, he's fast asleep. Will you wake him? No, not I, For if I do, he's sure to cry. </poem> The earliest printed version of the rhyme is in \"Tommy Thumb's Little Song Book\" (c. 1744),",
"title": "Little Boy Blue"
},
{
"id": "2359181",
"text": "Little Boy Blue \"Little Boy Blue\" is a popular English-language nursery rhyme, often used in popular culture. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 11318. A common version of the rhyme is: <poem>Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn, The sheep's in the meadow, the cow's in the corn. But where is the boy, who looks after the sheep? He's under a haystack, he's fast asleep. Will you wake him? No, not I, For if I do, he's sure to cry. </poem> The earliest printed version of the rhyme is in \"Tommy Thumb's Little Song Book\" (c. 1744),",
"title": "Little Boy Blue"
},
{
"id": "12441599",
"text": "9' TV episode with the same name Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19709. The most commonly used modern version is: Alternate versions include: The rhyme is first recorded in \"The Newest Christmas Box\" published in London around 1797. It may be derived from 'Diddle, diddle, diddle Dumpling', a traditional street cry of hot dumpling sellers. The rhyme was used in the refrain of the song \"Nursery Rhyme,\" written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim, from The Archies' 1969",
"title": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John"
},
{
"id": "12661132",
"text": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me, I'll Read to You: Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\" series. It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley. The book is retellings of nursery rhymes. It has retellings such as Humpty Dumpty chatting with his doctor and Little Miss Muffet explaining 'curds and whey' to the spider. Other rhymes include \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\", \"Simple Simon\", and \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\". It was reviewed",
"title": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You"
},
{
"id": "17588590",
"text": "Traditional rhyme A traditional rhyme is generally a saying, sometimes a proverb or an idiom, couched in the form of a rhyme and often passed down from generation to generation with no record of its original authorship. Many nursery rhymes may be counted as traditional rhymes. Examples of a traditional rhyme include the historically significant \"Ring Around the Rosie\", the doggerel love poem \"Roses Are Red\", and the wedding rhyme \"Something old, something new\". However, traditional rhymes are not necessarily ancient. As an example, the schoolchildren's rhyme commonly noting the end of a school year, \"no more pencils, no more",
"title": "Traditional rhyme"
},
{
"id": "13253856",
"text": "Little Robin Redbreast ‘Little Robin Redbreast’ is an English language nursery rhyme, chiefly notable as evidence of the way traditional rhymes are changed and edited. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20612. This rhyme is one of the most varied English nursery rhymes, probably because of its crude early version. Common modern versions include: and: The earliest versions of this rhyme reveal a more basic humour. The earliest recorded is from \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\" (c. 1744), which has the lyric: By the late eighteenth century the last line was being rendered 'And wag went his",
"title": "Little Robin Redbreast"
},
{
"id": "9673595",
"text": "Pricklepin; Old Woman in a Shoe, Knitting; Mrs. \"Cotton-tail\" at Lunchtime; another figurine of the Amiable Guinea Pig; and Two Gentelman Rabbits from the frontispiece. All the figurines were retired by 2002. In 1975 Crummles of Dorset began producing 1 and 5/8 inch (41.3 mm) diameter enamelled boxes depicting scenes and characters from the Potter tales. Little Black Rabbit and Old Mr. Pricklepin were the only two characters from \"Appley Dapply\" released. In 1994 and 1995 Crummles was commissioned to create exclusive works for an American distributor. Little Black Rabbit was produced, and a stamp box depicting scenes from both",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "9673585",
"text": "book would be raided again in 1922 to compile a collection of nursery rhymes called \"Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes\" as a companion to \"Appley Dapply\". The book opens with a three-stanza rhyme about Appley Dapply, a mouse who raids cupboards for treats, and is accompanied with three illustrations, one which depicts a little mouse running away from a cupboard with a tray of pies: The following rhyme tells of Peter Rabbit's sister, Cotton-tail, and her implied courtship by a little black rabbit who leaves a gift of carrots at her door. In \"The Tale of Mr. Tod\", Cotton-tail is married",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "1546735",
"text": "mini-series, starring Bryan Brown. Norman Kaye played the role of a swagman in the 1976 bushranger film \"Mad Dog Morgan\". Arthur Upfield wrote a number of novels about swagmen including \"Death of a Swagman\" (1942), \"The Bushman Who Came Back\" (1957) and \"Madman's Bend\" (1963). In the 1981 film adaptation of Ethel Pedley's 1899 children's book \"Dot and the Kangaroo\", a magical swagman helps Dot find Mother Kangaroo's lost joey. The Scottish singer-songwriter Alistair Hulett wrote a song about the 'swaggies' called \"The Swaggies Have All Waltzed Matilda Away\". In the 1946 Sherlock Holmes film \"Dressed to Kill\", a tune",
"title": "Swagman"
},
{
"id": "8849079",
"text": "Bobby Shafto Robert Shafto (sometimes spelt Shaftoe) (circa 1732 – 24 November 1797) was an 18th-century Member of the Parliament of Great Britain, who was the likeliest subject of a famous North East English folk song and nursery rhyme \"Bobby Shafto's Gone to Sea\" (Roud #1359). Robert Shafto was born around 1732 at his family seat of Whitworth near Spennymoor in County Durham. He was educated at Westminster School from 1740 to 1749, when he entered Balliol College, Oxford. He succeeded to the family estates on the death of his father John in 1742. Both his father and uncle Robert",
"title": "Bobby Shafto"
},
{
"id": "4306895",
"text": "Gotham are recalled in a popular nursery rhyme with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19695, an adaptation of the tale \"Three Sailors of Gotham\". The lyrics are: <poem>Three wise men of Gotham, They went to sea in a bowl, And if the bowl had been stronger My song would have been longer.</poem> The rhyme was first recorded in \"Mother Goose's Melody\" published around 1765, and from then appeared in many collections. Reminded of the foolish ingenuity of Gotham's residents, Washington Irving gave the name \"Gotham\" to New York City in his \"Salmagundi Papers\" (1807). The most notable use",
"title": "Wise Men of Gotham"
},
{
"id": "9600055",
"text": "Then the wolf ate the pig up. \"One by one, the pigs exit the fairy tale's border and set off on an adventure of their own. Folding a page of their own story into a paper airplane, the pigs fly off to visit other storybooks, rescuing about-to-be-slain dragons and luring the cat and the fiddle out of their nursery rhyme.\" In May 2002, it was reported that the book was optioned to Walt Disney Feature Animation, and its development was announced in December 2003 as a 2D/3D animated hybrid film. However, the project was eventually taken off the schedule and",
"title": "The Three Pigs"
},
{
"id": "2814356",
"text": "Hickory Dickory Dock \"Hickory Dickory Dock\" or \"Hickety Dickety Dock\" is a popular English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6489. The most common modern version is: <poem> Hickory, dickory, dock. The mouse ran up the clock. The clock struck one, The mouse ran down, Hickory, dickory, dock.</poem> Other variants include \"down the mouse ran\" or \"down the mouse run\" or \"and down he ran\" or \"and down he run\" in place of \"the mouse ran down\". <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key d \\major { %\\new Lyrics \\lyricmode { » </score> The",
"title": "Hickory Dickory Dock"
},
{
"id": "7706862",
"text": "The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Little Pig Robinson is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter as part of the Peter Rabbit series. The book contains eight chapters and numerous illustrations. Though the book was one of Potter's last publications in 1930, it was one of the first stories she wrote. Potter introduces the story as her explanation of how the pig from Edward Lear's poem, \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" comes to travel to the \"land where the Bong-Tree grows\". Little Pig Robinson's aunts, Miss Porcas and Miss Dorcas, send him to the",
"title": "The Tale of Little Pig Robinson"
},
{
"id": "3153962",
"text": "origins in St. Hubert, the patron saint of dogs. It has also been suggested that the rhyme refers to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refusing Henry VIII's divorce from Queen Catherine of Aragon, but the connection is based on speculation. Old Mother Hubbard \"Old Mother Hubbard\" is an English-language nursery rhyme, first printed in 1805 and among the most popular publications of the nineteenth century. The exact origin and meaning of the rhyme is disputed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19334. The first published version by Sarah Catherine Martin is associated with a historic cottage in Yealmpton, Devon",
"title": "Old Mother Hubbard"
},
{
"id": "4876301",
"text": "New Zealand for two nonconsecutive weeks and charted highly in European countries. The chart success can be partly attributed to the song's unique and heavily aired music video. The song was ranked number 35 on \"VH1's 40 Most Awesomely Bad Metal Songs...Ever\". Written by Marc Levinthal and Bill Manspeaker after a \"late-night drinkfest\" at Zatar's in Hollywood, the song is a re-telling of the classic fairy tale \"Three Little Pigs\", with modern twists—the straw-builder pig escaped the farm where he was raised to begin a new life in Los Angeles, the stick-builder pig is a marijuana-smoking, dumpster diving hippie and",
"title": "Three Little Pigs (song)"
},
{
"id": "13627796",
"text": "retold in a much expanded form in an 1805 poem known as \"King and Queen of Hearts: with the Rogueries of the Knave who stole the Queen's Pies\" by Charles Lamb, which gives each line of the original, followed by a poem commenting on the line. In 1844 Halliwell included the poem in the 3rd Edition of his \"The Nursery Rhymes of England\" (though he dropped it from later editions) and Caldecott made it the subject of one of his 1881 \"Picture Books\", a series of illustrated nursery rhymes which he normally issued in pairs before Christmas from 1878 until",
"title": "The Queen of Hearts (poem)"
},
{
"id": "17588591",
"text": "books, no more teacher's dirty looks,\" seems to be found in literature no earlier than the 1930s—though the first reference to it in that decade, in a 1932 magazine article, deems it, \"the old glad song that we hear every spring.\" Traditional rhyme A traditional rhyme is generally a saying, sometimes a proverb or an idiom, couched in the form of a rhyme and often passed down from generation to generation with no record of its original authorship. Many nursery rhymes may be counted as traditional rhymes. Examples of a traditional rhyme include the historically significant \"Ring Around the Rosie\",",
"title": "Traditional rhyme"
},
{
"id": "5339264",
"text": "for the big toe to five for the little toe) is never stated. In 1728, the first line of the rhyme appeared in a medley called \"The Nurse's Song\". The first known full version was recorded in \"The Famous Tommy Thumb's Little Story-Book\", published in London about 1760. The full rhyme continued to appear, with slight variations, in many late 18th and early 19th century collections. Until the mid-20th century, the lines referred to \"little pigs\". This Little Piggy \"This Little Piggy\" or \"This Little Pig\" is an English language nursery rhyme and fingerplay. It has a Roud Folk Song",
"title": "This Little Piggy"
},
{
"id": "6417599",
"text": "based on a German nursery rhyme Hänschen klein, in which Hänschenklein (which translates most closely as \"Little Hans\") leaves home, causing his mother great grief. In the nursery rhyme, Hans returns home; in Megaherz's song, he is brutally murdered to the point that his mother cannot recognise him. The song shares the first line of the chorus \"Aber Mutter weinte sehr\" (\"But Mother wept deeply\") and ends with a brief drum solo accompanied by squeals of feedback and the whistling of the original nursery tune. This song was the first of several Megaherz songs to be based on nursery rhymes,",
"title": "Wer Bist Du?"
},
{
"id": "4096647",
"text": "sometimes combined or confused with \"Miss Lucy had a baby\", which is sung to the same tune and also served as a jump-rope song. That song developed from verses of much older (and cruder) songs which were most commonly known as \"Bang Bang Rosie\" in Britain, \"Bang Away Lulu\" in Appalachia, and \"My Lula Gal\" in the West. The variants including a woman with an alligator purse urging the baby's mother to vote have been seen as a reference to Susan B. Anthony, an American suffragette, and may be responsible for the steamboat owner's most common name today. The rhyme",
"title": "Miss Susie"
},
{
"id": "14141068",
"text": "of topicality about it).\" Newman also said: \"It's such a mad word, nursery rhymes, when you think about it logically. There's actually quite an interesting story behind some of them. Like Humpty Dumpty - we all think it's about an egg falling off a wall. But really, Humpty Dumpty was a cannon in the English Civil War that one of the sides managed to blow up, and it fell down. So all the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again - that's the origins of it. Some of these stories are true, and real news",
"title": "The News at Bedtime"
},
{
"id": "2158695",
"text": "album \"A Day in the Life\". The rhyme was also referenced in the controversial 2 Live Crew song \"Me So Horny\", with Brother Marquis rapping the lyrics, \"I'm just like that man they call Georgie Puddin' Pie. I fuck all the girls and I make 'em cry.\" An early episode of the long-running NBC crime drama \"Law & Order\" was titled \"Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die.\" Georgie Porgie \"Georgie Porgie\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19532. The most common modern lyrics are: The first recorded version of",
"title": "Georgie Porgie"
},
{
"id": "7106035",
"text": "Britain once again took the underdog to their hearts – or in this instance, the under-pig – and in the process briefly made them the most famous fugitives in the world. It also shows how contrary human beings are in their relationship with animals – how we are only too happy to tuck in to a pork chop, but are outraged when we want to capture a pig that has stolen our heart\". Tamworth Two The Tamworth Two were a pair of pigs that escaped while being unloaded from a lorry at an abattoir in the English town of Malmesbury,",
"title": "Tamworth Two"
},
{
"id": "7706868",
"text": "ship's captain, Barnabas Butcher, and Toyah Wilcox as the ship's cat. The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Little Pig Robinson is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter as part of the Peter Rabbit series. The book contains eight chapters and numerous illustrations. Though the book was one of Potter's last publications in 1930, it was one of the first stories she wrote. Potter introduces the story as her explanation of how the pig from Edward Lear's poem, \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" comes to travel to the \"land where the Bong-Tree grows\". Little Pig",
"title": "The Tale of Little Pig Robinson"
},
{
"id": "9673589",
"text": "a periwig and dons a blue tie. The verse is accompanied by three illustrations depicting the guinea pig in various stages of coiffing and dressing. Guinea pigs would have their own story told in the tale of Tupenny in Potter's \"The Fairy Caravan\" of 1929. Ruth K. MacDonald of the New Mexico State University observes in \"Beatrix Potter\" (1986) that Potter recommended to Warne that \"Appley Dapply\" be printed in a format similar to \"Miss Moppet\", which had originally been printed in a panorama style but, in 1916, had been reprinted in a format slightly smaller than the other books",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "3153964",
"text": "in the Tudor period. The song’s most common lyrics are: <poem style=\"margin-left:24px> Little Jack Horner Sat in the corner, Eating his Christmas pie; He put in his thumb, And pulled out a plum, And said, \"What a good boy am I!\"</poem> It was first documented in full in the nursery rhyme collection \"Mother Goose's melody, or, Sonnets for the cradle\", which may date from 1765, although the earliest surviving English edition is from 1791. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes and",
"title": "Little Jack Horner"
},
{
"id": "119478",
"text": "an important artefact, as are John Playford's \"The Dancing Master\" and Robert Harley's \"Roxburghe Ballads\" collections. Some of the best-known songs are \"Greensleeves\", \"Pastime with Good Company\", \"Maggie May\" and \"Spanish Ladies\" amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses are red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle\" and \"Humpty Dumpty\". Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas",
"title": "England"
},
{
"id": "6036642",
"text": "or her help. All the nursery rhymes in the land have gotten mixed up, with none of the inhabitants possessing the items necessary for their rhyme to exist. And so, the child will find themselves helping Humpty Dumpty find a ladder to scramble onto a wall, bringing the little lamb back to Mary and seeking out a pail for Jack and Jill, among others. Gameplay is again rather simple. The AGI system, similar to the one used extensively in previous Sierra games (e.g. the Quest series: \"King's Quest\", \"Police Quest\", etc.), is utilized in the 1987 version. The player controls",
"title": "Mixed-Up Mother Goose"
},
{
"id": "570347",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "17776519",
"text": "Boat 11 rowed away from the sinking ship, Edith found herself surrounded by crying and fidgety youngsters, and to calm and amuse them she played her little musical pig, twisting its tail to emit the strains of \"The Maxixe.\" One of the children was 10-month-old Frank Aks with whom she was reunited many years later, and she showed him the pig that had once entertained him. Rosenbaum later sued the White Star Line, for the loss of her luggage. It was one of the largest claims filed against the shipping company in the aftermath of the disaster. Although retired from",
"title": "Edith Rosenbaum"
},
{
"id": "6913545",
"text": "short lived. In cold conditions puddles can form patches of ice which are slippery and difficult to see and can be a hazard to road vehicles and pedestrians. Puddles are a source of recreation for children, who often like jumping in puddles as an \"up-side\" to rain. A children's nursery rhyme records the story of Doctor Foster and his encounter with a puddle in Gloucester. Muddy puddles, and the pleasures of splashing mud in them, are a repeated theme in the children's animation Peppa Pig, to the extent of selling character-branded wellington boots. It has been fashionable for millennia, and",
"title": "Puddle"
},
{
"id": "2025148",
"text": "Little Bo-Peep \"Little Bo-Peep\" or \"Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6487. Little Bo Peep is often referenced in modern music and television. The most prolific example comes from American singer, rapper, and songwriter Lil Peep. In the artist's song entitled \"Benz Truck\", produced by smokeasac, Peep refers to himself as \"Lil Bo Peep\". Another example comes from the Toy Story film franchise. One of the characters in the movies is a toy that is modeled after Little Bo Peep. Little Bo Peep, in",
"title": "Little Bo-Peep"
},
{
"id": "2364736",
"text": "found in \"Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There\" by Lewis Carroll (1871), is a nonsense poem written in the English language. The word \"jabberwocky\" is also occasionally used as a synonym of nonsense. Nonsense verse is the verse form of literary nonsense, a genre that can manifest in many other ways. Its best-known exponent is Edward Lear, author of \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" and hundreds of limericks. Nonsense verse is part of a long line of tradition predating Lear: the nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" could also be termed a nonsense verse. There are also some works",
"title": "Nonsense"
},
{
"id": "9673594",
"text": "exploit the commercial possibilities of her characters and tales with spinoff merchandise such as a Peter Rabbit doll, a board game called \"The Game of Peter Rabbit\", and nursery wallpaper between 1903 and 1905. Other \"side-shows\" (as she termed the ancillary merchandise) were produced over the following two decades. In 1947 Frederick Warne & Co. gave Beswick Pottery of Longton, Staffordshire rights and licences to produce the Potter characters in porcelain. Nine figurines based on \"Appley Dapply\" were released beginning in 1959: Old Woman in a Shoe; Amiable Guinea Pig; Appley Dapply; Little Black Rabbit; Diggory Diggory Delvet; Old Mister",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "570338",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "18900561",
"text": "by families of the victims of Pan Am Flight 103 for the nursery rhyme, \"It's raining babies and luggage and limbs and Daddy doesn't come home\", which explicitly describes the debris from the disintegrating plane falling into Lockerbie, sung in the fashion of that of a nursery rhyme. Go, Stewie, Go! \"Go, Stewie, Go!\" is the 13th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 14, 2010. The episode features Stewie after he auditions, cross-dressed under the pseudonym Karina Smirnoff, for a female role in",
"title": "Go, Stewie, Go!"
},
{
"id": "19500671",
"text": "of the work on Robert Browning's narrative poem \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin,\" arguably the most famous version of the tale. However, the composer altered the narrative to better fit a musical setting, explaining, \"The biggest problem was that the legend per se had no elements of virtuosity in it; the Pied Piper played his song to charm the rats and lead them to destruction and piped a march to lead the children away from Hamelin, but there were no actual confrontations or tensions that could lead me to write virtuosically for the soloist. So I had to modify the",
"title": "Pied Piper Fantasy"
},
{
"id": "2529448",
"text": "Marie Antoinette (who came tumbling after), a theory made difficult by the fact that the earliest printing of the rhyme pre-dates those events. However, as the previous paragraph refers to King Charles I being in conflict with Parliament, the phrase \"broke his crown\" could also refer to that King's beheading in 1649. There is also a local belief that the rhyme records events in the village of Kilmersdon in Somerset in 1697 when a local spinster became pregnant; the putative father is said to have died from a rock fall and the woman died in childbirth soon after. Jack and",
"title": "Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)"
},
{
"id": "10769869",
"text": "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf\" is a popular song written by Frank Churchill with additional lyrics by Ann Ronell, which originally featured in the 1933 Disney cartoon \"Three Little Pigs\", where it was sung by Fiddler Pig and Fifer Pig (voiced by Mary Moder and Dorothy Compton) as they arrogantly believe their houses of straw and twigs will protect them from the Big Bad Wolf (voiced by Billy Bletcher). The song's theme made it a huge hit during the 1930s and it remains one of the most well-known Disney songs, being",
"title": "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"
},
{
"id": "11372",
"text": "There Were None\" (from \"Ten Little Indians\"), \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\" (from \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\"), \"Five Little Pigs\" (from \"This Little Piggy\"), \"Crooked House\" (from \"There Was a Crooked Man\"), \"A Pocket Full of Rye\" (from \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\"), \"Hickory Dickory Dock\" (from \"Hickory Dickory Dock\"), and \"Three Blind Mice\" (from \"Three Blind Mice\"). Similarly, the novel Mrs McGinty's Dead is named after a children's game that is explained in the course of the novel. Christie occasionally inserted stereotyped descriptions of characters into her work, particularly before the end of the Second World War (when",
"title": "Agatha Christie"
},
{
"id": "3458429",
"text": "\"operated under a franchise agreement with the Piggly Wiggly Corporation, of Jacksonville, Florida. According to the Piggly Wiggly Web site, Saunders was \"reluctant\" to explain the origin of the company's name. There are two theories: One story says that, while riding a train, he looked out his window and saw several little pigs struggling to get under a fence, which prompted him to think of the rhyme. Someone once asked him why he had chosen such an unusual name for his organization, to which he replied, \"So people will ask that very question.\" Piggly Wiggly was acquired by the wholesale",
"title": "Piggly Wiggly"
},
{
"id": "7106024",
"text": "Tamworth Two The Tamworth Two were a pair of pigs that escaped while being unloaded from a lorry at an abattoir in the English town of Malmesbury, Wiltshire in January 1998. The pigs (later named Butch and Sundance after \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\") were on the run for more than a week, and the search for them caused a huge media sensation, as well as immense public interest, both in Britain and abroad. Butch (a sow) and Sundance (a boar) were sister and brother Tamworth pigs. Both were five months old when their owner took them by lorry",
"title": "Tamworth Two"
},
{
"id": "15183549",
"text": "his work include: \"The Night Before Christmas\" by Clement Clarke Moore, \"Peter Pan\" by J.M. Barrie, and \"The Nutcracker\". His own works are: \"Alphabet Soup\", \"Animal Orchestra\", \"Classic Fairy Tales\", \"Favorite Nursery Rhymes from Mother Goose\", and \"Eddie: The Lost Youth of Edgar Allan Poe\". Gustafson has won multiple awards over his career. He has been awarded a Chelsea Award by the Association of Science Fiction and Fantasy Artists and an Independent Publisher Book Award for Best Children’s Picture Book. He has also received a Chesly Award (2005) for Best Interior Artwork and a CA Illustration Award. Scott Gustafson Scott",
"title": "Scott Gustafson"
},
{
"id": "2360967",
"text": "Frankenstein Chronicles\", the rhyme recurs several times, as the central character (played by Sean Bean) suffers mercury-induced hallucinations relating to a missing girl. <br> In Doctor Who, revival series 6, episode 11 \"The God Complex\" (Air date: September 17, 2011), the character called Joe \"quotes the finale of old English nursery rhyme 'Oranges and Lemons,' singing 'Here comes a candle to light you to bed, here comes a chopper to chop off your head!,' which echoes a moment in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, where Winston Smith uses a snatch of the same rhyme to remind him of a forgotten and",
"title": "Oranges and Lemons"
},
{
"id": "9127486",
"text": "a ladies' man. He was known as \"Foxey\" at school because of his sly manner. He had fraudulently sold his father's pigs, although his father had settled the matter without involving the law, but Corder had not changed his behaviour. He later obtained money by passing a forged cheque for £93 and he had helped local thief Samuel \"Beauty\" Smith steal a pig from a neighbouring village. When Smith was questioned by the local constable over the theft, he made a prophetic statement concerning Corder: \"I'll be damned if he will not be hung some of these days.\" Corder had",
"title": "Red Barn Murder"
},
{
"id": "13627799",
"text": "was one of her frog footmen who was then sent to be beheaded as the Red queen ordered her fish butler to round up the frog footman's children whom she implied to love on toast. In its followup \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" the White Queen had stolen a tart her mother was baking and hid the crumbs near the bed of her sister, the Red Queen. The Queen of Hearts (poem) \"The Queen of Hearts\" is an English poem and nursery rhyme based on the characters found on playing cards, by an anonymous author, originally published with three lesser-known",
"title": "The Queen of Hearts (poem)"
},
{
"id": "17918061",
"text": "all focus on a (usually unnamed) black individual running away from, or to avoid, slave patrols (referred to as a \"patter-rollers\" or \"patty-rollers\" in the song). The \"White's Serenaders' Song Book\" version is presented as a narrative, with both sung and spoken parts. A slave, known as Mr. Bones, recounts the tale of his escape, interspersed with cries from the audience of \"What, Mr. Bones?\". In this version, the escapee is caught temporarily, but escapes at great speed after he \"left my heel tied round de tree\". Scarborough and Gulledge record a later version as follows: <poem> </poem> Some versions",
"title": "Run, Nigger, Run"
},
{
"id": "2359174",
"text": "dog laugh'd to see such Craft, And the Fork ran away with the Spoon.</poem> There are numerous theories about the origin of the rhyme, including: James Orchard Halliwell's suggestion that it was a corruption of ancient Greek, probably advanced as a result of a deliberate hoax; that it was connected with Hathor worship; that it refers to various constellations (Taurus, Canis Minor, etc.); that it describes the Flight from Egypt; that it depicts Elizabeth, Lady Katherine Grey, and her relationships with the earls of Hertford and Leicester; that it deals with anti-clerical feeling over injunctions by Catholic priests for harder",
"title": "Hey Diddle Diddle"
},
{
"id": "53476",
"text": "books in all. The last book in this format was \"Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes\" in 1922, a collection of favourite rhymes. Although \"The Tale of Little Pig Robinson\" was not published until 1930, it had been written much earlier. Potter continued creating her little books until after the First World War, when her energies were increasingly directed toward her farming, sheep-breeding and land conservation. The immense popularity of Potter's books was based on the lively quality of her illustrations, the non-didactic nature of her stories, the depiction of the rural countryside, and the imaginative qualities she lent to her animal",
"title": "Beatrix Potter"
},
{
"id": "3284161",
"text": "Boston, Massachusetts around 1825. The latter ran: <poem> Hey! rub-a-dub, ho! rub-a-dub, three maids in a tub, And who do you think were there? The butcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker, And all of them gone to the fair.</poem> In the original version as it appeared both in England and in the USA (Boston) the song was talking about three maids instead of three men. Later research, according to \"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\" (1951), suggests that the lyrics are illustrating a scene of three respectable townsfolk \"watching a dubious sideshow at a local fair\". By around 1830 the reference",
"title": "Rub-a-dub-dub"
},
{
"id": "15922912",
"text": "\"Good Morning, Mickey!\" on the Disney Channel. 1.Walt Disney Cartoon Classics Limited Gold Edition II: The Disney Dream Factory: 1933-1938 (VHS) 1985 2.Storybook Favourites Shorts: Three Little Pigs (VHS) (UK) 3.\"The Rescuers\" (DVD) 2003 4. (DVD) 2006 5.Walt Disney Animation Collection: Classic Short Films Volume 2: Three Little Pigs (DVD) 2009 6.\"The Rescuers\" 35th Anniversary Edition (\"The Rescuers\"/\"The Rescuers Down Under\") 2012 Three Blind Mouseketeers Three Blind Mouseketeers is a Silly Symphonies cartoon based on the nursery rhyme \"Three Blind Mice\" and the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. Directed by Dave Hand and Jack Cutting, it stars Billy",
"title": "Three Blind Mouseketeers"
},
{
"id": "9416743",
"text": "or false question before a commercial break that gave an incorrect answer when the program resumed. The question was \"Was the nursery rhyme 'Sing a Song of Sixpence' used as a code to recruit pirates?\" The answer was given as \"TRUE: The notorious pirate, Blackbeard used this code to recruit hands, whom he paid sixpence a day.\" This is untrue, and was in fact a red herring created by Snopes.com to test people's common sense. Snopes found it rather humorous that the show could fall for such a silly story and created a page on the website about it. Without",
"title": "Mostly True Stories?: Urban Legends Revealed"
},
{
"id": "8722593",
"text": "Ratcatcher's Day Ratcatcher's Day, Rat-catcher's Day or Rat Catcher's Day is celebrated on 26 June or 22 July, commemorating the myth of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The town of Hamelin in Germany uses the June date and the term \"Pied Piper Day\". The confusion of dates is because the Brothers Grimm cite 26 June 1284 as the date the Pied Piper led the children out of the town, while the poem by Robert Browning gives it as 22 July 1376. It is a holiday remembering rat-catchers, similar to Secretary's Day and Presidents Day. Famous Ratcatcher's in literature include Serafina,",
"title": "Ratcatcher's Day"
},
{
"id": "14853886",
"text": "the earliest forms of the legend as appearing in 1638 or 1639. The earliest surviving version of the legend is a Dutch print about an Amsterdam woman named Jacamijntjen Jacobs. In 1621 Jacobs, while pregnant, was approached one day by a female beggar accompanied by three children, who pleaded that her children were starving. Jacobs told the beggar \"Take away your filthy pigs, I will not give you anything\". The woman replied \"Are these my children pigs? May God then give you such pigs as I have here!\" Jacobs' daughter was born with the head and face of a pig,",
"title": "Pig-faced women"
},
{
"id": "1275373",
"text": "drowned. Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to blame the piper for bringing the rats himself in an extortion attempt. Enraged, the piper stormed out of the town, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul's day, while the adults were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. A hundred and thirty children followed him out",
"title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin"
},
{
"id": "3767799",
"text": "maman\", which is also used for \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\" and the \"Alphabet song\". The words and melody were first published together by A. H. Rosewig in \"(Illustrated National) Nursery Songs and Games\", published in Philadelphia in 1879. As with many nursery rhymes, attempts have been made to find origins and meanings for the rhyme, most which have no corroborating evidence. Katherine Elwes Thomas in \"The Real Personages of Mother Goose\" (1930) suggested the rhyme referred to resentment at the heavy taxation on wool. This has particularly been taken to refer to the medieval English \"Great\" or \"Old Custom\" wool",
"title": "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
},
{
"id": "9673625",
"text": "the year and accepted \"Cecily Parsley\" as the new book for Christmas 1922. By spring 1922, Potter had recopied the rhymes she wanted to use and sent them to Warne. Potter chose the pictures of the Gardening Guinea Pigs and Nanny Netticoat from an 1897 version of the book. A friend, Louie Choyce, provided the rhyme for the illustrations of the guinea pigs and another rhyme about a rose which was not used. Fruing Warne was a cautious editor and asked that the line about cutting off the tails of the mice in \"Three Blind Mice\" be dropped. Potter complied",
"title": "Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "6438301",
"text": "or The Nursery Parnassus\" published in London in 1784. Like most early versions of the rhyme it does not include the last four lines: <poem> Goose-a goose-a gander, Where shall I wander? Up stairs and down stairs, In my lady's chamber; There you'll find a cup of sack And a race of ginger.</poem> Some versions have the additional concluding lines: <poem>The stairs went crack, He nearly broke his back. And all the little ducks went, 'Quack, quack, quack'. </poem> Iona and Peter Opie note records of a separate rhyme referring to the Crane fly recorded from about 1780, which they",
"title": "Goosey Goosey Gander"
},
{
"id": "11055552",
"text": "The Cat and the Fiddle (musical) The Cat and the Fiddle is a musical with music by Jerome Kern, and lyrics and book by Otto Harbach. The story is about a composer and an opera singer, and the title comes from the second line of the nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" (\"the cat and the fiddle\"). The show features the songs \"She Didn't Say Yes\" and \"The Night Was Made for Love\". The original Broadway production opened at the Globe Theatre on October 15, 1931, moved to the George M. Cohan Theater on May 24, 1932, and ran for a",
"title": "The Cat and the Fiddle (musical)"
},
{
"id": "10965997",
"text": "Dashing away with the smoothing iron She stole my heart away. Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron \"Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron\" is a traditional English folk song written in the 19th century about a woman carrying out one part of her linen chores each day of the week. The musical comedy duo Flanders and Swann quoted the first 7/8 syllables of each verse, verbatim and notewise, at the beginning of each verse of \"The Gas Man Cometh\", the first track on \"At The Drop of Another Hat\". In 1973 the tune was used by the English composer John",
"title": "Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron"
},
{
"id": "12535096",
"text": "Root hog, or die \"Root, hog, or die\" is a common American catch-phrase dating from well before 1834. Coming from the early colonial practice of turning pigs loose in the woods to fend for themselves, the term is an idiomatic expression for self-reliance. The term resulted in several songs with the same theme. Several songs of unknown authorship were published before the Civil War, including patriotic and minstrel songs. A patriotic version opens with: The most popular song of the era was a minstrel song variously titled \"Root, Hog, Or Die\" or \"Do Jog Along\", sometimes credited to George W.H.",
"title": "Root hog, or die"
},
{
"id": "14357449",
"text": "Navy\" (1786) is a tale of a soul that has successively migrated from the body of Romulus into various humans and animals, and is currently residing in The Learned Pig, a famous performing pig at the time that was the subject of much satirical literature. He recalls a previous pre-swinish incarnation in which he was a person called \"Pimping Billy\", who worked as a horse-holder at the playhouse with Shakespeare and was the real author of 5 of the plays. Shakespearean scholars have seen nothing in these works to suggest genuine doubts about Shakespeare's authorship, since they are all presented",
"title": "History of the Shakespeare authorship question"
},
{
"id": "15463917",
"text": "\"Masquerading\", most of which were exhibited at the Royal Academy. He illustrated several books, including a nursery rhyme called \"The History of Mr Pig and Miss Crane\", published in 1836. Attribution: Thomas Crane Thomas Crane (1808–1859) was an English artist and portrait painter. Crane was born at Chester in 1808 to Thomas Crane, a bookseller. The young Thomas was in a family of six sisters and three sons. In 1824, having shown early a taste for art, he went to London, and joined the Royal Academy schools. There he remained for two years, receiving, in 1825, a medal for drawings",
"title": "Thomas Crane"
},
{
"id": "5460871",
"text": "book was the first novel Fforde wrote, however, he failed in its publication. It was massively re-written following the success of the Thursday Next novels. A follow-up, entitled \"The Fourth Bear\", was published in July 2006. The book is satirical, based on many nursery rhymes, fables, and the like. The main character Jack Spratt is based on Jack Sprat, and the secondary character is Mary Mary, both from nursery rhymes. They investigate events such as the Three Little Pigs and Humpty Dumpty. People from such sources are known in the book as PDRs, \"persons of dubious reality\". The book begins",
"title": "The Big Over Easy"
},
{
"id": "6900163",
"text": "The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig is a children's picture book written by Eugene Trivizas (Evgenios Trivizas), illustrated by Helen Oxenbury, and first published by Heinemann in 1993. The story is a comically inverted version of the classic \"Three Little Pigs\", a traditional fable published in the 19th century. Oxenbury was highly commended runner-up for the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. The \"Highly Commended\" distinction was used 31 times in 29 years to 2002,",
"title": "The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig"
},
{
"id": "20519438",
"text": "German as 'Fünf kleine Enten'. Spanish There is a translation into Spanish as 'Cinco patitos'. Armenian There is a translation into Western Armenian under copyright by Karenn Presti in \"My First Armenian Songbook\", 2017. Five Little Ducks Five Little Ducks is a nursery rhyme and counting-out game. The rhyme also has an associated tune and finger play. Like all folk songs, the exact wording varies. A common variant is: <poem> Five little ducks went swimming one day, Over the hills and far away. Mother duck said, \"quack quack quack quack,\" And only four little ducks came back. Four little ducks",
"title": "Five Little Ducks"
},
{
"id": "3963543",
"text": "and best appearance – accept no later substitutes. Presentation more intricate than usual, characterization more subtle.\" \"All in all, it is a beautifully tailored book, rich and satisfying. The present writer would be willing to chance his arm and say that this is the best Christie of all.\" Charles Osborne: \"The solution of the mystery in \"Five Little Pigs\" is not only immediately convincing but satisfying as well, and even moving in its inevitability and its bleakness.\" Like \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\" before it and \"Hickory Dickory Dock\" after it, the novel is named after a nursery rhyme, usually",
"title": "Five Little Pigs"
},
{
"id": "5987277",
"text": "(Students for a Democratic Society). Capp, who lived right outside Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, weathered severe criticism from the Left for this continuity, but stood by his satire of the era's excesses by militant student protesters. Salomey Salomey was the Yokums' beloved pet pig in the classic comic strip \"Li'l Abner\", by cartoonist Al Capp (1909–1979). Salomey, whose name was a pun on both salami and Salome, was supposedly the last female \"Hammus alabammus\"—an adorable species of pig, which led to a number of story arcs. Cute, lovable, and intelligent (arguably smarter than the male Yokums, Li'l Abner and Pappy),",
"title": "Salomey"
},
{
"id": "4228512",
"text": "Natural Order of Things\", was released by Saint Marie Records on September 4, 2012. Anna-Lynne Williams continues to write and record as Lotte Kestner and one half of the duo Ormonde. Matt Brown is working on more Disinterested material and is playing with and producing several other groups. Trespassers William's name is from a Winnie-the-Pooh tale, \"Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle\" by A.A. Milne: Next to [Piglet's] house was a piece of broken board which had: \"TRESPASSERS WILL\" on it. When Christopher Robin asked Piglet what it meant, he said it was his grandfather's name,",
"title": "Trespassers William"
},
{
"id": "8474062",
"text": "Little Tommy Tucker \"Little Tommy Tucker\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19618. Common modern versions include: The earliest recorded version of this rhyme is from \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\" (c. 1744), which has only four lines. The full version was produced in \"Mother Goose's Melody\" (c. 1765). There are references to various parts of the rhyme in earlier works. To 'sing for one's supper' was a proverbial phrase by the seventeenth century. \"An excellent new Medley\" (c. 1620) included the line 'Tom would eat meat but wants a knife'.",
"title": "Little Tommy Tucker"
},
{
"id": "3672681",
"text": "Rain Rain Go Away \"Rain Rain Go Away\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19096. There are few versions and variations of this rhyming couplet. The most common modern version is: Similar rhymes can be found in many societies, including ancient Greece. The modern English language rhyme can be dated to at least to the 17th century when James Howell in his collection of proverbs noted: A version very similar to the modern version was noted by John Aubrey in 1687 as used by \"little children\" to \"charme away the",
"title": "Rain Rain Go Away"
},
{
"id": "13627795",
"text": "of Hearts was based on Elizabeth of Bohemia. Benham, in his book \"Playing Cards: History of the Pack and Explanations of its Many Secrets\", notes that French playing cards from the mid-17th century have Judith from the Hebrew Bible as the Queen of Hearts. However, according to W. Gurney Benham, a scholar who researched the history of playing cards: \"The old nursery rhyme about the Knave of Hearts who stole the tarts and was beaten for so doing by the King, seems to be founded on nothing more than the fact that 'hearts' rhymes with 'tarts'.\" The poem's story is",
"title": "The Queen of Hearts (poem)"
},
{
"id": "368162",
"text": "their human inhabitants. \"The Stainless Steel Rat\" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous science fiction novels written by Harry Harrison. One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin\", in which a rat-catcher leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to Germany around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events",
"title": "Rat"
},
{
"id": "5055277",
"text": "situation unscathed, celebrates by dancing with Eric as he sings his version of the \"Wild, Wild West\" song. When Cartman takes the picture of Shelly and Skyler kissing, he exclaims \"Ha ha! Charade you are!\" which is the refrain of the Pink Floyd song \"Pigs (Three Different Ones)\". Cartman parodies the Newt character from the film \"Aliens\" several times, with a play on her original line of \"They mostly come at night...mostly\" (referring to the alien). Throughout the episode, playing with his toys, Cartman makes allusions to the movie \"Wild Wild West\". This film came out the same day as",
"title": "Cat Orgy"
},
{
"id": "570360",
"text": "to put him together again is representative of this principle, as it would be highly unlikely (though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "20502558",
"text": "Despite Louise's reservations, Sally performs a piece she will present in her school assembly, involving the nursery rhyme \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling\": <poem> Diddle, diddle, dumpling, my son John, Went to bed with his trousers on! One shoe off, and one shoe on, Diddle, diddle, dumpling, my son John! </poem> Despite a pained expression, David applauds, hugging his daughter. Louise encounters the shoe outside her house. Inside, David confronts her about a photograph he has found—Louise's college friend, Ted, is the man to whom David gave the shoe. He has also found a receipt for a new set of shoes, bought",
"title": "Diddle Diddle Dumpling (Inside No. 9)"
},
{
"id": "286976",
"text": "towards entertainment, but there is evidence for many rhymes existing before this, including \"To market, to market\" and \"Cock a doodle doo\", which date from at least the late 16th century. The first English collections, \"Tommy Thumb's Song Book\" and a sequel, \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\", are both thought to have been published by Mary Cooper in London before 1744, with such songs becoming known as 'Tommy Thumb's songs'. John Newbery's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, \"Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets",
"title": "Nursery rhyme"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon context: The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Mini Grey, published by Jonathan Cape in 2006. It won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the professional librarians, recognising the year's best-illustrated children's book published in the U.K. It was also bronze runner up for the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in ages category 6–8 years.> The title alludes to \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", an English nursery rhyme whose last line is \"And the Dish ran away with the Spoon\". According to the British librarians, the\n\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who “stole a pig and away did run”?",
"compressed_tokens": 199,
"origin_tokens": 199,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son context: Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son \"Tom, Tom, the Piper's\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19621. Modern versions of the rhyme include: The 'pig' mentioned in the song is almost certainly not a live animal but rather a kind of pastry, often made with an apple filling, smaller than a pie. Another version of the rhyme is: This rhyme is often conflated with a separate and longer rhyme: Both rhymes were first printed separately in a \"Tom the Piper's Son\", a chapbook produced around 1795 in London, England. The\n\ntitle Little Tommy T context Little Tommy Tucker \"Little Tommy Tucker\" is an language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19618 Common modern include: earliest version this rhyme is fromTom Thumb' Pretty Song Bookc. 174), has only lines. The full was produced in \"Mother Goose's Melody\" (c. 1765 There are references to various parts of the rhyme in works. 'sing for one's supper proverb by the seventeenthAn Medc. 60 theTom eat but kn'.\n\ntitle: D D,pling, Son John My Johniddle,iddle, Dumpling, My Son John\" an languagesery rhyme. It has aoudk Index number of9709. The commonly:: rhyme is recorded \"The Newest Box\" published179. may beD, did,pling', a. The rhyme the refrain \"y,\" Jeff Barry Andy from The Arch 96 Jingle Jangle . BBCside number\n\ntitle::\", theyme times, the central byers-ced a missing <br> In Doctor Who, revival series 6, episode 11 \"The God Complex\" (Air date: September 17, 2011), the character called Joe \"quotes the finale of old English nursery rhyme 'Oranges and Lemons,' singing 'Here comes a candle to light you to bed, here comes a chopper to chop off your head!,' which echoes a moment in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, where Winston Smith uses a snatch of the same rhyme to remind him of a forgotten and\n\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who “stole a pig and away did run”?",
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{
"id": "408027",
"text": "his own name. The shorts became a part of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–90). Since its debut on December 17, 1989, episodes of \"The Simpsons\" have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series in terms of seasons and number of episodes. \"The Simpsons Movie\", a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "9646930",
"text": "History of The Simpsons \"The Simpsons\" is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called \"The Simpsons\", which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series",
"title": "History of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "5235171",
"text": "on the contemporary \"Family Guy\", debuted and further pushed the envelope. It ran from 1972 to 1974. In 1987, The Simpsons shorts debuted on Fox's \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". The first full-length episode, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", debuted on December 17, 1989. It remained the sole mainstream adult-oriented animated sitcom until the late 1990s, which saw the debuts of \"King of the Hill\", \"South Park\", \"Family Guy\" and \"Futurama\". Canadian examples in this genre from the decade include \"Chilly Beach\", \"Odd Job Jack,\" and, most recently, \"Fugget About It\". Adult animation became more popular, premiering shows like \"American",
"title": "Animated sitcom"
},
{
"id": "4540208",
"text": "The Simpsons shorts The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three seasons, before the characters spun off into \"The Simpsons\", their own half-hour prime-time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. \"The Simpsons\" later debuted on",
"title": "The Simpsons shorts"
},
{
"id": "741400",
"text": "Maggie Simpson Margaret \"Maggie\" Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series \"The Simpsons\". She first appeared on television in the \"Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Maggie was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. She received her first name from Groening's youngest sister. After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three years, the Simpson family was given their own series on the Fox Broadcasting Company which debuted December 17, 1989. Maggie is the youngest child of Homer and Marge,",
"title": "Maggie Simpson"
},
{
"id": "7239212",
"text": "Jump Street\". The animation industry had experienced a decline in the 1980s. In 1987, \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" premiered with mild success. During this time, a series of short cartoons originally intended to be bumpers gained a following with young and old audiences, and Fox ordered thirteen episodes of a new animated television series based on these, titled \"The Simpsons\". When \"The Simpsons\" premiered in December 1989, the series was instantly popular. Merchandise featuring the show’s breakout character Bart Simpson has accumulated over US$1 billion in sales. \"The Simpsons\" was the first successful primetime animated series since \"The Flintstones\", paving",
"title": "Fox cartoons"
},
{
"id": "9646933",
"text": "into a film. The script was re-written over a hundred times, and this creativity continued after animation had begun in 2006. The film was a box office success, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews. \"The Simpsons\" eventually became the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed \"Gunsmoke\" as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the show has broadcast episodes and its 30th season started airing on September 30, 2018. When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for the",
"title": "History of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "13264914",
"text": "The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour prime time show that was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). The popularity of \"The Simpsons\" has made it a billion-dollar merchandising and",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "7606012",
"text": "appalling that 70% of the episode needed to be redone. The producers considered aborting the series if the next episode (\"Bart the Genius\") turned out as bad, but it only suffered from a few, easily fixable problems. The producers convinced Fox to move the debut to December 17, and aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" as the first episode of the series. The half hour series premiere debuted on December 17, 1989 with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" a Christmas special. The next episode \"Bart the Genius\" was the first to feature the series' full title sequence, including",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "1287090",
"text": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", also known as \"The Simpsons Christmas Special\", is the series premiere episode of \"The Simpsons\". It was the first episode to air despite originally being the eighth episode produced for season one. It is the only full-length episode to air during the 1980s, having originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on Sunday, December 17, 1989. In the episode, Homer Simpson discovers that he will not be getting a Christmas bonus and thus his family has no money to buy Christmas presents after they had",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "9852167",
"text": "Good Night (The Simpsons) \"Good Night\" (also known as \"Good Night Simpsons\") is the first of forty-eight Simpsons shorts that appeared on the variety show \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 19, 1987, during the third episode of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" and marks the first appearance of the Simpson family — Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie — on television. After three seasons on Tracey Ullman, the shorts would be adapted into the animated show \"The Simpsons\". \"Good Night\" has since been aired on the show in the",
"title": "Good Night (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "741432",
"text": "shorts, Lisa displayed little of the intelligence for which she later became known. She was more of a \"female Bart\" and was originally described as simply the \"middle child\", without much personality. Lisa made her debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Lisa and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. The entire Simpson family was designed to be easily recognized in silhouette. The family was",
"title": "Lisa Simpson"
},
{
"id": "741498",
"text": "Grampa Simpson Abraham Jebediah \"Abe\" Simpson II, better known as Grampa Simpson, is a main character in the animated television series \"The Simpsons\". He made his first appearance in the episode entitled \"Grampa and the Kids\", a one-minute Simpsons short on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", before the debut of the television show in 1989. Grampa Simpson is voiced by Dan Castellaneta, who also voices his son, Homer Simpson. He is also the grandfather of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson. In the 1000th issue of \"Entertainment Weekly\", Grampa was selected as the Grandpa for \"The Perfect TV Family\". Grampa Simpson is",
"title": "Grampa Simpson"
},
{
"id": "7606019",
"text": "released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season of \"Chappelle's Show\". The Simpsons (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" originally aired on the Fox network between December 17, 1989 and May 13, 1990, beginning with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". The executive producers for the first production season were Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon. The series was originally set to debut in autumn 1989 with the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", which was meant",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "741518",
"text": "after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word \"brat\". After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, and the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart's most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to \"The Simpsons\" – including video games, \"The Simpsons Movie\", \"The Simpsons\" Ride, commercials, and comic books –",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "741528",
"text": "Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening describes Bart as \"what would happen if Eddie Haskell [from \"Leave It to Beaver\"] got his own show\". Groening has also said that he found the premise of \"Dennis the Menace\" disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace. Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "1268573",
"text": "over a decade. In 1987, \"The Simpsons\", an animated short cartoon segment of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", debuted. Matt Groening's creation gained its own half-hour series in 1989, the first prime-time animated series since \"The Flintstones\". Although 70 percent of the first episode's animation had to be redone, pushing the series premiere back three months, it became one of the first major hit series for the fledgling Fox network. \"The Simpsons\" caused a sensation, entering popular culture and gaining wide acclaim for its satirical handling of American culture, families, society as a whole, and the human condition. The show has",
"title": "Modern animation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1287098",
"text": "premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" is the first episode of \"The Simpsons\" and the Fox network was nervous about the show because they were unsure if it could sustain the audience's attention for the duration of the episode. They proposed doing three seven-minute shorts per episode and four specials until the audience adjusted, but in the end, the producers gambled by asking Fox for 13 full-length episodes. The series was originally planned to premiere earlier in the fall of 1989 with the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", but",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "738120",
"text": "the inspiration for naming Homer. Homer's middle initial \"J\", which stands for \"Jay\", is a \"tribute\" to animated characters such as Bullwinkle J. Moose and Rocket J. Squirrel from \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", who got their middle initial from Jay Ward. Homer made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Homer and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. As currently depicted in",
"title": "Homer Simpson"
},
{
"id": "250066",
"text": "\"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. Another family member, Grampa Simpson, was introduced in the later shorts. Years later, during the early seasons of \"The Simpsons\", when it came time to give Grampa a first name, Groening says he refused to name him after his own grandfather, Abraham Groening, leaving it to other writers to choose a name. By coincidence, they chose Abraham, unaware that it was the name of Groening's grandfather. Although \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" was not a big hit, the popularity of the shorts led to a half-hour spin-off in 1989. A team of production",
"title": "Matt Groening"
},
{
"id": "7606002",
"text": "The Simpsons (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" originally aired on the Fox network between December 17, 1989 and May 13, 1990, beginning with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". The executive producers for the first production season were Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon. The series was originally set to debut in autumn 1989 with the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", which was meant to introduce the main characters; during the first screening of the episode, the producers discovered that the animation was so appalling that 70% of",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "13264920",
"text": "show is the Simpsons family. The Simpsons are a family who live in at 742 Evergreen Terrace in Springfield. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with little effort and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. They made their debut on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "3632495",
"text": "Two additional \"Dr. N!Godatu\" cartoons that were prepared for the show never aired. The Simpson family debuted in short animated cartoons on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", beginning with episode 3 of the first season. The shorts originally were presented on an occasional basis, alternating episodes with \"Dr. N!Godatu\". However, the reaction to the Simpsons shorts was very positive, and after appearing 7 times during season 1, the feature was quickly promoted to full-time status, appearing in every episode of seasons 2–3 before being spun off into their own half-hour series. These shorts, also called \"bumpers\", aired before and after commercial",
"title": "The Tracey Ullman Show"
},
{
"id": "13264921",
"text": "series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. \"The Simpsons\" shorts debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987 were featured on the first three seasons of the show. By the fourth and last season of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons the shorts were divided into three or four parts, but in the third season they were played as a single story. The stories for the shorts were written and storyboarded by Matt",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "408207",
"text": "to the character, stating, \"It's really weird to have people think you're a cartoon.\" Marge's beehive hairstyle was inspired by the titular Bride in \"Bride of Frankenstein\" and the style that Margaret Groening wore during the 1960s, although her hair was never blue. Marge debuted with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Network. Marge and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. Matt Groening believes that episodes featuring",
"title": "Marge Simpson"
},
{
"id": "4765487",
"text": "were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. The Simpson family made their debut on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "3951920",
"text": "Groening, Brooks, and Simon, and therefore took the job together with Reiss. The duo became the first members of the original writing staff of \"The Simpsons\" and worked on the thirteen episodes of the show's first season (1989). While watching the first episode of the show, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", premiering on television in December 1989, Jean opined to himself that the series was the greatest project he had been involved with and desired to continue working on it for the rest of his professional career. What he enjoyed most about \"The Simpsons\" at the time was something",
"title": "Al Jean"
},
{
"id": "1068612",
"text": "film, \"\" (1983). After continuing to search for acting work, in 1987, Cartwright auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she found the role of Bart—Lisa's brother—to be more interesting. Matt Groening, the series' creator, allowed her to audition for Bart and offered her the role on the spot. She voiced Bart for three seasons on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", and in 1989, the shorts",
"title": "Nancy Cartwright"
},
{
"id": "408039",
"text": "for the first season. Colorist Gyorgyi Peluce was the person who decided to make the characters yellow. In 1989, a team of production companies adapted \"The Simpsons\" into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content. Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching. The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "3632494",
"text": "was a series of animated shorts created by M.K. Brown, and animated by Klasky-Csupo. It was seen during season 1 only, and was the first cartoon seen on Ullman's show. The shorts followed the somewhat surreal life of Dr. Janice N!Godatu, who calmly and cheerfully addressed the camera as she detailed her latest misadventure. The character was voiced by Julie Payne. The feature appeared in the first two \"Ullman\" episodes, then alternated more-or-less every other week with the \"Simpsons\" shorts (see below). After appearing 6 times, \"Dr. N!Godatu\" was dropped at the conclusion of the first season of Ullman's show.",
"title": "The Tracey Ullman Show"
},
{
"id": "1068592",
"text": "in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern in \"Rhoda\" in 1974. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for playing the character, winning the award in 1978, the year that the series ended. Starting in 1987, Kavner started appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, and the producers asked Kavner to voice Marge. The shorts were spun off into \"The Simpsons\". Kavner has been described as \"nearly reclusive\"; part of her contract says that she will never have to",
"title": "Julie Kavner"
},
{
"id": "19258188",
"text": "follow and exploit her success in the United States throughout the latter part of the 1980s, Ullman's visibility on the small screen in the UK waned until almost 1990 when the BBC finally picked up \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" which was winding down its four-year run on Fox. The broadcaster made significant edits to the show, eliminating The Simpsons shorts entirely. Ullman had even attempted to persuade the broadcaster to buy \"The Simpsons\" when the characters were spun-off into their own primetime sitcom. In 1992, Ullman returned to British television with the ITV television comedy special, \"Tracey Ullman: A Class",
"title": "Tracey Ullman's Show"
},
{
"id": "3632450",
"text": "producing three pilots a week. Ullman was the first British woman to be offered her own television sketch show in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The show is also known for producing a series of shorts featuring the Simpson family, which was later adapted into the longest running American scripted primetime television series \"The Simpsons\". \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" garnered Fox its first ever Emmy nomination and win; it was awarded a total of 11. \"Rolling Stone\" ranked \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" as the #25 best sketch comedy show in its \"40 Greatest Sketch-Comedy TV Shows of",
"title": "The Tracey Ullman Show"
},
{
"id": "6255798",
"text": "shorts, the characters spun off into their own half-hour prime-time show on the Fox network named \"The Simpsons\". Matt Groening, the series' creator, wanted Ullman to make a guest appearance in one of the shorts, but was told that she was too busy with the rest of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". When her show was canceled in 1990, Ullman agreed to do a guest appearance on \"The Simpsons\" after being asked by Groening once again. The animal noises for the episode, including those by Santa's Little Helper, were performed by Frank Welker. It was the first \"The Simpsons\" episode Welker",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "7586481",
"text": "would kill him was advancing rapidly. This would be his last filmed appearance before his death on 4 October 1989, which coincidentally was the day before the 20th anniversary of the broadcast of the first episode of \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python Parrot Sketch Not Included was a tribute special to the Monty Python comedy group, put together to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the debut of the group's television series, \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". Produced by Tiger Television for the BBC, it was compiled by noted British comedy producer John",
"title": "Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python"
},
{
"id": "5624839",
"text": "wrote and produced the short-lived sitcom \"Shaping Up\" in 1984, alongside Ken Estin; the show starred Leslie Nielsen as a gym owner and ran for five episodes on ABC. Simon also wrote and produced for \"Best of the West\" (1981), \"Barney Miller\" (1982) and \"It's Garry Shandling's Show\" (1987–1988), and wrote the 1991 film \"The Super\". Simon co-developed the animated series \"The Simpsons\", which premiered on the Fox network in 1989 and has remained on air ever since. The show is regarded as one of the greatest television shows of all time, with \"Time\" magazine naming it the 20th century's",
"title": "Sam Simon"
},
{
"id": "3709068",
"text": "The Itchy & Scratchy Show The Itchy & Scratchy Show (often shortened as Itchy & Scratchy) is a cartoon and animated television series featured in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". It appears as a part of \"The Krusty the Clown Show\", watched by Bart Simpson and Lisa Simpson. Itself an animated cartoon, \"The Itchy & Scratchy Show\" depicts a blue mouse, Itchy (voiced by Dan Castellaneta), who repeatedly kills a black cat Scratchy (voiced by Harry Shearer). The cartoon first appeared in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"The Bart Simpson Show\", which aired November 20, 1988. The cartoon's",
"title": "The Itchy & Scratchy Show"
},
{
"id": "5386308",
"text": "be a ratings hit when it aired in December. So what do I know?\", she added. The music video features both original animation and old animation from the series and the \"Simpsons\" shorts that aired on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" before they were spun off into \"The Simpsons\" in 1989. Gregg Vanzo directed the video, which, according to him, features quicker character poses than in episodes of the show to allow the animation to match the hip-hop beat. The music video was later included on the 2002 DVD boxset \"The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season\", with audio commentary from its",
"title": "Deep, Deep Trouble"
},
{
"id": "7606005",
"text": "Show\" on April 19, 1987. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. The animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. In 1989, a team of production companies adapted \"The Simpsons\" into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. During the years of producing the shorts, everything was created in-house. Due to the increased workload of the full-length episodes, production was subcontracted to South Korean",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "4540217",
"text": "the shorts were divided into three or four parts, but in the third season they were played as a single story. Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of \"The Simpsons\"' success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network. The Simpsons shorts The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three seasons, before the characters spun off into \"The Simpsons\", their own half-hour prime-time show.",
"title": "The Simpsons shorts"
},
{
"id": "741422",
"text": "sister Lisa Groening. After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three years, the Simpson family were moved to their own series on Fox, which debuted on December 17, 1989. Intelligent, passionate, and the moral center of the family, Lisa Simpson, at eight years old, is the second child of Homer and Marge, younger sister of Bart, and older sister of Maggie. Lisa's high intellect and liberal political stance creates a barrier between her and other children her age, therefore she is a bit of a loner and social outcast. Lisa is a vegetarian, a strong environmentalist, a feminist, and",
"title": "Lisa Simpson"
},
{
"id": "250067",
"text": "companies adapted \"The Simpsons\" into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. James L. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content. Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching. The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989 with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", a Christmas special. \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but",
"title": "Matt Groening"
},
{
"id": "2462506",
"text": "air each season (the final $100,000 episode originally aired as the season finale until the 15th season, at which point it begin airing as the episode before each season's final episode), though only one aired in the first season. \"America's Funniest Home Videos\" became an instant hit with audiences, with the original special in November 1989 averaging a 17.7 rating and 25 share, finishing at ninth place in the Nielsen ratings that week. When it debuted as a weekly Sunday night series in January 1990, the show averaged an 18.0 rating/27 share, finishing at 16th place. It placed within Nielsen's",
"title": "America's Funniest Home Videos"
},
{
"id": "4540216",
"text": "portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set. While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series. The shorts were featured on the first three seasons on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". By the fourth and last season of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons",
"title": "The Simpsons shorts"
},
{
"id": "4127682",
"text": "Stories\". In addition, Bird co-wrote the screenplay for the live-action film \"Batteries Not Included\". In 1989, Bird joined Klasky Csupo, where he helped to develop \"The Simpsons\" from one-minute shorts on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" into a series of half-hour programs. In 1990, he directed the episode \"Krusty Gets Busted\" (which marked the first speaking role of Sideshow Bob) and co-directed the Season Three episode \"Like Father, Like Clown.\" He served as an executive consultant for the show for its first eight seasons. Also while at Klasky Csupo, he was one of the animators of the \"Rugrats\" pilot \"Tommy Pickles",
"title": "Brad Bird"
},
{
"id": "5184235",
"text": "\"The Tracey Ullman Show\" aired in prime time, therefore it was not censored as much as programs intended to air on Saturday mornings. In addition to the show's portrayal of brief nudity and mild language, the series has dealt with mature themes and subjects such as death, gambling addiction, religion and suicide. In 1989, \"The Simpsons\" began airing on Fox Broadcasting Company in prime time, becoming a massive hit among American audiences. In response, ABC, CBS and NBC each developed animated series to air in prime time, but none of the shows were successful. One series, \"Capitol Critters\", focused on",
"title": "Adult animation"
},
{
"id": "1068627",
"text": "be noticed by a producer. In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called \"The Simpsons\". Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of \"The Gazette\" and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by \"Entertainment Weekly\". Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of \"The Simpsons\", Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want",
"title": "Nancy Cartwright"
},
{
"id": "250943",
"text": "building a popular lineup to draw in a larger audience. In its original airing debut, \"Married ... with Children\" was part of a Sunday lineup that competed with the popular \"Murder, She Wrote\" and Sunday-night movie on CBS. Fellow freshman series included \"Duet\", cancelled in 1989, along with \"It's Garry Shandling's Show\" and \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", both of which were canceled in 1990. The success of \"The Simpsons\", which debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" in 1987, helped draw some viewers over to Fox, allowing \"Married ... with Children\" to sneak into the top 50 of television shows for",
"title": "Married... with Children"
},
{
"id": "4806244",
"text": "fifth worst \"Star Trek\" episode, of any series, and the second worst episode of this series, with only \"\" faring worse. Shades of Gray (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Shades of Gray\" is the 22nd episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 48th episode overall. It was originally broadcast on July 17, 1989, in broadcast syndication. It was the only clip show filmed during the series and was created due to a lack of funds left over from other episodes during the season. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the",
"title": "Shades of Gray (Star Trek: The Next Generation)"
},
{
"id": "2357578",
"text": "the show across\" to present to the executives, who loved the pilot and ordered the series immediately. In July 1998, the Fox Broadcast Company announced the purchase of \"Family Guy\" for a January 1999 debut. \"Family Guy\" was originally intended to be a series of shorts on \"MADtv\", much in the same way \"The Simpsons\" had begun on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" a decade earlier. Negotiations for the show's \"MADtv\" connection fell through early on as a result of budgetary concerns. At age 24, MacFarlane was television's youngest executive producer. \"Family Guy\" first aired January 31, 1999. MacFarlane's work in",
"title": "Seth MacFarlane"
},
{
"id": "2530897",
"text": "version of his \"Life in Hell\" series. However, when Groening realized that animating \"Life in Hell\" would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work, he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family in the lobby of Brooks' office. After the success of the shorts, the Fox Broadcasting Company in 1989 commissioned a series of half-hour episodes of the show, now called \"The Simpsons\", which Brooks produced alongside Groening and Sam Simon. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content. According to",
"title": "James L. Brooks"
},
{
"id": "250050",
"text": "James L. Brooks. In 1985, Brooks contacted Groening with the proposition of working in animation for the Fox variety show \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". Originally, Brooks wanted Groening to adapt his \"Life in Hell\" characters for the show. Fearing the loss of ownership rights, Groening decided to create something new and came up with a cartoon family, the Simpson family, and named the members after his own parents and sisters—while Bart was an anagram of the word \"brat\". The shorts would be spun off into their own series \"The Simpsons\", which has since aired episodes. In 1997, Groening and former",
"title": "Matt Groening"
},
{
"id": "11633268",
"text": "Barney (UK TV series) Barney is a short-lived British television series centered on the main characters Barney and Roger that aired on BBC One from 21 December 1988 to 26 April 1989. Despite attracting a cult following in the UK, it was considered a relative commercial failure and the show only lasted one series. It was often mistaken with \"Barney & Friends\". It also aired on The Disney Channel in the United States as a segment on the program \"Lunch Box\". On 6 November 1989, the BBC released a single video cassette with 12 episodes of \"Barney\". On 1 June",
"title": "Barney (UK TV series)"
},
{
"id": "742696",
"text": "the Clown Show,\" one of The Simpsons shorts from \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" that first aired on January 15, 1989. The character was partially inspired by TV clown \"Rusty Nails\" whom \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening and director Brad Bird watched as children while growing up in Portland, Oregon. Groening describes Rusty Nails as being a sweet clown whose show sometimes had a Christian message, but whose name scared Groening. Dan Castellaneta based his voice characterization on Chicago television's Bob Bell who had a very raspy voice and portrayed WGN-TV's Bozo the Clown from 1960 to 1984. Many events in",
"title": "Krusty the Clown"
},
{
"id": "13264924",
"text": "adapted \"The Simpsons\" into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989 with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", a Christmas special. \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990 because of animation problems. \"The Simpsons\" takes place in the fictional American town of Springfield, without any geographical coordinates or references to U.S. states that might identify which part of the country it represents. For \"The Simpsons\", Harry Shearer and Hank Azaria",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "738111",
"text": "named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17, 1989. As the patriarch of the eponymous family, Homer and his wife Marge have three children: Bart, Lisa and Maggie. As the family's provider, he works at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant as safety inspector. Homer embodies many American working class stereotypes: he is crude, obese, incompetent, lazy, clumsy, dim-witted, hot-tempered, childish and addicted to alcohol, junk food and watching television. However, he often does his best to be",
"title": "Homer Simpson"
},
{
"id": "6089212",
"text": "is sometimes incorrectly credited to the 8 December 1989 episode where the character meets his untimely demise, which attracted over 21 million viewers. The episode that aired on 20 March 1989, attracted an audience of 19.01 million for its original Monday night broadcast and was the shows highest-rated single broadcast of the year. The first episode of series 2 of \"Phoenix Nights\" contains a visual reference to the death of Alan Bradley, where flowers with a sign 'In Memory of Alan, 8th Dec 89', RIP' are tied to a lamp-post beside the tram line. On 8 December 2009, Mark Eden",
"title": "Alan Bradley (Coronation Street)"
},
{
"id": "5525490",
"text": "First of the Summer Wine First of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that aired on BBC1. The pilot originally aired on 3 January 1988, and the first series of episodes followed on 4 September 1988. The show ran for two series of six episodes each, with the final episode airing on 8 October 1989. The pilot episode was produced and directed by Gareth Gwenlan. Both series of episodes were produced and directed by Mike Stephens. The BBC has never shown repeats of the show, although repeats do occasionally appear in the UK on satellite",
"title": "First of the Summer Wine"
},
{
"id": "4540209",
"text": "December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". One marketing study found that only 14 percent of Americans were familiar with the shorts, compared to 85 percent in November 1990 who were familiar with the Simpsons family, 11 months after the full-length show began airing. Only a few of these shorts have been released on DVD. \"Good Night\" was included on \"The Simpsons\" Season 1 DVD. Five of these shorts were later used in the clip-show episode \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\" on the half-hour show, which was released on the",
"title": "The Simpsons shorts"
},
{
"id": "3159740",
"text": "Birds of a Feather Birds of a Feather (commonly abbreviated to BOAF) is a British sitcom originally broadcast on BBC One from 16 October 1989 to 24 December 1998, then revived on ITV from 2 January 2014. Starring Pauline Quirke, Linda Robson and Lesley Joseph, it was created by Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran, who also wrote some of the episodes along with many other writers. The first episode sees sisters Tracey Stubbs (Linda Robson) and Sharon Theodopolopodous (Pauline Quirke) brought together when their husbands are sent to prison for armed robbery. Sharon, who lived in an Edmonton council flat,",
"title": "Birds of a Feather"
},
{
"id": "641712",
"text": "\"The Tracey Ullman Show\", from 1987 until 1990, which also featured the first appearances of the long-running animated media franchise, \"The Simpsons\". She later produced programmes for HBO, including \"Tracey Takes On...\" (1996–99), for which she garnered numerous awards. Her sketch comedy series, \"Tracey Ullman's State of the Union\", ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime. She has also appeared in several feature films. Ullman was the first British woman to be offered her own television sketch show in both the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2016, she returned to British television with the BBC sketch comedy show",
"title": "Tracey Ullman"
},
{
"id": "1287096",
"text": "comedy program \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", wanted to use a series of animated shorts as bumpers between sketches. He had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his \"Life in Hell\" series. However, when Groening realized that animating \"Life in Hell\" would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work, he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family. The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "1601450",
"text": "first 13 episodes. The pilot and first seven episodes were produced by Bruce Leddy, after which Associate Producer Alex Coletti took over for the remainder of the series. After the first 13 episodes, the role of host was eliminated. The show was produced by Viacom and RSE Inc and was most frequently directed by Milton Lage and Beth McCarthy. The first episode of \"MTV Unplugged\" aired on November 26, 1989. For a full list of performers sorted by date, please see this article Since 2000, the \"Unplugged\" format has been revived on a number of occasions for specials. In 2016,",
"title": "MTV Unplugged"
},
{
"id": "10743491",
"text": "on the show before; his film made it onto the show in the episode hosted by Charlton Heston in 1987. This was the only season of the show for Stiller. After being on the show for five episodes, Stiller left due to creative differences with Michaels. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Saturday Night Live (season 14) The fourteenth season of \"Saturday Night Live\", an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 8, 1988, and May 20, 1989. This is the final season to show the NBC \"In Stereo (Where Available)\" on-screen announcement during the opening montage. A",
"title": "Saturday Night Live (season 14)"
},
{
"id": "5285730",
"text": "Doris, although this episode aired nearly two years after her death. It would also mark the final time the character would speak until Season 18's \"The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer\" when she was voiced by Tress MacNeille. While telling Bart and Lisa about 1990, Homer says, \"Tracey Ullman was entertaining America with [...] crudely drawn filler material.\" This is a reference to \"The Simpsons\"s debut as \"bumpers\" airing before and after commercials on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". The song \"Those Were the Days\" parodies the opening credits of the television show \"All in the Family\". One",
"title": "Lisa's Sax"
},
{
"id": "11633269",
"text": "1999, Castle Music Ltd released a home video cassette with all 13 episodes of \"Barney\". On 22 April 2002, Right Entertainment released a single video with 8 stories of \"Barney\". Barney (UK TV series) Barney is a short-lived British television series centered on the main characters Barney and Roger that aired on BBC One from 21 December 1988 to 26 April 1989. Despite attracting a cult following in the UK, it was considered a relative commercial failure and the show only lasted one series. It was often mistaken with \"Barney & Friends\". It also aired on The Disney Channel in",
"title": "Barney (UK TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6255797",
"text": "This bonding breaks down the communication barrier, meaning Santa's Little Helper can understand Bart's commands, and much to Homer's chagrin, passes obedience school. Lisa marks the occasions by starting a new quilt to replace the one destroyed. The episode was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Jim Reardon. Tracey Ullman guest starred as Emily Winthrop, the instructor at the obedience school, a parody of Margaret Thatcher in her mannerisms. \"The Simpsons\" began as a series of one-minute shorts that aired on Ullman's variety show, \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", for three seasons during 1987–89. Due to the success of the",
"title": "Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\""
},
{
"id": "5525497",
"text": "series, and is initially unknown to the other central characters. First of the Summer Wine First of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that aired on BBC1. The pilot originally aired on 3 January 1988, and the first series of episodes followed on 4 September 1988. The show ran for two series of six episodes each, with the final episode airing on 8 October 1989. The pilot episode was produced and directed by Gareth Gwenlan. Both series of episodes were produced and directed by Mike Stephens. The BBC has never shown repeats of the show,",
"title": "First of the Summer Wine"
},
{
"id": "2924989",
"text": "The Arsenio Hall Show The Arsenio Hall Show is an American syndicated late-night talk show created by and starring comedian Arsenio Hall. There have been two different incarnations of \"The Arsenio Hall Show\". The original series premiered on January 3, 1989, and ran until May 27, 1994. Nineteen years after the original series left television, Hall returned for a revival that premiered on September 9, 2013, and was cancelled after one season, with the finale airing on May 21, 2014. Both series were produced by Hall's production company, Arsenio Hall Communications. The original series was produced and distributed by Paramount",
"title": "The Arsenio Hall Show"
},
{
"id": "567553",
"text": "and KPTV (channel 12) in Portland, Oregon, both owned at the time by Chris-Craft Television, disaffiliated from Fox in 1988 (with KITN (channel 29, now WFTC) and KPDX (channel 49) respectively replacing those stations as Fox affiliates), citing that the network's weaker program offerings were hampering viewership of their stronger syndicated slate. At the start of the 1989–90 television season, Fox added a third night of programming, on Mondays. The season heralded the start of a turnaround for Fox. It saw the debut of a midseason replacement series, \"The Simpsons\", an animated series that originated as a series of shorts",
"title": "Fox Broadcasting Company"
},
{
"id": "4838641",
"text": "States in the late 1970s and began working as an animator for Hanna-Barbera on a few shows such as \"Casper and the Angels\", \"Scooby and Scrappy-Doo\" and \"The World's Greatest Super Friends\". Klasky Csupo animated the short cartoons about the Simpson family which appeared on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" (1987–1989) and continued this role on the half-hour adaptation of the characters, entitled \"The Simpsons\", for its first three seasons (1989–1992). Csupó was credited as \"animation executive producer\" and \"supervising animation director\". Klasky Csupo animator and colorist Gyorgyi Peluce conceived the idea of the \"Simpsons\" characters having yellow skin, and Marge",
"title": "Gábor Csupó"
},
{
"id": "1633380",
"text": "behind the Bristol City football ground. Sixty-four episodes of \"Only Fools and Horses\", all written by John Sullivan, were broadcast on BBC1 from 8 September 1981 until 25 December 2003. The show was aired in seven series (1981–1983, 1985–1986, 1989 and 1990–1991), and thereafter in sporadic Christmas special editions (1991–1993, 1996, 2001–2003). All earlier episodes had a running time of 30 minutes, but this was extended after Series Six (1989), and all subsequent episodes had a running time ranging from 50 to 95 minutes. Several mini-episodes were produced. An eight-minute episode aired on 27 December 1982 as part of a",
"title": "Only Fools and Horses"
},
{
"id": "5624840",
"text": "best series. The premise for the series originated as a series of short cartoons airing in 1987 as part of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", on which Simon was a writer and executive producer alongside James L. Brooks, with whom Simon had worked on \"Taxi\". The cartoons were developed into a full series two years later. For \"The Simpsons\", Simon served alongside Matt Groening (who conceived the show and the five main characters) and Brooks as executive producer and showrunner for the show's first (1989–1990) and second (1990–1991) seasons, and was creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He assembled and",
"title": "Sam Simon"
},
{
"id": "9646937",
"text": "to the three, and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. Colorist Gyorgyi Peluce was the person who decided to make the characters yellow. Appearing initially alongside cartoons by M. K. Brown, the Simpson family first appeared in short subjects in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987 and were featured the first three seasons. The actors who voiced the characters would later reprise their roles in \"The Simpsons\". Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer",
"title": "History of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "9111224",
"text": "Seinfeld (season 1) Season one of \"Seinfeld\", an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, began airing on July 5, 1989 on NBC. Originally called \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", the series' name was shortened to \"Seinfeld\" to avoid confusion with another sitcom called \"The Marshall Chronicles\". The season finale aired on June 21, 1990. \"Seasons 1 & 2\" DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23, 2004, thirteen years after it had completed broadcast on television. In addition to every episode from the two seasons, the DVD",
"title": "Seinfeld (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "2462481",
"text": "Saget will return, however, to host a more risque, edgier spinoff of AFV called \"Videos After Dark\" (which is the show's first spinoff since \"World's Funniest Videos\" in 1996) sometime in 2019, exactly 30 years after AFV debuted (with Bob Saget as host and him hosting the one-hour, one-night special on November 26, 1989, which was his and AFV's very first episode), also bringing him back into the home video clip-show hosting saddle for the first time since initially leaving AFV after 8 years and the show's first 8 seasons in 1997. After Saget's departure from the series, ABC sidelined",
"title": "America's Funniest Home Videos"
},
{
"id": "741409",
"text": "debut with the rest of the Simpsons family on April 19, 1987 in the short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series that would air on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Maggie and the rest of the family remained the main characters on this new show. The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings. Maggie's physical features are generally not used",
"title": "Maggie Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408038",
"text": "family that became the Simpsons. He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting an anagram of the word \"brat\". The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts. The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo, with Wes Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "20254590",
"text": "Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words is a two volume collection of the scripts for the TV series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\", published in 1989 on the 20th anniversary of the broadcast of the first episode. Volume 1 features the first 23 episodes, with Volume 2 containing the remaining 22. The books were edited by Roger Wilmut, who transcribed the dialogue from the original programmes, although the animation sequences are not included. Both volumes contain black and white stills taken from videotapes of the series. The books were reissued in paperback as",
"title": "Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words"
},
{
"id": "7606142",
"text": "ten years after it had completed broadcast on television. The Simpsons (season 18) \"The Simpsons\" eighteenth season aired from September 10, 2006 to May 20, 2007. The season contained seven hold-over episodes from the season 17 (HABF) production line. Al Jean served as the showrunner, a position he has held since the thirteenth season. The season finale, \"You Kent Always Say What You Want\", was the series' 400th episode. Additionally, the \"Simpsons\" franchise celebrated its 20th anniversary, as it has been on the air since April 1987, beginning with shorts on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". Season 18 included guest appearances",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 18)"
},
{
"id": "4399929",
"text": "TV genre and into film over this time. In 2000, he was the recipient of the Austin Film Festival's Outstanding Television Writer Award. In 2005, Chase received a Special Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for his entire body of work. His first original created series was \"Almost Grown\" in 1988, with Eve Gordon and Timothy Daly. Although the one-hour series was well received by critics, only 10 episodes aired from November 1988 to February 1989. Thirty episodes of \"The Sopranos\" are explicitly credited to Chase; however, as the show's creator, showrunner, and head writer, he had a",
"title": "David Chase"
},
{
"id": "3172045",
"text": "do not like being scrutinized, but other writers have participated in the discussions on the forum. Independent commentators call the forum an example of an \"active audience\" and have claimed \"The Simpsons\" is tailor-made for such a forum. The newsgroup was created by Gary D. Duzan during the third week of March 1990, four months after the first airing of a regular episode of the program, which was the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" – a Christmas special that aired on December 17, 1989. At the time Duzan was in his third year, studying computer science, at the",
"title": "Alt.tv.simpsons"
},
{
"id": "9646939",
"text": "view \"The Simpsons\" as poor relations due to the popularity, and Brooks began to consider adapting the shorts for its own half-hour series. Brooks' decision was partly inspired by the cheerleading of David Silverman, who drunkenly approached him at a Christmas party and suggested the idea, passionately emphasizing what a primetime series would mean for the animation industry. In 1989, a team of production companies adapted \"The Simpsons\" into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. Due to the increased workload of the full-length episodes, production was subcontracted",
"title": "History of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "3632501",
"text": "up until the end. It also helped the Fox network gain credibility within the industry. \"Married... with Children\", the series which launched the same night as the \"Ullman\" show, was mired in controversy and soon became branded lowbrow humor. The show won 11 a total of Emmy Awards including Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program in 1989 and 1990, and Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program in 1990. Also in 1989, choreographer Paula Abdul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for her work on the show. When \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" first appeared in Ullman's",
"title": "The Tracey Ullman Show"
},
{
"id": "743051",
"text": "event; however, their plan fails and a drunk shark that's discovered at the event becomes the new mascot instead. Santa's Little Helper gladly returns to the Simpson family. Santa's Little Helper's initial appearance on \"The Simpsons\" was in the first episode of the series, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which aired on Dec. 17, 1989. Since then, he has become a recurring character. \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening told \"TV Guide\" in 2000 that \"we [the staff] painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode. Once we wrote the dog into the show, we were stuck with him.\"",
"title": "Santa's Little Helper"
},
{
"id": "3709086",
"text": "episode. This joke returned in \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\". Almost all of the writers shown are caricatures of the actual staff of \"The Simpsons\". At the production table, David X. Cohen, Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein are shown, while Meyer speaks out and gets fired. The animator shown designing Poochie is Silverman. Others who appear include Dan McGrath, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Donick Cary, Ron Hauge, Ned Goldreyer and Mike Scully. \"The Itchy & Scratchy Show\" first appeared in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"The Bart Simpson Show,\" which originally aired November 20, 1988. They were the first major recurring",
"title": "The Itchy & Scratchy Show"
},
{
"id": "464960",
"text": "she was paid $14 for each performance, \"Boys and Girls/Men and Women\", and \"How the Other Half Loves\", and played the recurring role of Louella Waters on the Showtime series \"Brothers\". She appeared in the films \"The Legend of Billie Jean\" and \"Ginger Ale Afternoon\" (1989) as \"trailer-park girls\". She later spoke of her regrets of appearing in the latter in her one-woman show \"More\". Smith's longest-running role is voicing Lisa Simpson on \"The Simpsons\". She has voiced Lisa since 1987, beginning with \"The Simpsons shorts\" on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". Smith had initially been asked to audition for the",
"title": "Yeardley Smith"
},
{
"id": "7606137",
"text": "The Simpsons (season 18) \"The Simpsons\" eighteenth season aired from September 10, 2006 to May 20, 2007. The season contained seven hold-over episodes from the season 17 (HABF) production line. Al Jean served as the showrunner, a position he has held since the thirteenth season. The season finale, \"You Kent Always Say What You Want\", was the series' 400th episode. Additionally, the \"Simpsons\" franchise celebrated its 20th anniversary, as it has been on the air since April 1987, beginning with shorts on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". Season 18 included guest appearances by Metallica, Tom Wolfe, Gore Vidal, Michael Chabon, Ludacris,",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 18)"
},
{
"id": "7606004",
"text": "in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks, the producer of the sketch comedy program \"The Tracey Ullman Show\", wanted to use a series of animated shorts as bumpers between sketches. He had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his \"Life in Hell\" series. When Groening realized that animating \"Life in Hell\" would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work, he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family. The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in \"The Tracey Ullman",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "408197",
"text": "mother Margaret Groening. After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three seasons, the Simpson family received their own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. Marge is the matriarch of the Simpson family. With her husband Homer, she has three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Marge is the moralistic force in her family and often provides a grounding voice in the midst of her family's antics by trying to maintain order in the Simpson household. She is often portrayed as a stereotypical television mother and is often included on lists of top \"TV moms\". She has appeared in",
"title": "Marge Simpson"
},
{
"id": "13862470",
"text": "schedule board. There will only be three.\" Indeed, just two years into its existence, the network was still struggling, and Fox executives considered pulling the plug on the network. But by 1990, Fox had cracked the top 30 in the Nielsen ratings through the surprise success of \"The Simpsons\" (an animated series spun off from \"The Tracey Ullman Show,\" one of the network's initial series), which became the first series from a fourth network to enter the top 30 since the demise of DuMont more than 30 years earlier. By then, Fox had some advantages that DuMont did not have",
"title": "Fourth television network"
},
{
"id": "12997624",
"text": "spot after hearing her reading. From there, the book contains her experiences as the voice of Bart. After three seasons of shorts, a half-hour spinoff called \"The Simpsons\" debuted in 1989. In the following chapters, she recalls the early days of \"The Simpsons\", commenting on the recording process and her co-stars and revealing how she got the roles of some of the other characters she voices, including Nelson Muntz and Ralph Wiggum. In the 15th chapter, she discusses her experiences of voicing a famous character, but rarely being recognized. Several chapters are devoted to a detailed \"behind the scenes\" look",
"title": "My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy"
},
{
"id": "9852176",
"text": "bedtime platitudes\" was very simplistic, and doubts many people even watched the airing of the short. However, the book explains the significance of Good Night as \"the first baby steps of an institution that would become one of the most-watched TV shows on earth and the most influential cultural enterprise of its time\". The short is featured on disc 3 of \"The Complete First Season\" DVD. Good Night (The Simpsons) \"Good Night\" (also known as \"Good Night Simpsons\") is the first of forty-eight Simpsons shorts that appeared on the variety show \"The Tracey Ullman Show\". It originally aired on the",
"title": "Good Night (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "13264954",
"text": "damage although the company denied this and claimed any screen damage was 'user related' and denied warranty claims in Australia. Ben & Jerry's created a \"Simpsons\"-themed beer and donut-flavored ice cream, entitled \"Duff & D'oh! Nuts\". Many official or unofficial \"Simpsons\" books such as episode guides have been published. The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "7606009",
"text": "Simpsons\" would have been a great radio show. If you just listen to the sound track, it works.\" The music for all 13 episodes was composed by former Oingo Boingo member Richard Gibbs, who would depart the show at the end of the season. The series was originally set to debut in the fall of 1989 with the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", which was meant to introduce the main characters. A debacle erupted when the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", the first to return from animation in Korea, was screened in front of the production staff at the Gracie Films bungalow.",
"title": "The Simpsons (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "3709076",
"text": "returned to its original violent format after Marge was later discredited. \"Itchy & Scratchy\" has spawned an Academy Award-winning film adaptation, amusement parks, and a musical, and like Krusty's show, localized versions are produced for other countries, such as Jamaica's \"The Itchem and Scratchem Blow\". Itchy and Scratchy are the main characters in the show. The duo first appeared in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"The Bart Simpson Show,\" which aired November 20, 1988. Their first appearance in \"The Simpsons\" was \"There's No Disgrace Like Home.\" Itchy, voiced by Dan Castellaneta, is a blue mouse, and usually the aggressor and",
"title": "The Itchy & Scratchy Show"
},
{
"id": "1287103",
"text": "is not seen. In its original American broadcast, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" finished thirtieth place in the weekly ratings for the week of December 11–17, 1989 with a Nielsen rating of 14.5 and was viewed in approximately 13.4 million homes. It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network up to that point. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. IGN's Robert Canning in a 2008 review of the episode noted, \"though not the funniest of episodes, it certainly was groundbreaking. [...] With this episode, \"The Simpsons\" had its premise down,",
"title": "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
},
{
"id": "3632449",
"text": "The Tracey Ullman Show The Tracey Ullman Show is an American television variety show starring Tracey Ullman. It debuted on Fox on April 5, 1987 (the network's second original primetime series to air following \"Married... with Children\") and ran until May 26, 1990. The show was produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television. The show blended sketch comedy with musical numbers and dance routines, choreographed by Paula Abdul, along with animated shorts. The format was conceived by creator and executive producer James L. Brooks, who was looking to showcase the show's multitalented star. Brooks likened the show to",
"title": "The Tracey Ullman Show"
},
{
"id": "2800668",
"text": "Dugan was also the \"director\" of the episode, so his acting credit was listed as \"Walter Bishop\". David and Maddie then admit defeat that the show is ending but not before Maddie tells David 'I can't imagine not seeing you again tomorrow' and then we are treated to a clip montage of previous Moonlighting episodes and then it ends with a message stating that \"Blue Moon Investigations ceased operations on May 14, 1989. The Anselmo Case was never solved… and remains a mystery to this day.\" As the show had not produced enough episodes to gain a syndication contract, following",
"title": "Moonlighting (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3698888",
"text": "6 December 1989, and brought the series' twenty-six year run to a close. John Nathan-Turner decided close to transmission that a more suitable conclusion should be given to the final episode as it was possibly going to be the last ever. Accordingly, Andrew Cartmel wrote a short, melancholic closing monologue for Sylvester McCoy, which McCoy recorded on 23 November 1989 – by coincidence, the show's twenty-sixth anniversary. This was dubbed over the closing scene as the Doctor and his companion Ace walked off into the distance, apparently to further adventures. At the time production of the original series was cancelled,",
"title": "History of Doctor Who"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Simpsons context: his own name. The shorts became a part of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–90). Since its debut on December 17, 1989, episodes of \"The Simpsons\" have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series in terms of seasons and number of episodes. \"The Simpsons Movie\", a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over\n\nThe first episode of what TV series, now in a record 22nd year, debuted on December 17, 1989, following 3 years as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show?",
"compressed_tokens": 228,
"origin_tokens": 229,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Simps shorts context: the shorts were divided into three or four parts, but in the third season they were played as a single story. Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of \"The Simpsons\"' success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network. The Simpsons shorts The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three seasons, before the characters spun off into \"The Simpsons\", their own half-hour prime-time show.\n\ntitle Jean context: Groening Brooks, and Simon and took job together with Re. The duo became the first members of the original writing staff \"The Simpsons\" and worked on thirteen episodes of the show's first season (198 While the first episode of show, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", premiering television December 1989, Jean opined himself that the series was the project he been involved with and desired continue working on for the rest of his professional career. enjoyed most about \"The Simpsons\" at the time was something\n\ntitle: Marge Sim: mother Margaret Gro appearing on Tracey Ullman Show\" for, the Simpson family received their own series Fox, which deb December 1, 198 is matri Simpson family. With her Homer she has three: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Marge is moral force in her family a grounding voice in the midst of her' antics trying Sim household She often portrayed a stereotyp and is included on lists of \"TV m has\nps: own became a Show\" on April9,98. three seasons sketch first to0 ratings (1989–8, episodes\". It is Americancomrunning Americaned series terms of seasons and number of episodes. \"The Simpsons Movie\", a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over\n\nThe first episode of what TV series, now in a record 22nd year, debuted on December 17, 1989, following 3 years as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show?",
"compressed_tokens": 489,
"origin_tokens": 14764,
"ratio": "30.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,726 | With an accepted height of 11,249 feet, what is the tallest mountain in Oregon, and the 4th highest in the Cascades? | [
"Mounthood",
"Hood, Mount",
"Wy'east",
"Mt. Hood",
"Mt. Hood, OR",
"Mount Hood",
"Eliot glacier",
"Mt Hood",
"Wyeast"
] | Mount Hood | [
{
"id": "1541363",
"text": "different heights: , a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS), based on a 1993 scientific expedition, and of slightly older origin. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7 %, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes",
"title": "Mount Hood"
},
{
"id": "6980070",
"text": "Three Sisters (Oregon) --> The Three Sisters are volcanic peaks that form a complex volcano in the U.S. state of Oregon. They are part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Cascade Range in western North America extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. Each more than in elevation, they are the third-, fourth- and fifth-highest peaks in Oregon. Located in the Three Sisters Wilderness at the boundary of Lane and Deschutes counties and the Willamette and Deschutes national forests, they are about south of the nearest town, Sisters. Diverse species of flora",
"title": "Three Sisters (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "1541362",
"text": "Mount Hood Mount Hood, called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located about east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence. The height assigned to Mount Hood's snow-covered peak has varied over its history. Modern sources point to three",
"title": "Mount Hood"
},
{
"id": "828296",
"text": "its surroundings. On a clear winter day, the mountain can be seen from the floor of the Central Valley to the south. The mountain has attracted the attention of poets, authors, and presidents. It is dormant. The mountain consists of four overlapping volcanic cones that have built a complex shape, including the main summit and the prominent satellite cone of Shastina, which has a visibly conical form. If Shastina were a separate mountain, it would rank as the fourth-highest peak of the Cascade Range (after Mount Rainier, Rainier's Liberty Cap, and Mount Shasta itself). Mount Shasta's surface is relatively free",
"title": "Mount Shasta"
},
{
"id": "2412671",
"text": "Mount Jefferson. All have produced diverse eruptions, including both lava flows and pyroclastic eruptions, and variability in composition between dacite, basalt, and even rhyolite (except for Mount Hood, which is not known to have produced rhyolite). Thielsen is part of a series of extinct volcanoes in Oregon termed the Matterhorns for their steep, spire-like summits; Thielsen is the highest at . Other Matterhorns include Mount Washington, Three Fingered Jack, Mount Bailey, and Diamond Peak. Unlike other mountains in the High Cascades, all these volcanoes became extinct 250,000 to 100,000 years ago, and their summits endured the last few ice ages,",
"title": "Mount Thielsen"
},
{
"id": "2390689",
"text": "Mount Jefferson (Oregon) Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. The second highest mountain in Oregon, it is situated within Linn County, Jefferson County, and Marion County and forms part of the Mount Jefferson Wilderness. Due to the ruggedness of its surroundings, the mountain is one of the hardest volcanoes to reach in the Cascades. It is also a popular tourist destination despite its remoteness, with recreational activities including hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, and photography. Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas-fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock,",
"title": "Mount Jefferson (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "288680",
"text": "older than 80–90,000 years. Older volcanic edifices have mostly eroded away due to glaciation. After Mount Rainier, Mount Baker is the most heavily glaciated of the Cascade Range volcanoes; the volume of snow and ice on Mount Baker, is greater than that of all the other Cascades volcanoes (except Rainier) combined. It is also one of the snowiest places in the world; in 1999, Mount Baker Ski Area, located to the northeast, set the world record for recorded snowfall in a single season—. At , it is the third-highest mountain in Washington and the fifth-highest in the Cascade Range, if",
"title": "Mount Baker"
},
{
"id": "9488483",
"text": "several kilometers away from the volcano. Pyroclastic flows and lahars moved across the countryside. Parallel episodes have also happened at Mount Shasta and other Cascade volcanoes in prehistoric times. Washington has a majority of the very highest volcanoes, with 4 of the top 6 overall, although Oregon does hold a majority of the next highest peaks. Even though Mount Rainier is the tallest, it is not the largest by volume. Mount Shasta in California is the largest by volume, followed by Washington's Mount Adams. Mount Rainier is thus the 3rd largest by eruptive volume. Below is a list of the",
"title": "Cascade Volcanoes"
},
{
"id": "2390734",
"text": "and Wasco Lake. Mount Jefferson can be climbed, but the route is challenging, especially the pinnacle of the summit. Nearly annually, at least one climber attempting Jefferson perishes. Because of the hazards and difficulty of climbing Mount Jefferson, the U.S. National Geodetic Survey recommends that only experienced climbers try to climb it. Mount Jefferson (Oregon) Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. The second highest mountain in Oregon, it is situated within Linn County, Jefferson County, and Marion County and forms part of the Mount Jefferson",
"title": "Mount Jefferson (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "2654266",
"text": "is part of the group of volcanoes known as Oregon's Matterhorns, whose tall, pinnacle spires resemble the Matterhorn in Switzerland. The volcano, along with Mount Thielsen, Mount Bailey, Diamond Peak, and Mount Washington, had a shorter lifespan than larger volcanoes in the Cascade Range, ceasing eruptive activity more than 100,000 years ago. Three Fingered Jack marks the northernmost point for this group. South of Mount Jefferson, the High Cascades of Oregon consist of a broad ridge produced by shield volcano activity and eruptions from cinder cones. Vents range from deeply eroded complexes to recently active volcanoes, with most of the",
"title": "Three Fingered Jack"
},
{
"id": "9550038",
"text": "Mount Jefferson Wilderness The Mount Jefferson Wilderness is a wilderness area located on and around Mount Jefferson in the central Cascade Range of Oregon in the United States. It is situated where the Willamette, Deschutes, and Mount Hood National Forests meet. Mount Jefferson Wilderness is the second most visited Oregon wilderness area after the Three Sisters Wilderness. At , Mount Jefferson is the second tallest mountain in Oregon. It is a stratovolcano with slopes mantled by five glaciers - Whitewater, Waldo, Milk Creek, Russell, and Jefferson Park. Three Fingered Jack is a heavily eroded and deeply glaciated shield volcano and",
"title": "Mount Jefferson Wilderness"
},
{
"id": "9550041",
"text": "Pacific Crest Trail. Mount Jefferson Wilderness The Mount Jefferson Wilderness is a wilderness area located on and around Mount Jefferson in the central Cascade Range of Oregon in the United States. It is situated where the Willamette, Deschutes, and Mount Hood National Forests meet. Mount Jefferson Wilderness is the second most visited Oregon wilderness area after the Three Sisters Wilderness. At , Mount Jefferson is the second tallest mountain in Oregon. It is a stratovolcano with slopes mantled by five glaciers - Whitewater, Waldo, Milk Creek, Russell, and Jefferson Park. Three Fingered Jack is a heavily eroded and deeply glaciated",
"title": "Mount Jefferson Wilderness"
},
{
"id": "12956922",
"text": "and Lassen Peak in California, Crater Lake, Three Sisters, and Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount Saint Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Peak, and Mount Baker in Washington, and Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Silverthrone Caldera, and Mount Meager in British Columbia. All of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future, including Mount Rainier. Of these, only two have erupted since the beginning of the",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
},
{
"id": "2654225",
"text": "Glacier Peak Glacier Peak or Dakobed (known in the Sauk-Suiattle dialect of the Lushootseed language as \"Tda-ko-buh-ba\" or \"Takobia\") is the most isolated of the five major stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the U.S state of Washington. Located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness, the volcano is visible from the west in Seattle, and from the north in the higher areas of eastern suburbs of Vancouver such as Coquitlam, New Westminster and Port Coquitlam. The volcano is the fourth tallest peak in Washington state, and not as much is known about it compared to other volcanoes in",
"title": "Glacier Peak"
},
{
"id": "2447170",
"text": "volcano \"The Forgotten Giant of Washington.\" On a clear day from the summit, other visible volcanoes in the Cascade Range include Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, and Glacier Peak to the north, Mount St. Helens to the west, all in Washington; and Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, the Three Sisters, Mount Thielsen, Mount Scott, Diamond Peak, and Mount McLoughlin, all to the south in Oregon. Contrary to legend, the flatness of Adams' current summit area is not due to the loss of the volcano's peak. Instead it was formed as a result of cone-building eruptions from separated vents. A false summit, Pikers",
"title": "Mount Adams (Washington)"
},
{
"id": "2447276",
"text": "sandhill crane, Suksdorf's milk vetch, rosy owl's-clover, Oregon coyote thistle, Mardon skipper, peregrine falcon, and Western gray squirrel. Mount Adams (Washington) Mount Adams, known by some Native American tribes as Pahto or Klickitat, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range. Although Adams has not erupted in more than 1,000 years, it is not considered extinct. It is the second-highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington, after Mount Rainier. Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and is one of the arc's largest volcanoes, located in a remote wilderness approximately east of Mount St. Helens. The",
"title": "Mount Adams (Washington)"
},
{
"id": "7852486",
"text": "Goode Mountain Goode Mountain is one of the major peaks of the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington. Named for topographer Richard U. Goode of the USGS, it is the highest peak located in North Cascades National Park, between the Skagit River and Lake Chelan. It is the fourth-highest non-volcanic peak in Washington, and the twelfth-highest summit overall. Goode Mountain is a massive mountain, rising over from its footings, and almost from the bottom of Bridge creek valley. The mountain is made up of one main peak, and two smaller sub-peaks, The West Tower, and southeast peak. Both",
"title": "Goode Mountain"
},
{
"id": "828220",
"text": "North Cascades National Park. The highest peak in the range is Mount Rainier in Washington at . The Cascades extend northward from Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) in northern California to the confluence of the Nicola and Thompson rivers in British Columbia. The Fraser River separates the Cascades from the Coast Mountains in Canada , as does the Willamette Valley from the upper portion of the Oregon Coast Range. The highest volcanoes of the Cascades, known as the High Cascades, dominate their surroundings, often standing twice the height of the nearby mountains. They often have a visual height",
"title": "Cascade Range"
},
{
"id": "16840975",
"text": "December 24, 1983 to on July 22 of 2005, though in the thirty-five years of record only fourteen minima below have been recorded. Laurel Mountain (Oregon) Laurel Mountain is the fourth highest peak in Oregon's Central Coast Range with an elevation of . The peak is located in Polk County west of the city of Dallas. In 1997 it was labeled the wettest place in Oregon, and in 1996 it set an all-time calendar year rainfall record for the contiguous United States with . Laurel Mountain has a hyperhumid maritime climate, on the border between Mediterranean (\"Csb\"), oceanic (\"Cfb\") and",
"title": "Laurel Mountain (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "1987748",
"text": "Mount Bachelor Mount Bachelor, formerly named Bachelor Butte, is a stratovolcano atop a shield volcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range of central Oregon. Named Mount Bachelor because it \"stands apart\" from the nearby Three Sisters, it lies in the eastern segment of the central portion of the High Cascades, the eastern segment of the Cascade Range. The volcano lies at the northern end of the long Mount Bachelor Volcanic Chain, which underwent four major eruptive episodes during the Pleistocene and the Holocene. The United States Geological Survey considers Mount Bachelor a moderate threat, but Bachelor poses",
"title": "Mount Bachelor"
},
{
"id": "2739014",
"text": "to the south — and South Sister to the north, it lies in the Cascade Range, in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Oregon. Most of the volcano lies in Jackson County, though the eastern side of its base lies in Klamath County. It is the sixth tallest peak in Oregon, but despite its height, Mount McLoughlin only has a volume of . The volcano includes the North Squaw Tip and South Squaw Tip peaks, which occur on its flanks at elevations of and , respectively. It can be seen from the Interstate 5 and U.S. Route 97",
"title": "Mount McLoughlin"
},
{
"id": "2390691",
"text": "by glacial erosion. The surrounding area contains a number of other volcanic features like cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet). It has not erupted within the past 20,000 years, and is considered a low threat by the United States Geological Survey. Despite the low chance of future eruptions, many scientists still consider mudflows a major threat at Mount Jefferson. The second tallest mountain in the U.S. state of Oregon after Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson lies within Jefferson, Linn, and Marion counties, in the central part of",
"title": "Mount Jefferson (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "9321268",
"text": "though four other mountains reach elevations greater than : Mount Yoran, Crater Butte, Lakeview Mountain, and Redtop Mountain. The wilderness area is largely inaccessible by road in the winter season, though its northern side can be reached from Gold Lake Snow Park on Oregon Route 58. Diamond Peak forms part of the central arc of the Cascade Volcanoes, and it joins several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades. Formed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting",
"title": "Diamond Peak (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "6980072",
"text": "Geological Survey improved monitoring in the immediate area. The Three Sisters are at the boundary of Lane and Deschutes counties and the Willamette and Deschutes national forests in the U.S. state of Oregon, about south of the nearest town of Sisters. The three peaks are the third-, fourth-, and fifth-highest in Oregon, and contain 16 named glaciers. Their ice volume totals . The Sisters were named Faith, Hope and Charity by early settlers, but are now known as North Sister, Middle Sister and South Sister, respectively. The Three Sisters Wilderness covers an area of , making it the second-largest wilderness",
"title": "Three Sisters (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "5268992",
"text": "Marys Peak Marys Peak (formerly Mary's Peak and sometimes still spelled this way) is a mountain in Benton County, Oregon, United States, just southwest of Philomath. It is the highest peak in the Oregon Coast Range. It is also the highest point in Benton County, and ranks eleventh in the state for prominence. On a clear day at the top of the peak, facing east, northeast, and southeast, one can see the cities and suburbs of the Willamette Valley, as well as the Cascade Range. To the west, the Pacific Ocean is visible on clear days. The road to the",
"title": "Marys Peak"
},
{
"id": "2654303",
"text": "of the smaller volcanic peaks in the Oregon Cascades, Mount Washington is the most prominent landmark between North Sister and Three Fingered Jack, with the Cache Mountain cinder cones to the northeast and Hayrick Butte and Hoodoo Butte to the northwest. The volcano forms a crest of steep, icy mountains with North Cinder Peak and Three Fingered Jack to the south of Mount Jefferson. According to the Geographic Names Information System, Mount Washington has an elevation of , while Wood and Kienle (1990) and Hildreth (2007) place its current elevation at . The volcano has a pinnacle appearance resembling the",
"title": "Mount Washington (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "5268993",
"text": "peak now remains open in the winter. During the 2010–2011 winter, the Forest Service announced that it will leave the gates open to facilitate travel to the summit. The road will not be maintained, so a lifted 4x4 or four wheel chains are required for motor access during the winter months. Marys Peak Marys Peak (formerly Mary's Peak and sometimes still spelled this way) is a mountain in Benton County, Oregon, United States, just southwest of Philomath. It is the highest peak in the Oregon Coast Range. It is also the highest point in Benton County, and ranks eleventh in",
"title": "Marys Peak"
},
{
"id": "4304422",
"text": "the U.S. The tallest and probably best known Haystack Rock due to its proximity to Portland is in Tillamook County located off Pacific City and near Cape Kiwanda. It stands above the sea and is the fourth tallest sea stack or off-shore monolith in the world. Haystack Rock in Cannon Beach is accompanied by several smaller rocks known as The Needles. The other Oregon coastal Haystack Rock stands above sea level in Coos County near Bandon. Composed of basalt, Haystack Rock was formed by lava flows emanating from the Blue Mountains and Columbia basin about 15-16 million years ago. The",
"title": "Haystack Rock"
},
{
"id": "19024190",
"text": "trips: \"adventure treks\" that include both trekking and climbing options. The company earned an accreditation by the American Mountain Guides Association as a commitment to \"high technical standards, strong programs, and a quality staff of engaged and engaging climbing instructors and guides.\" Like her predecessor, Boskoff was committed to social issues, serving on the board of Room to Read, an international organization dedicated to improving education in developing countries. Through Mountain Madness, she led a fund-raising climb of Mount Baker, the third highest mountain in Washington state (10,781 feet / 3,286 m), to benefit the organization's long-term goal of helping",
"title": "Mountain Madness"
},
{
"id": "3245270",
"text": "from the north side of the mountains, and its tributary the Minam River, which flows through the west side of the range. The Imnaha River flows from the east side of the range. The highest point in the range is Sacajawea Peak, which is above sea level. Sacajawea is the sixth highest mountain in Oregon and the state's highest peak outside of the Cascade Range. Many geologists believe that the Wallowa Mountains in northeastern Oregon are a displaced fragment of the Insular Belt. The core of the Wallowas is composed of the Wallowa Batholith surrounded by Columbia River basalt. In",
"title": "Wallowa Mountains"
},
{
"id": "13576302",
"text": "2010. Kirkman lives near Renton with his wife Teese, a retired nurse. The two have been married since 1988. He has two children from a previous marriage, Erik and Nina. He also has two grandchildren. In his spare time, Kirkman enjoys hiking and mountaineering. He has scaled four of the five highest peaks in Washington: Mount Rainier, Mount Saint Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Baker. Kirkman and Jack Hurley were often at odds during Hurley's tenure. In interviews, Kirkman has expressed several criticisms of his former manager, including uncooperative behavior, leaving his boxers unprepared for fights, and a failure to",
"title": "Boone Kirkman"
},
{
"id": "316797",
"text": "reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of The city's actual high point is a little-known and infrequently accessed point of near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to . Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to and , respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt.",
"title": "Portland, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "9550011",
"text": "River to at the top of Mount McLoughlin, the highest peak in southern Oregon and the highest point in the Cascade Range between the Three Sisters and Mount Shasta. The Wilderness contains more than 200 pools of water, from small ponds to lakes of . Fourmile Lake, near the southern end of the area, exceeds . Several of the lakes at Sky Lakes, including Alta and Natasha, were found to have among the most chemically pure water known of all lakes in the world. Geologic studies indicate that the earliest rocks in this part of the High Cascades began forming",
"title": "Sky Lakes Wilderness"
},
{
"id": "19965246",
"text": "and east by the Columbia River which separates it from the state of Washington, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the south by the rest of Oregon. Saddle Mountain, at an elevation of 3,288 feet, is the highest mountain in the region. It is part of the Oregon Coast Range, which takes up most of the interior of the region. Generally, the following three counties are considered to be part of Northwest Oregon. Sometimes, parts of Washington County are included as well. The total population of the region is 113,084. Politically, Northwest Oregon is divided. Clatsop County",
"title": "Northwest Oregon"
},
{
"id": "17296450",
"text": "Heaven Volcanic Field. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest peak the Indian Heaven Wilderness in Washington and the Cascade Range. On clear days hikers can see views of four nearby volcanoes: Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Rainier from the Sawtooth Mountain Trail, which skirts the subalpine upper west side of Sawtooth Mountain. The shield volcano is noted as a series of eroded, volcanic spires. While the mountain is free of snow and ice, snow tends to linger on the summit well into July. Sawtooth Mountain is one of the many shield volcanoes topped by cinder cones",
"title": "Sawtooth Mountain"
},
{
"id": "18837297",
"text": "Boston Marathon in 1979. For his fiftieth birthday, he ran the 50K ultra-marathon in Green Lake, Washington. Ron was equally enthusiastic about mountain climbing. He climbed a great many of the volcanoes in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, including Mt. Rainier (multiple times), Mt. Adams (many times), Mt. St. Helens (both before and after eruption), Mt. Hood (many times), Mt. Shuksan, and Sahale Peak. In the Tetons of Wyoming, he and Kathleen climbed the Grand and Middle Tetons, Teewenot, and Mt. Owen. He also later climbed Symmetry Spire. He climbed with his family in the Selkirks of Idaho",
"title": "Ron Klimko"
},
{
"id": "12243886",
"text": "Mount Ireland Mount Ireland is a mountain in Grant County of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is about east-northeast of Granite, Oregon. It is the second highest peak in the Blue Mountains at after Strawberry Mountain, and Oregon's 71st highest peak. For a period of several years, this mountain peak was referred to as Bald Mountain but in 1975, it was changed to Ireland Mountain before formally becoming known as Mount Ireland. The name change was brought about by a cooperative effort of local citizens and the US Forest Service to honor Henry Ireland, a forest supervisor for many",
"title": "Mount Ireland"
},
{
"id": "15422429",
"text": "Williamson Mountain Williamson Mountain, elevation , is a peak in the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is named after Lt. Robert S. Williamson, who with Lt. Philip Sheridan took part in the Pacific Railroad Surveys in central Oregon in 1855. The United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name in 1931. Before that, the peak was known by its Chinook Jargon name of \"Leloo Mountain\" (Wolf Mountain), derived from the French \"le loup\" (the wolf). The mountain lies slightly east of the border between Lane County and Deschutes County in the Deschutes National Forest and",
"title": "Williamson Mountain"
},
{
"id": "10012985",
"text": "South Saddle Mountain South Saddle Mountain is the tallest mountain in Washington County, Oregon, United States. Part of the Oregon Coast Range, the peak is located in the Tillamook State Forest in the northwest section of the state of Oregon. It is the eighth-highest peak of the Oregon Coast Range. South Saddle Mountain is one of 17 peaks in Oregon with the name Saddle. South Saddle was originally known as simply Saddle Mountain but in 1983 officially became South Saddle Mountain to avoid confusion with Saddle Mountain to the north in Clatsop County. Origins of the mountain begin in around",
"title": "South Saddle Mountain"
},
{
"id": "2447165",
"text": "Range, with minor activity beginning 900,000 years ago and major cone building activity beginning 520,000 years ago. The whole mountain has been completely eroded by glaciers to an elevation of twice during its lifetime. The current cone was built during the most recent major eruptive period 40,000–10,000 years ago. Standing at , Adams towers about over the surrounding countryside. It is the second-highest mountain in Washington and third-highest in the Cascade Range. Because of the way it developed, it is the largest stratovolcano in Washington and second-largest in the Cascades, behind only Mount Shasta. Its large size is reflected in",
"title": "Mount Adams (Washington)"
},
{
"id": "2274764",
"text": "With an elevation of it is the third-highest member of the Gasherbrum group, behind Gasherbrum I () and Broad Peak (). Gasherbrum III is sometimes considered to be a subpeak of Gasherbrum II, because the former has a topographic prominence of only . In 1856, Thomas George Montgomerie, a member of the British Royal Engineers and part of the Great Trigonometric Survey, sighted the mountain and named it \"K4\", meaning the fourth mountain of Karakoram. The name \"Gasherbrum\" comes from the Balti words \"rgasha\" (\"beautiful\") and \"brum\" (\"mountain\"); it does not, contrary to popular belief, mean \"shining wall\", how Sir",
"title": "Gasherbrum II"
},
{
"id": "16840973",
"text": "Laurel Mountain (Oregon) Laurel Mountain is the fourth highest peak in Oregon's Central Coast Range with an elevation of . The peak is located in Polk County west of the city of Dallas. In 1997 it was labeled the wettest place in Oregon, and in 1996 it set an all-time calendar year rainfall record for the contiguous United States with . Laurel Mountain has a hyperhumid maritime climate, on the border between Mediterranean (\"Csb\"), oceanic (\"Cfb\") and subpolar oceanic (\"Cfc\"/\"Csc\"). Rainfall is extremely heavy between October and April, and even in the dry months of July and August fog is",
"title": "Laurel Mountain (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "2825527",
"text": "pine. The National Register of Big Trees lists a Ponderosa Pine that is tall and in circumference. In January 2011, a Pacific ponderosa pine in the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest in Oregon was measured with a laser to be high. The measurement was performed by Michael Taylor and Mario Vaden, a professional arborist from Oregon. The tree was climbed on October 13, 2011, by Ascending The Giants (a tree-climbing company in Portland, Oregon) and directly measured with tape-line at high. This is the second tallest known pine after the sugar pine. This species is grown as an ornamental plant in",
"title": "Pinus ponderosa"
},
{
"id": "13443089",
"text": "Mount Fernow Mount Fernow is a tall peak in the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington and within the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the Wenatchee National Forest. At in elevation it is the eighth-highest peak in Washington and the state's third-highest non-volcanic peak. It is also the highest peak of the Entiat Mountains, a sub-range of the Cascades. Mount Fernow's prominence is , making it the sixtieth-most-prominent peak in Washington. The nearest higher peak is Bonanza Peak, to the north. Mount Fernow is flanked by several glaciers. Other large glaciated peaks are nearby, such as Seven Fingered Jack",
"title": "Mount Fernow"
},
{
"id": "13443091",
"text": "Mount Fernow Mount Fernow is a tall peak in the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington and within the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the Wenatchee National Forest. At in elevation it is the eighth-highest peak in Washington and the state's third-highest non-volcanic peak. It is also the highest peak of the Entiat Mountains, a sub-range of the Cascades. Mount Fernow's prominence is , making it the sixtieth-most-prominent peak in Washington. The nearest higher peak is Bonanza Peak, to the north. Mount Fernow is flanked by several glaciers. Other large glaciated peaks are nearby, such as Seven Fingered Jack",
"title": "Mount Fernow"
},
{
"id": "3874779",
"text": "Mount Stuart Mount Stuart is a mountain in the Cascade Range, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the second highest non-volcanic peak in the state, after Bonanza Peak and tenth-highest overall. Mount Stuart is the highest peak in the Stuart Range, and it is located in the central part of the Washington Cascades, south of Stevens Pass and east of Snoqualmie Pass in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness. Mount Stuart was given its name by George B. McClellan in September 1853 in honor of his oldest and best friend, \"the late Capt. Jas. [Jimmie] Stuart of the Rifles—a gallant",
"title": "Mount Stuart"
},
{
"id": "2447162",
"text": "Mount Adams (Washington) Mount Adams, known by some Native American tribes as Pahto or Klickitat, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range. Although Adams has not erupted in more than 1,000 years, it is not considered extinct. It is the second-highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington, after Mount Rainier. Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and is one of the arc's largest volcanoes, located in a remote wilderness approximately east of Mount St. Helens. The Mount Adams Wilderness consists of the upper and western part of the volcano's cone. The eastern side of",
"title": "Mount Adams (Washington)"
},
{
"id": "12089341",
"text": "cold winter temperatures, a short growing season, and a deep winter snow pack. Herbaceous and shrubby subalpine meadow vegetation and scattered patches of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, and whitebark pine occur near the timberline. Wet meadows support Brewer's sedge, Holm's sedge, black alpine sedge, tufted hairgrass, and alpine aster. Elsewhere, there is bare rock. The region covers in Washington and in Oregon and contains many of the prominent volcanic peaks of the high Cascades, including Mount Rainier, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Three Sisters, Mount Bachelor, Diamond Peak, Mount Scott, and Mount McLoughlin. The High Southern Cascades Montane Forest",
"title": "Cascades (ecoregion)"
},
{
"id": "9336973",
"text": "Diamond Lake are other landmarks that can be seen from the summit. Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon) Mount Scott is a small stratovolcano and a so-called \"parasitic cone\" on the southeast flank of Crater Lake in southern Oregon. It is approximately 420,000 years old. Its summit is the highest point within Crater Lake National Park, and the tenth highest peak in the Oregon Cascades. A small fire lookout tower stands on the summit, at the end of a trail that zigzags approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) up the mountain. The mountain is named for Oregon pioneer Levi Scott, founder of",
"title": "Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "2654256",
"text": "Three Fingered Jack Three Fingered Jack is a shield volcano of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. Formed during the Pleistocene epoch, the mountain consists mainly of basaltic andesite lava and was heavily glaciated in the past. While other Oregon volcanoes that were heavily glaciated—such as Mount Washington and Mount Thielsen—display eroded volcanic necks, Three Fingered Jack's present summit is a comparatively narrow ridge of loose tephra supported by a dike only thick on a generally north–south axis. Radiating dikes and plugs that support this summit have been exposed by glaciation. The volcano has long been inactive",
"title": "Three Fingered Jack"
},
{
"id": "9592933",
"text": "Dam, and 400 feet (122 m) over current day Portland, Oregon. The floods' periodic inundation of the lower Columbia River Plateau deposited rich lake sediments, establishing the fertility that supports extensive agriculture in the modern era. They also formed many unusual geological features, such as the channeled scablands of eastern Washington. Mount Mazama, once the tallest mountain in the region at 11,000 feet, had a massive volcanic eruption approximately 5677 B.C. The eruption, estimated to have been 42 times more powerful than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, reduced Mazama's approximate 11,000 foot (c.3,350 m) height by around half",
"title": "History of Oregon"
},
{
"id": "9336970",
"text": "Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon) Mount Scott is a small stratovolcano and a so-called \"parasitic cone\" on the southeast flank of Crater Lake in southern Oregon. It is approximately 420,000 years old. Its summit is the highest point within Crater Lake National Park, and the tenth highest peak in the Oregon Cascades. A small fire lookout tower stands on the summit, at the end of a trail that zigzags approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) up the mountain. The mountain is named for Oregon pioneer Levi Scott, founder of Scottsburg, Oregon. Mount Scott first erupted about 420,000 years ago and is",
"title": "Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "4431750",
"text": "4000-Footers in Vermont: Four-thousand footers Four-thousand footers (sometimes abbreviated 4ks) are a group of forty-eight mountains in New Hampshire at least above sea level. To qualify for inclusion a peak must also meet the more technical criterion of topographic prominence important in the mountaineering sport of peak-bagging. The White Mountains Four Thousand Footers List is established (and revised from time to time) by the Appalachian Mountain Club. The AMC calls it the White Mountains List, but others call it the New Hampshire List because it does not include Old Speck Mountain (4,170 ft) in Maine, which is outside the White",
"title": "Four-thousand footers"
},
{
"id": "1541378",
"text": "glaciers reached down to the level, a distance of from the summit. The retreat released considerable outwash, some of which filled and flattened the upper Hood River Valley near Parkdale and formed Dee Flat. Older glaciation produced moraines near Brightwood and distinctive cuts on the southeast side; they may date to 140,000 years ago. Mount Hood is Oregon's highest point and a prominent landmark visible up to away. It has convenient access and a minimum of technical climbing challenges. About 10,000 people attempt to climb Mount Hood each year. There are no trails to the summit. Even the \"easier\" southside",
"title": "Mount Hood"
},
{
"id": "2399376",
"text": "Course in 1974. They moved to Seattle in 1982 where they had two children, Andy and Katie Rose Fischer-Price. Scott Fischer Scott Eugene Fischer (December 24, 1955 – May 11, 1996) was an American mountaineer and mountain guide. He was renowned for his ascents of the world's highest mountains made without the use of supplemental oxygen. Fischer and Wally Berg were the first Americans to summit Lhotse (27,940 feet / 8516 m), the world's fourth highest peak. Fischer and Ed Viesturs were the first Americans to summit K2 (28,251 feet/ 8611m) without supplemental oxygen. Fischer first climbed Mount Everest (29,029",
"title": "Scott Fischer"
},
{
"id": "3199441",
"text": "area is popular with hikers, campers, cyclists, and whale watchers. Humbug Mountain was created about 130 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous period. It was formed when islands in the Klamath microcontinent collided, uplifting primordial mountains composed of mostly sandstone. Ancient rivers eroded these mountains, and the sediment and sandstone was deposited on the seashore. Then, the microcontinent collided with the North American continent, uplifting Humbug Mountain in the process. Near the summit, rock outcrops of granite and sandstone can still be found. The mountain now stands above sea level, and is one of the highest mountains in Oregon",
"title": "Humbug Mountain"
},
{
"id": "2390695",
"text": "debris; another event took place in 1957, but was poorly documented. Mount Jefferson has 35 snow and ice features, including four named glaciers: Whitewater, Jefferson Park, Russell, and Waldo. These features, for the most part on the northern, eastern, and southeastern parts of Mount Jefferson, span elevations from and cover an area of . The volcano, like much of the Oregon Cascades, was likely covered by an ice cap during the Pleistocene, with the glaciers at their peak size between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago. In recent years, the glaciers have retreated to form lateral moraines; Whitewater Glacier, for example,",
"title": "Mount Jefferson (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "13442907",
"text": "to the south. Bonanza Peak was originally named North Star Mountain, with a minor mountain to the southwest given the name Bonanza Peak. The USGS' first topographic map of the region in 1904, however, mistakenly interchanged the names and the USGS naming was retained. Bonanza Peak was first summited in 1937 by Curtis Ijames, Barrie James, and Joe Leuthold, all members of the Mazamas. Bonanza Peak (Washington) Bonanza Peak is a tall peak in the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington and the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the Wenatchee National Forest. At in elevation, it is the highest",
"title": "Bonanza Peak (Washington)"
},
{
"id": "13443467",
"text": "Buckner Mountain Buckner Mountain (sometimes called Mount Buckner) is a tall peak in the North Cascades of Washington state and in the Stephen Mather Wilderness of North Cascades National Park. At in elevation it is the highest in Skagit County and one of about ten of Washington's non-volcanic peaks above 9,000 feet high. It is ranked as the 14th highest peak in the state, and the third highest peak in North Cascades National Park. The mountain has two summits of nearly the same elevation, separated by a ridgeline of a few hundred feet. Sources differ over the exact height of",
"title": "Buckner Mountain"
},
{
"id": "471592",
"text": "1980 eruption. Mount St. Helens is west of Mount Adams, in the western part of the Cascade Range. These \"sister and brother\" volcanic mountains are approximately from Mount Rainier, the highest of Cascade volcanoes. Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is southeast of Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes. It formed only within the past 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago. The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch (the last 10,000 or so",
"title": "Mount St. Helens"
},
{
"id": "15162582",
"text": "US-American equivalent of the four-thousanders are the fourteeners, which include all mountains that are higher than 14,000 feet (4,267.2 m). The highest mountain in Antarctica is Mount Vinson (), which was thought to be a five thousander for a long time. In addition there are other peaks over 4,000 metres high, such as Mount Kirkpatrick () in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. In Asia and South America four-thousanders play a secondary role because there the highest mountains average between seven and eight thousand metres high or around 6,500 metres high respectively. Four-thousander A four-thousander is a mountain summit that is at least",
"title": "Four-thousander"
},
{
"id": "4807558",
"text": "never transferred to the Military Sealift Command. She was decommissioned in August 1999 and held in reserve at Bremerton, Washington before being moved in October 1999 to Suisun Bay, California. She was sold for scrapping on 21 August 2013 and placed under tow 5 September 2013 to Brownsville, TX to be dismantled. USS Mount Hood (AE-29) USS \"Mount Hood\" (AE-29) was a Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy munitions ship to be named after Mount Hood, a volcano in the Cascade Range in Oregon. \"Mount Hood\" was laid down 8 May 1967 by",
"title": "USS Mount Hood (AE-29)"
},
{
"id": "3347889",
"text": "1910, pears had begun to replace apples as the major fruit grown in the region. In 1927, the Jackson County seat moved to Medford, which had become much larger than Jacksonville. The highest peaks in the range include Mount Ashland at an elevation of , Dutchman Peak at , Siskiyou Peak at , and Wagner Butte at , all of which are in Oregon. The highest peak in the California portion of the range is Preston Peak at . There are also several lower mountains, including Negro Ben Mountain, which reaches . The main drainage basins in the mountains are",
"title": "Siskiyou Mountains"
},
{
"id": "20499050",
"text": "Broadway Corridor Twin Towers The \"Twin Towers\" was a proposed mixed-use skyscraper complex in the Pearl District of Portland, Oregon. Multi-disciplinary architecture firm William Kaven Architecture proposed the complex as a potential part of the Broadway Corridor redevelopment project. The twin-towered skyscrapers would reach in height and would have become the tallest building in Oregon, the tallest twin towers in the Western Hemisphere and fifth-tallest in the world. A significant obstacle to the proposal was that current zoning at the site limits building heights to . The proposal was not among the list of three finalists chosen by Prosper Portland",
"title": "Broadway Corridor Twin Towers"
},
{
"id": "4807557",
"text": "USS Mount Hood (AE-29) USS \"Mount Hood\" (AE-29) was a Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy munitions ship to be named after Mount Hood, a volcano in the Cascade Range in Oregon. \"Mount Hood\" was laid down 8 May 1967 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Sparrows Point, Maryland; launched 17 July 1968; sponsored by Mrs. Robert A. Frosch, wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development; and was commissioned on 1 May 1971. She was homeported in Concord, California. Unlike her seven sister ships of the \"Kilauea\" class, she was",
"title": "USS Mount Hood (AE-29)"
},
{
"id": "6386430",
"text": "frequent snowfall, occasional rain, and extreme temperature variation between seasons. Broken Top and its surrounding area constitute popular destinations for hiking, climbing, and scrambling. Broken Top lies in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, roughly located at . It is part of the Cascade Range in Oregon, in the Three Sisters Wilderness, which lies in Deschutes County. The mountain has an elevation of according to Hildreth (2007). The Three Sisters Wilderness covers an area of , making it the second-largest wilderness area in Oregon, after the Eagle Cap Wilderness area. Designated by the United States Congress in 1964, it borders the Mount",
"title": "Broken Top"
},
{
"id": "18120206",
"text": "was replaced by an L-4 tower in 1940. The site was abandoned in 1966 and the structure was later removed. Lookout Mountain (Hood River County, Oregon) Lookout Mountain, elevation , is the second highest peak in Oregon's Mount Hood National Forest and the highest point in Badger Creek Wilderness. It sits about east-southeast of Mount Hood, separated from it by the valley of the East Fork Hood River. From its summit and with good visibility, one may see (from approximately west and moving clockwise) Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams, Broken Top, South Sister, North Sister, Mt.",
"title": "Lookout Mountain (Hood River County, Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "9786045",
"text": "Hoodoo Butte Hoodoo Butte is a cinder cone butte in the Cascade Range of northern Oregon, located near Santiam Pass. Immediately to the east lies Hayrick Butte, a prime example of a tuya; the two mountains' names were likely mistaken for each other, but stuck with them over time. The area has been subjected to a number of historic fires. Hoodoo is sometimes considered a subfeature of the Mount Washington shield volcano, and it forms part of the Sisters Reach, which extends from South Cinder Peak to Crane Prairie Reservoir, running for . This region has a high vent density,",
"title": "Hoodoo Butte"
},
{
"id": "12956953",
"text": "throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live there all year, many are migratory. Salmon and trout species use the rivers formed by the glaciers, and though the lakes stopped being stocked in 1972, thirty lakes still have reproducing populations. University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections: Mount Rainier Mount Rainier (pronounced: ), also known as Tahoma or Tacoma, is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a large active stratovolcano located south-southeast of Seattle, in the Mount Rainier National Park. It",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
},
{
"id": "2903402",
"text": "Cascade Lakes The Cascade Lakes are a collection of lakes in central Oregon in the United States. The lakes are found along the east side of the Cascade Range in Deschutes County, Oregon. The lakes begin west of Mount Bachelor, just beyond the Mount Bachelor ski area. The first lake in the chain is Todd Lake. Heading west and south, Todd Lake is followed by Sparks Lake, Devils Lake, Elk Lake, Hosmer Lake, Lava Lake, Little Lava Lake, Cultus Lake and Little Cultus Lake. At the south end of the chain are Crane Prairie Reservoir, North and South Twin Lakes,",
"title": "Cascade Lakes"
},
{
"id": "3874783",
"text": "available on the complex north face and other aspects of the mountain. Mount Stuart Mount Stuart is a mountain in the Cascade Range, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the second highest non-volcanic peak in the state, after Bonanza Peak and tenth-highest overall. Mount Stuart is the highest peak in the Stuart Range, and it is located in the central part of the Washington Cascades, south of Stevens Pass and east of Snoqualmie Pass in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness. Mount Stuart was given its name by George B. McClellan in September 1853 in honor of his oldest and",
"title": "Mount Stuart"
},
{
"id": "15422430",
"text": "the Three Sisters Wilderness, southwest of Mount Bachelor. The Six Lakes Trail crosses the mountain between Lucky Lake to the southeast and Senoj Lake to the northwest. Forest Road 46 (Lava Lake Road) is about east of the mountain. Williamson Mountain Williamson Mountain, elevation , is a peak in the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is named after Lt. Robert S. Williamson, who with Lt. Philip Sheridan took part in the Pacific Railroad Surveys in central Oregon in 1855. The United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name in 1931. Before that, the peak was",
"title": "Williamson Mountain"
},
{
"id": "13476117",
"text": "It is the 2nd most prominent peak in Oregon, after Mount Hood. The nearest peak higher than Sacajawea is Pinyon Peak, in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho, to the east. This makes Sacajawea Peak the 25th most topographically isolated peak of the United States. Sacajawea Peak is the highest summit in the Eagle Cap Wilderness and the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. It is just northwest of Hurwal Divide, north of Matterhorn, northwest of Ice Lake, and south of Joseph. Sacajawea Peak is connected by high ridges to Matterhorn. Both are connected to Hurwal Divide, a high ridge extending east and north",
"title": "Sacajawea Peak"
},
{
"id": "7127327",
"text": "but the snowfield itself is off-limits due to cave-ins and slides which have killed hikers in incidents in 1998, 2010, and 2015. Big Four is not named for the five peaks on its top but either for a figure 4 that is visible in one of its snowfields, or 4 husky brothers who were prospecting and trapping in the valley. Big Four Mountain Big Four is a mountain in the Cascade Range, located about east of Granite Falls, Washington. Debris piles on the mountain's northern flank form as a result of avalanche activity. These fields of disturbed snow are able",
"title": "Big Four Mountain"
},
{
"id": "9792806",
"text": "rings and picnic tables. The campgrounds have quiet hours from 10 pm to 6 am. The Olallie Lake Guard Station Cabin, operated by the United States Forest Service, can also be reserved from June through September for a fee of $750 per night. Olallie Butte Olallie Butte is a steep-sided shield volcano in the Cascade Range of the northern part of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the largest volcano and highest point in the distance between Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson. Located just outside the Olallie Scenic Area, it is surrounded by more than 200 lakes and ponds",
"title": "Olallie Butte"
},
{
"id": "6396183",
"text": "Mount Bachelor ski area Mount Bachelor ski resort is a ski resort located in central Oregon, approximately west of Bend, along the Century Drive Highway. The ski runs are on the northern face of Mount Bachelor, a stratovolcano built atop a volcanic shield in the Cascade Range. Since 2001, the ski area has been owned by Powdr Corporation of Park City, Utah. It is the largest ski resort (by area) by more than in Oregon, the second largest single-mountain ski resort in the U.S., behind Vail, and the sixth largest of all ski resorts in the nation. Mount Bachelor offers",
"title": "Mount Bachelor ski area"
},
{
"id": "13381711",
"text": "Curry County. Significant tributaries include the South Fork Rogue River, Elk Creek, Bear Creek, the Applegate River, and the Illinois River. Arising at above sea level, the river loses more than in elevation by the time it reaches the Pacific. Of the river's total length, , or about 58 percent, is designated as National Wild and Scenic River – part on the upper Rogue and part on the lower Rogue. The Rogue is one of only three rivers that start in or east of the Cascade Mountain Range in Oregon and reach the Pacific Ocean. The others are the Umpqua",
"title": "Course of the Rogue River (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "10831148",
"text": "winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range has several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains. From north to south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. All are active volcanoes. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is south of the city of Seattle, from which it is prominently visible. The USGS considers Mt. Rainier the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range, due to its proximity to the Seattle metropolitan area, and most dangerous in the continental U.S. according",
"title": "Washington (state)"
},
{
"id": "2412681",
"text": "Mount Bailey (Oregon) Mount Bailey is a relatively young tephra cone and shield volcano in the Cascade Range, located on the opposite side of Diamond Lake from Mount Thielsen in southern Oregon, United States. Bailey consists of a -high main cone on top of an old basaltic andesite shield volcano. With a volume of , Mount Bailey is slightly smaller than neighboring Diamond Peak. Mount Bailey is a popular destination for recreational activities. Well known in the Pacific Northwest region as a haven for skiing in the winter months, the mountain's transportation, instead of a conventional chairlift, is provided by",
"title": "Mount Bailey (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "18120205",
"text": "Lookout Mountain (Hood River County, Oregon) Lookout Mountain, elevation , is the second highest peak in Oregon's Mount Hood National Forest and the highest point in Badger Creek Wilderness. It sits about east-southeast of Mount Hood, separated from it by the valley of the East Fork Hood River. From its summit and with good visibility, one may see (from approximately west and moving clockwise) Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams, Broken Top, South Sister, North Sister, Mt. Washington, and Mt. Jefferson with the unassisted eye. In 1911 a Forest Service lookout was built on the summit and",
"title": "Lookout Mountain (Hood River County, Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "10120845",
"text": "on that side of the mountains, contributing to the numerous rivers that flow to the Pacific Ocean. Marys Peak in the Central Coast Range is the highest peak at 4,097 feet (1,248 m). Logging is a major industry in the range in both private and government owned forests. Both the state and federal government manage forests in the Oregon Coast Range. The mountains are home to a variety of wildlife including black bear, elk, deer, beaver, many species of birds, and bats among others. Fish, including salmon and trout, and other aquatic life inhabit the streams and rivers flowing through",
"title": "Oregon Coast Range"
},
{
"id": "20509632",
"text": "to wildlife, among other reasons. Powell Buttes The Powell Buttes are mountains with several summits located in Crook County, Oregon, United States. The highest summit is over . The mountains are geologically related to the Ochoco Mountains and are named after members of Joseph Powell's family. The Powell Buttes are five rhyolitic buttes in western Crook County in Central Oregon. One of the buttes is considerably larger than the rest. Hat Rock is one of the named summits. In addition to the rhyolite, tuff and diatomite also comprise the buttes. Welded tuff has been found, showing it once comprised the",
"title": "Powell Buttes"
},
{
"id": "2654313",
"text": "Mount Washington. Some basalt lava flows occur on the edges of Mount Washington at the Cache Creek and Dry Creek canyons or as outcrops that form benches (long, relatively narrow strips of relatively level or gently inclined land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below) about away from Washington from Patjens Lake to the McKenzie River. Washington is part of the informal group of volcanoes known as Oregon's Matterhorns, which includes Mount Thielsen, Three Fingered Jack, Mount Bailey, and Diamond Peak. The name originates from the spire-like appearance of the volcanoes' summits, which resembles the pinnacle of the Matterhorn",
"title": "Mount Washington (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "17383383",
"text": "views of the Three Sisters, Mount Washington, Three Fingered Jack, Mount Jefferson and much of the central Oregon Cascades. On clear days, it is possible to see Mount Hood. Carpenter Mountain (Oregon) Carpenter Mountain is a mountain located in Linn County, Oregon in the Willamette National Forest. It is part of the Cascade Range, and is one of the highest and easternmost peaks of the low-lying Western Cascades. A fire lookout on the summit was built in 1934 and has been recently reactivated for use. It marks the northernmost point in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Due to its remoteness",
"title": "Carpenter Mountain (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "4431745",
"text": "Four-thousand footers Four-thousand footers (sometimes abbreviated 4ks) are a group of forty-eight mountains in New Hampshire at least above sea level. To qualify for inclusion a peak must also meet the more technical criterion of topographic prominence important in the mountaineering sport of peak-bagging. The White Mountains Four Thousand Footers List is established (and revised from time to time) by the Appalachian Mountain Club. The AMC calls it the White Mountains List, but others call it the New Hampshire List because it does not include Old Speck Mountain (4,170 ft) in Maine, which is outside the White Mountain National Forest",
"title": "Four-thousand footers"
},
{
"id": "20509627",
"text": "Powell Buttes The Powell Buttes are mountains with several summits located in Crook County, Oregon, United States. The highest summit is over . The mountains are geologically related to the Ochoco Mountains and are named after members of Joseph Powell's family. The Powell Buttes are five rhyolitic buttes in western Crook County in Central Oregon. One of the buttes is considerably larger than the rest. Hat Rock is one of the named summits. In addition to the rhyolite, tuff and diatomite also comprise the buttes. Welded tuff has been found, showing it once comprised the Crooked River caldera. The buttes",
"title": "Powell Buttes"
},
{
"id": "3365761",
"text": "Portland, Oregon, are named for him. During the early 1830s, Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the \"Presidents Range\", with each major peak to be named after a former President of the United States. Kelley intended Mount Hood to be named \"Mount Adams\" in honor of John Adams. A mapmaker mistakenly placed the Mount Adams name north of Mount Hood by about 40 miles (64 km), east of Mt. St. Helens. By coincidence, there was a mountain there with no official United States name. It became known as Mount Adams, despite the failure of Kelley's plan",
"title": "Hall J. Kelley"
},
{
"id": "20509631",
"text": "skinks. The Powell Buttes are named for members of the Joseph Powell family who were among the first American pioneers to cross the Cascade Range from the Willamette Valley to range their cattle in Central Oregon. In 1989, the Bureau of Land Management established a Research Natural Area along the south side of the mountain including the southwest and southeast slopes. The area's status was confirmed by a second study in 2005. A large destination resort by Pahlisch Homes, called the Hidden Canyon, was planned for development on the buttes but never saw completion because of land impact issues related",
"title": "Powell Buttes"
},
{
"id": "14085029",
"text": "Tomo Česen Tomislav \"Tomo\" Česen (born November 5, 1959) is a Slovenian mountaineer; he specialises in solo ascents in the Alps and the Himalayas. At the age of 26, he reported that he had enchained the three Great north faces of the Alps, becoming the first person to do so solo in winter. He has claimed a number of other notable mountaineering achievements, but some of his claimed ascents have often met with skepticism from others in the mountaineering community. The most controversial was his 1990 solo ascent of Lhotse, the 4th highest mountain in the world. One of the",
"title": "Tomo Česen"
},
{
"id": "316796",
"text": "the northern end of Oregon's most populated region, the Willamette Valley. Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River, which flows north through the city center and separates the city's east and west neighborhoods. Less than from downtown, the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River, the fourth-largest river in the United States, which divides Oregon from Washington state. Portland is approximately upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia. Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the \"West Hills\", pierce through the northwest and southwest",
"title": "Portland, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "20527313",
"text": "School and the League of Women Voters. They had four children, Dale Edward Forster, Robert Douglas Forster, William Lloyd Forster and Helen Forster Chapman. Born 26, May 1918 in Dunthorpe, Portland, Oregon. She \"set off on her next great adventure\" on 28 August 2017 [aged 99] at Sequim, Washington. She attended Riverdale School, and Smith College. Nature was important in her life. She was a horseback rider, fly fisher and poet. In her early twenties she made solo ascents of the Pacific Northwest's mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, the Three Sisters and Mount St. Helens. During World War",
"title": "Elliott R. Corbett"
},
{
"id": "13461008",
"text": "Pilot Rock (Oregon) Pilot Rock is a prominent volcanic plug located in the western Cascade Range near the east end of the Siskiyou Mountains, just east of the Siskiyou Summit near Ashland, Oregon. Rising thousands of feet above the Shasta and Rogue valleys, it is a landmark distinguishable from over away. At 25.6 million years old, it is one of the oldest formations of the Cascade Range. The rock is protected by the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument and the Soda Mountain Wilderness. Several trails pass near Pilot Rock, including the Pacific Crest Trail. Rising above the surrounding hills and thousands of",
"title": "Pilot Rock (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "916716",
"text": "2003 62% of the voters approved a measure requiring voter approval on residential developments of 25 units or more on land zoned for forest use. Opponents claimed that this measure was not enforceable and would end up in court. Hood River County is , of which is land and (2.1%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Oregon by area. Elevation ranges from above sea level at Cascade Locks in the northwest to at the summit of Mt. Hood, the highest point in Oregon. The County lies in a transition zone in the Columbia River Gorge between the temperate",
"title": "Hood River County, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "1308943",
"text": "Northern California Northern California (colloquially known as NorCal) is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Spanning the state's northernmost 48 counties its main population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area (anchored by the cities of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland), the Greater Sacramento area (anchored by the state capital Sacramento), and the Metropolitan Fresno area (anchored by the city of Fresno). Northern California also contains redwood forests, along with the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range after Mount Rainier in Washington), and",
"title": "Northern California"
},
{
"id": "3872498",
"text": "of 17 reserves in the United States withdrawn from the programme in June 2017. Oregon Route 242 separates the Three Sisters Wilderness from the Mount Washington Wilderness to the north, while the Waldo Lake Wilderness shares the southern boundary. The three peaks were known by pioneers as Faith, Hope and Charity. Nearby landmarks include The Husband, The Wife, and the Little Brother. Many types of landforms make up the wilderness area, but the most common are volcanic features, the most notable being the Cascades which are stratovolcanoes having formed around 1.6 million years ago. Numerous cinder cones have formed on",
"title": "Three Sisters Wilderness"
},
{
"id": "9488481",
"text": "miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can cause severe damage to jet aircraft even thousands of miles away. All of the known historical eruptions have occurred in Washington, Oregon and in Northern California. The two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred, most recently in 2006. In contrast, volcanoes in southern British Columbia, central and southern Oregon are currently dormant. The regions lacking new eruptions keep in touch to positions of fracture zones that offset the Gorda",
"title": "Cascade Volcanoes"
},
{
"id": "12089338",
"text": "has lower temperatures and receives more winter snow than the lowlands and valleys to the west. Soils have a frigid or cryic temperature regimes. Abundant precipitation supports forests dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock, with mountain hemlock, noble fir, subalpine fir, grand fir, Pacific silver fir, red alder, and Pacific yew, and an understory of vine maple, rhododendron, Oregon grape, huckleberry, and thimbleberry. Today, the region is heavily managed for logging and recreation, and it is an important water source for lower elevation urban, suburban, and agricultural areas. It is the second largest of the Cascades subregions, covering in Oregon",
"title": "Cascades (ecoregion)"
},
{
"id": "10706598",
"text": "enters Oregon at the California state line in southern Jackson County. The highway travels northeast along a ridge in the Siskiyou Mountains, with a maximum grade of 6 percent, to Siskiyou Summit; at , it is the highest point on all of I-5 and one of the highest points on the Interstate system. The mountainous, section of the freeway runs along Siskiyou Pass and includes several runaway truck ramps and chain-up areas due to its heavy use by trucks and its foggy and snowy conditions in winter. North of the summit, the freeway intersects the Old Siskiyou Highway (OR 273)",
"title": "Interstate 5 in Oregon"
},
{
"id": "2654327",
"text": "the Benson Lake route. The U.S. National Geodetic Survey Data Sheet for Mount Washington notes that climbing the volcano is challenging and dangerous and thus is not recommended for inexperienced climbers or climbers without proper equipment. Mount Washington (Oregon) Mount Washington is a deeply eroded volcano in the Cascade Range of Oregon. It lies within Deschutes and Linn counties and is surrounded by the Mount Washington Wilderness area. Like the rest of the Oregon Cascades, Mount Washington was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate, forming during the",
"title": "Mount Washington (Oregon)"
},
{
"id": "17027877",
"text": "D. O. Lee Peak D. O. Lee Peak, also known as Lee Peak, at above sea level, is the third-highest peak in the White Cloud Mountains of the U.S. state of Idaho. It is one of the White Cloud Peaks and the 56th-highest peak in Idaho. It was named after Challis native David Oliver Lee (1934–1982), the first United States Forest Service ranger to be assigned to the Sawtooth Wilderness. The peak is located southeast of in Sawtooth National Recreation Area of Custer County. It is situated south-southwest of Calkins Peak, its line parent, and rises to the west of",
"title": "D. O. Lee Peak"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mount Hood context different heights: , a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS), based on a 1993 scientific expedition, and of slightly older origin. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7 %, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes\n\nWith an accepted height of 11,249 feet, what is the tallest mountain in Oregon, and the 4th highest in the Cascades?",
"compressed_tokens": 207,
"origin_tokens": 208,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mount Hood context different heights: , a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS), based on a 1993 scientific expedition, and of slightly older origin. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7 %, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes\n\ntitle: Mount Hood context Mount Hood Mount Hood, Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe, is potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States It is located east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. In addition being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence. assigned to Mount H' snow-cover peak has varied over its history. Modern point\n: Hall J. Kelley context Portland, Oregon, are During 1830s Kelley the Cascade asPresidents Range peak to be named after a former of the United. Kelley intended H be \"Mount\" in honor of. A maply placed the Mount Adams north Hood about40 (4 km east M St. Helens. By coincidence, was a there United States became as Mount Adams despite failure Kelley' plan\n: Mount Washington (regon): Benson Lake route. The. National Data for Mount Washington climbing is recommended for withoutodedcano incade of It lies withinutes is the Oregon Mount Washington was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate, forming during the\n\nWith an accepted height of 11,249 feet, what is the tallest mountain in Oregon, and the 4th highest in the Cascades?",
"compressed_tokens": 481,
"origin_tokens": 14256,
"ratio": "29.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,727 | What product is advertised with the slogan "When my wife bought me a what, I was so impressed I bought the company"? | [
"Remington Razors"
] | Remington Razors | [
{
"id": "9434911",
"text": "210, Ceramic Slim 230, Pro ceramic Extra, Protect Sleek and Smooth Remington Products' product line include Lady Remingtons, electric shavers for women. The president of Remington shavers in 1978: \"When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company\". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: \"Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!\" Remington Products Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary",
"title": "Remington Products"
},
{
"id": "7047557",
"text": "leveraged buyout. Remington, which had lost $30 million in the previous three years, made a profit in his first year as owner. Kiam became famous as the spokesman for the Remington shaver. His catchphrase, \"I liked the shaver so much, I bought the company\", made him a household name. He recorded each commercial in the native language of the country in which it was broadcast. In the United Kingdom he became a celebrity, appearing on such television shows as \"Wogan\", \"The Tube\", and \"Through the Keyhole\". He also owned other companies, including PIC Industrial Design and TravelSmart. In 1988, Kiam",
"title": "Victor Kiam"
},
{
"id": "2248123",
"text": "new Remington Products Company. His line, \"I liked the shaver so much, I bought the company\" became one of the more memorable advertising slogans of the early 1980s. Remington Products was sold in 2003 to the battery manufacturer Rayovac. Rayovac is now Spectrum Brands. They also sold punched card systems, beginning with the 1928 acquisition of the Powers Accounting Machine Company and ending in the 1950s. The Remington Rand Co. and the Remington Rand Building are depicted as the Knox Co. and the Knox Building in Richard Yates' 1961 novel \"Revolutionary Road\". In 1921, Rand Kardex sponsored the Tonawanda Kardex",
"title": "Remington Rand"
},
{
"id": "7672938",
"text": "as the name translates to “forward”. FRAM was later incorporated in 1934. FRAM is one of the major brands of aftermarket automotive oil filters in the United States and Canada. The FRAM Corporation was bought by the Bendix Corporation in 1967. Then FRAM was part of Honeywell's \"Consumer Products Group\" (CPG) until 2011. FRAM Group is now owned by Rank Group. FRAM Group consists of two businesses: Autolite and FRAM Filtration. Fram became known for its marketing slogan, \"You can pay me now, or pay me later\", which is usually uttered in its television commercials by an auto mechanic, who",
"title": "FRAM (filter)"
},
{
"id": "6927323",
"text": "2010). One of the clearest examples of the importance of a celebrity's credibility when endorsing a product can be seen with Tiger Woods's endorsement of Nike in 2000. The involvement of Tiger Woods within Nike \"resulted in the acquisition of approximately 4.5 million customers and $60 million in profit\" (CBS Interactive Inc., 2010). However, following the 2009 scandal, (Tiger was caught sleeping with around 7 women while married to his wife (Bacon & Busbee, 2012)), Nike began to see shifts in their sales. According to a study conducted by Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, \"the scandal cost Nike",
"title": "Celebrity branding"
},
{
"id": "1357620",
"text": "contains the line \"I'd like to buy the world a Coke\" and repeats \"It's the real thing\", which was Coca-Cola's marketing slogan at the time. Coca Cola introduced that slogan in October 1969. Several versions of the ad have been made. In 2007, \"Campaign\" magazine called it \"one of the best-loved and most influential ads in TV history\". It served as a milestone—the first instance of the recording industry's involvement with advertising. Marketing analysts have noted Coca-Cola's strategy of marrying the idea of happiness and universal love of the product illustrated by the song. The commercial has continued receiving accolades",
"title": "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)"
},
{
"id": "9856021",
"text": "its new managing director Frank Lowe (later Sir Frank), and set the tone for what is now viewed as a golden creative period in British advertising. Clients included Harvey’s Bristol Cream, Bird’s Eye, Parker pens, Fiat, Ford, Acrilan, Pretty Polly and Ronson. Campaign slogans which entered the national consciousness include \"Happiness is a cigar called Hamlet\" and \"Land Rover. The best 4 x 4 x far.\" \"Heineken refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach\" (1974). ( 1979 ) Heineken Galley Slave commercial. These, and commercials for Hovis (by Ridley Scott, 1973) and Cinzano (Alan Parker, 1978), all appear in the",
"title": "Collett Dickenson Pearce"
},
{
"id": "7047556",
"text": "educated by his maternal grandfather at Phillips Academy in Massachusetts, where he was a classmate of future U.S. President George Herbert Walker Bush. After serving in the U.S. Navy and attending Yale, the Sorbonne, and Harvard Business School, Kiam worked for Lever Brothers and Playtex as a salesman. He bought the Benrus Watch Company in 1968, selling his majority stake in 1977. He made a fortune as the President and CEO of Remington Products, which he famously purchased in 1979 after his wife bought him his first electric shaver. His purchase of Remington is considered an early example of a",
"title": "Victor Kiam"
},
{
"id": "9434907",
"text": "Remington Products Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary of Spectrum Brands and Oak Hill Capital. The origins of the \"Remington\" name date back to the formation of E. Remington and Sons, a firearms maker founded in 1816. E. Remington & Sons made occasional forays into products other than firearms, such as sewing machines and farm implements — but its most significant side venture was when inventor Christopher Sholes persuaded the firearms company to help him develop",
"title": "Remington Products"
},
{
"id": "1685318",
"text": "it thinks of Honda.\" \"Campaign\" magazine listed \"Cog\", along with \"Balls\" for the Sony BRAVIA line of high-definition televisions, as one of the most-imitated commercials in recent times. Among the pieces believed to draw inspiration from \"Cog\" are a 2003 piece for breakfast cereal Sugar Puffs, \"Nearness\" for the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, a 30-second animated advertisement for Heinz Tomato Ketchup, an advertisement for BBC Radio Merseyside football coverage, and the 2007 \"Tipping Point\", advertising Guinness stout. When asked about the similarities between \"Cog\" and \"Tipping Point\", Paul Brazier, executive creative director at the advertising agency behind \"Tipping",
"title": "Cog (advertisement)"
},
{
"id": "7682609",
"text": "Scotland. Following its success, Alora was renamed Dolmio and rolled out across the UK in 1986, and subsequently renamed Dolmio globally in 1989. It was a sponsor of Britain's mid-morning magazine show \"This Morning\" from 2005 to 2010. In 2016, the company took the unprecedented step of advising some of its products should only be eaten once a week, due to high levels of salt, sugar and fat. By coincidence, the company's advertising slogan is \"When'sa your Dolmio day?\". Dolmio Dolmio is the brand name of a range of pasta sauces made by Mars, Incorporated. The range includes jars of",
"title": "Dolmio"
},
{
"id": "274553",
"text": "gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel. Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI. Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the \"Air Jordan\", in 1984. One of Jordan's more popular commercials",
"title": "Michael Jordan"
},
{
"id": "4186025",
"text": "because \"I am a nice Jewish kid from the Bronx, so I ate everything,\" and when he told his wife \"I can't believe I ate the whole thing\", she said, \"There's your next Alka-Seltzer commercial.\" A 1971 commercial featured another catch-phrase from Cohen (along with Bob Pasqualina), \"Try it, you'll like it!\" It was remade with Kathy Griffin in 2006. In 1972, an actor (Milt Moss) spent the commercial moaning, \"I can't believe I ate that who-o-o-o-o-ole thing,\" while his wife (Lynn Whinic) made sarcastic comments and finally advised him to take some Alka-Seltzer. In 2005, this ad was also",
"title": "Alka-Seltzer"
},
{
"id": "9095871",
"text": "which have since been discontinued, although some have later returned. The discontinued products include Imperial Leather Cologne (Cussons branded version of the original product), Imperial Leather Brilliantine (solid and as lotion), Imperial Leather After Shave Lotion, Imperial Leather Bath Cubes, Imperial Leather Shaving Stick, Imperial Leather Shaving Bowl and Imperial Leather Shaving Cream. Below is an extract from a 1957 advert for Imperial Leather Shaving Stick: In Australia, two of these products have fairly recently returned in a new attempt to diversify the brand. The Imperial Leather Shaving Cream and the After Shave Lotion have returned to supermarkets in that",
"title": "Imperial Leather"
},
{
"id": "16513488",
"text": "Orange Man (advertisement) Orange Man is a British television advertisement for the soft drink Tango Orange. Created by advertising agency HHCL (Howell Henry Chaldecott Lury and Partners), a longtime collaborator of Tango who would go on to create many of their advertisements, the advertisement was produced in 1991 and aired in 1992, and became the first in the brand's \"You Know When You've Been Tango'd\" campaign that would continue until 1996 before returning for several years in the 2000s. The advertisement features an orange man slapping a Tango drinker across the cheeks, a wacky metaphor for tasting Tango, and was",
"title": "Orange Man (advertisement)"
},
{
"id": "8692172",
"text": "Humbrol Humbrol Limited is a British manufacturer of model kits, toys and paints, producing under its own brand and the Airfix, Sky Marks, Young Scientist, 1st Gear, High Speed and W. Britain brands. In 2006, the company entered administration, but later the same year was acquired by Hornby plc, who has since re-launched the brand. Humbrol was founded in Kingston upon Hull as the Humber Oil Company in 1919. During the 1950s and 60s, Gerald Barton turned Humber Oil Company into Humbrol which developed a range of model paints and other modelmaking paraphernalia. In 1976, Humbrol became part of the",
"title": "Humbrol"
},
{
"id": "17618756",
"text": "Wildsmith Shoes Wildsmith Shoes is a high-end English handmade footwear manufacturer, founded in London in 1847 by husband and wife team, Matthew and Rebecca Wildsmith. They based their business on making and repairing boots for the Household Cavalry. Wildsmith was bought from John Wildsmith in 2013 by Savile Row tailoring company, Cad & The Dandy and was subsequently bought by Herring Shoes in 2016 to produce luxury ready-to-wear men’s footwear. John Wildsmith is widely credited with the saying, \"You are either in your bed or in your shoes so it pays to invest in both\". After opening their first shop,",
"title": "Wildsmith Shoes"
},
{
"id": "17618761",
"text": "Wildsmith Shoes Wildsmith Shoes is a high-end English handmade footwear manufacturer, founded in London in 1847 by husband and wife team, Matthew and Rebecca Wildsmith. They based their business on making and repairing boots for the Household Cavalry. Wildsmith was bought from John Wildsmith in 2013 by Savile Row tailoring company, Cad & The Dandy and was subsequently bought by Herring Shoes in 2016 to produce luxury ready-to-wear men’s footwear. John Wildsmith is widely credited with the saying, \"You are either in your bed or in your shoes so it pays to invest in both\". After opening their first shop,",
"title": "Wildsmith Shoes"
},
{
"id": "3294705",
"text": "Keebler Company The Keebler Company is the second largest cookie and cracker manufacturer in the United States. Founded in 1853, it has produced numerous baked snacks. Keebler has marketed its brands such as Cheez-It (which have the Sunshine Biscuits brand), Chips Deluxe, Club Crackers, E.L. Fudge Cookies, Famous Amos, Fudge Shoppe Cookies, Murray cookies, Austin, Plantation, Vienna Fingers, Town House Crackers, Wheatables, Sandie's Shortbread, Chachos and Zesta Crackers, among others. The Keebler slogans are \"\"Uncommonly Good\"\" and \"a little elfin magic goes a long way\". Tom Shutter and Leo Burnett wrote the familiar jingle. Godfrey Keebler, of German descent, opened",
"title": "Keebler Company"
},
{
"id": "4756734",
"text": "33 minutes of improvised comedy. Newton has written: The blood would drain from the face of Pelaco shirt-wearing executives in television, advertising and business until they realised that instead of televisual suicide, this skinny little wiseguy was commercial gold. And then they liked his brand of humour a lot. A commercial I shared with Graham, Raoul Merton ('of comfort you're certain when you wear Raoul Merton') changed the footwear buying habits of men. Gerald Stone recounts in his book \"Compulsive Viewing\" that a \"cocky young salesman\" visited the IMT set hoping for an extra plug for his employer's product. The",
"title": "Graham Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "7571857",
"text": "Visconti (company) Visconti is an Italian manufacturing company of fine fountain pens, ballpoint pens, and rollerball pens. Other products are jewels, watches, and accessories. The company was founded in 1988 in Florence by Dante Del Vecchio and Luigi Poli, collectors of fountain pens for many years. Their products represented the rediscovery and relaunch of celluloid as the material for fountain pens. In 2009, Visconti reached a deal with Coles of London (actually based in North Carolina), whereby Coles became the official distributor of Visconti products in the United States. Together, they have recently launched a range of new products, including",
"title": "Visconti (company)"
},
{
"id": "3642386",
"text": "Road, Leeds, in 1951. Pepsodent was a very popular brand before the mid-1950s, but its makers were slow to add fluoride to its formula to counter the rise of other highly promoted brands such as Crest and Gleem toothpaste by Procter & Gamble, and Colgate's eponymous product; sales of Pepsodent plummeted. Today Pepsodent is a “value brand” marketed primarily in discount stores and retails for roughly half the price of similarly sized tubes of Crest or of Colgate. Its best-known slogan was “You'll wonder where the yellow went / when you brush your teeth with Pepsodent!”. The product was discontinued",
"title": "Pepsodent"
},
{
"id": "5303951",
"text": "Reckitt Benckiser Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB) () is a British multinational consumer goods company headquartered in Slough, England. It is a producer of health, hygiene and home products. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of the UK-based Reckitt & Colman plc and the Netherlands-based Benckiser NV. RB's brands include the antiseptic brand Dettol, the sore throat medicine Strepsils, the hair removal brand Veet, the immune support supplement Airborne, the indigestion remedy Gaviscon, the baby food brand Mead Johnson, the air freshener Air Wick, Calgon, Clearasil, Cillit Bang, Durex, Lysol, Mycil and Vanish. RB is listed on the",
"title": "Reckitt Benckiser"
},
{
"id": "1951160",
"text": "UK. Ridley Scott's evocative 1973 Hovis bread television commercial captured the public imagination. Filmed on Gold Hill, Shaftesbury in Dorset, Scott's advert was voted the UK's favourite television advertisement of all time in 2006. Other notable British commercials include the 1989 British Airways face advertisement, the 2005 \"noitulovE\" advert for Guinness, the 2007 \"Gorilla\" advertisement by Cadbury chocolate featuring a gorilla playing drums with Phil Collins' track \"In the Air Tonight\" playing in the background, and a 2013 advert for Galaxy chocolate bar featuring a computer-generated image of Audrey Hepburn. Christmas commercials are screened from early November in the UK,",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "5540613",
"text": "and BI-LO launched their first advertisements around the same time and Coles was also given a new slogan, also at the same time. Shortly after Dairy Farm International exited the business in 2001, Franklins' advertisements used the slogan \"Saves You Money\". In 2002, the new Franklins was launched with the slogan \"Look at us now!\". In 2003 it was changed to \"That's what I like about Franklins!\" and again in 2004 to \"Cheap and Cheerful\". That slogan is now rarely used, being largely replaced with and branded as \"Australia's Original Discount Grocer\". The No Frills generic product range was relaunched",
"title": "Franklins"
},
{
"id": "6599326",
"text": "money donated for striking British miners, Mitchum used an image of the NUM leader, without his consent, under the slogan \"Mitchum, for when you're really sweating!\" Scargill complained to the UK's Advertising Standards Association who criticised the advertisement as \"highly distasteful\". Mitchum Mitchum is a brand of antiperspirant-deodorant, later owned by Revlon. It was widely known for its marketing slogan, \"So effective you can skip a day,\" but that slogan hasn't been used since 2007. Mitchum is a brand that was purchased by the Revlon Corporation in the late sixties. Originally known as the Paris Toilet Company and then the",
"title": "Mitchum"
},
{
"id": "12577526",
"text": "Golden Bear Toys Golden Bear Products Ltd. is a British toy manufacturing company that was formed in 1979 by John Hales and Christine Nicholls. Golden Bear operates from its headquarters in Telford, Shropshire and opened an office in Hong Kong in 2001. The company has sold a broad range of licensed and branded products including \"Thomas and Friends\", My 1st JCB, \"Charlie and Lola\", \"Pingu\", \"Noddy\", \"Peppa Pig\", \"Brum\", \"Bob the Builder\", \"Cars\", \"Dora the Explorer\", \"Hana's Helpline\", \"Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom\", \"Sooty\" and \"Teletubbies\". They also produce new properties, like Bush Baby World. \"My First Thomas & Friends\"",
"title": "Golden Bear Toys"
},
{
"id": "199155",
"text": "couldn't have hurt that IBM also advertised it with the lovable Charlie Chaplin's tramp character, who after seeing the computer, falls in love with it and purchases the PC. Chaplin's character became the face of the company's PC. \"BYTE\" reported a rumor that more than 40,000 were ordered on the day of the announcement; John Dvorak recalled that one dealer that day praised the computer as an \"incredible winner, and IBM knows how to treat us — none of the Apple arrogance\". One dealer received 22 $1,000 deposits from customers although he could not promise a delivery date. The company",
"title": "IBM Personal Computer"
},
{
"id": "15797136",
"text": "(for which she was originally paid £150) of \"The Great Gig in the Sky\". It was the first time that an analgesic brand had been advertised in such fashion, and the first time that music from Pink Floyd had been used in TV advertising; they only agreed after seeing the produced advert. From 2000–2006 it also made Clearasil, the skin-care product. Reckitt Benckiser bought Boots Healthcare International (BHI) for £1.9 billion in 2005, which required regulatory approval in early 2006. The household-name products it makes are: In 2016 Nurofen was one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in",
"title": "Crookes Healthcare"
},
{
"id": "7571858",
"text": "the Rembrandt Collection, Opera Masters, Homo Sapiens Collection, Divina Royale range, and the limited-edition Templari. Visconti (company) Visconti is an Italian manufacturing company of fine fountain pens, ballpoint pens, and rollerball pens. Other products are jewels, watches, and accessories. The company was founded in 1988 in Florence by Dante Del Vecchio and Luigi Poli, collectors of fountain pens for many years. Their products represented the rediscovery and relaunch of celluloid as the material for fountain pens. In 2009, Visconti reached a deal with Coles of London (actually based in North Carolina), whereby Coles became the official distributor of Visconti products",
"title": "Visconti (company)"
},
{
"id": "12577528",
"text": "BBC character Mr Tumble. In 2008, Golden Bear launched a website (www.goldenbeartoys.com) where consumers can buy directly from Golden Bear online. This website features the whole catalogue, plus Special Offers, competitions and activities. Golden Bear Toys Golden Bear Products Ltd. is a British toy manufacturing company that was formed in 1979 by John Hales and Christine Nicholls. Golden Bear operates from its headquarters in Telford, Shropshire and opened an office in Hong Kong in 2001. The company has sold a broad range of licensed and branded products including \"Thomas and Friends\", My 1st JCB, \"Charlie and Lola\", \"Pingu\", \"Noddy\", \"Peppa",
"title": "Golden Bear Toys"
},
{
"id": "9434910",
"text": "that same year. Remington changed hands again on June 1996 when Perlmutter and Kiam sold controlling interest in the company to Vestar Capital Partners. Victor Kiam died in 2001. In 2003, the Kiam family and Vestar sold Remington to the battery company Rayovac. Rayovac changed its name to Spectrum Brands and markets Remington brand men's and women's electric shavers, hair clippers, beard and moustache trimmers, nose and ear hair trimmers, foot massagers, make-up mirrors, heated hair rollers, blow dryers, and curling irons. Remington also sells flat irons. Air Plates, ProLuxe, Rose Pearl, Keratin Radiance, Wet2Straight, Shine therapy, Colour protect, Ceramic",
"title": "Remington Products"
},
{
"id": "11001600",
"text": "or having a door held open for her, implying that he should also mind his manners. By the third verse, the singer reveals that he is actually the husband in the story; in addition, he states that he has finally realized what his wife desires. The song ends with him finally making that realization (\"So I bought you a rose on the way home from work...\"). \"Buy Me a Rose\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart at number 62 on the chart dated October 30, 1999, reaching Number One in May 2000, and spending a total of",
"title": "Buy Me a Rose"
},
{
"id": "5172442",
"text": "subsidiary, Playtex Products Inc., in 1960, which produced baby products, tampons and other consumer goods. It introduced and patented the first plastic tampon applicator in 1973.<ref name=\"Lafley/Charan2010\"></ref> By 1975, the five largest tampon manufacturers began competing with multimillion-dollar advertising budgets and Playtex became the primary competitor to market-leader Tampax. Playtex introduced a scented tampon that was advertised with the slogan, \"When you're wearing a tampon you don't worry about odor. But should you?\" After complaints were raised by Planned Parenthood a warning label was added saying that some women may experience irritation from the chemicals. Tampon manufacturers, including Playtex, were",
"title": "Playtex"
},
{
"id": "3493509",
"text": "mini version and a Mint Bubbly. Cadbury has also launched Crispello and, most recently, launched \"Marvellous Creations\" in the UK. In addition, Cadbury also brought the Joyville concept into Asia where Singapore Bloggers were invited to join in and spread the love. In 2014, Joyville was replaced with the \"Free The Joy\" campaign. The song in a television advert is \"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" by Baccara. A new design was launched for Dairy Milk (and its variants) inviting consumers to scan an on-pack QR code and visit a website featuring \"Free The Joy\" moments. Cadbury has enjoyed a substantial",
"title": "Cadbury Dairy Milk"
},
{
"id": "15785621",
"text": "for sexual assault for an assault against Andrea Constand. Bill Cosby in advertising American comedian Bill Cosby was a popular spokesperson for advertising from the 1960sbefore his first starring television roleuntil the early 2000s. He started with White Owl cigars, and later endorsed Jell-O pudding and gelatin, Coca-Cola (including New Coke), Texas Instruments, E. F. Hutton & Co., Kodak, and the 1990 United States Census. , Cosby held the record for being the longest-serving celebrity spokesperson for a product, through his work with Jell-O. In 2011, he won the President's Award for Contributions to Advertising from the Advertising Hall of",
"title": "Bill Cosby in advertising"
},
{
"id": "6856929",
"text": "the UK in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, the advertisement polled 18th place in the Channel 4 \"The 100 Greatest TV Adverts\" programme, and an ITV list in 2005. Shake n' Vac Glade Shake n' Vac is a powdered carpet freshener. The powder is shaken onto the carpet before vacuuming. It is marketed and sold in the United Kingdom by S. C. Johnson & Son. First sold in 1979, the product became well known because of its popular \"Dancing Woman\" television commercial during the 1980s, and the television advert was voted one of the most popular in Britain. First",
"title": "Shake n' Vac"
},
{
"id": "134668",
"text": "Pie Company, a supplier of pies to Yale University, where students had independently started a campus craze tossing empty pie tins stamped with the company's logo the way Morrison and his wife had in 1937. In 2007 Morrison told \"The Press-Enterprise\" of Riverside.[Back in the Fifties] \"I thought the name [Frisbee] was a horror. Terrible.\" But in 1982, Morrison told \"Forbes\" magazine that he had received about US$2 million in royalty payments and said: \"I wouldn't change the name of it for the world.\" By 1994 100 million Frisbees had been sold. It is unknown how many more millions he",
"title": "Frisbee"
},
{
"id": "16493201",
"text": "a number of less successful products such as UHT milk. Slimcea Slimcea was a British brand selling reduced calorie foods between 1959 and the mid-1990s. The brand was launched in 1959 by Procea Products which became part of Cavenham Foods in 1965. It was sold to Spillers in 1975 which in turn was taken over by Dalgety plc in 1979. The brand's flagship product was its reduced calorie bread, which was advertised with the tagline \"Show them you're a Slimcea girl\". The \"Slimcea girls\" featured in the advertisements were usually winners of national Slimmer Of The Year competitions. A reduced",
"title": "Slimcea"
},
{
"id": "15785593",
"text": "Bill Cosby in advertising American comedian Bill Cosby was a popular spokesperson for advertising from the 1960sbefore his first starring television roleuntil the early 2000s. He started with White Owl cigars, and later endorsed Jell-O pudding and gelatin, Coca-Cola (including New Coke), Texas Instruments, E. F. Hutton & Co., Kodak, and the 1990 United States Census. , Cosby held the record for being the longest-serving celebrity spokesperson for a product, through his work with Jell-O. In 2011, he won the President's Award for Contributions to Advertising from the Advertising Hall of Fame. Cosby was one of the first black people",
"title": "Bill Cosby in advertising"
},
{
"id": "3221575",
"text": "Quavers Quavers are a British snack food, originally made by Smiths, and now produced by Walkers. Walkers, owned by PepsiCo, purchased the Quavers brand in 1997, when it became one of the Frito Lay International brand names. Quavers were launched in 1968 with the advertising slogan \"you get a lovely lot of Quavers in a bag\". Packaging described them as \"curly potato puffs\". In 2007, Walkers changed the packaging for all their snack products, which were Quavers, Wotsits, Squares, French Fries and Monster Munch. This packaging reflected the usage of Sunseed Oil, which was used in all products. The Multipack",
"title": "Quavers"
},
{
"id": "14150029",
"text": "Dry Idea Dry Idea antiperspirant is part of the Dial Corporation's family of products. Formerly a Gillette brand, Dry Idea was sold to the Dial Corporation along with the Soft & Dri and Right Guard) brands in 2006 for $420 million as a condition set forth by anti-trust authorities for Procter & Gamble's $57 billion Gillette acquisition. Dry Idea antiperspirant deodorants, traditionally unisex, have been around for over three decades. In the 1980s, Dry Idea was known for its famous commercials starring various celebrities giving advice including the tag line \"Never let them see you sweat\". Some of these celebrities",
"title": "Dry Idea"
},
{
"id": "9368073",
"text": "Harlan Hogan Harlan Hogan (born September 30, 1946) is a voice actor and author. He has provided the voice-overs for countless commercials, documentaries and films. Many famous advertising catch phrases such as: \"Strong enough for a man...\", \"You never get a second chance to make a first impression...\", \"When you care enough to send the very best...\" and \"Quaker Life, It's the cereal even Mikey likes...\", ranked 10th in TV Guides list of best commercials, have been performed by Harlan. He has also written several books on the subject of voice acting. Hogan worked his way through Illinois Wesleyan University",
"title": "Harlan Hogan"
},
{
"id": "11407649",
"text": "is the UK's largest independent supplier of dispensed soft drinks. Due to its success of the Vimto soft drink, Nichols plc started selling Vimto chews and Vimto chew bars. Nichols plc Nichols plc, based in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside, England, is a company well known for its lead brand Vimto, a fruit flavoured cordial. The company can trace its roots back to the invention of Vimto, by John Noel Nichols in 1908. Today the company operates two types of businesses, firstly the sale of Vimto and other brands (such as Panda Pops, which Nichols acquired from Hall & Woodhouse in 2005) via",
"title": "Nichols plc"
},
{
"id": "529906",
"text": "narrated Bill Martin's \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\", \"Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?\", \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\", and \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?\". In May 2005, Paltrow became the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She appeared in Chicago on August 17, 2007, to sign bottles of the perfume, and on July 8, 2008, she promoted Lauder's Sensuous perfume in New York with the company's three other models. Estée Lauder donates a minimum of $500,000 of sales of items from the 'Pleasures Gwyneth Paltrow' collection to breast",
"title": "Gwyneth Paltrow"
},
{
"id": "7411516",
"text": "Tunes (confectionery) Tunes is a brand of lozenge, manufactured by The Wrigley Company in the United Kingdom. It is marketed as a cough sweet, or anti-congestant lozenge, containing eucalyptus oil and menthol. It is a relative of the now discontinued brand of Spangles, and shares the same packaging and dimensions of that brand. In the United Kingdom, Tunes no longer have the style packaging of Spangles. There was a memorable television advertising campaign for the product with the slogan \"Tunes help you breathe more easily\". The commercials featured the actor Peter Cleall, who would perfectly enunciate the word \"Tunes\" after",
"title": "Tunes (confectionery)"
},
{
"id": "7534639",
"text": "in orders. He also convinced Bissell manufacturers to offer more variety of carpet sweepers, such as making them with twelve different types of wood. Following these changes, Bissell sold two hundred fifty thousand in three weeks. His book \"Scientific Advertising\" was published in 1923, following his retirement from Lord & Thomas, where he finished his career as president and chairman. This book was followed, in 1927, by his autobiographical work \"My Life in Advertising\". He died in 1932. Hopkins has been credited with popularizing tooth brushing, as a result of his campaigns for Pepsodent. Hopkins was much more interested in",
"title": "Claude C. Hopkins"
},
{
"id": "6599324",
"text": "Mitchum Mitchum is a brand of antiperspirant-deodorant, later owned by Revlon. It was widely known for its marketing slogan, \"So effective you can skip a day,\" but that slogan hasn't been used since 2007. Mitchum is a brand that was purchased by the Revlon Corporation in the late sixties. Originally known as the Paris Toilet Company and then the Golden Peacock Company, the company carried a full line of cosmetics. Bill McNutt is credited with inventing the antiperspirant. Other products launched by Mitchum, include \"Esoterica\" which helped with removing age spots. Before the company was sold to Revlon, it had",
"title": "Mitchum"
},
{
"id": "86576",
"text": "in 1982, and began inserting Coke-product images into many of its films. After a few early successes during Coca-Cola's ownership, Columbia began to under-perform, and the studio was sold to Sony in 1989. Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including \"The pause that refreshes\", \"I'd like to buy the world a Coke\", and \"Coke is it\". In 2006, Coca-Cola introduced My Coke Rewards, a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn points by entering codes from specially marked packages of Coca-Cola products into a website. These points can be redeemed for various prizes",
"title": "Coca-Cola"
},
{
"id": "6904218",
"text": "a packet of Woodbines from his pocket and light one up, followed by a happy tune and a man reading the line \"\"Light up life with a Woodbine! It's Britain's best-selling cigarette!\"\". at the end. The ads were never played on TV however, as all television commercials for cigarettes were banned on 1 August 1965. A jingle was also made to promote Woodbine in the late 1950s or early 1960s. Woodbine (cigarette) Woodbine is a British brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco. Woodbine cigarettes are named after the many Woodbine flowers. Woodbine was launched in 1888",
"title": "Woodbine (cigarette)"
},
{
"id": "3650809",
"text": "in a cone (\"99 Flakes\") which was served by ice cream vendors. First sold in Britain, they would later be sold in Ireland, Australia, South Africa and other nations. Screwballs are similar but have a plastic cone rather than a wafer. Several varieties of Flake have been produced over the years, including: The product gained some notoriety for its highly sensual advertising. In the UK, the adverts showed people - almost always women - enjoying a Flake whilst relaxing. The Flake Girl became famous as a symbol of indulgence and secret pleasure. Her emphasis - to a jingle (\"Only the",
"title": "Flake (chocolate bar)"
},
{
"id": "6490039",
"text": "such as menthol, eucalyptus and peppermint are added to help the pellets act as a breath mint. Nigroids were invented by Ferris & Co. Ltd., manufacturing chemists of Bristol, England in 1900. The company promoted them with the slogan: Ernest Jackson acquired the brand in 1974. In November 2010 the name was changed from \"Nigroids\" to \"Vigroids\". As of 2016 the product appears to have been withdrawn, with no retailers listed as stocking it. The product no longer features as a brand on the Ernest Jackson website. Vigroids Vigroids (formerly Nigroids) was the brand name of a liquorice sweet. The",
"title": "Vigroids"
},
{
"id": "5155191",
"text": "and looked for \"real women\" to front advertising campaigns as an alternative to models. Rooney sells an exercise DVD entitled \"Coleen McLoughlin's Brand New Body Workout\", which became a bestseller in the United Kingdom. She was paid £3 million to front the George at Asda campaign. Rooney's autobiography, \"Welcome to My World\", was released in March 2007. In June 2010, Rooney struck a deal with retail and gambling company Littlewoods. She met her future husband, Wayne Rooney, at the age of 12 in the Liverpool suburb of Croxteth. They began a relationship at the age of 16, after they left",
"title": "Coleen Rooney"
},
{
"id": "4446220",
"text": "its office in Southfield in 1996, it re-emerged as an international company and expanded its reach to clients outside of the United States. In April 2012, Doner sold a minority interest to MDC Partners. W. B. Doner's 1950s campaign for Timex, \"Takes a licking and keeps on ticking,\" was ranked 40th in a list of top advertising campaigns of the 20th century by \"Advertising Age\". They invented Mazda's \"Zoom Zoom\" advertisement in 1997, but lost that account in 2010. Mazda had been about 20% of Doner's overall business. Doner Company Doner Company (formerly W.B. Doner & Co.) is an American",
"title": "Doner Company"
},
{
"id": "17938502",
"text": "the last 20 years. Bambino Mio Bambino Mio is a brand of reusable nappies, manufactured and sold by a company of the same name based in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK. Bambino Mio nappies are widely used in the UK, and are sold in more than 70 countries. As well as nappies, the company sells related products such as nappy liners, reusable swim nappies, potty training pants, reusable baby wipes, and laundry detergent. Bambino Mio was founded in 1997 by husband and wife Guy and Jo Schanschieff, after noting similar businesses in New York and Australia. The couple set up a reusable",
"title": "Bambino Mio"
},
{
"id": "766511",
"text": "Hasbro Hasbro, Inc. (a syllabic abbreviation of its original name, Hassenfeld Brothers) is an American multinational toy and board game company. It is the largest toy maker in the world in terms of stock market value, and third largest with revenues of approximately $5.12 billion. Hasbro acquired the trademarks and products of Kenner, Parker Brothers, and Milton Bradley, among others. Among its products are Monopoly, G.I. Joe, Furby, Transformers, Nerf, My Little Pony, Twister and the newly acquired Power Rangers franchise. The Hasbro brand also spawned TV shows to promote its products, such as \"Family Game Night\" on the Discovery",
"title": "Hasbro"
},
{
"id": "6586268",
"text": "a component in the calculation of value, constituting a variable whose importance can range from negligible to enormous and whose impact can be negative as well as positive. Buffett has recognized the influence of his business partner Charlie Munger on this view, which is best expressed by the famous Buffett saying \"\"It's far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than a fair company at a wonderful price\"\". Thomas Rowe Price, Jr. has been called \"the father of growth investing\" because of his work defining and promoting growth investing through his company T. Rowe Price, which he",
"title": "Growth investing"
},
{
"id": "2818144",
"text": "Cameron Swayze, as a spokesperson for live \"torture tests\" on television with the tag line created by Russ Alben, \"Timex – Takes a Licking and keeps on Ticking\", a well-recognized campaign in advertising history. These commercials were developed by Hirshon Garfield as elaborations on tests originated by United States Time Corporation salesmen. The commercials included high-divers, water skiers, a dolphin, dishwashers, jackhammers, paint mixers and the propeller of an outboard motor, all torturing a Timex watch. Despite resistance from jewelers because of the low 50% markup, consumer demand increased and new distribution channels were opened including department stores, cigar stands,",
"title": "Timex Group USA"
},
{
"id": "7496996",
"text": "Drifter (chocolate) Drifter is a biscuit-based chocolate bar. Rowntree's launched Drifter in 1980, consisting of a biscuit wafer with caramel layered on top. Nestlé now produces the biscuit following their takeover of Rowntree's in 1988. 90 million bars are produced each year, but they are becoming increasingly hard to find in most parts of the United Kingdom. Among its advertising slogans, it has been referred to as \"the chewy chocolate bar that you really have to get your teeth into.\" In 2007, Nestlé discontinued Drifter before reintroducing it in May 2008, enjoying a similar act of nostalgia as Cadbury's Wispa",
"title": "Drifter (chocolate)"
},
{
"id": "16493200",
"text": "Slimcea Slimcea was a British brand selling reduced calorie foods between 1959 and the mid-1990s. The brand was launched in 1959 by Procea Products which became part of Cavenham Foods in 1965. It was sold to Spillers in 1975 which in turn was taken over by Dalgety plc in 1979. The brand's flagship product was its reduced calorie bread, which was advertised with the tagline \"Show them you're a Slimcea girl\". The \"Slimcea girls\" featured in the advertisements were usually winners of national Slimmer Of The Year competitions. A reduced calorie sweetener was also produced under the brand, along with",
"title": "Slimcea"
},
{
"id": "15797135",
"text": "the Crookes Products division was Nurofen (Ibuprofen or Brufen), which Boots had patented in 1962, developed by Stewart Adams (chemist) and launched on 8 August 1983. By the late 1980s Nurofen had a 12% share of the analgesics market. Gold Greenlees Trott (GGT), who later bought BBDP then were bought by Omnicom Group in 1998 and made part of TBWA Worldwide, were commissioned to make an advert to markedly increase Nurofen's market share. Analgesics are mainly purchased by 25- to 40-year-old women. The 30 second TV advert, launched on 3 May 1989, used the voice instrumental section by Clare Torry",
"title": "Crookes Healthcare"
},
{
"id": "3248881",
"text": "Cady McClain Cady McClain (born Katie Jo McClain on October 13, 1969) is an American actress, singer, and author. McClain's professional acting career began in 1978 at the age of 9, when she was featured in a commercial for Band-Aid bandages. She went on to appear in over thirty commercials for products including McDonald's, Amtrak, Kenner's \"Strawberry Shortcake\" dolls, Burger King, Mattel, Barbie, Maybelline, Shout Detergent, Pillsbury Pop 'n Fresh Rolls, Apple Kool Aid, Prell, Texaco and McCain's Chicken. Among her notable early TV credits was a recurring role on \"St. Elsewhere\", and an appearance on \"Cheers\", when she was",
"title": "Cady McClain"
},
{
"id": "7830314",
"text": "really is a very nice suit.\" In a 1979 episode of British sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\", an American tourist sarcastically asks Basil Fawlty, \"What do you get for living in a climate like this? Green Stamps?\" Green Shield Stamps Green Shield Stamps was a British sales promotion scheme that rewarded shoppers with stamps that could be used to buy gifts from a catalogue or from any affiliated retailer. The scheme was introduced in 1958 by Richard Tompkins, who had noticed the success of the long-established Sperry & Hutchinson Green Stamps in America. For a few years, the scheme was so widely",
"title": "Green Shield Stamps"
},
{
"id": "18846605",
"text": "31 January 2015. Wife pays tribute to Scotts of Stow founder Swabey to extend Scotts of Stow shopping empire Scotts of Stow Scotts of Stow is the flagship brand of the mail order company Scotts & Co. that sells homeware, kitchenware, bedding and garden and outdoors. Scotts of Stow has two shops in its founding location; Stow-on-the-Wold in the Cotswolds Robert Scott, an American businessman, moved to the UK in 1963 as national sales manager for the shaver company Remington Products. After working his way up in a number of large companies in the UK, Robert Scott became semi-retired and",
"title": "Scotts of Stow"
},
{
"id": "13503109",
"text": "Philip Kives Philip Kives (12 February 1929 – 27 April 2016) was a Canadian business executive, entrepreneur and marketing expert from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is best known for founding K-tel, which sold household gadgets including the \"Miracle Brush\", \"Feather Touch Knife\", \"Veg-O-Matics\", as well as many compilation record albums. Kives reputedly coined the catchphrase \"As seen on TV\", which was included in may of the company's advertisements. Kives utilized low-budget television commercials to sell millions of products and build an international business empire. Kives was born, the third of four children, on a small farm, near the town of Oungre,",
"title": "Philip Kives"
},
{
"id": "6738876",
"text": "My First Sony My First Sony was a series of smaller-scale electronics made by Sony in the mid-late 1980s intended for use by children. They were made of brightly colored plastic, usually red, and large colorful buttons with simplified controls. My First Sony products included a Walkman, amplified microphone with tape deck, recording tape deck, Boom box, alarm clock, electronic sketch pad, and headset walkie talkies. New York-based voiceover artist Chuck McKibben was the network TV spokesman, accompanied by children singing a jingle that went \"I like pizza pie, I like macaroni, but what I love is My First Sony!\"",
"title": "My First Sony"
},
{
"id": "4156913",
"text": "Ann Summers Ann Summers is a British multinational retailer company specialising in sex toys and lingerie, with over 140 high street stores in the UK, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. In 2000, Ann Summers acquired the Knickerbox brand, a label with an emphasis on more comfortable and feminine underwear, while the Ann Summers-labelled products tend to be more erotic in style. The chain had an annual turnover of £117.3 million in 2007-2008. The company was named after Annice Summers, the female secretary of the male founder, Michael Caborn-Waterfield. Annice Summers, who was born Annice Goodwin in 1941 but later took",
"title": "Ann Summers"
},
{
"id": "173599",
"text": "entirely out of car parts from a Honda Accord Touring. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled pre-production models of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and Garrison Keillor speaking the tagline, \"Isn't it nice when things just... work?\" It took 606 takes to get it perfect. In 2004, they produced the \"Grrr\" advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 \"Impossible Dream\" advert. In December 2005, Honda released",
"title": "Honda"
},
{
"id": "1960082",
"text": "for at least three seconds at the beginning, after every commercial break, and at the end. The first legal product placement on British television came during an episode of \"This Morning\", for a Nestlé-produced coffee maker. As with all other advertising, the BBC is barred from using placements on its publicly funded services. \"I, Robot\" offers placements for Converse, Ovaltine, Audi, FedEx, Dos Equis and JVC among others, all of them introduced within the film's first ten minutes. One moment includes a straightforward advertisement where Will Smith's character responds to a compliment about his shoes, to which he replies \"Converse",
"title": "Product placement"
},
{
"id": "5316702",
"text": "Inc. and began trading under the new NASDAQ ticker symbol \"MWW\" in 2003. Monster.com advertised on the Super Bowl starting in 1999 and every year through Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. Monster's first-ever Super Bowl ad, \"When I Grow Up\", (created by Mullen) asking job seekers, \"What did you want to be?\" It is the only commercial named to \"Time\" magazine's list of the \"Best of Television 1999.\" As the official online career management services sponsor of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games and 2002 U.S. Olympic Team, Monster had a strong presence at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt",
"title": "Monster.com"
},
{
"id": "4901621",
"text": "Kirby Company The Kirby Company is a manufacturer of vacuum cleaners and home cleaning accessories, based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is a division of The Scott Fetzer Company (also known as Scott & Fetzer) which in turn is part of Berkshire Hathaway. Dealers are located in over 50 countries throughout the world. Kirby's products are only sold via in-home door-to-door demonstrations and the company is a member of the Direct Selling Association. All of the vacuum cleaners are built in either Ohio or Texas. The first Kirby vacuums were designed by James B. Kirby (1885–1971) for George Scott",
"title": "Kirby Company"
},
{
"id": "3221579",
"text": "shown in 1996 (animated by Aardman), which featured Quentin trying to catch a Quaver that had blown out of his bedroom window, ending with the slogan \"They're floaty light!\" Quavers Quavers are a British snack food, originally made by Smiths, and now produced by Walkers. Walkers, owned by PepsiCo, purchased the Quavers brand in 1997, when it became one of the Frito Lay International brand names. Quavers were launched in 1968 with the advertising slogan \"you get a lovely lot of Quavers in a bag\". Packaging described them as \"curly potato puffs\". In 2007, Walkers changed the packaging for all",
"title": "Quavers"
},
{
"id": "9769741",
"text": "I Want One of Those I Want One of Those (also referred to as IWOOT) is an online retailer offering a selection of homeware, gadgets, gizmos, toys and office accessories as well as organised adventures. The company was founded in January 2000 by Tim Booth, Angus Clacher and Mike Morrison, with Dave Booth joining later that year as MD, with an initial investment of £15,000. On 26 October 2004 Kleeneze plc acquired IWOOT for £6.0 million in cash to be paid over a three year period plus performance related deferred consideration of up to £4.65 million, payable over three years.",
"title": "I Want One of Those"
},
{
"id": "17705867",
"text": "Thompson Agency, was one of the pioneers. In 1911, the Woodbury Soap Company became the first to use images of sexual contact to sell a product. Their ad slogan, created by Helen Lansdowne, claimed that women who used the soap would have \"Skin You Love To Touch\". Her copy promised the soap would increase the beauty of one's skin; it offered a color print and a week's supply of the soap for 10 cents. The slogan became so popular that Woodbury used it until the 1940s. Albert Lasker said the ad's use of sex appeal made it one of three",
"title": "History of advertising"
},
{
"id": "1669662",
"text": "Altoids Altoids are a brand of breath mints. The brand was created by the London-based Smith & Company in the 1780s, and later became part of the Callard & Bowser company in the 19th century. Their advertising slogan is \"The Original Celebrated Curiously Strong Mints\", referring to the high concentration of peppermint oil used in the original flavour lozenge. Altoids are less widely available in Britain—their country of origin—than in the US to which they are exported. The mints are stocked in Morrisons. Marks & Spencer produces a near identical product called \"Curiously Strong Mints\". Unlike their marketing in the",
"title": "Altoids"
},
{
"id": "17463467",
"text": "this damsel has set for herself. Umang has acted in nearly 80 television commercials, endorsing brands like Pond’s Facewash, MTS, Sony Handycam, Hair N Care, Max New York Life, SBI, Tata Docomo, Moserbaer, Medimix Soap, Castrol, Maggi, Britannia Good Day, ITC Classmate Notebooks, Red Label, Boroline Suthol, Nihar – Shanti Amla, Dabur, Domino’s, L.G., Britannia NutriChoice Multigrain Thins, Himalaya Facewash, Kumarika Hair Oil, Mederma, Nokia Lumia 800, Britannia Bourbon Cappuccino, Videocon d2h HD, Cadbury, KOPIKO, Hindalco, Parachute Advansed Jasmine Hair Oil, Whisper, Zapak and the list goes on and on. She has also done several print ads (featured pic: Lawrence",
"title": "Umang Jain"
},
{
"id": "17459901",
"text": "end of the shopping channels. The problem is, those channels are funny enough: crass and camp, and full of phrases you can't quite believe you just heard.When this sitcom focuses on the selling, it does match the real thing for laughs. There's the ludicrousness of the products - a chicken de-boner which 'uses centrifuge'; a knife reputed to be 'so powerful it can turn into a fine mist', and 'Robert Mugabe beach towels' - and the sales team's banal, empty phrases (\"they are quite literally amazing\"). Off camera, though, it's a patchier affair, in places somewhat hysterical - as opposed",
"title": "Buy Me Up TV"
},
{
"id": "8253454",
"text": "Sundblom created the original Santa Claus icon for Coca-Cola ads. The Coca-Cola version of Santa Claus was a departure from earlier German depictions of St. Nicholas as a thin, aloof fellow. The firm also engineered such slogans as: \"It's not nice to fool Mother Nature\" (Chiffon Margarine); \"Taste the rainbow\" (Skittles); and \"Melts in your mouth—not in your hands\" (M&Ms). Anheuser-Busch's slogan \"This Bud's for you\", created by Anheuser-Busch's lead accountant in the 1940s (George Chapman) became another one of their significant marketing campaigns(Budweiser). DMB&B was acquired by French firm Publicis and closed in 2002. The D'Arcy Masius Benton &",
"title": "D'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles"
},
{
"id": "1553286",
"text": "excellent quality\"). The product's tagline—\"The More You Eat, the More You Want\"—was also introduced in 1896. In 1899, Henry Gottlieb Eckstein developed the \"waxed sealed package\" for freshness, known then as the \"Eckstein Triple Proof Package\", a dust-, germ-, and moisture-proof paper package. In 1902, the company was reorganized as Rueckheim Bros. & Eckstein. \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", a song written by lyricist Jack Norworth and composer Albert Von Tilzer, gave Cracker Jack free publicity when it was released in 1908 with the line: \"Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack!\" In 1922, the name of the",
"title": "Cracker Jack"
},
{
"id": "3046553",
"text": "alcoholic product to be advertised on British commercial television, the campaign being launched in 1957, with the drink originally marketed as a \"genuine champagne perry\". It was the first alcoholic drink aimed specifically at women and used the catchphrase \"I'd Love a Babycham\". In 1965, the Babycham Company sued the food writer Raymond Postgate, founder of the \"Good Food Guide\", for an article in \"Holiday\" magazine in which he warned readers against Babycham, which \"looks like champagne and is served in champagne glasses [but] is made of pears\". The company sued for libel, claiming the article implied it was dishonestly",
"title": "Babycham"
},
{
"id": "9769742",
"text": "On 12 August 2010 I Want One of Those and the wedding planning website Confetti were sold by Findel plc to The Hut Group for £600,000. I Want One of Those I Want One of Those (also referred to as IWOOT) is an online retailer offering a selection of homeware, gadgets, gizmos, toys and office accessories as well as organised adventures. The company was founded in January 2000 by Tim Booth, Angus Clacher and Mike Morrison, with Dave Booth joining later that year as MD, with an initial investment of £15,000. On 26 October 2004 Kleeneze plc acquired IWOOT for",
"title": "I Want One of Those"
},
{
"id": "10048173",
"text": "of Mayday Hospital. Russell was in charge of product development, and Hobbs was the sales director. Russell's de facto ultimate safety test for any new product was to \"pour half a pint of boiling gravy on it\". The company was always in profit from day one. In the late 1960s it was chiefly manufacturing automatic electric coffee pots, vapour-controlled electric kettles, and tea makers. The company also makes: In 2010, Spectrum Brands Inc. acquired Russell Hobbs, Inc. and in 2011, the Russell Hobbs business in the UK was reorganised to become Spectrum Brands (UK) Ltd. Spectrum Brands in the UK",
"title": "Russell Hobbs"
},
{
"id": "3623907",
"text": "believed the purpose of advertising is to sell. He insisted that an advertisement or commercial should show off the value or unique selling proposition, (or USP) of a product, not the cleverness or humor of a copywriter. His most typical ad is probably that for Anacin, a headache medicine. The ad was considered grating and annoying by almost all viewers but it was remarkably successful, tripling the product's sales. In 7 years the 59-second commercial made more money than the movie \"Gone With The Wind\" had in a quarter-century. His ads were focused around what he coined the unique selling",
"title": "Rosser Reeves"
},
{
"id": "14168112",
"text": "Reebok advertising campaigns Reebok International Limited is a global producer of athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories; and is a subsidiary of Adidas. Reebok has marketed itself using a variety of ad campaigns. This campaign featured a fictional character, Terry Tate (nicknamed the \"Office Linebacker\"), who promoting office etiquette while wearing the products being advertised. The campaign was named the \"Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival Golden Lion Award\" winner, \"Best Actor in a TV Commercial\" and \"Ten Most Liked and Downloaded Ads of 2003\" by Advertising Age and \"Most Likeable Ad of 2003\" by [USA Today]. This campaign featured musicians Jay-Z,",
"title": "Reebok advertising campaigns"
},
{
"id": "3392838",
"text": "breaks for several years, under the banner \"TV Land Retromercials\" (incidentally during its early years, TV Land did not air recent advertisements for products in existence at that point). Among those featured were Alka-Seltzer's \"Mamma mia, that's a spicy meatball!\", Dannon's \"In Soviet Georgia\", and the animated Tootsie Pop ad (in which a young boy asks \"how many licks\" it takes to get to the center of one; incidentally, that commercial was at the time, and still is, being used for regular advertising of the Tootsie Pop). Some of these \"retromercials\" included early roles of celebrities such as Judd Hirsch,",
"title": "TV Land"
},
{
"id": "2141056",
"text": "the world\" was created in 1973 by Tony Bodinetz at KMP for the UK market. It began to appear in company corporate ads around the world from the 1980s onwards until it was replaced in 2011 in most regions by new tagline \"That calls for a Carlsberg\". The voice over for the original ad in 1983 was voiced by actor Orson Welles, his voice has been used repeatedly over the years. Welles was not expensive and he liked the advertisements, so he kept his fees to a minimum. In some countries the tagline has been adapted to \"Probably the best",
"title": "Carlsberg Group"
},
{
"id": "15859773",
"text": "and promised not to show it again. In July 2013, Womborse ranked the advert at #5 in their list \"Banned: 7 of the Most Controversial Ads\", whilst in February 2014, \"The Mirror\" included it in their unordered list of \"The 10 Most Controversial Commercials\". Pipes (advertisement) Pipes is a television advertisement in the United Kingdom for Tango Orange, which first aired in October 2004. The advertisement was in the \"You Know When You've Been Tango'd\" campaign for the drink, which was revived in 2002. The thirty second clip shows a man wrapped in a carpet filled with oranges, balanced on",
"title": "Pipes (advertisement)"
},
{
"id": "3642387",
"text": "in South Africa in 1974 but was revived in 1976 with a new ad slogan \"Gets Your Teeth Their Whitest\" featuring celebrity endorsers Rita Moreno, Steve Lawrence, and others. The popular slogan was also changed in South Africa to \"You'll wonder where the dullness went / when you polish your teeth with Pepsodent\". Pepsodent is still sold as a Unilever property in all markets except the United States and Canada. In Vietnam, Pepsodent is called P/S. In 2013, Pepsodent was ranked 201st among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2013 India study, a research conducted by",
"title": "Pepsodent"
},
{
"id": "12541792",
"text": "sell its SpinBrush battery-operated electric toothbrush business to Church & Dwight, and Gillette's Rembrandt toothpaste line to Johnson & Johnson. The deodorant brands Right Guard, Soft and Dri, and Dry Idea were sold to Dial Corporation. The companies officially merged on October 1, 2005. Liquid Paper and Gillette's stationery division, Paper Mate, were sold to Newell Rubbermaid. In 2008, P&G branched into the record business with its sponsorship of Tag Records, as an endorsement for TAG Body Spray. P&G's dominance in many categories of consumer products makes its brand management decisions worthy of study. For example, P&G's corporate strategists must",
"title": "Procter & Gamble"
},
{
"id": "4271552",
"text": "Castrol Castrol is a British global brand of industrial and automotive lubricants offering a wide range of oils, greases and similar products for most lubrication applications. The Wakefield Oil Company was founded by Charles Cheers Wakefield in 1899. The brand \"Castrol\" originated after researchers added castor oil to their lubricant formulations. In 1966, Castrol was acquired by Scottish company Burmah Oil, which was renamed Burmah-Castrol. Burmah-Castrol was purchased by London-based multinational BP in 2000. Castrol has signed with Gaunt Brothers Racing to run the 96 Toyota with DJ Kennington in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series in the 4 superspeedway",
"title": "Castrol"
},
{
"id": "20499813",
"text": "Vila Rica (cigarette) Vila Rica is a Brazilian brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. The brand was founded in the 1960s and quickly became popular after the Brazilian football player Gérson starred for an ad for the cigarette brand in 1976. Various poster ads were made to promote Vila Rica in the 1970s. In some, Gérson was included, while in others he was absent. A few TV adverts were also made, which include the famous slogan \"\"I like to take advantage of everything, right? You too take advantage!\"\". In 1976, a commercial of",
"title": "Vila Rica (cigarette)"
},
{
"id": "4685869",
"text": "which greatly favored bagged vacuum cleaners. Dyson sued the European Commission, resulting in a judgement requiring testing be done under normal usage conditions. Dyson (company) Dyson Ltd is a British technology company established by James Dyson in 1991. It designs and manufactures household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, hand dryers, bladeless fans, heaters and hair dryers. As of February 2018, Dyson had more than 12,000 employees worldwide. In 1974, James Dyson bought a Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner, which became clogged quickly and lost suction over time. Frustrated, Dyson emptied the bag to try to restore the suction but this had",
"title": "Dyson (company)"
},
{
"id": "19658782",
"text": "the fit and quality of Wacoal products. Wacoal was named the best-selling bra in American department stores in 2005. In 2009, Wacoal launched b.tempt'd, an intimate apparel brand aimed toward younger consumers. In 2012, Wacoal acquired the Eveden Group, a UK-based lingerie manufacturer founded in 1920, bringing the full-figure brands Freya, Elomi, Fantasie, and Goddess under its corporate umbrella. Wacoal products are manufactured almost entirely by hand using Japanese sewing technology as well as continued innovation. Much of the production occurs at Wacoal Vietnam, a manufacturing location established in 1997. Wacoal launched a bra in 1999 known as the Awareness",
"title": "Wacoal"
},
{
"id": "9820276",
"text": "Robert G. Whitehead Robert George Whitehead (October 31, 1916 – February 22, 2007) was a Texas businessman who created Quaker House Products, Inc., which produced and marketed the first-aid treatment known as \"Blue Star Ointment\"; some 50 million jars are sold annually in the United States. Whitehead was a marketing maverick who used an innovative memorable 10-second television commercial to sell Blue Star Ointment. These shorter ads cost less than a traditional 30-second commercial to both produce and air. Whitehead packed all the information into a shorter time frame to attract customers through the old marketing format of an auctioneer.",
"title": "Robert G. Whitehead"
},
{
"id": "6899476",
"text": "Live\" performance, and \"The Simpsons\" cartoon series, where the fictional B-movie actor Troy McClure promotes widgets on a show called \"I Can’t Believe They Invented It!\". K-tel K-tel International is a company which specialized in selling consumer products through infomercials and live demonstration. Its products include compilation music albums, including \"The Super Hits\" series, \"The Dynamic Hits\" series and \"The Number One Hits\" series and consumer products, including \"The Record Selector, Veg-O-Matic, Miracle Brush,\" and \"The Feather Touch Knife\". The company has sold more than half a billion units worldwide. K-tel is based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and has been",
"title": "K-tel"
},
{
"id": "12911489",
"text": "bus driver who, on the verge of a nervous breakdown, destroys his house to build an ark in his living room. This film was awarded 'Best Short Film' in the \"Semaine de la Critique\" at the Cannes Film Festival in 1992. In 1996 Heslop was commissioned by Queen to direct a film for the track \"I Was Born to Love You\" on the 'Queen Made In Heaven' compilation which was co-produced by the British Film Institute and Janine Marmot at Hot Property Films. In 1997 Heslop directed commercials for Oil Factory Films which included the rebranding campaign of Fox's Biscuit's",
"title": "Richard Heslop"
},
{
"id": "15182642",
"text": "1950s had produced millions of lenticular products, and lenticulars had become a pop culture craze. Anderson created the first animated advertising button with the \"I LIKE IKE\" slogan for Eisenhower's campaign in 1951. In the 1950s, Vari-Vue produced lenticular prizes under the \"Magic-Motion\" brand that were inserted into packages of numerous consumer products, including Cracker Jack popcorn confection in the US, and Locatelli’s popular Formaggino Mio cheese in Italy. Anderson related in a 1996 interview that he had made animated prizes for Cheerios, about 40 million of them, that were stuck to the side of the box, but so many",
"title": "Prize (marketing)"
},
{
"id": "17976948",
"text": "Rembrandt toothpaste Rembrandt toothpaste is an American brand of toothpaste. In 1990, the Rembrandt toothpaste brand was developed and owned by closely held Den-Mat Corp, which had been founded in 1974 by dentist Dr. Robert Ibsen. In 2003, it had about $73 million in sales. In 2004, Gillette purchased the Rembrandt brand. As part of Procter & Gamble's acquisition of Gillette in 2005, the company was required by the Federal Trade Commission to divest itself of Rembrandt. Consequently, it sold Rembrandt to Johnson & Johnson's McNeil-PPC division. That year, Rembrandt had sales that likely exceeded $100 million. Rembrandt Intense Stain",
"title": "Rembrandt toothpaste"
},
{
"id": "11590633",
"text": "presumably Black, shivering at the start of the race and sneezing, pushing itself back. The tagline at the end reads \"Guinness but Extra Cold\". \"Snail\" was created by two London-based agencies, Exposure Films and Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO. Bet on Black Bet on Black, occasionally referred to as \"Snail Race\", is an advertising campaign run in 2000 by Diageo to promote Guinness-brand stout in the United Kingdom. The piece, directed by Frank Budgen, follows a snail race taking place in a town of Latin American appearance. It is the third piece of the Good things come to those who wait",
"title": "Bet on Black"
},
{
"id": "11474512",
"text": "Mendelsohn Affluent Survey The Mendelsohn Affluent Survey was founded in 1977 as a research study of high-income individuals in the United States, collecting quantitative data on their lives, lifestyles, media habits and purchase patterns. The study was founded and conducted by Monroe Mendelsohn Research (often called MMR) until that company’s purchase by Ipsos in 2008, a global market research firm, which re-branded the study as the Ipsos Affluent Survey USA. As of 2016, the Ipsos Affluent Survey USA was being used by more than 250 organizations to support business decisions such as advertising sales, media planning, consumer insights, market sizing,",
"title": "Mendelsohn Affluent Survey"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Remington Products context: 210, Ceramic Slim 230, Pro ceram Extra, Protect Sleek and Smooth Remington Products' product line include Lady Remingtons, electric shavers for women. The president of Remington shavers in 1978: \"When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company\". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: \"Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!\" Remington Products Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary\n\nWhat product is advertised with the slogan \"When my wife bought me a what, I was so impressed I bought the company\"?",
"compressed_tokens": 216,
"origin_tokens": 215,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $-0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Remington Products context: 210, Ceramic Slim 230, Pro ceram Extra, Protect Sleek and Smooth Remington Products' product line include Lady Remingtons, electric shavers for women. The president of Remington shavers in 1978: \"When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company\". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: \"Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!\" Remington Products Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary\n\ntitle: Victor K context: educated his maternal grandfather at Phillips Academy Massachusetts, where he was a classmate of future U.S. President Herbert Walker Bush. After serving in the U.S. Navy and att Y Sorbonne, and Harvard Business School, Kiam worked for Lever Brothers and Playtex as a salesman bought therus Watch Company in 18 selling his majority stake in 1977. made fortune as the President and CEO of Remington Products, which he famously in 1979 after his wife bought him his first electric shaver. purchase of Remington considered an early example of\n:ington Rand context Remington Products His \", became one of memorable advertising slog early180. Rem sold 2 to manufacturer Rayov. Rayovac Spect Br. They sold systems, the18 ac Pow Accounting Machine Company and ending the 1s the Rem Rand depicted the Kno Co and Knox Building Richard Y 191Revolutionary 921oredaw\n: Kagedington, which had lost in the previous in asaver His catch the company\", made him a household name. He recorded each commercial in the native language of the country in which it was broadcast. In the United Kingdom he became a celebrity, appearing on such television shows as \"Wogan\", \"The Tube\", and \"Through the Keyhole\". He also owned other companies, including PIC Industrial Design and TravelSmart. In 1988, Kiam\n\nWhat product is advertised with the slogan \"When my wife bought me a what, I was so impressed I bought the company\"?",
"compressed_tokens": 503,
"origin_tokens": 15090,
"ratio": "30.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,728 | December 14, 2003, saw the capture of The Ace of Spades, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, near what town, his home town? | [
"Tikrit, Iraq",
"Takrit",
"Tikrit Palace",
"تكريت",
"Tikreet",
"Tekrit",
"Tikrīt",
"The Birthday Palace",
"Birthday Palace",
"Tikrit",
"Tagrit"
] | Tikrit | [
{
"id": "2411346",
"text": "an undisclosed location and interrogated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - was still refusing to co-operate with his captors, but the former president's capture the previous month was yielding results \"far greater than we expected,\" the official told reporters on condition of anonymity. The US-led coalition had used documents found with the ex-leader to mount operations against Saddam loyalists, the official said. Operation Red Dawn Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was",
"title": "Operation Red Dawn"
},
{
"id": "1666401",
"text": "govern Iraq until a permanent constitution could be written and approved by the general electorate. In the late afternoon of 14 December 2003, the CPA held a press conference at the Iraqi Forum convention center within Baghdad's Green Zone to announce that former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein had been taken into custody the previous night from a foxhole in a town near Saddam's home town of Tikrit, Iraq. Present at the announcement was Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez of the U.S. Army, Administrator Bremer, members of the British and American intelligence agencies, several members of the Iraqi Governing Council, and",
"title": "Coalition Provisional Authority"
},
{
"id": "2411329",
"text": "Operation Red Dawn Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was named after the 1984 film \"Red Dawn\". The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Raymond Odierno and led by Col. James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121—an elite and covert joint special operations team. They searched two sites, \"Wolverine 1\" and \"Wolverine 2,\" outside the",
"title": "Operation Red Dawn"
},
{
"id": "2406755",
"text": "held a \"clay pot large enough to hold a crouching man.\" If the pot broke, the soldier was exposed to attack from snakes or spiders, hence the name \"spider hole\". On December 13, 2003, during the Iraq War, American forces in Operation Red Dawn captured Iraqi president Saddam Hussein hiding in what was characterized as a \"spider hole\" in a farmhouse near his hometown of Tikrit. Spider hole A spider hole is military parlance for a type of camouflaged one-man foxhole, used for observation. A spider hole is typically a shoulder-deep, protective, round hole, often covered by a camouflaged lid,",
"title": "Spider hole"
},
{
"id": "403300",
"text": "found hiding in a hole in the ground near a farmhouse in ad-Dawr, near Tikrit. Following his capture, Saddam was transported to a U.S. base near Tikrit, and later taken to the American base near Baghdad. Documents obtained and released by the National Security Archive detail FBI interviews and conversations with Hussein while he was in U.S. custody. On 14 December, U.S. administrator in Iraq Paul Bremer confirmed that Saddam Hussein had indeed been captured at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr near Tikrit. Bremer presented video footage of Saddam in custody. Saddam was shown with a full beard and hair longer",
"title": "Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "1625515",
"text": "his final period in hiding, he lived in a small hole just outside the town of ad-Dawr, fifteen kilometres south of Tikrit on the eastern bank of the Tigris, a few kilometers southeast of his hometown of Al-Awja. The missions which resulted in the capture of Saddam Hussein were assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Teams of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Colonel James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division. The U.S. Army finally captured Saddam Hussein on December 13, 2003 during Operation Red Dawn. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, AFN Iraq (\"Freedom Radio\") broadcast news and entertainment",
"title": "Tikrit"
},
{
"id": "3655952",
"text": "routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam’s birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma were wrapped in barbed wire and carefully monitored. Following Operation Iron Hammer, the number of insurgent attacks dropped to an average of 18 a day. In the wave of intelligence information fueling the raids on Ba’ath Party members connected to insurgency, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on a farm near Tikrit on December 12, 2003. This apparent renewed success led many to a renewed sense of optimism that the U.S. was prevailing in the",
"title": "Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)"
},
{
"id": "7750085",
"text": "the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government. On 22 July, a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Saddam's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel. Most significantly, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn. The operation was conducted by the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"id": "1934328",
"text": "workers, politicians, and military leaders came from the area. Saddam himself was born just outside Tikrit. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the area became a focus of armed Sunni opposition to Coalition rule. It was widely predicted in the Western press that Saddam would seek shelter from Sunni supporters and on December 13, 2003, he was captured in a raid on the village of ad-Dawr about 15 km south of Tikrit. The term \"Sunni triangle\" was used intermittently from the 1970s among academic Iraq specialists, usually to differentiate it from the northern and southern parts of the country. An",
"title": "Sunni Triangle"
},
{
"id": "6144623",
"text": "yet the fighting lasted much longer. Baghdad was captured on April 9. Saddam Hussein was deposed, but remained in hiding until December 14, 2003, when he was captured by the US, tried by a US appointed court and killed as a result of a death sentence. Iraq is currently rebuilding its military with the aid of countries from the Coalition of the Willing (\"see\" Military of Iraq). The effort to create a new national military is being complicated by focused insurgent attacks on recruitment centers and claims of insurgents' infiltration of the new forces. Saddam Hussein was executed on December",
"title": "Military history of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "13540299",
"text": "interviews\" followed by five \"casual conversations.\" Questioning covered the span of Saddam's political career, from 2003 when he was found hiding in a \"spider hole\" on a farm near his home town of Tikrit, back to his role in a failed 1959 coup attempt in Iraq, after which he had taken refuge in the very same place, one report noted. Detailed questioning covered the Iran–Iraq War and his use of chemical weapons against Iranians. Saddam denied repeated assertions by his interrogator of a current weapons of mass destruction capability in Iraq, yet had resisted U.N. weapons inspections because he \"was",
"title": "Interrogation of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "1831877",
"text": "was also thought that Saddam Hussein might be hiding in Baiji, prompting raids to find him, before he was eventually captured in December 2003 in the nearby village of ad-Dawr. In May 2007, a Joint Security Station (JSS) was established in Baiji named \"JSS Arvanitis-Sigua\" after two US Paratroopers who lost their lives in combat in Bayji. In April 2009, the Joint Coordination Center (JCC) opened within the JSS. The function of the JCC is to enable the coordination of Iraqi municipal agencies thereby building the Government's capacity to provide essential services to the approximately 250,000 residents of the greater",
"title": "Baiji, Iraq"
},
{
"id": "1625514",
"text": "a number of insurgent attacks against the occupation forces. It is commonly regarded as being the northern angle of the \"Sunni Triangle\" within which the insurgency was at its most intense. In June 2003, Abid Hamid Mahmud, Saddam Hussein's Presidential Secretary and the Ace of Diamonds on the most wanted 'Deck of Cards,' was captured in a joint raid by special operations forces and the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment of 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division. After the fall of Baghdad, Saddam Hussein was in and around Tikrit. He was hidden by relatives and supporters for about six months. During",
"title": "Tikrit"
},
{
"id": "1704993",
"text": "the country's prime minister in September and remained in this position for two years, until he was replaced by Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai in September 1993. He was a member of the Revolutionary Command Council and the commander of the Central Euphrates military district, but had not been in power for two years. He was the Queen of Spades in the deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards issued by the US government during the war in Iraq. After the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, he was captured on April 20, 2003 near the small city of Mahaweel. He remained in",
"title": "Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi"
},
{
"id": "2411330",
"text": "town of ad-Dawr, but did not find Hussein. A continued search between the two sites found Hussein hiding in a \"spider hole\" at 20:30 hrs local Iraqi time. Hussein did not resist capture. Hussein disappeared from public view soon after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The American military labelled him \"High Value Target Number One\" (HVT1) and began one of the largest manhunts in history. Between July and December 2003, JSOC's Task Force 121 carried out twelve unsuccessful raids to find Saddam Hussein, together with 600 other operations against targets, including 300 interrogations. On December 1, 2003, a former driver",
"title": "Operation Red Dawn"
},
{
"id": "2418686",
"text": "anti-tank mine. An attack near ad-Dawr killed three American soldiers and injured three on September 18, 2003. The 4th Infantry Division's 4th Battalion 42nd Field Artillery, along with 3rd Platoon 534th Signal Company adopted the Nasiba Primary School for Girls in the town and completed its refurbishment in November 2003. On December 13, 2003, the 4th Infantry Division's 1st Brigade Combat Team conducted Operation Red Dawn and found Saddam Hussein hiding in a spider hole in front of a hut occupied by a man believed to be his former cook, Qais Namuk. Ad-Dawr Ad-Dawr (; pronounced similar to \"door\") also",
"title": "Ad-Dawr"
},
{
"id": "2791227",
"text": "anti-peace sign. More recently, in 2003 a deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards was issued to US Soldiers during Operation Iraqi Freedom, each card had the picture of a wanted Iraqi official on it. Saddam Hussein got the nickname \"Ace of Spades\" as that card bore his image. Various idioms involving the ace of spades include \"black as the ace of spades\" (which can refer either to color or to race), or alternatively a lack of cleanliness in a person and the French expression \"fagoté comme l'as de pique\"—that is, \"(badly) dressed like the ace of spades.\" Ace of spades",
"title": "Ace of spades"
},
{
"id": "3731678",
"text": "to the former Maureen Kelly (James Madison University '83) of Arlington, Virginia since 1983. James Hickey (soldier) James Hickey is a retired U.S. Army Colonel. On December 13, 2003, he led Operation Red Dawn, the U.S. military effort that captured Saddam Hussein near Tikrit, Iraq. Hickey attended St. Laurence High School in Burbank, Illinois, and is a 1982 graduate of the Virginia Military Institute. On December 13, 2003, Colonel Hickey led the raid entitled \"Operation Red Dawn\" that captured Saddam Hussein in Tikrit, Iraq. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute, Colonel Hickey was commissioned into the U.S. Army in",
"title": "James Hickey (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "3731672",
"text": "James Hickey (soldier) James Hickey is a retired U.S. Army Colonel. On December 13, 2003, he led Operation Red Dawn, the U.S. military effort that captured Saddam Hussein near Tikrit, Iraq. Hickey attended St. Laurence High School in Burbank, Illinois, and is a 1982 graduate of the Virginia Military Institute. On December 13, 2003, Colonel Hickey led the raid entitled \"Operation Red Dawn\" that captured Saddam Hussein in Tikrit, Iraq. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute, Colonel Hickey was commissioned into the U.S. Army in 1982. His first assignment was with the 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry in Schweinfurt, Germany,",
"title": "James Hickey (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "2447423",
"text": "Al-Awja Al-Awja (; also known as Owja, Al-Auja or Al-Ouja) is a village 8 miles (13 km) south of Tikrit, in Iraq on the western bank of the Tigris. It was the birthplace of the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in 1937 and home of many of the leaders of Iraqi provinces during his Presidency over Iraq. When Saddam was found by the 4th Infantry Division, he was hiding only a few miles from his hometown in the town of Ad-Dawr. Saddam Hussein was buried in this village before dawn on December 31, 2006, less than 24 hours after his",
"title": "Al-Awja"
},
{
"id": "2658416",
"text": "and Italy, Iraq was invaded on March 20, 2003. After six weeks of combat between the coalition and the Iraqi army, the invading forces had secured control of many key regions; Hussein had fled his palace, his regime clearly over; on May 1, President Bush declared, under a sign reading \"mission accomplished\", that major ground operations were at an end. Saddam Hussein's sons Qusay and Uday were killed by U.S. forces; Saddam himself was captured in December 2003 and taken into custody. Nevertheless, fighting with the Iraqi insurgency continued and escalated through the 2004 U.S. national elections and beyond. With",
"title": "History of the United States (1991–2008)"
},
{
"id": "2411331",
"text": "divulged the name Muhammed Ibrahim Omar al-Musslit, Saddam's right-hand man, known to TF 121 as \"the source\" or \"the fatman.\" Over the next two weeks, nearly 40 members of his family were interrogated to ascertain his location. On 12 December 2003, a raid on a house in Baghdad that was being used as an insurgent headquarters captured al-Musslit. Early the next morning he revealed where Saddam may be found. This intelligence and other intelligence from detained former members of the Ba'ath Party, supported by signals intelligence from the ISA, finally pinpointed Hussein at a remote farm compound south of Tikrit.",
"title": "Operation Red Dawn"
},
{
"id": "10161482",
"text": "warfighting/reconnaissance role. 4 Squadron is responsible for collecting intelligence and also supports the Australian Secret Intelligence Service. During the Iraq War United States' Task Force 121 was involved in Operation Red Dawn which led to the capture of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein on December 13, 2003. Earlier that year on July 22, 2003 Task Force 20, led by Delta Force operators and supported by the 101st Airborne Division, were involved in a three-hour firefight in Mosul, Iraq where both of Saddam's sons, Qusay and Uday were killed. On May 2, 2011, Osama Bin Laden was killed in a CIA-led operation",
"title": "Special mission unit"
},
{
"id": "19615386",
"text": "Sunnis broke into the Al-Askari Mosque, and a riot broke out at Padush prison in Mosul. At the time of Saddam's capture in December 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush expressed his opinion that Saddam deserved \"the ultimate justice\", alluding to the death penalty. This put the United States at odds with signatory countries to the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 2) and other international treaties that prohibit the death penalty and the extradition of suspects to countries where capital punishment may be carried out. Following the execution of Saddam Hussein, leaders from a handful of countries issued statements.",
"title": "Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "13540313",
"text": "weakness, but his government repeatedly—and accurately—denied having WMD. The chronology of the reported meetings between Piro and Saddam in 2004: Interrogation of Saddam Hussein The Interrogation of Saddam Hussein began shortly after his December 2003 capture, while the deposed President of Iraq was held at the United States Camp Cropper detention facility at Baghdad International Airport. Beginning in February 2004, the interrogation program, codenamed Operation Desert Spider, was controlled by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents. Standard FBI FD-302 forms filed at the time were declassified and released in 2009 under a U.S. Freedom of Information Act request filed by",
"title": "Interrogation of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "192517",
"text": "wars and a decade of sanctions, it was plagued by violence between a growing Iraqi insurgency and occupation forces. Saddam Hussein, who vanished in April, was captured on December 13, 2003. Jay Garner was appointed Interim Civil Administrator with three deputies, including Tim Cross. Garner was replaced in May 2003 by Paul Bremer, who was himself replaced by John Negroponte on April 19, 2004. Negroponte was the last US interim administrator and left Iraq in 2005. A parliamentary election was held in January 2005, followed by the drafting and ratification of a constitution and a further parliamentary election in December",
"title": "History of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "1660151",
"text": "leaders of the regime would be found in the complex, located near Saddam Hussein's home town of Tikrit. American commanders on the ground said that they would remain in the city center rather than return to the outskirts as they had done previously. Within hours of a palace seizure and with television coverage of this spreading through Iraq, U.S. forces ordered Iraqi forces within Baghdad to surrender, or the city would face a full-scale assault. Iraqi government officials had either disappeared or had conceded defeat. On April 8, 2003, some 500 Iraqis mounted a fierce counterattack across the Jumhuriya Bridge,",
"title": "Battle of Baghdad (2003)"
},
{
"id": "3479990",
"text": "overseeing the Iraqi Special Security Organization. He was designated \"ace of diamonds\" in the US administrations most-wanted Iraqi playing cards and fourth on the most-wanted list after Saddam and his sons Uday and Qusay. He was captured in a joint raid by members of B squadron Delta Force and G Squadron SAS and the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment of 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, in Tikrit on June 16, 2003. At the time it was recognized as the \"greatest success\" since the end of major hostilities, and a sign that Saddam Hussein might soon be found. On April 29,",
"title": "Abid Hamid Mahmud"
},
{
"id": "8011865",
"text": "After much criticism against the war over the years that followed, every figure that previously supported the claims of WMDs in Iraq (with the exception of Dick Cheney) acknowledged that they had been wrong. A related debate concerned whether the figures that had built the case for the war had been inadvertently misled by intelligence or that they intentionally deceived the public. On 13 December 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces during Operation Red Dawn. \"Time Online Edition\" reports that in his first interrogation he was asked whether Iraq had any WMD. According to an official, his reply",
"title": "WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "13540298",
"text": "Interrogation of Saddam Hussein The Interrogation of Saddam Hussein began shortly after his December 2003 capture, while the deposed President of Iraq was held at the United States Camp Cropper detention facility at Baghdad International Airport. Beginning in February 2004, the interrogation program, codenamed Operation Desert Spider, was controlled by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents. Standard FBI FD-302 forms filed at the time were declassified and released in 2009 under a U.S. Freedom of Information Act request filed by the National Security Archive. Saddam, identified as \"High Value Detainee #1\" in the documents, was the subject of 20 \"formal",
"title": "Interrogation of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "1616224",
"text": "Iraq, by ABC News detailed several allegations against Uday: Other allegations include: On 22 July 2003, Task Force 20, aided by troops of the United States Army 101st Airborne Division, surrounded Uday, Qusay and Qusay's 14-year-old son Mustapha during a raid on a home in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul. Uday had been the Ace of Hearts on the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards (Qusay was the Ace of Clubs). Acting on a tip from an unidentified Iraqi, the blocking element from the 101st Airborne Division provided security while the Task Force 20 operators attempted to apprehend the inhabitants of",
"title": "Uday Hussein"
},
{
"id": "10944811",
"text": "leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006. In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The U.S. conducted attacks on insurgent strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah. In January 2007, President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon counter-insurgency theories and tactics developed by General David Petraeus. The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was part of this \"new way forward\" and, along with U.S. backing of",
"title": "War on Terror"
},
{
"id": "403299",
"text": "in question during the weeks following the fall of Baghdad and the conclusion of the major fighting of the war. Various sightings of Saddam were reported in the weeks following the war, but none was authenticated. At various times Saddam released audio tapes promoting popular resistance to his ousting. Saddam was placed at the top of the \"U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis\". In July 2003, his sons Uday and Qusay and 14-year-old grandson Mustapha were killed in a three-hour gunfight with U.S. forces. On 13 December 2003, in Operation Red Dawn, Saddam Hussein was captured by American forces after being",
"title": "Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "10718504",
"text": "Abu Hishma Abu Hishma () is a small Iraqi town, with a population of approximately 7,000. During the Invasion of Iraq, the orchards outside the village were the site of a number of mortar launches, and on November 17, 2003 Staff Sgt. Dale Panchot was killed when his Bradley vehicle was hit by an RPG. Immediately following the attack, the 4th Infantry Division encased the entire village in Concertina wire, and began hunting for those responsible. The following day, a 500 lb bomb was dropped on the house that had sheltered the attackers, and eight sheikhs, the police chief, city",
"title": "Abu Hishma"
},
{
"id": "1649665",
"text": "the area known as the Sunni Triangle. Some units of the Fedayeen also continued to operate independently of other insurgent organizations in the Sunni areas of Iraq. On November 30, 2003, a U.S. convoy traveling through the town of Samarra in the Sunni Triangle was ambushed by over 100 Iraqi guerrillas, reportedly wearing trademark Fedayeen Saddam uniforms. Exactly how much influence they had in the resistance, especially following Saddam Hussein's capture on December 13, 2003, was a source of controversy. The Fedayeen has been cited as carrying out some of the most brutal acts of the pro-Saddam militias. They have",
"title": "Fedayeen Saddam"
},
{
"id": "378693",
"text": "aired in the midst of the controversy and less than 12 hours before she died. A scene in the season seven (2003) finale \"It's Christmas in Canada\" references the discovery of dictator Saddam Hussein in a \"spider hole\" and his subsequent capture, which happened a mere three days prior to the episode airing. The season 12 (2008) episode \"About Last Night...\" revolves around Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, and aired less than 24 hours after Obama was declared the winner, using segments of dialogue from Obama's real victory speech. On October 16, 2013, the show failed to",
"title": "South Park"
},
{
"id": "5999324",
"text": "Qusay. The only evidence that was presented was a cargo flight from the Iraqi capital of Baghdad to the Belarusian capital of Minsk, documentation of which was found after the capture of the Baghdad airport in April 2003. While some sources said that Lukashenko was close to Saddam and Saddam had thought about leaving Iraq to go to Belarus, Saddam was found in Iraq in December 2003 and his sons were killed in Iraq a few months earlier. Belarus-U.S. relations were further strained after Congress unanimously passed the Belarus Democracy Act of 2004, which the Belarusian government believes interferes with",
"title": "Belarus–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "4660945",
"text": "squadron, Delta Force, captured Lieutenant-General Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti, who had been Saddam Husseins' personal secretary and had been ranked the fourth most important HVT. He was captured in a joint helicopter and ground assault on a safehouse in Tikrit without resistance or casualties, in what was considered a highly successful operation. On 18 June 2003, near the Syrian border, AC-130 Spectre gunships guided in by TF 20 operators destroyed a convoy of Ba'ath Party members escaping to Syria, intelligence indicated that the convoy may included Saddam Hussein and/or his sons, other reports claim the convoy was composed of oil",
"title": "Task Force 20"
},
{
"id": "7750043",
"text": "of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launching a \"shock and awe\" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"id": "6269267",
"text": "long term.\" Saddam was captured by U.S. forces on 13 December 2003. He remained in custody by United States forces at Camp Cropper in Baghdad, along with eleven senior Ba'athist officials. Particular attention was paid during the trial to activities in violent campaigns against the Kurds in the north during the Iran–Iraq War, against the Shiites in the south in 1991 and 1999 to put down revolts, and in Dujail after a failed assassination attempt on 8 July 1982, during the Iran–Iraq War. Saddam asserted in his defense that he had been unlawfully overthrown, and was still the president of",
"title": "Trial of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "403218",
"text": "be 250,000. Saddam's invasions of Iran and Kuwait also resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. He acquired the title \"Butcher of Baghdad\". In 2003, a coalition led by the United States invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which United States President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair falsely accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by",
"title": "Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "6058629",
"text": "and was instrumental in the hunt and eventual capture of Saddam Hussein during Operation Red Dawn, on 13 December 2003. It was decorated with a Valorous Unit Award for its service during this period. The battalion redeployed from Iraq to Fort Hood, Texas in April, 2004. Steven Russell wrote a book about the time in Iraq entitled \"We Got Him!: A Memoir of the Hunt and Capture of Saddam Hussein\". In December 2005, under the command of LTC Craig Osborne, the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry once again deployed with the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division to Iraq to",
"title": "22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2418685",
"text": "U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division, along with the 534th Signal Company, established a Forward Operating Base just south of the town, called FOB Arrow. On May 15, 2003, troops from the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division raided the town, arresting more than 260 suspected Baath Party supporters. The vast majority were soon released but five Iraqi special security forces officers were reported captured, including two Iraqi army generals and a general from Saddam's security forces who had disguised himself as a shepherd. On August 13, 2003, a U.S. Army soldier was killed near FOB Arrow when his vehicle hit an",
"title": "Ad-Dawr"
},
{
"id": "3731675",
"text": "year of combat operations in Saladin Province. The brigade and special operations troops were credited with the capture of Saddam Hussein on 13 December 2003. For this and recognized combat effectiveness the \"Raider Brigade\" was recognized by the Secretary of the Army with the Valorous Unit Award. After brigade command Colonel Hickey performed Joint Staff duties at the Institute of Defense Analysis in Alexandria, Virginia. During this assignment he performed sensitive intelligence analysis which led to his reassignment to the Iraq Theatre of Operations under the command of Lieutenant General Raymond T. Odierno in 2006. Colonel Hickey helped plan and",
"title": "James Hickey (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "1728729",
"text": "starting with the aces and kings, were used for the people at the top of the most-wanted list. The ace of spades is Saddam Hussein, the aces of clubs and hearts are his sons Qusay and Uday respectively, and the ace of diamonds is Saddam's presidential secretary Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti. This strict correspondence to the order of the most-wanted list was not carried through the entire deck, but some time later in 2003, the list itself was renumbered to conform (almost) to the deck of cards. The card backs feature a green military camouflage pattern. According to US Navy",
"title": "Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards"
},
{
"id": "3570249",
"text": "captured scores of weapons and explosives, and engaged in direct combat with insurgents and terrorists in their area. The battalion also participated in Operation Red Dawn in December 2003, and had unit members on the objective during the capture of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The battalion helped to rebuild schools and adopted the Nasiba Primary School for Girls, completing its refurbishment in November 2003. Much focus was given to providing security to the local population, insuring safe and secure access to public services such as power and water, food distribution and fuel/petroleum sales. The battalion was deployed again in",
"title": "4th Battalion 42nd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "4048626",
"text": "Operation Planet X During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Planet X was a US Army mechanized raid conducted on a village near Ad Dawr and Al Dur, north of Tikrit on the night of 15 May 2003 by elements of the 1st Brigade Combat Team, U.S. 4th Infantry Division and Task Force Ironhorse in search of Ba'ath party members and militants. The name of the operation may have been inspired by the cartoon Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century. As a result of this effort a key member of the former regime, Gen. Mahdi Al-Duri Al-Tikrit Adil Abdallah was captured along",
"title": "Operation Planet X"
},
{
"id": "14095484",
"text": "al-Razzaq stepping down in order to devote more time to his work as head of the Ba'th Party in Kirkuk and Niniveh. Rasul Abd-al-Husayn al-Swadi succeeded Dhiyab as Minister of Irrigation. As a result of the Iraq War, Dhiyab was removed from power with the rest of Hussein's regime. After the invasion, he was listed as the seven of spades on the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. American forces announced that they had captured Dhiyab on July 9, 2003, but this proved to be an error. The real Dhiyab surrendered himself on August 9, 2003. During Dhiyab's time in captivity, he",
"title": "Mahmud Dhiyab"
},
{
"id": "7350877",
"text": "Ryan G. Manelick Ryan G. Manelick (December 14, 1972 – December 14, 2003) was an American defense contractor. He was employed by Ultra Services of Istanbul, Turkey when he was killed in Baghdad, Iraq on December 14, 2003, his birthday, just after leaving Camp Anaconda. He was survived by three children. On October 9, 2003 his colleague, Kirk von Ackermann disappeared. Von Ackermann's car was found empty on a road between Kirkuk and Tikrit, with his equipment and $40,000 still inside. The case was investigated by Major Procurement Fraud Unit (MPFU) at U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (HQCID). Ackermann was",
"title": "Ryan G. Manelick"
},
{
"id": "9213290",
"text": "World War II, in efforts to raise troop morale. There are five Combat Weather Teams (CWTs) that support the following Army units at Fort Hood: On December 13, 2003, 4ID combat weather forecasters produced planning and mission execution forecasts for Operation Red Dawn, which led to successful capture of Saddam Hussein. 3rd Weather Squadron The 3rd Weather Squadron (3 WS) is a unit of the United States Air Force. It was formed at Barksdale Field (now Barksdale Air Force Base), Louisiana, on 24 June 1937, as part of the Signal Corps. The 3rd was one of three original squadrons that",
"title": "3rd Weather Squadron"
},
{
"id": "3562068",
"text": "\"won a plum $80 million contract to guard Iraqi oil installations, employing members of Chalabi's private militia for the purpose\". With the capture of Saddam Hussein on December 13, 2003, an Iraqi Special Tribunal was announced, with Salem placed in charge by an order signed by L. Paul Bremer III, the head of the occupation authority. As such, Salem was responsible for the setting up and the administration of the tribunal, including the nomination of judges and prosecutors; he also arranged for the judges to visit the Slobodan Milošević' tribunal at the Hague. However, on August 8, 2004, while Salem",
"title": "Salem Chalabi"
},
{
"id": "2428696",
"text": "and their fellow Iraqis. Additional phases of the operation include recruiting and training Iraqi Civil Defense Corps soldiers and local police, and empowering Iraqi governmental leadership in their efforts to successfully transition to a free and democratic society. Ivy Blizzard was launched just days after Operation Red Dawn, which resulted in the capture of Saddam Hussein, which has led some to believe that information that led to Operation Ivy Blizzard may have been obtained from Saddam. Operation Ivy Blizzard Operation Ivy Blizzard, occurred on 17 December 2003, during the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a counterinsurgent sweep of the Iraqi",
"title": "Operation Ivy Blizzard"
},
{
"id": "2641297",
"text": "sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword. During the brief Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941, the Iraqi army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10,000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of oil wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance. Under Saddam Hussein, who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for",
"title": "Fallujah"
},
{
"id": "2427827",
"text": "soldiers detained 40 personnel, including three on a by-name \"black\" list of suspects who were caught in the outer cordon while trying to escape the area. Although intelligence reports narrowed in on the particular apartment complex as a haven for anti-coalition forces, no shots were fired during this operation. Preceded by Operation Bayonet Lightning, followed by Operation Clear Area. Operation Bulldog Mammoth Operation Bulldog Mammoth was a brigade-sized cordon and search of an Abu Ghurayb apartment complex, northwest of Baghdad on 4 December 2003 during the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. The operation lasted about five-and-a-half hours and involved approximately",
"title": "Operation Bulldog Mammoth"
},
{
"id": "7750075",
"text": "Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli. In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel and 33 UK military personnel. On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS \"Abraham Lincoln\" operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. At sunset, he held his nationally televised \"Mission Accomplished\" speech\",",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"id": "150997",
"text": "email to the incumbent president. In a September 14, 2003 interview with BBC, Bush stated his support for a continuation of his son's war against terrorism and that the U.S. was in a better state in terms of protecting itself from terrorism than two years prior. While visiting Houston VA Medical Center on December 17, Bush told reporters of his satisfaction with the capture of Saddam Hussein. President and Mrs. Bush attended the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004, and of Gerald Ford in January 2007. One month later, he was awarded the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award in",
"title": "George H. W. Bush"
},
{
"id": "7350878",
"text": "never found. Manelick graduated from Conestoga Valley High School in 1991. Ryan G. Manelick Ryan G. Manelick (December 14, 1972 – December 14, 2003) was an American defense contractor. He was employed by Ultra Services of Istanbul, Turkey when he was killed in Baghdad, Iraq on December 14, 2003, his birthday, just after leaving Camp Anaconda. He was survived by three children. On October 9, 2003 his colleague, Kirk von Ackermann disappeared. Von Ackermann's car was found empty on a road between Kirkuk and Tikrit, with his equipment and $40,000 still inside. The case was investigated by Major Procurement Fraud",
"title": "Ryan G. Manelick"
},
{
"id": "1660237",
"text": "1998, however, Saddam recalled him and appointed him commander of the southern region of Iraq, where the United States was increasingly carrying out air strikes in the northern no-fly zone. Al-Majid was re-appointed to this post in March 2003, immediately before the start of the Iraq War. He based himself in the southern port city of Basra and in April 2003 he was mistakenly reported to have been killed there in a U.S. air strike. He survived the April 2003 attack but was arrested by American forces on 17 August 2003 in Basra. He had been listed as the fifth",
"title": "Ali Hassan al-Majid"
},
{
"id": "9407829",
"text": "Execution of Saddam Hussein The execution of Saddam Hussein took place on Saturday, 30 December 2006. Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him. The Iraqi government released an official videotape of his execution, showing him being led to the gallows, and ending after his head was in the hangman's noose. International public controversy arose when a mobile phone recording of the hanging showed him surrounded by",
"title": "Execution of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "3470520",
"text": "decision taken sometime over late winter or early spring by Damascus, Tehran, along with their partners in ait Lebanese Hezbollah, to provide more support to Sadr to increase pressure on the U.S.,\" the American intelligence official said. When Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003, several documents were found in his possession. One particular document, which was apparently written after he lost power, appeared to be a directive to his Ba'athist loyalists warning them to be wary of Islamist mujahideen and other foreign Arabs entering the country to join the insurgency. The directive supposedly shows Saddam having concerns that foreign",
"title": "Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)"
},
{
"id": "7238180",
"text": "Jalalabad. The following month he was one of a small group of reporters to travel to the village of Kama Ado, south of Jalalabad, which had been destroyed, along with its inhabitants, by a US Air Force attack – despite claims by the Pentagon that \"nothing happened\". His report was the inspiration for a song by the American singer-songwriter David Rovics. In April 2003, he was the first to report that the rescue of Private Jessica Lynch, the US soldier reportedly rescued during the war against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, was not the heroic story told by the US military,",
"title": "Richard Lloyd Parry"
},
{
"id": "1741593",
"text": "in personal danger because of Iraqi perceptions of him and was henceforth heavily guarded. Attempts to assassinate him took place on numerous occasions—one of the more publicized events occurred on December 6, 2003, when his convoy was driving on the dangerous Baghdad Airport Road while returning to the fortified Green Zone. The convoy was hit by a bomb and gunfire, with the rear window of his official car blown away and as bullets flew, Bremer and his deputies ducked below their seats. No injuries or casualties were reported and news of the attack on Bremer was not released until December",
"title": "Paul Bremer"
},
{
"id": "8497924",
"text": "may have saved more than a hundred 10th Mountain Division and 101st Airborne Division soldiers fighting near Takur Ghar in Afghanistan's Shahikot Valley during Operation Anaconda. The unit helped spearhead the search for Saddam Hussein and his family after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Gray Fox operatives sometimes work under the broader umbrella of \"Joint Special Operations Task Force 20\", which also included DEVGRU, the Army's Delta Force, and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Saddam Hussein was eventually captured during Operation Red Dawn. Under the command of Colonel Michael K. Nagata from 2005 to 2008, Gray Fox continued",
"title": "Intelligence Support Activity"
},
{
"id": "18798472",
"text": "Ibrahim Sabawi Ibrahim Ibrahim Sabawi Ibrahim () (October 25, 1983 - May 20, 2015, Baghdad) was Saddam Hussein's half-nephew and an ISIL guerrilla. Ibrahim's father was Sabawi Ibrahim Hassan al-Tikriti, Saddam's half-brother, the 'Six of Diamonds' in the U.S. 'Most Wanted' playing card deck due to his leading Iraqi secret intelligence. Sabawi Ibrahim Hassan al-Tikriti and at least two sons (Ibrahim Sabawi Ibrahim and his older brother, Ayman Sabawi Ibrahim) were captured by Iraqi and coalition forces near Saddam's hometown of Tikrit in February, 2005. Ibrahim Sabawi Ibrahim escaped from a prison near Mosul the following year while serving sentences",
"title": "Ibrahim Sabawi Ibrahim"
},
{
"id": "6058640",
"text": "the titular town and plays a key part in the story. Signage on the door to the local bar clearly identifies the unit. The 1st battalion was broadly covered during the first year of the Iraq war (2003–04) by CNN, Fox News Channel, ABC, NBC News, CBS News, \"Time\", Associated Press and Reuters. This unit was a central player in the hunt and capture of Saddam Hussein and has been featured in the Discovery Channel's \"Ace in the Hole\" and BBC \"Panorama\"s \"Saddam on the Run\" documentaries. 22nd Infantry Regiment (United States) The 22nd Infantry Regiment is a parent regiment",
"title": "22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2184849",
"text": "(2007), he states that \"In the fall of 2003, part of me thought it was cowardly to oppose the president on so many issues and then not oppose him head-on as he sought renomination.\" However, he decided not to run after the capture of Saddam Hussein on December 13, 2003. Chafee opposes eliminating the federal estate tax. Chafee also voted against both the 2001 and 2003 congressional budget bills that cut and/or rebated individuals' federal income taxes. He asserted that tax cuts reduce revenue to the federal government, thereby worsening the federal budget deficit and increasing the amount of money",
"title": "Lincoln Chafee"
},
{
"id": "1635387",
"text": "Iraqi military leaders to defect. The extent of the defections and their effect on the war are unclear. U.S.-led Coalition troops promptly began searching for the key members of Saddam Hussein's government. These individuals were identified by a variety of means, most famously through sets of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Later during the military occupation period after the invasion, on 22 July 2003 during a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and men from Task Force 20, Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, and one of his grandsons were killed in a massive fire-fight. Saddam Hussein himself was captured",
"title": "2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "9407830",
"text": "a contingent of his countrymen who jeered him in Arabic and praised the Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, and his subsequent fall through the trap door of the gallows. The atmosphere of the execution drew criticism around the world from nations that oppose as well as support capital punishment. On Sunday 31 December 2006, Saddam Hussein's body was returned to his birthplace of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, and was buried near the graves of other family members. After being sentenced to death by an Iraqi court, Saddam requested to be executed by firing squad rather than hanging claiming it as the lawful",
"title": "Execution of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "1625513",
"text": "2006. In the opening weeks of the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, many observers speculated that Saddam would return to Tikrit as his \"last stronghold\". The city was subjected to intense aerial bombardment meant to throw Saddam's elite Republican Guard troops out of the city. On April 13, 2003 several thousand U.S. Marines and other coalition members aboard 300 armored vehicles converged on the town, meeting little or no resistance. With the fall of Tikrit, U.S. Army Major General Stanley McChrystal said, \"I would anticipate that the major combat operations are over.\" However, during the subsequent occupation Tikrit became the scene of",
"title": "Tikrit"
},
{
"id": "1660155",
"text": "the Republican Palace and other central landmarks and ministries on April 9, Saddam Hussein had emerged from his command bunker beneath the Al A'Zamiyah district of northern Baghdad, and greeted excited members of the local public. This impromptu walkabout was probably his last and his reasons for doing so are still unclear. It is possible that he wished to take what he thought might be his last opportunity to greet his people as their country's president. The walkabout was captured on film and broadcast several days after the event on Al-Arabia Television and was also witnessed by ordinary people who",
"title": "Battle of Baghdad (2003)"
},
{
"id": "6838797",
"text": "Baghdad had expressed \"the government and the people of Iraq's indignation... at the glorification of the horrible face of Saddam Hussein's deadly dictatorial regime\", which was toppled in 2003 during the United States' invasion of Iraq. later, general manager Abdelhakim Serrar said that the concerns of fans if bothered the Iraqi team, I offer my apologies. The goalkeeper and captain Mohamed Lamine Zemmamouche also apologized to the Iraqi delegation for the conduct of the supporters. The season-by-season performance of the club over the last ten years Official Site USMA dz USM Alger Union sportive de la médina d'Alger (), known",
"title": "USM Alger"
},
{
"id": "2503286",
"text": "the 160th SOAR took part in the rescue mission of PFC Jessica Lynch who was taken prisoner during the Battle of Nasiriyah. On April 2, a Delta Force squadron operating in Iraq was ambushed by a half-dozen armed technicals from an anti-special forces Fedayeen. Two MH-60K Black Hawks carrying a parajumper medical team and two MH-60L DAPs of the 160th SOAR responded and engaged the Iraqis, which allowed the Delta operators to move their two casualties to an emergency HLZ. However, one Delta Force operator succumbed to his wounds. On the evening of December 13, 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured",
"title": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)"
},
{
"id": "1704951",
"text": "that the union would not be consummated, and later made a successful petition that his daughter be permitted to divorce Uday. Al-Douri is believed to have suffered from leukemia and was said to have undergone blood transfusions every six months. In 1999, he visited Vienna, Austria for treatment. The Austrian opposition demanded that he be arrested for war crimes, but the government allowed him to leave the country. His son was reportedly killed in Tikrit in July, 2014. On 20 March 2003, U.S.-led coalition forces invaded Iraq, leading to the toppling of the regime of President Saddam Hussein on 9",
"title": "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri"
},
{
"id": "12766833",
"text": "Alphonso Van Marsh Alphonso Van Marsh is an American journalist and war correspondent. He is based outside the United States. Marsh was one of Cable News Network’s (CNN) first “Video Correspondents” in 2003. Marsh broke the story of Saddam Hussein’s capture while on assignment in Iraq in December 2003. He used CNN’s digital newsgathering technology in place of traditional newsgathering crews. Born and raised in Medway, Massachusetts. Marsh has reported from several countries and war zones. Marsh has embedded with American, British, Canadian and Egyptian troops on various assignments. Marsh has spent most of his journalism career in the Middle",
"title": "Alphonso Van Marsh"
},
{
"id": "3479920",
"text": "Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad Ibrahim Ahmad Abd Al-Sattar Muhammad Al-Tikriti (9 September 1956 – 28 October 2010) was the chief of staff of the Iraqi armed forces under the rule of Saddam Hussein from 1999 until 2003. He was taken into custody on 15 May 2003. He was the \"jack of spades\" in the deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards and was reported by CENTCOM to be in custody in May 2003. On 2 March 2009, Abdul Sattar was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the violent repression of a Shiite uprising in 1991. He died",
"title": "Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad"
},
{
"id": "12669946",
"text": "been ranked the fourth most important HVT. He was captured in a joint helicopter and ground assault on a safehouse in Tikrit without resistance or casualties, in what was considered a highly successful operation. On June 18, 2003, near the Syrian border, AC-130 Spectre gunships guided in by TF 20 operators destroyed a convoy of Ba'ath Party members escaping to Syria, intelligence indicated that the convoy may included Saddam Hussein and/or his sons, other reports claim the convoy was composed of oil smugglers. Once the convoy was destroyed by the AC-130s, TF 20 conducted a heliborne assault into a nearby",
"title": "Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War"
},
{
"id": "12289911",
"text": "forgery ... remain unidentified\". On December 13, 2003, the day of Saddam Hussein's capture by US forces, \"The Daily Telegraph\" of London ran a front-page story that not only claimed Saddam Hussein had trained one of the hijackers in the September 11 attacks, but also that his government, assisted by a \"small team from the Al Qaeda organization\", was expecting to receive a suspicious consignment from the country of Niger. This exclusive article, and a second piece, were both written by Con Coughlin, executive foreign editor to the paper. Coughlin's information came from a secret intelligence memorandum, purportedly handwritten during",
"title": "Habbush letter"
},
{
"id": "9356676",
"text": "Tikrit, Saddam Hussein's hometown. A Marine battalion was sent to check on the intelligence and found the seven POWs with a confused Iraqi guard unit, whose officers had fled. On April 13, 2003, 21 days after the 507th members were captured, the 3rd Light Armored Recon Marines burst in on the Iraqi guards who gave up without a fight. Ordering everyone on the floor, a Marine gave an order to \"stand up if you're American!\" Given dirty prison clothes and fed little food, the prisoners lost a lot of weight and with their garb, and beards they looked like Iraqis.",
"title": "American POWs in the 2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "5125876",
"text": "was among seven POWs who were taken prisoner by Iraqi forces in the 2003 invasion. Back then, he was a Chief Warrant Officer whose Apache Longbow helicopter crashed in Karbala on March 24, 2003. Fellow pilot and Chief Warrant Officer David Williams, 31 from the 1-227 Helicopter Attack Battalion tried to elude capture, but they were taken prisoner by an Iraqi group who took them to Samarra, about south of Tikrit, Saddam Hussein's hometown. The Iraqi forces kept the two with the members of the 507th Maintenance Company who were earlier captured along with their comrade Jessica Lynch. The 507th",
"title": "Ron Young (United States Army officer)"
},
{
"id": "1751367",
"text": "and military were shut down, which meant that most Iraqis were unemployed. Cities, especially Baghdad, suffered through reductions in electricity, clean water and telephone service from pre-war levels, with shortages that continued through at least the next year. On 1 May 2003, President Bush declared the \"end of major combat operations\" in Iraq, while aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln with a large \"Mission Accomplished\" banner displayed behind him. The weeks following the removal of Ba'ath Party rule were portrayed by American media as generally a euphoric time among the Iraqi populace. \"New York Post\" correspondent Jonathan Foreman wrote from Baghdad",
"title": "History of Iraq (2003–2011)"
},
{
"id": "4751393",
"text": "was part of the Al-Anfal campaign of the Iraqi regime against Kurds in the north of the country. After his arrest and release in Italy in 1989, Van Anraat fled to Iraq, where he lived for the next 14 years. When Saddam's regime fell in 2003, Van Anraat returned to the Netherlands. He was arrested on December 6, 2004 for complicity in war crimes and genocide. On December 23, 2005, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for complicity in war crimes, but the court decided the charges of complicity in genocide could not be substantiated. The court also",
"title": "Frans van Anraat"
},
{
"id": "1616216",
"text": "times imprisoned, exiled and received a nominal death sentence by his father's regime. Following the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, he was killed alongside his brother Qusay and nephew Mustapha by Task Force 121 after a three-hour gunfight in Mosul. Uday Saddam was born in Tikrit to Saddam Hussein and Sajida Talfah while his father was in prison. Although his status as Saddam's elder son made him Saddam's prospective successor, Uday fell out of favour with his father. In October 1988, at a party in honour of Suzanne Mubarak, wife of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Uday murdered his",
"title": "Uday Hussein"
},
{
"id": "7432393",
"text": "invasion of Iraq and has made subsequent deployments to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). During the 2003 invasion (OIF I), 5/11 participated on every major battle including the siege of Baghdad, Al Kut and Tikrit (Saddam Hussein's home town). The battalion fired more artillery rounds and drove further in less time than any artillery battalion in history during the invasion, and set the bar as the only artillery unit involved in Task Force Tripoli. In July 2006, Marines from Tango and Siera Batteries were deployed as part of the 15th MEU (Marine Expeditionary Unit, Special Operations Capable)",
"title": "5th Battalion, 11th Marines"
},
{
"id": "12669951",
"text": "Force 21, which was later renamed as Task Force 121—the command was set up in such a way that TF 121's Delta Force and other elements of JSOC could be switched between Afghanistan and Iraq as required. The task force continued to successfully target former regime members. Between July and December 2003, TF 121 carried out twelve unsuccessful raids to find Saddam Hussein, together with 600 other operations against targets, including 300 interrogations. On 12 December 2003, a raid on a house in Baghdad, that was being used as an insurgent headquarters, captured Muhammed Ibrahim Omar al-Musslit, who was Saddam's",
"title": "Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War"
},
{
"id": "1642391",
"text": "Taha Yassin Ramadan Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi (; 1938 – 20 March 2007) was an Iraqi Kurd, who served as one of the three Vice Presidents of Iraq from March 1991 to the fall of Saddam Hussein in April 2003. Following the fall of Saddam's government, Taha Yasin Ramadan was placed on the U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis and depicted as the \"Ten of Diamonds\" in the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. He was captured on August 19, 2003, in Mosul, by fighters of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and handed over to US forces. He was one of the",
"title": "Taha Yassin Ramadan"
},
{
"id": "1751368",
"text": "in May 2003 that \"the intensity of the population's pro-American enthusiasm is astonishing\". There were widespread reports of looting, though much of the looting was directed at former government buildings and other remnants of the former government, and reports of losses of up to 170,000 items of Iraq's archaeological treasures worth billions of U.S. dollars, mostly from the National Museum of Iraq, were later revealed to be vastly exaggerated. In the summer of 2003, the U.S. military focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the ousted government, culminating in the killing of Saddam's sons Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein",
"title": "History of Iraq (2003–2011)"
},
{
"id": "1635303",
"text": "in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. One bomb missed the compound entirely and the other three missed their target, landing on the other side of the wall of the palace compound. Saddam Hussein was not present, nor were any members of the Iraqi leadership. The attack killed one civilian and injured fourteen others, including four men, nine women and one child. Later investigation revealed that Saddam Hussein had not visited the farm since 1995. On 19 March 2003 at 21:00, the first strike of the operation was carried out by members of the 160th SOAR: a flight of MH-60L",
"title": "2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "1642394",
"text": "of President Bush, White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer declined the offer. Taha Yassin Ramadan Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi (; 1938 – 20 March 2007) was an Iraqi Kurd, who served as one of the three Vice Presidents of Iraq from March 1991 to the fall of Saddam Hussein in April 2003. Following the fall of Saddam's government, Taha Yasin Ramadan was placed on the U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis and depicted as the \"Ten of Diamonds\" in the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. He was captured on August 19, 2003, in Mosul, by fighters of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan",
"title": "Taha Yassin Ramadan"
},
{
"id": "1660156",
"text": "corroborated the date afterwards. He was accompanied by bodyguards and other loyal supporters including at least one of his sons and his personal secretary. After the walkabout Hussein returned to his bunker and made preparations for his family. On April 9, 2003, Baghdad was formally occupied by Coalition forces. Much of Baghdad remained unsecured however, and fighting continued within the city and its outskirts well into the period of occupation. Saddam, certain members of his family and close subordinates had vanished, and his whereabouts were unknown. Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and statues",
"title": "Battle of Baghdad (2003)"
},
{
"id": "2069217",
"text": "the 2003 invasion of Iraq by No. 617 Squadron. The integration of the missile to the Tornado aircraft had been brought forward \"considerably ahead of when it had been planned\" as an urgent operational requirement. During the invasion, the RAF launched 27 Storm Shadows. During the NATO intervention in the Libyan Civil War, the Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG was fired at pro-Gaddafi targets by French Air Force Rafales and Italian Air Force and Royal Air Force Tornadoes. Targets included the Al Jufra Air Base. and a military bunker in Sirte, the home town of Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi. On the 14 December",
"title": "Storm Shadow"
},
{
"id": "2381352",
"text": "living in exile in Jeddah, the same city where Idi Amin, the late dictator of Uganda, lived in exile until his death in 2003, after being removed from power in 1979, at the end of the Ugandan-Tanzanian War. Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis-Carthage International Airport were prevented from doing so by the army, which had seized the airport. At about 18:00, Prime Minister Mohammed Ghannouchi went on state television to say \"Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties, it has been decided that the prime minister will exercise",
"title": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
},
{
"id": "1635382",
"text": "casualties from air bombardment. Within hours of the palace seizure and with television coverage of this spreading through Iraq, U.S. forces ordered Iraqi forces within Baghdad to surrender, or the city would face a full-scale assault. Iraqi government officials had either disappeared or had conceded defeat, and on 9 April 2003, Baghdad was formally occupied by Coalition forces. Much of Baghdad remained unsecured however, and fighting continued within the city and its outskirts well into the period of occupation. Saddam had vanished, and his whereabouts were unknown. On 10 April, a rumor emerged that Saddam Hussein and his top aides",
"title": "2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "403298",
"text": "three weeks of the beginning of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on 20 March. By the beginning of April, U.S.-led forces occupied much of Iraq. The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to guerrilla tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq. He was last seen in a video which purported to show him in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters. When Baghdad fell to U.S.-led forces on 9 April, marked symbolically by the toppling of his statue by iconoclasts, Saddam was nowhere to be found. In April 2003, Saddam's whereabouts remained",
"title": "Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"id": "15801400",
"text": "the Iraqi security forces landed there since the airfield was recaptured from ISIL. Qayyarah Airfield West Qayyarah Airfield West is a former Iraqi Air Force base in the Qayyarah subdistrict of Mosul District in northern Iraq. It was captured by Coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. It was also known as Q–West or Key West by the various U.S. Army Forces and civilian contractors stationed there. Formerly known as Saddam Airbase, the facility is located 16 kilometers west of the Tigris River, 20 kilometers west of Qayyarah town, 60 kilometers south of Mosul and about 300 kilometers north",
"title": "Qayyarah Airfield West"
},
{
"id": "3839290",
"text": "was allegedly held in a black site, interrogated, beaten, strip-searched, sodomized, and subjected to other inhuman and degrading treatment, which at times escalated to torture, though none of those claims can be verified. After El-Masri held hunger strikes, and was detained for four months in the \"Salt Pit\", the CIA finally admitted his arrest and torture were a mistake and released him. He is believed to be among an estimated 3,000 detainees whom the CIA has abducted from 2001–2005. On 17 February 2003, Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr (aka \"Abu Omar\") was kidnapped by the CIA in Milan (Italy), and deported",
"title": "Extraordinary rendition"
},
{
"id": "6860244",
"text": "Saddam Hussein’s hometown of Tikrit. Following the cessation of major combat operations, First Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion moved from the northern portion of Iraq to the country’s extreme southern area along the Saudi-Arabian border to halt and deter illegal smuggling into Iraq. First Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion redeployed to the United States at the end of May 2003. In February 2004 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (-) again returned to Iraq. The battalion conducted security and stability operations in the Al Anbar province of western Iraq as part of Regimental Combat Team Seven. 1st LAR performed a wide range of",
"title": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion"
},
{
"id": "15801390",
"text": "Qayyarah Airfield West Qayyarah Airfield West is a former Iraqi Air Force base in the Qayyarah subdistrict of Mosul District in northern Iraq. It was captured by Coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. It was also known as Q–West or Key West by the various U.S. Army Forces and civilian contractors stationed there. Formerly known as Saddam Airbase, the facility is located 16 kilometers west of the Tigris River, 20 kilometers west of Qayyarah town, 60 kilometers south of Mosul and about 300 kilometers north of Baghdad. Qayyarah West AB was built in the late 1970s and was",
"title": "Qayyarah Airfield West"
},
{
"id": "10633638",
"text": "refused to fix any of Uday's bikes. It was then that he was thrown in jail on trumped up charges and spent two years in Iraqi prisons. On April 9, 2003 Sharif had his chance to take revenge. Hearing that the Saddam regime had fallen he took a 10 kg (22 lb) sledgehammer and went to work on the statue of Saddam Hussein that stood in Firdos Square in Baghdad. The square is directly in front of the Palestine Hotel where the world's journalists had been staying. Seeing a crowd and a story, the reporters and their cameras streamed out",
"title": "Kadhem Sharif"
},
{
"id": "6647433",
"text": "Thursday, October 9, 2003. His car was found empty on a road between Kirkuk and Tikrit, with his equipment and $40,000 still inside. On December 14, 2003 his colleague, Ryan G. Manelick was gunned down just after leaving Camp Anaconda. The Major Procurement Fraud Unit (MPFU) at U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (HQCID) is investigating. The CID determined that von Ackermann died on October 9, 2003 in a botched kidnapping attempt. They still, however, refuse to give out information on his case which is still \"active.\" Ackermann's body was never found. The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency lists von Ackermann as",
"title": "Kirk von Ackermann"
},
{
"id": "3479867",
"text": "convicted in 1959 of the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim and sentenced to death, although Qassim pardoned Najim. Following the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allied forces in 2003, he was depicted as the \"four of clubs\" in their deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. His assets were frozen under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 as a \"senior official\" and transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq. He was captured by Kurdish peshmerga near Mosul in April 2003. Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim is an Iraqi politician, who held several",
"title": "Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Operation Red Dawn context: an undisclosed location and interrogated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - was still refusing to co-operate with his captors, but the former president's capture the previous month was yielding results \"far greater than we expected,\" the official told reporters on condition of anonymity. The US-led coalition had used documents found with the ex-leader mount operations against Saddam loyalists, the official said. Operation Red Dawn Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was\n\nDecember 14, 2003, saw the capture of The Ace of Spades, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, near what town, his home town?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
"origin_tokens": 206,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Iraq War context: Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli. In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel and 33 UK military personnel. On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS \"Abraham Lincoln\" operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. At sunset, he held his nationally televised \"Mission Accomplished\"\",\n\ntitle: Red Dawn context:isclosed location and interrog by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA still refusing to co-operate with captors, but the former president's capture the previous month was yielding \" greater than we expected the official told reporters on condition of anonymity. The US-led coal had used documents found with ex-le mount operations Saddam loyalists, the official said Operation Red Dawn Operation Red Dawn was an American military 13 December 200 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dict Saddam Hussein. The operation was\n: Operation Redwn context:ged Muhammed Ibrahim Omar al-Musslit, Saddam'- man, to1 as \"the source\" or \"the.\" Over the two40 members his familyrogated ascertain his location.12003, a raid on a in Baghd that being an insurgent headquarters alMuss Early the he Saddam may be found. This intelligence intelligence detained former'ath Party by intelligence the I,ed Hussein at remote compoundikrit.\n:itionity permanent and late 4 December, thePA the to announce that former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein had been taken into custody the previous night from a foxhole in a town near Saddam's home town of Tikrit, Iraq. Present at the announcement was Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez of the U.S. Army, Administrator Bremer, members of the British and American intelligence agencies, several members of the Iraqi Governing Council, and\n\nDecember 14, 2003, saw the capture of The Ace of Spades, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, near what town, his home town?",
"compressed_tokens": 515,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,729 | What is the name given to the meteorological phenomenon which is characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and associated heavy rainfall from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, which resulted in record rainfall at Seatac airport this week. | [
"Pineapple Connection",
"Pineapple express",
"Pineapple Express"
] | Pineapple Express | [
{
"id": "2676071",
"text": "Pineapple Express Pineapple Express is a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and associated with heavy precipitation from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands and extending to any location along the Pacific coast of North America. A Pineapple Express is an example of an atmospheric river, which is a more general term for such narrow corridors of enhanced water vapor transport at mid-latitudes around the world. A Pineapple Express is driven by a strong, southern branch of the polar jet stream and is marked by the presence of a",
"title": "Pineapple Express"
},
{
"id": "2676081",
"text": "State Route 9 and State Route 152. The storm brought major snow to the Sierra Nevada and San Gabriel Mountains. A state record was recorded with places on the Sierra reaching up to 800 inches of snow. The storm also brought significant flooding to the Los Angeles area and most of Southern California killing about 3 people. Pineapple Express Pineapple Express is a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and associated with heavy precipitation from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands and extending to any location along the Pacific",
"title": "Pineapple Express"
},
{
"id": "11006163",
"text": "Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern The Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern (PNA) is a climatological term for a large-scale weather pattern with two modes, denoted positive and negative, and which relates the atmospheric circulation pattern over the North Pacific Ocean with the one over the North American continent. The positive phase of the PNA pattern features above-average barometric pressure heights in the vicinity of Hawaii and over the inter-mountain region of North America, and below-average heights located south of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United States. The PNA pattern is associated with strong fluctuations in the strength and location of",
"title": "Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern"
},
{
"id": "11006166",
"text": "with Pacific cold episodes (La Niña). Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern The Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern (PNA) is a climatological term for a large-scale weather pattern with two modes, denoted positive and negative, and which relates the atmospheric circulation pattern over the North Pacific Ocean with the one over the North American continent. The positive phase of the PNA pattern features above-average barometric pressure heights in the vicinity of Hawaii and over the inter-mountain region of North America, and below-average heights located south of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United States. The PNA pattern is associated with strong fluctuations",
"title": "Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern"
},
{
"id": "18458608",
"text": "December 2014 North American storm complex The December 2014 North American storm complex was a powerful winter storm (referred to by some as California's \"\"Storm of the Decade\"\") that impacted the West Coast of the United States, beginning on the night of December 10, 2014, resulting in snow, wind, and flood watches. Fueled by the Pineapple Express, an atmospheric river originating in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, the storm was the strongest to affect California since January 2010. The system was also the single most intense storm to impact the West Coast, in",
"title": "December 2014 North American storm complex"
},
{
"id": "15145247",
"text": "Atmospheric river An atmospheric river (AR) is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Atmospheric rivers consist of narrow bands of enhanced water vapor transport, typically along the boundaries between large areas of divergent surface air flow, including some frontal zones in association with extratropical cyclones that form over the oceans. Pineapple Express storms are the most commonly represented and recognized type of atmospheric rivers; they are given the name due to the warm water vapor plumes originating over the Hawaiian tropics that follow a path towards California. The term was originally coined by researchers Reginald",
"title": "Atmospheric river"
},
{
"id": "971484",
"text": "central Pacific Ocean. A definition change in the term during the early 1970s makes categorization of the systems more complex, as many kona lows are extratropical cyclones, complete with their own weather fronts. Those across the northeast Pacific Ocean consider them subtropical cyclones as long as a weak surface circulation is present. \"Kona\" is a Hawaiian term for \"leeward\", which explains the change in wind direction for the Hawaiian Islands from easterly to southerly when this type of cyclone is present. Australian east coast lows (known locally as east coast lows and sometimes as east coast cyclones) are extratropical cyclones,",
"title": "Subtropical cyclone"
},
{
"id": "10131011",
"text": "removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see Foehn) on the descending (generally warming), leeward side where a rain shadow is observed. In Hawaii, Mount Waiʻaleʻale (\"Waialeale\"), on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall. It has the highest average annual rainfall on Earth, with per year. Storm systems affect the region with heavy rains between October and March. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (\"Koolau\") and leeward (\"Kona\") regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east-to-northeast trade winds and receive much more",
"title": "Precipitation types"
},
{
"id": "9702412",
"text": "Kona storm Kona storms (also called Kona lows) are a type of seasonal cyclone in the Hawaiian Islands, usually formed in the winter from winds coming from the westerly \"kona\" (normally leeward) direction. They are mainly cold core cyclones, which places them in the extratropical cyclone rather than the subtropical cyclone category. Hawaii typically experiences two to three annually, which can affect the state for a week or more. Among their hazards are heavy rain, hailstorms, flash floods and their associated landslides, high elevation snow, high winds which result in large surf and swells, and waterspouts. Kona is a Hawaiian",
"title": "Kona storm"
},
{
"id": "13131071",
"text": "blocks the airflow, effectively splitting the trade winds in two. This split causes a zone of weak winds, called a \"wind wake\", on the leeward side of the islands. Aerodynamic theory indicates that an island wind wake effect should dissipate within a few hundred kilometers and not be felt in the western Pacific. However, the wind wake caused by the Hawaiian Islands extends , roughly 10 times longer than any other wake. The long wake testifies to the strong interaction between the atmosphere and ocean, which has strong implications for global climate research. It is also important for understanding natural",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "13131072",
"text": "climate variations, like El Niño. There are number of reasons why this has been observed only in Hawai‘i. First, the ocean reacts slowly to fast-changing winds; winds must be steady to exert force on the ocean, such as the trade winds. Second, the high mountain topography provides a significant disturbance to the winds. Third, the Hawaiian Islands are large in horizontal (east-west) scale, extending over four degrees in longitude. It is this active interaction between wind, ocean current, and temperature that creates this uniquely long wake west of Hawaii. The wind wake drives an eastward \"counter current\" that brings warm",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "15247084",
"text": "Analysis of Typhoons in the Western North Pacific -1950\" this system was also assigned the name \"Salome\" from the North West Pacific Typhoon name list for 1950. The name Salome is not widely known and the system is usually referred to as Hiki. The heaviest known rainfall from a tropical cyclone on the state of Hawaii occurred with Hiki, when over 52 in (1,320 mm) fell at Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station. Moderate damage was seen on Hawaii, and one person died. The only tropical cyclone that failed to intensify into a hurricane developed on August 12, 394 mi (634 km) south-southwest",
"title": "1950 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "3925441",
"text": "disaster designation due to the agricultural damage. A recent multi-year computer-modeling feasibility study, known as VMAP, designed to predict the location and concentrations of vog from Kīlauea was conducted by the University of Hawaii. Vog Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words \"volcanic\" and \"smog\". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaii (the \"Big Island\"),",
"title": "Vog"
},
{
"id": "3925435",
"text": "Vog Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words \"volcanic\" and \"smog\". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaii (the \"Big Island\"), has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983. Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000—4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO) every day. Vog is created when volcanic gases (primarily oxides of sulfur) react",
"title": "Vog"
},
{
"id": "15490344",
"text": "Hurricane Hiki Hurricane Hiki was the third-wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States, behind Hurricane Lane in 2018, and Hurricane Harvey in 2017. It was also considered the first official hurricane in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. The fourth tropical cyclone of the 1950 Pacific hurricane season, Hiki formed as a tropical depression to the southeast of Hawaii on August 12. On the following day, the depression headed northwestward and intensified into Tropical Storm Hiki. While paralleling the Hawaiian Islands on August 16, Hiki strengthened into a hurricane. Around that time, the storm peaked with maximum sustained",
"title": "Hurricane Hiki"
},
{
"id": "20868621",
"text": "first full year of recorded data showed 13,995 mm (551 inches) of rainfall, which is one of the highest annual rainfall totals measured in the Hawaiian Islands. Since then, the annual average has been recorded as . Clear days are essentially nonexistent, and even when it isn't raining, it is almost certainly cloudy or foggy. The lack of adequate drainage has caused moisture to accumulate, forming the bog. The Big Bog lies at , very close to the trade wind inversion layer, leading to persistent transport of moisture rich air by the northeast trade winds up the steep mountain slopes.",
"title": "Big Bog, Maui"
},
{
"id": "9702419",
"text": "2010, a Kona storm became fully subtropical and eventually became Tropical Storm Omeka. The fourth episode of the sixth season of Magnum, P.I. is entitled \"The Kona Winds.\" Kona storm Kona storms (also called Kona lows) are a type of seasonal cyclone in the Hawaiian Islands, usually formed in the winter from winds coming from the westerly \"kona\" (normally leeward) direction. They are mainly cold core cyclones, which places them in the extratropical cyclone rather than the subtropical cyclone category. Hawaii typically experiences two to three annually, which can affect the state for a week or more. Among their hazards",
"title": "Kona storm"
},
{
"id": "12423432",
"text": "tropical storm; however, Daniel encountered weak steering currents in the open ocean, causing it to slow down considerably. It rapidly degenerated to a tropical depression on July 25, and the CPHC issued its last advisory on July 26 while the storm was still well to the east of Hawaii. Its remnants later moved across the Hawaiian islands, dropping heavy rainfall and causing flooding. West Wailuaiki on Maui recorded 3.87 inches (98 mm) in one day, which was the highest daily rainfall total from the hurricane. The origins of Emilia were from a tropical wave that developed into a tropical depression",
"title": "2006 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "15341167",
"text": "the times of Ancient Hawaiʻi, \"Kona\" was the name of the leeward district on each major island. In Hawai‘i, the Pacific anticyclone provides moist prevailing northeasterly winds to the Hawaiian islands, resulting in rain when the winds contact the windward landmass of the islands – the winds subsequently lose their moisture and travel on to the leeward (or \"kona\") side of the island. When this pattern reverses, it can produce a Kona storm from the west. \"Kona\" has cognates with the same meaning in other Polynesian languages. In Tongan, the equivalent cognate would be \"tonga\"; for windward, the associated cognate",
"title": "Kona District, Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "20868622",
"text": "These trade winds condense to form clouds and precipitation. Its moniker as the cloudiest place in the Hawaiian Islands is verified by the fact that its average solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration are the lowest amongst recorded locations, and relative humidity and cloud attenuation are the highest. While the summit of Mount Waialeale has long been considered the wettest place in the Hawaiian Islands, and thus Oceania, the Big Bog has a higher 30-year average. NOAA reports its annual rainfall as 373.85 inches (9495.8mm), while the University of Hawaii at Manoa report the Big Bog's as 404.3 inches, or 10,271",
"title": "Big Bog, Maui"
},
{
"id": "1980822",
"text": "trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see katabatic wind) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed. In Hawaii, Mount Waiʻaleʻale, on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall, as it has the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth, with . Storm systems affect the state with heavy rains between October and March. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible",
"title": "Precipitation"
},
{
"id": "9439909",
"text": "events, drier than average conditions can be expected in Hawaii. The islands have a tropical marine climate moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. There is a dry season which stretches from December to June, and a rainy season from July to November. Saipan's average annual precipitation is , with 67 percent falling during the rainy season. Typhoons frequent the island chain, which can lead to excessive rainfall. Guam's climate is moderated by east to northeast trade winds through the year. The average annual rainfall for the island is . There is a distinct dry season from January to June, and",
"title": "United States rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "15069792",
"text": "four days later without becoming a significant tropical cyclone. The remnants of Paul reached the Hawaiian Islands in early November 2000, and interacted with an upper-level low, dropping very heavy rains from November 1 to November 3. On the island of Hawaii, more commonly referred to as \"the Big Island\", roughly the entire eastern half of the island experienced rainfall of at least 10 in (254 mm), while the western side reported generally less than 5 in (127 mm) or less. A station in Hilo reported in a 24‑hour period, breaking the record set in February 1979 by more than",
"title": "November 2000 Hawaii floods"
},
{
"id": "16355148",
"text": "2012 Hawaii hailstorm On the morning of March 9, 2012, a particularly devastating and long-lived hailstorm hit the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Lanai. The hailstorm was produced by a supercell thunderstorm. This event produced the largest hailstone ever recorded in Hawaii since records began in 1950. The hailstone was measured at long, tall, and wide. National Weather Service meteorologist Tom Birchard stated that the event was \"unprecedented.\" In addition to spectacular early-morning lightning storms and flooding from the four feet (3.3 meters) of rainfall received, a tornadic waterspout formed off the coast of Oahu during the morning of March",
"title": "2012 Hawaii hailstorm"
},
{
"id": "18301919",
"text": "in particular, despite with rather normal snowpack in the Sierra, as well as being suspected, but not yet conclusively proven, to be induced by global warming. Ridiculously Resilient Ridge The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,\" sometimes shortened to \"Triple R\" or \"RRR,\" is the nickname given to a persistent region of atmospheric high pressure that occurred over the far northeastern Pacific Ocean. The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\" nickname was coined in December 2013 by Daniel Swain on the California Weather Blog. The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge is characterized by a broad region of positive geopotential height anomalies on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent",
"title": "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge"
},
{
"id": "13131068",
"text": "encounter cooler water. True hurricanes are rare in Hawai'i, thanks in part to the comparatively cool waters around the islands as well unfavorable atmospheric conditions such as enhanced wind shear; only four have affected the islands during 63 years. Tropical storms are more frequent. These have more modest winds, below . Because tropical storms resemble Kona storms, and because early records do not distinguish clearly between them, it has been difficult to estimate the average frequency of tropical storms. Every year or two a tropical storm will affect the weather in some part of the islands. Unlike cold fronts and",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "793591",
"text": "Bank. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 20,000 years ago, they are joined together as a single island due to the shallowness of the channels between them. The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures everywhere (except at high elevations), marked geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on the driest coasts and at high elevations), and dominant trade-wind flow (especially at elevations below a few thousand feet). Maui itself has a wide range of climatic conditions and weather patterns that are influenced by",
"title": "Maui"
},
{
"id": "3595206",
"text": "list. Less than three days after Iniki struck, Hurricane Orlene struck the Big Island as a tropical depression, hampering relief efforts. Hurricane Iniki Hurricane Iniki ( ; Hawaiian: \"iniki\" meaning \"strong and piercing wind\") was the most powerful hurricane to strike the U.S. state of Hawaii in recorded history. Forming on September 5, 1992, during the strong 1990–95 El Niño, Iniki was one of eleven Central Pacific tropical cyclones during that season. It attained tropical storm status on September 8 and further intensified into a hurricane the next day. After turning north, Iniki struck the island of Kauai on September",
"title": "Hurricane Iniki"
},
{
"id": "9892974",
"text": "or their remnants move through Mexico from the Eastern Pacific basin. Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific bring nearly 20 percent of the average annual rainfall to southern California. The average storm total rainfall for a tropical cyclone impacting the contiguous United States from the Atlantic basin is about , with 70 to 75 percent of the storm total falling within a 24‑hour period. Below is a list of the top ten highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across the United States since 1950. Four of the wettest systems struck Texas, three strongly impacted Hawaii, while",
"title": "United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "15490345",
"text": "winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). The following day, Hiki curved southwestward on August 17. Two days later, the hurricane resumed moving northwestward and weakened to a tropical storm shortly thereafter. Around midday on August 21, Hiki weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated about six hours later. Although Hiki was a small tropical cyclone and bypassed Hawaii, heavy rainfall and strong winds were observed throughout the islands. At the Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station on Kauai, of precipitation was observed, which was the highest total associated with a tropical cyclone on record in the United States, until surpassed by Hurricane Harvey",
"title": "Hurricane Hiki"
},
{
"id": "3871908",
"text": "mantle source beneath them is, in fact, not anomalously hot at all. Well-known examples include the Hawaii, Iceland and Yellowstone hotspots. The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J. Tuzo Wilson, who postulated in 1963 that the formation of the Hawaiian Islands resulted from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a hot region beneath the surface. It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by narrow streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's core–mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plume. Whether or not such mantle plumes exist is the subject",
"title": "Hotspot (geology)"
},
{
"id": "3882337",
"text": "Typhoon Paka Typhoon Paka, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rubing, was the last tropical cyclone of the 1997 Pacific hurricane and typhoon season, and was among the strongest Pacific typhoons in the month of December. Paka, which is the Hawaiian name for Pat, developed on November 28 from a trough well to the southwest of Hawaii. The storm tracked generally westward for much of its duration, and on December 7 it crossed into the western Pacific Ocean. Much of its track was characterized by fluctuations in intensity, and on December 10 the cyclone attained typhoon status as it crossed",
"title": "Typhoon Paka"
},
{
"id": "13131070",
"text": "the waters around Hawai'i were much warmer, resulting in frequent hurricane strikes in computer simulations. Despite being small islands within the vast Pacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands have a surprising effect on ocean currents and circulation patterns over much of the Pacific. In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from northeast to southwest, from North and South America toward Asia, between the equator and 30 degrees north latitude. Typically, the trade winds continue across the Pacific — unless something gets in their way, like an island. Hawai‘i's high mountains present a substantial obstacle to the trade winds. The elevated topography",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "11522457",
"text": "Some minor roof damage was caused by the winds. International observatories and the Keck Telescope on the top of Mauna Kea were forced to close their domes due to the high winds. Rainfall ranged from light to moderate. The storm passed near two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather buoys during its passage through the state. All in all, Hurricane Emilia had mostly minor effects in the Hawaiian Islands. Emilia is one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record in the Eastern Pacific, with a minimum pressure of 926 mbar (hPa; 27.34 inHg). In the CPHC warning zone,",
"title": "Hurricane Emilia (1994)"
},
{
"id": "20687096",
"text": "2018 Hawaii floods On April 14 into the following day, a flash flood struck the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi, caused by a period of intense rainfall. A rain gauge owned by the Waipā Foundation, just west of Hanalei on Kauaʻi's northern coast, recorded of rainfall in the 24 hours ending at 12:45 PM (HST). Pending verification by the National Climatic Extremes Committee, the rainfall total broke the 24 hour rainfall set during Tropical Storm Claudette on July 26, 1979 in Alvin, Texas. The total would also break the Hawaiʻi record of set on January 25, 1956 at Kilauea, also on",
"title": "2018 Hawaii floods"
},
{
"id": "9702416",
"text": "miles/820 km northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. Strong Kona winds usually last for a day. Considerable damage is caused to boats lying southwest of the islands. On land, trees are uprooted and roofs can be blown off homes. When passing through mountain gaps and over mountains, downsloped winds gust over 100 mph/165 km/h, which causes much of the destruction. The most powerful Kona storm in the last fifty years struck the Hawaiian islands between 8 January and 11 January 1980. The low pressure primarily responsible for the severe conditions had a barometric pressure of 975mb on January 8, while passing",
"title": "Kona storm"
},
{
"id": "18190280",
"text": "ever hit the U.S. state of Hawaii, even after accounting for inflation. The only tropical cyclones to cause more damage to the islands were Lane in 2018, Iwa in 1982, and Iniki in 1992. In addition, Iselle was the third-strongest tropical cyclone to ever make landfall on the main Hawaiian islands after hurricanes Dot and Iniki. Hurricane Iselle Hurricane Iselle was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the Big Island of Hawaii in recorded history. The eleventh named storm of the annual hurricane season, Iselle developed from an area of disturbed weather southwest of Mexico on July 31,",
"title": "Hurricane Iselle"
},
{
"id": "11412277",
"text": "The cyclone again weakened as its motion halted, and on September 30 Kenneth dissipated a short distance off the Big Island of Hawaii. The remnants of Kenneth produced one of the highest rainfall totals in Hawaii, reaching up to 12 inches (305 mm) on Oahu. The rainfall caused flooding, though no major damage was reported. The origins of Kenneth are believed to have been from a tropical wave that crossed Central America into the eastern North Pacific Ocean on September 9. The system tracked westward within the Intertropical Convergence Zone — a belt of thunderstorm activity across the eastern Pacific",
"title": "Hurricane Kenneth (2005)"
},
{
"id": "793595",
"text": "variability is far greater during the winter, when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. With such wide swings in rainfall, it is inevitable that there are occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rainstorms, impacting normally dry areas outside the trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011-2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides of Moloka'i, Maui, and Island of Hawaii. The blend of warm tropical sunshine, varying humidity, ocean breezes and trade winds, and varying elevations create a variety of microclimates. Although the Island",
"title": "Maui"
},
{
"id": "2815097",
"text": "The wind will eventually swing around to the southwest and the temperature rises sharply as the real Chinook arrives. The term Chinook wind is also used in British Columbia, and is the original usage, being rooted in the lore of coastal tribes and brought to Alberta by the fur-traders. Such winds are extremely wet and warm and arrive off the western coast of North America from the southwest. The winds are also known as the pineapple express, since they are of tropical origin, roughly from the area of the Pacific near Hawaii. The air associated with a west coast Chinook",
"title": "Chinook wind"
},
{
"id": "1321483",
"text": "territory, after Tahiti. With the exception of Motu One, all the islands of the Marquesas are of volcanic origin. In contrast to the tendency to associate Polynesia with lush tropical vegetation, the Marquesas are remarkably dry islands. Though the islands lie within the tropics, they are the first major break in the prevailing easterly winds that spawn from the extraordinarily dry (from an atmospheric perspective) Humboldt Current. Because of this, the islands are subject to frequent drought conditions, and only those that reach highest into the clouds (generally, above about 750 m / 2,500 ft above sea level) have reliable",
"title": "Marquesas Islands"
},
{
"id": "14155221",
"text": "a Pacific tropical cyclone on its west coast than an Atlantic tropical cyclone on its east coast (9% of the basin total). The three most struck states in Mexico in the 50 years at the end of the 20th century were Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, and Quintana Roo. Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation. Nor'easters moving up the East coast bring cold season",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "13131073",
"text": "water from the Asian coast. This warm water drives further changes in wind, allowing the island effect to extend far into the western Pacific. The counter current had been observed by oceanographers near the Hawaiian Islands years before the long wake was discovered, but they did not know what caused it. Climate of Hawaii The American state of Hawaii, which covers the Hawaiian Islands, is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and surrounding. The island of Hawaii for example hosts 4 (out of 5 in total) climate groups on a surface as small as according to",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "9439908",
"text": "systems affect the state with heavy rains between October and March. Showers are common across the island chain, but thunderstorms are relatively rare. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (\"Koolau\") and leeward (\"Kona\") regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. The Kona coast is the only area in Hawaii with a summer precipitation maximum. Windward sides face the east to northeast trade winds and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover. In the late winter and spring during El Niño",
"title": "United States rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "13131053",
"text": "Climate of Hawaii The American state of Hawaii, which covers the Hawaiian Islands, is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and surrounding. The island of Hawaii for example hosts 4 (out of 5 in total) climate groups on a surface as small as according to the Köppen climate types: tropical, arid, temperate and polar. When counting also the Köppen sub-categories the island of Hawaii hosts 8 (out of 13 in total) climate zones. The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "14175353",
"text": "winds reportedly tossed vehicles into buildings. Many shrimp trawlers sank in the storm, leaving substantial losses in Mexico's shrimping industry. The last storm of the 1957 season, Hurricane Nina, was an unusually late-forming system. It was first identified on November 29 as a tropical storm to the southwest of Hawaii. Steadily tracking north-northeast, the storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, by which time it was given the name Nina. As it approached Hawaii, the National Weather Bureau issued warnings for the storm, advising residents to take precaution and possibly evacuate. However, the storm turned westward before moving over the",
"title": "1957 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "3891795",
"text": "to land as a tropical cyclone, its remnant moisture field combined with an upper-level trough over Hawaii to produce an unstable atmosphere. General rainfall amounts of 2–5 in (51–127 mm) were recorded across the Big Island and Oahu, with a localized peak of 9.04 in (230 mm) in Kaneohe; this led to flooding and several road closures. Minor stream flooding was observed on the southeast flank of Mount Haleakalā. A rainfall total of 3.06 in (78 mm) was recorded at the Honolulu International Airport, contributing to the wettest August on record in the city. Some coffee and macadamia nut trees",
"title": "2004 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "3783542",
"text": "on November 25 Iwa became an extratropical cyclone while located about 600 miles (965 km) northeast of Hawaii. Hurricane Iwa produced estimated gusts reaching 120 mph (193 km/h) across Kauai and Oahu. The acceleration of the hurricane concentrated the energy of its swells, resulting in high waves and storm surge across the Hawaiian Islands, though primarily near the path of the center. It is estimated the storm surge reached eight feet (two meters) on the south coast of Kauai. There, the surge reached 900 feet (275 m) inland, exceeding a 100-year flood event for the area. The heaviest rainfall reported",
"title": "Hurricane Iwa"
},
{
"id": "793661",
"text": "a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May. Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop the island. The gas plumes of the Kīlauea Volcano create a blanket of vog which the dominant trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast on the west side of the island of Hawaiʻi. Vog contains chemicals that can damage the environment and the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage them and impair function. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in",
"title": "Hawaii (island)"
},
{
"id": "221069",
"text": "the Hawaiian Islands have been resistant to the long list of Hawaii hurricanes that have approached. For example, when Hurricane Flossie (2007) approached and dissipated just before reaching landfall, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) cited vertical wind shear as evidenced in the photo. On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting, as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the Northern Hemisphere, while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles Antarctica and sometimes the",
"title": "Jet stream"
},
{
"id": "3595184",
"text": "Hurricane Iniki Hurricane Iniki ( ; Hawaiian: \"iniki\" meaning \"strong and piercing wind\") was the most powerful hurricane to strike the U.S. state of Hawaii in recorded history. Forming on September 5, 1992, during the strong 1990–95 El Niño, Iniki was one of eleven Central Pacific tropical cyclones during that season. It attained tropical storm status on September 8 and further intensified into a hurricane the next day. After turning north, Iniki struck the island of Kauai on September 11 at peak intensity; it had winds of and reached Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. It had recorded wind",
"title": "Hurricane Iniki"
},
{
"id": "10577102",
"text": "was several days away from potentially affecting the state, and as a result, few residents rushed to prepare. The Honolulu National Weather Service issued a high surf advisory for east facing beaches in Hawaii, and warned beachgoers to remain out of the water. The National Weather Service issued a flash flood watch and wind advisory in association with the remnants of Daniel. The remnants produced 2–5 inches (50–125 mm) of rainfall throughout windward areas of the Big Island of Hawaii and Maui on July 28 and 29. West Wailuaiki on Maui recorded 3.87 inches (98.3 mm) in one day, which",
"title": "Hurricane Daniel (2006)"
},
{
"id": "15907903",
"text": "as it continued to approach Hawaii. A possible re-curve towards the island never materialized, and the hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands. Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23 while passing south of Hawaii, and two days later it weakened to a depression. The tropical cyclone dissipated on July 27. On July 22, the National Weather Service issued a hurricane watch and high-surf advisory for the Island of Hawaii as the storm was anticipated to produce life-threatening waves throughout the island chain. Gale warnings and small craft advisories were also issued. Hurricane Estelle was",
"title": "Hurricane Estelle (1986)"
},
{
"id": "9515299",
"text": "general mass behind it moves forward. Pahoehoe lava can sometimes become A'a lava due to increasing viscosity or increasing rate of shear, but A'a lava never turns into pahoehoe flow. Hawaiian eruptions are responsible for several unique volcanological objects. Small volcanic particles are carried and formed by the wind, chilling quickly into teardrop-shaped glassy fragments known as Pele's tears (after Pele, the Hawaiian volcano deity). During especially high winds these chunks may even take the form of long drawn-out strands, known as Pele's hair. Sometimes basalt aerates into reticulite, the lowest density rock type on earth. Although Hawaiian eruptions are",
"title": "Types of volcanic eruptions"
},
{
"id": "12398080",
"text": "she was warned upon. While she was a low, there is no information. On September 10 a tropical depression was located by the Joint Hurricane Warning Center (JHWC) and was designated Tropical Depression Twenty-two and was heading westward. During the morning of the 12th, the depression passed 240 miles south of the island of Hawaii. It dissipated that night. The depression caused heavy rainfall throughout the Hawaiian Islands during the 12th. The reason that this depression was named 22 is unknown, but it is probably because it was numbered with the Western Pacific storm numbers. During the late evening of",
"title": "1966 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "9702415",
"text": "moderate but steady rain. Some winters occur without a single Kona storm, with a high of four or five. Hawaii typically experiences two to three annually between October and April. The cyclone events for Hawaii can be long-lived, affecting the state for a week or more. Kona lows produce a wide range of weather hazards for Hawaii. Among them are heavy rain, hailstorms, flash floods and their associated landslides, high winds which result in large surf and swells, waterspouts, and heavy snows on the higher mountains. Kona winds are associated with cyclones with central pressures below which pass within 500",
"title": "Kona storm"
},
{
"id": "1384557",
"text": "their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation. Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides, tend to be drier. In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April). Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September. The tropical storms, and occasional hurricanes, tend to occur from July through November. Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from",
"title": "Hawaiian Islands"
},
{
"id": "165616",
"text": "and shallow and deep sea out to offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined. Hawaii's climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant trade winds from the east. Summer highs usually reach around during the day, with the temperature reaching a low of at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around ; at low elevation they seldom dip below at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in",
"title": "Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "7486689",
"text": "of 280 km/h (175 mph) on November 11. Once clear of the island, it strengthened slightly and reached its peak intensity on November 13 with winds of 295 km/h (185 mph) and a barometric pressure of 894 mb (hPa; 26.40 inHg). The storm then gradually turned northward as it weakened, brushing the Ryukyu Islands on November 15, before moving east-northeastward over the open waters of the Pacific. Karen continued to weaken and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 17 before losing its identity the following day between Alaska and Hawaii. Karen devastated Guam with wind gusts estimated up to",
"title": "Typhoon Karen"
},
{
"id": "13131067",
"text": "by intense showers superimposed on the more moderate continuous, steady rain. An entire winter may pass without a single well-developed Kona storm. More often there are one or two such storms a year; sometimes four or five. The hurricane season in the Hawaiian Islands is roughly from June through November, when hurricanes and tropical storms are most probable in the North Pacific. These storms tend to originate off the coast of Mexico (particularly the Baja California peninsula) and track west or northwest towards the islands. As storms cross the Pacific, they tend to lose strength if they bear northward and",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "14604763",
"text": "humidity across the island group and brief, but heavy showers over central Oahu and the windward slopes of Maui and the Big Island on July 18. Precipitation totals ranged form , prompting flash flood advisories. In addition to the rain, large swells as high as generated by Celia and its remnants affected the east-facing shores of the Hawaiian Islands. resulting in high surf advisories. These swells produced rough surf that caused two drowning deaths on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu on July 16. In the first two weeks of July, five low pressure systems formed in the",
"title": "2016 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "5140132",
"text": "the first direct threat to the Hawaiian Islands for several years and a hurricane watch was issued for the island of Hawaii. Jimena passed to the south, but still brought tropical-storm-force gusts and heavy rain to the island. A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on May 19 well to the south of Mexico as it moved west. A good outflow developed and it became a tropical storm the next day, before reaching its peak strength with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Increasing shear prevented any further development as the storm moved quickly west-northwest. On May 25, the",
"title": "2003 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "12306615",
"text": "by the National Hurricane Center. The remnant low still retained tropical storm-force winds for a short while before weakening further by the next morning. The low moved towards the west-southwest over the next several days before dissipating 460 mi (740 km) southeast of the Island of Hawaii on August 16. The remnant low-pressure area of Hernan later brought moisture to the island of Hawaii, causing cloud and shower activity. The associated rainfall was light and insignificant. Hurricane Hernan (2008) Hurricane Hernan was the ninth tropical depression, eighth named storm, fifth hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2008 Pacific hurricane",
"title": "Hurricane Hernan (2008)"
},
{
"id": "17009659",
"text": "to celebrate the sun's alignment with \"positive and negative rocks\". Other Aetherian \"holy mountains\" include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, a mountain in California, two in New South Wales in Australia and two in Devon. The hill is known for a meteorological phenomenon known as the Brown Willy effect, in which heavy rainfall develops over high ground and then travels downwind for a long distance. The effect produces heavy localised rain which can cause disastrous flash flooding such as the Boscastle flood of 2004. In another case when the effect was manifested, a continuous line of showers developed on 27 March",
"title": "Brown Willy"
},
{
"id": "14573202",
"text": "area of low vertical windshear and favourable sea surface temperatures, as it was steered eastwards by an upper level ridge of high pressure. During December 11, the JTWC started to issue warnings and designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 04P, after 1-minute sustained winds had become equivalent to a tropical storm. RSMC Nadi then reported early the next day that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone and named it Evan, while it was located about to the west of Pago Pago on the American Samoan island of Tutuila. The cyclone struck Samoa on December 13 with category",
"title": "2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season"
},
{
"id": "1047124",
"text": "a total area of , of which is land and of which (8.4%) is water. Hilo has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen \"Af\"), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. Its location on the eastern side of the island, (windward relative to the trade winds), makes it the fourth wettest designated city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat, and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some",
"title": "Hilo, Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "228025",
"text": "Channels of the Hawaiian Islands In an archipelago like the Hawaiian Islands the water between islands is typically called a \"channel\" or \"passage\". Described here are the channels between the islands of Hawaiʻi, arranged from southeast to northwest. The ʻAlenuihāhā separates the island of Hawaiʻi and the island of Maui. The maximum depth of this channel is , and the channel is 30 miles wide. There is a significant wind funnel effect in the channel, which is subject to scientific investigations. ʻAlenuihāhā means \"great billows smashing.\" The ʻAlalākeiki Channel separates the islands of Kahoʻolawe and Maui, at a distance of",
"title": "Channels of the Hawaiian Islands"
},
{
"id": "6185526",
"text": "the roads being closed following the storm. Southwestern Maui experienced rough surf, as well. Despite being a weak tropical depression and a tropical wave while moving through the Hawaiian Islands, Fefa produced locally strong wind gusts of up to 50 mph (80 km/h) in the islands of Hawaii and Maui. Prior to moving across the island of Hawaii, strong thunderstorms developed in the northeastern portion of the remnant circulation of Fefa. The thunderstorms developed further as they moved over the slopes of Mauna Kea and Kohala. The thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall in areas, resulting in flash flooding in Kohala and",
"title": "Hurricane Fefa"
},
{
"id": "13919220",
"text": "by a tropical storm watch. Several hours later, the CPHC discontinued this watch. Early on October 23, as Neki weakened to a tropical storm, the hurricane warning for areas between the French Frigate Shoals and Nihoa was replaced by a tropical storm warning. The tropical storm warning remained in effect for more than a day before being canceled during the afternoon of October 24. As the hurricane turned northward and was seen as a threat to the Hawaiian Islands, officials in the Papahanaumokuakea requested that all 17 personnel in the region be evacuated. Several days before the storm passed through",
"title": "Hurricane Neki"
},
{
"id": "793599",
"text": "hours, and the Haleakala summit can dip below freezing. An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winter “Kona storms” which bring rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction). Maui is a leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands due to Humpback whales wintering in the sheltered Auau Channel between the islands of Maui county. The whales migrate approximately from Alaskan waters each autumn and spend the winter months mating and birthing in the warm waters off Maui, with most leaving by the end of April. The",
"title": "Maui"
},
{
"id": "8616301",
"text": "intact; all military personnel were evacuated from the island. Later, the extratropical remnants of Ioke produced a severe storm surge along the Alaskan coastline, causing beach erosion. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) spawned a tropical disturbance with a low-level circulation far to the southeast of Hawaii in the middle of August 2006. Under the influence of a strong westward-moving subtropical ridge to its north, the disturbance tracked nearly due westward, with deep convection in the region increasing and decreasing on a daily basis. It slowly became better organized, and early on August 20 the disturbance developed into Tropical Depression One-C",
"title": "Hurricane Ioke"
},
{
"id": "793649",
"text": "Hawaii (island) Hawaiʻi ( ; ) is the largest island located in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago's combined landmass, and is the largest island in the United States. However, it has only 13% of Hawaiʻi’s people. The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand. The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi, the",
"title": "Hawaii (island)"
},
{
"id": "9702417",
"text": "north of the state, one of the lowest pressure readings ever recorded in Hawaiian waters as a result of an extratropical storm. The storm caused severe weather across the entire state, forcing the closure of all airports. Rainfall from the storm was extremely heavy, surpassing twenty inches in many locations, particularly on the Big Island and Maui. High surf from the storm caused extensive damage, particularly along the Kona coast of the Big Island, where the towns of Kailua-Kona and Puako received extensive damage. Winds from the storm averaged around 40-50 mph on the open ocean, but varied tremendously on",
"title": "Kona storm"
},
{
"id": "11729424",
"text": "the reverse of those in the Atlantic due to increased sea surface temperatures; therefore, the odds of a hurricane hitting Hawaii or, rarely, California are increased during El Niño years and decreased during La Niña years. Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the location of the jet stream, which alters rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. The shift in the jet stream also leads to shifts in the occurrence of severe weather, and the number of tropical cyclones expected within the tropics in the Atlantic",
"title": "Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9439910",
"text": "a rainy season from July to December. Typhoons frequent the island, which can lead to excessive rainfall. During El Niño years, dry season precipitation averages below normal. However, the threat of a tropical cyclone is over triple what is normal during El Niño years, so extreme shorter duration rainfall events are possible. American Samoa's climate regime is dominated by southeast trade winds. The island dependency is wet, with annual rainfall averaging near at the airport, with amounts closer to in other areas. There is a distinct rainy season when tropical cyclones occasionally visit between November and April. The dry season",
"title": "United States rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "3039030",
"text": "around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500 mm annual rainfall) to wet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5000 mm per year) through a temperate climate into alpine conditions of cold and dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, which affects the distribution of streams, wetlands, and wet places. The distance and remoteness of the Hawaiian archipelago is a biological filter. Seeds or spores attached to a lost migrating bird's feather or an insect falling out of the high winds found a place to",
"title": "Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands"
},
{
"id": "17181567",
"text": "Meteorological Service started to monitor a shallow tropical depression that developed within the monsoon trough about northeast of Tuvalu. At around the same time, a twin depression developed within the Northern Hemisphere monsoon trough, which eventually became Typhoon Roy. Over the next two days the Southern Hemisphere system developed further as it was steered towards the south-southwest along an area of high pressure, before it became equivalent to a tropical storm while passing through the Tuvaluan islands. As a result, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 07P and started to issue advisories on",
"title": "Cyclone Anne"
},
{
"id": "19783486",
"text": "extratropical on October 13. On October 2, the United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center started to monitor a weak trough of low pressure that had developed about to the southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. Over the next day as the system moved towards the northwest, showers and thunderstorms gradually developed along the trough, but were showing little to no signs of organisation. The system was subsequently classified as a tropical depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency during October 3, as it crossed the International Dateline and moved into the western Pacific Ocean. Often presenting an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC), the",
"title": "Typhoon Songda (2016)"
},
{
"id": "4673165",
"text": "Both precipitation and humidity are highest from March through May and lowest from June through mid-September. Major sources of precipitation are winter snow storms originating in the Gulf of Alaska, late winter and spring rains from the Pineapple Express created in Hawaiian waters, and summer monsoons from the Gulf of California. The airport averages of precipitation per year, with bench areas receiving up to , mainly due to increased snowfall. May is the wettest month, averaging of precipitation. Average year-round humidity is 55%. The summer monsoon rising from Mexico and Arizona passes through the region beginning in mid-July and continuing",
"title": "Climate of Salt Lake City"
},
{
"id": "16655271",
"text": "this, the system was not considered tropical or subtropical officially. On March 25, tropical storm warnings were posted for the Hawaiian Islands. Winds of were reported in Oahu as the storm came near the island. In Honolulu, of rain was reported. The system contributed to the already above-average rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands. The rainfall amount for March 1951 was nearly 200 to 700 percent above normal. The rainfall set records for that month, but they were later broken in 2006. A tropical storm hit near Acapulco early in the season in May. A hurricane hit near Acapulco early in",
"title": "1951 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "5484741",
"text": "and Western – since Hurricane John in 1994. Hurricane Eugene also existed in the Eastern and Central Pacific, but dissipated on August 15 while south of the main Hawaiian Islands, well before reaching the International Date Line. Nonetheless, it produced up to of rainfall on the Big Island of Hawaii. In the remainder of August, there was a series of short-lived tropical cyclones that did not effect land, including Tropical Depression Nine-E, Tropical Storm Fernanda, and Tropical Depression Eleven-E. During the month of September, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the season, Hurricane Greg, was spawned near the Pacific coast of",
"title": "1999 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "16655270",
"text": "UTC of March 29. It moved quickly across the island, and it left the island about six hours later. JTWC stopped tracking the system east of the island of Nihoa eighteen hours later, after it started to move across the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The system has been considered a tropical or a extratropical cyclone. JTWC and the American Meteorological Society (AMS) consider the storm as a tropical cyclone. Although, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the eastern north Pacific, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) do not include the system in their archives. Due to",
"title": "1951 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "12381903",
"text": "of rain recorded during 2000. The Big Bog on the island of Maui has the highest average annual rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands, at .Mount Waiʻaleʻale on the island of Kauaʻi achieves similar torrential rains, while slightly lower than that of the Big Bog, at of rain per year over the last 32 years, with a record in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth, with a reported 350 days of rain per year. <br> Lloró, a town situated in Chocó, Colombia, is probably the place with the largest rainfall in the world, averaging per",
"title": "Rain"
},
{
"id": "11412284",
"text": "shear and cooler water temperatures prevented restrengthening. On September 29, an intensifying upper-level trough over the Hawaiian Islands weakened Kenneth to tropical depression status. Thunderstorms failed to reform, and on September 30 it degenerated into a tropical wave about 40 miles (65 km) east of the Big Island of Hawaii. A remnant swirl of clouds later moved onshore of the Big Island. The remnants of Kenneth produced rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands when they interacted with an upper-level trough, causing some reports of flash flooding. At Nu‘uanu Pali on Oahu, a gauge recorded a total precipitation of 10.25 inches (260.4",
"title": "Hurricane Kenneth (2005)"
},
{
"id": "15490350",
"text": "By August 21, Hiki further weakened to a tropical depression, and dissipated six hours later. The hurricane was also followed by the Air Weather Service, located on Guam, who assigned the name \"Salome\" from the Pacific typhoon naming lists. Hiki was one of the strongest tropical cyclones to approach the Hawaiian Islands in at least 45 years and officially the first hurricane in the region. As Hiki approached, a United States Coast Guard station with 14 people in French Frigate Shoals was alerted. In addition, ships in the area were also advised to take caution. Hiki caused high waves on",
"title": "Hurricane Hiki"
},
{
"id": "12967820",
"text": "eastern shores of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii, the system generated swells. The Honolulu Airport reported a daily record of of rainfall, breaking the previous record of set in 1948. Elsewhere, parts of Maui reported in excess of of precipitation, while fell on Oahu. The rainfall was beneficial in some areas, where dry conditions had persisted. Although crop damage from the storm system was limited, some farming operations were postponed and some coffee and not trees were damaged. Along the eastern shores of several Hawaiian Islands, the storm system triggered surf of . The heavy rainfall",
"title": "Hurricane Darby (2004)"
},
{
"id": "12423436",
"text": "to increased wind shear and dry air. On August 3, Fabio deteriorated to tropical depression status, and later that day it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants continued westward, moving across Hawaii on August 7. Although Fabio did not impact land, its remnants produced heavy rainfall in Hawaii. In a 24-hour period, 2.89 inches (73 mm) of rainfall was recorded at Glenwood on the island of Hawaii; this was the highest daily rainfall total for the month on the island. However, the heaviest precipitation fell on Mount Waiʻaleʻale on Kauai, where 15.08 inches (383 mm) fell in",
"title": "2006 Pacific hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "16484648",
"text": "had move to a location west-southwest or west of Cabo San Lucas. A ship reported a pressure reading of . The cyclone dissipated by late August 19. On August 18 and 19, a severe storm struck the Hawaiian Islands. It caused gales, broke August rainfall records, and a record low pressure of . The storm also downed power lines and damaged crops and trees at a plantation. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center calls this event the \"Mokapu Cyclone\" and speculates that it might have been caused by a tropical cyclone. On September 1, a possible tropical depression formed south of",
"title": "1930–39 Pacific hurricane seasons"
},
{
"id": "18339617",
"text": "the Central Pacific basin. Ana's extratropical remnant continued to race northeastward across the Pacific Ocean, before making landfall in British Columbia, dissipating afterward on October 28. Beginning on October 15, various tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for Hawaii, starting with a tropical storm watch for the Big Island. Three days later, a tropical storm warning was issued for Kauai and Niihau, and was extended to include portions of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The threat of the storm forced parks and beaches to close in the state. While passing south of Hawaii, Ana produced heavy rainfall on most",
"title": "Hurricane Ana"
},
{
"id": "6053363",
"text": "winds and barometric pressure based on the Dvorak technique and numerical weather prediction. The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin, operating from Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to represent the interests of the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Throughout the season, sea surface temperatures within the western equatorial Pacific were above normal, including those in the South China Sea. Areas of convection persisted year-round in the lower latitudes, particularly around the Philippines. Atmospheric divergence was also prevalent in the same regions, resulting in enhanced tropical cyclogenesis east of the Philippines in 2003; the",
"title": "2003 Pacific typhoon season"
},
{
"id": "19623436",
"text": "depression on July 25. Over the period of July 23 to July 25, Darby brought heavy rain and widespread flash floods to the windward sides of the Hawaiian Islands, with storm rainfall totals exceeding on the Big Island and in Oahu. This resulted in some road closures, sewage spills, numerous flight cancellations, and minor property damage. Overall, no fatalities occurred during the passage of Darby. In the first two weeks of July, a series of low pressure areas formed off the coast of Mexico. The fourth of these was spawned by a tropical wave several hundred miles south-southeast of Acapulco,",
"title": "Hurricane Darby (2016)"
},
{
"id": "20911325",
"text": "lost; however, all adult females tending the nests left before the storm. Approximately half of Hawaii's green sea turtles nested on the island, and Charles Littnan—director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's protected species division—stated it would take years for the implications of the island's loss to be fully understood. Hurricane Walaka Hurricane Walaka ( ; Hawaiian: \"walaka\" meaning \"ruler of the army\") was one of the most intense Pacific hurricanes on record. By minimum pressure, Walaka is the second-strongest tropical cyclone in central Pacific, alongside Hurricane Gilma in 1994, and is only surpassed by Hurricane Ioke in 2006.",
"title": "Hurricane Walaka"
},
{
"id": "15166366",
"text": "massive releases of sterilized mosquitos. Dengue appeared in the Hawaiian Islands in late 2015, with at least 190 cases confirmed by year end. Most cases were reported on the island of Hawaii (the \"Big Island\"). Argentina is registering a Dengue fever outbreak in late January 2016 with 13 of 24 provinces affected. In Thailand, officials are anticipating as many cases in 2016 as occurred during a large outbreak in 1978, the largest ever recorded. Since the beginning of the year, more than 8,000 cases have occurred, compared with just over 4,000 cases over the same period in 2015. A Dengue",
"title": "Dengue fever outbreaks"
},
{
"id": "13131057",
"text": "Just as the temperature of the ocean surface varies comparatively little from season to season, so also does the temperature of air that has moved great distances across the ocean; the air brings with it to the land the mild temperature regime characteristic of the surrounding ocean. In the central North Pacific, the trade winds represent the outflow of air from the great region of high pressure, the North Pacific High, typically located well north and east of the Hawaiian Islands. The Pacific High, and with it the trade-wind zone, moves north and south with changing angle of the sun,",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "9266418",
"text": "simply as \"tropical cyclones\" or \"severe cyclonic storms\". \"Tropical\" refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. \"Cyclone\" refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises",
"title": "Tropical cyclone"
},
{
"id": "15907906",
"text": "Although isolated showers were initially recorded in the southern portion of the state, after Hurricane Estelle dissipated, its moisture became entrapped in a trough over the islands, causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago. Some areas in Hawaii received to . The rains in Hawaii had cleared up by July 29. Estelle was a well-observed storm, with Reconnaissance Aircraft flying into the hurricane to provide a fix on its location. It also passed near NOAA Buoy 51004 on July 22, providing valuable meteorological data for its future path. Hurricane Estelle (1986) Hurricane Estelle was the first major hurricane of",
"title": "Hurricane Estelle (1986)"
},
{
"id": "8616298",
"text": "Hurricane Ioke Hurricane Ioke, also referred to as Typhoon Ioke, was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific. The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season, Ioke was a record breaking, long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific for 17 days, reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on three different occasions. The cyclone developed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii. Encountering warm waters, little wind shear, and well-defined outflow, Ioke intensified from a tropical",
"title": "Hurricane Ioke"
},
{
"id": "18301916",
"text": "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,\" sometimes shortened to \"Triple R\" or \"RRR,\" is the nickname given to a persistent region of atmospheric high pressure that occurred over the far northeastern Pacific Ocean. The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\" nickname was coined in December 2013 by Daniel Swain on the California Weather Blog. The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge is characterized by a broad region of positive geopotential height anomalies on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent ridging acts to \"block\" the prevailing mid-latitude Westerlies, shifting the storm track northward and suppressing extratropical cyclone (winter storm) activity along the West Coast of the",
"title": "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge"
},
{
"id": "9439883",
"text": "United States rainfall climatology The characteristics of United States rainfall climatology differ significantly across the United States and those under United States sovereignty. Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring Hawaii and the western United States most of their precipitation. Nor'easters moving down the East coast bring cold season precipitation to the Carolinas, Mid-Atlantic and New England states. Lake-effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes, as well as Great Salt Lake and the",
"title": "United States rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "13131056",
"text": "between late February and early April, to a maximum of in late September or early October. Water temperatures remain this mild for hundreds of miles around. Temperatures of and above are quite uncommon (with the exception of dry, leeward areas). In the leeward areas, temperatures may reach into the low 90’s several days during the year, but temperatures higher than these are unusual. The highest temperature ever recorded on the islands was on April 27, 1931 in Pahala. The other reason for the small variation in air temperature is the nearly constant flow of fresh ocean air across the islands.",
"title": "Climate of Hawaii"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pineapple Express context: Pineapple Express Pineapple Express is a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and with heavy precipitation from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands and extending to any location along the Pacific coast of North America. A Pineapple Express is an example of an atmospheric river, which is a more general term for such narrow corridors of enhanced water vapor transport at mid-latitudes around the world. A Pineapple Express is driven by a strong, southern branch of the polar jet stream and is marked by the presence of a\n\nWhat is the name given to the meteorological phenomenon which is characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and associated heavy rainfall from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, which resulted in record rainfall at Seatac airport this week.",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
"origin_tokens": 206,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pineapple Express context: Pineapple Express Pineapple Express is a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and with heavy precipitation from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands and extending to any location along the Pacific coast of North America. A Pineapple Express is an example of an atmospheric river, which is a more general term for such narrow corridors of enhanced water vapor transport at mid-latitudes around the world. A Pineapple Express is driven by a strong, southern branch of the polar jet stream and is marked by the presence of a\n\ntitle: Pineapple Express context Route State Route 2. The storm brought to Sierra Nevada San Gabriel A state record was with places on reaching up to 80 inches of. The storm also significant flooding to Los Angeles area most of Southern California killing about 3 people Pineapple Express Pineapple is a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and with precipitation from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian and extending to any location along the Pacific\ntitle: 2014 American storm context201 December 201 American storm a winter storm (ferred to some as'St of impact the West Coast United States, night December 10, 2014,, flo watches. Fueled by the Pineapple an atmospheric river origin the tropical of Ocean to Hawai Islands, storm was the strong to since 0 The system was also the most inten storm to impact West Coast in\n: Atmosic Anic () is a narrowor orament ofure the atmosphere rivers consist bands of transport typically the areas of diver air flow including front zones in association withones that overans Pine Expresss represented and recognized type ofic; they are given due to theumes the Hawai path originallyineders Reginald\n\ntitle: Kona storm context: Kona storm Kona storms (also called Kona lows) are a type of seasonal cyclone in the Hawaiian Islands, usually formed in the winter from winds coming from the westerly \"kona\" (normally leeward) direction. They are mainly cold core cyclones, which places them in the extratropical cyclone rather than the subtropical cyclone category. Hawaii typically experiences two to three annually, which can affect the state for a week or more. Among their hazards are heavy rain, hailstorms, flash floods and their associated landslides, high elevation snow, high winds which result in large surf and swells, and waterspouts. Kona is a Hawaiian\n\nWhat is the name given to the meteorological phenomenon which is characterized by a strong and persistent flow of atmospheric moisture and associated heavy rainfall from the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, which resulted in record rainfall at Seatac airport this week.",
"compressed_tokens": 602,
"origin_tokens": 13982,
"ratio": "23.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,730 | According to the proverb, you should look before you do what? | [
"LEAP (disambiguation)",
"LEAP",
"L.E.A.P.",
"Leap",
"Leap (disambiguation)"
] | Leap | [
{
"id": "317161",
"text": "examples are standard proverbs. Where the English proverbs above are meant to make a potential customer smile, in one of the Zimbabwean examples \"both the content of the proverb and the fact that it is phrased as a proverb secure the idea of a secure time-honored relationship between the company and the individuals\". When newer buses were imported, owners of older buses compensated by painting a traditional proverb on the sides of their buses, \"Going fast does not assure safe arrival\". There are often proverbs that contradict each other, such as \"Look before you leap\" and \"He who hesitates is",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317156",
"text": "with ears covered bore the sign \"See and speak evil\", the one with eyes covered bore the sign \"See and hear evil\", etc. The caption at the bottom read \"The power of positive thinking.\" Another cartoon showed a customer in a pharmacy telling a pharmacist, \"I'll have an ounce of prevention.\" The comic strip The Argyle Sweater showed an Egyptian archeologist loading a mummy on the roof of a vehicle, refusing the offer of a rope to tie it on, with the caption \"A fool and his mummy are soon parted.\" The comic One Big Happy showed a conversation where",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317137",
"text": "such as \"The proof of the pudding sweeps clean\" (p. 109) and \"A stitch in time is as good as a mile\" (p. 97). Because proverbs are so much a part of the language and culture, authors have sometimes used proverbs in historical fiction effectively, but anachronistically, before the proverb was actually known. For example, the novel \"Ramage and the Rebels\", by Dudley Pope is set in approximately 1800. Captain Ramage reminds his adversary \"You are supposed to know that it is dangerous to change horses in midstream\" (p. 259), with another allusion to the same proverb three pages later.",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317139",
"text": "and the Search for Self\" by April Lane Benson. Some proverbs been used as the basis for article titles, though often in altered form: \"All our eggs in a broken basket: How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural competence\" and \"Should Rolling Stones Worry About Gathering Moss?\", \"Between a Rock and a Soft Place\". Proverbs have been noted as common in subtitles of articles such as \"Discontinued intergenerational transmission of Czech in Texas: 'Hindsight is better than foresight'.\" Also, the reverse is found with a proverb (complete or partial) as the title, then an explanatory subtitle, \"To",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "10250112",
"text": "also surround a central \"Blue cloak\" scene: The central figure is a woman who is pulling a blue cloak over her husband. She is literally pulling the wool over his eyes. This act is a metaphor for adultery, explicitly the adultery of the woman, and the cloak somehow helps her husband to \"not see it\", which is also indicated by another proverb or expression in the Galle engraving showing a man with his fingers in front of his eyes with the remark \"Dese siet door de vingeren\" (English: This one acts blind but is 'peeking through his fingers'). The cloak",
"title": "The Blue Cloak"
},
{
"id": "10085641",
"text": "the time when the Catholic Church was persecuted in Ireland, and Mass had to be said in woods and on moors, on wattled places in bogs, and in caves. But as the proverb says, \"It is better to look forward with one eye than to look backwards with two...\"\" \"8 May 1830 ...There is a large cave in \"Baile na Síg\", two miles west of Callan, which is called 'The Rapparee's Hole.' It seems they used to hide there after Cromwell's and King William's time. It's many the fine, good, honest man who had been reared in luxury and happiness",
"title": "Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin"
},
{
"id": "5725105",
"text": "the sides of streetcars. The December 8, 1921, issue carries an ad entitled, \"One Look is Worth A Thousand Words.\" Another ad by Barnard appears in the March 10, 1927, issue with the phrase \"One Picture Worth Ten Thousand Words\", where it is labeled a Chinese proverb. The 1949 \"Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Familiar Phrases\" quotes Barnard as saying he called it \"a Chinese proverb, so that people would take it seriously.\" Nonetheless, the proverb soon after became popularly attributed to Confucius. The actual Chinese expression \"Hearing something a hundred times isn't better than seeing it once\" (,",
"title": "A picture is worth a thousand words"
},
{
"id": "13661980",
"text": "detestable things into the home. The Book of Joshua contains a narrative in which Achan incurred the wrath of God by coveting prohibited gold and silver that he found in the destruction of Jericho. This is portrayed as a violation of covenant and a disgraceful thing. The Book of Proverbs warns against coveting, \"Above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life.\" The prophet Micah condemns the coveting of houses and fields as a warning against lusting after physical possessions. The Hebrew word for \"covet\" can also be translated as \"lust\", and the book of Proverbs",
"title": "Thou shalt not covet"
},
{
"id": "11473934",
"text": "His England\". In Ben Jonson's play, \"A Tale of a Tub\" (1633) Erasmus's text is explicitly quoted and expanded: \"\"Multa cadunt inter\"—you can ghesse the rest. /Many things fall betweene the cup, and lip: /And though they touch, you are not sure to drinke.\" There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip is a very old proverb, similar in meaning to \"don't count your chickens before they hatch\". It implies that even when a good outcome or conclusion seems certain, things can still go wrong. The English proverb",
"title": "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip"
},
{
"id": "11564041",
"text": "importance of military logistics in warfare. Such chains of causality are perceived only in hindsight. No one ever lamented, upon seeing his unshod horse, that the kingdom would eventually fall because of it. Related sayings are is \"A stitch, in time, saves nine\" and \"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure\". A somewhat similar idea is referred to in the metaphor known as the camel's nose. The proverb is found in a number of forms, beginning as early as the 13th century: Along with the long history of the proverb listed above, it has continued to be",
"title": "For Want of a Nail"
},
{
"id": "186755",
"text": "nemesis in Greek mythology. The proverb \"pride goeth (goes) before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall\" (from the biblical Book of Proverbs, 16:18) is thought to sum up the modern use of hubris. Hubris is also referred to as \"pride that blinds\" because it often causes a committer of hubris to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, \"that pride that goes just before the fall.\" Examples of hubris are often found in literature, most famously in John Milton's \"Paradise Lost\", in which Lucifer attempts to compel",
"title": "Hubris"
},
{
"id": "4912207",
"text": "are part of the normal wear-and-tear of components in a system. A basic principle in troubleshooting is to start from the simplest and most probable possible problems first. This is illustrated by the old saying \"When you see hoof prints, look for horses, not zebras\", or to use another maxim, use the KISS principle. This principle results in the common complaint about help desks or manuals, that they sometimes first ask: \"Is it plugged in and does that receptacle have power?\", but this should not be taken as an affront, rather it should serve as a reminder or conditioning to",
"title": "Troubleshooting"
},
{
"id": "20367715",
"text": "what something is without being seen\". Looking Looking is the act of intentionally focusing visual perception on someone or something, for the purpose of obtaining information, and possibly to convey interest or another sentiment. A large number of troponyms exist to describe variations of looking at things, with prominent examples including the verbs \"stare, gaze, gape, gawp, gawk, goggle, glare, glimpse, glance, peek, peep, peer, squint, leer, gloat, and ogle\". Additional terms with nuanced meanings include viewing, watching, eyeing, observing, beholding, and scanning. Looking is both a physical act of directing the focus of the eyes, and a psychological act",
"title": "Looking"
},
{
"id": "16376625",
"text": "Law of holes The first law of holes, or the law of holes, is an adage which states that \"if you find yourself in a hole, stop digging\". Digging a hole makes it deeper and therefore harder to get back out, which is used as a metaphor that when in an untenable position, it is best to stop carrying on and exacerbating the situation. The adage has been attributed to a number of sources. It appeared in print on page six of \"The Washington Post\" dated October 25, 1911, in the form: \"Nor would a wise man, seeing that he",
"title": "Law of holes"
},
{
"id": "20367706",
"text": "Looking Looking is the act of intentionally focusing visual perception on someone or something, for the purpose of obtaining information, and possibly to convey interest or another sentiment. A large number of troponyms exist to describe variations of looking at things, with prominent examples including the verbs \"stare, gaze, gape, gawp, gawk, goggle, glare, glimpse, glance, peek, peep, peer, squint, leer, gloat, and ogle\". Additional terms with nuanced meanings include viewing, watching, eyeing, observing, beholding, and scanning. Looking is both a physical act of directing the focus of the eyes, and a psychological act of interpreting what is seen and",
"title": "Looking"
},
{
"id": "563217",
"text": "goeth (goes) before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall\" (from the biblical Book of Proverbs, 16:18)(or pride goeth before the fall) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride. Pride is also referred to as \"pride that blinds,\" as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, \"that pride that goes just before the fall.\" In his two-volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both 'hubris' and 'nemesis' as titles. The first volume, \"Hubris\", describes Hitler's",
"title": "Seven deadly sins"
},
{
"id": "6238536",
"text": "usually for comic or satiric effect\". To have full effect, an anti-proverb must be based on a known proverb. For example, \"If at first you don't succeed, quit\" is only funny if the hearer knows the standard proverb \"If at first you don't succeed, try, try again\". Anti-proverbs are used commonly in advertising, such as \"Put your burger where your mouth is\" from Red Robin. Anti-proverbs are also common on T-shirts, such as \"Taste makes waist\" and \"If at first you don't succeed, skydiving is not for you\". Standard proverbs are essentially defined phrases, well known to many people, as",
"title": "Anti-proverb"
},
{
"id": "6238540",
"text": "pieces of multiple proverbs can be spliced together, e.g. \"Never count the bear's skin before it is hatched\" and \"There's a good deal to be said for making hay while the iron is hot.\" The term has also been used to describe a garden path sentence based on a proverb; namely, a sentence that starts out like the proverb, but ends in such a way that the listener is forced to back up and re-parse several words in order to get its real sense: Perverbs beginning with \"Time flies like ...\" are popular examples in linguistics, e.g. to illustrate concepts",
"title": "Anti-proverb"
},
{
"id": "11473928",
"text": "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip is a very old proverb, similar in meaning to \"don't count your chickens before they hatch\". It implies that even when a good outcome or conclusion seems certain, things can still go wrong. The English proverb is almost identical with a Greek hexameter verse, Πολλὰ μεταξὺ πέλει κύλικος καὶ χείλεος ἄκρου (Much there is between the cup and the tip of the lip). This verse was proverbial at the time of Aulus Gellius (2nd century A.D.), who mentions it in",
"title": "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip"
},
{
"id": "5309407",
"text": "the perils of improvidence. Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of \"Idleness brings want\", \"To work today is to eat tomorrow\", \"Beware of winter before it comes\". In La Fontaine's Fables no final judgment is made, although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways. But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant. It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs, which mentions the ant twice. The first proverb admonishes, \"Go to",
"title": "The Ant and the Grasshopper"
},
{
"id": "607668",
"text": "is generally considered to have arisen in English from a translation of the German term \"\" in the 1980s. In 1988, Konrad von Moltke described the German concept for a British audience, which he translated into English as the precautionary principle. The concepts underpinning the precautionary principle pre-date the term's inception. For example, the essence of the principle is captured in a number of cautionary aphorisms such as \"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure\", \"better safe than sorry\", and \"look before you leap\". The precautionary principle may also be interpreted as the evolution of the \"ancient-medical",
"title": "Precautionary principle"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "13661940",
"text": "of Israel passed from Moses to Joshua. In the book of Proverbs, the temptation to adultery is described, and advice for avoiding it is offered. Proverbs likens a man entering an adulterous encounter \"as an ox goes to the slaughter.\" Adultery may be the first specific activity referred to as a ‘highway to hell,’ and temporal consequences are starkly stated. For example: Adultery is one of three sins (along with idolatry and murder) the Mishnah says must be resisted to the point of death. The New Testament supports the sanctity of marriage and affirms the gravity of the commandment: Other",
"title": "Thou shalt not commit adultery"
},
{
"id": "14895182",
"text": "point Apelles advised him that \"ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret\" (a shoemaker should not judge beyond the shoe), which advice, Pliny observed, had become a proverbial saying. The English essayist William Hazlitt most likely coined the term \"Ultracrepidarian\" as first used publicly in a ferocious letter to William Gifford, the editor of \"The Quarterly Review\": A related English proverb is \"\"A cobbler should stick to his last\"\". Sutor, ne ultra crepidam Sutor, ne ultra crepidam is a Latin expression meaning literally \"Shoemaker, not beyond the shoe\", used to warn people to avoid passing judgment beyond their expertise. Its origin is",
"title": "Sutor, ne ultra crepidam"
},
{
"id": "13135937",
"text": "woods and on moors, on wattled places in bogs, and in caves. But as the proverb says, \"It is better to look forward with one eye than to look backwards with two...\"\" \"8 May 1830 ...There is a large cave in \"Baile na Síg\", two miles west of Callan, which is called 'The Rapparee's Hole.' It seems they used to hide there after Cromwell's and King William's time. It's many the fine, good, honest man who had been reared in luxury and happiness who was reduced to robbery, begging, or exile by those two Englishmen.\" \"September 11, 1830 ...Last Thursday",
"title": "Cín Lae Amhlaoibh"
},
{
"id": "4769748",
"text": "the Greek aphorism may have been adopted from Ancient Egypt: there are two parts of the ancient Luxor Temple, the External Temple, where the beginners were allowed to enter and the Internal Temple where a person was only allowed to enter after proven worthy and ready to acquire more knowledge and insights. One of the proverbs of the External Temple is \"The body is the house of God.\" In the Internal Temple, one of the many proverbs is \"Man, know thyself, and you are going to know the gods\". The Greek aphorism has been attributed to at least the following",
"title": "Know thyself"
},
{
"id": "16116440",
"text": "play \"Macbeth\" (early 17th century), by the English playwright William Shakespeare, who said: \"Things without all remedy Should be without regard: what's done, is done\" and \"Give me your hand. What's done cannot be undone.To bed, to bed, to bed!\" Shakespeare did not coin the phrase; it is actually a derivative of the early 14th-century French proverb: \"Mez quant ja est la chose fecte, ne peut pas bien estre desfecte\", which is translated into English as \"But when a thing is already done, it cannot be undone\". It was first used in the Mahabharata when Vidura tells Dhritarashta when Dhritarashta",
"title": "What's done is done"
},
{
"id": "317154",
"text": "the proverbs. A bibliography on proverbs in visual form has been prepared by Mieder and Sobieski (1999). Interpreting visual images of proverbs is subjective, but familiarity with the depicted proverb helps. Some artists have used proverbs and anti-proverbs for titles of their paintings, alluding to a proverb rather than picturing it. For example, Vivienne LeWitt painted a piece titled \"If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?\", which shows neither foot nor shoe, but a woman counting her money as she contemplates different options when buying vegetables. In 2018, 13 sculptures depicting Maltese proverbs were installed in open",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317115",
"text": "the world\", going back to \"around 1800 BC\" is in a Sumerian clay tablet, \"The bitch by her acting too hastily brought forth the blind\". Though many proverbs are ancient, they were all newly created at some point by somebody. Sometimes it is easy to detect that a proverb is newly coined by a reference to something recent, such as the Haitian proverb \"The fish that is being microwaved doesn't fear the lightning\". Similarly, there is a recent Maltese proverb, \"wil-muturi, ferh u duluri\" \"Women and motorcycles are joys and griefs\"; the proverb is clearly new, but still formed as",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317143",
"text": "more proverbs than the movie. Éric Rohmer, the French film director, directed a series of films, the \"Comedies and Proverbs\", where each film was based on a proverb: \"The Aviator's Wife\", \"The Perfect Marriage\", \"Pauline at the Beach\", \"Full Moon in Paris\" (the film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: \"The one who has two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind.\"), \"The Green Ray\", \"Boyfriends and Girlfriends\". Movie titles based on proverbs include \"Murder Will Out (1939 film)\", \"Try, Try Again\", and \"The Harder They Fall\". A twisted anti-proverb was the title for",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "12611302",
"text": "term's inception. For example, the essence of the principle is captured in a number of cautionary aphorisms such as \"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure\", \"better safe than sorry\", and \"look before you leap\". The precautionary principle may also be interpreted as the evolution of the ancient medical principle of \"first, do no harm\" to apply to institutions and institutional decision-making processes rather than individuals. In the final text of the agreement, it was agreed that the precautionary principle could be summarized as cv When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the",
"title": "Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle"
},
{
"id": "589984",
"text": "enough roughened area on the tooth to allow it to properly tear apart food. Additionally, too much work on a tooth can cause thermal damage (which could lead to having to extract the tooth), or expose the sensitive interior of the tooth (pulp). A person without a veterinary degree who performs this service is called a \"horse floater\" or equine dental technician. The common folk saying \"don't look a gift horse in the mouth\" is taken from the era when gifting horses was common. The teeth of a horse are a good indication of the age of the animal, and",
"title": "Horse teeth"
},
{
"id": "20367711",
"text": "to obtain information about the thing being observed without necessarily either judging it or interfering with it. \"Watching\" implies a similar prolonged focus, but can also imply looking at something in a distracted or absentminded manner, such as watching television. \"Gaping\" and \"gawking\" also indicate prolonged acts of looking, but suggest that the person doing the looking is so mentally distracted by the subject being observed that they become unaware of their own conduct. At the extreme, rubbernecking is the physical act of craning one's neck, performed in order to get a better view, and has been described as a",
"title": "Looking"
},
{
"id": "1823350",
"text": "for a strikeout, irrespective of whether it was swinging or looking. The announcer Ernie Harwell called a batter who took a called third strike, usually on the other team, \"out for excessive window-shopping\" or having \"stood like the house by the side of the road\". On a called third strike, it is said that the batter was \"caught looking\", or that he looked at a strike. Typically, a called third strike can be somewhat more embarrassing for a batter, as it shows that he was either fooled by the pitcher or, even worse, had a moment of hesitation. For example,",
"title": "Strikeout"
},
{
"id": "317150",
"text": "proverb for the name of their tour, \"Come and take it\". From ancient times, people around the world have recorded proverbs in visual form. This has been done in two ways. First, proverbs have been \"written\" to be displayed, often in a decorative manner, such as on pottery, cross-stitch, murals, kangas (East African women's wraps), quilts, a stained glass window, and graffiti. Secondly, proverbs have often been visually depicted in a variety of media, including paintings, etchings, and sculpture. Jakob Jordaens painted a plaque with a proverb about drunkenness above a drunk man wearing a crown, titled \"The King Drinks\".",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "11810952",
"text": "of eastern Africa being published under the inspiration of Joseph Healey, published both in hard copy and on the web. However, the collection and documentation of proverbs even in languages with a literate history is never completely done, new proverbs are constantly being created and old ones fall into disuse. No collection is either totally complete or up to date (Taylor 1969). An attempt to update the list of recent English proverbs is \"The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs\" from 2012, which contains only proverbs documented after 1900, such as \"If it ain't broke, don't fix it\" and \"Stop and smell",
"title": "Paremiography"
},
{
"id": "317140",
"text": "Change or Not to Change Horses: The World War II Elections\". Many authors have cited proverbs as epigrams at the beginning of their articles, e.g. \"'If you want to dismantle a hedge, remove one thorn at a time' Somali proverb\" in an article on peacemaking in Somalia. An article about research among the Māori used a Māori proverb as a title, then began the article with the Māori form of the proverb as an epigram \"Set the overgrown bush alight and the new flax shoots will spring up\", followed by three paragraphs about how the proverb served as a metaphor",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "6238537",
"text": "e. g. \"Don't bite the hand that feeds you\". When this sequence is deliberately slightly changed (\"Don't bite the hand that looks dirty\") it becomes an anti-proverb. The relationship between anti-proverbs and proverbs, and a study of how much a proverb can be changed before the resulting anti-proverb is no longer seen as proverbial, are still open topics for research. There have been various attempts at classifying different types of anti-proverbs, based on structure and semantics, including by Mieder, Litovkina, and Valdeva. What follows is somewhat synthetic of these. Anti-proverbs have been used and recognized for a long time, though",
"title": "Anti-proverb"
},
{
"id": "6567510",
"text": "vociferous believers in the impeccability of the English jury system of this or any other century\" However, in 1931, Hewart made legal history, when (sitting with Mr Justice Branson and Mr Justice Hawke) he quashed the conviction for murder of William Herbert Wallace, on the grounds that the conviction was not supported by the weight of the evidence. In other words, the jury was wrong. Lord Hewart was the originator (paraphrased from the original) of the aphorism \"Not only must Justice be done; it must also be \"seen to be done\".\" In 1940 Hewart was asked by telephone by 10",
"title": "Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart"
},
{
"id": "317160",
"text": "mightier than the sword\", \"Pigs may fly/When pigs fly\", \"If a tree falls in the forest...\", and \"Words can never hurt you\". Doritos made a commercial based on the proverb, \"When pigs fly.\" Many advertisements that use proverbs shorten or amend them, such as, \"Think outside the shoebox.\" Use of proverbs in advertising is not limited to the English language. Seda Başer Çoban has studied the use of proverbs in Turkish advertising. Tatira has given a number of examples of proverbs used in advertising in Zimbabwe. However, unlike the examples given above in English, all of which are anti-proverbs, Tatira's",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "317164",
"text": "were used in an argument). But the same work contains an appendix with many examples of proverbs used in arguing for contrary positions, but proverbs that are not inherently contradictory, such as \"One is better off with hope of a cow's return than news of its death\" countered by \"If you don't know a goat [before its death] you mock at its skin\". Though this pair was used in a contradictory way in a conversation, they are not a set of \"counter proverbs\". Discussing counter proverbs in the Badaga language, Hockings explained that in his large collection \"a few proverbs",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "16782448",
"text": "death-bed repentance. In the 1546 edition of the \"Emblemata\" by Andrea Alciato the story is modified. There the bird vomits and is told by its parent that it is losing nothing of its own, since all it has eaten was stolen. The fable is used to illustrate the Latin proverb \"male parta, male dilabuntur\" (ill-gotten, ill-spent). A sceptical variation on the theme directed against religious observance later appeared in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's collection of prose fables (1759). 'The fox, observing that the raven plundered the altars of the gods, and that he supported himself from their sacrifices, said to himself:",
"title": "The Sick Kite"
},
{
"id": "16666725",
"text": "replace her! Ayia nduri ozuku fi ni (A stepmother is [like] a porcupine's intestines): Stepmothers are usually bitter. Ba azini ma afasi ba ze oli oli (Because of someone else's things, you defecate air): If you rely on another man's things, you won't enjoy fully nor have peace of mind! Ba je obuka mva alea si ku (You cannot buy a baby strap because of an unborn baby): Similar to the English proverb: Don't count your chicks before they hatch! Ba yori ni ba je oku ku (For an absent person, you cannot buy a wife) Ebu/ Aco si aza",
"title": "Lugbara proverbs"
},
{
"id": "15401641",
"text": "Ages that sentiment had been encapsulated in the proverb 'A bird in the hand is worth two in the woods', which is translated in a 13th-century Latin work dealing with current proverbs. Other versions have 'ten in the wood', 'three in the sky' and 'two in the bush'. The conclusion of \"The fisherman and the little fish\" then appears to have been transferred to \"The Hawk and the Nightingale\" as if it were illustrating the popular proverb with its references to birds. It is for this reason that Roger L'Estrange closes his rendering of Abstemius' fable by quoting the proverb,",
"title": "The Hawk and the Nightingale"
},
{
"id": "15308194",
"text": "sources see it as a parable about pride and humility, providing advice on how to survive in turbulent times. This in turn gave rise to various proverbs such as 'Better bend than break' and 'A reed before the wind lives on, while mighty oaks do fall', the earliest occurrence of which is in Geoffrey Chaucer's \"Troilus and Criseyde\" (II.1387-9). It so happens that there is an overlap here with the old Chinese proverb 'A tree that is unbending is easily broken'. The saying originally occurred in the religious classic, the \"Tao Te Ching\", with the commentary that 'The hard and",
"title": "The Oak and the Reed"
},
{
"id": "5241867",
"text": "this way he was the first to break the Hollywood blacklist. \"Rififi\" was released in the United States first with subtitles and then later with an English dub under the title \"Rififi...Means Trouble!\". The film was challenged on release by The Roman Catholic Legion of Decency; as a result, the film suffered three brief cuts, and opened with a title card quoting the Book of Proverbs stating \"When the wicked are multiplied, crime shall be multiplied: but the just shall see their downfall\". After this change, the film passed with a B rating. In 2005, \"Variety\" announced that Stone Village",
"title": "Rififi"
},
{
"id": "21004497",
"text": "a judgment is considered an extraordinary remedy which will be granted only sparingly\". Rethinking Rethinking, reconsidering, or reconsideration, is the process of reviewing a decision or conclusion that has previously been made to determine whether the initial decision should be changed. Rethinking can occur immediately after a decision has been reached, or at any time thereafter. Informally, reconsidering a decision shortly after making it and before taking any action towards implementing it may be referred to as thinking twice or thinking again (most often phrased in the imperative, think twice or think again). In scholarship, arguments favoring new approaches to",
"title": "Rethinking"
},
{
"id": "13247220",
"text": "bear had to say, he replied \"She charged me never for the future to sell the bear's skin till the beast was dead\". This is one of the earliest references to a proverb now found throughout Europe, 'Catch the bear before you sell his skin'. The heart of the story that the Emperor tells is Aesop's fable, but it has now been adapted to end with the lesson not to count one's eggs before they are hatched. A variation on the story appears in the Neo-Latin author Laurentius Abstemius' collection of a hundred fables (\"Hecatomythium\") written some time in the",
"title": "The Bear and the Travelers"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "13550825",
"text": "developed the idea, imbuing it with a sense of shame and guilt, \"As when a dog goes to his own vomit and becomes abominable, so is a fool who returns in his wickedness to his own sin.\" This was due to the contemporary idea of the fool as ungodly. The Second Epistle of Peter refers to the proverb (), \"But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\" Kipling cites this in his poem \"The Gods of",
"title": "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly"
},
{
"id": "12461239",
"text": "are also used to prevent offending other individuals. This is one example of such a proverb: \"Bato-bato sa langit, 'pag tinamaan huwag magagalit\", meaning \"a stone thrown heavenward, if you get hit on its way down, don't get mad.\" Equipped with the appropriate and timely proverb, a Filipino can communicate empathy, and might be able to convince another person leading to the closure of an argument. Some Filipino proverbs are also intended to provide a warning, a lecture, an advice, and as a supporting statement for a particular viewpoint or issue. Filipino proverbs Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are traditional",
"title": "Filipino proverbs"
},
{
"id": "317145",
"text": "also been used in musical dramas, such as \"The Full Monty\", which has been shown to use proverbs in clever ways. In \"Beauty and the Beast\", Gaston plays with three proverbs in sequence, \"All roads lead to.../The best things in life are.../All's well that ends with me.\" Proverbs are often poetic in and of themselves, making them ideally suited for adapting into songs. Proverbs have been used in music from opera to country to hip-hop. Proverbs have also been used in music in other languages, such as the Akan language the Igede language, and Spanish. In English the proverb (or",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "817387",
"text": "outrage at Jeffries' voyeuristic habits, saying, \"In the old days, they'd put your eyes out with a red hot poker\" and \"What people ought to do is get outside and look in for a change.\" One climactic scene in the film portrays both the positive and negative effects of voyeurism. Driven by curiosity and incessant watching, with Jeffries watching from his window, Lisa sneaks into Thorwald's second-floor apartment, looking for clues, and is apprehended by him. Jeffries is in obvious anxiety and is overcome with panic as he sees Thorwald walk into the apartment and notice the irregular placement of",
"title": "Rear Window"
},
{
"id": "7463578",
"text": "R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy R v Sussex Justices, Ex parte McCarthy ([1924] 1 KB 256, [1923] All ER Rep 233) is a leading English case on the impartiality and recusal of judges. It is famous for its precedence in establishing the principle that the mere appearance of bias is sufficient to overturn a judicial decision. It also brought into common parlance the oft-quoted aphorism \"\"Not only must Justice be done; it must also be seen to be done.\"\" In 1923 McCarthy, a motorcyclist, was involved in a road accident which resulted in his prosecution before a magistrates",
"title": "R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy"
},
{
"id": "4619065",
"text": "verified. The first publication of the poem can be traced only to 1910. For unknown reasons, in 1937 \"Bartlett's Familiar Quotations\" attributed the poem to Henry Wheeler Shaw, whose pen name was Josh Billings. Culturally, the adage contrasts with that of the Japanese proverb, \"The stake that sticks up gets hammered down\", or \"The nail that stands out gets pounded down,\" (出る釘は打たれる, \"deru kugi wa utareru\"), or the Dutch proverbs \"Tall trees catch loads of wind\" (\"Hoge bomen vangen veel wind\", implying they're the first to go down) and \"[The wheat that's growing] above the mowing line [gets cut down]\"",
"title": "The squeaky wheel gets the grease"
},
{
"id": "317152",
"text": "painting inspired by Bruegel's work is by the Chinese artist, Ah To, who created a painting illustrating 81 Cantonese sayings. Corey Barksdale has produced a book of paintings with specific proverbs and pithy quotations. The British artist Chris Gollon has painted a major work entitled \"Big Fish Eat Little Fish\", a title echoing Bruegel's painting Big Fishes Eat Little Fishes. Sometimes well-known proverbs are pictured on objects, without a text actually quoting the proverb, such as the three wise monkeys who remind us \"Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil\". When the proverb is well known, viewers are",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "4875851",
"text": "of the house whose interior was afflicted performs the replastering. It is from this ruling that the proverb \"Oy l'rasha, oy l'scheino\" (או לרשע או לשכנו, \"Woe to the wicked! Woe to his neighbor!\") originates. The void is filled with new stones and clay plaster and the house is confined for another seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation, the \"negah\" has returned after new stones have been plastered in, the \"negah\" is deemed \"tzaraath\" and the entire house must be dismantled. If the \"negah\" does not return, the house is pronounced pure, and the same purification process mentioned in",
"title": "Tzaraath"
},
{
"id": "7598136",
"text": "school's motto stems from the harnessing of one's energy and motivation to enable success, especially in study. Students are taught that there must be the \"fervet opus\", that is figuratively, we must not only strike the iron while it is hot, but strike it till it is made hot. Following on this, a proverb states that \"He who has heart has everything\" (\"che non arde non incende\", who doth not burn doth not inflame). It is astonishing how much may be accomplished in self-culture by the energetic and the persevering, who are careful to avail themselves of opportunities, and use",
"title": "Jamaica College"
},
{
"id": "317138",
"text": "However, the proverb about changing horses in midstream is reliably dated to 1864, so the proverb could not have been known or used by a character from that period. Some authors have used so many proverbs that there have been entire books written cataloging their proverb usage, such as Charles Dickens, Agatha Christie, George Bernard Shaw, Cervantes, and Friedrich Nietzsche. On the non-fiction side, proverbs have also been used by authors for articles that have no connection to the study of proverbs. Some have been used as the basis for book titles, e.g. \"I Shop, Therefore I Am: Compulsive Buying",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "7432671",
"text": "'village that never sleeps' and is a hive of constant activity, mainly centred on The Huntsman Inn. Other hotspots include Digby's Bar and Restaurant and Jimmy's Shebeen. \"Once you break the head off your Orange Lily, you can't put it back on again\". This proverb means that people should be careful not to do things that they may later regret because, very often, they cannot be undone. There are two places of worship in Killylea. At the summit of Killylea's hill is the oldest of the two churches, St. Mark's Church of Ireland. At the bottom of the hill is",
"title": "Killylea"
},
{
"id": "5127045",
"text": "Wayne describes how his Dad would teach him the fundamentals of smart hockey, quiz style: <poem>Him: \"Where do you skate?\" Me: \"To where the puck is going, not where it's been.\" Him: \"Where's the last place a guy looks before he passes it?\" Me: \"The guy he's passing to.\" Him: \"Which means...\" Me: \"Get over there and intercept it.\" Him: \"If you get cut off, what are you gonna do?\" Me: \"Peel.\" Him: \"Which way?\" Me: \"Away from the guy, not towards him.\"</poem> From September 2004 to April 2005, Walter was an assistant coach for the University of Pittsburgh inline",
"title": "Walter Gretzky"
},
{
"id": "2367166",
"text": "cockatrice. It was also thought that a cockatrice would die instantly upon hearing a rooster crow, and according to legend, having a cockatrice look at itself in a mirror is one of the few sure-fire ways to kill it. The first use of the word in English was in John Wyclif's 1382 translation of the Bible to translate different Hebrew words. This usage was followed by the King James Version, the word being used several times. The Revised Version—following the tradition established by Jerome's Vulgate \"basiliscus\"—renders the word \"basilisk\", and the New International Version translates it as \"viper\". In Proverbs",
"title": "Cockatrice"
},
{
"id": "15258733",
"text": "find a nearby payphone and called a particular phone number. The person on the other end gave the racer one of Confucius's proverbs (\"In all things success depends on previous preparation, and without such previous preparation there is sure to be failure.\"). Without writing it down, they had to repeat the proverb verbatim to a temple monk. Once they got the proverb right, they received their next clue. If they were incorrect, they had to call the number, again, and make another attempt. The Hazard task required Kaylani and Lisa to travel to the Core Pacific City Mall, where one",
"title": "The Amazing Race 19"
},
{
"id": "11085236",
"text": "by James Orchard Halliwell in the 1840s. The last line was sometimes used to stop children from questioning and get to work: \"If if's and and's were pots and pans, there'd surely be dishes to do.\" If wishes were horses, beggars would ride \"If wishes were horses, beggars would ride\" is a proverb and nursery rhyme, first recorded about 1628 in a collection of Scottish proverbs., which suggests if wishing could make things happen, then even the most destitute people would have everything they wanted. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20004. Common newer versions include: ...",
"title": "If wishes were horses, beggars would ride"
},
{
"id": "15126250",
"text": "Erasmus. The \"Vulgaria\" draws from a variety of sources, for example including the saying \"It does no good for all truth to be told nor all wrong imputed\" derived from the Old English \"Durham Proverbs\". Another example of a proverb to be translated is \"Somtyme of a myshappe cometh a good turne\". The proverb \"necessity is the mother of invention\" appears, perhaps for the first time in English, translated as \"Mater artium necessitas\". Other sayings included the advice not to \"offereth a candell to the deuyll\", to remember that \"many a ragged colt proued to a good horse\", \"it is",
"title": "William Horman"
},
{
"id": "308883",
"text": "principle in the Latin maxim \"Stare decisis et non quieta movere\": \"to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed\". In a legal context, this means that courts should abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters. The principle can be divided into two components: The second principle, regarding persuasive precedent, reflects the broad precedent guidance a court may draw upon in reaching all of its decisions. In the common-law tradition, courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedent, which record how and why prior cases have been decided. Unlike most civil-law systems, common-law",
"title": "Precedent"
},
{
"id": "4010532",
"text": "time, a driver can wait until the rear end of the vehicle in front passes any distinct and fixed point on the roadway—e.g. a road sign, mailbox, line/crack/patch in the road. After the car ahead passes a given fixed point, the front of one's car should pass the same point no less than two seconds later. If the elapsed time is less than this, one should increase the distance, then repeat the method again until the time is at least two seconds. One can count the duration of time simply by saying \"zero... one... two\" but for greater accuracy, it",
"title": "Two-second rule"
},
{
"id": "6238539",
"text": "into \"It's no good crying over spilt potion\" and Dumbledore advises Harry not to \"count your owls before they are delivered\". From Nigeria, Adeyemi shows the use of both proverbs and anti-proverbs in \"Rérẹ́ Rún\" by Okediji. In a slightly different use of reshaping proverbs, in the Aubrey–Maturin series of historical naval novels by Patrick O'Brian, Capt. Jack Aubrey humorously mangles and mis-splices proverbs, such as \"Never count the bear's skin before it is hatched\" and \"There's a good deal to be said for making hay while the iron is hot.\" In a slightly different pattern of reshaping proverbs humorously,",
"title": "Anti-proverb"
},
{
"id": "3942490",
"text": "Scotland and some regions of the United States. For example, among English hop growers, a poke is a large sack into which hops are poured to be taken from the picking machine to the oast for drying. The full maxim is \"don't buy a pig in a poke\". This is addressed in the common law by guaranteeing a buyer the right to inspect goods before purchase, as in \"Gardner v Gray\"(1815). The English colloquialisms such as \"turn out to be a pig in a poke\" or \"buy a pig in a poke\" mean that something is sold or bought without",
"title": "Pig in a poke"
},
{
"id": "1905787",
"text": "Thomas Tusser Thomas Tusser (1524 – 3 May 1580) was an English poet and farmer, best known for his instructional poem \"Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry\", an expanded version of his original title, \"A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie\", first published in 1557. \"Five Hundred Points\" contains these rhyming couplets: \"Swéete April showers,\" \"Doo spring Maie flowers.\" \"A foole and his monie be soone at debate,\" \"which after with sorrow repents him too late.\" The latter is an early version of the proverb \"A fool and his money are soon parted.\" Tusser was born in Rivenhall, Essex, in about",
"title": "Thomas Tusser"
},
{
"id": "317181",
"text": "of wine can work more miracles than a church full of saints\". An Indian proverb is cynical about devotees of Hinduism, \"[Only] When in distress, a man calls on Rama\". In the context of Tibetan Buddhism, some Ladakhi proverbs mock the lamas, e.g. \"If the lama's own head does not come out cleanly, how will he do the drawing upwards of the dead?... used for deriding the immoral life of the lamas.\" Proverbs do not have to explicitly mention religion or religious figures to be used to mock a religion, seen in the fact that in a collection of 555",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "20367712",
"text": "human trait that is associated with morbid curiosity. \"Ogling\" is an \"impertinent\" form of staring \"often in a way that indicates improper interest\". A number of troponyms exist to illustrate kinds of looking that are either intentionally or unconsciously done in a quick, subtle, or hidden way. \"Glancing\" and \"glimpsing\" are terms that imply looking at things in a subtle way, or seeing things very briefly before they move out of the range of vision. Although the two are often confused, a glance is more commonly a quick movement of the eye, whereas a glimpse is more often a result",
"title": "Looking"
},
{
"id": "6577117",
"text": "licensed for weddings. Madeley Old Hall Madeley Old Hall is a black and white Elizabethan house, now a small hotel, in the village of Madeley in Staffordshire, England. It stands in 2 acres of landscaped gardens and is a Grade II* listed building. Built in the late 1500s, it is a timber-framed building with plaster infill standing on a sandstone plinth, originally with a cruciform floor-plan. Across the front gable of the house is carved the warning \"WALLK KNAVE. WHAT LOOKEST AT\". The property was acquired in 2007 by Gary and Simon White and run as a country house hotel.",
"title": "Madeley Old Hall"
},
{
"id": "1960017",
"text": "machinist's rule. Another is with a chain wear tool, which typically has a \"tooth\" of about the same size found on a sprocket. They are simply placed on a chain under light load and report a \"go/no-go\" result—if the tooth drops in all the way, the chain should be replaced. Twenty half-links in a new chain measure , and replacement is recommended before the old chain measures (0.7% wear). A safer time to replace a chain is when 24 half-links in the old chain measure (0.5% wear). If the chain has worn beyond this limit, the rear sprockets are also",
"title": "Bicycle chain"
},
{
"id": "4313123",
"text": "Curiosity killed the cat \"Curiosity killed the cat\" is a proverb used to warn of the dangers of unnecessary investigation or experimentation. The original form of the proverb, now little used, was \"Care killed the cat\". In this instance, \"care\" was defined as \"worry\" or \"sorrow.\" The earliest form printed reference to the original proverb is attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play, \"Every Man in His Humour\", which was performed first by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare used a similar quote in his circa 1599 play, \"Much Ado About Nothing\": The proverb remained the same until at",
"title": "Curiosity killed the cat"
},
{
"id": "20452812",
"text": "of life or the environment. Some of the familiar proverbs are: \"Awaree nye nsafufuo na waka ahwe\", which means marriage is not palm-wine that you can decide to have a taste before you get served. It can also be interpreted to mean marriage is not a venture,committee or an organization that you can be a member today and withdraw your membership tomorrow. This proverb frowns upon break ups or separations in marriages or relationships. \"Woreko awaree a bisa\", This proverb talks about due diligence before marriage. it is wise to do a background check on your partner before marriage or",
"title": "Osram ne nsoromma"
},
{
"id": "6577116",
"text": "Madeley Old Hall Madeley Old Hall is a black and white Elizabethan house, now a small hotel, in the village of Madeley in Staffordshire, England. It stands in 2 acres of landscaped gardens and is a Grade II* listed building. Built in the late 1500s, it is a timber-framed building with plaster infill standing on a sandstone plinth, originally with a cruciform floor-plan. Across the front gable of the house is carved the warning \"WALLK KNAVE. WHAT LOOKEST AT\". The property was acquired in 2007 by Gary and Simon White and run as a country house hotel. It is also",
"title": "Madeley Old Hall"
},
{
"id": "6257911",
"text": "und...\" became the first record to be released via the new label. Its success, while still moderate, exceeded expectations by far and Kettcar became darlings of the German music press. In March 2005, Kettcar released their second album, \"Von Spatzen und Tauben, Dächern und Händen\" (\"\"Of sparrows and pigeons, rooftops and hands\"\"), which peaked at number 5 of the German album charts and is sometimes seen as their final breakthrough. The album title is a play on a German proverb, English equivalent of which would be \"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush\". Kettcar's third album,",
"title": "Kettcar"
},
{
"id": "19377479",
"text": "où je me couche»\" (\"the future belongs to those who wake up when I go to sleep\"), which is a reference to the French proverb \"«L'avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt»\" (roughly translated as \"\"). The line suggests that he and Gringe have no futures, because they go to bed so late (at a time when one would usually be waking up). The music video for the song was released worldwide on November 5, 2015. It features shots of Orelsan and Gringe rapping to the words of the song blended with clips from the film \"Comment c'est loin\"",
"title": "À l'heure où je me couche"
},
{
"id": "8865024",
"text": "Sankofa Sankofa is a word in the Twi language of Ghana that translates to \"Go back and get it\" (\"san\" - to return; \"ko\" - to go; \"fa\" - to fetch, to seek and take) and also refers to the Asante Adinkra symbol represented either with a stylized heart shape or by a bird with its head turned backwards while its feet face forward carrying a precious egg in its mouth. Sankofa is often associated with the proverb, “\"Se wo were fi na wosankofa a yenkyi\",\" which translates as: \"It is not wrong to go back for that which you",
"title": "Sankofa"
},
{
"id": "11175313",
"text": "and the police. Gaillard's satirical motto is \"C'est en faisant n'importe quoi qu'on devient n'importe qui\". The literal meaning is, \"It is by doing anything that we become anybody\". The understood meaning is, \"It is in doing whatever that we can become whomever\" satirical because \"doing whatever\" implies goofing off but \"becoming whomever\" implies greatness. It plays on a classic French proverb \"C'est en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron.\" Literally translated the proverb reads, \"It is by smithing that one becomes a blacksmith\". The majority of Gaillard's sketches are of the hidden camera type, often disguising himself in outlandish costumes for",
"title": "Rémi Gaillard"
},
{
"id": "343857",
"text": "X-rays show the patient has a metal object the size and shape of a scalpel in his abdomen. It requires no further explanation to show the surgeon who removed the appendix was negligent, as there is no legitimate reason for a doctor to leave a scalpel in a body at the end of an appendectomy. \"Res ipsa loquitur\" is often confused with \"prima facie\" (\"at first sight\"), the common law doctrine that a party must show some minimum amount of evidence before a trial is worthwhile. The difference between the two is that \"prima facie\" is a term meaning there",
"title": "Res ipsa loquitur"
},
{
"id": "8042123",
"text": "King Jr., Nikita Khrushchev, American race riots, the Ku Klux Klan, Buddhist monks, and bodies of dead soldiers. The only narration in the film is a man's voice yelling the text of Proverbs 10:12, \"Hate stirreth up strife, while love covereth all sins.\" The film ends with written text: \"ANYONE FOR SURVIVAL\", followed by \"End\" and \"?\". The film is included in the documentary \"A Legacy of Filmmakers: The Early Years of American Zoetrope\", which was released on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Lucas' first feature film, \"THX 1138\". Look at Life (film) Look at Life is a short",
"title": "Look at Life (film)"
},
{
"id": "21004492",
"text": "Rethinking Rethinking, reconsidering, or reconsideration, is the process of reviewing a decision or conclusion that has previously been made to determine whether the initial decision should be changed. Rethinking can occur immediately after a decision has been reached, or at any time thereafter. Informally, reconsidering a decision shortly after making it and before taking any action towards implementing it may be referred to as thinking twice or thinking again (most often phrased in the imperative, think twice or think again). In scholarship, arguments favoring new approaches to established ideas are often phrased as \"rethinking\" of those concepts, or as those",
"title": "Rethinking"
},
{
"id": "317110",
"text": "and is used either with or without change\". There are many sayings in English that are commonly referred to as \"proverbs\", such as weather sayings. Alan Dundes, however, rejects including such sayings among truly proverbs: \"Are weather proverbs proverbs? I would say emphatically 'No!'\" The definition of \"proverb\" has also changed over the years. For example, the following was labeled \"A Yorkshire proverb\" in 1883, but would not be categorized as a proverb by most today, \"as throng as Throp's wife when she hanged herself with a dish-cloth\". The changing of the definition of \"proverb\" is also noted in Turkish.",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "11371967",
"text": "to have an eyesight check before they are allowed to rebook a test. If successful, the DVSA standard eyesight test must still be completed at the candidate's next practical driving test. The \"Show me tell me\" changed on 4 December 2017. The examiner will ask you one:‘tell me’ question (where you explain how you’d carry out a safety task) at the start of your test and before you start driving. The new element is where you show how you would carry out a safety task while you’re driving. These are phrased in the form \"Show me...\" and \"Tell me...\"; as",
"title": "United Kingdom driving test"
},
{
"id": "6540607",
"text": "advertisement was recreated by the British Department of Transport nine years after the original aired. Snap – late 2000 – 0:30 – \"Think twice before running a red.\" Depicts drivers caught on red light cameras while driving through red lights. The narration explains that \"if you're lucky, you'll only be snapped twice; one snap if you're speeding, another if you run the red.\" The scene of a fatal road accident in which the driver has suffered a broken neck is then revealed, in which the narrator explains \"If you're not so lucky, you'll get a third snap\". 15 Years Old",
"title": "Transport Accident Commission"
},
{
"id": "4340697",
"text": "special edition Winter \"Qualität im Quadrat.\" Literal translation used on English language packaging: \"Quality in a square.\" English packaging now features \"Quality. Chocolate. Squared.\" to provide a similar description. \"Knick Knack auf Zack.\" Literal translation in English language would be: \"fold and snap to be prepared.\" The first two terms are the clicking noises that you are supposed to hear when breaking the chocolate bar twice in the middle - knick is from the German verb knicken (to bend something), Knack means snap/click and \"auf Zack sein\" means on one's toes / ready and waiting / prepared / set /",
"title": "Ritter Sport"
},
{
"id": "4313128",
"text": "them anything. Thursday morning, just before noon, a plumber opened the rear wall back of the chimney. Blackie was taken out. His fall had injured his back. Ten minutes later Blackie died.</poem> Despite these earlier appearances, the proverb has been wrongly attributed to Eugene O'Neill, who included the variation, \"Curiosity killed a cat!\" in his play \"Diff'rent\" from 1920: Curiosity killed the cat \"Curiosity killed the cat\" is a proverb used to warn of the dangers of unnecessary investigation or experimentation. The original form of the proverb, now little used, was \"Care killed the cat\". In this instance, \"care\" was",
"title": "Curiosity killed the cat"
},
{
"id": "317149",
"text": "purse\" by Linda Ronstadt, \"Another day, another dollar\" by DJ Scream Roccett, \"The blind leading the naked\" by Violent Femmes, \"What's good for the goose is good for the gander\" by Bobby Rush, \"Resistance is Futile\" by Steve Coleman, \"Murder will out\" by Fan the Fury. The proverb \"Feast or famine\" has been used as an album title by Chuck Ragan, Reef the Lost Cauze, Indiginus, and DaVinci. Whitehorse mixed two proverbs for the name of their album \"Leave no bridge unburned\". The band Splinter Group released an album titled \"When in Rome, Eat Lions\". The band Downcount used a",
"title": "Proverb"
},
{
"id": "8540394",
"text": "synthetic form: (1) שם צעקה ‘’sam tseaká’’ “shouted” (which literally means “put a shout”) vis-à-vis צעק ‘’tsaák’’ “shouted” (2) נתן מבט ‘’natán mabát’’ “looked” (which literally means “gave a look”) AND העיף מבט ‘’heíf mabát’’ “looked” (literally “flew/threw a look”; cf. the English expressions ‘’cast a glance’’, ‘’threw a look’’ and ‘’tossed a glance’’) vis-à-vis the Hebrew-descent הביט ‘’hibít’’ “looked at”. According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the Israeli periphrastic construction (using auxiliary verbs followed by a noun) is employed here for the desire to express swift action, and stems from Yiddish. He compares the Israeli periphrasis to the following Yiddish expressions",
"title": "Periphrasis"
},
{
"id": "13301990",
"text": "commented on the interpretation of St. Paul's \"suffer fools gladly\": Suffer fools gladly Suffer fools gladly is a well-known phrase in contemporary use, first coined by Saint Paul in his second letter to the Church at Corinth (chapter 11). The full verse of the original source of the idiom, 2 Corinthians 11:19 (KJV), reads \"For ye suffer fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise.\" The New International Version states \"You gladly put up with fools since you are so wise!\" In its current usage, the meaning of the negative, \"not\" to suffer fools gladly, has been stated by the Cambridge",
"title": "Suffer fools gladly"
},
{
"id": "4626670",
"text": "Eye of a needle The term \"eye of a needle\" is used as a metaphor for a very narrow opening. It occurs several times throughout the Talmud. The New Testament quotes Jesus as saying that \"it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God\". The eye of a sewing needle is the part formed into a loop for pulling thread, located at the end opposite from the point. The Babylonian Talmud applies the aphorism to unthinkable thoughts. To explain that dreams reveal the thoughts",
"title": "Eye of a needle"
},
{
"id": "11209656",
"text": "futile human efforts; or the use of right in \"right sultry\" weather as to say it is \"certainly\" sultry (where right is used in the fashion of \"right enough\" or \"undeniably\" right). One phrase, to \"be short-taken\" (meaning the sudden and unplanned need to find a restroom), appears to be borrowed from the British phrase, to \"be taken short\" or \"caught short.\" A number of new words and phrases have found their way into the vernacular as well. For example, cutting wood into pieces or chunks is \"junking it up\" (perhaps from \"chunking it up\"); standing with one's back toward",
"title": "Waterloo, Nova Scotia"
},
{
"id": "13661898",
"text": "partner of a thief hates his own life; he hears the curse, but discloses nothing. Sometimes rulers are thieves or accomplices of thieves. The book of Proverbs contrasts the response of a victim to a thief who steals to satisfy his hunger with the response of a jealous husband to adultery. The thief is not despised by his victim, even though the thief must make restitution even if it costs him all the goods of his house. In contrast, the jealous husband will accept no compensation and will repay the adulterer with wounds and dishonor, not sparing when his fury",
"title": "Thou shalt not steal"
},
{
"id": "4984454",
"text": "\"The Natural\" (1984), including the camera flashes, music and slow-motion. Homer sings The Doors song \"The End\" when he walks through the streets considering suicide. Homer plays a \"Where's Waldo?\" game on the back of the cereal box he eats his breakfast from. While he is doing this, Waldo walks past the window behind him. After Homer bowls his perfect game, he pulls out a \"Before I Die I want To-\" list and checks off the item \"Bowl a Perfect Game\". Below that is listed \"See Stevie Nicks Naked\", which has been checked three times. Stevie Nicks is a singer",
"title": "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder"
},
{
"id": "8483877",
"text": "he prudently tells them that he has not, because \"the unicorn is a mythical beast.\" Thus they take the wife away instead, and \"the husband lived happily ever after\". The story ends with, \"Moral: Don't count your boobies before they're hatched\", a play on the popular adage, \"Don't count your chickens before they're hatched\". Thus, the moral advises not to expect one's hopes to be a certainty. An animated version of the story was released by United Productions of America in 1953. The cartoon was directed by William Hurtz, and was originally intended to be part of a feature based",
"title": "The Unicorn in the Garden"
},
{
"id": "10218888",
"text": "/əˈkeɪ sɪə/. Sounds that do not exist in Luganda are substituted with Luganda sounds, so /sj/ of \"assume\" becomes /ʃ/ (/aˈʃum/), and the /kj/ of \"cube\" becomes /tʃ/ (/tʃu:b/) Traditional Ugandan proverbs, often clumsily translated, are often heard. A popular non-traditional one is a justification of official corruption: \"Man eateth where he worketh.” A second is \"Mpola mpola, otuuka waala\" (\"Slowly, slowly you will get far\"). A similar variation is \"Agenda mpola, atuuka wala,\" which translates to \"s/he who travels/goes slowly will reach far.\" Others include, \"kamu kamu gwe mugaanda\" (one by one makes a bundle, meaning a little at",
"title": "Ugandan English"
},
{
"id": "2086984",
"text": "in order to deter rubbernecking and improve the flow of traffic. Several types of screens have been trialed in the United Kingdom. Rubbernecking Rubbernecking is the act of staring at something of interest. The term \"rubbernecking\" refers to the physical act of craning one's neck, performed in order to get a better view. Rubberneck has been described as a human trait that is associated with morbid curiosity. It can be the cause of traffic jams (sometimes referred to as \"gapers' blocks\" or \"gapers' delay\"), as drivers slow down to see what happened in a crash. The term is generally considered",
"title": "Rubbernecking"
},
{
"id": "4362601",
"text": "you murder, you ought to murder gently\", (2) \"you do commit murder\", and (3) \"to murder gently you must murder\" imply the less plausible statement: \"you ought to murder\". Others argue that \"must\" in the phrase \"to murder gently you must murder\" is a mistranslation from the ambiguous English word (meaning either \"implies\" or \"ought\"). Interpreting \"must\" as \"implies\" does not allow one to conclude \"you ought to murder\" but only a repetition of the given \"you murder\". Misinterpreting \"must\" as \"ought\" results in a perverse axiom, not a perverse logic. With use of negations one can easily check if",
"title": "Deontic logic"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Proverb context: examples are standard proverbs. Where the English proverbs above are meant to make a potential customer smile, in one of the Zimbabwean examples \"both the content of the proverb and the fact that it is phrased as a proverb secure the idea of a secure time-honored relationship between the company and the individuals\". When newer buses were imported, owners of older buses compensated by painting a traditional proverb on the sides of their buses, \"Going fast does not assure safe arrival\". There are often proverbs that contradict each other, such as \"Look before you leap\" and \"He who hesitates is\n\nAccording to the proverb, you should look before you do what?",
"compressed_tokens": 179,
"origin_tokens": 179,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Proverb context: proverb for the name their tour, \"Come and take it\". From ancient times, people around the world have recorded proverbs in visual form. This has been done in two ways. First, proverbs have been \"written\" to be displayed, often in a decorative manner, such as on pottery, cross-stitch, murals, kangas (East African women's wraps), quilts, a stained glass window, and graffiti. Secondly, proverbs have often been visually depicted in a variety of media, including paintings, etchings, and sculpture. Jakob Jordaens painted a plaque with a proverb about drunkenness above a drunk man wearing a crown, titled \"The King Drinks\".\n\ntitle A picture is worth a thousand words context: streetcars. The December 8,12 issue carries an,One Look is Worth A Thousand Words.\" Another ad by Barnard in the March 10, 1927, issue phrase \" W Ten Thousand W\", where it is l a Chinese proverb. The 1949 \"Home Book of Proverbs Maxims, and Familiar Phrases\" Barnard as he called ita Chinese proverb, so that people would take it seriously Nonetheless, the proverb after becamely attributed Confucius. Chinese expression \"Hear something a hundred times isn't better than seeing it once\" (,\n\ntitle: context and used with\". There are many sayings in English are commonly referred to \"prover\", such say.undes, however sayings proAre weather would emph'\" The definition \"\" also changed the For,abeled Yorkverb\" in 8 would categorizedverb, \"asong as Ths wife with dcl\". \"verb\" is in\n\n:-verb context: \" no good pot\" D Harry Fromybs inér�́ Rún\" by Okediji. In a slightly different use of reshaping proverbs, in the Aubrey–Maturin series of historical naval novels by Patrick O'Brian, Capt. Jack Aubrey humorously mangles and mis-splices proverbs, such as \"Never count the bear's skin before it is hatched\" and \"There's a good deal to be said for making hay while the iron is hot.\" In a slightly different pattern of reshaping proverbs humorously,\n\nAccording to the proverb, you should look before you do what?",
"compressed_tokens": 519,
"origin_tokens": 14908,
"ratio": "28.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,731 | What chapter from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 book The Wind in the Willows lent its' name to the 1967 debut album from Pink Floyd? | [
"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn",
"Tpatgod",
"Piper at the Gates",
"PATGOD",
"The piper at the gates of dawn",
"The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn",
"The Piper At The Gates of Dawn"
] | The Piper at the Gates of Dawn | [
{
"id": "1640749",
"text": "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the debut studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founding member Syd Barrett's leadership. The album, named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" and featuring a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band taken by Vic Singh, was recorded from February to May 1967 and released on 4 August 1967. It was produced by Beatles engineer Norman Smith and released in 1967 by EMI Columbia in the United Kingdom and",
"title": "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn"
},
{
"id": "1640767",
"text": "Vic Singh then shot them with a prism lens that Harrison had given him. The cover was meant to resemble an LSD trip, a style that was favoured at the time. In 2017, the lens was displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum, as part of the \"\" exhibition. Barrett came up with the album title \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\"; the album was originally titled \"Projection\" up to as late as July 1967. The title was taken from that of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" which contains a visionary encounter with the",
"title": "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn"
},
{
"id": "17581774",
"text": "by a one-sided 7\" single, \"Your Late Unpleasantness\", released in June 2007. Another new song, \"A Haunted House Ain't a Home\", was included on the free CD which came with the September issue of \"Classic Rock\", ahead of the release of third album \"Dulce Domum\" on 5 November. Like Pink Floyd's debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", the album took its title from a chapter of Kenneth Graham's \"The Wind in the Willows\", and was dedicated to Syd Barrett, who died as the album was completed. \"Uncut\" described it as 'healthily not of its time... it avoids",
"title": "Of Arrowe Hill"
},
{
"id": "12276313",
"text": "was released in the UK and West Germany. Worldwide Discography http://www.45cat.com/artist/wind-in-the-willows Assisting breezes: The Wind in the Willows (band) The Wind in the Willows was an American band which included Deborah Harry as a back-up vocalist. The band took its name from British writer Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\", a classic of children's literature. The band's only album, the self-titled \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1968, Capitol Records LP2956), grazed the charts at #195. The band broke up shortly after failing to achieve commercial success or critical acclaim. The following year Artie Kornfeld, the producer of the album,",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (band)"
},
{
"id": "12276310",
"text": "The Wind in the Willows (band) The Wind in the Willows was an American band which included Deborah Harry as a back-up vocalist. The band took its name from British writer Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\", a classic of children's literature. The band's only album, the self-titled \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1968, Capitol Records LP2956), grazed the charts at #195. The band broke up shortly after failing to achieve commercial success or critical acclaim. The following year Artie Kornfeld, the producer of the album, went on to be the music producer of the Woodstock festival in 1969.",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (band)"
},
{
"id": "558881",
"text": "The Wind in the Willows The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow-moving and fast-paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of Edwardian England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality and camaraderie, and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames Valley. In 1908, Grahame retired from his position as secretary of the Bank of England. He moved back to Berkshire, where he had lived as a child, and spent his time by the River Thames doing much as",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows"
},
{
"id": "4744412",
"text": "the second segment is introduced and narrated by Bing Crosby. Decca Records issued an album called \"Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" featuring Crosby in 1949 to tie in with the release of the film. This segment is based on \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1908) by Kenneth Grahame. The story is set in and around London, England, United Kingdom between June 10, 1909 and January 1, 1910. The protagonist J. Thaddeus Toad, Esq. is introduced as an \"incurable adventurer\" who \"never counted the cost\". As the story's \"one disturbing element\", although he is the wealthy proprietor of the",
"title": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad"
},
{
"id": "1407496",
"text": "Kenneth Grahame Kenneth Grahame ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a British writer, most famous for \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote \"The Reluctant Dragon\". Both books were later adapted for stage and film, of which A. A. Milne's \"Toad of Toad Hall\" was the first. The Disney films \"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad\" and \"The Reluctant Dragon\" are other adaptations. Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh, Scotland. When he was a little more than a year old, his father,",
"title": "Kenneth Grahame"
},
{
"id": "2150228",
"text": "a mystical experience within the chapter \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". (Later, the psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd's debut studio album took its name from that chapter.) Elsewhere, Robert Jordan's series \"The Wheel of Time\" features a character named Someshta, referred to as \"the Green Man\". He is the sole survivor of a race called the Nym, who were originally entrusted as the gardeners of the world, and who had the ability to manipulate the life and growth of plants around them. He first appears in book one, \"The Eye of the World\", in chapters 49 (\"The Dark",
"title": "Green Man"
},
{
"id": "594699",
"text": "with the rudder-lines slack in his hands, and his hands loose in his waisteband, kept an eager look-out.\" Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\", written in 1908, is set in the middle to upper reaches of the river. It starts as a tale of anthropomorphic characters \"simply messing about in boats\" but develops into a more complex story combining elements of mysticism with adventure and reflection on Edwardian society. It is generally considered one of the most beloved works of children's literature and the illustrations by E.H.Shepard and Arthur Rackham feature the Thames and its surroundings. The river almost",
"title": "River Thames"
},
{
"id": "847127",
"text": "Pan's character is both charming and selfish emphasizing our cultural confusion about whether human instincts are natural and good, or uncivilised and bad. J. M. Barrie describes Peter as ‘a betwixt and between’, part animal and part human, and uses this device to explore many issues of human and animal psychology within the Peter Pan stories. He is the eponymous \"Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" in the seventh chapter of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1908). Grahame's Pan, unnamed but clearly recognisable, is a powerful but secretive nature-god, protector of animals, who casts a spell of forgetfulness",
"title": "Pan (god)"
},
{
"id": "558901",
"text": "childhood in Ardrishaig. There is a proposal that the idea for the story arose when its author saw a water vole beside the River Pang in Berkshire, southern England. A 29 hectare extension to the nature reserve at Moor Copse, near Tidmarsh Berkshire, was acquired in January 2007 by the Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Wildlife Trust. The Wind in the Willows The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow-moving and fast-paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of Edwardian England. The novel is notable for its",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows"
},
{
"id": "6341077",
"text": "and nineties. Kenneth Grahame was born in 1859 and joined the Bank of England in 1879, rising through the ranks to become its secretary. Although he had written various short stories while working at the bank, it was only after his retirement in 1908 that he published his masterpiece and final work \"The Wind in the Willows\". Penelope Fitzgerald launched her literary career in 1975, at the age of 58, when she published a biography of the Pre-Raphaelite artist Edward Burne-Jones. She won the Booker Prize for 1979 with \"Offshore\", and in 2012, \"The Observer\" named her final novel, \"The",
"title": "Late bloomer"
},
{
"id": "6591248",
"text": "actor Nigel Planer recorded this song as \"Neil,\" his character in the UK sitcom \"The Young Ones\", in 1984. It appeared on his \"Heavy Concept\" album. The Gnome \"The Gnome\" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd. Written by Syd Barrett, it is the eighth song on their 1967 debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". The song tells the tale of a scarlet tunic wearing gnome named Grimble Gromble (often incorrectly spelled Grumble). The lyrics ostensibly \"came off the top [of Barrett's] head\". Reportedly, the song also draws its inspiration from J. R. R.",
"title": "The Gnome"
},
{
"id": "178469",
"text": "A second stone has been erected, marking H.C. Andersen's grave, now without any mention of the Collin couple, but all three still share the same plot. At the time of his death, Andersen was internationally revered, and the Danish Government paid him an annual stipend as a \"national treasure\". Andersen's stories laid the groundwork for other children's classics, such as \"The Wind in the Willows\" (1908) by Kenneth Grahame and \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" (1926) by A. A. Milne. The technique of making inanimate objects, such as toys, come to life (\"Little Ida's Flowers\") would later also be used by Lewis Carroll and",
"title": "Hans Christian Andersen"
},
{
"id": "20706639",
"text": "Toad Hall (The Wind in the Willows) Toad Hall is the fictional home of Mr. Toad, a character in the 1908 novel, \"The Wind in the Willows\", by Kenneth Grahame. On his retirement from the Bank of England in 1908, Grahame returned to Blewbury in Berkshire, the county in which he had grown up. In October that year he published \"The Wind in the Willows\", a novel for children featuring an array of anthropomorphic characters, including Rat (a water vole), Mole, Badger and Toad. Toad lives in a house on the edge of the River Bank, Toad Hall. The novel",
"title": "Toad Hall (The Wind in the Willows)"
},
{
"id": "6591247",
"text": "The Gnome \"The Gnome\" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd. Written by Syd Barrett, it is the eighth song on their 1967 debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". The song tells the tale of a scarlet tunic wearing gnome named Grimble Gromble (often incorrectly spelled Grumble). The lyrics ostensibly \"came off the top [of Barrett's] head\". Reportedly, the song also draws its inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction. \"The Gnome\" was included on the B-side of the US Pink Floyd single \"Flaming\" (Tower 378), which was never released in the UK. British",
"title": "The Gnome"
},
{
"id": "3184489",
"text": "first novel, \"A Fine and Private Place\", when he was only 19 years old, following it with a memoir, \"I See by My Outfit\", in 1965. Today he is best known as the author of \"The Last Unicorn\" and \"A Fine and Private Place\", as well as his later fantasies following \"The Folk of the Air\". \"The Wind in the Willows\", a classic of children's literature by Kenneth Grahame, had originally attracted him to the genre of fantasy. In the 1970s, Beagle turned to screenwriting. After writing an introduction for an American print edition of \"The Lord of the Rings\",",
"title": "Peter S. Beagle"
},
{
"id": "7771892",
"text": "two charting singles and a successful debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the band's primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums \"The Dark Side of the Moon\" (1973), \"Wish You Were Here\" (1975), \"Animals\" (1977), \"The Wall\" (1979) and \"The Final Cut\" (1983). \"The Dark Side of the Moon\" and \"The Wall\" became two of the best-selling albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed",
"title": "Pink Floyd"
},
{
"id": "1407504",
"text": "he never attempted a sequel. The book is still widely enjoyed by adults and children today, also in films, while Toad remains one of the most celebrated and beloved characters. In 1929, A. A. Milne wrote the play \"Toad of Toad Hall\", which is based on part of \"The Wind in the Willows. The Wind in the Willows\" won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958. In the 1990s, William Horwood produced with a series of sequels. Kenneth Grahame Kenneth Grahame ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a British writer, most famous for \"The Wind in",
"title": "Kenneth Grahame"
},
{
"id": "17676278",
"text": "A Musical Adventure at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and West Yorkshire Playhouse in 2007 and 2008. The musical has a book by \"Downton Abbey\" creator Fellowes, based on the 1908 novel \"The Wind in the Willows\" by Kenneth Grahame and is directed by Rachel Kavanaugh, with design by Peter McKintosh, lighting design by Howard Harrison and sound design by Gareth Owen. The show features an original score by George Stiles and lyrics by Anthony Drewe. Open auditions were held in April 2016. The musical made its world premiere at the Theatre Royal Plymouth from 8 to 22 October 2016, before",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "4744439",
"text": "12, 2014. It was also released as solely on Blu-ray, DVD and digital copy combo and a stand-alone DVD exclusively to Walmart stores. The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is a 1949 American animated package film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film consists of two segments — the first of which is based on the 1908 children's novel \"The Wind in the Willows\" by Scottish author Kenneth Grahame, and the second is based on the 1820 short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,\" called \"Ichabod",
"title": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad"
},
{
"id": "17676282",
"text": "a habit of wandering off in search of food. Rat and Mrs Otter warn Mole about the inhabitants of the Wild Wood and tell him of wise but solitary Badger who lives there. Then of the extraordinary amphibian, Mr Toad, and his need for speed (\"Speed is of the Essence\"). Summer is drawing near, and the Swallows arrive (\"One Swallow Does Not a Summer Make\"). Mole and Rat visit Toad Hall at the request of Mr Toad. Mr Toad is rich, jovial, friendly and kind-hearted, but aimless and conceited; he regularly becomes obsessed with current fads, only to abandon them",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "8263645",
"text": "Chapter 24 \"Chapter 24\" is a song from Pink Floyd's 1967 album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". This song was one of several to be considered for the band's \"best of\" album, \"\". It was the second song recorded for the album. It was written by Syd Barrett and its lyrics are inspired by text from chapter 24 of the ancient Chinese tome \"I Ching\" (\"The Book of Changes\"), similar to While My Guitar Gently Weeps by The Beatles. The translation Barrett referenced is not known, but phrases from the lyric can be found in the Richard Wilhelm",
"title": "Chapter 24"
},
{
"id": "4744410",
"text": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is a 1949 American animated package film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film consists of two segments — the first of which is based on the 1908 children's novel \"The Wind in the Willows\" by Scottish author Kenneth Grahame, and the second is based on the 1820 short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,\" called \"Ichabod Crane\" in the film, by American author Washington Irving. The film is the 11th Disney animated feature film, and the last of the",
"title": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad"
},
{
"id": "6543528",
"text": "Matilda Mother \"Matilda Mother\" is a song by British band Pink Floyd, featured on their 1967 debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". Written by Syd Barrett, it is sung mostly by Richard Wright with Barrett joining in on choruses and singing the whole last verse. It was the first song recorded for the album. The lyrics quote fragments of fairy tales as read from a book to the singer by his mother (\"read(ing) the scribbly black\", referring to writing in a book as a child sees it), and in the chorus he implores her to \"tell me",
"title": "Matilda Mother"
},
{
"id": "6823930",
"text": "Lucifer Sam \"Lucifer Sam\" is a song by British band Pink Floyd, featured on their 1967 debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". The song is built around a descending riff, with the dominant instrument being composer Syd Barrett's electric guitar, fed through an echo machine; the resultant sound has been likened to a \"sinister\" Duane Eddy. This is augmented by bowed bass and increasingly agitated organ and percussion effects. Though the lyric frequently refers to Lucifer Sam as a cat, some speculation has arisen as to whether this was in fact slang (\"a hip cat\") for a",
"title": "Lucifer Sam"
},
{
"id": "5155678",
"text": "See Emily Play \"See Emily Play\" is a song by English rock band Pink Floyd, released as their second single in June 1967. Written by original frontman Syd Barrett and recorded on 23 May 1967, it featured \"The Scarecrow\" as its B-side. It was released as a non-album single, but appeared as the opening track of the American edition of their debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). \"See Emily Play\" is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list and reached No. 6 in the United Kingdom",
"title": "See Emily Play"
},
{
"id": "1640752",
"text": "the Gates of Dawn\" was voted 347th on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Architecture students Roger Waters, Nick Mason and Richard Wright and art student Syd Barrett had performed under various group names since 1962, and began touring as \"The Pink Floyd Sound\" in 1965. They turned professional on 1 February 1967 when they signed with EMI, with an advance fee of £5,000. Their first single, a song about a kleptomaniac transvestite titled \"Arnold Layne\", was released on 11 March to mild controversy, as Radio London refused to air it. About three weeks",
"title": "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn"
},
{
"id": "6479689",
"text": "The Scarecrow (song) \"The Scarecrow\" is a song by Pink Floyd on their 1967 debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", though it first appeared as the B-side of their second single \"See Emily Play\" (as \"Scarecrow\") two months before. It was written by Syd Barrett and recorded in March 1967. This song was one of several to be considered for the band's \"best of\" album, \"\". The song contains nascent existentialist themes, as Barrett compares his own existence to that of the scarecrow, who, while \"sadder\" is also \"resigned to his fate\". Such thematic content would later",
"title": "The Scarecrow (song)"
},
{
"id": "4744424",
"text": "he has been \"spirited away\" by the Headless Horseman. In 1938, shortly after the release of \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", James Bodrero and Campbell Grant pitched to Walt Disney the idea of making a feature film of Kenneth Grahame's 1908 children's book \"The Wind in the Willows\". Bodrero and Grant felt that \"Wind in the Willows\", with its anthropomorphized animals, could only be produced using animation. To persuade Disney to approve the film, Bodrero and Grant prepared a Leica reel, which combined storyboard stills with rough dialogue performed by members of the animation staff. Disney was skeptical, however,",
"title": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad"
},
{
"id": "1407503",
"text": "These were followed by \"Dream Days\" in 1898, which contains \"The Reluctant Dragon\". There is a ten-year gap between Grahame's penultimate book and the publication of his triumph, \"The Wind in the Willows\". During this decade, Grahame became a father. The wayward, headstrong nature he saw in his little son Alastair he transformed into the swaggering Mr. Toad, one of its four principal characters. The character in the book known as Ratty was inspired by his good friend, and writer, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. Grahame mentions this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller-Couch's daughter, Foy Felicia. Despite its success,",
"title": "Kenneth Grahame"
},
{
"id": "12381571",
"text": "animals was the 1908 children's book \"The Wind in the Willows\" by Kenneth Grahame. This story featured the character Mr. Toad who is human in almost every sense. Other characters in the book, such as a mole, water rat, and otter, are also very human with the exception of preferring their species' native habitats. The mole, for example, lives underground, but in a finished home. In the United States the most well known funny animal comic was \"Krazy Kat\" (1913) by George Herriman. It featured a cat, a mouse Ignatz and a dog police officer named Offissa Pup. Animated cartoons",
"title": "Funny animal"
},
{
"id": "4795752",
"text": "the charts while \"See Emily Play\"—released 16 June 1967—made it to number 6, their highest charting single in the UK until the release of \"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)\" in 1979. \"Apples and Oranges\"—from 18 November 1967—was largely overlooked, with Roger Waters blaming its poor sales on bad production. The album cover includes the original artwork which was found on each of the singles. \"Arnold Layne\" and \"See Emily Play\" both later appeared on \"\" in 2001. All of these appear on the 40th anniversary, three-disc edition, of \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", as \"Scarecrow\" appears",
"title": "1967: The First Three Singles"
},
{
"id": "17676276",
"text": "The Wind in the Willows (musical) The Wind in the Willows is a musical written by Julian Fellowes, with music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, based on the novel of the same name, written by Kenneth Grahame. The musical received its world premiere at the Theatre Royal in Plymouth in October 2016, before transferring to The Lowry in Salford and the Mayflower Theatre in Southampton. The following year the production transferred to the West End's London Palladium, where it was filmed for cinema broadcast. In December 2011, it was revealed that a musical adaption of the 1908",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "807962",
"text": "Toad, Mole and Rat: Kenneth Grahame's classic \"The Wind in the Willows\" began as a series of letters sent to his son. The first two were written at the Greenbank Hotel whilst Grahame was a guest in May 1907. Reproductions of the letters are currently on display in the hotel. \"Poldark\" author Winston Graham knew the town well and set his novel \"The Forgotten Story\" (1945) in Falmouth. The town has been the setting for several films and television programmes. British film star Will Hay was a familiar face in Falmouth in 1935 whilst filming his comedy \"Windbag the Sailor\".",
"title": "Falmouth, Cornwall"
},
{
"id": "4345871",
"text": "who wanted to be disassociated from a film on which they had lost creative control, to the detriment of the final product. When Barney drinks alcohol to prevent the bad effects from the tainted juice, a pink elephant comes to his rescue, referencing the scene in Dumbo where Dumbo and Timothy drink alcohol and see pink elephants. Seth and Munchie's dog is named Ginsberg, thought to be a reference to beat poet Allen Ginsberg. Homer putting the flowers in the policemen's rifles is a reference to the iconic October 22, 1967 \"Life\" magazine picture, \"Flower Power\" by Bernie Boston. The",
"title": "D'oh-in' in the Wind"
},
{
"id": "847183",
"text": "Toad of Toad Hall Toad of Toad Hall is a play written by A. A. Milne, the first of several dramatisations of Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel \"The Wind in the Willows\", with incidental music by Harold Fraser-Simson. Its first production was at the Lyric Theatre, London on 17 December 1929. Milne extracted the adventures of Mr. Toad, which make up about half of the original book, because they lent themselves most easily to being staged. Milne loved Grahame's book, which is one of the reasons he decided to adapt it. The play has four main characters: Rat, Badger, Mole, and",
"title": "Toad of Toad Hall"
},
{
"id": "19584115",
"text": "Rabbit\", Kenneth Grahame's 1908 \"The Wind in the Willows\", and C. S. Lewis's \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" in all of which the animals, mainly mammals, wear human clothes and have human attributes of character. Anthropomorphic language, implying the existence of intentions and emotions in animals, was deprecated for most of the 20th century, as indicating a lack of scientific objectivity. In 1927 Ivan Pavlov wrote that animals should be considered \"without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states\". In 1987 \"The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour\" still advised",
"title": "Human uses of mammals"
},
{
"id": "6479692",
"text": "for the cover were provided by Nivek Ogre from Skinny Puppy. The Scarecrow (song) \"The Scarecrow\" is a song by Pink Floyd on their 1967 debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", though it first appeared as the B-side of their second single \"See Emily Play\" (as \"Scarecrow\") two months before. It was written by Syd Barrett and recorded in March 1967. This song was one of several to be considered for the band's \"best of\" album, \"\". The song contains nascent existentialist themes, as Barrett compares his own existence to that of the scarecrow, who, while \"sadder\"",
"title": "The Scarecrow (song)"
},
{
"id": "13436772",
"text": "spring of 1967: Burke also oversaw the resultant \"These Are My Songs\" album although that album did feature one Clark/Hatch collaboration: \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\" which would provide Clark with a further Top Ten hit. Clark's next single: \"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\" was produced by Charles Koppelman and Don Rubin, and was released in August 1967 as the first advance single for what would become Clark's \"The Other Man's Grass is Always Greener\" album, although as \"The Cat in the Window...\" shaped up to become Clark's first US Top Twenty shortfall since she'd",
"title": "The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener (album)"
},
{
"id": "6703296",
"text": "Arnold Layne \"Arnold Layne\" is the debut single released by the English rock band Pink Floyd on 10 March 1967, written by Syd Barrett. The song's title character is a transvestite whose strange hobby is stealing women's clothes and undergarments from washing lines. According to Roger Waters, \"Arnold Layne\" was actually based on a real person: \"Both my mother and Syd's mother had students as lodgers because there was a girls' college up the road so there were constantly great lines of bras and knickers on our washing lines and 'Arnold' or whoever he was, had bits off our washing",
"title": "Arnold Layne"
},
{
"id": "16824600",
"text": "following an incident involving Pursey, a security guard and a snowball fight. Warner Brothers stepped in and signed them. The album sleeve depicts a tattooed orange with a clockwork key, symbolising the Stanley Kubrick film \"A Clockwork Orange\" and taken from the opening lyric of the title track, \"Wind me up like a clockwork orange\". Paul Morley at the NME reviewed the album suggesting it would be Angelic Upstarts' \"one burst\" before they disintegrated, and remarked it was not his greatest listening experience but he had great fun reviewing it. Dropkick Murphys performed a cover version of \"Never Again\" for",
"title": "Teenage Warning"
},
{
"id": "3726355",
"text": "warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in \"As You Like It\": Mr. Toad Esq. is one of the main characters in the children's novel \"The Wind in the Willows\", by Kenneth Grahame. This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play \"Toad of Toad Hall\". Mr. Toad is a very conceited, anthropomorphic toad and in the book he composes a ditty in his own praise which starts like this: George Orwell in his essay \"Some Thoughts on the Common Toad\" described the emergence of the common toad from hibernation",
"title": "Common toad"
},
{
"id": "6823962",
"text": "\"The Scarecrow\", \"Apples and Oranges\", \"Paint Box\", \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\", and \"Corporal Clegg\". Syd Barrett does not appear in these films, as he had been replaced by David Gilmour. Gilmour lip-synced Barrett's voice in the \"Astronomy Domine\" video. with: with: Astronomy Domine \"Astronomy Domine\" is a song by English rock band Pink Floyd. The song, written and composed by original vocalist/guitarist Syd Barrett, was the first track featured on their debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). The lead vocal was sung by Barrett and keyboard player Richard Wright. Its working",
"title": "Astronomy Domine"
},
{
"id": "6823953",
"text": "Astronomy Domine \"Astronomy Domine\" is a song by English rock band Pink Floyd. The song, written and composed by original vocalist/guitarist Syd Barrett, was the first track featured on their debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). The lead vocal was sung by Barrett and keyboard player Richard Wright. Its working title was \"Astronomy Domine (An Astral Chant)\". \"Domine\" (the vocative of \"Lord\" in Latin) is a word frequently used in Gregorian chants. It was seen as Pink Floyd's first foray into space rock (along with \"Interstellar Overdrive\"), although band members would later disparage this term. The",
"title": "Astronomy Domine"
},
{
"id": "1397405",
"text": "1967 in music The year 1967 was an important one for psychedelic rock, and was famous for its \"Summer of Love\" in San Francisco. It saw major releases from The Beatles (\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and \"Magical Mystery Tour\"), Small Faces (\"Itchycoo Park\"), Eric Burdon & The Animals (\"Winds of Change\"), Big Brother and The Holding Company (\"Big Brother and The Holding Company\"), The Doors (\"The Doors\" and \"Strange Days\"), Jefferson Airplane (\"Surrealistic Pillow\" and \"After Bathing at Baxter's\"), Moby Grape (\"Moby Grape)\", Traffic (\"Mr. Fantasy\"), Pink Floyd (\"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\"), Love (\"Forever Changes)\",",
"title": "1967 in music"
},
{
"id": "11746111",
"text": "Wind in the Willows (1988 film) Wind in the Willows is a 1988 Australian made-for-television animated film created by Burbank Films Australia. The film is based on Kenneth Grahame's 1908 English children's novel of the same name. While cleaning his underground home, Mole senses that spring is probably beginning above the ground. He is curious and decides that every mole should see the world at least once in his or her lifetime, so he makes himself a tunnel and soon finds himself in the English countryside. Mole is marvelled by this new world and wishes to see every bit of",
"title": "Wind in the Willows (1988 film)"
},
{
"id": "8446237",
"text": "wind goes\" like the birds flying by. Resolving to \"glide to a rainbow off where the clouds go dancing by,\" she ends with the plaintive comment, \"You won't find me . . . don't even try to.\" Another Bonner/Gordon composition: \"Fancy Dancin' Man\", was recorded to serve as the track's B-side. Released in August 1967, \"The Cat in the Window...\" proved a chart disappointment its #26 peak on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 making it Clark's least successful US release to date. In the UK \"The Cat in the Window...\" afforded Clark her lowest chart showing since her 1964 breakout with",
"title": "The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)"
},
{
"id": "3498726",
"text": "much, but an LA album in kind of sunshine and citrus fruits, and it plugged me straight into the pop art vibe.\" Asked for likes or dislikes about Los Angeles, he responded: \"I hate the sunshine. All of that constant sunshine drives me up the wall. I like mysterious weather. I think it rained one day and it was so wonderful.\" Although he had been a fan of Pink Floyd since his youth, the title was not meant as a reference to their 1967 single \"Apples and Oranges\". The idea for a pop art-style sleeve came from Dave Gregory, who",
"title": "Oranges & Lemons (album)"
},
{
"id": "5097049",
"text": "Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \"The Velvet Underground & Nico\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \"peel slowly and see\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \"mush slowly and guac.\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got",
"title": "Hellogoodbye (EP)"
},
{
"id": "19498142",
"text": "back into fashion. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) wrote the children's classic \"The Wind in the Willows\". An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the \"Inklings\". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Lewis is especially known for \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", while Tolkien is best known as the author of \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". Another significant writer is Alan Garner author of \"Elidor\" (1965), while Terry Pratchett is a more recent fantasy writer. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "558882",
"text": "the animal characters in his book do – as the book says, \"simply messing about in boats\" – and expanding the bedtime stories he had earlier told his son Alastair into a manuscript for the book. The novel was in its 31st printing when playwright A. A. Milne adapted part of it for the stage as \"Toad of Toad Hall\" in 1929. 1946 saw the first of several film adaptions. In 2003, \"The Wind in the Willows\" was listed at number 16 in the BBC's survey The Big Read. More than a century after its original publication, it was adapted",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows"
},
{
"id": "7933743",
"text": "of 1086 and as \"Finyngale\" in 1157. The village public house is the Queen's Head. The willows that line the beck to the north of the village, of which there is a good view from the dining room and terrace of the pub, are said to have inspired Kenneth Grahame to write 'The Wind in the Willows'. (The village to the east is called Newton le Willows.) Finghall Finghall is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Finghall had a population of 126, and this had increased to 166 at the 2011",
"title": "Finghall"
},
{
"id": "11746115",
"text": "help of a young girl, the magistrate's daughter, Toad manages to escape his cell and return to Toad Hall. However, upon his return, he is shocked to find that his home has been overtaken by a band of ruthless weasels. He and his friends, Rat, Mole, Badger and Otter cook up a plan to recover Toad's priced home and restore order to the entire community along the riverbank. Wind in the Willows (1988 film) Wind in the Willows is a 1988 Australian made-for-television animated film created by Burbank Films Australia. The film is based on Kenneth Grahame's 1908 English children's",
"title": "Wind in the Willows (1988 film)"
},
{
"id": "847185",
"text": "the Saturday Night Theatre. Toad of Toad Hall Toad of Toad Hall is a play written by A. A. Milne, the first of several dramatisations of Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel \"The Wind in the Willows\", with incidental music by Harold Fraser-Simson. Its first production was at the Lyric Theatre, London on 17 December 1929. Milne extracted the adventures of Mr. Toad, which make up about half of the original book, because they lent themselves most easily to being staged. Milne loved Grahame's book, which is one of the reasons he decided to adapt it. The play has four main characters:",
"title": "Toad of Toad Hall"
},
{
"id": "1285186",
"text": "that beautiful. I immediately wrote a song about it.\" Rumours of the connection between the title of \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and the initialism \"LSD\" began circulating shortly after the release of the \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" LP in June 1967. Paul McCartney gave two interviews that same month admitting to having taken the drug. Lennon later said he was surprised at the idea the song title was a hidden reference to LSD, countering the song \"wasn't about that at all\", and it \"was purely unconscious that it came out to be LSD. Until someone pointed",
"title": "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
},
{
"id": "6230000",
"text": "Bike (song) \"Bike\" is a song by British rock band Pink Floyd, which is the final track featured on their 1967 debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". In the song, Syd Barrett's lyrical subject shows a girl his bike (which he borrowed); a cloak; a homeless, aging mouse that he calls Gerald; and a clan of gingerbread men, because she \"fits in with [his] world.\" With each repetition of the chorus, a sudden percussive noise is heard similar to the firing of two gunshots. Towards the end of the song, he offers to take her into a",
"title": "Bike (song)"
},
{
"id": "6543572",
"text": "Flaming (song) \"Flaming\" (formerly titled \"Snowing\") is a song by English rock band Pink Floyd, featured on their 1967 debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". Written and sung by Syd Barrett, the lyrics describe a childlike game with fantastical imagery (such as unicorns and buttercups), while prominent organ and driving bass guitar carry the uptempo music. After David Gilmour joined the band, the song remained in their set list for a while in 1968, even after Barrett's departure. \"Flaming\" was also the third US Pink Floyd single (Tower 378) and was released by Tower Records, but it",
"title": "Flaming (song)"
},
{
"id": "7582739",
"text": "hitting number 6 on the British album charts. Their first three singles (including their third, \"Apples and Oranges\"), were written by Barrett, who also was the principal visionary/author of their critically acclaimed 1967 debut album. Of the eleven songs on \"Piper\", Barrett wrote eight and co-wrote another two. Through late 1967 and early 1968, Barrett became increasingly erratic, partly as a consequence of his reported heavy use of psychedelic drugs such as LSD. There is also speculation that he suffered from schizophrenia. Once described as joyful, friendly, and extroverted, he became increasingly depressed and socially withdrawn, and experienced hallucinations, disorganized",
"title": "Syd Barrett"
},
{
"id": "558899",
"text": "Golden Age\" and \"Dream Days\", generally gave negative reviews. The public loved it, however, and within a few years it sold in such numbers that many reprints were required. In 1909, then sitting US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to Grahame to tell him that he had \"read it and reread it, and have come to accept the characters as old friends\". In \"The Enchanted Places\", Christopher Robin Milne wrote of \"The Wind in the Willows\": Unproduced The BBC has broadcast a number of radio productions of the story. Dramatisations include: Abridged readings include: Other presentation formats: Mapledurham House in Oxfordshire",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows"
},
{
"id": "2648423",
"text": "of this compilation. In the US Harvest Records and its distributor Capitol Records reconstructed their edition from tapes that had been previously altered for the debut 1967 US album \"Pink Floyd\" (the original U.S. title for \"Piper\") and other recordings, which were cut from the UK version. As explained in a note on the back cover of the US edition of \"A Nice Pair\", songs dropped from the US 1967 \"Pink Floyd\" album, \"Flaming\", \"Astronomy Domine\" and \"Bike\", are restored for this re-issue. However, some of the restored songs appear in versions that are different from the UK \"Piper\" release:",
"title": "A Nice Pair"
},
{
"id": "8263646",
"text": "and Baynes translation of 1950, and the Legge translation of 1899. The former is more poetic, but the latter has greater detail. Chapter 24 explains the significance of the Fû (复, means \"returning\") hexagram. Note: This analysis does not cover all lines of the lyric. Chapter 24 \"Chapter 24\" is a song from Pink Floyd's 1967 album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". This song was one of several to be considered for the band's \"best of\" album, \"\". It was the second song recorded for the album. It was written by Syd Barrett and its lyrics are inspired",
"title": "Chapter 24"
},
{
"id": "17676292",
"text": "adventures Toad has. Mr Toad holds a party to mark his return, although it doesn't seem that he's changed at all (\"Finale\"). The Original London Cast Recording was released on 30 June 2017 by Sony Masterworks Broadway and features 20 tracks. The characters and original cast: The Wind in the Willows (musical) The Wind in the Willows is a musical written by Julian Fellowes, with music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, based on the novel of the same name, written by Kenneth Grahame. The musical received its world premiere at the Theatre Royal in Plymouth in October",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "13322822",
"text": "Tangerine Dream (album) Tangerine Dream is Kaleidoscope's debut album released on Fontana Records on November 24, 1967. Though not as popular as the U.S. Kaleidoscope, this British band was also a band from the psychedelic movement with moderate domestic success, and just enough international exposure to have this album recognized in the genre's catalogue and regarded as one of the best in the same. Now sought by collectors and highly acclaimed by critics and fans this album has been musically compared to Nirvana's \"The Story of Simon Simopath\" and Pink Floyd's \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". Peter Daltrey,",
"title": "Tangerine Dream (album)"
},
{
"id": "6644804",
"text": "doing anything constructive. Messabout A messabout is an event where a group of people get together to discuss and \"mess about\" in boats. The concept is not new but the name is. The term originated in April 1990 when Joe Tribulato organized the first such event with this name. This was the beginning of the Southern California Small Boat Messabout Society, SCSBMS. The term is derived from the children's book \"The Wind in the Willows\", by Kenneth Grahame. In the story, Mole and Rat are rowing up the river in Rat's boat. They are discussing nautical things and life in",
"title": "Messabout"
},
{
"id": "5155690",
"text": "the song was released in Spain in 1967, on the La Voz De Su Amo label. All tracks were written by Syd Barrett. See Emily Play \"See Emily Play\" is a song by English rock band Pink Floyd, released as their second single in June 1967. Written by original frontman Syd Barrett and recorded on 23 May 1967, it featured \"The Scarecrow\" as its B-side. It was released as a non-album single, but appeared as the opening track of the American edition of their debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). \"See Emily Play\" is included in",
"title": "See Emily Play"
},
{
"id": "16638862",
"text": "the UK but received airplay on the offshore pirate radio stations Radio London and Radio Caroline. (The opening lines of the melody of Love's version reminded some British listeners of the theme tune to the popular BBC TV comedy series Steptoe and Son). The guitar riff to the song showed up in altered form, as played by Syd Barrett on the Pink Floyd song \"Interstellar Overdrive\", released on their debut album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" (1967). The riff of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" originated when early Pink Floyd manager Peter Jenner was trying to hum a song he couldn't",
"title": "My Little Red Book"
},
{
"id": "7679938",
"text": "Candy and a Currant Bun \"Candy and a Currant Bun\" was the B-side to Pink Floyd's first single, Arnold Layne. Its lyrical content is about drugs and casual sex. When performed live in 1967, the song was known as \"Let's Roll Another One\" and contained the line \"\"I'm high – Don't try to spoil my fun\"\", but the record company forced Syd Barrett to rewrite it, at the suggestion of Roger Waters, without the controversial drug references. Nevertheless, the recorded version added the line \"\"Oh don't talk with me/Please just fuck with me\"\", which the BBC censors missed. The Mars",
"title": "Candy and a Currant Bun"
},
{
"id": "16080667",
"text": "in rhyming couplets. Four of the \"Cautionary Tales\" were set to music by Liza Lehmann in 1909; the famous contralto Clara Butt sang the piece in a successful tour of Britain in the same year. The British actor Stephen Fry recorded a selection of the verses as an audiobook in 1992, and the American artist Edward Gorey (1925–2000) created 61 new illustrations for the book, which were published posthumously in 2002. Pink Floyd writer and singer Syd Barrett used the book as the basis for the song \"Matilda Mother\" from the 1967 album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\".",
"title": "Cautionary Tales for Children"
},
{
"id": "2150227",
"text": "there is a poem entitled \"The Green Man\". Ronald Johnson also wrote a book-length poem sequence, \"The Book of the Green Man\". The premise has even made its way into comics, most notably with the character of Swamp Thing. Green men, and variants on the theme, frequently occur in modern fantasy literature and science fiction. Tom Bombadil and the Ents in \"The Lord of the Rings\" could be considered possible examples. In Kenneth Grahame's 1908 children's classic \"The Wind in the Willows\", a depiction of a natural deity, analogous with Pan and Green Man legend, appears as the climax of",
"title": "Green Man"
},
{
"id": "6644801",
"text": "Messabout A messabout is an event where a group of people get together to discuss and \"mess about\" in boats. The concept is not new but the name is. The term originated in April 1990 when Joe Tribulato organized the first such event with this name. This was the beginning of the Southern California Small Boat Messabout Society, SCSBMS. The term is derived from the children's book \"The Wind in the Willows\", by Kenneth Grahame. In the story, Mole and Rat are rowing up the river in Rat's boat. They are discussing nautical things and life in general when Rat",
"title": "Messabout"
},
{
"id": "1485310",
"text": "Pink Floyd Sound, later the Pink Floyd Blues Band and by early 1966, Pink Floyd. By early 1966, Barrett was Pink Floyd's frontman, guitarist, and songwriter. He wrote or co-wrote all but one track of their debut LP \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", released in August 1967. Waters contributed the song \"Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk\" (his first sole writing credit) to the album. By late 1967, Barrett's deteriorating mental health and increasingly erratic behaviour, rendered him \"unable or unwilling\" to continue in his capacity as Pink Floyd's singer-songwriter and lead guitarist. In early March 1968 Pink",
"title": "Roger Waters"
},
{
"id": "20119430",
"text": "\"A choice of heaven\". Heinemann. 1959. \"Where the River Bends\". Heinemann. 1962 \"The Tea Story\". Heinemann. 1964. \"The Book of Pall Mall\". Heinemann. 1965. \"Dingo\". Heineman. 1966. \"The Devil You Don't\". Chilton. 1967. \"In a Beautiful Pea Green Boat\". Chilton. 1969. \"From sea to ocean\". Geoffrey Bles. 1969 \"The White Poppy: a History of Opium\". Heinemann. 1969. \"George Sand\". Heron. 1969. \"Boadicea\". Heron. 1969. \"Fridtjof Nansen\". Heron. 1971. \"Extel 100: the Centenary History of the Exchange Telegraph Company\". Ernest Benn. 1972. \"A Walk Along the Apennines\". Geoffrey Bles. 1973. \"A Journey of Many Sleeps\". Chatto and Windus, 1975. Reissued as",
"title": "James Maurice Scott"
},
{
"id": "1640764",
"text": "on the Tower division of Capitol on 21 October 1967. This version was officially titled simply \"Pink Floyd\", though the original album title did appear on the back cover as on the UK issue, and Dick Clark referred to the record by its original title when the group appeared on his \"American Bandstand\" television program on 18 November 1967. The US album featured an abbreviated track listing, and reached number 131 on the \"Billboard\" charts. The UK single, \"See Emily Play\", was substituted for \"Astronomy Domine\", \"Flaming\" and \"Bike\". Released in time for the band's US tour, \"Flaming\" was released",
"title": "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn"
},
{
"id": "7181889",
"text": "The Wind in the Willows (1996 film) The Wind in the Willows (released in the United States as Mr Toad's Wild Ride) is a 1996 British children's comedy film written and directed by Terry Jones, and produced by Jake Eberts and John Goldstone. The film stars Steve Coogan, Eric Idle and Terry Jones. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 18 October 1996. The film is based on Kenneth Grahame's novel \"The Wind in the Willows\". Mole's underground home is destroyed when the meadow above is bulldozed by the Weasels. Mr Toad, had sold the land to finance",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (1996 film)"
},
{
"id": "7292944",
"text": "reflecting the very beauty and romance of the sport of ballooning. Some even believe that it is bad luck to change a balloons name. The song \"Blown by the Wind\" from the 1996 Alan Parsons release \"On Air\" captures the languid and ethereal spirit of flight without navigation. \"Up, Up and Away\" is the debut album by American pop group The 5th Dimension, released in 1967 (see 1967 in music). The title track, by Jimmy Webb was released as a single, and became a major pop hit, reaching #7 on the \"Billboard\" chart. 'Hot Ride' by The Prodigy featuring Juliette",
"title": "Hot air ballooning"
},
{
"id": "6869948",
"text": "brother, the famous civil engineer and railway builder, William Mackenzie. Edward Mackenzie himself died in 1880, and the house was inherited by his son, William Dalziel Mackenzie, who commissioned the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin to extend the house. This took place in 1883, and consisted of the addition of a wing, containing a study, a billiard room, smoking rooms, and bedrooms, together with terraces around the house. It is reputed to have been Kenneth Grahame's inspiration for Toad Hall in his book \"The Wind in the Willows\", written in 1908. Fawley Court was requisitioned by the British Army and",
"title": "Fawley Court"
},
{
"id": "3997387",
"text": "album explicitly reference LSD trips, and many lines of \"Tomorrow Never Knows\" were borrowed from Timothy Leary's book \"The Psychedelic Experience\". Around the same time, bands such as Pink Floyd, Jefferson Airplane, and The Grateful Dead helped give birth to a genre known as \"psychedelic rock\" or acid rock. In 1965, The Pretty Things released an album called \"Get the Picture?\" which included a track titled \"L.S.D.\" LSD became a headline item in early 1967, and the Beatles admitted to having been under the influence of LSD. Earlier in the year, British tabloid \"News of the World\" ran a sensational",
"title": "History of lysergic acid diethylamide"
},
{
"id": "4795751",
"text": "1967: The First Three Singles The 1967 Singles Sampler, or 1967: The First Three Singles, is a limited-edition compilation album by Pink Floyd. 1967: The First Three Singles was released in 1997 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the band. The album was distributed by EMI Records, and was released as limited-edition CD along with the vinyl. It features the band's first three singles, which were written mostly by their band leader, Syd Barrett. The vinyl and the limited edition CD were digitally remastered and are versions of the original singles. \"Arnold Layne\"—released on 11 March 1967—reached number 20 in",
"title": "1967: The First Three Singles"
},
{
"id": "11380357",
"text": "\"Don't Sleep in the Subway\". Despite that single's success Clark proceeded to record her next album without Hatch's involvement again working with Burke except for the track \"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\" which was released as an advance single in August 1967. \"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\" at #26 became Clark's lowest charting US single to that date and missed the UK Top 50 entirely, causing Clark to reunite with Hatch for a track to be added to her album as the title track and to serve as a second",
"title": "The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener"
},
{
"id": "1317417",
"text": "several references to former band member Syd Barrett, including \"Nobody Home\", which hints at his condition during Pink Floyd's abortive US tour of 1967, with lyrics such as \"wild, staring eyes\", \"the obligatory Hendrix perm\" and \"elastic bands keeping my shoes on\". \"Comfortably Numb\" was inspired by Waters' injection with a muscle relaxant to combat the effects of hepatitis during the \"In the Flesh Tour\", while in Philadelphia. The album was recorded in several locations. In France, Super Bear Studios was used between January and July 1979, with Waters recording his vocals at the nearby Studio Miraval. Michael Kamen supervised",
"title": "The Wall"
},
{
"id": "13041853",
"text": "The Wind in the Willows (2006 film) The Wind in the Willows is a 2006 live-action television adaptation of Kenneth Grahame's classic novel \"The Wind in the Willows\". It was a joint production of the BBC and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and starred Matt Lucas (Mr. Toad), Bob Hoskins (Badger), Mark Gatiss (Ratty), and Lee Ingleby (Mole), with a cameo appearance from Michael Murphy as the Judge. Rachel Talalay directed. It debuted in Canada on CBC Television on 18 December 2006 in the United Kingdom on BBC1 on 1 January 2007, in the U.S. on PBS's \"Masterpiece Theatre\" on 8",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "20495486",
"text": "Sweet Love, Bitter (film) Sweet Love, Bitter is a 1967 film based on the novel \"Night Song\" by John Alfred Williams. The story is inspired by the life of jazz musician Charlie Parker. American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded a soundtrack album for the film. The film opens with Richie \"Eagle\" Stokes (Dick Gregory) found dead in his bed before showing the journey of how he got there. He is a jazz musician, jaded by how society treats him and seeks to numb himself with drugs, liquor and women. He crosses paths with David Hillary (Don Murray), a white male",
"title": "Sweet Love, Bitter (film)"
},
{
"id": "17592541",
"text": "Records, the song was recorded for their self-titled debut album. Its title is derived from the 1932 French novel Journey To The End Of The Night by Louis-Ferdinand Celine. The song was chosen as the B-side to the album's first single, \"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\" and was released in January 1967. The single, however, failed to become a success and only peaked at number 126 in the United States. After the band's rise to fame the song was rarely played live in concert. The song has since been included in box sets released over the years by",
"title": "End of the Night"
},
{
"id": "497813",
"text": "kin. Advertisement vocalizations given by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize kin. Kin recognition thus allows avoidance of inbreeding and consequent inbreeding depression. In Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel \"The Wind in the Willows\", Mr. Toad is a likeable and popular, if selfish and narcissistic, comic character. Mr. Toad reappears as the lead character in A. A. Milne's 1929 play \"Toad of Toad Hall\", based on the book. Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, originally planned as a roller coaster but adapted by Walt Disney as a family-friendly dark ride, is one of the few Disneyland attractions operational since",
"title": "Toad"
},
{
"id": "3498710",
"text": "a politician, that's the very reason you shouldn't vote for them\". The \"President Nil\" mentioned in its lyric refers to the character from the Alan Sillitoe book \"Travels in Nihilon\", which itself originated the title of the past XTC song from \"Black Sea\" (1980). Partridge described the middle section as a simulacrum of the Beatles' White Album. \"The Loving\" is a singalong anthem that was, according to Partridge, a rewrite of the Beatles' \"All You Need Is Love\" (1967). The inspiration for the music came from the Supremes' \"The Happening\" and Honeybus' \"I Can't Let Maggie Go\". He added that",
"title": "Oranges & Lemons (album)"
},
{
"id": "7771992",
"text": "the individual states of mind of each. The lyrics ultimately paint a picture of dystopia, the inevitable result of a world devoid of empathy and compassion, answering the question posed in the opening lines. The album's characters include the \"Dogs\", representing fervent capitalists, the \"Pigs\", symbolising political corruption, and the \"Sheep\", who represent the exploited. Croskery described the \"Sheep\" as being in a \"state of delusion created by a misleading cultural identity\", a false consciousness. The \"Dog\", in his tireless pursuit of self-interest and success, ends up depressed and alone with no one to trust, utterly lacking emotional satisfaction after",
"title": "Pink Floyd"
},
{
"id": "8032691",
"text": "and the two Beatles: \"They looked like little angels, like Botticelli Graces singing together for the first time.\" Written in the aftermath of the drugs arrests faced by Jagger and Keith Richards at the Redlands country home of the latter in Sussex that year, \"We Love You\" opens with the sounds of entry into jail, and a cell door clanging shut. The draconian nature of the sentences handed down to the two Stones relative to the charges prompted a stern editorial in \"The Times\" on 1 July 1967, titled \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\", in protest. The song's",
"title": "We Love You"
},
{
"id": "6821325",
"text": "at the age of just 16, Robin Lee Graham set out from southern California to sail around the world in his sailboat \"Dove\", and in 1970 he successfully completed the youngest (at age 16–21) solo circumnavigation. Following in Chichester's wake, Alec Rose, a 58-year-old British grocer, set off in 1967 to sail solo around the world. He completed his voyage on July 4, 1968, after two stops, and was knighted the following day. He subsequently wrote a book, \"My Lively Lady\", about his voyage. Despite his failure in the Golden Globe, Chay Blyth had decided that endurance sailing was for",
"title": "Single-handed sailing"
},
{
"id": "7771907",
"text": "Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" in August 1967. The album peaked at number 6, spending 14 weeks on the UK charts. One month later, it was released under the Tower Records label. Pink Floyd continued to draw large crowds at the UFO Club; however, Barrett's mental breakdown was by then causing serious concern. The group initially hoped that his erratic behaviour would be a passing phase, but some were less optimistic, including Jenner and his assistant, June Child, who commented: \"I found [Barrett] in the dressing room and he was so ... gone. Roger Waters and I got him",
"title": "Pink Floyd"
},
{
"id": "7334215",
"text": "Flannelled Fool Flannelled Fool: A Slice of a Life in the Thirties is an autobiography by T. C. Worsley, published in 1967. It takes its title from a phrase in \"The Islanders\", a poem by Rudyard Kipling. Though \"Flannelled Fool\" is subtitled \"A Slice of a Life in the Thirties\", much of it treats the author's childhood and education at Marlborough College before he began a schoolmastering career at Wellington College in 1929. The frank accounts of many of its personages, only thinly disguised by false names, led, according to Alan Ross, the book's eventual publisher, to several rejections: At",
"title": "Flannelled Fool"
},
{
"id": "7334217",
"text": "me in gaol, the book both sold well and received a wonderful press. Flannelled Fool Flannelled Fool: A Slice of a Life in the Thirties is an autobiography by T. C. Worsley, published in 1967. It takes its title from a phrase in \"The Islanders\", a poem by Rudyard Kipling. Though \"Flannelled Fool\" is subtitled \"A Slice of a Life in the Thirties\", much of it treats the author's childhood and education at Marlborough College before he began a schoolmastering career at Wellington College in 1929. The frank accounts of many of its personages, only thinly disguised by false names,",
"title": "Flannelled Fool"
},
{
"id": "17676288",
"text": "Woman\"). Walking through the Wood, Rat and Mole discuss the imprisonment of their friend when they come across Mole’s home . Homesick, having realised he hasn’t returned since the day he left his Spring cleaning, the friends have a humble feast, while Mole speaks fondly of his home (\"A Place to Come Back To\"). After this, some wassailing mice visit as is familiar to Mole, wishing well to the animals of the forest (\"The Wassailing Mice\"). As the choristers’ song ends, Badger bursts in to let Rat and Mole know that Mr Toad is now a criminal on the run.",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "20171361",
"text": "\"Jupiter 2\", from one of his favorite TV series growing up, \"Lost in Space\"), and formed the very short-lived project Os Pereiras Azuiz; they only released a demo tape, \"Orgasmo Legal\", before disbanding. In 1997 he signed with independent label Antídoto to release his first solo full-length album, \"A Sétima Efervescência\", which counted with guest appearances by his former Os Cascavelletes bandmates Frank Jorge and Alexandre Barea, and by Graforreia Xilarmônica guitarist Marcelo Birck; with a heavily psychedelic and experimental sonority comparable to Pink Floyd's 1967 debut \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", the album was critically acclaimed at",
"title": "Jupiter Apple"
},
{
"id": "5224620",
"text": "Interstellar Overdrive \"Interstellar Overdrive\" is an instrumental composition written and performed by Pink Floyd. The song was written in 1966, and is listed on their debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", released in 1967, clocking in at almost ten minutes in length. The song originated when guitarist Syd Barrett heard the band's manager Peter Jenner humming a song, which Barrett tried to interpret by playing it on his guitar. Sharing the same emphasis on chromaticism with \"Astronomy Domine\", the piece was recorded in several takes between March and April 1967. An earlier, longer recording of the song",
"title": "Interstellar Overdrive"
},
{
"id": "17676283",
"text": "abruptly. Having recently given up boating, Mr Toad's current craze is his horse-drawn caravan. He persuades the reluctant Rat and willing Mole to join him on a trip (\"The Open Road\"). Having parked at the roadside for an overnight stop, a passing motor car scares the horse, causing the caravan to overturn into a ditch. Rather than be upset Mr Toad changes his obsession again and now focuses on the new-fangled motor-car. In his new racer, he terrorises his neighbours, particularly a family of nervous Hedgehogs (\"The Hedgehog's Nightmare\"). He is truly obsessed with his motor-car, and the animals are",
"title": "The Wind in the Willows (musical)"
},
{
"id": "7679940",
"text": "content. It also comes with a removable foam spindle insert to switch between CD and vinyl. The track was a bonus track on the UK and Australasian releases of the album. Candy and a Currant Bun \"Candy and a Currant Bun\" was the B-side to Pink Floyd's first single, Arnold Layne. Its lyrical content is about drugs and casual sex. When performed live in 1967, the song was known as \"Let's Roll Another One\" and contained the line \"\"I'm high – Don't try to spoil my fun\"\", but the record company forced Syd Barrett to rewrite it, at the suggestion",
"title": "Candy and a Currant Bun"
},
{
"id": "752614",
"text": "aspects of the work and the other to the artistic direction. The Radiophonic Workshop published \"Radiophonics in the BBC\" in November 1963, listing all equipment used in their two workshops, diagrams of several systems, and a number of anecdotes. The Radiophonic Workshop also contributed articles to magazines of its experiments, complete with instructions and wiring diagrams. British psychedelic rock group Pink Floyd made a memorable trip to the workshop in 1967. They had employed tape loops, sound effects, found sounds and the principles of musique concrete on their debut album \"The Piper At The Gates of Dawn\" from that same",
"title": "BBC Radiophonic Workshop"
},
{
"id": "4943692",
"text": "failed to chart in the UK. \"5000 Spirits\" was much admired by Paul McCartney, who named it his favourite album of 1967. In 1968, Judy Collins recorded \"First Boy I Loved\" (a cover of Williamson's \"First Girl I Loved\" with the gender switched) for \"Who Knows Where the Time Goes\". In 1990, Jackson Browne also covered \"First Girl I Loved\" for the Elektra compilation \"\" The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion is the second album by the Scottish psychedelic folk group, The Incredible String Band (ISB), and was",
"title": "The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Piper at the Gates of Dawn context: The Piper at the Gates of Da The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the debut studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founding member Syd Barrett's leadership. The album, named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" and featuring a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band taken by Vic Singh, was recorded from February to May 1967 and released on 4 August 1967. It was produced by Beatles engineer Norman Smith and released in 1967 by EMI Columbia in the United Kingdom and\n\nWhat chapter from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 book The Wind in the Willows lent its' name to the 1967 debut album from Pink Floyd?",
"compressed_tokens": 206,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Piper at the Gates of Dawn context: The Piper at the Gates of Da The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the debut studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founding member Syd Barrett's leadership. The album, named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" and featuring a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band taken by Vic Singh, was recorded from February to May 1967 and released on 4 August 1967. It was produced by Beatles engineer Norman Smith and released in 1967 by EMI Columbia in the United Kingdom and\n\ntitle: The Piper at the Gates of Da context: Vic Singh them with a prism lens that Harrison had given. The cover was meant to res an LSD trip, a styleoured at the time. In 2017, the lens was displayed at Victoria and Albert Museum, as part of exhibition Barrett came up with the album title \"The Piper at the Gates of Da\"; the album originally \"Projection up as late as July 1967. The title was taken from that chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows which contains a visionary encounter with the\n: Grahame context: These wereDream Days in 18 which \"The Reluctant is a tenyear between Grahame'sultimate the publication of triumph, \"The Wind in the Willows During de, Grahame. waystrong nature his son swaggering. Toad one of its four. the known as Ratty was inspired good and writer Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch Graame mentions this in signed to Quiller-Couch's, Felicia Despite its success\nutionary Tales for: in rhymingts. the \"\" were Lizamann90 thetot a of the a thebook, and they5 illustrations for the book, which were published posthumously in 2002. Pink Floyd writer and singer Syd Barrett used the book as the basis for the song \"Matilda Mother\" from the 1967 album \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\".\n\nWhat chapter from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 book The Wind in the Willows lent its' name to the 1967 debut album from Pink Floyd?",
"compressed_tokens": 505,
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78,732 | What 1963 Alfred Hitchcock movie, which introduced the ever so talented Tippi Hedren, took place at the lovely Northern California town of Bodega Bay? | [
"The Birds (disambiguation)",
"The Birds",
"Bird (disambiguation)",
"Bird's",
"BIRD",
"The bird",
"Birds (album)",
"Birds (song)",
"The Bird"
] | The Birds | [
{
"id": "2920179",
"text": "a nuclear power plant received significant negative attention from local citizens, beginning in 1958. By 1964, the plans for the plant were abandoned. Bodega Bay was the setting for the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film, \"The Birds\", starring Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren and Suzanne Pleshette. In October 2017, Bodega Bay, on the northwest edge of Sonoma County, served as a site of refuge and supply depot for evacuees from an historic fast-moving destructive fire in northern California. People from Santa Rosa and other regions affected by the raging wildfire started pouring in not long after the blazes started. Like underwater parks,",
"title": "Bodega Bay"
},
{
"id": "2058436",
"text": "The Birds (film) The Birds is a 1963 American horror-thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the 1952 story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier. It focuses on a series of sudden, unexplained violent bird attacks on the people of Bodega Bay, California over the course of a few days. The film stars Rod Taylor and Tippi Hedren (in her screen debut), supported by Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette and Veronica Cartwright. The screenplay is by Evan Hunter, who was told by Hitchcock to develop new characters and a more elaborate plot while keeping du",
"title": "The Birds (film)"
},
{
"id": "3658",
"text": "York when Hitchcock saw her, in October 1961, in an NBC television ad for Sego, a diet drink: \"I signed her because she is a classic beauty. Movies don't have them any more. Grace Kelly was the last.\" He insisted, without explanation, that her first name be written in single quotation marks: 'Tippi'. In \"The Birds\", Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) in a bird shop; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay (where \"The Birds\" was filmed) carrying a pair of lovebirds as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "2912450",
"text": "brief role in Alfred Hitchcock's film \"The Birds\" (1963) as Mitch's (Rod Taylor) neighbor who advises Melanie (Tippi Hedren) that Mitch has gone to Bodega Bay for the weekend. He played a larger role in the original \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\" (1956), as a physician in the \"book-end\" sequences added to the beginning and end of this film after its original previews. In Billy Wilder's 1957 film adaptation of Charles Lindbergh’s \"The Spirit of St. Louis\", Deacon portrayed the chairman of the Columbia Aircraft Corporation, Charles A. Levine, who, in February 1927, refused to sell Lindbergh his company's recently",
"title": "Richard Deacon (actor)"
},
{
"id": "1023085",
"text": "after the Russian Foreign Minister Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, and it served as a port to support Fort Ross and the larger Russian community known as Colony Ross. The location scenes in the Alfred Hitchcock-directed film \"The Birds\" (1963) were filmed in both Bodega Bay and nearby Bodega (though both were represented as being parts of the movie's Bodega Bay.) The town markets itself with the film in many ways, including its \"Birds\"-themed visitors' center, although none of the film's primary locations are found there. The church and schoolhouse shown in the film are located on Bodega Hwy in Bodega. The",
"title": "Bodega Bay, California"
},
{
"id": "861761",
"text": "number of motion pictures have been filmed using venues within the county. Some of the earliest U.S. filmmaking occurred in Sonoma County such as \"Salomy Jane\" (1914) and one of Broncho Billy Anderson's 1915 Westerns. Many of these films are classics in American cinematography such as the 1947 film \"The Farmer's Daughter\" (starring Joseph Cotten and Loretta Young) and two Alfred Hitchcock films, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" of 1943, filmed and set in Santa Rosa and \"The Birds\" of 1963, filmed largely in Bodega Bay and Bodega. Many other modern classics have used Sonoma County as a filming venue, including",
"title": "Sonoma County, California"
},
{
"id": "14130200",
"text": "was also inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 film \"The Birds.\" \"The Birds\" starred actress Tippi Hedren, who appeared in Nguyen's earlier film \"Julie and Jack.\" \"Birdemic\" includes footage of that appearance, playing on a television. The movie contains several anti-war statements. On the DVD commentary, the director explained that one early inspiration for the movie was the anti-war movie \"Apocalypse Now\", and that at the end of the movie the birds stopped their attack because they wanted to have peace, and to give humans a second chance to help the environment. He said that as production continued, he became more",
"title": "Birdemic: Shock and Terror"
},
{
"id": "5228815",
"text": "boat, several rusty cannons, and some old muskets.\" In 1859, shipbuilders constructed Saint Teresa of Avila Church. Open from 1856 to 1967, Watson School, once served as Bodega's school, and is located in a Sonoma County Regional Parks Department historic park about 2 miles east of Bodega. In 1963, much of Bodega was used for exterior filming in Alfred Hitchcock's film, \"The Birds\", where it was presented as the nearby shore village of Bodega Bay. Bodega's Potter School, now a private residence, was used as the Bodega Bay School in the movie; and Bodega's general store also appeared \"as itself\",",
"title": "Bodega, California"
},
{
"id": "7859205",
"text": "clear that something is very wrong in this isolated, deceptively calm oasis and fear mounts as a marine biologist is the target of a mysterious, grisly attack. Before long, the sky is darkened by a hideous onslaught of screeching birds. It is an assault unlike anything in the history of man or beast – except for an old timer who recalls a similar, horrific outbreak that gripped the West Coast three decades ago in Bodega Bay, California. Tippi Hedren appeared in a supporting role, but not as her original character. She was however disappointed that she didn't get a starring",
"title": "The Birds II: Land's End"
},
{
"id": "3675",
"text": "In \"Rear Window\" (1954), Lisa (Grace Kelly) risks her life by breaking into Lars Thorwald's apartment. In \"To Catch a Thief\" (1955), Francie (Grace Kelly again) offers to help a man she believes is a burglar. In \"Vertigo\" (1958) and \"North by Northwest\" (1959) respectively, Kim Novak and Eva Marie Saint play the blonde heroines. In \"Psycho\" (1960), Janet Leigh's character steals $40,000 () and is murdered by Norman Bates, a reclusive psychopath. Tippi Hedren, a blonde, appears to be the focus of the attacks in \"The Birds\" (1963). In \"Marnie\" (1964), the title character, again played by Hedren, is",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "1984129",
"text": "The program faced stiff competition on Wednesday evenings from NBC's \"Wagon Train\", hence lasted for only one season. He voiced Pongo (a Dalmatian dog) in Disney's animated feature \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" (1961) and also guest-starred on Marilyn Maxwell's short-lived ABC series \"Bus Stop\" around the same time. In 1962, he starred in an episode of NBC's \"The DuPont Show of the Week\" (\"The Ordeal of Dr. Shannon\"), an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel \"Shannon's Way\". Taylor starred in Alfred Hitchcock's horror/thriller \"The Birds\" (1963), along with Tippi Hedren, Suzanne Pleshette, Veronica Cartwright, and Jessica Tandy, playing a",
"title": "Rod Taylor"
},
{
"id": "1984022",
"text": "Tippi Hedren Nathalie Kay \"Tippi\" Hedren (born January 19, 1930) is an American actress, animal rights activist and former fashion model. A successful fashion model from her twenties, appearing on the front covers of \"Life\" and \"Glamour\" magazines among others, Hedren became an actress after she was discovered by director Alfred Hitchcock while appearing on a television commercial in 1961. She received world recognition for her work in two of his films, the suspense-thriller \"The Birds\" in 1963, for which she won a Golden Globe, and the psychological drama \"Marnie\" in 1964. Hedren has appeared in over eighty films and",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984031",
"text": "and was asked by Hitchcock to play the leading role in his upcoming film \"The Birds\". \"I was so stunned. It never occurred to me that I would be given a leading role in a major motion picture. I had great big tears in my eyes\", Hedren later recalled. \"The Birds\" (1963) was Hedren's screen debut. Hitchcock became her drama coach, and gave her an education in film-making as she attended many of the production meetings such as script, music or photography conferences. Hedren said, \"I probably learned in three years what it would have taken me 15 years to",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "6416344",
"text": "The passenger platform was featured in the opening scene of Alfred Hitchcock's \"Marnie\" (1964) as representing the Hartford, Connecticut, train station. Margaret (Marnie) Edgar (Tippi Hedren) is seen walking down the platform, back to the camera with a yellow purse tucked under her left arm and carrying a suitcase with her right, setting down the suitcase and waiting for her train to arrive. Of Amtrak's 74 California stations, San Jose was the 19th-busiest in FY2010, boarding or detraining an average of approximately 643 passengers daily.<ref name=\"http://www.amtrak.com Amtrak\"></ref> The depot is in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, with a three-story central",
"title": "San Jose Diridon station"
},
{
"id": "2058451",
"text": "MOMA series had a booklet with a monograph on the director written by Peter Bogdanovich. The film was screened out of competition in May at a prestigious invitational showing at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival with Hitchcock and Hedren in attendance. Ub Iwerks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Special Effects. The winner that year was \"Cleopatra\". Tippi Hedren received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1964, sharing it with Ursula Andress and Elke Sommer. She also received the Photoplay Award as Most Promising Newcomer. The film ranked No. 1 of",
"title": "The Birds (film)"
},
{
"id": "16894953",
"text": "the film, particularly their chronology (which does not tally with his research into the production archives of \"The Birds\" and \"Marnie\"): \"Why for example would Hitchcock offer Tippi the coveted part of Marnie on June 7, 1962, during filming of the sand dune scene in The Birds, only to deliberately attempt to physically harm her ... by smashing the glass telephone booth, which was filmed on June 12 only a few days later?\" In October 2012, Hedren said that although she believed the film accurately portrays Hitchcock's negative behaviour towards her, the time constraints of a 90-minute film prevented telling",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "9977893",
"text": "Donald Spoto Donald Spoto (born June 28, 1941) is an American biographer and theologian. He is mostly known for his best-selling biographies of film and theatre celebrities. Spoto has written 25 books, including biographies of Alfred Hitchcock, Laurence Olivier, Tennessee Williams, Ingrid Bergman, James Dean, Elizabeth Taylor, Grace Kelly, Marlene Dietrich, Marilyn Monroe, Audrey Hepburn, and Alan Bates. The BBC/HBO television film \"The Girl\" (2012), about Tippi Hedren's experience during the filming of \"The Birds\" (1963), was based in part on Spoto's work on Hitchcock. Spoto has also written biographical accounts of the House of Windsor from the Victorian era",
"title": "Donald Spoto"
},
{
"id": "7859208",
"text": "such as \"The New York Times\" calling the film \"feeble.\" The Birds II: Land's End The Birds II: Land's End is a 1994 American made-for-television horror film and a sequel to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \"The Birds\" (1963) starring Brad Johnson, Chelsea Field, James Naughton and Tippi Hedren in a minor role different from the one she played in the original Hitchcock film. The original music score was composed by Ron Ramin. \"The Birds II: Land's End\" premiered on Showtime on March 14, 1994. The plot of the sequel is very similar to the original. Biology teacher and Somali Civil War",
"title": "The Birds II: Land's End"
},
{
"id": "9341543",
"text": "Herrmann scores for Hitchcock. The working class street scape and a hair dyeing sequence are similar to some in \"Marnie\" (1964). Samson 's death a gunshot puncturing his eye and witnessed through the window of a train, recalls a scene in \"The Birds\" (1963). Laure's failing arms echoing the gestures of Tippi Hedren when she is attacked. \"Vertigo\" (1958) is the most clear referent, in a neat gender reversal, for Laure's transformation of Samson's killer. The curl in the hair of Antoinette (Hélène Surgère) recalls that of Madeleine/ Carlotta (Kim Novak) in Hitchcock's film. The film was released on DVD",
"title": "Barocco"
},
{
"id": "11695663",
"text": "blonde women include Tippi Hedren in \"The Birds\" and \"Marnie\"; Dany Robin in \"Topaz\"; Barbara Leigh-Hunt in \"Frenzy\"; Janet Leigh in \"Psycho\"; Grace Kelly in \"Rear Window\", \"To Catch a Thief\", and \"Dial M for Murder\"; Eva Marie Saint in \"North by Northwest\"; and Kim Novak in \"Vertigo\". As a former silent film director, Hitchcock strongly preferred to convey narrative with images rather than dialogue. Hitchcock viewed film as a primarily visual medium in which the director's assemblage of images must convey the narrative. Examples of imagery over dialogue are in the lengthy sequence in \"Vertigo\" in which Scottie silently",
"title": "Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"
},
{
"id": "1984044",
"text": "he was Alfred Hitchcock, the great and famous director, and I was Tippi Hedren, an inexperienced actress who had no clout\". She decided she could not quit her contract because she was afraid to be blacklisted and unable to find work. Hedren's own daughter, Melanie Griffith, remembered that while Hedren was doing \"The Birds\", she thought Hitchcock was taking her mother away from her. \"Suddenly, I wasn't allowed even to visit my mom at the studio\". During the filming of \"Marnie\", Hedren found Hitchcock's behavior toward her increasingly difficult to bear as filming progressed. \"Everyone–I mean everyone–knew he was obsessed",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "7859203",
"text": "The Birds II: Land's End The Birds II: Land's End is a 1994 American made-for-television horror film and a sequel to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \"The Birds\" (1963) starring Brad Johnson, Chelsea Field, James Naughton and Tippi Hedren in a minor role different from the one she played in the original Hitchcock film. The original music score was composed by Ron Ramin. \"The Birds II: Land's End\" premiered on Showtime on March 14, 1994. The plot of the sequel is very similar to the original. Biology teacher and Somali Civil War veteran, Ted, his wife, and children move to a summer",
"title": "The Birds II: Land's End"
},
{
"id": "1984043",
"text": "her. Hedren's co-star in \"The Birds\", Rod Taylor, later remembered, \"Hitch was becoming very domineering and covetous of 'Tippi,' and it was very difficult for her. No one was permitted to come physically close to her during the production. 'Don't touch the girl after I call \"Cut!\"' he said to me repeatedly\". Hitchcock also attempted, on one occasion, to grab and violently kiss Hedren in the back of a car as they drove on to the set. Hedren told his assistant, Peggy Robertson, and the studio chief, Lew Wasserman, that she was becoming very unhappy about the whole situation. \"But",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "742980",
"text": "Weaver\" and \"Everybody Else... Doodles Weaver.\" He portrayed eccentric characters in guest appearances on such television series as \"Batman\" (where he played The Archer's henchman Crier Tuck), \"Land of the Giants\", \"Dragnet 1967\" and \"The Monkees\". He appeared in more than 90 films, including \"The Great Imposter\" (1961), Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\" (1963) (as the man helping Tippi Hedren's character with her rental boat), Jerry Lewis's \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"Pocketful of Miracles\" (1961) and, in a cameo, \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963). He appeared in \"Six Pack Annie\" (1975). His last movie was \"Earthbound\" (1981). Weaver",
"title": "Doodles Weaver"
},
{
"id": "11695654",
"text": "other iconic stairwell shot comes from the movie \"Suspicion\" as Cary Grant slowly walks up the stairs to deliver what would have been the poisonous warmed milk to his wife. Hitchcock, the studios and Grant decided his character could not end up as a murderer and that scene becomes a red herring with a new ending added. In \"The Birds\", the camera follows Tippi Hedren up the stairs to the attic where (suspensefully) the birds wait silently to attack her. Staircases also appear prominently in the 'ball-gown scene' in \"Rebecca\" and in the 'guard-dog scene' in \"Strangers on a Train\".",
"title": "Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"
},
{
"id": "11695658",
"text": "Clift at a dinner party around the filming of \"I Confess\" (1953) to swallow a carafe of brandy, which caused the actor to pass out almost immediately. In \"Torn Curtain\" and \"Topaz\", brandy is defined more closely as cognac. Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren) is offered a brandy by Annie Hayworth (Suzanne Pleshette), and after being attacked by the birds, drinks the brandy offered by Mitch (Rod Taylor). In \"Rear Window\", Lisa Fremont (Grace Kelly) is \"just warming some brandy\". In \"Frenzy\", Richard Blaney is sacked for supposedly stealing brandy, and can be seen in several sequences to be drinking brandy.",
"title": "Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"
},
{
"id": "1984027",
"text": "1961, after seven years of marriage to the actor Peter Griffith, Hedren divorced and returned to California with her daughter, Melanie Griffith, and rented an expensive home in Sherman Oaks. \"I thought I could continue my career as it had been in New York. I thought everything would be just fine, and it wasn’t. So I thought, well, I don’t type, what shall I do?\" On October 13, 1961, she received a call from an agent who told her a producer was interested in working with her. When she was told it was Alfred Hitchcock who, while he was watching",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "4155566",
"text": "games. They swarm the field, defecate on fans, and after games eat leftovers of stadium food in the seats; how the birds know when games are about to end is unknown. The gulls left while a red-tailed hawk visited the park in late 2011, but returned after the hawk disappeared. Federal law prohibits shooting the birds, and hiring a falconer would cost the Giants $8000 a game. The western gull was one of the antagonists in Alfred Hitchcock's famous movie \"The Birds\" which was filmed in Bodega Bay, California. Western gull The western gull (\"Larus occidentalis\") is a large white-headed",
"title": "Western gull"
},
{
"id": "3677",
"text": "by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him. In \"The Birds\" (1963), the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself from a clinging mother (Jessica Tandy). The killer in \"Frenzy\" (1972) has a loathing of women but idolises his mother. The villain Bruno in \"Strangers on a Train\" hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by Marion Lorne). Sebastian (Claude Rains) in \"Notorious\" has a clearly conflicting relationship with his mother, who is (rightly) suspicious of his new",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "9339257",
"text": "church the subject of a black and white photograph in 1953. The church is located directly next to the Bodega schoolhouse, which was the setting for the schoolhouse scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 film, \"The Birds\". The church was also seen in the film and Hitchcock attended services in the church. Saint Teresa of Avila Church (Bodega, California) Saint Teresa of Avila Church is a Roman Catholic church in Bodega, California. The white, wooden church with a steeple sits on a hilltop overlooking Bodega Highway. The church was built by shipbuilders in 1860 on land donated by Jasper O’Farrell. It",
"title": "Saint Teresa of Avila Church (Bodega, California)"
},
{
"id": "1984035",
"text": "place, were impressed with her performance and Wasserman described it as \"remarkable\". While promoting \"The Birds\", Hitchcock was full of praise for his new protégée, and compared her to Grace Kelly. \"Tippi has a faster tempo, city glibness, more humor [than Grace Kelly]. She displayed jaunty assuredness, pertness, an attractive throw of the head. And she memorized and read lines extraordinarily well and is sharper in expression.\" The film was screened out of competition in May at a prestigious invitational showing at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival. Hedren's performance was praised in \"Variety\"'s review: \"Aside from the birds, the film",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1918236",
"text": "Marnie (film) Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann, his last of seven critically acclaimed film scores for Hitchcock. \"Marnie\" also marked the end of Hitchcock's collaborations with cinematographer Robert Burks (his twelfth film for Hitchcock) and editor George Tomasini (who died later in the year). Margaret \"Marnie\" Edgar (Tippi Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer's company safe and flees. She",
"title": "Marnie (film)"
},
{
"id": "3657",
"text": "Hitchcock had intended to film \"Marnie\" first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would come out of retirement to star in it. When Kelly asked Hitchcock to postpone \"Marnie\" until 1963 or 1964, he recruited Evan Hunter, author of \"The Blackboard Jungle\" (1954), to develop a screenplay based on a Daphne du Maurier short story, \"The Birds\" (1952), which Hitchcock had republished in his \"My Favorites in Suspense\" (1959). He hired Tippi Hedren to play the lead role. It was her first role; she had been a model in New",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "1984075",
"text": "say I really love that film. It was a unique kind of film to do also, because of the fact that it had no dialogue in it. It was very, very different\". That same year, she guest-starred in a special episode titled \"Psychodrama\" of the television series \"Chicago Hope\", that paid tribute to the Hitchcock movies. Hedren's character, Alfreda Perkins, was a reference to Alfred Hitchcock and actor Anthony Perkins, who starred in the director's 1960 film \"Psycho\". After appearing in a number of little-exposed films between 1999 and 2003, Hedren had a small but showy role in the 2004",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1918258",
"text": "If one doesn't accept them then one doesn't understand and can't possibly like Hitchcock. In the 2012 \"Sight & Sound\" poll of the greatest films ever made, \"Marnie\" received nine total votes—six (out of 846) from critics and three (out of 358) from directors. Notes Bibliography Marnie (film) Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann, his last of seven critically acclaimed",
"title": "Marnie (film)"
},
{
"id": "1984078",
"text": "felt it was \"about time I stop letting everyone else tell my story and finally tell it myself.\" In 2018, at age 88, Hedren became the new face of Gucci's timepieces and jewelry and starred as a mysterious fortune teller in the brand's commercial ad, \"The Fortune Teller\". A Louis Vuitton ad campaign in 2006 paid tribute to Hedren and Hitchcock with a modern-day interpretation of the deserted railway station opening sequence of \"Marnie\". Her look from \"The Birds\" (1963) inspired designer Bill Gaytten to design for John Galliano Pre-Fall 2012 collection. Naomi Watts stated that her character interpretation in",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "2184527",
"text": "birds; in 2009 the number was estimated to be closer to 40 per cage. On August 18, 1961, the \"Santa Cruz Sentinel\" reported that thousands of crazed sooty shearwaters were sighted on the shores of North Monterey Bay in California, regurgitating anchovies, flying into objects, and dying on the streets. The incident sparked the interest of local resident Alfred Hitchcock, along with a story about spooky bird behavior by British writer Daphne du Maurier, helping to inspire Hitchcock's 1963 thriller \"The Birds\", a cautionary tale of nature revolting against man. The film is now ranked among the American Film Institute's",
"title": "Sooty shearwater"
},
{
"id": "16894935",
"text": "titles inform the viewer that Hitchcock and Hedren never worked together again, and \"The Birds\" and \"Marnie\" are considered his last classic films. \"The Girl\" is based on Donald Spoto's 2009 book, \"Spellbound by Beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies\", which examines the relationships between Alfred Hitchcock and the female stars of his films. Spoto wrote that Hitchcock attempted to turn Tippi Hedren (star of \"The Birds\" and \"Marnie\") into his perfect woman, choosing the clothes and lipstick he thought she should wear. Hedren told Spoto that Hitchcock fantasised about running off with her. Details of a film examining",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "16894951",
"text": "Hitchcock), John Russell Taylor – author of the 1978 biography \"Hitch\" – said the film is \"totally absurd\". In an interview with London's \"Evening Standard\" in January 2013, Anthony Hopkins (who played the eponymous role in the 2012 Alfred Hitchcock biopic \"Hitchcock\") questioned \"The Girl\"s portrayal of the director and the need for a film about that period of Hitchcock's career: \"I talked to Tippi Hedren one day ... and she never mentioned that ... Whatever his obsession was, she didn't want to dwell on it ... I don't think it's necessary to put all that into a movie.\" Speaking",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "16894937",
"text": "members of Hitchcock's crew before preparing a script. She described her discussions with Hedren: \"Her wisdom and insights have helped me to put her real life ordeal on to the screen. I know Tippi is absolutely thrilled, as I am, with the casting of Sienna Miller to play her.\" The film's title was inspired by the name Hitchcock used for Hedren after she stopped working for him. Diana Cilliers designed the costumes, recreating what Hedren wore (including Melanie Daniels' green suit) in Hitchcock's films: \"[T]here were certain items that we just copiedsuch as the Birds suit and the yellow Marnie",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "2921937",
"text": "is not, however, considered to be a likely candidate by most historians. \"See:\" Drakes Estero, Bolinas Lagoon The harbor was used from 1811 to the 1840s by Russian fur traders, part of the Russian Ross Colony, or Fort Ross. The harbor and the town were the primary location used by Alfred Hitchcock for his 1962 movie \"The Birds\". Several scenes were shot using watercraft on the harbor. The natural harbor hosts two marinas, a boat launch, two fishing ports, campground and several waterfront restaurants. However, the primary recreational use is windsurfing and kitesurfing. The inner harbor is shallow, from no",
"title": "Bodega Harbor"
},
{
"id": "8566457",
"text": "for Best Director at the Academy Awards. Three years later he directed horror film \"The Birds\" starring Tippi Hedren. The following year he reunited with Hedren on the film \"Marnie\" which also starred Sean Connery. In recognition of his career, Hitchcock garnered the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Fellowship Award, the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Directors Guild of America's Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award. He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements. In",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock filmography"
},
{
"id": "6294105",
"text": "Brando having the flu, and Loren remarrying Carlo Ponti. Filming wrapped on 5 January 1967. This is Tippi Hedren's first feature film after her break with director Alfred Hitchcock. She had high hopes for the film, until she received the script. When she realised that she had a small part as Brando's estranged wife, she asked Chaplin to expand her role. Although Chaplin tried to accommodate her, he could not, as the story mostly takes place on a ship that Hedren's character boards near the end of the film. In the end, she remained in the film and later said",
"title": "A Countess from Hong Kong"
},
{
"id": "1984034",
"text": "flinging dozens of live gulls, ravens and crows at her (their beaks clamped shut with elastic bands). In a state of exhaustion, when one of the birds gouged her cheek and narrowly missed her eye, Hedren sat down on the set and began crying. A physician ordered a week's rest. Hitchcock protested, according to Hedren, saying there was nobody but her to film. The doctor's reply was, \"Are you trying to kill her?\" She said the week also appeared to be an ordeal for the director. Universal's executives, who did not back Hitchcock's decision to hire Hedren in the first",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984073",
"text": "different from the one she had played in the original. She was however disappointed that she did not get a starring role and admitted before the film's release, \"I wish that it was more than a cameo. I think they made a mistake by not doing that. But it has helped me to feed my lions and tigers.\" When asked about what could have been Hitchcock's opinion, she answered: \"I'd hate to think what he would say!\" In a 2007 interview, Hedren said of the film, \"It's absolutely horrible, it embarrasses me horribly.\" From 1994 to 1996, Hedren had a",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984063",
"text": "picture.\" Back home, Marshall wrote a script for a film originally titled \"Lions, Lions and More Lions\" based on their experience. The film was later retitled \"Roar\" and centered on a family's misadventures in a research park filled with lions, tigers, and other wild cats. Hedren played the lead role and co-starred her daughter, Melanie Griffith, Marshall, and his own sons, Jerry and John. Hedren and Marshall attempted to rent Hollywood animals for a nine-month shoot. However, upon approaching animal trainers for support, they were discouraged and nobody would rent them thirty or forty lions, as the script required, because",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984036",
"text": "belongs to Hedren, who makes an auspicious screen bow. She virtually has to carry the picture alone for the first forty-five minute stretch, prior to the advent of the first wave of organized attackers from the sky. Miss Hedren has a star quality and Hitchcock has provided her with a potent vehicle to launch her career\". Hedren received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year, tied with Elke Sommer and Ursula Andress. Her role as Melanie Daniels was named by \"Premiere\" magazine as one of the greatest movie characters of all time. Hitchcock was so impressed with",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984042",
"text": "I didn't want it to be taken advantage of, twisted, turned and made into an even uglier situation than it was\". According to Spoto's book, Hitchcock brought in two members of his crew during the filming of \"The Birds\" and asked them to keep careful watch on the activities of Hedren, \"when she left the set - where she went, who she visited, how she spent her free time\". He then advised her on what she should eat, whom she should see, and how she should live. He told the cast and crew they were not allowed to talk to",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1918248",
"text": "in Hollywood. In his book \"Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie\", Tony Lee Moral revealed that a studio executive at Paramount Pictures suggested actress Lee Remick to Hitchcock for the title role. Eva Marie Saint, star of Hitchcock's \"North by Northwest\" (1959), and Susan Hampshire unsuccessfully pursued the role. Hitchcock also considered two other actresses who were, like Hedren, under his personal contract, Vera Miles and Claire Griswold, wife of director/actor Sydney Pollack. Instead, Hitchcock opted to use Tippi Hedren, a one-time model he had seen in a commercial for a diet drink in 1961, then cast successfully in \"The",
"title": "Marnie (film)"
},
{
"id": "20568870",
"text": "old at the time of its publication, but never made a statement on the subject. In 2016, actress Tippi Hedren claimed in her autobiography that in 1963, she had been sexually harassed by film director Alfred Hitchcock during the filming of the film \"The Birds\" and that he had forbidden other male actors to approach her. At the end of 2016, it was reported that in 1972, Marlon Brando had sexually abused actress Maria Schneider during a scene from the film \"Last Tango in Paris\". According to the reports, neither Brando nor director Bernardo Bertolucci warned the actress that she",
"title": "Sexual abuse in Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "2058460",
"text": "announced they will be making a television adaptation of \"The Birds\" for broadcast in 2018. The series, from \"Harry Potter\" producer David Heyman, will bear a closer resemblance to the 1952 Daphne du Maurier novelette than the 1963 film, and rather than northern California, the birds will attack in Cornwall. The pilot for the series is being written by Conor McPherson who adapted the original source material into a stage play in 2009. Streaming audio The Birds (film) The Birds is a 1963 American horror-thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the 1952 story of the",
"title": "The Birds (film)"
},
{
"id": "17306272",
"text": "U.S. market, and Sego competed with such products as Metrecal and \"Figurines\" by Pillsbury, and was ultimately superseded in the market place by such liquid diet drinks as Slimfast. In the 2010 book \"The Hundred Year Diet,\" author Susan Yager called Sego \"baby formula mixed water and a poor substitute for food.\" Actress Tippi Hedren was discovered by Alfred Hitchcock while shooting a television commercial for Sego on the \"Today Show\". Hedren later described the spot as \"a story line; it wasn't just holding up a product and talking about it. It was a story and apparently he (Hitchcock) saw",
"title": "Sego (diet drink)"
},
{
"id": "15768451",
"text": "\"Fletch Lives\", on which he served as production manager. In 1990, Kurdyla was the production manager for the Robin Williams/Tim Robbins comedy \"Cadillac Man\". In 1992 he was the unit production manager for \"Final Analysis\", which starred Richard Gere and Kim Basinger. In 1993, Kurdyla began producing television programs, serving that year as producer for \"Trouble Shooters: Trapped Beneath the Earth\", starring Kris Kristofferson, then as co-producer for \"The Cosby Mysteries\" in 1994. Also in 1994, Kurdyla produced the television sequel to Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\", titled \"\", featuring the star of the original film, Tippi Hedren. In 1996 he",
"title": "Ted Kurdyla"
},
{
"id": "1984045",
"text": "with me. He always wanted a glass of wine or champagne, with me alone, at the end of the day. He was really isolating me from everyone\". Hedren's co-star in \"Marnie\", Diane Baker, later recalled, \"She was never allowed to gather around with the rest of us, and he demanded that every conversation between her and Hitch be held in private... Nothing could have been more horrible for me than to arrive on that movie set and to see her being treated the way she was\". Hitchcock revealed to Hedren one day he had a recurring dream where she came",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984071",
"text": "provide protection, shelter, care and maintenance for the animals at the Shambala Preserve. In 1982, she co-starred with Leslie Nielsen in \"Foxfire Light\". She appeared in several television series, including \"Hart to Hart\" in 1983 and the late-night horror series \"Tales from the Darkside\" in 1984. In the 1985 pilot episode of \"The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", she made a brief appearance as a waitress in a bar who berates a customer, played by her daughter Melanie Griffith. In 1990, she had a non-speaking, minor part as a wealthy widow romanced by Michael Keaton in the film \"Pacific Heights\" (1990),",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "16797767",
"text": "megalomania, the condescending cruelty and tendency to sexual harassment that caused his post-\"Psycho\" blonde discovery Tippi Hedren to declare him 'a mean, mean man.'\" Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film a positive review and felt that the film depended most on Helen Mirren's portrayal of Alma Reville, which he found to be \"warm and effective.\" \"The Atlantic\"s Govindini Murty called the film \"smart and entertaining\" and also provided a cultural guide to the themes, personalities, and cinematic references in the film, from German Expressionism to the paintings of Edward Hopper. Many critics compared the film to the",
"title": "Hitchcock (film)"
},
{
"id": "1984033",
"text": "first, she found the shooting \"wonderful\". Hitchcock told a reporter, after a few weeks of filming, that she was remarkable, and said, \"She's already reaching the lows and highs of terror.\" Nonetheless, Hedren recalled the week she did the final bird attack scene in a second-floor bedroom as the worst of her life. Before filming it, she asked Hitchcock about her character's motivations to go upstairs, and his response was, \"Because I tell you to.\" She was then assured that the crew would use mechanical birds. Instead, Hedren endured five solid days of prop men, protected by thick leather gloves,",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "11433575",
"text": "Loren, María Félix, Banu Alkan, Arletty, Michèle Morgan and Romy Schneider and Amel Taourit. In 1963, he created Elizabeth Taylor's hairdo for the film \"Cleopatra\". He was very close to Taylor, whom he considered a personal friend. He designed her coiffures for many movies in which she starred, as well as for her wedding with actor Richard Burton. For her, he also created the famous layered \"artichoke\" cut. In 1964, he created all of the hair designs for Tippi Hedren in her role as a compulsive thief in Marnie, directed by Alfred Hitchcock. He was also the hairdresser of King",
"title": "Louis Alexandre Raimon"
},
{
"id": "1984038",
"text": "Hitchcock assured her she could do it. As opposed to \"The Birds\", where she had received little acting guidance, for this film Hedren studied every scene with Hitchcock. Hedren recalled \"Marnie\" as her favorite of the two films she did with Hitchcock for the challenge of playing an emotionally battered young woman who travels from city to city assuming various guises in order to rob her employers. During the filming, Hitchcock was quoted as saying about Hedren, \"an Academy Award performance is in the making\". On release, the film was greeted by mixed reviews and indifferent box-office returns, and received",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "16894931",
"text": "Kim Novak (who starred in one of Hitchcock's films) and Nora Brown (widow of one of Hitchcock's close friends) disputed the film's version of events. The film is a partially fictionalised account of the relationship between Alfred Hitchcock and Tippi Hedren. In 1961, Hitchcock notices Hedren in a television commercial for a diet drink. He wants to turn her into the next Grace Kelly, with whom he had worked extensively during the 1950s. Hedren passes her screen test and is groomed for the starring role in Hitchcock's latest film, \"The Birds\"; the director instructs her about her dress and appearance.",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "1984049",
"text": "to get out'. And he said: 'I’ll ruin your career'. I said: 'Do what you have to do'. And he did ruin my career. He kept me under contract, paid me to do nothing for close on two years\". Hedren felt so humiliated she called the director a \"fat pig\" in front of people on the set. Hitchcock made only a comment about it to his biographer, John Russell Taylor: \"She did what no one is permitted to do. She referred to my weight\". The two communicated only through a third party for the rest of the film. According to",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "17366482",
"text": "of \"The Home and Family Show\". In addition, there were several special presenters such as Geri Jewell of \"The Facts of Life\", Mary Elizabeth McDonough of \"The Waltons\", Leslie Miller of Prospect Park's version of \"One Life to Live\", and \"All My Children\", and Tippi Hedren, the iconic actress from Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\". \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" won the most awards, with four trophies including for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team and five other Creative Arts Emmy Awards out of their 11 nominations. In the lists below, the winner of the category is in bold. 40th Daytime Creative",
"title": "40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards"
},
{
"id": "3662",
"text": "character played by Hedren: \"The film is, to put it simply, sick, and it's so because Hitchcock was sick. He suffered all his life from furious sexual desire, suffered from the lack of its gratification, suffered from the inability to transform fantasy into reality, and then went ahead and did so virtually, by way of his art.\" A 1964 \"New York Times\" film review called it Hitchcock's \"most disappointing film in years\", citing Hedren's and Connery's lack of experience, an amateurish script and \"glaringly fake cardboard backdrops\". In the film, Marnie Edgar (Hedren) steals $10,000 () from her employer and",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "12899933",
"text": "a week) to star in his picture opposite his newest discovery, Miss Transylvania—Linda! After the success of Steckler's first independent feature, \"The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies\" (1963), he and producer George J. Morgan decided to cash in on the \"psycho-killer\" craze in Hollywood, brought upon by Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\". The original film was to focus around the three mental patients, but Steckler found that while directing the film (with little to no set script) that the film was not running long enough and therefore began to shoot scenes with him as Click. On a",
"title": "The Thrill Killers"
},
{
"id": "1984037",
"text": "Hedren's acting abilities he decided to offer her the leading role of his next film, \"Marnie\" (1964), a romantic drama and psychological thriller from the novel by Winston Graham, during the filming of \"The Birds\". Hedren was stunned and felt extremely fortunate to be offered to play \"such a complicated, sad, tragic woman\", and later said, \"I consider my acting, while not necessarily being method acting, but one that draws upon my own feelings. I thought Marnie was an extremely interesting role to play and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity\". She voiced doubts about her ability to play the demanding role, but",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984052",
"text": "for them. In 2012, \"The Girl\", an HBO/BBC film about Hedren and Hitchcock's relationship, based on Donald Spoto's 2009 book \"Spellbound by Beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies\", was released. When she was first told about the project, Hedren said she had mixed feelings about it, \"To be still alive and have a film made about you is an awesome and incredibly frightening experience\". Hedren and Hitchcock were respectively portrayed by Sienna Miller and Toby Jones. Although she was thrilled with the choice of Miller, Hedren was worried she would not be portrayed \"as strong a character as I",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "16894929",
"text": "actress he brought from relative obscurity to star in his 1963 film \"The Birds\". Hitchcock becomes infatuated with his leading lady; when she rebuffs his advances, he subjects her to a series of traumatic experiences during the filming of \"The Birds\". Hitchcock's obsession with Hedren continues when she stars in his next production, \"Marnie\". Hedren grows increasingly uncomfortable with his attentions, and decides that she needs to escape the situation. However, she cannot work elsewhere because of her exclusive contract with Hitchcock; this effectively ends her Hollywood career. \"The Girl\" made its television debut in the United States on 20",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "1984054",
"text": "gone\". She recalled there were times she described as \"absolutely delightful and wonderful”, and insisted that “Hitchcock had a charm about him. He was very funny at times. He was incredibly brilliant in his field\". The film was controversial, as others who knew and worked with Hitchcock responded to it negatively. Kim Novak, who worked on Hitchcock's \"Vertigo\" (1958), disputed Hitchcock's portrayal as a sexual predator in \"The Girl\": \"I never saw him make a pass at anybody or act strange to anybody. And wouldn't you think if he was that way, I would've seen it or at least seen",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "9361539",
"text": "George Tomasini George Tomasini (April 20, 1909 – November 22, 1964) was an American film editor, born in Springfield, Massachusetts who had a decade long collaboration with director Alfred Hitchcock, editing nine of his movies between 1954-1964. Tomasini edited many of Hitchcock's best-known works, such as \"Rear Window\" (1954), \"Vertigo\" (1958), \"North by Northwest\" (1959), \"Psycho\" (1960), and \"The Birds\" (1963), as well as other well-received films such as \"Cape Fear\" (1962). On a 2012 listing of the 75 best edited films of all time, compiled by the Motion Picture Editors Guild based on a survey of its members, four",
"title": "George Tomasini"
},
{
"id": "11237243",
"text": "Noel Marshall Noel Marshall (April 18, 1931 – June 30, 2010) was an agent in Hollywood, California in the 1960s. He later became the executive producer of the 1973 horror film \"The Exorcist\". He wrote, directed, co-produced and starred in the film \"Roar\" (1981), which also featured his then-wife Tippi Hedren, stepdaughter Melanie Griffith, and his sons, John and Jerry, from a previous marriage to Jaye Joseph. \"Roar\" was an accident-ridden film that featured tigers and lions. The film took eleven years and $17 million to make, and brought in only $2 million worldwide. Marshall, who was married to Hedren",
"title": "Noel Marshall"
},
{
"id": "1803194",
"text": "on 25 reviews. Some critics have inferred that Hitchcock was hoping to groom the relatively unknown Frederick Stafford as a star of his own making, similar to Tippi Hedren; however, Stafford remained an unknown in Hollywood, though he had a lengthy career in European films. The movie earned $3,839,363 in North American rentals in 1970. Topaz (1969 film) Topaz is a 1969 American espionage thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Based on the 1967 Cold War novel \"Topaz\" by Leon Uris, the film is about a French intelligence agent who becomes entangled in the Cold War politics of the events",
"title": "Topaz (1969 film)"
},
{
"id": "1023086",
"text": "town was also featured in the cult horror movie \"Puppet Master\" (1989). PG+E wanted to build a nuclear power plant on Bodega Head in the 1960s, but the plans were shut down after a large protest (the first for environmental reasons) and the fault, which they found while they were digging the hole for the first reactor. The hole filled with water and became known as \"The Hole in the Head\". According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of it is land, and of it (33.37%) is water. The town lies on",
"title": "Bodega Bay, California"
},
{
"id": "175153",
"text": "\"Peeping Tom\" (1960) by Michael Powell, is a progenitor of the contemporary \"slasher film\", though Alfred Hitchcock cemented the subgenre with \"Psycho\" released also in the same year. Hitchcock, considered to be the \"Master of Suspense\" didn't set out to frighten fans the way many other traditional horror filmmakers do. Instead, he helped pioneer the art of psychological suspense. As a result, he managed to frighten his viewers by getting to the root of their deepest fears. One of his most frightening films besides \"Psycho\" is \"The Birds\" (1963), where a seemingly idyllic town is overrun by violent birds. France",
"title": "Horror film"
},
{
"id": "506231",
"text": "later \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" (1944) and \"I Was a Male War Bride\" (1949); these films are frequently cited as among the all-time great comedy films. Having established himself as a major Hollywood star, he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for \"Penny Serenade\" (1941) and \"None but the Lonely Heart\" (1944). In the 1940s and 1950s, Grant forged a working relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock, appearing in films such as \"Suspicion\" (1941), \"Notorious\" (1946), \"To Catch a Thief\" (1955) and \"North by Northwest\" (1959). Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the",
"title": "Cary Grant"
},
{
"id": "1984061",
"text": "their release dates—for the sole reason that they were being filmed in Africa. In 1973, Hedren played a teacher of an experimental sex school in \"The Harrad Experiment\", which starred James Whitmore and Don Johnson – the latter of whom would later become the husband of her daughter, Melanie Griffith. Hedren felt that the film \"deals with vital themes - themes like the decline in importance of ideas like possession and jealousy and, by inference, marriage. I have four teenage children and I think this picture says some valuable things to them.\" She confessed at the time she was occasionally",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984053",
"text": "was–and still am. I had to be extremely strong to fight off Mr. Hitchcock\". She described the moment she saw the film as \"probably one of the most involved, emotionally tense 90 minutes that I have ever lived\". Upon the film's release, Hedren said although she believed the film accurately portrays Hitchcock's behavior towards her, the time constraints of a 90-minute film prevented telling the entire story of her career with him. \"It wasn't a constant barrage of harassment. If it had been constantly the way we have had to do it in this film, I would have been long",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "16199289",
"text": "since the 1980s, she is also one half of the hat company Bernstock-Speirs. Resort 2013 'Tippi' - Tippi Hedren is famous for playing the lead in the Alfred Hitchcock films \"The Birds\" and \"Marnie\". SS 2013 'Mick' - Mick Jagger is an English singer, member of the Rolling Stones. SS 2013 'Barbara' - Barbara Hepworth was an English sculptor. Pre-AW 13-24 'Arne' - Arne Jacobsen was a world-famous Danish architect. AW 13-14 'Viv' - Vivian Nicholson said \"Spend, spend, spend\" in 1961 when she won the pools in England. Resort 2014 'Paulette' - Paulette Goddard was an American actress in",
"title": "Peter Jensen (fashion designer)"
},
{
"id": "16894936",
"text": "Hitchcock's obsession with Hedren were reported in December 2011. \"The Girl\", written by Gwyneth Hughes, would star Toby Jones as Hitchcock and Sienna Miller as Hedren. In a post-production BBC press release about the film in November 2012, Hughes described her enthusiasm when she was approached about the project while on holiday: \"[I] got a phone call from producer Amanda Jenks. She only managed to get out the words 'Alfred Hitchcock and Tippi Hedren' before I was already shouting 'yes yes yes!' to this seductive, sinister, deeply touching story of love and obsession among Hollywood royalty.\" Hughes interviewed Hedren and",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "1984046",
"text": "up to him and said, \"Hitch, I love you–I'll always love you\". When she heard this, Hedren replied \"But it was a dream. Just a dream\", and excused herself from his presence. She believed Hitchcock had no consideration for her feelings and remembered she was humiliated after he asked her to touch him, just before shooting a scene. \"He made sure no one else could hear, and his tone and glance made it clear exactly what he meant\". Hedren asked Hitchcock's permission one day to travel to New York to appear on \"The Tonight Show\" where she was supposed to",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984050",
"text": "\"Marnie\"'s screenwriter, Jay Presson Allen, Hitchcock was \"mad\" for Hedren. She felt unhappy for both and described the situation as \"an old man's cri de coeur\", adding that Hitchcock had a \"Pygmalion complex about Tippi\". She advised Hedren to finish the film and then get on with her life and be happy. Hedren's hairdresser, Virginia Darcy, even told Hitchcock he should not be possessive with Hedren. \"Tippi felt rightly that she was not his property, but he'd say, 'You are, I have a contract'\". Although Hitchcock thought he might mend fences with Hedren and make another film with her, she",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1243973",
"text": "film \"Foolish Wives\" although it was filmed in California. The casino featured in the James Bond films \"Never Say Never Again\" (1983), and \"GoldenEye\" (1995). \"To Catch a Thief\" (1954) was an Alfred Hitchcock film with Monte Carlo and its famous casino as the setting and featured Cary Grant and Grace Kelly, the future Princess Grace of Monaco, as the stars. There is a scene in the movie where the-then Grace Kelly drives a car very quickly—and dangerously—along the steep winding roads of Monaco that surround the heights of Monte Carlo; an interesting coincidence to her actual fate in 1982.",
"title": "Monte Carlo"
},
{
"id": "5801855",
"text": "starring 19-year-old Sally Field as the titular California surfer girl, also premiered in 1965, lasting one season.) Similar to AIP, other elements sometimes were blended into the mix – horror, science fiction, spy spoof, college melodrama, etc. – however, unlike the AIP movies, none of the following films were sequentially related. Columbia released the mostly surf-less \"Gidget Goes to Rome\" in August 1963, and rather than copying what \"Beach Party\" had started, the studio released a true \"surf drama\" in the form of 1964's \"Ride The Wild Surf,\" which turned an eye on big wave surfers challenging Waimea Bay –",
"title": "Beach party film"
},
{
"id": "1984028",
"text": "\"The Today Show\", saw her in a commercial for a diet drink called Sego, she agreed to sign a seven-year contract. During their first meeting, the two talked about everything except the role he was considering her for. Hedren was convinced for several weeks it was for his television series, \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". Hitchcock later said, \"I was not primarily concerned with how she looked in person. Most important was her appearance on the screen, and I liked that immediately. She has a touch of that high-style, lady-like quality which was once well-represented in films by actresses like Irene Dunne,",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "1984040",
"text": "performance is now regarded as one of the finest in any Hitchcock film. Richard Brody of \"The New Yorker\" wrote in his 2016 review of the film \"Hedren's performance is one of the greatest in the history of cinema.\" \"Marnie\" was the second and last collaboration between Hedren and Hitchcock. In 1973, she admitted that a major life-style difference caused a split in their relationship. \"He was too possessive and too demanding. I cannot be possessed by anyone. But, then, that's my own hangup\". In 1983, author Donald Spoto published his second book about Hitchcock, \"The Dark Side of a",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "16894928",
"text": "The Girl (2012 TV film) The Girl is a 2012 British television film directed by Julian Jarrold, written by Gwyneth Hughes and produced by the BBC and HBO Films. The film stars Sienna Miller as Tippi Hedren and Toby Jones as Alfred Hitchcock. It is based on Donald Spoto's 2009 book, \"Spellbound by Beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies\", which discusses the English film director Hitchcock and the women who played leading roles in his films. \"The Girl\"s title was inspired by Hitchcock's alleged nickname for Hedren. The film depicts Hitchcock's alleged obsession with Hedren, the American model and",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "17773131",
"text": "Bates Motel (season 1) The first season of \"Bates Motel\" premiered on March 18, 2013, and concluded on May 20, 2013. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET/PT on A&E. The series is described as a \"contemporary prequel\" to the 1960 film \"Psycho\" and follows the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film. The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay, Oregon. The season received positive reviews from television critics. In its premiere episode, the series broke rating records",
"title": "Bates Motel (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "9361541",
"text": "points was dynamic and innovative (such as in the scene in \"The Birds\" where the car blows up at the gas station and Tippi Hedren's character watches from a window, as well as the infamous \"shower scene\" in \"Psycho\"). George Tomasini's techniques would influence many subsequent film editors and filmmakers. George Tomasini was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for \"North by Northwest\", but \"Ben-Hur\"'s editors won the award that year. The director of each film is indicated in parenthesis: George Tomasini George Tomasini (April 20, 1909 – November 22, 1964) was an American film editor, born",
"title": "George Tomasini"
},
{
"id": "18845780",
"text": "Bates Motel (season 4) The fourth season of \"Bates Motel\" premiered on March 7, 2016, and concluded on May 16, 2016. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 9 p.m. ET/PT on A&E. The series itself is described as a \"contemporary prequel\" to the 1960 film \"Psycho\", following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film. The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay, Oregon. The season received critical acclaim from television critics, and was nominated for two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy",
"title": "Bates Motel (season 4)"
},
{
"id": "4844944",
"text": "in love and gets married. They live an idyllic life on Pinky's run-down houseboat, depicted through a film sequence spoofing big Hollywood musicals. On her husband's birthday, Louisa suggests that Pinky perform without make-up to save time. Never noticed before, Pinky is suddenly discovered by the customers. Virtually overnight, he becomes a Hollywood star (to the point of an in-joke about the then-fresh Cleopatra cost overrun disaster). He neglects Louisa in pursuit of fame while \"Variety\" headlines proclaim, \"Benson Boffo Bistro Balladeer\" (dated Wednesday, August 7, 1963), \"Benson Broadway B.O. Bonanza\" (dated Wednesday, October 2, 1963) and \"Pinky Quick Click",
"title": "What a Way to Go! (film)"
},
{
"id": "6105585",
"text": "Dreamz\" and \"The Last Kiss\". Shelton found larger attention for appearing in the lead role of Dr. Dakota Block in the Robert Rodriguez—Quentin Tarantino horror film double feature \"Grindhouse\", appearing in both of the film's segments (a cameo in Tarantino's segment, and a starring role in Rodriguez's). Delighted to work on \"playing with the ideas of building suspense\" with Rodriguez and Tarantino, who she described as \"masters of their craft\", she based her character on the female leads in Alfred Hitchcock's movies, specifically Tippi Hedren. The picture's ticket sales were significantly below box office analysts' expectations despite largely positive critic",
"title": "Marley Shelton"
},
{
"id": "8827367",
"text": "Puppet Master 5: The Final Chapter Puppet Master 5: The Final Chapter is a 1994 direct-to-video horror film written by Douglas Aarniokoski among others, and directed by Jeff Burr. It is the fifth film in the \"Puppet Master\" franchise, the sequel to 1993's \"Puppet Master 4\", and stars Gordon Currie as the series' , and Ian Ogilvy, his colleague, whose attempts to salvage the animated puppets of André Toulon (Guy Rolfe) from the Bodega Bay Inn are foiled by a demon. As in the previous film, the puppets serve as protagonists, rather than terrorize as they had in the first",
"title": "Puppet Master 5: The Final Chapter"
},
{
"id": "1023095",
"text": "famous when almost every harvestable organ or body part was donated to those in need following his death. Erden Eruç made history here when he completed the first entirely solo and entirely human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. He began the expedition on 10 July 2007 in Bodega Bay and returned a little more than five years later on 21 July 2012. Bodega Bay has served as a location for several major films: A branch of the University of California operates a marine lab at Bodega Bay, the Bodega Marine Laboratory. A nuclear power plant had been planned for Bodega Bay",
"title": "Bodega Bay, California"
},
{
"id": "3646",
"text": "became \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\" in 1962, and NBC broadcast the final episode on 10 May 1965. In the 1980s, a new version of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" was produced for television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colourised form. In 1955 Hitchcock became a United States citizen. The same year, his third Grace Kelly film, \"To Catch a Thief\", was released; it is set in the French Riviera, and pairs Kelly with Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thrill-seeking American heiress played",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"id": "3234727",
"text": "Martin Balsam Martin Henry Balsam (November 4, 1919 – February 13, 1996) was an American character actor. He is best known for a number of renowned film roles, including detective Milton Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\" (1960), Arnold Burns in \"A Thousand Clowns\" (1965) (for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Juror #1 in \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and Mr. Green in \"The Taking of Pelham One Two Three\" (1974), as well as for his role as Murray Klein in the television sitcom \"Archie Bunker's Place\" (1979–1983). Martin Henry Balsam was born in the Bronx borough",
"title": "Martin Balsam"
},
{
"id": "1918153",
"text": "of the \"Poldark\" series. However, Graham himself hated the show because of the portrayal of Demelza as promiscuous and 'loose'. Even though he tried to cancel the show, he could not do anything about it. The Poldark novels have been adapted for television on two other occasions. Graham's novel \"Marnie\" (1961), a thriller, was filmed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1964, with Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery in the leads. \"Marnie\" (1961) was also adapted as a play by Sean O'Connor in 2001 and an opera written by Nico Muhly which premiered in November, 2017. Both the play and the opera",
"title": "Winston Graham"
},
{
"id": "758088",
"text": "of the \"nation's best-loved novel\" on the BBC's 2003 survey The Big Read. Other significant works include \"The Scapegoat\", \"The House on the Strand\", and \"The King's General\". The last is set in the middle of the first and second English Civil Wars, written from the Royalist perspective of Du Maurier's adopted Cornwall. Several of Du Maurier's other novels have also been adapted for the screen, including \"Jamaica Inn\", \"Frenchman's Creek\", \"Hungry Hill\", and \"My Cousin Rachel\". The Hitchcock film \"The Birds\" (1963) is based on a treatment of one of her short stories, as is the film \"Don't Look",
"title": "Daphne du Maurier"
},
{
"id": "16894940",
"text": "pronunciation in that voice\". As part of its marketing campaign for \"The Girl\", HBO released a 30-second trailer in August 2012. During a Television Critics Association press tour promoting the film, Hedren said \"I have to say that when I first heard Toby's [Jones] voice as Alfred Hitchcock, my body just froze\". Hedren's daughter, Melanie Griffith, attended a screening; when the film ended, the audience was silent until Griffith said \"Well, now I have to go back into therapy again!\" Hedren attended a London screening in October. \"The Girl\" made its US television debut on HBO and HBO Canada on",
"title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)"
},
{
"id": "1984079",
"text": "\"Mulholland Drive\" (2001) was influenced by the look and performances of Hedren in Hitchcock films. Watts and Hedren both appeared in \"I ♥ Huckabees\" (2004) but didn't share any scenes together. Off-screen, the film's director David O. Russell introduced them both, and Watts said of Hedren: \"I was pretty fascinated by her then, because people have often said we're alike.\" Watts dressed up as Hedren's title character from \"Marnie\" for a photo shoot for March 2008 issue of \"Vanity Fair\". In the same issue, Jodie Foster dressed up as Hedren's character, Melanie Daniels, from \"The Birds\". In 1981, Hedren produced",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
},
{
"id": "828870",
"text": "Shadow of a Doubt Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American psychological thriller film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. Written by Thornton Wilder, Sally Benson, and Alma Reville, the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story for Gordon McDonell. In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Charlie Newton is a bored teenaged girl living in the idyllic town of Santa Rosa, California. She receives wonderful news: Her mother's younger",
"title": "Shadow of a Doubt"
},
{
"id": "1984083",
"text": "Serengeti\" (1995), narrated by Melanie Griffith, and Animal Planet's \"Life with Big Cats\" (1998), which won the Genesis Award for best documentary in 1999. The animals at the preserve served as the initial inspiration for the life's work of artist A.E. London, who started her career working for Hedren. In 1952, Hedren met and married 18-year-old future advertising executive Peter Griffith. Their daughter, actress Melanie Griffith, was born on August 9, 1957. They were divorced in 1961. On September 22, 1964, Hedren married her then-agent Noel Marshall, who later produced three of her films; they divorced in 1982. In 1985,",
"title": "Tippi Hedren"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bodega Bay context: a nuclear power plant significant negative attention from local citizens, beginning in 1958. By 1964, the plans for the plant were abandoned. Bodega Bay was the setting for the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film, \"The Birds\", starring Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren and Suzanne Pleshette. In October 2017, Bodega Bay, on the northwest edge of Sonoma County, served as a site of refuge and supply depot for evacuees from an historic fast-moving destructive fire in northern California. People from Santa Rosa and other regions affected by the raging wildfire started pouring in not long after the blazes started. Like underwater parks,\n\nWhat 1963 Alfred Hitchcock movie, which introduced the ever so talented Tippi Hedren, took place at the lovely Northern California town of Bodega Bay?",
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Horror film context: \"Peeping Tom\" (1960) by Michael Powell, is a progenitor of the contemporary \"slasher film\", though Alfred Hitchcock cemented the subgenre with \"Psycho\" released also in the same year. Hitchcock, considered to be the \"Master of Suspense\" didn't set out to frighten fans the way many other traditional horror filmmakers do. Instead, he helped pioneer the art of psychological suspense. As a result, he managed to frighten his viewers by getting to the root of their deepest fears. One of his most frightening films besides \"Psycho\" is \"The Birds\" (1963), where a seemingly idyllic town is overrun by violent birds. France\n\ntitle: and in Hitch films context: iconair shot comes from theuspicion\" as Cary Grant slowly walks up the stairs to deliver what have been the poisonous warmed milk to wife. Hitch, theios and decided his not end as a murderer that becomes red herring with a new ending added. In \"The Birds camera follows Tippi Hedren up the stairs to the attic where (suspfully) the wait silently to attack her. St also appear prominently theballgown scene' in \"Rebecca\" and in the 'guarddog scene' in \"Strangers on a Train\".\n:itchcockography: Director Awards Three later film \"The Bird\" st Tippi Hedren The year he reun Hed on \"Marn\" which also star Sean Connery In Hitchcock British of Arts (BAF Fellow Award American Institute's Life Achievement Ir. Thalberg Memorial Directors Guild of America's Lifetime Achievement Award and Globe Cecil.Mille stars the Hollywood Walk of acknowledge his film and television achiev In\n:cock context: whencock saw,96, inBC for Sego, a drink \" classicies Grace, that be written in single quotation marks: 'Tippi'. In \"The Birds\", Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) in a bird shop; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay (where \"The Birds\" was filmed) carrying a pair of lovebirds as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds\n\nWhat 1963 Alfred Hitchcock movie, which introduced the ever so talented Tippi Hedren, took place at the lovely Northern California town of Bodega Bay?",
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78,733 | According to the tongue twister, who picked a peck of pickled peppers? | [
"Peter Piper"
] | Peter Piper | [
{
"id": "957294",
"text": "Peck A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 2 dry gallons or 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints (9.09 (UK) or 8.81 (US) liters). Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, is still often sold by the peck. Despite being referenced in the well-known Peter Piper tongue twister, pickled peppers are so rarely sold by the peck that any association between pickled peppers and the peck unit of measurement is considered humorous in",
"title": "Peck"
},
{
"id": "7582405",
"text": "Pickled pepper A pickled pepper is a \"Capsicum\" pepper preserved by pickling, which usually involves submersion in a brine of vinegar and salted water with herbs and spices, including peppercorns, coriander, dill, and bay leaf. Common pickled peppers are the banana pepper, the Cubanelle, the bell pepper, sweet and hot cherry peppers, the Hungarian wax pepper, the Greek pepper, the serrano pepper, and the jalapeño. They are often found in supermarkets alongside pickled cucumbers. Pickled sliced jalapeños are also used frequently for topping nachos and other Mexican dishes. These peppers are a common ingredient used by sandwich shops such as",
"title": "Pickled pepper"
},
{
"id": "4289470",
"text": "Porky's Badtime Story Porky's Badtime Story is a Looney Tunes cartoon starring Porky Pig and Gabby Goat. The cartoon was directed by Robert Clampett. The short was later remade in 1944 as \"Tick Tock Tuckered\", with Daffy Duck taking Gabby's role. When Porky Pig and Gabby Goat realize that they overslept to 10:00 after their alarm goes off at 06:00, they end up rushing to work at Peter Piper Pickled Peppers and sneaking in. When clocking in, Gabby tries to pull the lever, but ends up struggling and the clock goes crazy. Their boss catches them and states that if",
"title": "Porky's Badtime Story"
},
{
"id": "7582411",
"text": "Sriracha sauce garlic and sugar are added prior to the fermentation process of the mash. The Aztec Peoples of Mesoamerica were making pickled pepper hot sauces prior to the Spanish conquest. Pickled pepper A pickled pepper is a \"Capsicum\" pepper preserved by pickling, which usually involves submersion in a brine of vinegar and salted water with herbs and spices, including peppercorns, coriander, dill, and bay leaf. Common pickled peppers are the banana pepper, the Cubanelle, the bell pepper, sweet and hot cherry peppers, the Hungarian wax pepper, the Greek pepper, the serrano pepper, and the jalapeño. They are often found",
"title": "Pickled pepper"
},
{
"id": "11205748",
"text": "Theophilus Thistle Theophilus Thistle is the title of a famous tongue-twister, of which there are multiple versions. One version reads as: While another version reads: This tongue twister was used in a song call Theophilus Thistler by Sonic Animation. Their variation of the tongue twister is as follows: Theophilus Thistler, The thistle sifter, In sifting a seive full of un-sifted thistles, Thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb, Three thousand thistles. This tongue twister has been included in many tongue twister books and lessons, particularly in helping children and others with speech impediments to correctly pronounce the",
"title": "Theophilus Thistle"
},
{
"id": "429834",
"text": "form \"Say this phrase three (or five, or ten, \"etc.\") times as fast as you can!\"). Some examples include: A Proper Copper Coffee Pot. The sixth sitting sheet-slitter slit six sheets. Irish Wristwatch, Swiss Wristwatch. Pad kid poured curd pulled cold. Peggy Badcock. In 2013, a psychologist at an Acoustical Society of America conference claimed that “Pad kid poured curd pulled cod\" is the trickiest twister to date. Shibboleths, that is, phrases in a language that are difficult for someone who is not a native speaker of that language to say might be regarded as a type of tongue-twist. An",
"title": "Tongue-twister"
},
{
"id": "3236631",
"text": "Wilbur Scoville Wilbur Lincoln Scoville (January 22, 1865 – March 10, 1942) was an American pharmacist best known for his creation of the \"Scoville Organoleptic Test\", now standardized as the Scoville scale. He devised the test and scale in 1912 while working at the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company to measure pungency, \"spiciness\" or \"heat\", of various chili peppers. Scoville was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He married Cora B. Upham on September 1, 1891 in Wollaston (Quincy, Massachusetts). They had two children: Amy Augusta, born August 21, 1892 and Ruth Upham, born October 21, 1897. Scoville wrote \"The Art of Compounding\", which",
"title": "Wilbur Scoville"
},
{
"id": "13861354",
"text": "in 1967. It is quoted in the first panel of a story called \"Ducks Yas Yas\". He also recorded the tune in 1972 with his band, the Good Tone Banjo Boys (released on a transparent red vinyl 78 rpm stereo record). \"The Duck's Yas-Yas-Ya\" is also referenced on Captain Beefheart's album \"Trout Mask Replica\" (1969), on the track \"Old Fart at Play\", in which Beefheart sings, \"Momma licked 'er lips like a cat, pecked the ground like a rooster, pivoted like a duck\", mentioning all three protagonists from the most famous line of the blues song. Christian recording artist Larry",
"title": "The Duck's Yas-Yas-Yas"
},
{
"id": "888830",
"text": "in Britain and Australia. The term 'souse' for the pickled variety is North American and West Indian. In Australia, it is known as \"brawn\" or \"Presswurst\". It is usually seen as something of an old-fashioned dish, although various large firms, such as D'Orsogna, Don Smallgoods and KR Castlemaine produce it. Souse is pickled meat and trimmings usually made from pig's feet, chicken feet or cow's tongue, to name a few. The cooked meat or trimmings are cut into bite-sized pieces and soaked in a brine made of water, lime juice, cucumbers, hot pepper, salt and specially prepared seasonings. It is",
"title": "Head cheese"
},
{
"id": "7582391",
"text": "Peter Piper \"Peter Piper\" is an English-language nursery rhyme and well-known alliteration tongue-twister. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1945. Common modern versions include: The earliest version of this tongue twister was published in \"Peter Piper's Practical Principles of Plain and Perfect Pronunciation\" by John Harris (1756–1846) in London in 1813, which includes a one name tongue-twister for each letter of the alphabet in the same style. However, the rhyme was apparently known at least a generation earlier. Some authors have identified the subject of the rhyme as Pierre Poivre, an eighteenthcentury French horticulturalist and government administrator",
"title": "Peter Piper"
},
{
"id": "11371785",
"text": "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English-language tongue-twister. The woodchuck from the Algonquian word \"wejack\" is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog. The complete beginning of the tongue-twister usually goes: \"How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?\" The tongue-twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects, with five \"w\" sounds interspersed among five \"ch\" sounds, as well as 6 \"ood\" sounds. A traditional, if nonsensical, \"response\" to the question is: \"A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck",
"title": "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck"
},
{
"id": "11371789",
"text": "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English-language tongue-twister. The woodchuck from the Algonquian word \"wejack\" is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog. The complete beginning of the tongue-twister usually goes: \"How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?\" The tongue-twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects, with five \"w\" sounds interspersed among five \"ch\" sounds, as well as 6 \"ood\" sounds. A traditional, if nonsensical, \"response\" to the question is: \"A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck",
"title": "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck"
},
{
"id": "7582392",
"text": "of Mauritius, who once investigated the Seychelles' potential for spice cultivation. Numerous allusions have been made to Peter Piper in popular culture. Peter Piper \"Peter Piper\" is an English-language nursery rhyme and well-known alliteration tongue-twister. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1945. Common modern versions include: The earliest version of this tongue twister was published in \"Peter Piper's Practical Principles of Plain and Perfect Pronunciation\" by John Harris (1756–1846) in London in 1813, which includes a one name tongue-twister for each letter of the alphabet in the same style. However, the rhyme was apparently known at least",
"title": "Peter Piper"
},
{
"id": "3413651",
"text": "next harvest. They are eaten whole, fried until crisp, crushed, pickled, powdered or as a paste. A typical peperoncino from Calabria rates 15,000 to 30,000 on the Scoville scale. Notable Calabrian dishes which use peperoncini are the condiment Bomba Calabrese and the spreadable pork sausage 'Nduja. It is also used in dishes of other regional cuisines of Southern and Central Italy, such as the Roman Arrabbiata sauce. The most common way pepperoncino, aka pepperoncini, is served especially outside of Italy is pickled. Making pepperoncini is a relatively simple process involving pickling the fresh peppers in a combination of water, apple",
"title": "Peperoncino"
},
{
"id": "3236633",
"text": "Pharmaceutical Association and in 1929 he received the Remington Honor Medal. Scoville also received an honorary Doctor of Science from Columbia University in 1929. He won the following awards from the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA): Wilbur Scoville Wilbur Lincoln Scoville (January 22, 1865 – March 10, 1942) was an American pharmacist best known for his creation of the \"Scoville Organoleptic Test\", now standardized as the Scoville scale. He devised the test and scale in 1912 while working at the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company to measure pungency, \"spiciness\" or \"heat\", of various chili peppers. Scoville was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He married",
"title": "Wilbur Scoville"
},
{
"id": "4289473",
"text": "the drawers when the alarm clock goes off at 06:00. They get themselves ready and drive off to work. When Porky and Gabby arrive at Peter Piper Pickled Peppers, they see a sign on the door that says \"Closed Sunday.\" Porky and Gabby drive home, and when they climb back into the drawers to sleep, the alarm clock goes off again at 06:15 and Porky hits it with a mallet, leaving the clock dazed. Bob Clampett later directed a remake the short in 1944 as \"Tick Tock Tuckered\", with Daffy Duck taking Gabby's role. Porky's Badtime Story Porky's Badtime Story",
"title": "Porky's Badtime Story"
},
{
"id": "14115227",
"text": "into a new factory in American Canyon, CA. The company is now operated by fourth-generation family member Jeff Mezzetta, who serves as president. At one time, Mezzetta owned the Tulelake Horseradish brand, but sold that business to Beaverton Foods of Oregon. The company sponsors an annual \"Make That Sandwich\" recipe contest, awarding a $25,000 first prize. Mezzetta G. L. Mezzetta, Inc., commonly known as Mezzetta is a California food processor that packs olives, pickled peppers and other pickled vegetables in glass jars for retail sale. They also pack and sell wine-based pasta sauces under the Napa Valley Bistro brand name.",
"title": "Mezzetta"
},
{
"id": "429833",
"text": "Botter (): Betty Botter bought a bit of butter. The butter Betty Botter bought was a bit bitter And made her batter bitter. But a bit of better butter makes better batter. So Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter Making Betty Botter's bitter batter better The following twister won the \"grand prize\" in a contest in \"Games Magazine\" in 1979: Shep Schwab shopped at Scott's Schnapps shop; One shot of Scott's Schnapps stopped Schwab's watch. Some tongue-twisters take the form of words or short phrases which become tongue-twisters when repeated rapidly (the game is often expressed in the",
"title": "Tongue-twister"
},
{
"id": "6343656",
"text": "Oh Say Can You Say? Oh Say Can You Say? is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss, and published in 1979 by Random House. It is a collection of 25 tongue-twisters such as \"Oh my brothers! Oh my sisters! These are Terrible Tongue Twisters!\" It was Dr. Seuss's last beginner book. This book was also used in the Beginner Book Video Series along with \"Hop on Pop\" and \"Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!\". It was read by Miranda Richardson for HarperCollins along with \"Scrambled Eggs Super!\", \"Horton Hatches",
"title": "Oh Say Can You Say?"
},
{
"id": "8879461",
"text": "Procordia Foods. Bostongurka Bostongurka (Swedish meaning \"Boston gherkins\" or \"Boston pickle\") is a type of relish with pickled gherkins, red bell pepper and onion with spices such as mustard seeds. It is so popular in Sweden that it is considered by some to be a generic term. Despite its name, Bostongurka has nothing to do with the city of Boston. Bostongurka was invented by the Swedish company Felix based on a recipe from Hungary. It was originally invented as a way to use up the end pieces left over when making pickled gherkins. Today, the name Bostongurka is a registered",
"title": "Bostongurka"
},
{
"id": "6343667",
"text": "one simple day. And he also says that there's one more left to go just before one's done: There he is, holding beneath his umbrella, in a thunderstorm when the raindrops start pouring, and when it stops, so does the storm. Oh Say Can You Say? Oh Say Can You Say? is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss, and published in 1979 by Random House. It is a collection of 25 tongue-twisters such as \"Oh my brothers! Oh my sisters! These are Terrible Tongue Twisters!\" It was Dr. Seuss's last beginner",
"title": "Oh Say Can You Say?"
},
{
"id": "9142008",
"text": "Young \"' Omar Sharif - \"Lawrence of Arabia\" \"' Angela Lansbury - \"The Manchurian Candidate\" \"Only winners announced\" \"' \"Mister Ed\" \"' \"The Dick Powell Show\" \"' Rod Serling - \"The Twilight Zone\" \"' Richard Chamberlain - \"Dr. Kildare\" \"' Donna Reed - \"The Donna Reed Show\" Telstar Keir Dullea Peter O'Toole Omar Sharif Terence Stamp Patty Duke Sue Lyon Rita Tushingham Bob Hope 20th Golden Globe Awards The 20th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1962 films, were held on March 5, 1963. \"' Gregory Peck - \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" \"' Marcello Mastroianni - \"Divorce,",
"title": "20th Golden Globe Awards"
},
{
"id": "430305",
"text": "made by Reval confectioners were supplied to the Russian Imperial Family, whereas nowadays along with mass production unique projects are also being made, such as a 12 kg scale model of the Estonia Theatre. Among other seafood dishes of Tallinn, the most symbolic example is \"\"Vürtsikilu\"\" - spicy sprats, pickled with a distinctive set of spices including black pepper, allspice and cloves. The tradition of making vürtsikilu originated presumably from city outskirts, where it began in the late 18th or the early 19th century. In 1826 Tallinn merchants exported nearly 40,000 cans of vürtsikilu to Saint Petersburg, then the capital",
"title": "Tallinn"
},
{
"id": "3954995",
"text": "by Oedekerk, was announced in 2015. A man, called The Chosen One by the narrator, wanders from town to town to search for the man who killed his family and tried to kill him when he was a baby. In one town, he meets Master Tang, a very ill and slightly deranged sifu, and asks Tang to help him improve his already impressive martial arts ability. Master Tang is skeptical at first, but after seeing The Chosen One's mark (his sentient tongue, which he names Tonguey), he allows him to train at his dojo. The Chosen One is introduced to",
"title": "Kung Pow! Enter the Fist"
},
{
"id": "665124",
"text": "phrase \"mother tongue\" is used as a child's first language. Many languages have the same word for \"tongue\" and \"language\". A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the \"tip-of-the-tongue\" phenomenon. The expression \"tongue in cheek\" refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A \"tongue twister\" is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition, \"tongue-tied\" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase",
"title": "Tongue"
},
{
"id": "8879460",
"text": "Bostongurka Bostongurka (Swedish meaning \"Boston gherkins\" or \"Boston pickle\") is a type of relish with pickled gherkins, red bell pepper and onion with spices such as mustard seeds. It is so popular in Sweden that it is considered by some to be a generic term. Despite its name, Bostongurka has nothing to do with the city of Boston. Bostongurka was invented by the Swedish company Felix based on a recipe from Hungary. It was originally invented as a way to use up the end pieces left over when making pickled gherkins. Today, the name Bostongurka is a registered trademark of",
"title": "Bostongurka"
},
{
"id": "12860045",
"text": "to democracy, and Guillermina Motta declined to attend the ceremony, objecting that the distinction was awarded too late, when two of the sixteen had already died: Miquel Porter in 2004 and Delfí Abella in February 2007. Els Setze Jutges Els Setze Jutges (, meaning \"The Sixteen Judges\") was a group of singers in the Catalan language founded in 1961 by Miquel Porter i Moix, Remei Margarit, and Josep Maria Espinàs. The name comes from a well known tongue-twister in the Catalan language: (\"Sixteen judges of a court eat liver off a hangman\"). The mission of the group was to promote",
"title": "Els Setze Jutges"
},
{
"id": "5988584",
"text": "was up on the grease rack?\" Instead, she asked, \"How could you possibly hit a car when it was up on the grass reek?\" The following week, Benny devoted much of the show to poking fun at the tongue twister, chastising her for using the made-up phrase \"grass reek\". But Jack got his comeuppance later in the show, when the show's guest, the real-life Beverly Hills police chief, was talking about the strange call the department got the night before: two skunks fighting on someone's lawn. \"And let me tell you,\" he said, \"when they were done, did that grass",
"title": "Mary Livingstone"
},
{
"id": "7582406",
"text": "Quiznos, Subway, and Wawa. Pickled peppers are found throughout the world, such as the Italian \"pepperoncini sott'aceto\" and Indonesia's pickled bird's eye chili, besides the already-mentioned American and Latin American usages. The flavored brine of hot yellow peppers is commonly used as a condiment in Southern cooking in the United States. To achieve the best results and minimize the risk of botulism, only fresh blemish-free peppers should be used and vinegar with acidity of at least 5%; reducing the acidic taste can be achieved by adding sugar. While larger peppers are sliced up to be pickled, smaller peppers are often",
"title": "Pickled pepper"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "13911342",
"text": "character roles, specifically with his hit song \"I Want to Sing in Opera\". Bard had a long career in pantomime and introduced tongue twisters such as \"She sells seashells by the seashore\", based on a song he performed in the show \"Dick Whittington and His Cat\" in Drury Lane in 1908. In 1919 he went to America where he performed in vaudeville, making his debut at the Palace Theatre on 20 October that year; the show was not well received. He stayed with the production and after a few alterations to the script, he became a hit. He performed in",
"title": "Wilkie Bard"
},
{
"id": "11044726",
"text": "Tweedledee, sitting around and contemplating their wonderland and what may lie outside. The Winter of 2009 found Vincent re-treading the boards in his first Pantomime in 26 years, in \"Robin Hood\" at the Theatre Royal, Norwich. He then returned to the same theatre for 2010 to play Billy Trott in \"Jack & The Beanstalk and again in 2011, this time playing Muddles Pickles in \"Sleeping Beauty\"; In 2012 he returns to the Theatre Royal to play Wishee Washee in \"Aladdin\". The pinnacle of his Pantomime work was the 2015/16 season. Playing Buttons in \"Cinderella\" at the Manchester Opera House with",
"title": "Andre Vincent"
},
{
"id": "6397938",
"text": "the Piquante Pepper, plant breeder's rights were applied for and obtained with the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in order to protect the species. The Piquante Pepper fruit is processed for removal of the seeds and reduction of the heat of the pepper to more palatable levels and is then pickled and bottled. The flavor of the Piquantè Pepper fruit is sweet because sugar is added in the pickling process, with mild heat of around 1200 SHU on the Scoville scale. Peppadew Peppadew® is the trademarked brand name used to market of a variety of food products",
"title": "Peppadew"
},
{
"id": "11326250",
"text": "Greatest Tits Greatest Tits is the debut EP from Seattle hard rock band Thunderpussy, released digitally on February 23, 2018. The band described it as a \"taste tester, tongue teaser, titty twister\" in advance of their full-length album \"Thunderpussy\". The cover design with two lemons was the outcome of a collaboration between guitarist Whitney Petty and their Universal Records graphic designer, Ashley Pawlak. The songs selected for the EP were intended to \"represent the band in a diverse manner\", three hard rock songs contrasting with the power ballad \"Torpedo Love.\" Bassist Leah Julius refers to the lesbian song \"Speed Queen\"",
"title": "Greatest Tits"
},
{
"id": "3762209",
"text": "chest of dressing-up clothes. Wednesday – The Dot Stop (1988–1991) replaced with The Roundabout Stop (1992–1997) - the non-speaking Dot played by Rebecca Higgins, had fun with music or numbers and counting. Later there were 3 Dots: 'The Dot who plays the violin' (Eithne Hannigan), 'The Dot who plays the drums' (Liz Kitchen) and 'The Dot you can count on' (Dyanne White). Sometimes, a puppet called Dash would appear and squirm its way through holes in the set. It had a song: \"Not number one, not number two, not number three or four, not number five, not number six, only",
"title": "Playdays"
},
{
"id": "15974853",
"text": "two minutes. Several commentators criticised the series as a whole for including such a segment: Jason Deans of \"The Guardian\" branded the show a \"dog's dinner\", while Jim Kresse of \"The Spokesman-Review\" stated that TV had \"officially hit bottom\" as a result. The record was set during episode one by Doug Bennett and his dog Harley with a final score of 71, before being broken during the third episode by Martin Shaw and his dog Star with a total of 145 licks. Executive producer Phil Gilheany defended the programme, describing it as \"quite innocent fun\". \"The People's Book of Records\"",
"title": "The People's Book of Records"
},
{
"id": "5574113",
"text": "Sauerkraut \"(Vecsési savanyú káposzta)\" is the most famous. Romanian pickles (murături) are made out of beetroot, cucumbers, green tomatoes (\"gogonele\"), carrots, cabbage, garlic, sauerkraut (bell peppers stuffed with cabbage), bell peppers, melons, mushrooms, turnips, celery and cauliflower. Meat, like pork, can also be preserved in salt and lard. Polish, Czech and Slovak traditional pickles are cucumbers and sauerkraut, but other pickled fruits and vegetables, including plums, pumpkins and mushrooms are also common. Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian pickled items include beets, mushrooms, tomatoes, sauerkraut, cucumbers, ramsons, garlic, eggplant (which is typically stuffed with julienned carrots), custard squash, and watermelon. Garden produce",
"title": "Pickling"
},
{
"id": "2667300",
"text": "but without cold storage it is insufficient to prevent pathogen spread. Jalapeño juice may be used as a remedy for seasonal allergies and clearing sinuses from colds. The jalapeño is the state pepper of Texas adopted in 1995. Jalapeños were included as food on the Space Shuttle as early as 1982. The \"Guinness World Records\" for most jalapeños eaten in a minute is 16 by Alfredo Hernandes on 17 September 2006 at La Costeña Feel the Heat Challenge in Chicago, IL, USA. Patrick Bertoletti holds the Major League Eating jalapeño records at 275 pickled jalapeños in 8 minutes on 1",
"title": "Jalapeño"
},
{
"id": "16565921",
"text": "as a symbol of authority has literally been turned on its head,\" said critic Woody Holliman of Salter's circa 2000 work \"l'arc des'chaises\", an \"anti-heroic spectacle\" of ten small plastic children's chairs bolted together in a semi-circle and flipped upside down. Two years later, the kinetic sculpture \"epilepsony\" featured recorded music with a vibrating figure on a tray under bright light. \"Pick Me A Winner\", in 2008, literally embodied its title, as a motorized finger relentlessly aimed for a small molded nose. Disembodied appendages also feature in \"Finger Lickin' Good\": a tiny kinetic sculpture in which \"the pointed finger rotates",
"title": "Michael Salter"
},
{
"id": "9644060",
"text": "Charlie Brown (The Coasters song) \"Charlie Brown\" is a popular Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller song that was a top-ten hit for The Coasters in the spring of 1959 (released in January, coupled with \"Three Cool Cats,\" Atco 6132). It went to #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles charts, while Venus by Frankie Avalon was at #1. It was the first of three top-ten hits for the Coasters that year. It is best known for the phrase, \"Why's everybody always pickin' on me?\" According to Jerry Leiber, \"After 'Yakety Yak,' I thought we could write every Coasters song in",
"title": "Charlie Brown (The Coasters song)"
},
{
"id": "11396800",
"text": "found in their processing. While the process of fermentation in large barrels formerly took several weeks, gherkins today are ready for sale after only one day of processing—whether for mustard gherkins (\"Senfgurke\"), gherkins or dill pickles (\"Gewürzgurke\") or pickled cucumbers (\"Salzgurke\"). This enormous time saving is achieved by heating to with the addition of caustic soda. The composition of the additional ingredients, however, still remains a well-guarded secret of the approximately twenty picklers. These taste-enhancing ingredients, such as basil, lemon balm, grape leaves, cherry leaves or walnut leaves, give Spreewald gherkins their special sour, spicy taste. After the reunification of",
"title": "Spreewald gherkins"
},
{
"id": "19174895",
"text": "listening at the time. The legend goes on to state that public outrage caused Carney's termination from radio. The story subsided after a while. But, shortly after Carney's death in the mid-1950s, a man by the name of Kermit Schaefer resurrected the story once again. Schaefer was a radio and television writer/producer during the 1950s and 1960s, who also produced some classic comedy and jazz records on the Jubilee label. Schaefer was best known for his collection of \"bloopers\" – radio and television mistakes, gaffes, malaprops, spoonerisms, and tongue twisters. Schaefer's \"bloopers\" later became the inspiration for the television shows",
"title": "Don Carney"
},
{
"id": "2801705",
"text": "Pimiento A pimiento (), pimento, or cherry pepper is a variety of large, red, heart-shaped chili pepper (\"Capsicum annuum\") that measures 3 to 4 in (7 to 10 cm) long and 2 to 3 in (5 to 7 cm) wide (medium, elongate). The flesh of the pimiento is sweet, succulent, and more aromatic than that of the red bell pepper. Some varieties of the pimiento type are hot, including the Floral Gem and Santa Fe Grande varieties. The fruits are typically used fresh or pickled. The pimiento has one of the lowest Scoville scale ratings of any chili pepper. is",
"title": "Pimiento"
},
{
"id": "10017421",
"text": "Tírame de la lengua Tirame de la Lengua (Make Me Speak or, literally, Pull Me From the Tongue) is a TV gameshow broadcast on Televisión Española (TVE) and TVE Internacional. The teams are the \"Lenguetazos\" and \"Lenguetones\". Children between 9 and 12 years old participate, and slide down an enormous tongue. During the half hour show, the contestants play games like \"Letter Soup\" and \"Trabalenguas\" (tongue twisters) with a lollipop in their mouths. An animated Cervantes judges the results of the teams. The emcee is Ana Belen Roy. She is a journalist from Madrid and was born on 24 August",
"title": "Tírame de la lengua"
},
{
"id": "13980296",
"text": "as the Szechuan pepper. However, most Chinese pickles still aim for a balance between the tastes of vinegar, salt, garlic, ginger, soy sauce, hot chili, sugar, and the vegetable or fruit itself. Most pickles need to wait for a few months for the vegetables and fruit to ferment. There are also \"quickles\"—a portmanteau of \"quick\" and \"pickles\"—that people can eat them after a few hours or a few days. Cucumber pickles, for example, may be eaten after they have been pickled in a jar for three hours. Chinese pickle can be eaten directly from the jar as an appetizer, or",
"title": "Chinese pickles"
},
{
"id": "12860042",
"text": "Els Setze Jutges Els Setze Jutges (, meaning \"The Sixteen Judges\") was a group of singers in the Catalan language founded in 1961 by Miquel Porter i Moix, Remei Margarit, and Josep Maria Espinàs. The name comes from a well known tongue-twister in the Catalan language: (\"Sixteen judges of a court eat liver off a hangman\"). The mission of the group was to promote the Nova Cançó movement and to normalize the use of Catalan in the world of modern music. They started out singing their own songs and Catalan versions of songs by French singers, especially Georges Brassens. From",
"title": "Els Setze Jutges"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "9071390",
"text": "enjoyed a kiss with Joanna Lumley. His final appearance was in the Christmas 1997 show when he sang one line in \"Perfect Day\". They both also appeared in some advertisements for British Gas, which were the direct forerunner of the sitcom. There are a few references to the BBC corporate hierarchy in the script. Malcolm's miserly boss at the pet shop is called Geoffrey Perkins, then the Head of Comedy at the BBC. Mr Capstick also mentions how he and Mr Merton used to go scrumping for apples in Mr Yentob's garden (a reference to Alan Yentob). The show achieved",
"title": "Mrs Merton and Malcolm"
},
{
"id": "17121342",
"text": "lost from the game. Passing to players who have accumulated a lot of money is generally regarded on the show as being a winning strategy, although it could actually backfire, as having more money usually means that a contestant is picked on more. This process is repeated for the next 3 rounds. The only difference is that the person who has the least money after each round picks the clock for the next round. If there is a tie, then it's the person who is on Rory's left who does the picking. Round 5 is known as the \"Face-off\". There",
"title": "Face the Clock"
},
{
"id": "11610299",
"text": "Friggitello The friggitello (plural friggitelli) is a sweet Italian chili pepper of the species \"Capsicum annuum\". It is also known as the Golden Greek pepper, Sweet Italian pepper, or Tuscan pepper. In the United States they may be called \"pepperoncini\"; they are quite distinct from Italian peperoncini, which are hot Italian chili peppers. In the United States, they may also be called Greek golden pepperoncini peppers or mild golden Salonika peppers. The friggitello is mild with a slight heat and a hint of bitterness, and is sometimes pickled and sold in jars. In Italy the friggitello is most associated with",
"title": "Friggitello"
},
{
"id": "494329",
"text": "Charles Dickens, wrote of her in 1865 that \"[t]he carpenter's daughter has won a name for herself, and has deserved to win it.\" It has often been claimed that her story was the inspiration for the 1908 tongue-twister \"She sells seashells on the seashore\" by Terry Sullivan. In 2010, one hundred and sixty-three years after her death, the Royal Society included Anning in a list of the ten British women who have most influenced the history of science. Anning was born in Lyme Regis in Dorset, England. Her father, Richard Anning, was a cabinetmaker who supplemented his income by mining",
"title": "Mary Anning"
},
{
"id": "11610302",
"text": "color from bright yellow to bright yellow-green. Sometimes coloring is added. If pickled, friggitelli are sometimes briefly rinsed in cold water before serving to reduce the effects of the pickling brine on the taste. Friggitello The friggitello (plural friggitelli) is a sweet Italian chili pepper of the species \"Capsicum annuum\". It is also known as the Golden Greek pepper, Sweet Italian pepper, or Tuscan pepper. In the United States they may be called \"pepperoncini\"; they are quite distinct from Italian peperoncini, which are hot Italian chili peppers. In the United States, they may also be called Greek golden pepperoncini peppers",
"title": "Friggitello"
},
{
"id": "4825846",
"text": "longcase clock by the chimney-corner. One day, he decides that he would start a little club, called Master Humphrey's Clock, where the members would read out their manuscripts to the others. The members include Master Humphrey; a deaf gentleman, Jack Redburn; retired merchant Owen Miles; and Mr. Pickwick from \"The Pickwick Papers\". A mirror club in the kitchen, \"Mr. Weller's Watch\", run by Mr. Weller, has members including Humphrey's maid, the barber and Sam Weller. \"Master Humphrey's Clock\" appeared after \"The Old Curiosity Shop\", to introduce \"Barnaby Rudge\". After \"Barnaby Rudge\", Master Humphrey is left by himself by the chimney",
"title": "Master Humphrey's Clock"
},
{
"id": "7001212",
"text": "#3: Variant #4: Variant #5: Variant #6: Variant #7: Variant #8: Variant #9: Variant #10 Variant #11 The earliest printed example of this song is found in the book \"Parodology\" (1927) where the melody is listed as an adaptation of the tune \"Little Bit of Love\". This song has been commercially recorded by John Valby and by an anonymous person on the 1960 LP \"The Unexpurgated Folk Songs of Men\". There's a Skeeter on my Peter, Beat it off There's a skeeter on my Peter, Beat it off There's a dozen on my cousin's I can hear the bastard buzzing",
"title": "There's a Skeeter on My Peter"
},
{
"id": "7171730",
"text": "blueberry, citrus punch, and berry punch. All flavors apply only to the hard candy surrounding the core; the soft core is always chocolate Tootsie Roll material. In 2002, sixty million Tootsie Rolls and twenty million Tootsie Pops were produced every day. Tootsie Pops are known for the catch phrase \"How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?\". The phrase was first introduced in an animated commercial which debuted on U.S. television in 1969. In the original television ad, a questioning boy poses the question to a cow, a fox, a turtle",
"title": "Tootsie Pop"
},
{
"id": "1612868",
"text": "(a shaggy dog made for Postgate/Firmin 1961 production \"The Dog Watch\") and in 1963 by Whiffles, an otter puppet, and Penelope, another owl. With Ivan Owen, Firmin co-created the TV puppet Basil Brush in 1962. He made the first puppet for \"The Three Scampies\", using a real fox brush, lending the correct name for a fox’s tail to the puppet character. For the UK's Decimal Day (15 February 1971), Muskit reappeared with Firmin and made a trip to the shops in a BBC TV schools' programme. Firmin continued to work as an illustrator. He wrote and illustrated many books of",
"title": "Peter Firmin"
},
{
"id": "5574119",
"text": "popular, as are deep-fried pickles and pickled pig's feet, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage. In Mexico, chili peppers, particularly of the Jalapeño and serrano varieties, pickled with onions, carrots and herbs form common condiments. Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants. In the United States, National Pickle Day is recognized as a food \"holiday\" every year",
"title": "Pickling"
},
{
"id": "16180913",
"text": "pickled tongue, sausage, lobster meat, truffles, \"etc.\" garnished with capers, anchovy fillets, \"etc.\" Some versions mold it in aspic. In modern usage, it is usually boiled diced vegetables bound in mayonnaise, with \"Doktorskaya\"-type sausage (a genericized Soviet bologna brand). The most common alternative version, where it is replaced with boiled or smoked chicken, is called \"Stolichny salad\", after Ivanov's version. A multitude of other versions, named, unnamed, and even trademarked exist, but only Olivier and Stolichny salad have entered the common vernacular of post-Soviet states. Today's popular version of Olivier salad — containing boiled potatoes, dill pickles, peas, eggs, carrots,",
"title": "Olivier salad"
},
{
"id": "11075756",
"text": "series) and Tom Baker (on \"The Boy Who Kicked Pigs\"). \"Mouse Noses on Toast\" by Daren King won the Nestle Smarties Book Prize (ages 6–8 years) in 2006, after which King and Roberts collaborated on other titles including \"Peter the Penguin Pioneer\", \"Sensible Hare and the Case of Carrots\" and \"The Frightfully Friendly Ghosties\" series. Roberts also creates picture books for younger readers, some in collaboration with other writers. The best known may be those written by the 2011–2013 Children's Laureate, Julia Donaldson (\"Tyrannosaurus Drip\", \"The Troll\" and most recently \"Jack and the Flum Flum Tree\"). Others include \"Iggy Peck,",
"title": "David Roberts (illustrator)"
},
{
"id": "7744002",
"text": "ancestry could roll their tongues and the remaining ~30% could not do it. A 1975 twin study found that identical twins were no more likely than fraternal twins to both have the same phenotype for tongue rolling. Cloverleaf tongue is the ability to fold the tongue in a certain configuration with multiple bends. To the extent to which it is genetic, it is probably a dominant trait distinct from tongue rolling. Tongue rolling Tongue rolling is the ability to roll the lateral edges of the tongue upwards into a tube. The tongue's intrinsic muscles allow some people to form their",
"title": "Tongue rolling"
},
{
"id": "17531054",
"text": "and all humans have become intellectually disabled. The title is a reference to the Xhosa language tongue twister, \"Iqaqa laziqikaqika kwaze kwaqhawaka uqhoqhoqha\" (translated: \"The skunk rolled down and ruptured its larynx\"). \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\" describes \"Ruptured\" as 'striking' and compares its 'linguistic invention' to that of \"Riddley Walker\". In 1991, \"Ruptured\" was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novelette and the Nebula Award for Best Novelette. The Coon Rolled Down and Ruptured His Larinks, A Squeezed Novel by Mr. Skunk \"The Coon Rolled Down and Ruptured his Larinks, a Squeezed Novel by Mr. Skunk\" is",
"title": "The Coon Rolled Down and Ruptured His Larinks, A Squeezed Novel by Mr. Skunk"
},
{
"id": "4829068",
"text": "running gag, with the haughty king at one point dramatically yelling \"Cook! Where's my hasenpfeffer?!\" In the opening credits of \"Laverne & Shirley\", Laverne and Shirley recite a Yiddish-American hopscotch chant: \"1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Schlemiel! Schlimazel! Hasenpfeffer Incorporated.\" In the Broadway musical, \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", a character sings a song called \"Magic Foot\" where he is shown spelling out the word. Hasenpfeffer Hasenpfeffer is a traditional German stew made from marinated rabbit or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and a marinade made from wine and vinegar.",
"title": "Hasenpfeffer"
},
{
"id": "6999811",
"text": "was carrying a lamp and wastebasket while moving to a new house and people thought he was a novelty entrant in a marathon, the tongue twister \"if you can't treat a cheerful tramp, what sort of tramp can you treat?\", certain tribes of cavemen allegedly waving their \"tackle\" (genitals) about when they want visitors to leave, and the 'experimental' mirrored wall in Karl's flat that he has partially covered with wallpaper. In the third series of the podcasts, Karl had decided to write a poem included in the diary based on his daily experiences and learnings. Gervais and Merchant were",
"title": "The Ricky Gervais Show"
},
{
"id": "12799005",
"text": "ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \"I Love to Singa\" (1936, ranked 8th), \"King-Size Canary\" (1947, ranked 13th), \"Red Hot Riding Hood\" (1943, ranked 14th), \"Bad Luck Blackie\" (1949, ranked 15th), \"Ventriloquist Cat\" (1950, ranked 19th), \"Little Rural Riding Hood\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \"A Wild Hare\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)",
"title": "Northwest Hounded Police"
},
{
"id": "12374160",
"text": "were first made in the Tigris Valley of Mesopotamia, using cucumbers brought originally from India. A gherkin is a variety of cucumber: the West Indian or burr gherkin (\"Cucumis anguria\"), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (\"Cucumis sativus\"). Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles. Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, \"dill pickle\") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows \"Sweet Gherkins\".",
"title": "Pickled cucumber"
},
{
"id": "7854045",
"text": "1967 when he was strangled by his choke chain lead that caught on a tree branch while he was eating cheddar cheese near his new home in Surrey. He was buried in his owner's back garden, and his collar is on display in the National Football Museum in Manchester. An entirely fictional version of the story was told in a 2006 ITV drama written by Michael Chaplin, called \"Pickles: The Dog Who Won The World Cup\". He was voiced by Harry Enfield. A plaque was put up in September 2018, near the spot where Pickles found the World Cup Trophy",
"title": "Pickles (dog)"
},
{
"id": "791198",
"text": "thus mildly pungent). Sweet pepper cultivars produce non-pungent capsaicinoids. The terms \"bell pepper\" (US, Canada), \"pepper\" or \"sweet pepper\" (UK), and \"capsicum\" (Australia, India, New Zealand and Pakistan) are often used for any of the large bell-shaped peppers, regardless of their color. The vegetable is simply referred to as a \"pepper\", or additionally by color (\"green pepper\" or red, yellow, orange, purple, brown, black). In the Midland region of the U.S., bell peppers when stuffed and pickled are sometimes called \"mangoes.\" Canadian English uses both \"bell pepper\" and \"pepper\" interchangeably. In some languages, the term \"paprika\", which has its roots",
"title": "Bell pepper"
},
{
"id": "6779800",
"text": "tests originated at Radio Central New York in the early 1940s as a cold reading test given to prospective radio talent to demonstrate their speaking ability and breath control. Del Moore, a long time friend of Jerry Lewis', took this test at Radio Central New York in 1941, and passed it on to him. Jerry performed this test on radio, television and stage for many years, and it has become a favorite tongue-twister (and memory challenge) for his fans around the world. Professional announcers would be asked to perform the entire speaking test within a single breath without sounding rushed",
"title": "Announcer's test"
},
{
"id": "804095",
"text": "fans, which placed them in the top ten in the NBA in attendance. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song \"Magic Johnson\" from their 1989 album Mother's Milk is a tribute to the former point guard, and frontman Anthony Kiedis and bassist Michael \"Flea\" Balzary are frequently seen attending home games. The team has sold out every home game since the 2007–08 season. As of 2010, the Lakers have the most popular team merchandise among all NBA teams, and Bryant the most popular jersey. The Laker nickname came from the state of Minnesota being the \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". The team's colors",
"title": "Los Angeles Lakers"
},
{
"id": "15101505",
"text": "the pairing has some history in the Southern United States, notably Texas, along with similar pairings globally (vodka and pickles in Russia, tequila and pickle brine in Mexico). The original pairing was Old Crow bourbon and brine from McClure's spicy pickle spears, which remains the house speciality at the Bushwick Country Club: Some sources offer an alternative origination for the pickleback, highlighting that the drink started in Philadelphia but became popular through its introduction in Brooklyn. An earlier version of the pickleback began in Calgary, Alberta in the late 1990's at a small billiards bar named the Classic Q. Equal",
"title": "Pickleback"
},
{
"id": "813968",
"text": "ran rings around his opponents. Avery has stated that it was very common to refer to folks in Texas as \"doc\", much like \"pal\", \"dude\" or \"bud\". In \"A Wild Hare\", Bugs adopts this colloquialism when he casually walks up to Elmer, who is \"hunting wabbits\" and while carefully inspecting a rabbit hole, shotgun in hand, the first words out of Bugs's mouth is a coolly calm, \"What's up, doc?\" Audiences reacted riotously to the juxtaposition of Bugs's nonchalance and the potentially dangerous situation, and \"What's up, doc?\" instantly became the rabbit's catchphrase. Avery ended up directing only four Bugs",
"title": "Tex Avery"
},
{
"id": "387317",
"text": "(roux) and \"långkok\" (literally 'long boil') are commonly employed and spices are sparingly used. Examples of Swedish husmanskost are pea soup (\"ärtsoppa\"), boiled and mashed carrots, potato and rutabaga served with pork (\"rotmos med fläsk\"), many varieties of salmon (such as \"gravlax\", \"inkokt lax\", fried, pickled), varieties of herring (most commonly pickled, but also fried, \"au gratin\", etc.), fishballs (\"fiskbullar\"), meatballs (\"köttbullar\"), potato dumplings with meat or other ingredients (\"palt\"), potato pancake (\"raggmunk\"), varieties of porridge (\"gröt\"), a fried mix of pieces of potato, different kind of meats, sausages, bacon and onion (\"pytt i panna\"), meat stew with onion (\"kalops\"),",
"title": "Swedish cuisine"
},
{
"id": "5574116",
"text": "often sold in pubs and fish and chip shops. Pickled beetroot, walnuts, and gherkins, and condiments such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pies and cold meats, sandwiches or a ploughman's lunch. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled mussels, cockles, red cabbage, mango chutney, sauerkraut, and olives. Rollmops are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK. Pickled herring, rollmops, and salmon are popular in Scandinavia. Pickled cucumbers and red garden beets are important as condiments for several traditional dishes.",
"title": "Pickling"
},
{
"id": "12575189",
"text": "selections. There is a general belief that eating spicy food and chili pepper in particular heats up passion, but as Jon Bonné says in an article on MSNBC, \"it's a big leap from heat in the mouth to heat between the sheets.\" The penile shape Bonné signals is confirmed by Michael Albertson and Ellen Albertson in their book \"Temptations: Igniting the Pleasure and Power of Aphrodisiacs\": the pepper is what \"he looks like...This very hot Latin lover likes to brag about his size and heat. (What man doesn't?)\" Another name for peter pepper is \"the Chilli Willy peppers\". The uniquely",
"title": "Peter pepper"
},
{
"id": "12374162",
"text": "and packing processes. Bacteria cultures can be reintroduced to the vegetables by adding already fermented foods such as yogurt or other fermented milk products, pieces of sourdough bread and of course pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut. Typically, small cucumbers are placed in a glass or ceramic vessel or a wooden barrel, together with a variety of spices. Among those traditionally used in many recipes are garlic, horseradish, whole dill stems with umbels and green seeds, white mustard seeds, grape, oak, cherry, blackcurrant and bay laurel leaves, dried allspice fruits, and—most importantly—salt. The container is then filled with cooled, boiled water",
"title": "Pickled cucumber"
},
{
"id": "1343570",
"text": "expressly for T-shirts. Monster T-shirts often feature emblems and motifs associated with the Grateful Dead and marijuana culture. Additionally, one of the most popular symbols to emerge from the political turmoil of the 1960s were T-shirts bearing the face of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. Today, many notable and memorable T-shirts produced in the 1970s have become ensconced in pop culture. Examples include the bright yellow happy face T-shirts, The Rolling Stones tops with their \"tongue and lips\" logo, and Milton Glaser's iconic \"I ♥ N Y” design. In the mid-1980s, the white T-shirt became fashionable after the actor Don Johnson",
"title": "T-shirt"
},
{
"id": "3483232",
"text": "and avoid offending his well-meaning hosts. This story was also published by \"Reader's Digest\" magazine (and several Herriot compilations) under the title \"The Piccalilli Saves My Bacon\". Piccalilli receives an honorable mention in the Harry Champion song, \"A Little Bit of Cucumber\". Piccalilli Piccalilli is an English interpretation of South Asian pickles, a relish of chopped pickled vegetables and spices; regional recipes vary considerably. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" traces the word to the middle of the 18th century when, in 1758, Hannah Glasse described how \"to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle\". An apparently earlier reference is in Anne Blencowe's \"Receipt",
"title": "Piccalilli"
},
{
"id": "10924509",
"text": "Pero Family Farms Food Company Pero Family Farms Food Company, formerly Pero Vegetable Company is a Sales, Marketing and Distribution group and a part of an American-based agricultural corporation headquartered in Delray Beach, Florida. Pero is a large U.S. pepper grower, packager, marketer and shipper. Pero produces bell peppers (green, red, yellow and orange), specialty peppers (such as chili jalapeño, and Mini Sweet Pepper), cucumbers, squash, zucchini, green beans, eggplant, and pickles. Pero was founded in 1908 in Western New York by Sicilian immigrant Peter Pero, whose ten-year-old son would bring their crops to the train station by horse-drawn wagon.",
"title": "Pero Family Farms Food Company"
},
{
"id": "270565",
"text": "the Disney+ streaming service in 2019. In July 2018, the cast performed a series of live shows at London's O2 Arena, their first outside of the United States. Notable Muppet characters of \"The Muppet Show\" and subsequent media include Kermit the Frog; Miss Piggy; Fozzie Bear; Gonzo; Rowlf the Dog; Scooter; Rizzo the Rat; Pepe the King Prawn; Dr. Bunsen Honeydew; Beaker; Statler and Waldorf; the Swedish Chef; Sam Eagle; Walter; and the Electric Mayhem, consisting of Dr. Teeth on keyboard, Animal on drums, Floyd Pepper on bass, Janice on lead guitar, Zoot on saxophone, and occasionally Lips on trumpet.",
"title": "The Muppets"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "6871053",
"text": "Brian Bevan Brian Earl Bevan ( – ), also known by the nickname of \"Wing Wizard\", was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s who became the only player ever to have been inducted into both the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame and British Rugby League Hall of Fame. An Other Nationalities representative , Bevan scored a world record 796 tries, mainly for Warrington. In 2008, the centenary year of rugby league in Australia, he was named on the wing of Australia's Team of the Century (1908-2007). Bevan was the only player",
"title": "Brian Bevan"
},
{
"id": "7318169",
"text": "\"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\". Navarro was fired in 1998 as the band was starting to work on their follow-up to \"One Hot Minute\". Frusciante rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1998, and they released their seventh studio album, \"Californication\", in June 1999. It was a commercial success, peaking at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 and being certified six times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album spawned six singles, including the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top ten hit \"Scar Tissue\". \"Californication\" was followed by \"By the Way\" in July 2002. \"By the Way\" peaked at number two",
"title": "Red Hot Chili Peppers discography"
},
{
"id": "908604",
"text": "had won Emmy Awards for the show's writing in 1981 and 1982. Among Candy's \"SCTV\" characters were unscrupulous street-beat TV personality Johnny LaRue, 3-D horror auteur Doctor Tongue, sycophantic and easily amused talk-show sidekick William B. Williams, and Melonville's corrupt Mayor Tommy Shanks. Other characters included the cheerful Leutonian clarinetist Yosh Shmenge, who was half of the Happy Wanderers and the subject of the mockumentary \"The Last Polka\", folksy fishin' musician Gil Fisher, handsome if accent-challenged TV actor Steve Roman, Pippy Long Socks, hapless children's entertainer Mr. Messenger, corrupt soap-opera doctor William Wainwright, smut merchant Harry, \"the Guy With the",
"title": "John Candy"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "13589565",
"text": "Hare-Breadth Hurry Hare-Breadth Hurry is a 1963 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon starring Bugs Bunny in his fifth and final pairing with Wile E. Coyote. Unlike the previous four pairings, this cartoon follows the Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner formula (substituting Bugs for the Road Runner). As such, Wile E. Coyote is silent, although Bugs does speak to the audience. \"Hare-Breadth Hurry\" is also one of the few cartoons where Bugs does not eat a carrot. \"Introduction:\" The cartoon opens as a typical Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner cartoon. After the credits are shown, a high-speed object zooms",
"title": "Hare-Breadth Hurry"
},
{
"id": "3804086",
"text": "Pickled herring Pickled herring (, , , , , , , , , , , ) is a traditional way of preserving herring. Most cured herring uses a two-step curing process. Initially herring is cured with salt to extract water. The second stage involves removing the salt and adding the herring to a brine - typically a vinegar, salt, sugar solution - to which ingredients such as peppercorn, bay leaves and raw onions are added. Additional flavourings may also be used, including sherry, mustard and dill, while other non-traditional ingredients have also begun being included in recent years. Pickled herring",
"title": "Pickled herring"
},
{
"id": "8270508",
"text": "an \"outcast\" like Alex himself. Jack Frusciante Has Left the Band Jack Frusciante Has Left the Band () is Enrico Brizzi's debut novel. Brizzi wrote it at the age of eighteen and it was first published in 1994. The name \"Jack Frusciante\" is a deliberate modification of John Frusciante, the guitarist for the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The novel, first published by independent Ancona-based Transeuropa, went out of print 15 times before the rights to it were sold to more solid publishers. As of 1999, the novel had sold over one million copies in Italy and had been published in",
"title": "Jack Frusciante Has Left the Band"
},
{
"id": "8939882",
"text": "\"Drink it slow. Doctor's orders\". Advertising supporting the slogan has celebrities with famous relations to the word \"doctor\" (Dr. Dre, Julius \"Dr. J\" Erving, Gene Simmons (writer of the Kiss song \"Calling Dr. Love\"), et al.) or who played fictional doctors (such as Neil Patrick Harris or Kelsey Grammer) endorsing the beverage. The ads culminate with the celebrity stating, \"Trust me. I'm a doctor\", followed by the new slogan appearing onscreen with a glass of Dr Pepper. In 2010, Dr Pepper was part of a marketing and promotional campaign with Marvel Studios to promote the summer blockbuster \"Iron Man 2\";",
"title": "Dr Pepper"
},
{
"id": "18934126",
"text": "Gorillaz - Clint Eastwood (2001)<br>15° Indochine - Memoria (2013)/ Travis - Sing (2001)<br>14° Bon Jovi - It's My Life (2000)<br>13° Natalie Imbruglia - Torn (1998)<br>12° Red Hot Chili Peppers - Otherside (2000)<br>11° The Wallflowers - One Headlight (1997)<br>10° Gustavo Cerati - Cosas Imposibles (2003)<br>9° Coldplay - Yellow (2001)<br>8° Hoobastank - The Reason (2004)<br>7° The Verve - Bitter Sweet Symphony (1997)<br>6° Audioslave - Like a Stone (2003)<br>5° Coldplay - Clocks (2003)<br>4° Red Hot Chili Peppers - Californication (2000)<br>3° Coldplay - The Scientist (2003)<br>2° Keane - Everybody's Changing (2005)<br>Hot Z: Keane - Somewhere Only We Know (2004) (*) Ranking broadcast on 7",
"title": "Radio Zeta Rock & Pop"
},
{
"id": "19213493",
"text": "general store. A telephone rings and Bosko answers; a voice on the other end makes a fairly unintelligible request that Bosko interprets as one for bologna. Bosko turns on a small electric fan after retrieving a sausage from which he chops thin slices using the spinning blades. As the slices fall onto a scale, Bosko's dog, wafted thither by the scent, approaches master and meat. The naughty canine paws the empty balance of the scale, reversing it and flipping the cold cuts into his salivating maw. This he repeats as the whistling Bosko absent-mindedly further depletes the bologna. The dog's",
"title": "Bosko's Store"
},
{
"id": "605473",
"text": "Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \"What's up, Doc?\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \"What's up, dogs?\" to the antagonists in \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\", \"What's up, Duke?\" to the knight in \"Knight-mare Hare,\" and \"What's",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "10131818",
"text": "wide array of famous celebrities and iconic composers of both film and stage have participated in the Jr. Phil's gala events including: Meredith Willson, Richard Pryor, Tom Hatton, Richard Sherman, Robert Sherman and the bassist from the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Michael \"Flea\" Balzary (who is also an alum of the orchestra) to name only a few. Los Angeles Junior Philharmonic Orchestra Jr. Philharmonic Orchestra of California is one of the oldest and most distinctive young people's symphony orchestras in the United States. It was founded in Los Angeles, California on January 22, 1937 by its conductor, Dr. Ernst Katz",
"title": "Los Angeles Junior Philharmonic Orchestra"
},
{
"id": "3471170",
"text": "Whitmire hid the puppet away for weeks before deciding on taking on the role. Following the death of Richard Hunt and the retirement of Jerry Nelson, Whitmire took over the roles of Beaker and Statler, respectively. In 2014, Billy Barkhurst took over the role of Ernie, with Peter Linz taking over that role in 2017. Muppet characters original to Whitmire include Rizzo the Rat, Lips (the trumpet player from Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem), Foo-Foo (Miss Piggy's dog), Wembley Fraggle and Sprocket the Dog on \"Fraggle Rock\", and Bean Bunny, a character that originated in \"The Tale of the",
"title": "Steve Whitmire"
},
{
"id": "3483988",
"text": "Pops in 2009, and narrated by Robert De Niro, Ed Harris, Morgan Freeman and Cherry Jones. She was the original writer and singer of numerous jingles, including the long-running \"What Would You Do For A Klondike Bar\" and \"Bounty, The Quicker Picker Upper.\" She wrote lyrics for the choral piece, \"The Song I Sing,\" (composer, Stephen Flaherty), commissioned by the Young People's Chorus of New York, and performed at Carnegie Hall by a chorus of 1000 children. Charles Isherwood wrote of Ahrens and Flaherty: \"a few composers and lyricists continue to risk irrelevance by pursuing their own lonely paths. Stephen",
"title": "Lynn Ahrens"
},
{
"id": "3102616",
"text": "in the same soup. The most common ingredient is beef alone or with poultry. If it is made with fish, the best choice would be tench, European perch, pike-perch, cod, or other neutral-tasting fish. The kvass most commonly used in cooking is white okroshka kvass, which is much more sour than drinking kvass. Spices used include mustard, black pepper and pickled cucumber (specifically, the liquid from the pickles), solely or in combination. For the final touch, boiled eggs and smetana (similar to crème fraîche) are added. For sour milk based okroshka, well shaken up natural sour milk(often with the addition",
"title": "Russian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "549993",
"text": "artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \"Looney Tunes\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \"Pinocchio\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar",
"title": "Mel Blanc"
},
{
"id": "12202850",
"text": "Mick Sullivan Michael Sullivan (12 January 1934 – 5 April 2016), also known by the nicknames of \"Mick\", and \"Sully\", was an English World Cup winning professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s, and coach of the 1970s. He set the record for the most appearances for the Great Britain Lions with 46. This record has been matched (by Garry Schofield) but never overtaken. He also holds the record for the most rugby league test match tries by a player of any nationality with 44. Mick Sullivan was born in Pudsey, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, he worked",
"title": "Mick Sullivan"
},
{
"id": "6427358",
"text": "flavour for Monster Munch when it launched was Roast Beef followed on by Saucy and Pickled Onion flavours a year later. In the 1980s flavours such as Sizzling Bacon, Cheese & Onion, King Prawn and Salt & Vinegar were introduced. By the 1990s the four flavours available were Pickled Onion, Roast Beef, Smokey Bacon and Saucy. The original Monster Munch used two different snack shapes, related to two of the Monsters. The shape known as a \"monster paw\" that is still used today has long been the subject of dispute over whether it represents a paw or, instead, the single",
"title": "Monster Munch"
},
{
"id": "10464162",
"text": "were meant to be comedic or cheery in terms of creating a friendly atmosphere for selling the products. This trend was mostly in the 1960s and 1970s. In one of their last concerts together, they re-sang all their tunes in the performance along with a number of recognizable TV theme songs. An example of an advertisement was the Capstan cigarette brand. Hong Kong musical tongue twister A Hong Kong musical tongue twister (Chinese: 急口令) is a melody rhyme that follow a musical tune. Such tongue twisters are extremely short, and contain some addictive background music. Within Hong Kong culture, they",
"title": "Hong Kong musical tongue twister"
},
{
"id": "16511659",
"text": "Ashleigh and Pudsey Ashleigh and Pudsey was a British dog trick act, comprising trainer Ashleigh Jade Butler (born 7 February 1995) and Pudsey (28 December 2005 – 20 July 2017), a male Border Collie, Bichon Frise, and Chinese Crested powderpuff cross. They achieved prominence as contestants in the sixth series of the television talent show \"Britain's Got Talent\", which they won on 12 May 2012, becoming the first dog trick act to win the competition. On 21 July 2017, Butler announced that Pudsey had died. Following his death, Butler said that her other trained dog, Sully, would take over future",
"title": "Ashleigh and Pudsey"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Peck context: Peck A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 2 dry gallons or 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints (9.09 (UK) or 8.81 (US) liters). Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, is still often sold by the peck. Despite being referenced in the well-known Peter Piper tongue twister, pickled peppers are so rarely sold by the peck that any association between pickled peppers and the peck unit of measurement is considered humorous in\n\nAccording to the tongue twister, who picked a peck of pickled peppers?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pe context: Peck A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 2 dry gallons or 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints (9.09 (UK) or 8.81 (US) liters). Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, is still often sold by the peck. Despite being referenced in the well-known Peter Piper tongue twister, pickled peppers are so rarely sold by the peck that any association between pickled peppers and the peck unit of measurement is considered humorous in\n\ntitle: Peter Piper context: Peter Piper \"Peter Piper\" an-language nursery rhyme and well-known all-twister. It has aoud Folk Song Index number of 194. Common modern versions The version of this tongue twister was published inPeter Pi's Practical Princi Plain and Per Pronunciation\" by (176–186) in 813, which includes nametw each letter of the in the same However, rhyme apparently at least a generation earlier Some authors have identified the subject of rhyme Poiv, an eighcentury French horticulturalist and\n Peterper: Mauritius who theychelles' spice Numerous have made in popular Peter \"Peterper is English-languageyation tongueoud Song Index number of4 modern include: The earliest version was published in \"Peter Pipers Practicalples oflain and Perfecton\" John15618 London in 81 includes a one name tongue-twister for each letter of the in the same style. However,yme was apparently at\n Company formerly Peroable a, of American in a. pepper packager, marketer and shipper. Pero produces bell peppers (green, red, yellow and orange), specialty peppers (such as chili jalapeño, and Mini Sweet Pepper), cucumbers, squash, zucchini, green beans, eggplant, and pickles. Pero was founded in 1908 in Western New York by Sicilian immigrant Peter Pero, whose ten-year-old son would bring their crops to the train station by horse-drawn wagon.\n\nAccording to the tongue twister, who picked a peck of pickled peppers?",
"compressed_tokens": 502,
"origin_tokens": 16055,
"ratio": "32.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,734 | Keith Moon, Ginger Baker, Charlie Watts, Buddy Rich, Phil Collins and Karen Carpenter are all what type of musician? | [
"Drummer",
"Drummers",
"Drummer Kid",
"Drummist",
"Military drummer",
"Drummer Man",
"Drum player"
] | Drummers | [
{
"id": "1415961",
"text": "Baker against those of Bonham and Who drummer Keith Moon: No, no, no, no, (scoffs). Ginger was nothing like those players. His musical capabilities are full spectrum. He can write and compose and arrange, and he has an ear, and he is harmonic. He is a fully formed musician. The surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited to play Live Aid in 1985 and employed two drummers, Phil Collins and Tony Thompson, to take his place. In June 2017, John Bonham's childhood home received a blue plaque in his honour. On 31 May 2018, on what would have been Bonham's 70th",
"title": "John Bonham"
},
{
"id": "224505",
"text": "during the early 1960s. After playing with a local band, the Beachcombers, he joined the Who in 1964 before they recorded their first single. Moon remained with the band during their rise to fame, and was quickly recognised for his drumming style, which emphasised tom-toms, cymbal crashes, and drum fills. Throughout Moon's tenure with the Who his drum kit steadily grew in size, and along with Ginger Baker, Moon has been credited as one of the earliest rock drummers to regularly employ double bass drums in his setup. He occasionally collaborated with other musicians and later appeared in films, but",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "1781194",
"text": "Charlie Watts Charles Robert Watts (born 2 June 1941) is an English drummer, best known as a member of the Rolling Stones. Originally trained as a graphic artist, he started playing drums in London's rhythm and blues clubs, where he met Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards. In 1963, he joined their group, The Rolling Stones, as drummer, while doubling as designer of their record sleeves and tour stages. He has also toured with his own group, the Charlie Watts Quintet, and appeared in London at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club with the Charlie Watts Tentet. In 2006, Watts was",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "294910",
"text": "ranging from Pete Thomas, John Bonham, Michael Giles, Ginger Baker, Phil Collins, Steve Gadd, Stewart Copeland, Michael Shrieve and Keith Moon, to fusion and jazz drummers Billy Cobham, Buddy Rich, Bill Bruford and Gene Krupa. The Who was the first group that inspired him to write songs and play the drums. Peart is distinguished for playing \"butt-end out\", reversing stick orientation for greater impact and increased rimshot capacity. \"When I was starting out\", Peart said, \"if I broke the tips off my sticks I couldn't afford to buy new ones, so I would just turn them around and use the",
"title": "Neil Peart"
},
{
"id": "497660",
"text": "In larger ensembles, the drummer may be part of a rhythm section with other percussionists playing, for example, vibraphone, marimba or xylophone. These musicians provide the timing and rhythmic foundation which allow the players of melodic instruments, including voices, to coordinate their musical performance. Some famous drummers include: John Bonham, Ginger Baker, Keith Moon (The Who), Neil Peart, Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Tim \"Herb\" Alexander (Primus), Rashied Ali, Carl Allen, Steve White, Craig Blundell, Travis Barker, Tony Royster Jr., Rick Allen (Def Leppard). As well as the primary rhythmic function, in some musical styles, such as world, jazz, classical, and",
"title": "Drummer"
},
{
"id": "1781210",
"text": "he and wife Shirley own an Arabian horse stud farm. He also owns a percentage of The Rolling Stones' various corporate entities. In addition to his work with The Rolling Stones, Watts has released the following albums: Charlie Watts Charles Robert Watts (born 2 June 1941) is an English drummer, best known as a member of the Rolling Stones. Originally trained as a graphic artist, he started playing drums in London's rhythm and blues clubs, where he met Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards. In 1963, he joined their group, The Rolling Stones, as drummer, while doubling as designer",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "526687",
"text": "a workable bass drum pedal, which would strike a two-headed bass drum in much the same way as a drumstick. During the 1960s, many rock ‘n’ roll drummers began incorporating more than one bass drum in their drum kit, including The Who's Keith Moon and Cream's Ginger Baker. In a drum kit, the bass drum is much smaller than in the traditional orchestral use, most commonly in diameter. Sizes range from in diameter while depths range for , with being normal. The standard bass drum size of past years was , with being the current standard. Many manufacturers are now",
"title": "Bass drum"
},
{
"id": "342777",
"text": "he is still responsible for cuing various guitar effects, the use of bass-pedal synthesizers and backing vocals. Peart has been voted the greatest rock drummer by music fans, critics and fellow musicians, according to Drummerworld. He is also regarded as one of the finest practitioners of the in-concert drum solo. Initially inspired by Keith Moon, Peart absorbed the influence of other rock drummers from the 1960s and 1970s such as Ginger Baker, Carmine Appice, and John Bonham. Incorporation of unusual instruments (for rock drummers of the time) such as the glockenspiel and tubular bells, along with several standard kit elements,",
"title": "Rush (band)"
},
{
"id": "1415917",
"text": "as part of the channel's \"Imagine\" series. Baker cited Phil Seamen, Art Blakey, Max Roach, Elvin Jones, Philly Joe Jones and Baby Dodds as main influences on his style. Although he is generally considered a pupil of Phil Seamen, Baker stated that he is largely self-taught and he only played some exercises with Seamen. Baker's early performance attracted attention for both his musicality and showmanship. While he became famous during his time with Cream for his wild, unpredictable, and flamboyant performances that were often viewed in a vein similar to that of Keith Moon from the Who, Baker has also",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "1415919",
"text": "prefers light, thin, fast-rebounding drum sticks (size 7A), usually held using a matched grip. Baker's playing makes use of syncopation and ride cymbal patterns characteristic of bebop and other advanced forms of jazz, as well as the frequent application of African rhythms. He frequently employs differing timbres and colours in his percussive work, using a variety of other percussion instruments in addition to the standard drum kit. In his early days, he developed what would later become the archetypal rock drum solo, with the best known example being the five-minute-long \"Toad\" from Cream's debut album \"Fresh Cream\" (1966). Baker was",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "9267629",
"text": "Jones then, on 7 April 1962 Alexis Korner introduced Mick Jagger and Keith Richards to Brian Jones, and the nucleus of the Rolling Stones first came together. And it was where, nearly a year later, the classic line-up of the Rolling Stones, with Charlie Watts on drums played for the first time in public on Tuesday, 15 January 1963. Eric Clapton has recalled that occasionally he stood in for Mick Jagger at the club when the novice Rolling Stones singer had a sore throat. The regular musicians at the Saturday night blues sessions during 1962-65 included Jack Bruce, Ginger Baker,",
"title": "Ealing Jazz Club"
},
{
"id": "1415904",
"text": "bassist Charlie Haden, jazz guitarist Bill Frisell and Ginger Baker's Energy. Baker's drumming is regarded for its style, showmanship, and use of two bass drums instead of the conventional one. In his early days, he performed lengthy drum solos, most notably in the Cream song \"Toad\", one of the earliest recorded examples in rock music. Baker is an inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Cream, of the \"Modern Drummer\" Hall of Fame in 2008, and of the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2016. Ginger Baker was born in Lewisham, South London. His",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "224504",
"text": "Keith Moon Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer for the rock band the Who. He was noted for his unique style and his eccentric, often self-destructive behaviour. His drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians. He was posthumously inducted into the \"Modern Drummer\" Hall of Fame in 1982, becoming only the second rock drummer to be chosen, and in 2011, Moon was voted the second-greatest drummer in history by a \"Rolling Stone\" readers' poll. Moon grew up in Alperton, a suburb of Wembley, in Middlesex, and took up the drums",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "1415902",
"text": "Ginger Baker Peter Edward \"Ginger\" Baker (born 19 August 1939) is an English drummer and a founder of the rock band Cream. His work in the 1960s earned him the reputation of \"rock's first superstar drummer,\" while his individual style melds a jazz background with African rhythms. Baker is credited as a pioneer of drumming in genres like jazz fusion, heavy metal and world music. Baker began playing drums at age 15, and later took lessons from Phil Seamen. In the 1960s, he joined Blues Incorporated, where he met bassist Jack Bruce. The two clashed often, but would be rhythm",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "1415918",
"text": "frequently employed a much more restrained and straightforward performance style influenced by the British jazz groups he heard during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although he is usually categorized as a \"rock drummer,\" Baker himself prefers to be viewed as a jazz drummer, or as just \"a drummer.\" Along with Moon, Baker has been credited as one of the early pioneers of double bass drumming in rock. He recollects that in 1966 he began to adopt two bass drums in his setup after he and Moon watched drummer Sam Woodyard at a Duke Ellington concert. According to Baker: Baker",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "2472605",
"text": "use my hands rather than to break them on the rim of a drum.'\" Rich's technique, including speed, smooth execution and precision, is one of the most coveted in drumming and has become a common standard. Gene Krupa defined him as \"the greatest drummer ever to have drawn breath\". Rich's influence extended from jazz to rock music and jazz fusion. He influenced drummers John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, Carl Palmer of Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Bill Ward of Black Sabbath Phil Collins of Genesis stopped using two bass drums and started playing the hi-hat after reading Rich's opinion on",
"title": "Buddy Rich"
},
{
"id": "28254",
"text": "and made their first record together in 1957. Korner made his first official record on Decca Records DFE 6286 in the company of Ken Colyer's Skiffle Group. His talent extended to playing mandolin on one of the tracks of this rare British EP, recorded in London on 28 July 1955. Korner brought many American blues artists, previously virtually unknown in Britain, to perform. In 1961, Korner and Davies formed Blues Incorporated, initially a loose-knit group of musicians with a shared love of electric blues and R&B music. The group included, at various times, Charlie Watts, Jack Bruce, Ginger Baker, Long",
"title": "Alexis Korner"
},
{
"id": "6594877",
"text": "The Phil Collins Big Band The Phil Collins Big Band was a side project of English rock drummer, singer and musician Phil Collins, which performed in 1996 and 1998. Although best known for his work in pop as a solo artist and progressive rock with Genesis, one of Collins' earliest influences had been the American big band drummer Buddy Rich. The group presented big band renditions of Collins and Genesis songs, including hits such as \"Sussudio\" and \"Invisible Touch\". The group was primarily an instrumental act, with Collins remaining behind the drums, like the early days of Genesis and rarely",
"title": "The Phil Collins Big Band"
},
{
"id": "294890",
"text": "of a career as a full-time drummer. After a discouraging stint in England to concentrate on his music, Peart returned home, where he joined a local Toronto band, Rush, in the summer of 1974. Early in his career, Peart's performance style was deeply rooted in hard rock. He drew most of his inspiration from drummers such as Keith Moon and John Bonham, players who were at the forefront of the British hard rock scene. As time passed, he began to emulate jazz and big band musicians Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich. In 1994, Peart became a friend and pupil of",
"title": "Neil Peart"
},
{
"id": "5379951",
"text": "Ray Cooper Raymond \"Ray\" Cooper (born 19 September 1947) is an English virtuoso percussionist. He is a session and road-tour percussionist, and occasional actor, who has worked with several musically diverse bands and artists including George Harrison, Billy Joel, Rick Wakeman, Eric Clapton, Pink Floyd and Elton John. Cooper absorbed the influence of rock drummers from the 1960s and 1970s such as Ginger Baker, Carmine Appice, and John Bonham. Incorporation of unusual instruments (for rock drummers of the time) such as cowbells, glockenspiel, and tubular bells, along with several standard kit elements, helped create a highly varied setup. Continually modified",
"title": "Ray Cooper"
},
{
"id": "1516798",
"text": "Jack Bruce John Symon Asher Bruce (14 May 1943 – 25 October 2014) was a Scottish musician, singer and songwriter known primarily for his contributions to the British supergroup Cream, which also included the guitarist-singer Eric Clapton and the drummer Ginger Baker. In March 2011 \"Rolling Stone\" readers selected him as the eighth greatest bass guitarist of all time. \"Most musicians would have a very hard time distinguishing themselves if they wound up in a band with Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker,\" the magazine said at the time, \"but Jack Bruce was so gifted on the bass that he did",
"title": "Jack Bruce"
},
{
"id": "224519",
"text": "time, but he was.\" Early recordings of Moon's drumming sound tinny and disorganised; it was not until the recording of \"Who's Next,\" with Glyn Johns' no-nonsense production techniques and the need to keep time to a synthesizer track, that he began developing more discipline in the studio. Fletcher considers the drumming on this album to be the best of Moon's career. Unlike contemporary rock drummers such as Ginger Baker and John Bonham, Moon hated drum solos and refused to play them in concert. At a Madison Square Garden show on 10 June 1974, Townshend and Entwistle decided to spontaneously stop",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "224525",
"text": "kit, but without the customary hi-hat—at the time Moon preferred keeping backbeats with ride and crash cymbals. His new larger configuration was notable for the presence of two bass drums. Moon, along with Ginger Baker, has been credited as one of the early pioneers of double bass drumming in rock. Moon's Red Sparkle Premier setup from this time consisted of two bass drums, three mounted toms, two floor toms and a Ludwig Supraphonic 400 snare. His cymbals consisted of two Paiste Giant Beat crashes and one ride. This kit was not used at the Who's performance at the 1967 Monterey",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "2388189",
"text": "Hall of Fame as a member of Yes in 2017. Bruford was born on 17 May 1949 in Sevenoaks, Kent, the third child of Betty and John Bruford, a local veterinary surgeon. He has a brother, John, and a sister, Jane. He attended boarding school at Tonbridge School. Bruford decided to take up drumming at thirteen after watching American jazz drummers on the BBC2 jazz television series, \"Jazz 625\", and practised the instrument in the attic of his house. He cites Max Roach, Joe Morello, Art Blakey, and Ginger Baker as his favourite and the most influential drummers as a",
"title": "Bill Bruford"
},
{
"id": "1415922",
"text": "of the most imitated '60s drummers\", stating also that \"he forever changed the face of rock music\". He was voted the ninth greatest drummer of all time in a \"Rolling Stone\" reader poll and has been considered the \"drummer who practically invented the rock drum solo\". In 2016, he was ranked 3rd on \"Rolling Stone\"s \"100 Greatest Drummers of All Time\". According to author and columnist Ken Micallef in his book \"Classic Rock Drummers\": \"the pantheon of contemporary drummers from metal, fusion, and rock owe their very existence to Baker's trailblazing work with Cream\". Neil Peart has said: \"His playing",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "3251974",
"text": "November 2015, Lombardo put an end to this project. In 2014, Lombardo firmly planted his feet in the world of television and film. His signature sound can be found on many recordings, such as the Season 7 soundtrack for Californication, Dawn of the Dead (2004), and Insidious: Chapter 3 (2015). Lombardo named Bill Ward, Mitch Mitchell, John Bonham, Ian Paice, Ginger Baker and Keith Moon as main influences at early age. He is known for his fast, aggressive style of play utilizing the double bass technique which has earned him the title \"the godfather of double bass\" by Drummerworld. Lombardo",
"title": "Dave Lombardo"
},
{
"id": "2381870",
"text": "He has also released a solo DVD which is aimed at both drummers and music fans in general. Paice's early influences include jazz and rock drummers such as Gene Krupa, Buddy Rich, Bobby Elliott, Ringo Starr, Charles Connor and later he was inspired by Carmine Appice, Ginger Baker and Mitch Mitchell. He is primarily left-handed with a left-handed drum-kit set-up and uses the matched-grip approach. He is well known for his extremely fast and smooth single and double stroke rolls as well as single bass pedal speed. He did however perform once with a double-bass setup on the title track",
"title": "Ian Paice"
},
{
"id": "3306489",
"text": "he has been summoned to chase off performers who are 'being annoying'. From \"The Muppet Movie\" when the Electric Mayhem is introducing themselves: Alone among characters on the show, Floyd has trained his fellow musician to obey a few simple off-drum commands correctly, suggesting dog training. Animal's bushy eyebrows and hair, outrageous behavior, and wild drumming style can be associated with classical hard-partying rock drummers, such as The Who's Keith Moon, Led Zeppelin's John Bonham and Cream's Ginger Baker. The original Animal sketches point to one Grammy Award-winning drummer named Steve Mitchell, a friend of Jim Henson's. Animal is a",
"title": "Animal (Muppet)"
},
{
"id": "19885806",
"text": "Viv Prince Vivian Martin Prince (born 9 August 1941) is an English drummer. He played in a variety of bands during the 1960s, including The Pretty Things. He was noted for his wild and eccentric behaviour, which garnered a lot of publicity for the group and influenced Keith Moon. Viv Prince was born in Loughborough. His father, Harry Prince, played in a local jazz band. Viv's first instrument was guitar, but then he switched to drums. After leaving school, he worked briefly as a tax officer, playing with local jazz bands, including his father's, as a hobby. Viv Pince's first",
"title": "Viv Prince"
},
{
"id": "6919297",
"text": "Moon, Ginger Baker and Charlie Watts, all of whom would find fame with the same instrument. He was included in the evacuation of civilians during World War II as a child, and sent to relatives in Wales during the Blitz in London. As a teenager he discovered Ted Heath and then skiffle music, especially Chris Barber and Lonnie Donegan. Skiffle inspired Little to join a band, Derek Addison's Rhythm Katz. By the late 1950s rock and roll had arrived in the United Kingdom, and Little became a fan of Chuck Berry and Little Richard, whose drummer Earl Palmer he was",
"title": "Carlo Little"
},
{
"id": "224510",
"text": "Macari's Music Studio on Ealing Road to practise on the drums there, learning his basic skills on the instrument. He left school at age fourteen, around Easter in 1961. Moon then enrolled at Harrow Technical College; this led to a job as a radio repairman, enabling him to buy his first drum kit. Moon took lessons from one of the loudest contemporary drummers, Screaming Lord Sutch's Carlo Little, at 10 shillings per lesson. Moon's early style was influenced by jazz, American surf music and rhythm and blues, exemplified by noted Los Angeles studio drummer Hal Blaine. His favourite musicians were",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "13326330",
"text": "Robert Brian Robert Brian (born 1 July 1970) is an English rock drummer who has worked often with Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees. Brian was introduced to drumming at an early age by his father, Ray Brian, who was a session drummer in the 1960s. His father played him a video of Buddy Rich which Brian described as a \"defining moment of his musical education\" and introduced him to jazz drumming. In September 2008, Brian played on the Siouxsie Sioux DVD, \"\" recorded at Club KoKo in London which was released in May 2009. It charted at no.",
"title": "Robert Brian"
},
{
"id": "1415920",
"text": "one of the first drummers to move his left foot between his left bass drum pedal and hi-hat pedal to create various combinations. Somewhat atypically, Baker mounts all of the tom toms on his drum kit in a vertical fashion, with the shells of the drums perpendicular to the floor - as opposed to the more common practice of angling the rack toms toward the player. Baker's style influenced many drummers, including John Bonham, Peter Criss, Neil Peart, Stewart Copeland, Ian Paice, Terry Bozzio, Dave Lombardo, Tommy Aldridge, Bill Bruford, Alex Van Halen, Danny Seraphine and Nick Mason. \"Modern Drummer\"",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "224576",
"text": "one. He's dead, so what? He didn't do anything to talk of.\" Clem Burke of Blondie has said \"Early on all I cared about was Keith Moon and the Who. When I was about eleven or twelve, my favourite part of drum lessons was the last ten minutes, when I'd get to sit at the drumset and play along to my favourite record. I'd bring in 'My Generation'. At the end of the song, the drums go nuts. 'My Generation' was a turning point for me because before that it was all the Charlie Watts and Ringo type of thing.\"",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "522814",
"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. Each member of Queen has composed multiple hit singles, and all four band members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005, the band received the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors, and in 2018 they were presented the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1968, guitarist Brian May, a student at London's Imperial College, and bassist Tim Staffell decided to form a band. May placed an advertisement on a college notice board for a \"Mitch Mitchell/Ginger Baker type\"",
"title": "Queen (band)"
},
{
"id": "4011793",
"text": "RAW in 2017. Never Hold Us Down Blues Saraceno Blues Saraceno (born October 17, 1971) is an American rock guitarist, composer and music producer, currently residing in Los Angeles, California. He was discovered by \"Guitar for the Practicing Musician\" magazine at the age of 16, which assisted him in releasing instrumental recordings on an independent basis. Saraceno's high profile as a gifted guitar virtuoso and musician opened the doors to an early career as a first-call guitar sideman and session musician. Saraceno is most often recognized from his time playing with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker (Cream) as well as",
"title": "Blues Saraceno"
},
{
"id": "3692452",
"text": "Charlie Hunter Charlie Hunter (born May 23, 1967) is an American guitarist, composer, and bandleader. First coming to prominence in the early 1990s, Hunter plays custom-made seven- and eight-string guitars on which he simultaneously plays bass lines, chords, and melodies. Critic Sean Westergaard described Hunter's technique as \"mind-boggling...he's an agile improviser with an ear for great tone, and always has excellent players alongside him in order to make great music, not to show off.\" Hunter's technique is rooted in the styles of jazz guitarists Joe Pass and Tuck Andress, two of his biggest influences, who blended bass notes with melody",
"title": "Charlie Hunter"
},
{
"id": "849232",
"text": "in the films listed below. Lionel Hampton Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, and bandleader. Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996. Lionel Hampton was born in 1908 in Louisville, Kentucky, and was raised by his mother. Shortly after he was born, he and his mother moved to her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama.",
"title": "Lionel Hampton"
},
{
"id": "2472586",
"text": "he was part of his parents' act on vaudeville, but on breaks he would sneak into the orchestra pit and try to get the drummer's sticks. He was on Broadway as Baby Traps the Drum Wonder at age four, playing \"Stars and Stripes Forever\" on a drum. He was a singer and tap dancer. In his teens he led a band and toured in the U.S. and Australia. At fifteen he became the second highest paid child entertainer behind Jackie Coogan during the 1930s. His jazz career began in 1937 with clarinetist Joe Marsala. He became a member of big",
"title": "Buddy Rich"
},
{
"id": "1355407",
"text": "Phil Collins Philip David Charles Collins (born 30 January 1951) is an English drummer, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor. He was the drummer and singer of the rock band Genesis and is also a solo artist. Between 1982 and 1989, Collins scored three UK and seven US number-one singles in his solo career. When his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more US Top 40 singles than any other artist during the 1980s. His most successful singles from the period include \"In the Air Tonight\", \"Against",
"title": "Phil Collins"
},
{
"id": "1536866",
"text": "possible before with the drum kit. And also the greatest sound out of his drums – they sounded enormous, and just one bass drum. So fast on it that he did more with one bass drum than most people could do with three, if they could manage them. And he had technique to burn and fantastic power and tremendous feel for rock and roll\". However, for just sheer technique, Taylor described the jazz and big band drummer Buddy Rich as \"the best I've ever seen\". Speaking to \"Modern Drummer\" in 1984, Taylor also described Keith Moon, the drummer of The",
"title": "Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)"
},
{
"id": "1472589",
"text": "British blues musicians in the later 1950s and early 1960s, with many joining, or sitting in on sessions. These included future Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones; as well as Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker; beside Graham Bond and Long John Baldry. Blues Incorporated were given a residency at the Marquee Club and it was from there that in 1962 they took the name of the first British Blues album, \"R&B from the Marquee\" for Decca, but split before its release. The culmination of this first movement of blues came with John Mayall,",
"title": "British blues"
},
{
"id": "849218",
"text": "Lionel Hampton Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, and bandleader. Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996. Lionel Hampton was born in 1908 in Louisville, Kentucky, and was raised by his mother. Shortly after he was born, he and his mother moved to her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. He spent his early childhood",
"title": "Lionel Hampton"
},
{
"id": "4714520",
"text": "The Graham Bond Organisation The Graham Bond Organisation were a British jazz/rhythm and blues group of the early 1960s consisting of Graham Bond (vocals, keyboards, alto-saxophone), Jack Bruce (bass), Ginger Baker (drums), Dick Heckstall-Smith (tenor/soprano saxophone) and John McLaughlin (guitar). They recorded several albums and further recordings were issued when the group's members achieved fame in progressive rock and jazz fusion. The spelling of the band's original name varied between releases, often depending on the intended audience. The British English spelled as \"Organisation\" or \"ORGANisation\" (Bond's original plan), while in some other countries outside the UK spelled \"Organization\". At the",
"title": "The Graham Bond Organisation"
},
{
"id": "1781204",
"text": "style of drumming, but rather capturing a feeling by those artists. \"Watts at Scott's\" was recorded with his group, \"the Charlie Watts Tentet\", at the famous jazz club in London, Ronnie Scott's. In April 2009 he started to perform concerts with the ABC&D of Boogie Woogie together with pianists Axel Zwingenberger and Ben Waters plus his childhood friend Dave Green on bass. In 1989, The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In the July 2006 issue of \"Modern Drummer\" magazine, Watts was voted into the \"Modern Drummer\" Hall of Fame, joining Ringo Starr, Keith",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "1781198",
"text": "Watts initially found his transition to rhythm and blues puzzling; commenting, \"I went into rhythm and blues. When they asked me to play, I didn't know what it was. I thought it meant Charlie Parker, played slow. Watts' parents gave him his first drum kit in 1955; he was interested in jazz, and would practice drumming along with jazz records he collected. After completing secondary school, he enrolled at Harrow Art School (subsequently absorbed by the University of Westminster), which he attended until 1960. After leaving school, Watts worked as a graphic designer for an advertising company called Charlie Daniels",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "19771832",
"text": "Zigaboo, Buddy Rich, Louis Bellson, Billy Cobham, James Brown, Stevie Wonder and other drummers, primarily from New Orleans. He initially wanted to play the bass guitar long before drums. He was always acutely aware of the bass guitar parts in songs and mimicked them on the bass drum. Moffett was never musically trained and learned to play drums on his own by ear. He was nicknamed \"\"Sugarfoot\"\" for his quick, articulate, and pronounced bass drum work, which requires a lot of precision and stamina for a drummer. He plays 16th note, 32nd note, and 64th note figures energetically and fluidly",
"title": "Jonathan Moffett"
},
{
"id": "1781205",
"text": "Moon, Steve Gadd, Buddy Rich and other highly esteemed and influential drummers from the history of rock and jazz. In the estimation of noted music critic Robert Christgau, Watts is \"rock's greatest drummer.\" On 14 October 1964, Watts married Shirley Ann Shepherd (born 11 September 1938), whom he had met before the band became successful. The couple have one daughter, Serafina, born in March 1968, who in turn has given birth to Watts' only grandchild, a girl named Charlotte. Watts has expressed a love–hate attitude toward touring. When he appeared on the BBC's Radio 4 \"Desert Island Discs\", in February",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "470425",
"text": "Townshend did not speak to each other again for 14 years. During a gig with a stand-in drummer in late April at the Oldfield, the band first met Keith Moon. Moon grew up in Wembley, and had been drumming in bands since 1961. He was performing with a semi-professional band called the Beachcombers, and wanted to play full-time. Moon played a few songs with the group, breaking a bass drum pedal and tearing a drum skin. The band were impressed with his energy and enthusiasm, and offered him the job. Moon performed with the Beachcombers a few more times, but",
"title": "The Who"
},
{
"id": "2472585",
"text": "Buddy Rich Bernard \"Buddy\" Rich (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He is considered one of the most influential drummers of all time and was known for his virtuoso technique, power, and speed. He performed with Tommy Dorsey, Harry James and Count Basie, and led a big band. Rich was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish-American parents Bess Skolnik and Robert Rich, both vaudevillians. As a kid, when he was at a restaurant with his parents, he used the knife and fork as drum sticks. Before he turned two,",
"title": "Buddy Rich"
},
{
"id": "356803",
"text": "beats. Influences include Buddy Rich to John Bonham. He brought a different sound to \"Mother's Milk\", playing tight and fast. In \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\", he displays greater power. He is recognized for his ghost notes, his beats and his fast right foot. MusicRadar put him in sixth place on their list of the \"50 Greatest Drummers Of All Time\", behind Mike Portnoy, Neil Peart, Keith Moon, Rich and Bonham. Through the years, Kiedis' lyrics covered a variety of topics, which shifted as time progressed. Early in the group's career, Kiedis wrote mostly comical songs filled with sexual innuendos as",
"title": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"
},
{
"id": "2525973",
"text": "began to collapse. Carpenter's singing has attracted critical praise and influenced several significant musicians and singers, including Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Pat Metheny, Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon, Shania Twain, Natalie Imbruglia, and k.d. lang. Paul McCartney has said she had \"the best female voice in the world: melodic, tuneful and distinctive\". She has been called \"one of the greatest voices of our lifetime\" by Elton John. Her drumming has been praised by fellow musicians Hal Blaine, Cubby O'Brien and Buddy Rich and by \"Modern Drummer\" magazine. In 1975, she was voted the best rock drummer in a poll of \"Playboy\" readers,",
"title": "Karen Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "6493252",
"text": "Graham Bond Graham John Clifton Bond (28 October 1937 – 8 May 1974) was an English musician and occultist, considered a founding father of the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s. Bond was an innovator, described as \"an important, under-appreciated figure of early British R&B\", along with Cyril Davies and Alexis Korner. Jack Bruce, John McLaughlin and Ginger Baker first achieved prominence in his group, the Graham Bond Organisation. Bond was voted Britain's New Jazz Star in 1961. He was an early user of the Hammond organ/Leslie speaker combination in British rhythm and blues – he \"split\" the",
"title": "Graham Bond"
},
{
"id": "4011783",
"text": "Blues Saraceno Blues Saraceno (born October 17, 1971) is an American rock guitarist, composer and music producer, currently residing in Los Angeles, California. He was discovered by \"Guitar for the Practicing Musician\" magazine at the age of 16, which assisted him in releasing instrumental recordings on an independent basis. Saraceno's high profile as a gifted guitar virtuoso and musician opened the doors to an early career as a first-call guitar sideman and session musician. Saraceno is most often recognized from his time playing with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker (Cream) as well as his brief tenure with the Hard rock",
"title": "Blues Saraceno"
},
{
"id": "1472539",
"text": "electric blues that became the model for the subgenre, forming the band Blues Incorporated. Blues Incorporated was something of a clearing house for British blues musicians in the later 1950s and early 1960s, with many joining, or sitting in on sessions. These included future Rolling Stones, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones; Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker; and Graham Bond and Long John Baldry. Blues Incorporated were given a residency at the Marquee Club and it was from there that in 1962 they took the name of the first British Blues album, \"R&B from the Marquee\" for",
"title": "Electric blues"
},
{
"id": "19560513",
"text": "Ray Gelato Ray Keith Irwin (born 25 October 1961), known professionally as Ray Gelato, is a British jazz, swing and jump blues saxophonist, singer and bandleader. He is known as one of the major forces in the revival of swing music. Gelato has performed in a private capacity for Richard Branson, Paul McCartney and the Queen amongst others. AllMusic noted that \"Gelato has been hugely successful, finding a niche and retaining his dominance in it through hard work, good musicianship and a flair for showmanship\". Jools Holland meanwhile opined that \"He plays what he means, and means what he plays\".",
"title": "Ray Gelato"
},
{
"id": "224506",
"text": "considered playing in the Who his primary occupation and remained a member of the band until his death. In addition to his talent as a drummer, however, Moon developed a reputation for smashing his kit on stage and destroying hotel rooms on tour. He was fascinated by blowing up toilets with cherry bombs or dynamite, and by destroying television sets. Moon enjoyed touring and socialising, and became bored and restless when the Who were inactive. His 21st birthday party in Flint, Michigan, has been cited as a notorious example of decadent behaviour by rock groups. Moon suffered a number of",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "1377923",
"text": "Bill Wyman and Ronnie Wood have been quoted as stating that the Stones do not follow the band's long-time drummer, Charlie Watts, but rather follow Richards, as there was \"no way of 'not' following\" him. Chris Spedding calls Richards' guitar playing \"direct, incisive and unpretentious\". Richards says he focuses on chords and rhythms, avoiding flamboyant and competitive virtuosity and trying not to be the \"fastest gun in the west\". Richards prefers teaming with at least one other guitarist and has almost never toured without one. Chuck Berry has been an inspiration for Richards, and, with Jagger, he introduced Berry's songs",
"title": "Keith Richards"
},
{
"id": "419651",
"text": "early rock 'n' roll and blues songs, and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs. Jagger and Richards had a shared admiration of Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf. Little Walter influenced Brian Jones. Richards recalls, \"He was more into T-Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff. We'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say, 'Look, it's all the same shit, man, and you can do it.'\" Charlie Watts, a traditional jazz drummer, was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair. \"Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that.",
"title": "The Rolling Stones"
},
{
"id": "1415905",
"text": "mother worked in a tobacco shop; his father, Frederick Louvain Formidable Baker, was a bricklayer employed by his own father, who owned a building business, and a Lance Corporal in the Royal Corps of Signals in WWII; he died in the 1943 Dodecanese Campaign. An athletic child, Baker began playing drums at about 15 years old as an outlet for his restless energy. In the early 1960s he took lessons from Phil Seamen, one of the leading British jazz drummers of the post-war era. He gained early fame as a member of the Graham Bond Organisation with future Cream bandmate",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "4714529",
"text": "station. The Graham Bond Organisation The Graham Bond Organisation were a British jazz/rhythm and blues group of the early 1960s consisting of Graham Bond (vocals, keyboards, alto-saxophone), Jack Bruce (bass), Ginger Baker (drums), Dick Heckstall-Smith (tenor/soprano saxophone) and John McLaughlin (guitar). They recorded several albums and further recordings were issued when the group's members achieved fame in progressive rock and jazz fusion. The spelling of the band's original name varied between releases, often depending on the intended audience. The British English spelled as \"Organisation\" or \"ORGANisation\" (Bond's original plan), while in some other countries outside the UK spelled \"Organization\". At",
"title": "The Graham Bond Organisation"
},
{
"id": "224578",
"text": "Frayling said they \"decided that bad behaviour and overdosing on various substances wasn't a sufficient qualification.\" The UK's Heritage Foundation disagreed with the decision, presenting a plaque which was unveiled on 9 March 2009. Daltrey, Townshend, Robin Gibb and Moon's mother Kit were present at the ceremony. Keith Moon Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer for the rock band the Who. He was noted for his unique style and his eccentric, often self-destructive behaviour. His drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians. He was posthumously inducted into the \"Modern Drummer\"",
"title": "Keith Moon"
},
{
"id": "18767253",
"text": "Jackslacks American rockabilly musician Jackslacks (name adapted from the Sparkletones 1957 hit song \"Black Slacks\") is originally from Valley Stream, Long Island, New York and currently resides in San Diego, California, United States. After a brief musical flirtation with both the accordion and guitar, Jackslacks started playing drums in high school, heavily influenced by swing era drummers Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich, 1950's rockers DJ Fontana and Jerry Allison, and British Invasion timekeepers Ringo Starr and Charlie Watts. Perhaps more than any of the above-mentioned, Jackslacks has tried to emulate Fontana, who explained his drumming style by saying (paraphrase), \"I",
"title": "Jackslacks"
},
{
"id": "176943",
"text": "Hawkwind Hawkwind are an English rock band and one of the earliest space rock groups. Their lyrics favour urban and science fiction themes. Formed in November 1969, Hawkwind have gone through many incarnations and they have incorporated different styles into their music, including hard rock, progressive rock and psychedelic rock. They are also regarded as an influential proto-punk band. Dozens of musicians, dancers and writers have worked with the band since their inception. Notable musicians to have performed in the band include Lemmy, Ginger Baker, Nik Turner and Huw Lloyd-Langton, but the band are most closely associated with their founder,",
"title": "Hawkwind"
},
{
"id": "6919299",
"text": "\"Country Line Special\", an instrumental track which influenced Keith Richards and Ray Davies. He also played a few gigs with the young Rolling Stones and was asked by Brian Jones to join permanently before they hired Charlie Watts as their official drummer in January 1963. In 1998, during their European tour, he was invited as an official guest backstage at one of their Paris concerts. Little gave Keith Moon drum lessons. Little was the loudest drummer many had ever seen or heard, one of the first to ever hammer the bass drum. Little continued to work as a session drummer",
"title": "Carlo Little"
},
{
"id": "419672",
"text": "of the beach, to keep the sound in sync with the music from the stage; for every of beach, the sound had to be delayed an additional second. Current members Former members Early members Current touring members Former touring musicians Selected studio albums The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first stable line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Mick Jagger (lead vocals), Keith Richards (guitar, backing vocals), Bill Wyman (bass), Charlie Watts (drums), and Ian Stewart (piano). Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as",
"title": "The Rolling Stones"
},
{
"id": "5980305",
"text": "and send it into an amp while simultaneously going direct with it,\" to achieve a sound reminiscent of \"Revolution\" by the Beatles or the style of David Bowie guitarist Mick Ronson. In addition, an overdrive pedal was employed to accentuate gain from the instrument, producing a \"punchy\" sound to each chord. For the first two sections of the song, Cool emulated Ginger Baker and Charlie Watts, two English drummers from the 1960s. For the final three, he drums in his style: \"I'm tipping my hat to all these great drummers that I love, and then I kick the door down",
"title": "Jesus of Suburbia"
},
{
"id": "94348",
"text": "was recorded by Kevin Mahogany on \"Double Rainbow\" (1993) and Anita Wardell on \"Why Do You Cry?\" (1995). Charles Mingus Charles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz double bassist, pianist, composer and bandleader. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz legends such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Dannie Richmond, and Herbie Hancock. Mingus' compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the",
"title": "Charles Mingus"
},
{
"id": "1781195",
"text": "elected into the \"Modern Drummer\" Hall of Fame; in the same year, \"Vanity Fair\" elected him into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. In the estimation of noted music critic Robert Christgau, Watts is \"rock's greatest drummer.\" In 2016, he was ranked 12th on \"Rolling Stone\"s \"100 Greatest Drummers of All Time\" list. Charles Robert \"Charlie\" Watts was born to Charles Richard Watts, a lorry driver for the London Midland & Scottish Railway, and his wife Lillian Charlotte (\"née\" Eaves), at University College Hospital, London, and raised (along with his sister Linda) in Kingsbury. He attended Tylers Croft",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "9795128",
"text": "Levi Roots Keith Valentine Graham (born 24 June 1958), better known as Levi Roots, is a British-Jamaican reggae musician, television personality, celebrity chef and businessman currently residing in Brixton, in south London. Roots was born in Clarendon, Jamaica. He was raised by his grandmother after his parents moved to the UK, until he joined them at age 11. He was raised as a Christian, but converted to the Rastafari faith aged 18. Roots has performed with James Brown and Maxi Priest and was nominated for a Best Reggae Act MOBO award in 1998. He was a friend of Bob Marley",
"title": "Levi Roots"
},
{
"id": "9795122",
"text": "Levi Roots Keith Valentine Graham (born 24 June 1958), better known as Levi Roots, is a British-Jamaican reggae musician, television personality, celebrity chef and businessman currently residing in Brixton, in south London. Roots was born in Clarendon, Jamaica. He was raised by his grandmother after his parents moved to the UK, until he joined them at age 11. He was raised as a Christian, but converted to the Rastafari faith aged 18. Roots has performed with James Brown and Maxi Priest and was nominated for a Best Reggae Act MOBO award in 1998. He was a friend of Bob Marley",
"title": "Levi Roots"
},
{
"id": "5486406",
"text": "LaBarbera has played a major role in the development of a generation of Canadian saxophonists. In 2000, he won a Juno Award for Best Traditional Instrumental Jazz Album for \"Deep in a Dream.\" Pat is the brother of fellow musicians John LaBarbera (trumpet) and Joe LaBarbera (drums). With Buddy Rich With Elvin Jones With others Pat LaBarbera Pat (Pascel Emmanuel) LaBarbera (born April 7, 1944) is an American-born Canadian jazz tenor, alto and soprano saxophonist, clarinetist, and flautist born in Mt. Morris, New York, most notable for his work as a soloist in Buddy Rich bands from 1967–1973. He moved",
"title": "Pat LaBarbera"
},
{
"id": "2525945",
"text": "had been offered a job there by a former business associate. Carpenter entered Downey High School in 1964 aged 14, and was a year younger than her classmates. She joined the school band, initially to avoid gym classes. Bruce Gifford, the conductor (who had previously taught her older brother) gave her the glockenspiel, an instrument she disliked, and after admiring the performance of her friend and drummer Frankie Chavez (who had been playing from an early age and idolized jazz drummer Buddy Rich), she asked if she could play those instead. Carpenter wanted a Ludwig set, because it was used",
"title": "Karen Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "128592",
"text": "1967. The graffiti was captured in a now-famous photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Clapton is reported to have been embarrassed by the slogan, saying in his \"The South Bank Show\" profile in 1987, \"I never accepted that I was the greatest guitar player in the world. I always \"wanted\" to be the greatest guitar player in the world, but that's an ideal, and I accept it as an ideal\". Clapton left the Bluesbreakers in July 1966 (replaced by Peter Green) and was invited by drummer Ginger Baker to play in his newly formed band Cream,",
"title": "Eric Clapton"
},
{
"id": "3063220",
"text": "and Laurie; and grandchildren Maggie Karber Yelverton, Wesley Karber, and Christian Cole Lee. Margaret Rich died in Germantown, Tennessee, on July 22, 2010, and was buried alongside her husband. Academy of Country Music American Music Awards Country Music Association Grammy Awards Charlie Rich Charles Allan Rich (December 14, 1932July 25, 1995) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. His eclectic style of music was often difficult to classify, encompassing the rockabilly, jazz, blues, country, soul, and gospel genres. In the later part of his life, Rich acquired the nickname the Silver Fox. He is perhaps best remembered for",
"title": "Charlie Rich"
},
{
"id": "195094",
"text": "Taylor, drummer for the band Queen, plays with many unique hi-hat techniques, including opening of the hi-hat on every backbeat for a rhythm emphasis and leaving the hi-hat slightly open when hitting the snare. His trademark hi-hat beat is opening the hi-hat on first and third before hitting the snare. Phil Rudd of AC/DC also uses distinct hi-hat techniques, which include very heavily accentuating the hi-hat hit on each beat and softer in between. Charlie Watts of The Rolling Stones uses a technique in which he does not play the hi-hat in unison with the snare drum at all. If",
"title": "Hi-hat"
},
{
"id": "94307",
"text": "Charles Mingus Charles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz double bassist, pianist, composer and bandleader. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz legends such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Dannie Richmond, and Herbie Hancock. Mingus' compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the repertory bands Mingus Big Band, Mingus Dynasty, and Mingus Orchestra, to the high school students who play the",
"title": "Charles Mingus"
},
{
"id": "13326333",
"text": "\"With Siouxsie Sioux\" \"With Modern English\" \"With CCW\" \"With Siouxsie Sioux\" \"With Kaytu\" \"With Innes Sibun\" Robert Brian Robert Brian (born 1 July 1970) is an English rock drummer who has worked often with Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees. Brian was introduced to drumming at an early age by his father, Ray Brian, who was a session drummer in the 1960s. His father played him a video of Buddy Rich which Brian described as a \"defining moment of his musical education\" and introduced him to jazz drumming. In September 2008, Brian played on the Siouxsie Sioux DVD, \"\"",
"title": "Robert Brian"
},
{
"id": "1781209",
"text": "call me your drummer again. You're my fucking singer!\" Watts is noted for his personal wardrobe: the British newspaper \"The Daily Telegraph\" has named him one of the \"World's Best Dressed Men\". In 2006, \"Vanity Fair\" elected Watts into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. In June 2004, Watts was diagnosed with throat cancer, despite having quit smoking in the late 1980s, and underwent a course of radiotherapy. The cancer has since gone into remission, and he returned to recording and touring with The Rolling Stones. Watts now lives in Dolton, a rural village in west Devon, where",
"title": "Charlie Watts"
},
{
"id": "8700642",
"text": "Django Bates Django Bates (born 2 October 1960) is a British composer, multi-instrumentalist, band leader and educator. He plays the piano, keyboards and the tenor horn and writes large-scale compositions on commission. He has been described as \"One of the most talented musicians Britain has produced, and his work covers the entire spectrum of jazz, from early jazz though bebop and free jazz to jazz-rock fusion.\" Bates was born in Beckenham, Kent, and attended Sedgehill School. While at this school, he also attended the Centre for Young Musicians in London (1971–77), where he learned trumpet, piano, and violin. In 1977-78",
"title": "Django Bates"
},
{
"id": "6493260",
"text": "he was Aleister Crowley's son). In 2015 his work was the focus of a two-hour special on the Dr Boogie radio show. Graham Bond Graham John Clifton Bond (28 October 1937 – 8 May 1974) was an English musician and occultist, considered a founding father of the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s. Bond was an innovator, described as \"an important, under-appreciated figure of early British R&B\", along with Cyril Davies and Alexis Korner. Jack Bruce, John McLaughlin and Ginger Baker first achieved prominence in his group, the Graham Bond Organisation. Bond was voted Britain's New Jazz Star",
"title": "Graham Bond"
},
{
"id": "1415925",
"text": "1968. Snare tuned high, toms and bass tuned low In May 1968 Baker purchased a new Ludwig drum kit with 20\" × 14\" and 22\" × 14\" bass drums, a 14\" × 5\" metal Super-Sensitive snare and the same-sized toms for Cream's farewell tour. 1963–present made by Zildjian Ginger Baker Peter Edward \"Ginger\" Baker (born 19 August 1939) is an English drummer and a founder of the rock band Cream. His work in the 1960s earned him the reputation of \"rock's first superstar drummer,\" while his individual style melds a jazz background with African rhythms. Baker is credited as a",
"title": "Ginger Baker"
},
{
"id": "855730",
"text": "Brian Jones Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969) was an English musician, best known as the founder and the original leader of the Rolling Stones. Initially a slide guitarist, Jones would go on to play a wide variety of instruments on Rolling Stones recordings and in concerts, such as rhythm and lead guitar, various keyboard instruments such as piano and mellotron, marimba, harmonica, sitar, wind instruments such as recorder, saxophone and numerous others. Jones and fellow guitarist Keith Richards developed a unique style of guitar play that Richards refers to as the \"ancient art of",
"title": "Brian Jones"
},
{
"id": "1355520",
"text": "visited Miami Beach, Florida, to promote the expansion of his foundation. Collins supports the South African charity \"Topsy Foundation\", which provides relief services to some of South Africa's most under-resourced rural communities through a multi-faceted approach to the consequences of HIV/AIDS and extreme poverty. He donates all the royalties earned from his music sales in South Africa to the organisation. Phil Collins Philip David Charles Collins (born 30 January 1951) is an English drummer, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor. He was the drummer and singer of the rock band Genesis and is also a solo artist. Between 1982",
"title": "Phil Collins"
},
{
"id": "419544",
"text": "The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first stable line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Mick Jagger (lead vocals), Keith Richards (guitar, backing vocals), Bill Wyman (bass), Charlie Watts (drums), and Ian Stewart (piano). Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Brian Jones was the original leader of the group. The band's primary songwriters, Jagger and Richards, assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group's manager. Their musical focus shifted from covering blues songs to",
"title": "The Rolling Stones"
},
{
"id": "640848",
"text": "in Britain. Clapton, however, found the environment of Mayall's band confining, and sought to expand his playing in a new band. In 1966, Clapton met Ginger Baker, then the leader of the Graham Bond Organisation, which at one point featured Jack Bruce on bass guitar, harmonica and piano. Baker felt stifled in the Graham Bond Organisation and had grown tired of Graham Bond's drug addictions and bouts of mental instability. \"I had always liked Ginger\", explained Clapton. \"Ginger had come to see me play with the Bluesbreakers. After the gig he drove me back to London in his Rover. I",
"title": "Cream (band)"
},
{
"id": "1355415",
"text": "the lesser-known London band the Action, whose drummer he would copy and whose work introduced him to the soul music of Motown and Stax Records. Collins was also influenced by the jazz and big band drummer Buddy Rich, whose opinion on the importance of the hi-hat prompted him to stop using two bass drums and start using the hi-hat. While attending Chiswick County School for Boys, Collins formed a band called the Real Thing, and later joined the Freehold, with whom he wrote his first song, \"Lying Crying Dying\". Collins began a career as a child actor while at the",
"title": "Phil Collins"
},
{
"id": "5765908",
"text": "Denny Laine Denny Laine (born Brian Frederick Hines; 29 October 1944) is an English musician, singer, and songwriter known as a founder of two major British rock bands: The Moody Blues, who he played with from 1964 to 1966, and Wings, who he played with from 1971 to 1981. Laine has worked with a variety of artists and groups over a six decade career, and continues to record and perform as a solo artist. In 2018, Laine was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues. Laine was born in Tyseley, Birmingham,",
"title": "Denny Laine"
},
{
"id": "10645557",
"text": "Blues Incorporated Blues Incorporated were an English blues band formed in London in 1961, led by Alexis Korner and including at various times Jack Bruce, Charlie Watts, Terry Cox, Davy Graham, Ginger Baker, Art Wood, Long John Baldry, Ronnie Jones, Danny Thompson, Graham Bond, Cyril Davies, Malcolm Cecil and Dick Heckstall-Smith. Korner (1928–1984) was a member of Chris Barber's Jazz Band in the 1950s, and met up with Cyril Davies (1932–1964) who shared his passion for American blues. In 1954 they teamed up as a duo, began playing blues in London jazz clubs, and opened their own club, the London",
"title": "Blues Incorporated"
},
{
"id": "1364095",
"text": "guitar roles in a live performance. In 1964, Frank Zappa played guitar in a power trio the Muthers, with Paul Woods on bass and Les Papp on drums. In 1966, the prototypical blues-rock power trio Cream was formed, consisting of Eric Clapton on guitar/vocals, Jack Bruce on bass/vocals, and Ginger Baker on drums. Other influential 1960s-era blues rock/hard rock power trio bands were the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Blue Cheer, Grand Funk Railroad, the James Gang featuring Joe Walsh, and Taste. Well-known 1970s-era power trios include the Canadian progressive rock groups Rush and Triumph, the American band ZZ Top, the British",
"title": "Power trio"
},
{
"id": "1278701",
"text": "Rent party A rent party (sometimes called a house party) is a social occasion where tenants hire a musician or band to play and pass the hat to raise money to pay their rent, originating in Harlem during the 1920s. The rent party played a major role in the development of jazz and blues music. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" states that the term \"skiffle\" means \"rent party\", indicating the informality of the occasion. Thus, the word became associated with informal music. However, many notable jazz musicians are associated with rent parties, including pianists Speckled Red, James P. Johnson, Willie \"the",
"title": "Rent party"
},
{
"id": "19691406",
"text": "Michael Mondesir Michael Mondesir (born 6 February 1966 in London) is an English jazz bass guitarist, and composer He is one of the most in demand jazz bass players in Europe, touring regularly with Billy Cobham, Cream (band) drummer Ginger Baker and James Brown musical director Pee Wee Ellis. He is credited as bass player on over twenty major name jazz albums. Brother of drummer Mark Mondesir, Michael Mondesir started playing drums at the age of 11 and moved to bass guitar when he was 16. Like his brother he is largely self-taught. He played jazz fusion oriented music in",
"title": "Michael Mondesir"
},
{
"id": "635427",
"text": "split up. Charity supergroups, where prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause, have been common since the 1980s. \"Rolling Stone\" editor Jann Wenner credited Cream, which came together in 1966, as the first supergroup. Eric Clapton formerly of The Yardbirds and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers, along with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker, ex of the Graham Bond Organization, formed the band in 1966, recorded four albums, and split up in 1968. Guitarist Clapton and drummer Baker went on to form Blind Faith, another blues rock supergroup which recruited former Spencer Davis Group and Traffic",
"title": "Supergroup (music)"
},
{
"id": "6493254",
"text": "gained national attention as a jazz saxophonist as a member of the Don Rendell Quintet, then briefly joined Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated before forming the Graham Bond Quartet with musicians he met in the Korner group, Ginger Baker on drums and Jack Bruce on double bass, together with John McLaughlin on guitar; and adopting the Hammond organ as his main instrument. The group then became The Graham Bond Organisation (GBO), while John McLaughlin was later replaced by Dick Heckstall-Smith on saxophones. Their album \"There's A Bond Between Us\" of October 1965 is considered the first recording of rock music that",
"title": "Graham Bond"
},
{
"id": "1672562",
"text": "Wes Montgomery John Leslie \"Wes\" Montgomery (March 6, 1923 – June 15, 1968) was an American jazz guitarist. He is widely considered one of the major jazz guitarists, emerging after such seminal figures as Django Reinhardt and Charlie Christian and influencing countless others. Montgomery was known for an unusual technique of plucking the strings with the side of his thumb which granted him a distinctive sound. He often worked with his brothers Buddy (piano and vibes) and Monk (bass guitar), and with organist Jimmy Smith. Montgomery's recordings up to 1965 were generally oriented towards hard bop, soul jazz, and post",
"title": "Wes Montgomery"
},
{
"id": "526700",
"text": "of heavy metal and hard rock, as well as some forms of jazz, fusion, and punk, two bass drums are used, or alternatively two pedals on one bass drum. One of the first people to popularize the use of the double bass drum setup was jazz drummer Louie Bellson, who came up with the idea when he was still in high school. Double bass drums were first used initially by jazz artists such as Ray McKinley and Ed Shaughnessy in the 1940s and 1950s, and popularized in the 1960s by rock drummers Ginger Baker of Cream, Mitch Mitchell of the",
"title": "Bass drum"
},
{
"id": "1541421",
"text": "many photos and videos throughout his musical career). The drummer of The Beatles, Ringo Starr, is left-handed as well, but he plays a right-handed drum kit. American instrumental guitarist Michael Angelo Batio is known for being able to play both right-handed and left-handed guitar proficiently. Irish guitar player Niall Horan, from boyband One Direction, applies on this case. He writes with the left hand but plays the guitar with the right one. The ambidexterity of Jimi Hendrix, perhaps the most widely acclaimed rock guitarist, has been explored in a psychology paper. Shara Lin is naturally left-handed, but plays the violin",
"title": "Ambidexterity"
},
{
"id": "50675",
"text": "Don McLean as \"The Day the Music Died\". During his short career, Holly wrote, recorded, and produced his own material. He is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars, bass, and drums. He was a major influence on later popular music artists, including Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Weezer, and Elton John. He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 1986. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of \"100 Greatest Artists\". Holly was born Charles Hardin Holley",
"title": "Buddy Holly"
},
{
"id": "2014989",
"text": "in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with The Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with \"Modern Drummer\", Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the",
"title": "Stewart Copeland"
},
{
"id": "17215752",
"text": "see the drummer as a NASA astronaut. Bands and drummers that where involved in supporting Staccato Drums: Mitch Mitchell - (ex Jimi Hendrix experience) Was the first drummer to ever play staccatos live (12\", 10\" and 8\" toms) at the Golden Lion in Fulham, London 1977, Simon Phillips - World-renowned session, drummer. bought the second bass drum made in 1977 and did a lot of studios work with his Staccato kit, Keith Moon - Used them on one (or possibly the last film of The Who playing together) Channel 4, late 70's, John Bonham - played them at the Paul",
"title": "Staccato (music company)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: John Bonham context: Baker against those of Bonham and Who drummer Keith Moon: No, no, no, no, (scoffs). Ginger was nothing like those players. His musical capabilities are spectrum. He can write and compose and arrange, and he has an ear, and he is harmonic. He is a fully formed musician. The surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited to play Live Aid in 1985 and employed two drummers, Phil Collins and Tony Thompson, to take his place. In June 2017, John Bonham's childhood home received a blue plaque in his honour. On 31 May 2018, on what would have been Bonham's 70th\n\nKeith Moon, Ginger Baker, Charlie Watts, Buddy Rich, Phil Collins and Karen Carpenter are all what type of musician?",
"compressed_tokens": 206,
"origin_tokens": 207,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Drummer context: In larger ensembles, the drummer may be part of a rhythm section with other percussionists playing, for example, vibraphone, marimba or xylophone. These musicians provide the timing and rhythmic foundation which allow the players of melodic instruments, including voices, to coordinate their musical performance. Some famous drummers include: John Bonham, Ginger Baker, Keith Moon (The Who Neil Peart, Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Tim \"Herb\" Alexander (Primus), Rashied Ali, Carl Allen, Steve White, Craig Blundell, Travis Barker, Tony Royster Jr., Rick Allen (Def Leppard). As well as the primary rhythmic function, in some musical styles, such as world, jazz, classical, and\n\ntitle: Charlie Watts context: Charlie Watts Charles Robert Watts (born 2 June 1941) is an English drum, best known as a member of the Rolling St Origin trained as a graphic artist, he started drums in' rhythm and blues clubs, where he met Brian Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards. In 1963, he their group, The Rolling Stones as drum while doubling as designer of their record sleeves and tour stages. He also toured with group, the Charlie Watts Quintet, and appeared in London Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club with the Charlie Watt Tentet. In 2006, Watts was\ntitle Robert context Robertborn1 July170) is an English drummer who Siou Sioux of Sixs and thees. introduced drumming an father Brian, drums played him video of Buddy which Brianining moment education In 208 Brianou Si \"\" recorded at Clubo in was released9..\n: Ginger context68are high bass In8 drum\"\"5 Superitive snare and the same-sized toms for Cream's farewell tour. 1963–present made by Zildjian Ginger Baker Peter Edward \"Ginger\" Baker (born 19 August 1939) is an English drummer and a founder of the rock band Cream. His work in the 1960s earned him the reputation of \"rock's first superstar drummer,\" while his individual style melds a jazz background with African rhythms. Baker is credited as a\n\nKeith Moon, Ginger Baker, Charlie Watts, Buddy Rich, Phil Collins and Karen Carpenter are all what type of musician?",
"compressed_tokens": 513,
"origin_tokens": 14364,
"ratio": "28.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,735 | The male is a cob, the female a pen, & the young a cygnet: which bird are we talking about? | [
"Swans",
"The Swan",
"SWAN",
"Swans (disambiguation)",
"Swan (disambiguation)"
] | Swans | [
{
"id": "719384",
"text": "range. Black swans are mostly black-feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers. A mature black swan measures between in length and weighs . Its wing span is between . The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an \"S\"-shape. The black swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "614513",
"text": "if a mate dies, the remaining swan will take up with another. The number of eggs in each clutch ranges from three to eight. The English word 'swan', akin to the German \"Schwan\", Dutch \"zwaan\" and Swedish \"svan\", is derived from Indo-European root \"*swen\" (to sound, to sing). Young swans are known as \"swanlings\" or as \"cygnets\"; the latter derives via Old French \"cigne\" or \"cisne\" (diminutive suffix -\"et\" \"little\") from the Latin word \"\", a variant form of \"cycnus\" \"swan\", itself from the Greek \"kýknos\", a word of the same meaning. An adult male is a \"cob\", from Middle",
"title": "Swan"
},
{
"id": "12536604",
"text": "still take flight. Young birds, called cygnets, are not the bright white of mature adults, and their bill is dull greyish-black, not orange, for the first year. The down may range from pure white to grey to buff, with grey/buff the most common. The white cygnets have a leucistic gene. Cygnets grow quickly, reaching a size close to their adult size in approximately three months after hatching. Cygnets typically retain their grey feathers until they are at least one year old, with the down on their wings having been replaced by Flight feathers earlier that year. All mute swans are",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "10447048",
"text": "and Swan Nook (Tas). The Gazetter also lists two \"White Swan\" toponyms: a mine and reservoir near St Arnaud, on the Victorian goldfields. A clear concentration is evident in New South Wales and Tasmania. By contrast, the toponymist Reed lists only three examples: Swan Hill and Swan Pond in Victoria, and Swan Point in Tasmania (all named by explorers after sighting black swans in large numbers). In Sydney, there are thirteen \"Swan\" street names and one \"Black Swan\" street name, in contrast to a lone \"Swan\" street name in Darwin. The rarer form of \"Cygnet\" (\"young swan\") occasionally occurs. The",
"title": "Black swan emblems and popular culture"
},
{
"id": "5116972",
"text": "swan), both trumpeter swans, build their summer nest on a small island in a pond. The swans are worried when Sam Beaver, an 11-year-old boy on a camping trip with his father, begins coming to the lake everyday to watch them; the cob believes that human boys are dangerous. One day while the pen steps away from her eggs to stretch her legs, a fox slips up behind her. Sam chases the fox away, saving both the female and her eggs. After this incident, the swans begin to trust him. After the birth of their cygnets, the cob proudly leads",
"title": "The Trumpet of the Swan"
},
{
"id": "10447033",
"text": "cluster in Australia: Upper Swan, Middle Swan, Swan Valley, Swan View, West Swan, Swan Estuary, Swan District, and the City (formerly Shire) of Swan. The Swan Land District is the major cadastral unit of the state, underlying much of the name cluster. There are at least twenty \"Swan\" street names in the Perth metropolitan area. There are no \"White Swan\" toponyms in the state, and the toponymist Reed lists only the Swan River as a \"Swan\" toponym in the state. The rarer form of \"Cygnet\" (\"young swan\") only occurs in three places, all along the Kimberley coast, where they commemorate",
"title": "Black swan emblems and popular culture"
},
{
"id": "12536624",
"text": "\"The Ugly Duckling\" by Hans Christian Andersen tells the story of a cygnet ostracised by his fellow barnyard fowl because of his perceived homeliness. To his delight (and to the surprise of others), he matures into a graceful swan, the most beautiful bird of all. In the famous ballet \"Swan Lake\", the main character, Princess Odette and her companions are turned into swans by a wicked spell. Today, the British Monarch retains the right to ownership of all unmarked mute swans in open water, but Queen Elizabeth II only exercises her ownership on certain stretches of the Thames and its",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "19939958",
"text": "The Ugly Duckling (Pinkney book) The Ugly Duckling is a 1999 adaption of the classic Hans Christian Andersen story by Jerry Pinkney. It is about a cygnet born amongst ducklings that is bullied, runs away, and eventually grows into a beautiful swan. Common Sense Media, in a review of \"The Ugly Duckling\", wrote \"Illustrator Jerry Pinkney's descriptive passages resonate with the splendor of nature's beauty.\" and \"The subtle details incorporated into the scenes .. will encourage children to take another look at this old and familiar story.\" \"School Library Journal\" called it \"An artistic tour de force that is worthy",
"title": "The Ugly Duckling (Pinkney book)"
},
{
"id": "19939959",
"text": "of its graceful fine-feathered subject.\" and \"The Horn Book Magazine\" found it \"a splendid production.\" \"Publishers Weekly\" gave a starred review describing Pinkneys illustrations as \"supple, exquisitely detailed\" and the book overall \"A flawlessly nuanced performance by a consummate craftsman.\" \"The Ugly Duckling\" has also been reviewed by \"BookList\", \"Library Talk\", \"Kirkus Reviews\", and \"AudioFile\". The Ugly Duckling (Pinkney book) The Ugly Duckling is a 1999 adaption of the classic Hans Christian Andersen story by Jerry Pinkney. It is about a cygnet born amongst ducklings that is bullied, runs away, and eventually grows into a beautiful swan. Common Sense Media,",
"title": "The Ugly Duckling (Pinkney book)"
},
{
"id": "2069536",
"text": "anywhere close to water. Both the male and female help build the nest, and the male will stand guard over the nest while the female incubates. The female will usually lay 4–7 eggs (exceptionally 12). The cygnets hatch after about 36 days and have a grey or brown plumage. The cygnets can fly at an age of 120 to 150 days. When whooper swans prepare to go on a flight as a flock, they use a variety of signaling movements to communicate with each other. These movements include head bobs, head shakes, and wing flaps and influence whether the flock",
"title": "Whooper swan"
},
{
"id": "20966204",
"text": "by Feiwel and Friends\".\" It again received three starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews, School Library Journal, and Booklist, and was also named a Best Book of the Year by Kirkus Reviews and Booklist. \"Wild Beauty\" was nominated for a Northern California Book Award in 2018. Her fourth novel, \"Blanca & Roja\", is a Latinx retelling of Swan Lake and Snow White, about two sisters who fall in love with a boy who can turn into a bear and a non-binary teen who can turn into a cygnet. It was published by Feiwel and Friends in 2018. \"Blanca & Roja\" received",
"title": "Anna-Marie McLemore"
},
{
"id": "1867617",
"text": "Black-necked swan The black-necked swan (\"Cygnus melancoryphus\") is a swan that is the largest waterfowl native to South America. Adults average and weigh . The wingspan ranges from . The body plumage is white with a black neck and head and greyish bill. It has a red knob near the base of the bill and white stripe behind eye. The sexes are similar, with the female slightly smaller. The cygnet has a light grey plumage with black bill and feet. The black-necked swan was formerly placed in monotypic genus, \"Sthenelides\". The black-necked swan, like its nearest relatives the black and",
"title": "Black-necked swan"
},
{
"id": "719396",
"text": "laying of the last egg, to synchronise the hatching of the chicks. Prior to the commencement of incubation the parent will sit over the eggs without actually warming them. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with the female incubating at night. The change over between incubation periods is marked by ritualised displays by both sexes. If eggs accidentally roll out of the nest both sexes will retrieve the egg using the neck (in other swan species only the female performs this feat). Like all swans, black swans will aggressively defend their nests with their wings and beaks. After hatching, the cygnets",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "719399",
"text": "in the South East and sometimes referred to as \"maali\" in language schools. Works cited Black swan The black swan (\"Cygnus atratus\") is a large waterbird, a species of swan which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. Within Australia they are nomadic, with erratic migration patterns dependent upon climatic conditions. Black swans are large birds with mostly black plumage and red bills. They are monogamous breeders, and are unusual in that one-quarter of all pairings are homosexual, mostly between males. Both partners share incubation and cygnet rearing duties. Black swans were introduced to various countries as",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "1867620",
"text": "its habitat, the black-necked swan is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Black-necked swan The black-necked swan (\"Cygnus melancoryphus\") is a swan that is the largest waterfowl native to South America. Adults average and weigh . The wingspan ranges from . The body plumage is white with a black neck and head and greyish bill. It has a red knob near the base of the bill and white stripe behind eye. The sexes are similar, with the female slightly smaller. The cygnet has a light grey",
"title": "Black-necked swan"
},
{
"id": "5116971",
"text": "The Trumpet of the Swan The Trumpet of the Swan is a children's novel by E.B. White published in 1970. It tells the story of Louis (pronounced \"LOO-ee\" by the author in the audiobook, a reference to trumpeter Louis Armstrong, a point that is made explicit in the book), a trumpeter swan born without a voice who overcomes this difficulty by learning to play a trumpet in order to impress a beautiful swan named Serena. In Canada in the spring of 1968, the cob (the name for an adult male swan) and the pen (the name for an adult female",
"title": "The Trumpet of the Swan"
},
{
"id": "719382",
"text": "Black swan The black swan (\"Cygnus atratus\") is a large waterbird, a species of swan which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. Within Australia they are nomadic, with erratic migration patterns dependent upon climatic conditions. Black swans are large birds with mostly black plumage and red bills. They are monogamous breeders, and are unusual in that one-quarter of all pairings are homosexual, mostly between males. Both partners share incubation and cygnet rearing duties. Black swans were introduced to various countries as an ornamental bird in the 1800s, but have escaped and formed stable populations. A small",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "2360992",
"text": "swans weigh and females weigh . The length is from and the wingspan is . They have white plumage except for black tips to the outer six primary feathers, although this black is often barely visible on the closed wing. In flight, the black wing tips are conspicuous. The bird has a red beak, legs and feet. They look somewhat more like geese than swans. The female looks almost identical to the male. The cygnet is a patchy color, with brown and gray hues. The coscoroba swan is also lacking the black mask that other swans have where their lores",
"title": "Coscoroba swan"
},
{
"id": "719397",
"text": "are tended by the parents for about 9 months until fledging. Cygnets may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water, but black swans undertake this behaviour less frequently than mute and black-necked swans. The black swan is protected in New South Wales, Australia under the \"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974\" (s.5). It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The black swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of \"Cygnus atratus\". Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif. The",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "2069540",
"text": "Scotland. Whooper swan The whooper swan (\"Cygnus cygnus\"), pronounced \"hooper swan\", is a large Northern Hemisphere swan. It is the Eurasian counterpart of the North American trumpeter swan, and the type species for the genus \"Cygnus\". Francis Willughby and John Ray's \"Ornithology\" of 1676 referred to this swan as \"the Elk, Hooper, or wild Swan\". The scientific name is from \"cygnus\", the Latin for \"swan\". The whooper swan is similar in appearance to the Bewick's swan. It is larger, however, at a length of and a wingspan of . Weight typically is in the range of , with an average",
"title": "Whooper swan"
},
{
"id": "8767463",
"text": "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin \"The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin\" is an Irish fairy tale collected by Jeremiah Curtin in \"Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland\". Ruth Manning-Sanders included it in \"A Book of Dragons\". A king had thirteen sons. One day, he saw a swan driving away one of its thirteen cygnets, and a seer explained that any man or beast with thirteen young should drive one away, to fall under Heaven's will. The king could not bear to choose one of his sons. The seer said he should shut the door on the",
"title": "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin"
},
{
"id": "2069535",
"text": "five pairs have bred there in recent years; a handful of pairs have also bred in Ireland in recent years. This bird is an occasional vagrant to the Indian Subcontinent and western North America. Icelandic breeders overwinter in the United Kingdom and Ireland, especially in the wildfowl nature reserves of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. Whooper swans pair for life, and their cygnets stay with them all winter; they are sometimes joined by offspring from previous years. Their preferred breeding habitat is wetland, but semi-domesticated birds will build a nest",
"title": "Whooper swan"
},
{
"id": "2995359",
"text": "Honk! Honk! is a musical adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen story \"The Ugly Duckling\", incorporating a message of tolerance. The book and lyrics are by Anthony Drewe and music is by George Stiles (of the British songwriting duo Stiles and Drewe). The musical is set in the countryside and features Ugly – a cygnet who is mistaken as an ugly duckling upon falling into his mother's nest and is rejected by everyone but Ida (his mother), a sly tomcat who only befriends him out of hunger, and several other barnyard characters. The musical opened at The Watermill Theatre in",
"title": "Honk!"
},
{
"id": "2549792",
"text": "where he was later instructed in flying a dirigible. He was also the United States government representative to the Aerial Experiment Association, which was chaired by Alexander Graham Bell, and he became its first secretary. Selfridge took his first flight on December 6, 1907, on Bell's tetrahedral kite, the \"Cygnet\", made of 3,393 winged cells. It took him 168 feet in the air above Bras d'Or Lake in Nova Scotia, Canada, and flew for seven minutes. This was the first recorded passenger flight of any heavier-than-air craft in Canada. He also flew a craft built by a Canadian engineer, Frederick",
"title": "Thomas Selfridge"
},
{
"id": "12536611",
"text": "swan are very powerful, though not strong enough to break an adult man's leg, as said anecdotally. Large waterfowl, such as Canada geese, (more likely out of competition than in response to potential predation) may be aggressively driven off, and mute swans regularly attack people who enter their territory. The cob is responsible for defending the cygnets while on the water, and will sometimes attack small watercraft, such as canoes, that it feels are a threat to its young. The cob will additionally try and chase the predator out of his family territory, and will keep animals such as foxes",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "3216368",
"text": "was still capable of flight due to its bulk. The adult trumpeter swan is all white in plumage. Like mute swan cygnets, the cygnets of the trumpeter swan have light grey plumage and pinkish legs, and gain their white plumage after about a year. As with a whooper swan, this species has upright posture and generally swims with a straight neck. The trumpeter swan has a large, wedge-shaped black bill that can, in some cases, be minimally lined with salmon-pink coloration around the mouth. The bill, measuring , is up to twice the length of a Canada goose's (\"Branta canadensis\")",
"title": "Trumpeter swan"
},
{
"id": "3216366",
"text": "by wildlife agencies and the Trumpeter Swan Society gradually restored the North American wild population to over 46,000 birds by 2010. The trumpeter swan is the largest extant species of waterfowl. Adults usually measure long, though large males can exceed in total length. The weight of adult birds is typically . Possibly due to seasonal variation based on food access and variability due to age, average weights in males have been reported to range from and from in females. It is one of the heaviest living birds or animals capable of flight. Alongside the mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\"), Dalmatian pelican",
"title": "Trumpeter swan"
},
{
"id": "2995377",
"text": "opens Act 2 to fill the gap normally filled by Queenie and Lowbutt. Honk! Honk! is a musical adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen story \"The Ugly Duckling\", incorporating a message of tolerance. The book and lyrics are by Anthony Drewe and music is by George Stiles (of the British songwriting duo Stiles and Drewe). The musical is set in the countryside and features Ugly – a cygnet who is mistaken as an ugly duckling upon falling into his mother's nest and is rejected by everyone but Ida (his mother), a sly tomcat who only befriends him out of hunger,",
"title": "Honk!"
},
{
"id": "1633576",
"text": "to prey on several Laysan albatross (\"Phoebastria immutabilis\") and were suspected to prey on black-footed albatross (\"Phoebastria nigripes\"), both weighing about . Another large water bird taken as adults are common loons (\"Gavia immer\"). However, the largest water birds they are known to kill are adult swans, including mute (\"Cygnus olor\"), whooper (\"Cygnus cygnus\") and Bewick's swans (\"Cygnus columbianus bewickii\"). While cygnets and disabled birds (either by natural conditions such as ice or by human hunters) are at the greatest risk for eagle predation, white-tailed eagles have prey upon even healthy adult swans weighing at least . While land birds",
"title": "White-tailed eagle"
},
{
"id": "198439",
"text": "the home of two mute swans named Sir Lancelot and Elaine, donated to Iowa State by VEISHEA 1935. In 1944, 1970, and 1971 cygnets (baby swans) made their home on Lake LaVerne. Previously Sir Lancelot and Elaine were trumpeter swans but were too aggressive and in 1999 were replaced with two mute swans. In early spring 2003, Lake LaVerne welcomed its newest and most current mute swan duo. In support of Iowa Department of Natural Resources efforts to re-establish the trumpeter swans in Iowa, university officials avoided bringing breeding pairs of male and female mute swans to Iowa State which",
"title": "Iowa State University"
},
{
"id": "3216380",
"text": "process about a month later when the females have completed their moult. In captivity, members of this species have survived to 33 years old and, in the wild, have lived to at least 24 years. Young trumpeter swans may have as little as 40% chance of survival due variously to disturbance and destruction by humans, predation, nest flooding, and starvation. In some areas, though, the breeding success rate is considerably greater and, occasionally, all cygnets may reach maturity. Mortality in adults is quite low, usually being 80–100% annually, unless they are hunted by humans. Predators of trumpeter swan eggs include",
"title": "Trumpeter swan"
},
{
"id": "614514",
"text": "English \"cobbe\" (leader of a group); an adult female is a \"pen\". Swans are the largest extant members of the waterfowl family Anatidae, and are among the largest flying birds. The largest species, including the mute swan, trumpeter swan, and whooper swan, can reach a length of over and weigh over . Their wingspans can be over . Compared to the closely related geese, they are much larger and have proportionally larger feet and necks. Adults also have a patch of unfeathered skin between the eyes and bill. The sexes are alike in plumage, but males are generally bigger and",
"title": "Swan"
},
{
"id": "614515",
"text": "heavier than females. The Northern Hemisphere species of swan have pure white plumage but the Southern Hemisphere species are mixed black and white. The Australian black swan (\"Cygnus atratus\") is completely black except for the white flight feathers on its wings; the chicks of black swans are light grey. The South American black-necked swan has a white body with a black neck. Swans' legs are normally a dark blackish grey colour, except for the two South American species, which have pink legs. Bill colour varies: the four subarctic species have black bills with varying amounts of yellow, and all the",
"title": "Swan"
},
{
"id": "2853074",
"text": "territory, performed greeting ceremonies before each other, and (in the reproductive period) pre-marital rituals, and if one of the birds tried to sit on the other, an intense fight began. More of their cygnets survive to adulthood than those of different-sex pairs, possibly due to their superior ability to defend large portions of land. The same reasoning has been applied to male flamingo pairs raising chicks. Female albatross, on the north-western tip of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, form pairs for co-growing offspring. On the observed island, the number of females considerably exceeds the number of males (59% N=102/172), so",
"title": "Homosexual behavior in animals"
},
{
"id": "1774684",
"text": "spots a threat, they give a warning sound to let their partner know that danger is approaching. Sometimes the cob will use his wings to run faster and appear larger in order to scare away a predator. The time from laying to hatching is 29–30 days for Bewick's swan and 30–32 days for the whistling swan. Since they nest in cold regions, tundra swan cygnets grow faster than those of swans breeding in warmer climates; those of the whistling swan take about 60–75 days to fledge—twice as fast as those of the mute swan for example—while those of Bewick's swan,",
"title": "Tundra swan"
},
{
"id": "2069532",
"text": "Whooper swan The whooper swan (\"Cygnus cygnus\"), pronounced \"hooper swan\", is a large Northern Hemisphere swan. It is the Eurasian counterpart of the North American trumpeter swan, and the type species for the genus \"Cygnus\". Francis Willughby and John Ray's \"Ornithology\" of 1676 referred to this swan as \"the Elk, Hooper, or wild Swan\". The scientific name is from \"cygnus\", the Latin for \"swan\". The whooper swan is similar in appearance to the Bewick's swan. It is larger, however, at a length of and a wingspan of . Weight typically is in the range of , with an average of",
"title": "Whooper swan"
},
{
"id": "719388",
"text": "set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse migration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas. Black swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers",
"title": "Black swan"
},
{
"id": "13571387",
"text": "two birds. The group of two birds, presumably an adult pair, can be identified as corvids, perhaps ravens, the family of five as swans and cygnets. The two sets of birds seem to invoke opposites: birds of water versus birds of the air; white ranged against black, fecundity as opposed to death (implied by the predatory character of ravens). Perhaps, in the mind of the Bronze Age inhabitants, the two sets of birds denoted a fable of opposites between good and bad. The flesh-hook was originally linked by pieces of oak shaft, only one fragment of which remains extant. The",
"title": "Dunaverney flesh-hook"
},
{
"id": "2067323",
"text": "aforementioned largest swan and condor. It is either the heaviest or one of the heaviest birds native to Europe, its closest rivals in mass being mute swans (\"Cygnus olor\") and cinereous vultures (\"Aegypius monachus\"), which both weigh on average around , followed closely by great white pelicans and the whooper swans (\"Cygnus cygnus\"). It also appears to have one of the largest wingspans of any living bird, rivaling those of the great albatrosses (\"Diomedea\" ssp., in particular the two largest species, the wandering albatross and southern royal albatross) and the great white pelican. These four species are the only modern",
"title": "Dalmatian pelican"
},
{
"id": "1774667",
"text": "swan was named in 1830 by William Yarrell after the engraver Thomas Bewick, who specialised in illustrations of birds and animals. \"Cygnus\" is the Latin for \"swan\", and \" columbianus\" comes from the Columbia River, the type locality. \"C. columbianus\" is the smallest of the Holarctic swans, at in length, in wingspan and a weight range of . In adult birds, the plumage of both subspecies is entirely white, with black feet, and a bill that is mostly black, with a thin salmon-pink streak running along the mouthline and – depending on the subspecies – more or less yellow in",
"title": "Tundra swan"
},
{
"id": "12536603",
"text": "measures , the tarsus is and the bill is . The mute swan is one of the heaviest flying birds. In several studies from Great Britain, males (known as \"cobs\") were found to average from about , with a weight range of while the slightly smaller females (known as \"pens\") averaged about , with a weight range of . While the top normal weight for a big cob is roughly , one unusually big Polish cob weighed almost and this counts as the largest weight ever verified for a flying bird, although it has been questioned whether this heavyweight could",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "12536613",
"text": "law, and the birds are placed under the highest protection due to their association with the Monarch. The familiar pose with neck curved back and wings half raised, known as busking, is a threat display. Both feet are paddled in unison during this display, resulting in more jerky movement. The swans may also use the busking posture for wind-assisted transportation over several hundred meters, so-called windsurfing. Mute swans lay from four to ten eggs, and the female broods for around 36 days. The cygnets do not reach the ability of flight before an age of 120 to 150 days: this",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "12536606",
"text": "same nest each year, restoring or rebuilding it as needed. Male and female swans share the care of the nest, and once the cygnets are fledged it is not uncommon to see whole families looking for food.They feed on a wide range of vegetation, both submerged aquatic plants which they reach with their long necks, and by grazing on land. The food commonly includes agricultural crop plants such as oilseed rape and wheat, and feeding flocks in the winter may cause significant crop damage, often as much through trampling with their large webbed feet, as through direct consumption. Unlike black",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "12536609",
"text": "Bewick's swans; they do, however, make a variety of grunting, hoarse whistling, and snorting noises, especially in communicating with their cygnets, and usually hiss at competitors or intruders trying to enter their territory. The most familiar sound associated with mute swan is the vibrant throbbing of the wings in flight which is unique to the species, and can be heard from a range of , indicating its value as a contact sound between birds in flight. Cygnets are especially vocal, and communicate through a variety of whistling and chirping sounds when content, as well as a harsh squawking noise when",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "16507498",
"text": "and the benevolence of Santa Claus.\" There were many joyful occasions when his grandchildren would sit on his lap and, on command, tweaked the nose of Bell \"to produce a dog's bark, pulling his hair for a sheep's bleat, and by way of climax, tugging his Santa Clause beard for the deliciously fierce growl of a bear.\" Grosvenor was a very young witness to a signature event in the Bells' development of flight at Baddeck Bay in 1907, when the Bells' associates launched the Cygnet, an early towed kite experiment of their Aerial Experiment Association. Dr. Bell later wrote: \"I",
"title": "Mabel H. Grosvenor"
},
{
"id": "9439035",
"text": "kites were used in waterski sport. After the Wright Brothers first flight in 1903, the development of kites designed to lift heavy weights continued, but interest in designs specifically for lifting humans declined. Alexander Graham Bell developed a tetrahedral kite, constructed of sticks arranged in a honeycomb of triangular sections, called cells. From a one cell model at the beginning of the 1890s, Bell advanced to a 3,393 cell \"Cygnet\" model in the early 1900s. This 40 foot (12.2 m) long, 200 lb (91 kg) kite was towed by a steamer in Baddeck Bay, Nova Scotia on December 6, 1907",
"title": "Man-lifting kite"
},
{
"id": "16092448",
"text": "153 bird species have been recorded at this reserve with 90–100 recorded annually. Birds observed to have visited, lived or bred here include blackcap, black-tailed godwit, bluethroat, bullfinch, canada goose, chiffchaff, common sandpiper, common snipe, common tern, coot, corncrake, dunlin, gadwall, goldeneye, grasshopper warbler, great white egret, green sandpiper, greenshank, grey wagtail, jack snipe, kingfisher, knot, lapwing, lesser redpoll, little grebe, little ringed plover, long-eared owl, mallard, moorhen, mute swan, osprey, pectoral sandpiper, penduline tit, pochard, redshank, ring-billed gull, ringed plover, ruff, sandpiper, scaup, sedge warbler, short-eared owl, shoveller, reed warbler, siskin, spotted crake, stonechat, teal, tufted duck, turnstone, wheatear,",
"title": "Portrack Marsh Nature Reserve"
},
{
"id": "3216381",
"text": "common raven (\"Corvus corax\"), common raccoon (\"Procyon lotor\"), wolverine (\"Gulo gulo\"), American black bear (\"Ursus americanus\"), brown bear (\"Ursus arctos\"), coyote (\"Canis latrans\"), wolves (\"Canis lupus\"), mountain lions (\"Puma concolor\"), and northern river otter (\"Lontra canadensis\"). Nest location can provide partial protection from most mammalian nest predators, especially if placed on islands or floating vegetation in deep waters. Most of the same predators will prey on young cygnets, as will common snapping turtle (\"Chelhydra serpentina\"), California gull (\"Larus californicus\"), great horned owl (\"Bubo virginianus\"), red fox (\"Vulpes vulpes\") and American mink (\"Mustela vison\"). Larger cygnets and, rarely, nesting adults may",
"title": "Trumpeter swan"
},
{
"id": "1745452",
"text": "'Insignis' can also mean remarkable, outstanding or conspicuous – all adjectives pointing to the long-standing association between Western Australia and the emblematic black swan. An early 20th century magazine devoted to Westralian poetry named \"Cygnet\" was published between 1913 and 1915; and the Western Australian essayist Sir Walter Murdoch wrote in 1930, quoting an unnamed poet: Hail to Westralia! Hail to its bigness! Hail to its motto \"Cygnis insignis.\" 'Westralia' is a contraction of 'Western Australia' often used self-referentially. Black swans have featured in much Westralian (or Western Australian) literature and art. The early colonist George Fletcher Moore included in",
"title": "Coat of arms of Western Australia"
},
{
"id": "11470278",
"text": "So the duckling attempts to join other families, including a family of birds and even attempts to befriend a duck hunting decoy, but they all turn him down. The duckling feels sorry for himself until a mother swan and her cygnets approach him. He joins this family and they accept him. The mother duck and her ducklings are surprised to find he has found his real family and bid him farewell. \"The Ugly Duckling\" was released on the Walt Disney Treasures line of Silly Symphonies Vol. 1. It was included in its DVD release in the United States, Germany, France,",
"title": "The Ugly Duckling (1939 film)"
},
{
"id": "9980321",
"text": "Tree\" p 179). \"For, at the heart of us all … there is a grain of pure Gold. That Gold is the Self. That Gold is called Love. It is everyman's birth-right\" (pp 104 – 105). Corlett also uses in his own way the shared experience of an animal's point of view, such as Merlin provides for young Wart, in T.H. White's \"The Sword in the Stone\" (1938). In Corlett's hands this becomes archetypal encounters between child and animal: Cinnabar the fox, Sirius the dog, Jasper the Owl, Merula the blackbird, Lutra the otter, Falco the kestrel, Bawson the badger,",
"title": "William Corlett"
},
{
"id": "1783464",
"text": "the predator attacked. However, some other waterbirds, such as Mute swans, are known to grieve for the loss of a partner or cygnet, and are known to engage in pining for days, weeks or even months at a time. Another form of grief in animals is when an individual loses its mate; this can be especially brutal when the species is monogamous. So when a pair bonding species, such as a black-backed jackal, loses its mate it can be very difficult for it to detach itself from its dead mate. Grief Grief is a multifaceted response to loss, particularly to",
"title": "Grief"
},
{
"id": "81062",
"text": "Cygnus (constellation) Cygnus is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized Greek word for swan. The swan is one of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, and it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnus was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Cygnus contains Deneb, one of the brightest stars in the night sky and one corner of the Summer Triangle, as well",
"title": "Cygnus (constellation)"
},
{
"id": "8116655",
"text": "Elephant, Male and Female Rhino, Male and Female Zebra, Goose, Gander, Hen, Rooster, Ram, Ewe, Lion, Lioness Laborador Retriever, Cat, Tropical Fish, Parrot, Kittens, Puppies, Pony, Rabbit, Turtle, Duck January - Snowman, February - Cupid, March - Leprechaun, April - Easter Bunny, May - Mother's Day Flowers, June - Graduation, July - Uncle Sam, August - Sandcastle, September - Scarecrow, October - Pumpkin Kitty, November - Turkey, December - Christmas Tree Compass, Conch Shell, Crab, Diver's Helmet, Lighthouse, Mermaid, Sail Boat, Seagull, Seahorse, Ship's Wheel, Starfish, Treasure Chest Arrowhead, Bison, Boston Tea Party Crates, Covered Wagon, Liberty Bell, Space Shuttle,",
"title": "Red Rose Tea"
},
{
"id": "14691894",
"text": "doing the artwork. This cartoon was one of the first done in color by Lantz. It can be found in the Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection DVD box set. It's dawn in the woods. Mother and Father Swan, with their little cygnets, coast across a pond. The Night Watchman of the forest, Mr. Owl, awakens. He looks down at the sleeping Peterkin, a young boy faun, and wonders what mischief he will get into today. Peterkin wakes up, and, prodded by a croaking frog, picks up his flute and starts to play it loudly. When the mother birds",
"title": "Scrambled Eggs (1939 film)"
},
{
"id": "356493",
"text": "Rooster A rooster, also known as a cockerel or cock, is an adult male gallinaceous bird, usually an adult male chicken (\"Gallus gallus domesticus\"). Mature male chickens less than one year old are called cockerels. The term \"rooster\" originates in the United States, and the term is widely used throughout North America, as well as Australia and New Zealand. The older terms \"cock\" or \"cockerel\", the latter denoting a young cock, are used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. \"Roosting\" is the action of perching aloft to sleep at day, which is done by both sexes. The rooster is polygamous,",
"title": "Rooster"
},
{
"id": "2067322",
"text": "median weight is around , which makes it perhaps the world's heaviest flying bird species, although the largest individuals among male bustards and swans may be heavier than the largest individual Dalmatian pelican. More recently, six male Dalmatians were found to average and four females , around the same average weight as the great white pelican (\"Pelecanus onocrotalus\") and slightly lighter than mean body masses from other huge birds such as the trumpeter swan (\"Cygnus buccinator\") or Andean condor (\"Vultur gryphus\"). A mean estimated body mass for the Dalmatian pelican of was also published, around the same mass as the",
"title": "Dalmatian pelican"
},
{
"id": "1774682",
"text": "predators usually elicit either an aggressive response or the behavior of sitting tight on nests while larger mammals, perhaps more dangerous to adults, usually elicit the response of leading the cygnets into deep waters and standing still until they pass. About 15% of the adults die each year from various causes, and thus the average lifespan in the wild is about 10 years. The oldest recorded tundra swan was over 24 years old. The tundra swans mate in the late spring, usually after they have returned to the nesting grounds; as usual for swans, they pair monogamously until one partner",
"title": "Tundra swan"
},
{
"id": "5116973",
"text": "his children to Sam to introduce them. The cygnets each chirp at Sam in greeting, except for the youngest, named Louis, who is unable to chirp but pulls Sam's shoelace instead. The adult swans gradually realize that Louis is mute. The adults grow increasingly concerned about Louis, worrying that he will not be able to find a mate if he cannot trumpet like all the other swans. Louis's father promises to find a way for him to communicate. At the end of summer, the swan family flies to the winter refuge, Red Rock Lakes in Montana. Louis decides he should",
"title": "The Trumpet of the Swan"
},
{
"id": "3327332",
"text": "stone curlew, sand martins, baby tawny owls, dawn chorus (tits, treecreeper, finches, wren), reed and sedge warblers, nightingale, spoonbill, bittern, marsh harrier and common cranes. Oddie: \"If you asked me where I would go to see the biggest number of different species of birds, in Britain, in one day, I'd say Minsmere, in Suffolk, in early May. And that's exactly where I am!\" A quest for the Scottish \"Big Six\" Species seen: osprey, crossbills, red squirrels, crested tit, (female) capercaillie, Slavonian grebe, golden eagle, dipper, grey and pied wagtails, common sandpiper, ptarmigan and dotterel. Bill attempts to see a male",
"title": "Birding with Bill Oddie"
},
{
"id": "12536625",
"text": "surrounding tributaries. This ownership is shared with the Vintners' and Dyers' Companies, who were granted rights of ownership by the Crown in the 15th century. The mute swans in the moat at the Bishops Palace at Wells Cathedral in Wells, England have for centuries been trained to ring bells via strings attached to them to beg for food. Two swans are still able to ring for lunch. The pair of swans in the Boston Public Garden are named Romeo and Juliet after the Shakespearean couple; however, it was found that both are female. Mute swan The mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\")",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "594642",
"text": "inland. These include cormorant, black-headed gull and herring gull. The mute swan is a familiar sight on the river but the escaped black swan is more rare. The annual ceremony of Swan Upping is an old tradition of counting stocks. Non-native geese that can be seen include Canada geese, Egyptian geese and bar-headed geese, and ducks include the familiar native mallard, plus introduced Mandarin duck and wood duck. Other water birds to be found on the Thames include the great crested grebe, coot, moorhen, heron and kingfisher. Many types of British birds also live alongside the river, although they are",
"title": "River Thames"
},
{
"id": "5500032",
"text": "the road to manned flight. He worked on the kites between 1895 and 1910. Bell wrote about his discovery of this concept in the June 1903 issue of \"National Geographic\" magazine; the article was titled \"Tetrahedral Principle in Kite Structure\". From an initial one cell model, Bell advanced to a 3,393 cell \"Cygnet\" model in 1907. This 40-foot (12.2 m) long, 200 pound (91 kilogram) kite was towed by a steamer offshore near Baddeck, Nova Scotia on 6 December 1907 and carried a man 168 feet (51.2 metres) above the water. Bell also experimented with a large circular \"tetrahedral truss\"",
"title": "Tetrahedral kite"
},
{
"id": "138419",
"text": "Lakeside Drive. Double lines separate the two-way traffic along most of Lakeside Drive with short road islands approximately every 50 metres which means overtaking is illegal here. Black Swans live and breed in Albert Park, and frequently cross the road causing traffic delays, sometimes with up to five cygnets (young swans). Approximately 80% of the track edge is lined with short parkland-style chain-linked fencing leaving normal drivers less room for error than F1 drivers have during race weekend. There is however substantial shoulder room between the outside of each lane and the fencing, which is used as parking along Aughtie",
"title": "Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit"
},
{
"id": "2995375",
"text": "entire time. As the Cat notices Ugly is not a duck but a swan, he goes insane before running away in defeat (\"Melting Moggy\"). Ugly, Penny and Ida return to the lake; everyone loves Ugly now that he is a swan. They ask for his forgiveness for making fun of him (\"Look At Him\" Reprise). Ugly happily accepts their apology and introduces Penny. Grace decides to relinquish the Red Band, now the Cygnet Ring, to Ugly, dubbing him \"the finest bird on the lake\". ^These songs do not appear in \"Honk! Jr.\" A junior version of \"Honk!\" has been made",
"title": "Honk!"
},
{
"id": "12536605",
"text": "white at maturity, though the feathers (particularly on the head and neck) are often stained orange-brown by iron and tannins in the water. The morph \"immutabilis\" (\"Polish swan\") has pinkish (not dark grey) legs and dull white cygnets; as with white domestic geese, it is only found in populations with a history of domestication. Polish swans carry a copy of a gene responsible for leucism. Mute swans nest on large mounds that they build with waterside vegetation in shallow water on islands in the middle or at the very edge of a lake. They are monogamous and often reuse the",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "2521869",
"text": "Masurian Lake District with an area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is connected with nearby Sniardwy Lake by a channel. The site is a breeding ground for water birds such as grebe, water rail (\"Rallus aquaticus\"), moorhen, grey heron (\"Ardea cinerea\"), bearded reedling (\"Panurus biarmicus\"), white-tailed eagle (\"Haliaeetus albicilla\"), osprey (\"Pandion haliaetus\"), rust-coloured kite, cormorant and black tern (\"Chlidonias niger\"). The lake has been a protected location since 1937 as a habitat of the mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\"), every year there are a dozen to tens of dozens of nesting pairs, and during moulting they",
"title": "Biosphere reserves of Poland"
},
{
"id": "8310686",
"text": "along with games and activities with an Australian culture twist. In 2006, Crunch, a 150-year-old, alligator snapping turtle was on exhibit at the Conservation Discovery Center from Memorial Day to Labor Day. The turtle is in the care of the Blackwater Turtle Refuge. During the summer of 2008, there were numerous births at the zoo to animals that are or have been listed as endangered species. In June 2008, there was the birth of a female snow leopard cub and three trumpeter swan cygnets. This was followed by the August birth of a female addra gazelle. April 17, Wed. –",
"title": "Binder Park Zoo"
},
{
"id": "8390531",
"text": "Alliance formed in 2006 by the Friends of the Earth Cymru. Goldcliff is a popular venue for sea fishing and ornithology. Bird species sighted include little egret, cormorant, chaffinch, magpie, woodpigeon, wren, greenfinch, moorhen, dunlin, ringed plover, lapwing, shelduck, avocets, common redshank, Canada goose, oystercatcher, shoveler, teal, spotted redshank, black-winged stilt, common buzzard, grey heron, tufted ducks, mallard, swallow, black-tailed godwit, skylark, raven, gadwall, common pochard, kestrel, sedge warbler, and peregrine. There are tea rooms, with toilet facilities, at the seawall. The area is governed by the Newport City Council and the Goldcliff, Newport community council. The village falls within",
"title": "Goldcliff, Newport"
},
{
"id": "5258489",
"text": "protected wildlife refuge. In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch moved through the area with winds of . In 2001, Swan Island Development, LLC, of Brooksville, Florida, announced plans to develop the Swan Islands by 2010, in partnership with the government of Honduras. Luxury real estate and hotels, valued at five billion dollars, were envisioned, with a main city named Cygnet. In 2004, Swan Island Development also announced plans to establish a human stem-cell research center. Swan Islands, Honduras The Swan Islands, or Islas Santanilla or Islas del Cisne, initially named Islas de las Pozas by Christopher Columbus in 1502, is a",
"title": "Swan Islands, Honduras"
},
{
"id": "356543",
"text": "Classico is a black rooster. A black cockerel was believed in medieval times to be a symbol of witchcraft along with the black cat, with the rooster \"used as symbols of either virtue or vice\" until modern times. Rooster A rooster, also known as a cockerel or cock, is an adult male gallinaceous bird, usually an adult male chicken (\"Gallus gallus domesticus\"). Mature male chickens less than one year old are called cockerels. The term \"rooster\" originates in the United States, and the term is widely used throughout North America, as well as Australia and New Zealand. The older terms",
"title": "Rooster"
},
{
"id": "12536612",
"text": "and raptors at bay. In New York (outside its native range), the most common predators of cygnets are common snapping turtles. Healthy adults are rarely preyed upon, though canids such as coyotes, felids such as lynxes, and bears can pose a threat to infirm ones (healthy adults can usually swim away from danger unless defending nests) and there are a few cases of healthy adults falling prey to golden eagles. In England, there has been an increased rate of attacks on swans by out-of-control dogs, especially in parks where the birds are less territorial. This is considered criminal in British",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "456115",
"text": "cities, the most numerous are pigeons. Other common species are the sparrow, tree sparrow, siskin, rook, crow, jackdaw, magpie, swift, martin, swallow, Kestrel, mute swan, mallard, coot, merganser, black-headed gull, great tit, blue tit, Long-tailed Tit, Greenfinch, Hawfinch, Collared Dove, Common wood pigeon, fieldfare, redwing, Common starling, gray heron, white stork, Common chaffinch, blackbird, jay, nuthatch, bullfinch, cuckoo, waxwing, Lesser spotted woodpecker, Great Spotted Woodpecker, White-backed woodpecker, white wagtail, blackcap, Black redstart, Old World flycatcher, Emberizidae, goldfinch, Western marsh harrier, Little bittern, Common moorhen, reed bunting, Remiz, Great reed warbler, Little crake, Little ringed plover and White-tailed eagle. In addition,",
"title": "Wrocław"
},
{
"id": "5128163",
"text": "The Owl and the Pussycat \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" is a nonsense poem by Edward Lear, first published during 1871 as part of his book \"Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany, and Alphabets\". Lear wrote the poem for a three-year-old girl, Janet Symonds, the daughter of Lear's friend poet John Addington Symonds and his wife Catherine Symonds. The term \"runcible\", used for the phrase \"runcible spoon\", was invented for the poem. \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" features four anthropomorphic animals – an owl, a cat, a pig, and a turkey – and tells the story of the love between the title",
"title": "The Owl and the Pussycat"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "2066961",
"text": "is and the tarsus is . Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity. The mean weight is , with the males averaging about a kilogram more at , the females a kilogram less at . According to a recently published manual of avian body masses, the species possesses the heaviest average weight for any living flying bird or animal, ahead of competitors such as trumpeter swans (\"Cygnus buccinator\") and Dalmatian pelicans (\"Pelecanus crispus\"). However, another resources claims a mean species body mass of for the Andean condor. The Andean condor is the largest living land bird capable of",
"title": "Andean condor"
},
{
"id": "12250415",
"text": "salamander, American bullfrog, California red-legged frog, California treefrog, and the Pacific treefrog. Birds in Simi Valley include Anna's hummingbird, Canada goose, mallard, California quail, common egret, great blue heron, American bittern, American coot, killdeer, mourning dove, roadrunner, belted kingfisher, black phoebe, barn swallow, cliff swallow, common raven, crow, white-breasted nuthatch, cactus wren, mockingbird, robin, cedar waxwing, phainopepla, starling, least Bell's vireo, hooded oriole, western tanager, several species of blackbird (western meadowlark, Brewer's blackbird and brown-headed cowbird) and woodpeckers (common flicker, Nuttall's woodpecker, acorn woodpecker, and yellow-bellied sapsucker). Raptors include turkey vulture, white-tailed kite, American kestrel, poor-will and several species of",
"title": "Simi Valley, California"
},
{
"id": "1328008",
"text": "of herb rich grassland, wetlands and woodland. Habitats at Fairburn Ings include flood meadows, wet fenland, marsh and reed bed, woodland and scrub. Listed in terms of the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan, the reserve contains: Birds of conservation concern of these habitats include: the black-necked grebe (\"Podiceps nigrocollis\"), garganey (\"Anas querquedula\"), redshank (\"Tringa totanus\"), whooper swan (\"Cygnus cygnus\") and golden plover (\"Pluvialis apricalia\"). There is a visitor centre and five hides. Entrance to the reserve is free but there is a charge for car parking. Fairburn Ings RSPB reserve Fairburn Ings Nature Reserve is a protected area in Yorkshire,",
"title": "Fairburn Ings RSPB reserve"
},
{
"id": "614520",
"text": "also take turns incubating the eggs, and alongside the whistling ducks are the only anatids that will do this. Average egg size (for the mute swan) is 113×74 mm, weighing 340 g, in a clutch size of 4 to 7, and an incubation period of 34–45 days. Swans are highly protective of their nests. They will viciously attack anything that they perceive as a threat to their chicks, including humans. One man was suspected to have drowned in such an attack. Evidence suggests that the genus \"Cygnus\" evolved in Europe or western Eurasia during the Miocene, spreading all over the",
"title": "Swan"
},
{
"id": "3851766",
"text": "Sea mammals, such as seals, are common sights in and near the harbour. It used to be popular to feed the seals but authorities banned the practice for a variety of reasons. Birds seen regularly include razorbill, guillemot, fulmar, kittiwake, stonechat, linnet, whitethroat, yellowhammer, skylark, wheatear, peregrine, buzzard and kestrel. Howth is also a popular destination for cyclists, joggers and hill-walkers alike, particularly on weekends. One attraction is the 6 kilometer long Cliff Path Loop. The loop walk takes about two hours to complete and is rated with an easy to moderate difficulty. It begins and ends at the Howth",
"title": "Howth"
},
{
"id": "12536600",
"text": "first formally described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin as \"Anas olor\" in 1789, and was transferred by Johann Matthäus Bechstein to the new genus \"Cygnus\" in 1803. Both \"cygnus\" and \"olor\" mean \"swan\" in Latin; \"cygnus\" is a variant form of \"cycnus\", a borrowing from Greek \"kyknos\", a word of the same meaning. Despite its Eurasian origin, its closest relatives are the black swan of Australia and the black-necked swan of South America, not the other Northern Hemisphere swans. The species is monotypic with no living subspecies. Mute swan subfossils, 6,000 years old, have been found in post-glacial",
"title": "Mute swan"
},
{
"id": "17329414",
"text": "disease. Eel grass beds provide a refuge for many invertebrates and a safe haven for developing juvenile fish. The detritus produced when the leaves decay in winter enriches the sediment. The decomposing tissues are the basis for a food chain and large numbers of protists are found in the water column nearby feeding on leached organic compounds and the bacteria that break down the tissues. \"Zostera noltii\" plays an important part in the winter diet of the whooper swan (\"Cygnus cygnus\"), the mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\"), the brent goose (\"Branta bernicla\") and the wigeon (\"Anas penelope\") and in fact, overwintering",
"title": "Zostera noltei"
},
{
"id": "11383514",
"text": "a Christmas Bird Hunt around the Fylde and recorded the following birds at Kincraig Lake – grey heron, mallard, mute swan, Canada geese, shoveller, teal, mallard, coot, moorhen, sparrowhawk, little grebe, starling, magpie, long-tailed tit, snipe, grey wagtail, greylag geese, black-headed gull, goldcrest, blue tit, gadwall, tufted duck, great crested grebe and great spotted woodpecker. Since then Fylde Bird Club have recorded additional birds at the lake including, cormorant, European goldfinch, kingfisher and water rail In January 2008 a new \"\"Friends of Kincraig Lake\"\" group was set up by local residents to help restore the wetland back to its former",
"title": "Kincraig Lake Ecological Reserve"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "1867618",
"text": "mute swan is relatively silent. Also, unlike most wildfowl, both parents regularly carry the cygnets on their backs. The female lays four to six eggs in a nest of vegetation mound. The diet consists mainly of vegetation, insects and fish spawn. The smallest member in its genus, it is found in freshwater marshes, lagoon and lake shores in southern South America. The black-necked swan breeds in Chilean Southern Zone, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and on the Falkland Islands. In the austral winter, this species migrates northwards to Paraguay and southern Brazil. The wetlands created by the Great Chilean earthquake like",
"title": "Black-necked swan"
},
{
"id": "2021277",
"text": "wings are relatively small, as is typical of the galliform order, and the wingspan ranges from . The wing chord is only . The bill is also relatively small, as adults measure in culmen length. The tarsus of the wild turkey is quite long and sturdy, measuring from . The tail is also relatively long, ranging from . The record-sized adult male wild turkey, according to the National Wild Turkey Federation, weighed , with records of tom turkeys weighing over uncommon but not rare. While it is usually rather lighter than the waterfowl, after the trumpeter swan (\"Cygnus buccinator\"), the",
"title": "Wild turkey"
},
{
"id": "20440608",
"text": "and distinctive widow's peak. Later that year she was photographed by Cecil Beaton. On 19 July 1938 Lady Ursula accompanied the King and the Queen on their first official visit to Paris. She was nicknamed \"the cygnet\" by Sir Winston Churchill. Once the United Kingdom entered into World War II, the Manners family arranged to lend Belvoir Castle and Haddon Hall as repositories for historic national documents from the Public Record Office. Lady Ursula's father died from septicaemia on 22 April 1940. Her brother Charles then became the 10th Duke of Rutland. During World War II, Manners joined the Voluntary",
"title": "Lady Ursula d'Abo"
},
{
"id": "12171400",
"text": "are a lion named Llew (\"Lion\"), an elephant named Plwmp (\"Direct/Blunt\" or \"Plump\"), a small fuchsia-coloured bird named Deryn (\"Bird\"), a giraffe named Jangl, a bulldog named Bolgi (\"Glutton\", and a play on the Welsh for Dog), and the channel mascot, Cyw (\"Chick\"), a small female chick. Cyw is a commercial channel, in the same format as its parent, S4C, and thus also features a break bumper consisting of the word \"Cyw\" disappearing gradually off the screen. The end of break bumper is the direct reverse, with the word rebuilding itself back onto the screen. Presenters currently are Huw Owen",
"title": "Cyw"
},
{
"id": "896259",
"text": "the cartoon Snow Business, when Granny entered a room containing Tweety and Sylvester she said: \"Here I am, boys!\", whereas a 1951 cartoon was entitled \"Ain't She Tweet\" [emphasis added]. Also, his species is ambiguous; although originally and often portrayed as a young canary, he is also frequently called a rare and valuable \"tweety bird\" as a plot device, and once called \"the only living specimen\". Nevertheless, the title song of \"The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries\" directly states that the bird is a canary. His shape more closely suggests that of a \"baby\" bird, which is what he was during",
"title": "Tweety"
},
{
"id": "5116974",
"text": "learn to read and write in order to communicate, and flies away from the refuge to visit Sam Beaver. Sam takes his swan friend to school with him the next morning. Louis turns out to be a natural at reading and writing, and Sam buys him a portable blackboard and chalk so he can communicate. Unfortunately, because the other swans cannot read, Louis is still lonely. When Louis returns to the Red Rock Lakes, he falls in love with a young swan, Serena, but cannot attract her attention. Louis's father is aware that trumpeter swans are named after the human",
"title": "The Trumpet of the Swan"
},
{
"id": "5489478",
"text": "the middle of May and the end of June when young cygnets are present. Twice a day at noon and 4pm, mass feeding of the swans takes place. Abbotsbury Swannery features on the cover of the Canadian new wave band, Martha and the Muffins 1980 hit \"Echo Beach\". It was also a filming location for \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\"; the actual location seems to have been a reed bed, but it is unclear exactly where at the swannery the filming occurred. Abbotsbury Swannery Abbotsbury Swannery is the only managed colony of nesting mute swans in the world. It",
"title": "Abbotsbury Swannery"
},
{
"id": "614512",
"text": "Swan Swans are birds of the family Anatidae within the genus Cygnus. The swans' close relatives include the geese and ducks. Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in the subfamily Anserinae where they form the tribe Cygnini. Sometimes, they are considered a distinct subfamily, Cygninae. There are six or seven living (and one extinct) species of swan in the genus \"Cygnus\"; in addition, there is another species known as the coscoroba swan, although this species is no longer considered one of the true swans. Swans usually mate for life, although “divorce” sometimes occurs, particularly following nesting failure, and",
"title": "Swan"
},
{
"id": "1774683",
"text": "dies. Should one partner die long before the other, the surviving bird often will not mate again for some years, or even for its entire life. The nesting season starts at the end of May. The pair build the large mound-shaped nest from plant material at an elevated site near open water, and defend a large territory around it. The pen (female) lays and incubates a clutch of 2–7 (usually 3–5) eggs, watching for danger while sitting on the nest. The cob (male) keeps a steady lookout for potential predators heading towards his mate and offspring. When either of them",
"title": "Tundra swan"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "10447039",
"text": "was marked with an issue featuring the anniversary logo, a stylised black swan. A 1991 series of waterbirds included a 43-cent stamp showing a pair of black swans nesting with cygnets. This is the only philatelic recognition of the black swan's cultural values in eastern Australia as an emblem of estuarine and riverine environments characteristic of south-eastern Australia. Incidental philatelic illustrations of the black swan include the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games (held in Perth) stamp issue bearing the Arms of the City of Perth with black swan supporters and charge, a 1963 commemorative of Canberra's founding featuring the",
"title": "Black swan emblems and popular culture"
},
{
"id": "1709992",
"text": "to that of grebes or coots, that they use to propel themselves in the water. They are reclusive birds, preferring in well-covered slow-flowing streams and secluded waterways, sometimes swimming partly submerged, like an Anhinga. Sungrebes are unique among birds in that males have \"pouches\", folds of skin under their wings in which they carry their young from hatching until the chicks are able to swim for themselves. This has led to them being called \"Marsupial Birds\" Female: A small, slim bird, averaging about 30cm long. Sungrebes have lobed toes, and the bare skin of their feet and legs are boldly",
"title": "Sungrebe"
},
{
"id": "828486",
"text": "the home of numerous species of birds, many of which next in its nature reserves, such as the Wollmatinger Ried or the Mettnau peninsula. 412 species have so far been recorded. The ten most common breeding bird species at Lake Constance according to a 2000-2003 survey in descending order are the: blackbird, chaffinch, starling, robin, chiffchaff, greenfinch, and blue tit. In spring, the Lake Constance is an important breeding ground, especially for the coot and great crested grebe. Typical waterfowl include the: shoveler , goldeneye, goosander, pochard, grey heron, pintail, tufted duck and mallard. In December 2014, 1,389 cormorant were",
"title": "Lake Constance"
},
{
"id": "17500872",
"text": "lake has a multitude of birds, and is a major attraction for wildlife enthusiasts. Large and rare birds like grey pelican, painted stork, Asian openbill, grey heron and large egret occur here. Other birds include divers such as little grebe, common teal, purple swamphen, common moorhen, coot, little cormorant are found. Waders include white-breasted waterhen, Indian pond heron, black-crowned night heron, cattle egret, little egret and rare ones like common snipe, black-winged stilt, chestnut bittern, black bittern and cinnamon bittern. Other rare birds include pheasant-tailed jacana, common kingfisher, white-throated kingfisher and pied kingfisher are also here. Apart from water birds,",
"title": "Korattur Lake"
},
{
"id": "5949050",
"text": "is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all. The ranging pieces are the standards, queen, free dream-eater, wooden dove, dragons (except: violent, flying and reclining), demons, running horse, mountain eagle, whale, running rabbit, tigers (except blind), turtle snake, ceramic dove, lance, oxcart, chariots, flying swallow, running pup, running serpent, great dove, running bear, running stag, running wolf, free pup, phoenix master, kirin master, vertical bear, side boar, silver rabbit, golden deer, great stag, cloud eagle, bishop, rook, side wolf, mountain falcon, soldiers (except: sword, burning and cross-bow), violent ox, golden bird, white horse, howling dog, side mover, water",
"title": "Taikyoku shogi"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Black swan context: range. Black swans are mostly black-feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers. A mature black swan measures between in length and weighs . Its wing span is between . The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an \"S\"-shape. The black swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water\n\nThe male is a cob, the female a pen, & the young a cygnet: which bird are we talking about?",
"compressed_tokens": 217,
"origin_tokens": 217,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Black swan context: range. Black swans are black-feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers. A mature black swan measures between in length and weighs . Its wing span is between . The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an \"S\"-shape. The black swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water\n\ntitle: Mute swan context surrounding tributaries. ownership shared withintners' and Dyers' Companies, who were granted rights of ownership by the Crown in the 15th century. The muteans in moat at the Bishops Palace at Well Cathedral Wells, England have for centuries trained to ring bells via strings attached to them to beg for food. Two swans able to ring for lunch. The pair of swans in the Boston Public Garden are named Romeo and Juliet after Shakespearean couple; however, it was found that are female Mute sw mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\")\ntitle: Who swan who swan (\"Cygnus cygn\"), pronounced swan is a Hemis sw the Euras counter of the North trumpeter swan, and type species the genusCygn Francis Willugh and John'Ornithology\" 1676 referred this swan \"the Elk,oper, wild Swan scientific \"cygnus\", Latin \"swanoper swan is in to the Bewick's swan however a length of and wingspan . We of , with average of\n: Trumpan wildlife ag andeteran wild 4 birds. Thean is of adult birds typically . Possibly variation based on food access and variability due to age, average weights in males have been reported to range from and from in females. It is one of the heaviest living birds or animals capable of flight. Alongside the mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\"), Dalmatian pelican\n\nThe male is a cob, the female a pen, & the young a cygnet: which bird are we talking about?",
"compressed_tokens": 528,
"origin_tokens": 15865,
"ratio": "30.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,736 | Who memorialized a battle of the Crimean War in his 1854 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? | [
"A. tennyson",
"Baron Alfred Tennyson",
"Tennyson (poet)",
"Alfred Tennyson, Lord Tennyson",
"Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Lord",
"Alfred Tennyson Tennyson",
"Alfred Lord Tennison",
"Tennyson",
"A Tennyson",
"Lord Tennyson",
"Tennysonian",
"Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson",
"Alfred, Lord Tennyson",
"Alfred Tennyson",
"Lord Tennyson Alfred",
"Alfred Lord Tennyson",
"Lord Alfred Tennyson"
] | Alfred, Lord Tennyson | [
{
"id": "7071876",
"text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem) \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He wrote it on December 2, 1854, and it was published on December 9, 1854 in \"The Examiner\". He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time. During the 1850s, when Great Britain was engaged in the Crimean War, Tennyson wrote several patriotic poems under various pseudonyms. Scholars speculate that Tennyson created his pen names because these verses used",
"title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)"
},
{
"id": "4755302",
"text": "of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy's \"Sebastopol Sketches\" and the subject of the first Russian feature film, \"Defence of Sevastopol\". The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" and Robert Gibb's painting \"The Thin Red Line\". A panorama of the siege itself was painted by Franz Roubaud. The Jamaican and English nurses who treated the wounded during these battles were much celebrated, most famously Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale. The allies (French, Ottoman, and British) landed at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854. The Battle of the Alma (20 September 1854), which",
"title": "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)"
},
{
"id": "7071879",
"text": "version was used for the second printing of \"Maud\". Tennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890. Rudyard Kipling wrote \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" (1891) some 40 years after the appearance of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". His poem focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance. The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem) \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by",
"title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)"
},
{
"id": "3071215",
"text": "for the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War thanks to the suicidal Charge of the Light Brigade, a British cavalry charge due to a misunderstanding sent up a valley strongly held on three sides by the Russians, in which about 250 men were killed or wounded, and over 400 horses lost, effectively reducing the size of the mounted brigade by two thirds and destroying some of the finest light cavalry in the world to no military purpose. The British poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson immortalized the battle in verse in his \"Charge of the Light Brigade\". The balaclava, a tight",
"title": "Balaklava"
},
{
"id": "572694",
"text": "battery he could see and allegedly said \"There is your enemy, there are your guns\"—due to his obstructed view, these were the wrong ones. Lucan then passed the order to the Earl of Cardigan, resulting in the charge of the Light Brigade. In this charge, Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialised in the famous poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\".",
"title": "Crimean War"
},
{
"id": "7071877",
"text": "a traditional structure Tennyson employed in his earlier career but suppressed during the 1840s, worrying that poems like \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (which he initially signed only A.T.) \"might prove not to be decorous for a poet laureate\". The poem was written after the Light Cavalry Brigade suffered great casualties in the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote the poem based on two articles published in \"The Times\": the first, published in November, 1854, provided the phrase \"Some one has blunder'd\" and thus the meter of the poem. The poem was written in a few minutes on December 2",
"title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)"
},
{
"id": "12375428",
"text": "Mr. Hayes Fisher, M.P., who presided, said that the last pensioned survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade died on the previous day. His name was Thomas Warr. The last survivor was Edwin Hughes of the 13th Light Dragoons, who died on the 18th May 1927, aged 96. Poet Laureate Alfred, Lord Tennyson wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". Tennyson's poem, written 2 December and published on 9 December 1854, in \"The Examiner\", praises the Brigade (\"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\") while trenchantly mourning the",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "7419334",
"text": "The Last of the Light Brigade \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" is a poem written in 1890 by Rudyard Kipling echoing – thirty-six years after the event – Alfred Tennyson's famous poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". Employing synecdoche, Kipling uses his poem to expose the terrible hardship faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the light brigade who charged at the Battle of Balaclava. It describes a visit by the last twenty survivors of the charge to Tennyson (then in his eightieth year) to reproach him gently",
"title": "The Last of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "3989021",
"text": "song, from \"Death on the Road\", was issued in 2005. Written by bassist and founder-member Steve Harris, the song is based on the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava 1854, which took place during the Crimean War, and inspired by Lord Tennyson's poem of the same name. The track has been the subject of much praise since its release, with AllMusic describing it as \"an all-time genre classic that boasts guitarists [Dave Murray] and [Adrian Smith's] most memorable harmonized lead riff, plus that trademark galloping rhythm,\" while Mick Wall comments that it is the song \"which",
"title": "The Trooper"
},
{
"id": "9148736",
"text": "broke over the boat's square bow, and the soldiers inside were drenched in cold ocean water. In all the \"Samuel Chase\" lost six landing craft on D-Day; four foundered near the beach, one was “impaled” by a beach obstacle, and another was sunk by enemy gunfire. The phrase \"into the jaws of Death\" in the photograph's title comes from a refrain in \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. The image was evoked in the 1998 Hollywood",
"title": "Into the Jaws of Death"
},
{
"id": "16629801",
"text": "(September 1855). (During the siege, the British navy made six bombardments of the capital: October 17, 1854; April 9, June 6, June 17, August 17, and September 5, 1855.) The culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854-5 was the final bloody episode in the costly Crimean War. During the Victorian Era, these battles were repeatedly memorialized. The Siege of Sevastopol was the subject of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy's \"Sebastopol Sketches\" and the subject of the first Russian feature film, \"Defence of Sevastopol\". The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the",
"title": "Welsford-Parker Monument"
},
{
"id": "696452",
"text": "position of Poet Laureate; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered. He held the position until his own death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate. Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best-known works, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during",
"title": "Alfred, Lord Tennyson"
},
{
"id": "12375429",
"text": "appalling futility of the charge (\"Not tho' the soldier knew, someone had blunder'd... Charging an army, while all the world wonder'd\"). Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in \"The Times\", according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson. It immediately became hugely popular, and even reached the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form. Nearly 36 years later Kipling wrote \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" (1890), commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson (then aged 80) to reproach him gently for not writing",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "12375397",
"text": "of defensive fire. The Light Brigade reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners, but they were forced to retreat immediately, and the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains. The events were the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), published just six weeks after the event. Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the nearly inevitable outcome. Blame has remained controversial for the miscommunication, as the order was vague and Louis Edward Nolan",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "13699075",
"text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (1912 film) The Charge of the Light Brigade is a 1912 American short war film directed by J. Searle Dawley and starring James Gordon, Richard Neill and Charles Sutton. It portrays the Charge of the Light Brigade when a brigade of British light cavalry charged entrenched batteries of Russian artillery at the Battle of Balaklava in 1854 during the Crimean War. The plot follows that of Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". The film was made by Edison Studios and shot in Wyoming using 800 American cavalry troopers to play the parts",
"title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (1912 film)"
},
{
"id": "3308626",
"text": "laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form . Rudyard Kipling's poem \"The Last of the Light Brigade\", written some forty years after the appearance of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", in 1891, focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade, in an attempt to shame the British public into offering financial assistance. Various lines from the poem are randomly quoted by Mr.",
"title": "War poet"
},
{
"id": "17633879",
"text": "the British army, in Nottingham. He attained the rank of corporal on 9 July 1854. Serving in the British army during the Crimean War, Kilvert took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade, on 25 October 1854. He was hit by a musket ball which passed through his right leg, and then into his horse. He then suffered a minor sabre wound to the head. His horse carried him to safety, but had to be euthanised. Kilvert's return is depicted in the painting on the dust jacket of the book \"Honour the Light Brigade\". The next day he was",
"title": "John Ashley Kilvert"
},
{
"id": "20979681",
"text": "1853, Henrietta Mary, youngest daughter of Robert Dewar Wainwright, colonel in the United States army. Returning to the UK, he began his literary career in his leisure time, writing in a journal called \"The Press\". His contributions to Punch began during the Crimean War (1853-56), and include a well-received poem, \"Sursum Corda\" (\"Lift up your Hearts\" - Punch, November 1854) which reflected on the bloody Battle of the Alma (20 September 1854). On 26 July 1856 he was appointed secretary to Sir William Gore Ouseley’s special mission to Central America, which sought to resolve Britain's interests in Central America, particularly",
"title": "William Synge"
},
{
"id": "4661832",
"text": "the Crimean War, and at the Battle of Alma his division led the French attack. When the Anglo-French troops formed the siege of Sevastopol, Bosquet's corps of two divisions protected them against interruption. Referring to the Charge of the Light Brigade, Bosquet muttered the memorable line: \"C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre: c'est de la folie\" (\"It is magnificent, but it is not war: it is madness\"). His timely intervention at the Battle of Inkerman (5 November 1854) secured the victory for the allies. During 1855 Bosquet's corps occupied the right wing of the besieging armies opposite the",
"title": "Pierre François Bosquet"
},
{
"id": "1608877",
"text": "deliberate, high level complicity to leave the loop-hole in the prosecution case and reporting the view that \"in England there is one law for the rich and another for the poor\" and \"The Examiner\" describing the verdict as \"a defeat of justice\". Even his obituary described this evasion of justice as \"an absurd technical deficiency\". His most notorious exploit took place during the Crimean War on 25 October 1854 when, in command of the Light Cavalry Brigade at the battle of Balaclava, he led the Charge of the Light Brigade reaching the Russian guns before returning, personally unscathed, in a",
"title": "James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan"
},
{
"id": "4173342",
"text": "the 4th Light Dragoons (from 1861, the 4th Hussars - The Queen's Own) throughout his career. He won his VC on 25 October 1854 in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaklava during the Crimean War, when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC: On 25 October 1854 at Balaclava, Crimean Peninsula, (Charge of the Light Brigade) The VC citation refers to Hugh Crawford as being a Trumpet Major, but he was not promoted to that rank until 1 December 1855. Elkin claims to own the sword which Parkes carried at",
"title": "Samuel Parkes (VC)"
},
{
"id": "10468198",
"text": "reimbursements, forcing the Lords to backtrack and approve the original bill. Liberals rallied to Gladstone's anti-elitism, pointing to the case of Lord Cardigan (1797–1868), who spent £40,000 for his commission and proved utterly incompetent in the Crimean war, where he ordered the disastrous \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" in 1854. Cardwell was not powerful enough to install a general staff system; that had to await the 20th century. He did rearrange the war department. He made the office of Secretary of State for War superior to the Army's commander in Chief; the commander was His Royal Highness The Duke of",
"title": "Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone"
},
{
"id": "3719361",
"text": "The bill, which would have compensated current owners for their cash investments, passed Commons in 1871 but was blocked by the House of Lords. Gladstone then moved to drop the system without any reimbursements, forcing the Lords to backtrack and approve the original bill. Liberals rallied to Gladstone's anti-elitism, pointing to the case of Lord Cardigan (1797–1868), who spent £40,000 for his commission and proved utterly incompetent in the Crimean war, where he ordered the disastrous \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" in 1854. Cardwell was not powerful enough to install a general staff system; that had to await the 20th",
"title": "Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell"
},
{
"id": "10400922",
"text": "Edward James Boys Edward James Boys (E. J. Boys) (19 September 1916 – 2002) was a leading authority on the men of the cavalry regiments of the British Army who took part in the famous Charge of the Light Brigade of 1854 during the Crimean War of 1854-56 between the UK and Russia. Born into a farming family in Plumpton in Sussex in 1916 in the middle of World War I, Boys' father was a farrier in the Royal Field Artillery. 'Jim' Boys left school aged 14, and in 1937 he enlisted in the 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards and transferred",
"title": "Edward James Boys"
},
{
"id": "8191912",
"text": "Other notable battles include the Battle of Balaclava (Charge of the Light Brigade) during the Crimean War in 1854 and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Pacific theatre in 1944. The feast day of Saints Crispin and Crispinian is 25 October. Although this feast was removed from the Roman Catholic Church's universal liturgical calendar following the Second Vatican Council, the two saints are still commemorated on that day in the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology. The feast remains as a \"Black Letter Saints' Day\" in the calendar of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer (1662) and a",
"title": "Saint Crispin's Day"
},
{
"id": "2965353",
"text": "life—falsely claiming to be refueling his ships—before eventually turning around with his two fastest battleships, three light cruisers and eight destroyers and heading back to Samar, too late to have any impact on the battle. The padding phrase may have been inspired by both a sense of history and a knowledge of poetry. The day the message was sent was the 90th anniversary of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Battle of Balaclava. A famous poem about the charge was written by Tennyson, and contains the stanza: The world wonders \"The world wonders\" was a phrase used as",
"title": "The world wonders"
},
{
"id": "8191914",
"text": "this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be rememberèd; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.</poem> When the Battle of Balaclava was fought on the 25 October 1854, the coincidence was noticed by contemporaries, who used Shakespeare's words to comment on the battle. The contrast between the two battles, one a complete victory, the other indecisive and notorious for the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade, has also been noted. The Battle of Shangani (1893) in the First Matabele War was also fought on that date. Several battles of World War II",
"title": "Saint Crispin's Day"
},
{
"id": "12375431",
"text": "from long-term unemployment. Charge of the Light Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. British commander Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions, a task for which the light cavalry were well-suited. However, there was miscommunication in the chain of command, and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "3308625",
"text": "War was beginning, American poet Walt Whitman published his poem \"\" as a patriotic rally call for the North. Whitman volunteered for a time as a nurse in the army hospitals, and his collection \"Drum-Taps\" (1865) deals with his experiences during the War. Georg Herwegh who wrote during the German revolutions of 1848–49 is an example of a nineteenth century German war poet. Probably the most famous nineteenth century war poem is Tennyson's \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", which he supposedly wrote in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in \"The Times\". As poet",
"title": "War poet"
},
{
"id": "12375396",
"text": "Charge of the Light Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. British commander Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions, a task for which the light cavalry were well-suited. However, there was miscommunication in the chain of command, and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "4176650",
"text": "Joseph Malone (VC) Joseph Malone VC (11 January 1833 – 28 June 1883) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was 21 years old, and a sergeant in the 13th Light Dragoons (later 13th Hussars), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 25 October 1854 at Balaclava, Crimean Peninsula (Charge of the Light Brigade), Sergeant Malone, while returning on foot from the",
"title": "Joseph Malone (VC)"
},
{
"id": "2914116",
"text": "with asking for the surrender of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo and receiving General Cambronne's reply of \"\"Merde\"\". The Division was also called for service during the Crimean War fought between the allied forces of the United Kingdom, French Empire and the Ottoman Empire on one side and Russia on the other. It saw action in the Battle of Alma the Battle of Inkerman and the Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 (famous for the Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line). Commanding General: Major General Sir George Cathcart As a permanently established Regular Army",
"title": "4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"id": "14676392",
"text": "and personally saving the life of a fallen trooper, at the Battle of White Bird Canyon in 1877. William Russell Parnell was born in Dublin, Ireland on 13 August 1836. He may have been a distant relative of Irish nationalist Charles Stewart Parnell. At age 18, Parnell enlisted in the British Army serving with the 4th Hussars and, during the Crimean War, with the 17th Lancers. He took part in the now infamous Charge of the Light Brigade and was one of its few survivors. He also saw action at the siege and capture of Sevastopol in 1855. In 1860,",
"title": "William R. Parnell"
},
{
"id": "4253527",
"text": "Scarlett flanked by two full-size bronze cavalry troopers of his former regiments, the 18th Hussars and 5th Dragoon Guards, wearing VCs, four-bar Crimean War medals and Long Service and Good Conduct medals. The brewery tap at Burnley's Moorhouse's Brewery is named in his honour. Citations Bibliography James Yorke Scarlett General the Hon. Sir James Yorke Scarlett (1 February 1799 – 6 December 1871) was a British soldier and hero of the Crimean War who led the Charge of the Heavy Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854. The second son of the 1st Baron Abinger, he was",
"title": "James Yorke Scarlett"
},
{
"id": "16629802",
"text": "Light Brigade\" and Robert Gibb's painting Thin Red Line. (Treating the wounded from these battles was celebrated English nurse Florence Nightingale.) The Nova Scotia memorial is named after two Haligonians, Major Augustus Frederick Welsford of the 97th Regiment and Captain William Buck Carthew Augustus Parker of the 77 Regiment, who both died in the Battle of the Great Redan in 1855 during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), in present-day Crimea which was annexed by Russia in 2014. The monument was unveiled on 17 July 1860. During March and April 1855, Nova Scotian Joseph Howe worked tiredlessly to recruit troops for",
"title": "Welsford-Parker Monument"
},
{
"id": "12375403",
"text": "was killed in the ensuing battle. In response to the order, Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights. In his poem, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), Tennyson dubbed this hollow \"The Valley of Death\". The opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces. These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley. Lucan himself was to follow with the",
"title": "Charge of the Light Brigade"
},
{
"id": "572644",
"text": "of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs. The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalisation, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering",
"title": "Crimean War"
},
{
"id": "14100433",
"text": "painted a portrait of Lord Tredegar who had led the lancers out of the fateful charge at Balaklava on 25 October 1854, and no doubt inspired by hearing the nobleman’s account during the sittings as well as reading Kinglake’s history of the Crimean War, Charlton exhibited several paintings of the charge. \"An Incident in the charge of the Light Brigade\" was shown at the academy in 1889, while in 1897 came \"Comrades\", showing just two figures, a trooper of the 17th Lancers lying dead on the field while his horse rears in agony having been hit by a bullet. Tredegar",
"title": "John Charlton (artist)"
},
{
"id": "5215487",
"text": "James Tait Black Award for biography. Her next book was equally well received. \"The Reason Why\" (1953) was a study of the Charge of the Light Brigade, a military disaster during the Crimean War and one of the defining events of the Victorian age. It became her most popular book, and afterwards she explained to a television audience how she wrote the Charge itself: working at a gallop through thirty-six hours non-stop without food or other break until the last gun was fired, when she poured a stiff drink and slept for two days. Though the work was critically acclaimed,",
"title": "Cecil Woodham-Smith"
},
{
"id": "4104746",
"text": "Anthony Palmer Anthony Palmer VC (10 March 1819 – 12 December 1892) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was about 35 years old, and a private in the 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, Private Palmer, with two other men were the first to volunteer to go",
"title": "Anthony Palmer"
},
{
"id": "1374428",
"text": "collect equipment scattered though the battlefield delayed the pursuit, and the lack of cavalry ruled out any possibility of an immediate chase of the Russians. The battle was commemorated in Paris by the naming of the Pont de l'Alma. Battle of the Alma The Battle of the Alma was a battle in the Crimean War between an allied expeditionary force (made up of French, British, and Turkish forces) and Russian forces defending the Crimean Peninsula on 20September 1854. The allies had made a surprise landing in Crimea on 14September. The allied commanders, Maréchal Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud and Lord FitzRoy",
"title": "Battle of the Alma"
},
{
"id": "10424623",
"text": "his regiment at Hounslow as 1506 Private Hughes, and in 1854 he sailed with them from Portsmouth to the Crimea. On 25 October 1854 Hughes rode in the charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava, where his horse was killed under him, trapping his leg. Of the charge, he later said: Returning to British lines after the charge, Hughes was put in charge of the Russian prisoners. He was also present at the Battle of Inkerman on 5 November 1854 and throughout the siege and eventual capture of Sevastopol. At the end of the war he was",
"title": "Edwin Hughes (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "19385342",
"text": "the new steam trains to deliver copies to the rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations across the UK. This helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence. \"The Times\" originated the practice for newspapers to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, wrote immensely influential dispatches; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. In particular, on September 20, 1854, Russell wrote a missive about one battle that highlighted the surgeons' \"humane barbarity\" and the lack of",
"title": "History of journalism in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "6194343",
"text": "Sea Horse, and Kokumbona which he renamed \"The Dancing Elephant\", \"The Sea Slug\", and \"Bunabala\". Of particular significance, Jones recounts his own experience killing a Japanese soldier with his bare hands. The title comes from Rudyard Kipling's poem \"Tommy\", from the collection \"Barrack-Room Ballads\", in which Kipling describes foot soldiers as \"the thin red line of 'eroes\". Kipling's poem is based on the 1854 action of British soldiers during the Crimean War called The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava). \"Kirkus Reviews\" praised the novel in 1962, commenting that the novel's \"well-drawn battle narrative provides take-off points for dozens of",
"title": "The Thin Red Line (novel)"
},
{
"id": "13767220",
"text": "(grave number 27283 in Square 121). ^ Dutton, Roy (2007). Forgotten Heroes: The Charge of the Light Brigade. InfoDial Ltd. . Edward Richard Woodham Edward Richard Woodham (20 February 1831 – 12 December 1886) was one of the survivors of the Charge of the Light Brigade on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War. As the \"Chairman of the committee for the celebration\", he organised a 21st Anniversary dinner for the survivors of the “Charge” (at the Alexandra Palace in London), reported in detail in the \"Illustrated London News\" dated Saturday 30 October 1875 . The senior commander surviving, Lord",
"title": "Edward Richard Woodham"
},
{
"id": "4104748",
"text": "London, England. Anthony Palmer Anthony Palmer VC (10 March 1819 – 12 December 1892) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was about 35 years old, and a private in the 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, Private Palmer, with two other men were the first to volunteer",
"title": "Anthony Palmer"
},
{
"id": "5936419",
"text": "1854), which is usually considered the first battle of the Crimean War, took place in the vicinity of the River Alma in the Crimea. An Anglo-French force under General St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan defeated General Menshikov's Russian army, which lost around 6,000 troops. They were also engaged in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), and the battle of Battle of Inkerman (5 November 1854) before the end of hostilities. By the late 19th century the concept of fighting in formation was on the wane and the distinctions between light and heavy infantry began to disappear. Essentially, all infantry became light",
"title": "Light Division (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"id": "4184225",
"text": "James Gorman (VC) James Gorman VC (21 August 1834 – 18 October 1882) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Gorman was 20 years old, and a seaman in the Naval Brigade of the Royal Navy during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, when the Right Lancaster Battery was attacked and many of the soldiers were",
"title": "James Gorman (VC)"
},
{
"id": "572725",
"text": "of the Ukrainian national awakening and the creation of the Kiev Hromada (Kiev Community). Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the devastating losses of the heroic Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a \"snowball riot\" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St Martin-in-the-Fields in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at the officers.",
"title": "Crimean War"
},
{
"id": "10286575",
"text": "of the Light Brigade at Balaklava and survived, lightly wounded but not captured. Doyle fought at four major Crimean War battles: Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Sebastopol. He was a member of the Balaclava Commemoration Society, made up of survivors of the Charge of the Light Brigade of 1854. In Manchester in 1877 he published a memoir of his service titled \"A Descriptive Account of the Famous Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava\". John Doyle (British Army soldier) John Doyle (abt. 1828 - August 1892) was an Irishman who served in the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars (a light cavalry",
"title": "John Doyle (British Army soldier)"
},
{
"id": "1383748",
"text": "l'Arsenal. There he was visited by another Polish poet, Cyprian Norwid, who wrote of the meeting in his poem, \"\"Czarne kwiaty\"\" (\"Black Blossoms\"); and there Mickiewicz's wife Celina died. Mickiewicz welcomed the Crimean War of 1853-1856, which he hoped would lead to a new European order including a restored independent Poland. His last composition, a Latin ode \"Ad Napolionem III Caesarem Augustum Ode in Bomersundum captum\", honored Napoleon III and celebrated the British-French victory over Russia at the Battle of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands in August 1854. Polish émigrés associated with the Hôtel Lambert persuaded him to become active",
"title": "Adam Mickiewicz"
},
{
"id": "1651937",
"text": "Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – the Charge of the Light Brigade. The British and French fleets departed from the Bulgarian port of Varna on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the Crimea. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore. Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, Alma, Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian",
"title": "Battle of Balaclava"
},
{
"id": "4173329",
"text": "with the Naval Brigade during the Crimean War. On 18 October 1854 at the Siege of Sevastopol, he picked up a live shell with the fuse still burning from amongst several powder cases and threw it over the parapet. The shell burst as it left his hands. For this he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC); it is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England. On 5 November at the Battle of Inkerman, he joined some of the officers of the Grenadier Guards and helped to defend the Colours of the regiment when they were hard-pressed. On",
"title": "William Peel (Royal Navy officer)"
},
{
"id": "696440",
"text": "verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Tennyson also excelled at penning short lyrics, such as \"Break, Break, Break\", \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", \"Tears, Idle Tears\", and \"Crossing the Bar\". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as \"Ulysses\", although \"In Memoriam A.H.H.\" was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and student at Trinity College, Cambridge, after he died",
"title": "Alfred, Lord Tennyson"
},
{
"id": "17917314",
"text": "The Roll Call Calling the Roll After An Engagement, Crimea, better known as The Roll Call, is an 1874 oil-on-canvas painting by Elizabeth Thompson, Lady Butler. It became one of the most celebrated British paintings of the 19th century, but later fell out of critical favour. The painting depicts a roll call of soldiers from the Grenadier Guards during the Crimean War. It was taken to depict an occasion following the Battle of Inkerman in 1854, but was intended to show a more generic scene from the war. An irregular line of private soldiers stand in the snow wearing their",
"title": "The Roll Call"
},
{
"id": "4132396",
"text": "Mark Scholefield Mark Scholefield VC (16 April 1828 – 15 February 1858) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Scholefield was 26 years old, and a seaman in the Royal Navy, serving in the Naval Brigade, during the Crimean War when he earned the VC. On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, the Right Lancaster Battery was attacked and many of the soldiers were wounded. Seaman Scholefield with two other seamen (James Gorman",
"title": "Mark Scholefield"
},
{
"id": "167003",
"text": "for its famous (or rather infamous) Charge of the Light Brigade. On 5 November 1854, Russian forces tried to relieve the siege at Sevastopol and tried to defeat the Allied armies in the field in the Battle of Inkerman. However, this attempt failed and the Russians were rebuffed. Dissatisfaction as to the course of the war arose in England. As reports returned detailing the mismanagement of the conflict arose Parliament began to investigate. On 29 January 1855, John Arthur Roebuck introduced a motion for the appointment of a select committee to enquire into the conduct of the war. This motion",
"title": "George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen"
},
{
"id": "4173586",
"text": "Thomas Reeves (VC) Thomas Reeves VC (1828 – 4 August 1862) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Reeves was approximately 26 years old, and a seaman in the Royal Navy serving with the Naval Brigade during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC: On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimean Peninsula, when the Right Lancaster Battery was attacked and many of the soldiers",
"title": "Thomas Reeves (VC)"
},
{
"id": "6150406",
"text": "capacity he served through the campaign in the Crimean War. He was reported upon most favourably by his superiors, Lord Raglan and Sir James Simpson and for his performance was made a major general in December 1854 and was awarded a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). Following Raglan's instructions, Airey issued the fateful order for the Charge of the Light Brigade. He was also criticised for incompetence in the provision of supplies and transport. Airey demanded an enquiry on his return to England, which took place under Lord Seaton and which cleared him completely, but he",
"title": "Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey"
},
{
"id": "11807728",
"text": "de Lesseps and the composer Halévy, Arnaud also produced monumental works such as the \"Le Chasseur à pied\" and \"L'Artilleur\" for the pont de l'Alma in 1856-57 - with \"Le Zouave\" et \"Le Grenadier\" by Georges Diebolt, these symbolised the victory of France and her allies at the Battle of the Alma in the Crimean War on 20 September 1854. He conceived the tympanum and 35 statues relating to the life of the Virgin for Sées's cathedral in 1852 and, for his birthplace of La Rochelle, he designed a monument to M. Fleuriau de Bellevue (bust and bas-relief in bronze)",
"title": "Auguste Arnaud"
},
{
"id": "13767218",
"text": "Edward Richard Woodham Edward Richard Woodham (20 February 1831 – 12 December 1886) was one of the survivors of the Charge of the Light Brigade on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War. As the \"Chairman of the committee for the celebration\", he organised a 21st Anniversary dinner for the survivors of the “Charge” (at the Alexandra Palace in London), reported in detail in the \"Illustrated London News\" dated Saturday 30 October 1875 . The senior commander surviving, Lord Lucan, was not present; the newspaper account suggests that he was not invited. In the article, there were reproduced the recollections",
"title": "Edward Richard Woodham"
},
{
"id": "8626103",
"text": "of all that was important, including the unusual and eccentric. It was an instant success under the auspices of its first editor Mark Lemon. \"The Field\" was started as a weekly magazine in 1853. The magazine had its own Crimean correspondent, trumpeting the view that the dashing deeds carried out on the field of battle were due in no small part to field sports and the following of manly country occupations. On November 18, 1854 \"The Field\" carried personal narratives of those involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade. J. H. Walsh initiated a series of field trials for",
"title": "The Field (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "4253518",
"text": "James Yorke Scarlett General the Hon. Sir James Yorke Scarlett (1 February 1799 – 6 December 1871) was a British soldier and hero of the Crimean War who led the Charge of the Heavy Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854. The second son of the 1st Baron Abinger, he was born in London and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, In 1835, he married Charlotte Anne Hargreaves, a coal heiress from Burnley, the town becoming his adopted home. Scarlett had entered the army in 1818, as a cornet in the 18th Hussars and in 1830",
"title": "James Yorke Scarlett"
},
{
"id": "4174309",
"text": "John Park (VC) John Park VC (February 1835 – 16 May 1863), born in Derry, Ireland, was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Park was 19 years old, and a sergeant in the 77th Regiment (later The Middlesex Regiment - Duke of Cambridge's Own), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 20 September and 5 November 1854 at the Battle of the",
"title": "John Park (VC)"
},
{
"id": "4124036",
"text": "John Berryman (VC) John Berryman VC (18 July 1825 – 27 June 1896) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Born in Dudley, England, Berriman was 29 years old, and a Troop Sergeant-Major in the 17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own) during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 25 October 1854 at Balaclava, Crimea, (\"see\" Charge of the Light Brigade) Troop Sergeant-Major Berryman, whose",
"title": "John Berryman (VC)"
},
{
"id": "9911571",
"text": "after the recordings, and the basic group was augmented by studio musicians. Rapp has stated that he wanted to produce a themed anti-war album, and chose the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava in 1854 as an example of the futility of war. The album was dedicated to Private Edward Slovik, the only United States soldier executed for desertion during the Second World War. The front cover is a detail of \"The Triumph of Death\" by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, showing a grotesque allegorical depiction of the horrors of war, while the back cover showed a photograph of a",
"title": "Balaklava (album)"
},
{
"id": "10966852",
"text": "Pont de l'Alma Pont de l'Alma (English: Alma Bridge) is a road bridge in Paris, France across the Seine. It was named to commemorate the Battle of Alma during the Crimean War, in which the Ottoman-Franco-British alliance achieved victory over the Russian army, on 20 September 1854. Construction of an arch bridge took place between 1854 and 1856. It was designed by Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie and was inaugurated by Napoleon III on 2 April 1856. Each side of both of the two piers was decorated with a statue of military nature: a Zouave and a grenadier by Georges Diébolt,",
"title": "Pont de l'Alma"
},
{
"id": "2909983",
"text": "William Howard Russell Sir William Howard Russell (28 March 1820, Tallaght, County Dublin, Ireland – 11 February 1907, London, England) was an Irish reporter with \"The Times\", and is considered to have been one of the first modern war correspondents. He spent 22 months covering the Crimean War, including the Siege of Sevastopol and the Charge of the Light Brigade. He later covered events during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the American Civil War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War. As a young reporter, Russell reported on a brief military conflict between Prussian and Danish troops in Denmark in",
"title": "William Howard Russell"
},
{
"id": "10424627",
"text": "to receive until his death on 18 May 1927. Hughes was buried with full military honours in Layton Cemetery in Blackpool. A memorial plaque was unveiled in tribute to his memory on his former home in Mount Street, Wrexham in October 1993. His three medals were sold at auction in 2005, realising £16,000. Edwin Hughes (soldier) Edwin Hughes (12 December 1830 – 18 May 1927), known as Balaclava Ned, was a British Army soldier and the last survivor of the famous Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War of 1854–56. Hughes was born in Wrexham, Wales on 12",
"title": "Edwin Hughes (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "7964279",
"text": "medievalism) is insufficient. The interweaving of death and life images gives expression to the greater concern for the afterlife, and the movement of the human race into a different age from past monuments. The well-known song \"Come into the garden, Maud\" appears at the end of the first part of \"Maud\". Maud, and Other Poems Maud and other poems was Alfred Tennyson's first collection after becoming poet laureate in 1850, published in 1855. Among the \"other poems\" was \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", which had already been published in the \"Examiner\" a few months before. It was considered a",
"title": "Maud, and Other Poems"
},
{
"id": "572739",
"text": "news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister. Historian R.B. McCallum points out the war was enthusiastically supported by the British populace as it was happening, but the mood changed very dramatically afterwards. Pacifists and critics were unpopular but: As the memory of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical",
"title": "Crimean War"
},
{
"id": "4121393",
"text": "an officer who was lying seriously wounded in an exposed position, after the retreat of the Light Cavalry. He helped to dress the officer's wounds under heavy fire from the enemy. This order, carried by the young Captain Louis Nolan and misinterpreted by Lord Lucan, began one of the most famous of all military engagements – The Charge of the Light Brigade – on 25 October 1854. Charles Wooden rode in this action. Captain William Morris of the 17th Lancers, with about 20 men as yet comparatively unscathed in the sea of carnage all around, came upon a squadron of",
"title": "Charles Wooden"
},
{
"id": "4176551",
"text": "John McDermond John McDermond VC (1832 – 22 July 1868) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. McDermond was approximately 22 years old, and a private in the 47th (the Lancashire) Regiment of Foot, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, Private McDermond and Captain Hugh Rowlands saved the life of a Colonel Haly",
"title": "John McDermond"
},
{
"id": "919279",
"text": "a new kind of military depiction, through poetry. Hitherto, poetry had been used mostly to glorify or sanctify war. \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, with its galloping hoofbeat rhythm, is a prime late Victorian example of this, though Rudyard Kipling had written a scathing reply, \"The Last of the Light Brigade\", criticising the poverty in which many Light Brigade veterans found themselves in old age. Instead, the new wave of poetry, from the war poets, was written from the point of view of the disenchanted trench soldier. Leading war poets included Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen,",
"title": "Military"
},
{
"id": "7554755",
"text": "paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War of the mid-1850s, wrote immensely influential dispatches; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. In particular, on September 20, 1854, Russell wrote a missive about one battle that highlighted the surgeons' \"humane barbarity\" and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash led to major reforms. The \"Times\" became famous for its influential leaders (editorials). For example, Robert Lowe wrote them between 1851 and 1868 on a wide range of economic topics such as free trade (which he favored).",
"title": "History of newspaper publishing"
},
{
"id": "5154899",
"text": "friend of Landen Parke-Laine. He fought in the Crimean War and died there during a disastrous battle which occurred after he accidentally sent his unit off in the wrong direction (this mimics the role of Captain Louis Nolan in the Charge of the Light Brigade in 1854; Anton directs the Light Armoured Brigade into the teeth of the Russian artillery). After much agonising over whether to tell the truth, Landen finally gave evidence to the inquest about Anton's error, which drove a wedge between him and Thursday, until the two reconciled during the events of \"The Eyre Afair\". Thursday's father",
"title": "Characters in the Thursday Next series"
},
{
"id": "5045848",
"text": "recurs also in \"The Flashman Papers\" by George MacDonald Fraser, as a frequently mentioned favourite song of the anti-hero. In 1876, Whyte-Melville penned the rarely attributed, but widely recognized opening line to the short poem \"The Object of a Life\": \"To eat, drink, and be merry, because to-morrow we die.\" When the Crimean War broke out, Whyte-Melville went out as a volunteer major into the Turkish irregular cavalry, but this was the only break in his literary career. Whyte-Melville lost his life in 1878 whilst hunting, falling as he galloped over a ploughed field in the Vale of White Horse.",
"title": "George Whyte-Melville"
},
{
"id": "4060127",
"text": "An earlier monument on this site was a statue of Viscount Fitzgibbon of Mountshannon House, who was killed in The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava in 1854, flanked by two Russian cannon captured in the Crimean War. This statue was blown up by the Irish Republican Army in 1930. The War of Independence memorial is located at the northern end of the bridge, commemorating two former mayors of Limerick (George Clancy and Michael O'Callaghan), among others, who were killed by the British in 1921. The quays on the northern shore are called Clancy Strand and O'Callaghan Strand in",
"title": "Architecture of Limerick"
},
{
"id": "1532806",
"text": "joint command of Somerset and General Jacques St. Arnaud defeated General Alexander Menshikov's Russian army at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. At the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854, Raglan issued an order to the Earl of Lucan, his cavalry commander, who in turn ordered the Earl of Cardigan, a subordinate commander who happened to be Lucan's brother-in-law and who detested him, to lead the fateful Charge of the Light Brigade leading to some 278 British casualties. Despite an indecisive result at Balaclava the British and French allied army gained a victory at the Battle of Inkerman in",
"title": "FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan"
},
{
"id": "12261895",
"text": "then spent much of his time in Moscow, Tula and Saint Petersburg, leading a lax and leisurely lifestyle. He began writing during this period, including his first novel \"Childhood\", a fictitious account of his own youth, which was published in 1852. In 1851, after running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to the Caucasus and joined the army. Tolstoy served as a young artillery officer during the Crimean War and was in Sevastopol during the 11-month-long siege of Sevastopol in 1854–55, including the Battle of the Chernaya. During the war he was recognised for his bravery",
"title": "Leo Tolstoy"
},
{
"id": "4169775",
"text": "John Byrne (VC) John Byrne, (September 1832 – 10 July 1879) was a British Army soldier and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Byrne was born at Castlecomer, County Kilkenny in Ireland, in September 1832. Byrne was about 22 years old, and a private in the 68th Regiment of Foot (later The Durham Light Infantry), British Army during the Crimean War. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Inkerman on 5 November 1854",
"title": "John Byrne (VC)"
},
{
"id": "1360918",
"text": "(1854–1855). Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in Britain and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascoes and failures, especially the mismanagement of the heroic Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. The health and living conditions of the British soldiers was notorious and the press, with correspondents in the field, made the most of it. Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of",
"title": "Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston"
},
{
"id": "572695",
"text": "Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russians were set to full-scale flight. The shortage of men led to the failure of the British and French",
"title": "Crimean War"
},
{
"id": "8085673",
"text": "at a restaurant across the road from where the actors were staying. There was some shooting done in Mexico where there were fewer restrictions on hurting animals. The film comes to a climax at the Battle of Balaclava, subject of Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". The lancers charge into the valley and brave the Russian cannons, and many are killed. Text from Tennyson's poem is superimposed on the screen, coupled with Max Steiner's musical score. Director Michael Curtiz, who did not have an excellent command of English, shouted \"Bring on the empty horses\", meaning \"riderless horses\".",
"title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "3976933",
"text": "the Crimean War and saw action, as part of the light brigade under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan, at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. The regiment, commanded by Captain William Morris, was in the first line of cavalry on the left flank during the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854. The brigade drove through the Russian artillery before smashing straight into the Russian cavalry and pushing them back; it was unable to consolidate its position, however, having insufficient forces and had to withdraw to its starting position,",
"title": "17th Lancers"
},
{
"id": "18648037",
"text": "presented alongside a showcase containing many objects shown in the picture, such as spears, a shield and a sword. The museum has a replica dugout, where visitors can experience First World War trench warfare. Another notable exhibit is a diorama depicting the aftermath of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. Exhibits also explore the stories of cavalrymen in the Boer War, including Henry William Engleheart, who received the Victoria Cross for rescuing a comrade and his horse under heavy shell fire and Sir John Milbanke, 10th Baronet, who received the Victoria",
"title": "HorsePower: The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars"
},
{
"id": "6506757",
"text": "Baronet in 1837 (see Lindsay Baronets). In 1858, he married The Honorable Harriet Sarah Jones-Loyd, the only surviving child and heiress of Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st and last Baron Overstone, one of the richest men in the country, who endowed the couple with a considerable fortune and the Lockinge Estate near Wantage. Lindsay fought as a captain in the Scots (Fusilier) Guards during the Crimean War. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 20 September 1854 at the Battle of the Alma and 5 November at the Battle of Inkerman. The \"London Gazette\" described his actions as follows:",
"title": "Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage"
},
{
"id": "12830769",
"text": "Balaklava on the Crimean Peninsula: \"Every fool at the outposts, who fancies he hears something, has only to make a row, and there we all are, Generals and all... Well I suppose 500 false alarms are better than one surprise\". This quote was supposedly written just before the Russians surprised the camp. He is famous for having charged with the Light Brigade while smoking a cheroot (a type of cigar favoured by soldiers who served in India). Apart from his military career, Paget sat as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Beaumaris between 1847 and 1857. He was made a",
"title": "Lord George Paget"
},
{
"id": "7718886",
"text": "his reputation as a valiant and down-to-earth soldier leads to Prince Albert assigning Flashman as the boy's mentor. Despite every attempt to avoid it, he finds himself in the Crimea showing William what soldiering is all about. The boy's unfortunate death does not allow Flashman to avoid involvement in the most notable actions of the Crimean War, including The Thin Red Line, the Charge of the Heavy Brigade under James Yorke Scarlett, and the infamous Charge of the Light Brigade. Powered by fear and flatulence, he reaches the Russian guns in front of the other surviving members of the charge",
"title": "Flashman at the Charge"
},
{
"id": "10116476",
"text": "surviving children. The majority of his estate was inherited by Colonel Arthur Tremayne, Sir Charles Lemon's nephew, the son of his sister, Caroline and her husband John Hearle Tremayne, of Heligan. Tremayne was a hero of the Crimean War and a survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade. Charles Lemon Sir Charles Lemon, 2nd Baronet (3 September 1784 – 13 February 1868) was a British Member of Parliament for several constituencies and a baronet. He inherited his baronetcy in 1824 upon the death of his father Sir William Lemon, 1st Baronet and Carclew House. His mother was Lady Lemon,",
"title": "Charles Lemon"
},
{
"id": "9660255",
"text": "John Grieve (VC) John Grieve VC (3 May 1821 – 1 December 1873) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Grieve was 34 years old, and a sergeant-major in the 2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys), British Army at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War when the following deed took place on 25 October 1854 at Balaklava, Crimea, for which he was awarded the VC. His citation in the London Gazette read: Grieve later achieved",
"title": "John Grieve (VC)"
},
{
"id": "5413998",
"text": "have the privilege of wearing gold spurs for certain occasions. This differs from the usual French cavalry practice of wearing silver spurs. Tradition has it that Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom requested this distinction for the marine troops from Emperor Napoleon III to honor the branch after the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimea (1854) where marine infantry saved British troops from destruction. The officers and senior non commissioned-officer can wear, in special circumstances, a sword as a part of their dress uniform. This sword has a straight-edge blade, in contrast to other Army Corps' curved sabers. Since the",
"title": "Troupes de marine"
},
{
"id": "4192304",
"text": "Wilbraham Lennox Lieutenant-General Sir Wilbraham Oates Lennox (4 August 1830 – 7 February 1897) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Lennox was 24 years old, and a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 20 November 1854 at Sevastopol, in the Crimea, Lieutenant Lennox, with a working party of 100 men entrenched themselves in rifle-pits",
"title": "Wilbraham Lennox"
},
{
"id": "20401327",
"text": "George Grant Gordon Colonel George Grant Gordon, (29 January 1836 – 24 January 1912) was a British Army officer and courtier. Gordon was born in 1836, the son of Lieut.-Col. Lord Francis Arthur Gordon (1808–1857), youngest son of the 9th Marquess of Huntly, by his wife Isabel Grant (d. 1892), daughter of General Sir William Keir Grant. He joined the British Army, where he was commissioned an officer in the Scots Guards. He served in the Crimean War 1854–55, and took part in the Siege of Sebastopol (September 1854 to September 1855), including the battles of Alma (September 1854), Balaclava",
"title": "George Grant Gordon"
},
{
"id": "10424622",
"text": "Edwin Hughes (soldier) Edwin Hughes (12 December 1830 – 18 May 1927), known as Balaclava Ned, was a British Army soldier and the last survivor of the famous Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War of 1854–56. Hughes was born in Wrexham, Wales on 12 December 1830, one of nine children to William (a tin-plate worker) and Mary (née Jones) Hughes. He was baptised at St. Giles Church in Wrexham on 5 January 1831. Hughes became a shoemaker until he joined the 13th Light Dragoons, part of the Light Brigade, at Liverpool on 1 November 1852. He joined",
"title": "Edwin Hughes (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "4173908",
"text": "William Reynolds (VC) William Reynolds VC (1827 – 20 October 1869) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Reynolds was the first private to receive the award. He was about 27 years old, and a private in the Scots Fusilier Guards, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 20 September 1854 at the Battle of the Alma, Crimean Peninsula, when the formation of",
"title": "William Reynolds (VC)"
},
{
"id": "1614663",
"text": "Cardigan, a British Army Major General who led the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It is modelled after the knitted wool waistcoat that British officers supposedly wore during the war. The legend of the event and the fame that Lord Cardigan achieved after the war led to the rise of the garment's popularity – supposedly, Brudenell invented the cardigan after noticing that the tails of his coat had accidentally been burnt off in a fireplace. The name \"Cardigan\" is an anglicised variation of the Welsh placename Ceredigion. The term originally referred",
"title": "Cardigan (sweater)"
},
{
"id": "6547877",
"text": "George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan George Charles Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan (born 21 September 1967), styled Lord Bingham until 2016, is a British hereditary peer. Lucan is the only son of Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, and Veronica Mary Duncan. He is a descendant of George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, remembered for his role in the Crimean War, leading the Cavalry Division which included the Heavy Brigade and the Light Brigade, the latter of which was involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade. The Binghams are an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family. Lucan was educated at",
"title": "George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan"
},
{
"id": "1574237",
"text": "\"padding\" used to confuse enemy cryptanalysis (the beginning and end of the true message was marked by double consonants). The communications staff on Halsey's flagship correctly deleted the first section of padding but mistakenly retained the last three words in the message finally handed to Halsey. The last three words—probably selected by a communications officer at Nimitz's headquarters—may have been meant as a loose quote from Tennyson's poem on \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", suggested by the coincidence that this day, 25 October, was the 90th anniversary of the Battle of Balaclava—and was not intended as a commentary on",
"title": "Battle of Leyte Gulf"
},
{
"id": "4793297",
"text": "the memory of 2152 Officers, Non-Com. Officers and Privates of the BRIGADE OF GUARDS who fell during the war with Russia in 1854–56. Erected by their Comrades.\" In 1914, the monument was moved northwards to make room for new statues of Florence Nightingale and Sidney Herbert who was Secretary at War during the Crimean War. It is only then that the allegorical figure was referred to as Victory. The sculpture of Nightingale was by Arthur George Walker, and the sculpture of Herbert was by John Henry Foley. Crimean War Memorial The Guards Crimean War Memorial is a Grade II listed",
"title": "Crimean War Memorial"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Charge of the Light (poem) context: The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem) \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He wrote it on December 2, 1854, and it was published on December 9, 1854 in \"The Examiner\". He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time. During the 1850s, when Great Britain was engaged in the Crimean War, Tennyson wrote several patriotic poems under various pseudonyms. Scholars speculate that Tennyson created his pen names because these verses used\n\nWho memorialized a battle of the Crimean War in his 1854 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade?",
"compressed_tokens": 215,
"origin_tokens": 216,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Charge of the Light Brigade (936 film) context: at a restaurant across the road from where the actors were staying. There was some shooting done in Mexico where there were fewer restrictions on hurting animals. The film comes to a climax at the Battle of Balaclava, subject of Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". The lancers charge into the valley and brave the Russian cannons, and many are killed. Text from Tennyson's poem is superimposed on the screen, coupled with Max Steiner's musical score. Director Michael Curtiz, who did not have an excellent command of English, shouted \"Bring on the empty horses\", meaning \"riderless horses\".\n\ntitle: Crimean War context: battery he could see allegedly \"There your enemy, there are guns—due to his obstructed view these were the wrong Lucan then passed the order to Earl of Cardigan resulting in charge of the Light. this charge, Cardigan formed up unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire Russian batteries in the. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man. The Light Brigade was memised in the famous poem by, Lord Tennyson, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\".\ntitle: Charge of the Light Brigade context: the ensu battle. In response to order Luc instruct Card to of 67 troopers Light the valley theedyuk Heights andause He. In his, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (185), Tennysbed this Valley of\".andi and included 20alions of infantry supported by 50 artillery. These were deployed both end. Luc himself follow with the: War: ofianening and theiev Hadaiev Communityiss was growing in countries, f, especially theastating of the Brigade at., \"now near Martin-in-the-Fields in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at the officers.\n\nWho memorialized a battle of the Crimean War in his 1854 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade?",
"compressed_tokens": 488,
"origin_tokens": 14609,
"ratio": "29.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,737 | What radio station do you find at 950 on your local AM dial? | [
"KJR",
"KJR (disambiguation)"
] | Kjr | [
{
"id": "7744159",
"text": "WHVW WHVW (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to Hyde Park, New York that is noted for its eclectic format based on old-fashioned blues, jazz, country and Americana music. In a time of corporate ownership of broadcast outlets, it is also one of only three Hudson Valley radio stations that are independently owned - the other two being WTBQ in Warwick and WDST in Woodstock. WHVW broadcasts on 950 kHz with a power of 500 watts daytime and 57 watts nighttime from a tower located off Route 9G in the Town of Hyde Park. Its studios are located at",
"title": "WHVW"
},
{
"id": "11586321",
"text": "one of the first stations in the country to broadcast rhythm and blues. On January 25, 2013, the station changed its call sign to WGUN, which had been used by the co-owned station in Decatur (Atlanta) on 1010 kHz. On February 1, 2014 WGUN changed their format from regional Mexican to urban adult contemporary. WGUN WGUN (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an Urban Adult Contemporary format. Licensed to Valdosta, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by Magic 95 Entertainment. It is the oldest station in the city. Although the original WGOV call letters are sometimes said",
"title": "WGUN"
},
{
"id": "3571394",
"text": "KJR (AM) KJR (950 AM, \"Sports Radio 950\") is an all-sports radio station owned by iHeartMedia and located in Seattle, Washington. It was Seattle's only all-sports talk radio station until 710 KIRO affiliated itself with ESPN. KJR is now the Puget Sound region's home of Fox Sports Radio and NBC Sports Radio, and the station, mainly during Seahawks season, uses the slogan \"Home of the 12th Man\". KJR's transmitter site is on Vashon Island, and operates from its studios in Seattle's Belltown neighborhood northwest of downtown. KJR is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States. Its first",
"title": "KJR (AM)"
},
{
"id": "7744165",
"text": "in its own market and not having been rated in many years, WHVW has been profiled by many publications throughout the northeast including a 2001 piece by \"The New York Times\". In July 2013, WHVW began broadcasting two hours of programming per week on shortwave station WBCQ, in Monticello, Maine, which is owned by Ferraro's former pirate radio compatriot Allan Weiner. WHVW WHVW (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to Hyde Park, New York that is noted for its eclectic format based on old-fashioned blues, jazz, country and Americana music. In a time of corporate ownership of broadcast outlets,",
"title": "WHVW"
},
{
"id": "5912411",
"text": "KTNF KTNF (950 kHz, AM 950) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to St. Louis Park, Minnesota, and serving the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The station brands itself as \"The Progressive Voice of Minnesota,\" and offers a combination of locally produced and nationally syndicated progressive talk programming. It is owned by JR Broadcasting. KTNF's studios and transmitter are located on Valley View Road in Eden Prairie. It operates at 1,000 watts around the clock, using a directional antenna, with a two-tower pattern by day and a three-tower pattern at night. Syndicated hosts heard on KTNF include Stephanie Miller, Thom",
"title": "KTNF"
},
{
"id": "16533722",
"text": "KXJK KXJK (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Forrest City, Arkansas, United States. The station, established in 1949, is owned and operated by the Forrest City Broadcasting Company. In addition to the main station on 950 MHz, the KXJK signal is relayed to an FM translator, which provides both High fidelity sound and the option of FM to listeners. KXJK broadcasts a mixed format and features programming from ABC, ARN, Premiere Networks, Dial Global and Yahoo! Sports Radio. KXJK airs regional and local news as well as a morning show in simulcast with sister station KBFC. KXJK",
"title": "KXJK"
},
{
"id": "16533723",
"text": "broadcasts Arkansas Razorbacks baseball. This station began broadcast operations in 1949. KXJK KXJK (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Forrest City, Arkansas, United States. The station, established in 1949, is owned and operated by the Forrest City Broadcasting Company. In addition to the main station on 950 MHz, the KXJK signal is relayed to an FM translator, which provides both High fidelity sound and the option of FM to listeners. KXJK broadcasts a mixed format and features programming from ABC, ARN, Premiere Networks, Dial Global and Yahoo! Sports Radio. KXJK airs regional and local news as well",
"title": "KXJK"
},
{
"id": "11011222",
"text": "KOEL (AM) KOEL (950 AM) is US a radio station serving Waterloo, Cedar Falls and surrounding cities with a news/talk format. The station broadcasts on AM frequency 950 kHz and is under the ownership of Townsquare Media. Despite different owners and affiliations, KOEL and KWWL maintain a strong partnership. On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare would acquire 53 Cumulus Media stations, including KOEL, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November",
"title": "KOEL (AM)"
},
{
"id": "11037348",
"text": "The station was managed by Pittsburgh urban radio programmer Del King. Effective December 1, 2018, WDIG was purchased by Robert and Kim Scharnhorst from World Witness For Christ Ministries. The new owners changed the station's call sign to WIXZ on December 4, 2018. WIXZ WIXZ (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an urban adult contemporary music format. Licensed to Steubenville, Ohio, United States, it serves the Wheeling, West Virginia, area. The station is currently owned by Robert and Kim Scharnhorst. WIXZ operates at the assigned frequency of 950 kHz, with a power output of 1,000 watts day, and 35",
"title": "WIXZ"
},
{
"id": "12058446",
"text": "with the nickname \"Eagle Country\". WRJO WRJO (94.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits music format. Licensed to Eagle River, Wisconsin, United States. The station is currently owned by Heartland Communications Group LLC and features programming from SRN. The station went on the air in 1971 as WERL-FM. On 1985-04-05, the station changed its call sign to the current WRJO. The WERL call sign remains on its AM station at 950 kHz. WERL was a reference to \"Werl (as in \"Whirl\")-Wide Radio\", taken from its early logo in the 1960s and 70s. Before the oldies format, WRJO",
"title": "WRJO"
},
{
"id": "6527545",
"text": "WXLW WXLW (950 AM, \"Freedom 95\") is an AM radio station owned by Pilgrim Communications LLC serving the greater Indianapolis, Indiana area. The station operates on the AM radio frequency of 950 kHz. In the fall of 2006, the studios were moved from Monument Circle in downtown Indianapolis to a different location along US 31 in Franklin. The WXLW transmitter and antenna are located between Georgetown and Moller Roads on West 56th Street on the northwest side of Indianapolis. Previously known as \"ESPN 950\" from 2002 until January 2008, the station now airs a mix of local and national talk",
"title": "WXLW"
},
{
"id": "8735850",
"text": "Popp\" (noon - 1 p.m.), \"The KAHI Afternoon News with Casey Freelove\" (4 - 6 p.m.) and \"Poppoff with Mary Jane Popp\" (6 - 7 p.m.). The station's moniker then was \"The Voice of the Foothills.\" KAHI KAHI (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Licensed to Auburn, California, United States, the station serves the Sacramento area. The station is currently owned by Immaculate Heart Media, Inc.. It broadcasts locally produced programming, Oakland Athletics baseball, Sacramento Kings basketball, San Jose Sharks hockey, Sierra College and local high school football. When not carrying live broadcasts, KAHI carries nationally",
"title": "KAHI"
},
{
"id": "4949895",
"text": "Bay Area, including the public dedication of a plaque commemorating the \"Centennial Celebration of the World's First Broadcasting Station.\" At the same time, KCBS adopted the slogan \"The World's First Broadcasting Station\". WWJ (AM) WWJ, 950 kHz (a regional broadcast frequency), is an all-news AM radio station located in Detroit, Michigan. Owned by Entercom, WWJ's studios are in the Panasonic Building in Southfield, and its transmitter is located near Newport. WWJ began daily broadcasts on August 20, 1920, operating under an amateur radio license with the call sign \"8MK.\" On the air for nearly a century, the station has claimed",
"title": "WWJ (AM)"
},
{
"id": "11011223",
"text": "14, 2013. On weekdays, KOEL-AM broadcasts news/talk programming as well as local agriculture business, sports reports, community calendar, lunch specials and stock market reports, with ABC News broadcast on the hour, along with Oelwein Huskies play by play. At weekends, KOEL has brief news breaks from ABC News with home improvement tips, field and stream radio, and classic country music (when not in special programming mode). KOEL (AM) KOEL (950 AM) is US a radio station serving Waterloo, Cedar Falls and surrounding cities with a news/talk format. The station broadcasts on AM frequency 950 kHz and is under the ownership",
"title": "KOEL (AM)"
},
{
"id": "12058445",
"text": "WRJO WRJO (94.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits music format. Licensed to Eagle River, Wisconsin, United States. The station is currently owned by Heartland Communications Group LLC and features programming from SRN. The station went on the air in 1971 as WERL-FM. On 1985-04-05, the station changed its call sign to the current WRJO. The WERL call sign remains on its AM station at 950 kHz. WERL was a reference to \"Werl (as in \"Whirl\")-Wide Radio\", taken from its early logo in the 1960s and 70s. Before the oldies format, WRJO held a country music format",
"title": "WRJO"
},
{
"id": "4949854",
"text": "WWJ (AM) WWJ, 950 kHz (a regional broadcast frequency), is an all-news AM radio station located in Detroit, Michigan. Owned by Entercom, WWJ's studios are in the Panasonic Building in Southfield, and its transmitter is located near Newport. WWJ began daily broadcasts on August 20, 1920, operating under an amateur radio license with the call sign \"8MK.\" On the air for nearly a century, the station has claimed to be \"America's Pioneer Broadcasting Station\" and where \"commercial radio broadcasting began.\" WWJ is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to broadcast in the HD Radio format. It is also simulcast on",
"title": "WWJ (AM)"
},
{
"id": "12077373",
"text": "cell phone traffic from towers nearby interfering with the signal, and the need to reduce the signal at night in order to protect WWJ of Detroit and Chicago's WNTD, also both at 950. Nighttime license power is eleven watts, thus it can barely be heard in its city of license without interference and why the W297CK FM translator is all but critical for the station's operation and existence. WCLB WCLB (950 AM) is a radio station in Sheboygan, Wisconsin which airs a Rhythmic Top 40 format. WCLB is owned by Mountain Dog Media, a company owned by former State Senator",
"title": "WCLB"
},
{
"id": "11037344",
"text": "WIXZ WIXZ (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an urban adult contemporary music format. Licensed to Steubenville, Ohio, United States, it serves the Wheeling, West Virginia, area. The station is currently owned by Robert and Kim Scharnhorst. WIXZ operates at the assigned frequency of 950 kHz, with a power output of 1,000 watts day, and 35 watts at night. Programming comes from the satellite-delivered Urban AC format, The Touch. This station first signed on the air as WLIT back in 1973, and was the last AM station to come on the air in the Steubenville market. Contemporary Communications, Inc.,",
"title": "WIXZ"
},
{
"id": "11574058",
"text": "Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls and began using it to relay KMHR. KMHR KMHR (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Regional Mexican format. Licensed to Boise, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Boise area. The station is currently owned by First Western Inc and is branded as La Mejor. The station went on the air in 1961 as KATN. The call sign was KKIC on 1981-10-26. On 1987-06-23, the station changed its call sign to KJHY, on 1988-02-26 to KKIC, on 2003-08-17 to KNJY, and on 2011-08-01 to the current KMHR. In 2011, coinciding with the launch",
"title": "KMHR"
},
{
"id": "9091057",
"text": "KPRC (AM) KPRC (950 kHz) is a commercial AM talk radio station in Houston, Texas, branded as \"AM 950 KPRC.\" It is the oldest radio station licensed to Houston and still on the air to this day. KPRC is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. The station's studios are located along the West Loop Freeway in the city's Uptown district. The transmitter site is located at the Interstate 610 North Loop and Liberty Road in the Settegast neighborhood on the northeast side. KPRC broadcasts with 5,000 watts around the clock. At night, to protect other stations on AM 950, it uses a",
"title": "KPRC (AM)"
},
{
"id": "9992095",
"text": "sister station WLQV. While not protected this far out, the new repeater on 101.5 has drowned out Toledo, Ohio's WRVF (also on 101.5) in much of Downtown Detroit and the Metro Detroit area north of Eureka Road. WDTK WDTK, known on the air as \"The Patriot\", is a conservative-oriented news/talk radio station broadcasting at 1400 kHz on the AM dial and broadcasts on a translator at 101.5 MHz on the FM dial in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The station is owned by Salem Communications, one of the nation's largest owners of Christian-oriented radio stations. WDTK is the Detroit outlet for",
"title": "WDTK"
},
{
"id": "6977208",
"text": "WROL WROL is a radio station in the Boston, Massachusetts radio market. The station is owned by Salem Media Group, and is located on 950 kHz on the AM dial. Most of WROL's programming is religious including local ministers as well as national radio hosts such as Dr. Charles Stanley, Jay Sekulow and Eric Metaxas. Former WBZ-TV news anchor-turned-minister Liz Walker also has a program on the station. WROL also airs several Irish music blocks on weekends, including the \"Irish Hit Parade\" on Saturdays and \"A Feast of Irish Music\" on Sundays. WROL operates with 5000 watts by day but",
"title": "WROL"
},
{
"id": "8383217",
"text": "Sports Radio nights and weekends. KKSE-AM-FM are the flagship stations for Denver Nuggets basketball, Colorado Avalanche hockey, Colorado Rapids soccer and Colorado Mammoth lacrosse. All four teams are co-owned with KKSE-AM-FM. The station first signed on in 1923 as KFEL, owned by Gene O'Fallon and broadcasting from the Albany Hotel. It is Denver's second-oldest radio station. After several frequency moves, it eventually settled on its current location of 950 AM. O'Fallon sold the station to Standard Examiner Publishing of Ogden, Utah in 1954, and the new owners changed the call sign to KIMN. For most of the next three decades,",
"title": "KKSE (AM)"
},
{
"id": "8735849",
"text": "KAHI KAHI (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Licensed to Auburn, California, United States, the station serves the Sacramento area. The station is currently owned by Immaculate Heart Media, Inc.. It broadcasts locally produced programming, Oakland Athletics baseball, Sacramento Kings basketball, San Jose Sharks hockey, Sierra College and local high school football. When not carrying live broadcasts, KAHI carries nationally syndicated talk radio shows. As of October 2015, the station produced several local programs that aired weekdays, including \"The KAHI Morning News with Sarah McCormick\" (6 - 9 a.m.), \"The KAHI Noon News with Mary Jane",
"title": "KAHI"
},
{
"id": "9091063",
"text": "turn, sold KPRC radio to its current owner, Clear Channel (renamed iHeartMedia), in 1995. KPRC (AM) KPRC (950 kHz) is a commercial AM talk radio station in Houston, Texas, branded as \"AM 950 KPRC.\" It is the oldest radio station licensed to Houston and still on the air to this day. KPRC is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. The station's studios are located along the West Loop Freeway in the city's Uptown district. The transmitter site is located at the Interstate 610 North Loop and Liberty Road in the Settegast neighborhood on the northeast side. KPRC broadcasts with 5,000 watts around",
"title": "KPRC (AM)"
},
{
"id": "8383216",
"text": "KKSE (AM) KKSE (950 kHz, \"Altitude Sports AM 950\") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Parker, Colorado, and serving the Denver metropolitan area. The station is owned by Stan Kroenke's KSE Radio Ventures. It mostly simulcasts co-owned KKSE-FM 92.5. KKSE-AM-FM air a sports talk radio format branded as \"Altitude Sports 92.5 FM.\" KKSE-AM-FM have studios on South Colorado Boulevard in Glendale, with the AM transmitter located off Riverdale Road in Denver. KSE Radio Ventures also owns sister stations 100.3 KIMN and 105.1 KXKL-FM. KKSE-AM-FM have local sports hosts most of the day and carry syndicated programming from Fox",
"title": "KKSE (AM)"
},
{
"id": "10405303",
"text": "and filed for a license to cover on 2-28-2017. (Taken from fccdata.org) In March 2017 WZKD switched from the \"Big Station\" simulcast to an urban adult contemporary format, branded as \"KD 94.1\". (Taken from Alabama Broadcast Media Page) WZKD WZKD (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The station, originally launched in 1953, is currently owned by Roscoe Miller and the broadcast license is held by Autaugaville Radio, Inc. The WZKD studios are located on the 3rd floor of The Colonial Financial Center in downtown Montgomery, and the transmitter tower is in Montgomery's northeast",
"title": "WZKD"
},
{
"id": "6977213",
"text": "were previously assigned to an AM station in Knoxville, Tennessee. WROL-AM 620 in Knoxville, Tennessee in the early 40's had a little known News Announcer and DJ named \"Tennessee Ernie\" Ford. WROL's complete 1,000 watt radio transmitter and wire-array antenna was hand built by the station Engineer Joseph Wofford. The original transmitter was later encased in a glass cabinet and placed in the lobby of the studio. WROL WROL is a radio station in the Boston, Massachusetts radio market. The station is owned by Salem Media Group, and is located on 950 kHz on the AM dial. Most of WROL's",
"title": "WROL"
},
{
"id": "10696256",
"text": "KLIK KLIK (1240 AM), branded as Newstalk 1240, is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format. Licensed to Jefferson City, Missouri, United States, the station serves the Columbia, Missouri area. The station is currently owned by Cumulus Media and features programming from ABC Radio and Westwood One. KLIK also operates a local news operation with sister station KFRU (1400 AM in Columbia, Missouri). From 1954 until September 8, 1999, KLIK was located at 950 AM, transmitting with a daytime power of 5000 watts and a nighttime power of 500 watts (directional) from a four tower array about 3.2",
"title": "KLIK"
},
{
"id": "11574057",
"text": "KMHR KMHR (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Regional Mexican format. Licensed to Boise, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Boise area. The station is currently owned by First Western Inc and is branded as La Mejor. The station went on the air in 1961 as KATN. The call sign was KKIC on 1981-10-26. On 1987-06-23, the station changed its call sign to KJHY, on 1988-02-26 to KKIC, on 2003-08-17 to KNJY, and on 2011-08-01 to the current KMHR. In 2011, coinciding with the launch of KMHR, First Western acquired K252FA on 98.3 MHz FM from the",
"title": "KMHR"
},
{
"id": "8383223",
"text": "a crowded sports talk field in the Denver market, with competitors including KDSP, KDCO and former sister stations KKFN and KEPN. KKSE (AM) KKSE (950 kHz, \"Altitude Sports AM 950\") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Parker, Colorado, and serving the Denver metropolitan area. The station is owned by Stan Kroenke's KSE Radio Ventures. It mostly simulcasts co-owned KKSE-FM 92.5. KKSE-AM-FM air a sports talk radio format branded as \"Altitude Sports 92.5 FM.\" KKSE-AM-FM have studios on South Colorado Boulevard in Glendale, with the AM transmitter located off Riverdale Road in Denver. KSE Radio Ventures also owns sister",
"title": "KKSE (AM)"
},
{
"id": "5877950",
"text": "rebranding as \"Q Country 91.5 FM\". CKLQ CKLQ is an AM radio station serving Brandon, Manitoba, Canada and the surrounding area. It currently broadcasts at 880 kHz (a United States clear-channel frequency) with a power of 10,000 watts, airing a country music format, along with radio coverage of Brandon Wheat Kings junior ice hockey. CKLQ is owned and operated by Riding Mountain Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Westman Communications Group. CKLQ started broadcasting in 1977 at a frequency of 1570 kHz and moved to its current frequency in 1985. It is housed, with its sister station CKLF-FM, at 624 14th Street",
"title": "CKLQ"
},
{
"id": "8475759",
"text": "mid-90s. In 2002, Entercom Communications moved the \"News Radio WORD\" format from the weaker 910 AM, which previously held the WORD callsign, to 950 AM. The programming at 950 AM was then moved to 910 AM, along with the WSPA calls. WSPA at 910 has since been sold and is now all Oldies as WOLI (AM) 910. 950 WORD's transmitter is located near the Spartanburg Community College campus (3 miles NW of downtown Spartanburg) at 245 Broadcast Drive (Business I-85 @ exit 3). Its general coverage area is from Gaffney to Greer (Spartanburg Metro), with secondary coverage in the Greenville",
"title": "WORD (AM)"
},
{
"id": "12581045",
"text": "97.3 hosts and national shows from a variety of networks including ESPN Radio, NBC Sports Radio and Sports Byline USA. KJTV (AM) uses the FM translator frequency as the main frequency in the logo; the translator is used to widen the broadcast area and to give listeners the ability to listen to the station on FM with better quality sound. KJTV (AM) KJTV (950 AM, \"100.7 The Score) is a Lubbock, Texas, radio station broadcasting with a daytime power of 5,000 watts. Programming includes both local and nationally syndicated sports talk shows. It is owned by Ramar Communications, co-owned with",
"title": "KJTV (AM)"
},
{
"id": "6527550",
"text": "8, 2002, shortly after WNDE switched from ESPN to Fox Sports Radio. On January 7, 2008, ESPN Radio switched from WXLW to WFNI. In the aftermath of ESPN's switch, WXLW became a Sporting News Radio affiliate in 2008, which later became Yahoo! Sports Radio in August 2011. Past local hosts on WXLW include Greg Rakestraw, now part of the Indianapolis Colts Radio Network, and Derek Schultz (afternoons on WNDE). On September 10, 2012 WXLW changed their format to talk, simulcasting sister-station WFDM-FM/95.9 Franklin, Indiana, branded as \"Freedom 95\". WXLW WXLW (950 AM, \"Freedom 95\") is an AM radio station owned",
"title": "WXLW"
},
{
"id": "8065816",
"text": "WNTD WNTD is an AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois. It is owned by Starboard Media Foundation, Inc. Its frequency is 950 AM and has separate day-time (1000 watts; non-directional) and night-time (5000 watts; directional) transmitter locations. It is currently one of three stations in the Chicago market that airs Relevant Radio, a Catholic talk format, 24 hours a day. The station was licensed by the FCC on April 7, 1922. It was one of the first radio stations licensed. It was owned by the \"Chicago Daily Drover's Journal\", with its transmitter and studios at the Union Stock Yards. Its",
"title": "WNTD"
},
{
"id": "8065826",
"text": "Inc. for $14.4 million. The transaction was consummated on May 2, 2014. WNTD WNTD is an AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois. It is owned by Starboard Media Foundation, Inc. Its frequency is 950 AM and has separate day-time (1000 watts; non-directional) and night-time (5000 watts; directional) transmitter locations. It is currently one of three stations in the Chicago market that airs Relevant Radio, a Catholic talk format, 24 hours a day. The station was licensed by the FCC on April 7, 1922. It was one of the first radio stations licensed. It was owned by the \"Chicago Daily Drover's",
"title": "WNTD"
},
{
"id": "11143154",
"text": "January 1998, Radio Aahs stopped broadcasting. WTLN WTLN (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Religious format. Licensed to Orlando, Florida, United States, it serves the greater Orlando area. The station is owned by the Salem Media Group. Programming on WTLN used to be repeated on WHIM AM 1520 in Apopka; WHIM is now WBZW. WTLN was established in 1940 as WLOF; the WLOF calls today are now used by a Catholic radio station in Buffalo, New York. WTLN originally signed on as WLOF, Orlando's second radio station. This station began broadcasting on 1200 kHz on October 26, 1940.",
"title": "WTLN"
},
{
"id": "5634591",
"text": "CFCO CFCO (630 AM and 92.9 FM) is a news, sports, and country music radio station located in Chatham–Kent, Ontario. The station, owned by London, Ontario-based Blackburn Radio, features a heavy local news commitment. The AM station broadcasts in C-QUAM AM Stereo. CFCO is one of the few dedicated Country Music stations on the AM dial in North America, as well as one of the few to do so in C-QUAM AM Stereo. The AM radio station has been on the air since 1926. CFCO, which stands for \"Coming From Chatham Ontario\", featured middle of the road and adult contemporary",
"title": "CFCO"
},
{
"id": "9073454",
"text": "CIQB-FM CIQB-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a classic rock format at 101.1 FM in Barrie, Ontario. The station uses the on-air brand name 101.1 Big FM and is owned by Corus Entertainment, which also owns sister station CHAY-FM. CKBB (AM) was launched on August 31, 1949 by Ralph Snelgrove's Barrie Broadcasting Company at AM 1230. It signed on as Barrie's first radio station, and was initially a mixture of music and talk programming. It moved to 950 AM in 1958. In December 1983, the station was acquired by Kawartha Broadcasting, and in 1987, ownership passed to the",
"title": "CIQB-FM"
},
{
"id": "3571414",
"text": "choke Hans and repeatedly called him an idiot. On August 26, 2017, KJR morning host Mitch Levy was arrested in connection with a prostitution sting. iHeartMedia has not issued a public statement on the matter. On October 6, Levy announced he would exit from the station after 23 years. Starting with the 2018 Major League Soccer season KJR will be the English broadcast partner for Seattle Sounders FC with Matt Johnson on the call. KJR (AM) KJR (950 AM, \"Sports Radio 950\") is an all-sports radio station owned by iHeartMedia and located in Seattle, Washington. It was Seattle's only all-sports",
"title": "KJR (AM)"
},
{
"id": "10888775",
"text": "Scott heads up sports programming, Bahakel Communications sold WPET and WKSI to Entercom in 2001. WPET WPET (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Greensboro, North Carolina, United States, it serves Piedmont North Carolina. The station is currently owned by Entercom Communications. Wayne Nelson put WPET on the air, in June 1954. In the late 1950s, WPET was Greensboro's first rock and roll station. For a few years starting in 1954, \"Merrill the Pearl\" Watson hosted a gospel music show on WPET, but many of his listeners didn't realize that he was also host of",
"title": "WPET"
},
{
"id": "4281898",
"text": "tends to focus its local news stories on that city, with a secondary emphasis on Greenville and Asheville. The station first signed on the air on April 29, 1956. It was founded by broadcasting pioneer Walter J. Brown and his company, Spartan Radiocasting, alongside WSPA radio (950 AM, now WOLI at 910 AM; and 98.9 FM). The station has been a CBS affiliate since its sign-on. Spartan Radiocasting bought several other radio and television stations over the years, and was renamed Spartan Communications in 1995. WSPA began broadcasting a 24-hour schedule in July of that same year, after previously having",
"title": "WSPA-TV"
},
{
"id": "10156800",
"text": "programming. On June 11, 2018 WPEK changed their format from progressive talk to sports, branded as \"ESPN Asheville\" with programming from ESPN Radio. The progressive talk programming still branded \"The Revolution\" was moved to 101.1 FM W266CP Candler/WKSF-HD3 Old Fort. WPEK WPEK (880 AM), known as \"ESPN Asheville\", is a daytime-only AM radio station in Asheville, North Carolina. It is licensed to the nearby town of Fairview. 880 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency; WCBS is the dominant Class A station. WTZY signed on in the mid-'90s with a talk radio format, the second Asheville area station to air",
"title": "WPEK"
},
{
"id": "8383219",
"text": "country hits, KYGO 950 used a deeper library and more personality. It was also a CBS Radio News Network affiliate. KYGO 950 continued for six years playing country music before its owner, Jefferson-Pilot Communications decided on a new direction for the station. (Jefferson-Pilot later became the Lincoln Financial Group.) On October 12, 1994, the station changed its call sign to KKFN, and on May 8, 1995, adopted a sports radio format with the moniker \"AM 950 The Fan.\" (The KYGO-AM call sign and country format moved to 1600 AM. KKFN become the first all-sports station in the Denver market. On",
"title": "KKSE (AM)"
},
{
"id": "6169863",
"text": "learned fast. In 2006, as part of Lincoln Financial Media's acquisition of Jefferson-Pilot (including the J-P media properties), KYGO became a Lincoln Financial Media station. On April 26, 1988, the station slightly changed its call letters to KYGO-FM. At the same time, AM 950 switched its call sign to KYGO, and began airing a classic country format, to be a companion to FM 98.5's more contemporary country sound. In 2007, KYGO-FM was named \"Country Music Station of the Year\" in a top 25 market by \"Radio & Records\" magazine. Other nominees included WUSN Chicago, WYCD Detroit, KEEY-FM Minneapolis, WXTU Philadelphia,",
"title": "KYGO-FM"
},
{
"id": "12581044",
"text": "KFYO was the first, established in Lubbock in 1932. In 2010, Ramar Communications purchased FM Translator K264AN (100.7 FM) and began simulcasting FOX Talk 950, as permitted under new FCC rules passed in 2009. On July 1, 2013 KJTV was re-branded as AM 950/100.7 FM Lubbock's News, Talk, Sports. News/Talk and Ag programming air seven days a week from Midnight-3p, with NBC Sports Radio and sports play-by-play airing from 3p-Midnight, seven days a week. On August 7, 2017 KJTV flipped formats from News/Talk/Sports to All Sports, debuting the branding of 100.7 The Score. Programming includes local shows from Double T",
"title": "KJTV (AM)"
},
{
"id": "11586320",
"text": "WGUN WGUN (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an Urban Adult Contemporary format. Licensed to Valdosta, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by Magic 95 Entertainment. It is the oldest station in the city. Although the original WGOV call letters are sometimes said to have stood for \"Good Old Valdosta\", the station name actually derived from its founder, Eurith D. Rivers, who served as governor of Georgia from 1937 to 1941; \"Dee\" Rivers, the former station owner, is his son. With the inauguration of the \"Jack the Bellboy\" program in 1948 with deejay Ben Porter, WGOV was",
"title": "WGUN"
},
{
"id": "8407939",
"text": "CHER-FM CHER-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting from Sydney, Nova Scotia at 98.3 FM. The station broadcasts a classic rock format branded as Max 98.3 FM although some current rock songs can be played on this station. The station is owned and operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station hit the airwaves in December 1965, broadcasting at 950 AM until June 11, 2007 when it officially switched to 98.3 FM. On August 11, 2006, the station received CRTC approval to convert to the FM dial which officially occurred at 10:00 a.m. on June 11, 2007; the final song",
"title": "CHER-FM"
},
{
"id": "8563541",
"text": "WPEN signed off for the last time, and the station then returned to the air under the call letters WKDN, a call sign previously used in the market on 800 AM (now WTMR) and 106.9 FM (now WKVP). 106.9 was Family Radio's previous Philadelphia station. WKDN (AM) WKDN (950AM, \"Family Radio\") is an American radio station licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and serving the Philadelphia market. WKDN is owned and operated by Family Stations, Inc. and broadcasts a Christian format. WKDN began broadcasting as WPEN on April 19, 1929, originally as a 250-watt station on 1500 kHz. The frequency was previously",
"title": "WKDN (AM)"
},
{
"id": "11143151",
"text": "WTLN WTLN (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Religious format. Licensed to Orlando, Florida, United States, it serves the greater Orlando area. The station is owned by the Salem Media Group. Programming on WTLN used to be repeated on WHIM AM 1520 in Apopka; WHIM is now WBZW. WTLN was established in 1940 as WLOF; the WLOF calls today are now used by a Catholic radio station in Buffalo, New York. WTLN originally signed on as WLOF, Orlando's second radio station. This station began broadcasting on 1200 kHz on October 26, 1940. It switched to 1230 kHz in",
"title": "WTLN"
},
{
"id": "9073457",
"text": "was announced on August 2. CIQB-FM CIQB-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a classic rock format at 101.1 FM in Barrie, Ontario. The station uses the on-air brand name 101.1 Big FM and is owned by Corus Entertainment, which also owns sister station CHAY-FM. CKBB (AM) was launched on August 31, 1949 by Ralph Snelgrove's Barrie Broadcasting Company at AM 1230. It signed on as Barrie's first radio station, and was initially a mixture of music and talk programming. It moved to 950 AM in 1958. In December 1983, the station was acquired by Kawartha Broadcasting, and in",
"title": "CIQB-FM"
},
{
"id": "4724241",
"text": "CIXL-FM CIXL-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting in Welland, Ontario. It uses the on-air brand name Giant FM, and broadcasts a classic rock format at 91.7 on the FM dial. It is one of the few commercial FM radio stations on its frequency that can be heard in the United States, where frequencies between 88.1 and 91.9 MHz are set aside for noncommercial stations (a stipulation not required in Canada, CIXL's originating country). The station originally owned by Gordon W. Burnett's Wellport Broadcasting Ltd. was launched in 1957 as CHOW, located at 1470 kHz on the AM dial. A",
"title": "CIXL-FM"
},
{
"id": "19477125",
"text": "XHMEX-FM XHMEX-FM 104.9/XEMEX-AM 950 is a combo radio station in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco. It is owned by Radiorama and carries a grupera format known as La Mexicana. XELW-AM 1510 received its concession on December 3, 1970. It was owned by Francisco Barragan Figueroa and broadcast with 5,000 watts. By the 1980s, it had moved to 950 kHz and taken on the XEMEX calls. XHMEX-FM was authorized in 1994. It was transferred to Emisoras de Zapotlán in 1999. The 950 AM transmitter is located on the Ciudad Guzmán-Guadalajara highway, while the FM station broadcasts from the studios in central Ciudad Guzmán.",
"title": "XHMEX-FM"
},
{
"id": "19477126",
"text": "XHMEX-FM XHMEX-FM 104.9/XEMEX-AM 950 is a combo radio station in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco. It is owned by Radiorama and carries a grupera format known as La Mexicana. XELW-AM 1510 received its concession on December 3, 1970. It was owned by Francisco Barragan Figueroa and broadcast with 5,000 watts. By the 1980s, it had moved to 950 kHz and taken on the XEMEX calls. XHMEX-FM was authorized in 1994. It was transferred to Emisoras de Zapotlán in 1999. The 950 AM transmitter is located on the Ciudad Guzmán-Guadalajara highway, while the FM station broadcasts from the studios in central Ciudad Guzmán.",
"title": "XHMEX-FM"
},
{
"id": "9581316",
"text": "WIBX WIBX (950 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Utica, New York. The station airs a talk radio format and is owned by Townsquare Media as part of a cluster with adult contemporary WLZW, country music WFRG-FM, classic hits WODZ, and classic rock WOUR. WIBX is one of Central New York's oldest radio stations. Its studios and offices are on River Road in Marcy, New York. Its transmitter towers are off Clark Mills Road in Whitesboro, New York. WIBX broadcasts at 5000 watts around the clock but uses a directional antenna system to avoid interfering with other stations",
"title": "WIBX"
},
{
"id": "10405295",
"text": "WZKD WZKD (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The station, originally launched in 1953, is currently owned by Roscoe Miller and the broadcast license is held by Autaugaville Radio, Inc. The WZKD studios are located on the 3rd floor of The Colonial Financial Center in downtown Montgomery, and the transmitter tower is in Montgomery's northeast side. Until September 2, 2016, WZKD broadcast an adult standards music format. The beautiful music was only interrupted for news from WSFA-TV and Alabama Radio Network. This station began regular broadcast operation on May 8, 1953, licensed as",
"title": "WZKD"
},
{
"id": "10304648",
"text": "WKNW does broadcast Detroit Pistons and Lake Superior State Lakers basketball games, as well as Soo Eagles hockey games, and the local sports talk programs \"The Hockey North Show\" & \"The Laker Hockey Show\", hosted by Randy Russon & Bill Crawford respectively. WKNW WKNW is a sports radio station broadcasting at 1400 kHz on the AM dial serving Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. The station is currently the ESPN Radio affiliate for the Sault Ste. Marie market, and is the market's only dedicated sports radio station. According to past editions of the \"Broadcasting Yearbook\", the",
"title": "WKNW"
},
{
"id": "8669848",
"text": "eleven other stations to TBLC Holdings, with the sale to be completed on September 30, 2015. The sale was consummated on November 5, 2015, at a purchase price of $3.5 million. On November 5, 2015, WOLI changed their format to regional Mexican, branded as \"Activa 103.9\" (simulcasting WTOB-FM 103.9 FM). WOLI (AM) WOLI (910 AM) is a regional Mexican/brokered programming radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with power of 3,600 watts in the daytime and 890 watts at night under separate directional signal patterns. WSPA 950 AM",
"title": "WOLI (AM)"
},
{
"id": "9992088",
"text": "WDTK WDTK, known on the air as \"The Patriot\", is a conservative-oriented news/talk radio station broadcasting at 1400 kHz on the AM dial and broadcasts on a translator at 101.5 MHz on the FM dial in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The station is owned by Salem Communications, one of the nation's largest owners of Christian-oriented radio stations. WDTK is the Detroit outlet for such syndicated conservative talkers as Sean Hannity, Mike Gallagher, Dennis Prager, Hugh Hewitt, Larry Elder and Michael Medved as well as local talkers such as John McCulloch. The station began in November 1925 at 1170 kHz as",
"title": "WDTK"
},
{
"id": "9081183",
"text": "WATV (AM) WATV (900 AM, \"Branded as V-94.9\") is a radio station licensed to Birmingham, Alabama. It transmits on 900 AM as well as FM translator W235BS 94.9 FM. The daytime power of WATV is 845 watts, and during nighttime, it transmits with 158 watts. WATV is an urban AC music station, specializing in soul, R&B, disco, and early hip-hop from the 1970s through today. Community issues are also often discussed on the air that pertain to the African American community. It is owned by Courtney French. The station currently known as WATV signed on in 1946 as WKAX. It",
"title": "WATV (AM)"
},
{
"id": "9091059",
"text": "from the University of Houston. Most hours begin with national news from Fox News Radio. The station previously aired a talk format branded as \"Talkradio 950 KPRC\", with Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity, two syndicated shows that have moved to 740 KTRH. Until March 19, 2013, the station was branded \"The 950 - Radio Mojo\", and aired a hot talk format. In 1923, Ross Sterling Jr. took a course on broadcasting at the YMCA in Houston. His father, Ross Sterling Sr., met the instructor, Alfred P. Daniel (of now-discontinued radio station WCAK), and discussed starting a new radio station affiliated",
"title": "KPRC (AM)"
},
{
"id": "8146547",
"text": "1916 by the DeForest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company's station, 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, in conjunction with the \"New York American\", announcing the results of the Wilson-Hughes presidential election. On August 31, 1920, the \"Detroit News\", whose \"Detroit News Radiophone\" began making daily broadcasts on August 20, had broadcast local primary election results. That station operated under the amateur call sign of \"8MK\" and is now AM 950 WWJ. Westinghouse's preparations included the construction of a shack and antenna system on the roof of the nine story K Building at the East Pittsburgh Works",
"title": "KDKA (AM)"
},
{
"id": "11508698",
"text": "presented an E.B. Craney Broadcasting Award for excellence in Radio Station Promotion at the annual meeting of the Montana Broadcasters Association. Kevin Skaalure of KTMX won a Craney for best Radio Public Service Campaign at the same ceremony. KCAP (AM) KCAP (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. The station is owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC. It airs a news/talk format. The station went on the air November 1, 1976 as KMTX. Until 2014, the station broadcast an adult standards format as \"Classy 950.\" In October 2014, Cherry Creek Radio",
"title": "KCAP (AM)"
},
{
"id": "6170356",
"text": "Media) was acquired by Newcap Radio and then converted the station to the FM dial. CKAT is currently one of the last high-powered commercial AM radio stations operating in Northern Ontario. On July 2, 2013, at 3:00 pm, Rogers dropped the AM 600 CKAT branding with slogan \"North Bay's News Leader/Today's Country\" and rebranded CKAT as Country 600, \"Today's Best Country\". CKAT CKAT is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 600 AM in North Bay, Ontario. The station, owned by Rogers Communications, airs a country music, news and sports format. The station originally launched in 1967 at 93.7 FM, and",
"title": "CKAT"
},
{
"id": "5912413",
"text": "Prairie. The 950 AM frequency has been home to many formats. KRSI was one of the first Top-40 stations in the Twin Cities in the late 1950s. While it was owned by Roy H. Park, KRSI carried one of its most popular formats, simulcasting with 104.1 KRSI-FM as Top 40 \"All Request Radio,\" between 1968 and 1972. Over the years the station has been through many formats, including: AM 950 simulcast with co-owned 104.1 during a number of periods in its history. The station was running a combination format of news, sports and business news (as KDOW, KCCO, then KSNB)",
"title": "KTNF"
},
{
"id": "5453277",
"text": "\"Fan\" programming. iHeartMedia, Inc. also owns KFYR 550 (News/Talk), KBMR 1130 (Classic country), KYYY 92.9 (Top 40 (CHR)), KQDY 94.5 (Country), and KSSS 101.5 (Classic rock) in the Bismarck-Mandan area. On April 27, 2017 KXMR filed an application for a Federal Communications Commission construction permit to move the day transmitter site to the night site and decrease day power to 4,000 watts. Critical hours operation would be discontinued. The application was accepted for filing the following day. KXMR KXMR (710 AM) is a radio station located in Bismarck, North Dakota, airing Fox Sports Radio, and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc..",
"title": "KXMR"
},
{
"id": "4585448",
"text": "owned by hotelier W. Albert Lee and carried programming from all four networks of the day—NBC, CBS, ABC, and DuMont. However, after a year of difficulty, Lee sold the station to the Hobby family, owners of the \"Houston Post\" and Houston's oldest radio station, KPRC (950 AM and 99.7 FM, now KODA at 99.1). The Hobbys took control on June 1, 1950, and changed the television station's call letters to match its radio sisters on July 3, 1950. Although the call letters stand for Post Radio Company, they also refer to a 1920's Houston business/tourism campaign slogan Kotton (\"sic\" required",
"title": "KPRC-TV"
},
{
"id": "9054506",
"text": "WLBY WLBY, \"Ann Arbor's Talk Station\", is a talk radio station broadcasting from Saline, Michigan, United States. It carries nationally syndicated programs such as \"The Mike Huckabee Show\", Geraldo Rivera, and John Bachelor. The station is home to former WAAM morning host Lucy Ann Lance. Top of the hour news updates are provided by CNN Radio. WLBY is owned by Cumulus Media. 1290 on the AM dial has had quite a varied history since it first signed on in 1958 as WOIA. In 1962, WOIA jumped to the FM dial (102.9) and the AM signal was re-dubbed WOIB. (For more",
"title": "WLBY"
},
{
"id": "4348808",
"text": "KFYR (AM) KFYR (550 AM) is a radio station located in Bismarck, North Dakota, owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. It transmits on a 5,000-Watt signal that can be heard in seven U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. KFYR also broadcasts on translator K259AF (99.7 FM) in Bismarck. 99.7 FM was previously a simulcast of KQDY 94.5 FM before 2011. KFYR boasts an enormous coverage area. It can be heard across almost all of North Dakota during the day, as well as in parts of Minnesota, South Dakota, Montana, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nebraska. This owes to a combination of its position only",
"title": "KFYR (AM)"
},
{
"id": "8817351",
"text": "1000 watts. Night operation was left at 250 watts. In 1986 the station was acquired by Maritime Broadcasting System. In 2000, CJCW switched to full-time local programming instead of simulcasting CKCW during overnight periods. The station was branded as \"Favourites 590 CJCW\". On September 10, 2007, the station (along with sister stations CKNB, CFAN-FM and CKDH-FM) was rebranded to \"590 CJCW\" with \"Your community, your radio station\" as the positioning statement. CJCW CJCW is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 590 AM in Sussex, New Brunswick. The station plays an adult contemporary format and is owned & operated by the",
"title": "CJCW"
},
{
"id": "7843067",
"text": "airing slightly different programming. However, Houston-based syndicated host Michael Berry has shows on both stations, airing at different times. KTRH was the Houston affiliate for CBS Radio News, before switching to ABC News Radio in 1997 and then to Fox News Radio in 2003. In early 2016, KTRH switched back to ABC. The Fox News affiliation moved to sister station KPRC 950 AM. KTRH KTRH (740 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Houston, Texas and owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. that airs a talk radio format. Programming is also heard on co-owned KQBT's HD 3 channel at 93.7",
"title": "KTRH"
},
{
"id": "4949878",
"text": "the NBC television network since its sign-on, owing to WWJ radio's longtime association with the NBC Red Network. The station is now WDIV-TV, and was Michigan's first TV station. With the increasing popularity of FM radio and stereo broadcasting, 950 WWJ phased out its daytime Middle of the Road music programming in May 1971 and became a strictly news and talk station during the daytime hours (although for the first several years of the all-news format, the station simulcast the beautiful music format of WWJ-FM/97.1, during the overnight hours). The all-news format on WWJ has remained since then, enabling it",
"title": "WWJ (AM)"
},
{
"id": "8669845",
"text": "1946). In 1952, a dispute erupted between both Spartan Radiocasting and Liberty Life over a proposed allocation for VHF TV channel 7 in Spartanburg. It was settled in 1958 when Spartan Radiocasting bought back WSPA and WSPA-FM from Liberty Life Insurance and spinning off WORD and their FM sister WDXY 100.5 to different ownership. In 2002, Entercom (then owners of WORD/WYRD) swapped WORD's programming and call letters from 910 AM over to its newly acquired sister, WSPA's signal at 950 AM to gain better coverage. Then in 2005, WSPA as well as the FMs WOLI/WOLT were spun off to Davidson",
"title": "WOLI (AM)"
},
{
"id": "9460628",
"text": "KJOZ KJOZ (880 AM, 92.5 FM; \"La Calle 92.5 FM\") is an AM radio station, paired with an FM relay translator. Licensed to Conroe, Texas, KJOZ primarily serves the northern Houston, Texas metropolitan area. The station's broadcasts a Tropical music format. KJOZ started out as a full service country & western station using the call sign KMCO (standing for Montgomery County) in 1951, owned by Reagan Smith & Fred Perry Sr. It was originally located at 900 kHz. In 1974, Steve Owen purchased KMCO, applied to change its callsign to KIKR, and renamed the station \"Kicker\". It was co-owned with",
"title": "KJOZ"
},
{
"id": "3509644",
"text": "WSM (AM) WSM (branded as The Legend) is a 50,000-watt clear channel AM radio station located in Nashville, Tennessee. It broadcasts a full-time country music format (with classic country and Americana leanings, the latter of which is branded as \"Route 650\") at 650 kHz and is known primarily as the home of \"The Grand Ole Opry\", the world's longest running radio program. The station's clear channel signal can reach much of North America and nearby countries, especially late at night. It is one of two clear-channel stations in North America, along with CFZM in Toronto, that still primarily broadcast music.",
"title": "WSM (AM)"
},
{
"id": "7382143",
"text": "CKDH-FM CKDH-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 101.7 FM in Amherst, Nova Scotia, owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System, and currently offers a country music format. Prior to August 2011, the station was broadcast at 900 AM before moving to 101.7 FM. Originally owned by Amherst Broadcasting Co., the station began broadcasting in 1957 at 1400 AM, before moving to 900 AM in 1965 and to 101.7 FM as of 2011. Over the years, CKDH has gone through different ownerships and formats. CKDH received CRTC approval on April 24, 2009. to move from 900 AM to 101.7 FM,",
"title": "CKDH-FM"
},
{
"id": "4963924",
"text": "a dominant station, \"Mix\" was a modest ratings and financial success, as the station's transmitter woes were finally resolved by the move to KMSP-TV's antenna array in Shoreview, Minnesota, where most of the market's big FM stations have their transmitters. CBS Radio later sold WXPT's longtime sister station at 950 AM to a local group, which turned it into KTNF, a progressive talk station. At 9 a.m. on April 21, 2005, after a few hours of stunting, \"Mix 104.1\" flipped to \"Jack FM.\" The first song on \"Jack\" was \"Get The Party Started\" by P!nk. On May 10, 2005, three",
"title": "KZJK"
},
{
"id": "8475760",
"text": "area. Although WORD transmits with 5,000 watts of power like its counterpart, WYRD, its signal is somewhat stronger due to its lower dial position. The station added WYRD-FM, at 106.3 on the dial, as a second simulcast partner in 2008. WORD (AM) WORD, known on-air as \"ESPN Upstate\", is a sports-formatted radio station in the Greenville-Spartanburg area of Upstate South Carolina. The Entercom Communications outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Spartanburg, SC, and broadcasts at 950 kHz with power of 5,000 watts non-directional daytime and directional at night. The programming on WORD is simulultaneously broadcast on",
"title": "WORD (AM)"
},
{
"id": "14404304",
"text": "WRHA WRHA (970 AM) is an American radio station broadcasting an oldies radio format. Licensed to Spring City, Tennessee, United States, the station is currently owned by Beverly Broadcasting Company, LLC and features programming from Fox News Radio. Previously it was the student-run radio station at the University of Akron. It occupied the 590 slot on the AM dial for the last several years of its existence. Before that it was on 990-AM. Interference with another station necessitated the move to 590AM. In addition to the main station at 970 kHz, WRHA is relayed to an FM translator at 101.1",
"title": "WRHA"
},
{
"id": "10156798",
"text": "WPEK WPEK (880 AM), known as \"ESPN Asheville\", is a daytime-only AM radio station in Asheville, North Carolina. It is licensed to the nearby town of Fairview. 880 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency; WCBS is the dominant Class A station. WTZY signed on in the mid-'90s with a talk radio format, the second Asheville area station to air Rush Limbaugh (after WSKY). When the station's talk programming was moved to WWNC, WTZY became WPEK \"The Peak\", a classic country station. Later, the format was adult standards. In 2004, the format was switched to progressive talk. For several years,",
"title": "WPEK"
},
{
"id": "11726811",
"text": "CKBI (AM) CKBI is a Canadian radio station in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Owned by the Jim Pattison Group, it broadcasts a country music format branded as \"AM 900\". The station also serves as the broadcast home of the Prince Albert Raiders of the Western Hockey League. CKBI began broadcasting as 10BI in 1930 on 250 metres. In 1933, 10BI became a commercial station, adopting its current callsign and moved to 1210 AM. CKBI has been operating at its current frequency of 900 kHz since 1941; 900 AM is a Canadian and Mexican clear-channel frequency. CKBI and XEW are the dominant",
"title": "CKBI (AM)"
},
{
"id": "13714258",
"text": "KBFC KBFC (93.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Forrest City, Arkansas, United States. The station, established in 1960, is owned and operated by the Forrest City Broadcasting Company. KBFC broadcasts a country music format and features programming from Citadel Media. In addition to its usual music programming, KBFC airs regional and local news as well as a morning show in simulcast with sister station KXJK. KBFC broadcasts Arkansas Razorbacks football and men's basketball games. This station began broadcast operations on September 22, 1960, as an FM simulcast of Forrest City Broadcasting Company sister station KXJK (950 AM).",
"title": "KBFC"
},
{
"id": "13217433",
"text": "KGBC KGBC (1540 AM, 101.7 FM) is a terrestrial American brokered time AM radio facility, paired with an FM relay translator. KGBC is licensed to serve the City of Galveston, Texas. K269GS is licensed to serve Houston, broadcasting from a location near Baytown, off of W Baker Road & Texas Highway 330. Established in 1947, KGBC Radio is wholly owned by SIGA Broadcasting, Inc., of Houston, Texas. In 2016, after 69 years of broadcasting as \"1540 KGBC\", Siga changed the station's image to reflect the new 101.5 translator dial position attached to the heritage AM. In October 2017, 1540 imaging",
"title": "KGBC"
},
{
"id": "5877948",
"text": "CKLQ CKLQ is an AM radio station serving Brandon, Manitoba, Canada and the surrounding area. It currently broadcasts at 880 kHz (a United States clear-channel frequency) with a power of 10,000 watts, airing a country music format, along with radio coverage of Brandon Wheat Kings junior ice hockey. CKLQ is owned and operated by Riding Mountain Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Westman Communications Group. CKLQ started broadcasting in 1977 at a frequency of 1570 kHz and moved to its current frequency in 1985. It is housed, with its sister station CKLF-FM, at 624 14th Street East, on Brandon's northeast side. On",
"title": "CKLQ"
},
{
"id": "11508696",
"text": "KCAP (AM) KCAP (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. The station is owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC. It airs a news/talk format. The station went on the air November 1, 1976 as KMTX. Until 2014, the station broadcast an adult standards format as \"Classy 950.\" In October 2014, Cherry Creek Radio announced that it would purchase KMTX from The Montana Radio Company and move its news/talk programming to KMTX from the original KCAP (1340 AM) and KBLL (1240 AM); those stations went off the air on November 5, the",
"title": "KCAP (AM)"
},
{
"id": "15447507",
"text": "CKCR-FM CKCR-FM is a Canadian radio station in Revelstoke, British Columbia. The station operates at 106.1 FM/MHz. CKCR is owned by Bell Media and airs an adult contemporary format under the EZ Rock on-air brand. In 1965, Hall-Gray Broadcasting Co. Ltd. (Bob Hall and Walter Gray) launched CKCR Revelstoke on the AM dial at 1340 kHz. CKCR was a re-broadcaster of CKXR in Salmon Arm. In 1974 CKCR was given approval to start broadcasting local content of its own in addition to content received from CKXR. That same year CKCR set up a re-broadcaster of its own in golden, CKGR.",
"title": "CKCR-FM"
},
{
"id": "10888772",
"text": "WPET WPET (950 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Greensboro, North Carolina, United States, it serves Piedmont North Carolina. The station is currently owned by Entercom Communications. Wayne Nelson put WPET on the air, in June 1954. In the late 1950s, WPET was Greensboro's first rock and roll station. For a few years starting in 1954, \"Merrill the Pearl\" Watson hosted a gospel music show on WPET, but many of his listeners didn't realize that he was also host of \"Sugarfoot's Rhythm and Blues Express.\" In 1967, under the Ownership of MIDO Communications and Station",
"title": "WPET"
},
{
"id": "5912415",
"text": "Radio's Ed Schultz. Eventually, more syndicated and local shows were added. After the sale of WMNN six months later, the format split to broadcasting on both 740 AM and 1530 AM. In October 2004, 950 AM was purchased, and became the permanent home of \"Air America Minnesota\". In the summer of 2004, the station was purchased by Janet Robert, former Democratic-Farmer-Labor candidate for the US House of Representatives, to provide a local outlet for syndicated programming from the former Air America Radio network (the station was originally known as \"Air America Minnesota\"). The station has gotten more and more of",
"title": "KTNF"
},
{
"id": "4646253",
"text": "Avenue and Monument Road in Bala Cynwyd, along the Philadelphia–Montgomery county line. The two stations also share transmitter facilities in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia. In 1946, the \"Philadelphia Evening Bulletin\" secured a construction permit for channel 10, naming its proposed station WPEN-TV after the newspaper's WPEN radio stations (950 AM, now WKDN, and 98.1 FM, later WCAU-FM and now WOGL). The picture changed dramatically in 1947, when \"The Philadelphia Record\" folded. The \"Bulletin\" inherited the \"Record\"s \"goodwill\", along with the rights to buy the radio station WCAU (1210 AM, now WPHT) and the original WCAU-FM (102.9 FM) from their",
"title": "WCAU"
},
{
"id": "7843066",
"text": "Gallup Poll's editor in chief Frank Newport was also a noted talk show host and news director at KTRH in the early 1980s. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz worked at KTRH while attending the University of Houston. In 1993, Evergreen Media bought KTRH and KLOL for $49 million. Evergreen Media was later merged into Chancellor Media, which in turn was bought by Clear Channel Communications, the forerunner to today's owner, iHeartMedia. In 1995, Clear Channel also acquired KTRH's chief talk radio competitor, AM 950 KPRC. That means Clear Channel, and now iHeartMedia, has two talk radio stations in Houston, each",
"title": "KTRH"
},
{
"id": "10304645",
"text": "WKNW WKNW is a sports radio station broadcasting at 1400 kHz on the AM dial serving Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. The station is currently the ESPN Radio affiliate for the Sault Ste. Marie market, and is the market's only dedicated sports radio station. According to past editions of the \"Broadcasting Yearbook\", the station went on the air as WKNW in August 1990, after briefly holding the callsigns WBPW and WDHP before launch. The station was popularly known as \"KNOW AM\" in the 1990s, which alluded to its then news/talk format, and also served as",
"title": "WKNW"
},
{
"id": "12581043",
"text": "KJTV (AM) KJTV (950 AM, \"100.7 The Score) is a Lubbock, Texas, radio station broadcasting with a daytime power of 5,000 watts. Programming includes both local and nationally syndicated sports talk shows. It is owned by Ramar Communications, co-owned with several sister radio and television stations including its television partner. Its studios are located at 98th and University in south Lubbock, and its transmitter is in Mackenzie Park east of downtown. KJTV (as KSEL 950 1,000 watts Day, 500 watts Night) was the second radio station established in Lubbock, signing on in 1946. KCBD 1590 was third in 1949 and",
"title": "KJTV (AM)"
},
{
"id": "5297377",
"text": "WWL (AM) WWL is a U.S. radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana, broadcasting at 870 kHz, and owned by Entercom Communications. 870 is a clear channel frequency on which WWL reaches large parts of the Gulf Coast in the daytime, and much of the Central and Southern United States at night. In April 2006, it began to simulcast on WWL-FM 105.3 MHz allowing the station's listeners to choose between AM and FM. The station has a talk radio format with sports talk at night. WWL is a long-time affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. The station's studios are located at",
"title": "WWL (AM)"
},
{
"id": "12077360",
"text": "WCLB WCLB (950 AM) is a radio station in Sheboygan, Wisconsin which airs a Rhythmic Top 40 format. WCLB is owned by Mountain Dog Media, a company owned by former State Senator Randy Hopper, with Martini Media providing the station's personalities and programming The station is also translated via FM on W297CK (107.3), also licensed to Sheboygan, and which provides the station's numerical branding. The station came on the air in the mid 1950s as WSHE. They would soon ask for a call change to WKTL to stand for the Kettle Moraine range west of Sheboygan, but WHBL filed an",
"title": "WCLB"
},
{
"id": "11445788",
"text": "WAXB WAXB (850 AM, \"B94.5\") is a radio station licensed to Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States, one of three area stations owned by The Berkshire Broadcasting Corporation. The others are News/Talk 800 AM WLAD and Hot Adult Contemporary 98Q/98.3 FM WDAQ. WAXB airs a classic hits radio format for the Danbury region of Connecticut. The station uses the identification \"B94.5,\" which is the dial position of its FM translator 94.5 W233CF. Because 850 AM is a clear channel frequency, WAXB must sign-off at night to avoid interfering with higher-class stations on that frequency. But listeners in and near Danbury can hear",
"title": "WAXB"
},
{
"id": "9581325",
"text": "20's 6 p.m. newscast. Citing closed-captioning expenses, WFXV dropped the simulcast of Keeler's show on January 4, 2016, but reinstated it May 9, 2016. The station conducts a radiothon for the American Heart Association every March. It was first held in 1971 in memory of Ralph Allinger, a WIBX staffer who had died of a heart attack. In subsequent years, the American Heart Association has also held additional fundraisers in the Mohawk Valley, including a run and walk, to supplement the radiothon. WIBX WIBX (950 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Utica, New York. The station airs a",
"title": "WIBX"
},
{
"id": "2925895",
"text": "WOR (AM) WOR (710 AM) is a 50,000-watt class A clear-channel radio station owned by iHeartMedia and licensed to New York City. The station airs a mix of local and syndicated talk radio shows, primarily from co-owned Premiere Networks, including \"The Rush Limbaugh Show\", \"The Sean Hannity Show\", and \"Coast to Coast AM\". Since 2016, the station has served as the New York affiliate station for NBC News Radio. The station's studios are located in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan at the former AT&T Building, with its transmitter in Rutherford, New Jersey. WOR began broadcasting in February 1922 and is",
"title": "WOR (AM)"
},
{
"id": "6558870",
"text": "WYGM WYGM (740 kHz \"96.9 The Game\"), is a commercial AM radio station in Orlando, Florida, United States. It is owned by iHeartMedia and airs an all sports radio format. Programming is simulcast on FM translator station W245CL at 96.9 MHz in nearby Deltona, Florida, and uses its FM dial position in its moniker, \"96.9 The Game.\" It is also heard on the HD-2 channel of co-owned WJRR 101.1. WYGM has studios and offices in iHeart's Orlando facility in Maitland. It operates at the maximum AM power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission, 50,000 watts at all times, but because",
"title": "WYGM"
},
{
"id": "11501174",
"text": "KSEW KSEW (950 AM) was a radio station licensed to serve Seward, Alaska. The station is owned by Seward Media Partners, LLC. It aired an adult contemporary music format. The station has been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since May 14, 2008. Under a previous owner, the station simulcasted with KYSC in Fairbanks for several years. KSEW's license expired on February 1, 2014 after the application for renewal of the station's license was not filed on time. In addition it had not paid FCC fees for a number of years and efforts to collect the debt",
"title": "KSEW"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: WHVW context: WHVW WHVW (950 AM) is a radio station licensed to Hyde Park, New York that is noted for its eclectic format based on old-fashioned blues, jazz, country and Americana music. In a time of corporate ownership of broadcast outlets, it is also one of only three Hudson Valley radio stations that are independently owned - the other two being WTBQ in Warwick and WDST in Woodstock. WHVW broadcasts on 950 kHz with a power of 500 watts daytime and 57 watts nighttime from a tower located off Route 9G in the Town of Hyde Park. Its studios are located at\n\nWhat radio station do you find at 950 on your local AM dial?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
"origin_tokens": 186,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: WOLI (AM) context: eleven other stations to TBLC Holdings, with the sale to be completed on September 30, 2015. The sale was consummated on November 5, 2015, at a purchase price of $3.5 million. On November 5, 2015, WOLI changed their format to regional Mexican, branded as \"Activa 103.9\" (simulcasting WTOB-FM 103.9 FM). WOLI (AM) WOLI (10 AM) is a regional Mexican/brokered programming radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with power of 3,600 watts in the daytime and 890 watts at night under separate directional signal patterns. WSPA 950 AM\n\ntitle K context: KXJ KXJK (95 is a radio station licensed to serve Forrest City, Ark, United States. The, established in 199 and operated the Forrest City Broadcasting. In addition to main station on 950 MHz KXJ signal relayed to an FM translator which provides both High fidel and the option of FM to listen. KXJK broadcasts mixed format features programming from, ARN, Prem Networks, Dial Global and Y Sports Radio KXJK air regional and local news as well morning show in simulcast with sister station KBFC KXJK\n: WWJ (AM WWAM) WJ 950 kHza regional broadcast frequency), is an- AM Michigan Enter W stud are inason in Southfield and its transmitter is New WJ began22 operating call8M.\" On a, stations Broadcasting Station anding.\" W licensed to in also simul ontitle: WK95) serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The station, originally launched in 1953, is currently owned by Roscoe Miller and the broadcast license is held by Autaugaville Radio, Inc. The WZKD studios are located on the 3rd floor of The Colonial Financial Center in downtown Montgomery, and the transmitter tower is in Montgomery's northeast side. Until September 2, 2016, WZKD broadcast an adult standards music format. The beautiful music was only interrupted for news from WSFA-TV and Alabama Radio Network. This station began regular broadcast operation on May 8, 1953, licensed as\n\nWhat radio station do you find at 950 on your local AM dial?",
"compressed_tokens": 543,
"origin_tokens": 15585,
"ratio": "28.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,738 | Awarded to a ‘person, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that “for better or for worse, …has done the most to influence the events of the year”,’ who did Time magazine name their person of the year this morning? | [
"Priscilla Chan Zuckerberg",
"Youngest self made billionaire",
"Mark E. Zuckerberg",
"Mark Elliot Zuckerberg",
"Toddler ceo",
"Priscilla Chan (Zuckerberg)",
"Mark Zuckerburg",
"Lord Zuckerborg",
"Priscilla Chan (physician)",
"Mark zuckerbag",
"Marc Zuckerberg",
"Pricilla Chan (Zuckerberg)",
"Dr. Priscilla Chan",
"Dr. Priscilla Chan Zuckerberg",
"Zuck",
"Zuckerborg",
"Zark Fuckerberg",
"Mark Zuckerberg",
"Youngest self made billionaire ever"
] | Mark Zuckerberg | [
{
"id": "1659019",
"text": "Time Person of the Year Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". The tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659033",
"text": "by the poll, but by the magazine's editors. Time Person of the Year Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". The tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "10685982",
"text": "work\". The cover of the magazine featured the famous image of Einstein taken in 1947 by American portrait photographer Philippe Halsman. Runners-up: It was debated whether Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, responsible for World War II, The Holocaust, and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, should have been made Persons of the Century for their influence in politics. The argument was based on \"Time\"'s explicit criterion that the persons chosen should have the greatest impact on this century, for better or worse. In the same 31 December 1999 issue of \"Time\", essayist Nancy Gibbs addressed the topic with the article \"The Necessary",
"title": "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"
},
{
"id": "430568",
"text": "past 12 months. The distinction is supposed to go to the person who, \"for good or ill\", has most affected the course of the year; it is, therefore, not necessarily an honor or a reward. In the past, such figures as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin have been Man of the Year. In 2006, Person of the Year was designated as \"You\", a move that was met with split reviews. Some thought the concept was creative; others wanted an actual person of the year. Editors Pepper and Timmer reflected that, if it had been a mistake, \"we're only going to",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1659027",
"text": "candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to \"Time\", Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder. Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of \"You\", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia). In 1941, the fictional",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1383314",
"text": "Connor, leaving them defenseless against Ku Klux Klan nightriders. Rice has appeared four times on the Time 100, \"Time\" magazine's list of the world's 100 most influential people. Rice is one of only nine people in the world whose influence has been considered enduring enough to have made the list—first compiled in 1999 as a retrospective of the 20th century and made an annual feature in 2004—so frequently. However, the list contains people who have the influence to change for better or for worse, and \"Time\" has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating on February 1, 2007, that",
"title": "Condoleezza Rice"
},
{
"id": "1659026",
"text": "immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden the more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned \"Time's\" earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as \"Person of the Century\". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden \"was\" a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659025",
"text": "award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people. However, \"Time\" magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts. As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, \"Time\" has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue. \"Time\"s Person of the Year 2001,",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659024",
"text": "not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue. In 1949, Winston Churchill was named \"Man of the Half-Century\", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as \"Man of the Decade\". The December 31, 1999 issue of \"Time\" named Albert Einstein the \"Person of the Century\". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up. Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659022",
"text": "and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and \"The Silence Breakers\" in 2017. Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as \"Woman of the Year\"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)—and one as half of the \"Man and Wife of the Year\", Soong Mei-ling (1937). \"American Women\" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as \"Hungarian Freedom Fighters\" (1956), \"U.S. Scientists\" (1960), \"The Inheritors\" (1966), \"The Middle Americans\"",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "4078022",
"text": "one of the engineers or entrepreneurs who masterminded this technological revolution, but no one person has clearly dominated those turbulent events. More important, such a selection would obscure the main point. TIME's Man of the Year for 1982, the greatest influence for good or evil, is not a man at all. It is a machine: the computer.\" Jobs cut off all ties with Moritz after the issue was published and threatened to fire anyone who communicated with him. According to Hertzfeld, \"some of us talked with Mike again surreptitiously, as he was putting the finishing touches on his book around",
"title": "Michael Moritz"
},
{
"id": "11339798",
"text": "\"The Atlantic\" for being too much of a pop culture gimmick. A \"New York Daily News\" article named the 2006 award as one of the ten most controversial \"Person of the Year\" moments in the history of \"Time\". However, the news-magazine experienced generally successful sales. While most earlier choices for \"Person of the Year\" have been historically important individuals, many of them infamous rather than internationally popular (Adolf Hitler was 1938's \"Man of the Year\", and Ayatollah Khomeini won in 1979), a few were inanimate. The personal computer was the \"Machine of the Year\" for 1982, while the \"Endangered Earth\"",
"title": "You (Time Person of the Year)"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "11365818",
"text": "well beyond the scope of a given news market, to animals (Secretariat), to two or more persons in the event of a tie, and to groups of persons whose membership is not clear (Ebola fighters). Also the award is presented annually by some organizations but may be a one-off or occasional event for others. The award can be facetious or serious. The chosen person is usually someone who has been notably influential or prominent during the year and could also be a hero or villain. Unlike most awards, it is externally oriented; the award is given to someone who is",
"title": "Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "9072525",
"text": "following: Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to \"Time\" magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney, and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "430569",
"text": "make it once\". In 2017, \"Time\" named The Silence Breakers, women and men who came forward with personal stories of sexual harassment, as Person of the Year. In recent years, \"Time\" has assembled an annual list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Originally, they had made a list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. These issues usually have the front cover filled with pictures of people from the list and devote a substantial amount of space within the magazine to the 100 articles about each person on the list. In some cases, over",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "430567",
"text": "1994 issue. In 2007, \"Time\" engineered a style overhaul of the magazine. Among other changes, the magazine reduced the red cover border to promote featured stories, enlarged column titles, reduced the number of featured stories, increased white space around articles, and accompanied opinion pieces with photographs of the writers. The changes have met both criticism and praise. \"Time\"s most famous feature throughout its history has been the annual \"Person of the Year\" (formerly \"Man of the Year\") cover story, in which \"Time\" recognizes the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest impact on news headlines over the",
"title": "Time (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "259800",
"text": "the Year in 1930. The University of Nagpur awarded him an LL.D. in 1937. Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as \"Person of the Century\" at the end of 1999. The Government of India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2011, \"Time\" magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "5213285",
"text": "Canadian Newsmaker of the Year The Canadian Newsmaker of the Year is a title awarded by The Canadian Press (CP) annually since 1946, based on a survey of editors and broadcasters across the country on which Canadian has had the most influence on the news in a given year. Canadian historian Chad Gaffield stated that the practice of recognising a newsmaker of the year was a return to the study of how history can be influenced by one person, rather than studying obscure people. The honour is often granted to politicians, sometimes upwards of multiple times (10 for Pierre Trudeau",
"title": "Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1659028",
"text": "elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be \"Mammal of the Year\", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine. Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "14302520",
"text": "\"Foreign Policy\" has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who \"never won the prize, but should have\". The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee. The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, \"The greatest",
"title": "Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "6525437",
"text": "a spotlight on individuals who have gone above and beyond the call of duty for our nation.\" On September 20, the American Political Science Association (APSA) presented Petraeus with its 2010 Hubert H. Humphrey Award in recognition of notable public service by a political scientist. On December 9, 2010, Barbara Walters picked Petraeus for the Most Fascinating Person of 2010. Walters called the top commander in Afghanistan \"an American hero\". Petraeus was chosen as \"one of Time magazine's 50 \"People Who Mattered\" in December 2010. The same year he was named number 12 of 50 people who mattered in 2010",
"title": "David Petraeus"
},
{
"id": "7414137",
"text": "Year (Expert magazine) - one or several individuals who significantly influenced economic, business, political or societal development in Russia. 'Person of the Year' is nominated in the final issue each year (#48 or #49, always end of December). Since the first announcement all 'Persons of the Year' were nationals of the Russian Federation. The nomination is similar to Person of the Year by the US Time magazine; the cover of the magazine always features 'Person of the Year'. According to general director Valery Fadeyev, Russian aluminum magnate Oleg Deripaska has offered to set up a media holding named after the",
"title": "Expert (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "2317321",
"text": "social and community work, business enterprise, academia, religious leadership and philanthropy. There has been relatively little public debate about the gender balance of past winners. In 1961 several news outlets incorrectly referred to Sir Macfarlane Burnet as 'Man of the Year'; the mistake was not allowed to continue, as Joan Sutherland took out the second award, but it is certainly true that women are under-represented. By 2009, 11 winners out of a total of 56 were women. In 2016, Miranda Devine of \"The Daily Telegraph\" criticised the selection process, with the national selection panel having to choose from the eight",
"title": "Australian of the Year"
},
{
"id": "11339801",
"text": "ascendancy in \"Time\" view. Stories on the new user-driven media dynamic were provided by NBC editor Brian Williams and \"Time\" magazine editors Lev Grossman and Richard Stengel. As Grossman describes, \"It's about the many wrestling power from the few and helping one another for nothing and how that will not only change the world, but also change the way the world changes.\" The choice was criticized for being a short-sighted gimmick which ignored the existence of many prominent individuals that had shaped the events of the past year. Pundit Paul Kedrosky called it an \"incredible cop-out\", and he also speculated",
"title": "You (Time Person of the Year)"
},
{
"id": "2120012",
"text": "on small cars as a challenge to AMC's domestic competitors, as well as the foreign-car invasion, was documented in the April 6, 1959, cover story of \"Time\" magazine, which concluded that \"Romney has brought off singlehanded one of the most remarkable selling jobs in U.S. industry.\" A full biography of him was published in 1960; the company's resurgence made Romney a household name. The Associated Press named Romney its Man of the Year in Industry for four consecutive years, 1958 through 1961. The company's stock rose from $7 per share to $90 per share, making Romney a millionaire from stock",
"title": "George W. Romney"
},
{
"id": "13972827",
"text": "received national and international recognition for their work. Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's Award for Fiction in 1936. Robert Kroetsch, Adele Wiseman and Miriam Toews are also among the Manitoban recipients of the Governor General's Award. David Bergen won the Scotiabank Giller Prize for \"The Time In Between\". A. E. van Vogt, born in Gretna, Manitoba, is one of the most popular writers of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip \"For Better or For Worse\", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Culture of Manitoba"
},
{
"id": "1659032",
"text": "title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. \"Time\" again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year. \"Time\" continues to annually run an online poll for the \"People's Choice\", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "2756379",
"text": "Women of the Year were announced. Cindy Crawford alongside Richard Gere had been declared \"Sexiest Couple of the Year\" on October 19, 1993 as a departure from the magazine's annual \"Sexiest Man of the Year\" award. At the end of each year \"People\" magazine famously selects 25 news-making individuals or couples who have received a lot of media attention over the past 12 months and showcases them in a special year-end issue, the '25 Most Intriguing People of the Year'. This series of full-page features and half-page featurettes includes world leaders and political activists, famous actors and entertainers, elite athletes,",
"title": "People (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "1404956",
"text": "where the soft power was defined as \"a comprehensive toolkit for achieving foreign policy objectives building on civil society potential, information, cultural and other methods and technologies alternative to traditional diplomacy.\" In 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin was named \"Time\" Person of the Year. In 2013, he was named most powerful person by Forbes magazine. In 2015, Russia led the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union. In 2017, Russia had the fourth largest diplomatic network in the world. In the wake of the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018, the BBC reported that \"Its extensive diplomatic network reflects",
"title": "Soft power"
},
{
"id": "1659023",
"text": "(1969), \"The American Soldier\" (2003), \"You\" (2006), \"The Protester\" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and \"Ebola fighters\" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained \"Man of The Year\" for both the 1956 \"Hungarian Freedom Fighter\" and the 1966 \"Twenty-five and Under\" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and \"Men of the Year\" on the 1960 \"U.S. Scientists\" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It was not until the 1969 edition on \"The Middle Americans\" did the title embrace \"Man and Woman of the Year\". Despite the name, the title is",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "17792434",
"text": "Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "284481",
"text": "to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi\". Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out. \"Foreign Policy\" lists Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh, and Corazon Aquino as people who \"never won the prize, but should have\". In 1965, UN Secretary General U Thant was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily",
"title": "Nobel Prize"
},
{
"id": "15595501",
"text": "located in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences on Constitution Avenue. The chemical element 99, einsteinium, was named for him in August 1955, four months after Einstein's death. 2001 Einstein is an inner main belt asteroid discovered on 5 March 1973. In 1999 \"Time\" magazine named him the Person of the Century, ahead of Mahatma Gandhi and Franklin Roosevelt, among others. In the words of a biographer, \"to the scientifically literate and the public at large, Einstein is synonymous with genius\". Also in 1999, an opinion poll of 100",
"title": "Einstein's awards and honors"
},
{
"id": "14302507",
"text": "Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: \")\" is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\". As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a",
"title": "Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "19845307",
"text": "central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. Merkel played a crucial role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level. Merkel has been widely described as the \"de facto\" leader of the European Union throughout her tenure as Chancellor. Merkel has twice been named the world's second most powerful person by \"Forbes\" magazine, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman. In December 2015, Merkel was named as \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year, with the magazine's cover declaring her to be the \"Chancellor of the Free World.\" On 26",
"title": "Foreign policy of the Angela Merkel government"
},
{
"id": "15366924",
"text": "Economist New Media Award. In 2009, Amnesty International awarded WikiLeaks their Media Award for exposing \"extra judicial killings and disappearances\" in Kenya. In 2009, Ars Electronica awarded WikiLeaks an Award of Distinction in the Digital Communities category. In 2010, TIME Magazine Person of the Year, People's Choice (highest global vote) and the Sam Adams Award for Integrity. In 2011, Walkley Foundation for Journalism awarded the \"Most outstanding contribution to journalism\" Walkley Award to WikiLeaks. The Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal, the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism, the Blanquerna Award for Best Communicator, the Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to",
"title": "Reception of WikiLeaks"
},
{
"id": "1659029",
"text": "documentary \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's \"The Passion of the Christ\" became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview \"I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from \"Time\" Magazine. He said,' \"Time\" Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be \"Time\"s Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "9072520",
"text": "of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status\". The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005, conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed, which led \"Salon\" to observe: When \"Time\" magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 \"most influential people\" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il, and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, \"Time\" executive editor",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "5627805",
"text": "exaggerating a child's personal problems. Script mothers can be writers, comedians or cartoonists. An example of a script mother has been Lynn Johnston, who has been criticized for exploiting her children (and husband) in her comic strip \"For Better or for Worse\", as opposed to many cartoonists such as Charles Schultz and Berke Breathed who make up fictional characters. Johnston's children eventually had to be pulled out of school due to the constant bullying and embarrassment they received in being compared to their comic strip counterparts, and placed into a private school with tougher regulations on student conduct. Real-life stage",
"title": "Stage mother"
},
{
"id": "15335374",
"text": "nickname would be introduced four years later). Facing heavy debt in 1986, five-time Academy Award winner Lyle Wheeler sold off boxes of his possessions, including his five Oscars. His award for art direction for \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" was auctioned off for $21,250 to William Kaiser. Kaiser returned the award to Wheeler at a ceremony held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in 1989. The hotel has hosted the Golden Raspberry Awards, the ceremony recognizing the year’s worst in film, on numerous occasions. The pool at the Roosevelt Hotel was featured in a 1955 episode of \"I Love Lucy\" when",
"title": "The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel"
},
{
"id": "3255683",
"text": "Lasker Award The Lasker Awards have been awarded annually since 1945 to living persons who have made major contributions to medical science or who have performed public service on behalf of medicine. They are administered by the Lasker Foundation, founded by Albert Lasker and his wife Mary Woodard Lasker (later a medical research activist). The awards are sometimes referred to as \"America's Nobels\". Lasker Award has gained a reputation for identifying future winners of the Nobel Prize. Eighty-six Lasker laureates have received the Nobel Prize, including 32 in the last two decades. Claire Pomeroy is the current President of the",
"title": "Lasker Award"
},
{
"id": "16547591",
"text": "Glamour Awards The \"Glamour\" Awards is an annual awards hosted by \"Glamour\" magazine in order to honour \"extraordinary and inspirational\" women from a variety of fields, including entertainment, business, sports, music, science, medicine, education and politics. There is also an award handed out each year called the Man of the Year for men. The awards started in 2003. Woman of the Year Salma Hayek 25th Anniversary. References: After \"Glamour\" announced that it would be giving an award to Caitlyn Jenner in November 2015, the husband of New York police officer Moira Smith, who helped rescue over 100 people during the",
"title": "Glamour Awards"
},
{
"id": "383799",
"text": "group of individuals whose innovative ideas, products or services have created significant change to markets, commerce or trade. This award celebrates innovation in action — not only the creative idea, but also the impact that the practical application of the idea has made on improving the economic well-being of individuals, an industry or a nation. For his contributions to technology, Wozniak has been awarded a number of Honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees, which include the following: Wozniak has been mentioned, represented or interviewed many times in media, including the following programs: After seeing her stand-up performance in Saratoga, California, Wozniak",
"title": "Steve Wozniak"
},
{
"id": "8972449",
"text": "content, stating that he wanted the magazine to be more selective and to represent \"knowledge\" rather than \"undigested information.\" He increased reporting on war and politics, giving \"Time\" a more focused editorial profile. In his first year as managing editor, Stengel selected \"You\" as \"Time\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Person of the Year\", which was the subject of much media coverage and debate. In 2010, \"Time\" chose another social media-oriented \"Person of the Year\", Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. In 2008, Stengel approved the changing of \"Time\"'s emblematic red border for only the second time since its adoption. The border was changed to green for",
"title": "Richard Stengel"
},
{
"id": "9072516",
"text": "through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term. In the 2007 \"Time\" 100 list, managing editor Richard Stengel explained that the \"Time\" 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular, or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating: Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "18908577",
"text": "Guevara, Lil Wayne, Barack Obama, Rorschach (from \"Watchmen\"), Adolf Hitler, Justin Bieber, Jimmy Carter, Finn the Human, and Uncle Sam (\"Who Needs You?\"). Since his initial unsuccessful run in 1956, Neuman has periodically been re-offered as a candidate for President with the slogan, \"You could do worse... and always have!\" Along with his face, \"Mad\" also includes a short humorous quotation credited to Neuman with every issue's table of contents. (Example: \"\"It takes one to know one... and vice versa!\"\") Some of these quotations were collected in the 1997 book \"Mad: The Half-Wit and Wisdom of Alfred E. Neuman\", which",
"title": "Alfred E. Neuman"
},
{
"id": "1756444",
"text": "both the Golden Lion and the Worst Director Razzie for \"Mother!\". \"Wall Street\" (1987) is the only film to date to win both an Oscar and a Razzie. Michael Douglas won the Academy Award for Best Actor, however Daryl Hannah's performance was not as well received and earned her a Razzie for Worst Supporting Actress. Current Awards Retired Special categories have also been introduced for specific years. Such special awards include: Every decade-closing ceremony includes an award for the worst actors and movies of the decade—though the 2000 ceremony put the actors as worst of the 20th century instead. Special",
"title": "Golden Raspberry Awards"
},
{
"id": "1659021",
"text": "they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941). In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year. Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include \"The Whistleblowers\" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley,",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "2359980",
"text": "organisations that used plain English, and highlighting those that did not. Although the Foot in Mouth award was first made in 1993, a specific acknowledgment was made to a comment by Dan Quayle, Vice President of the United States in 1991. The award has been presented 20 times, and only Rhodri Morgan and Boris Johnson have received it more than once. The Welsh politician won in both 1998 and 2005, and made a light-hearted response to his second win, claiming that the first award had \"made [his] name.\" Politicians have been recipients of the award more times than any other",
"title": "Foot in Mouth Award"
},
{
"id": "9072507",
"text": "Time 100 Time\" 100 (often stylized as TIME\" 100) is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine \"Time\". First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now a highly publicized annual event. Although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, \"Time\" makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of influential individuals is exclusively chosen by \"Time\" editors with nominations coming from",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "1385787",
"text": "magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large American city. Most magazines are owned by one of the large media conglomerates or by one of their smaller regional brethren. The American Society of Magazine Editors sponsors the annual National Magazine Awards recognizing excellence. The U.S. has three leading weekly news magazines: \"Time\", \"Newsweek\" and \"U.S. News and World Report\". \"Time\" and \"Newsweek\" are center-left while \"U.S. News and World Report\" tends to be center-right. \"Time\" is well known for naming a \"Person of the Year\" each",
"title": "Media of the United States"
},
{
"id": "16547593",
"text": "can only guess that this was a publicity stunt meant to resuscitate a dying medium. After discussing this slap in the face to the memory of our Hero with my family, I have decided to return Moira's award to \"Glamour\" magazine.\" Glamour Awards The \"Glamour\" Awards is an annual awards hosted by \"Glamour\" magazine in order to honour \"extraordinary and inspirational\" women from a variety of fields, including entertainment, business, sports, music, science, medicine, education and politics. There is also an award handed out each year called the Man of the Year for men. The awards started in 2003. Woman",
"title": "Glamour Awards"
},
{
"id": "9759092",
"text": "Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time) The Canadian Newsmaker of the Year is a designation awarded by the Canadian edition of \"Time\" magazine. It comes with a written piece reflecting the magazine's staff's opinion on which Canadian or Canadians have had the most impact on the news, either positively or negatively. The honour has also been known by the title Canada's Newsmaker, or by titles such as \"Headliners\" and simply \"Newsmakers\" which were shared with non-Canadians. However, the exact phrase \"Canadian Newsmaker of the Year\" has been used by \"Time\". This selection is not to be confused with the Canadian",
"title": "Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time)"
},
{
"id": "100986",
"text": "to foreign investment and the global market, policies that are credited with developing China into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world for several generations and raising the standard of living of hundreds of millions. He was the \"Time\" Person of the Year in 1978 and 1985, the second Chinese leader (after Chiang Kai-shek) and the sixth communist leader (after Joseph Stalin, picked twice, and Nikita Khrushchev, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh) to be selected. Deng was criticized for ordering the crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but praised for his reaffirmation of the",
"title": "Deng Xiaoping"
},
{
"id": "149710",
"text": "Yerevan in Soviet Armenia, and to find homes for a further 40,000 in Syria and Lebanon. In 1938, the year in which it was superseded by a wider-ranging body, the Nansen Office was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1954, the League's successor body, the United Nations, established the Nansen Medal, later named the Nansen Refugee Award, given annually by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to an individual, group or organisation \"for outstanding work on behalf of the forcibly displaced\". Numerous geographical features bear his name: the Nansen Basin and the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean; Mount",
"title": "Fridtjof Nansen"
},
{
"id": "250500",
"text": "the first-ever Governor General's Award for Fiction in 1936. Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip \"For Better or For Worse\", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame. Margaret Laurence's \"The Stone Angel\" and \"A Jest of God\" were set in Manawaka, a fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter title won the Governor General's Award in 1966. Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for \"The Stone Diaries\". Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award three times. A quote from her writings is",
"title": "Manitoba"
},
{
"id": "934443",
"text": "100 Greatest Britons on the BBC and voted for by the public. Branson was also ranked in 2007's \"Time\" magazine \"Top 100 Most Influential People in the World\". On 7 December 2007, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon presented Branson with the United Nations Correspondents Association Citizen of the World Award for his support for environmental and humanitarian causes. On 24 January 2011, Branson was awarded the German Media Prize (organised by \"Media Control Charts\"), previously handed to former US president Bill Clinton and the Dalai Lama. On 14 November 2011, Branson was awarded the ISTA Prize by the International",
"title": "Richard Branson"
},
{
"id": "12258064",
"text": "and Laurence Olivier (1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties with Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ingrid Bergman, and Meryl Streep for the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. Only Katharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. In 2012, Nicholson co-presented the Academy Award for Best Picture with First Lady Michelle Obama. This ceremony marked the eighth time he has presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2012). Nicholson is an active and voting member of the",
"title": "Jack Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "20437146",
"text": "Jones has a BA from Harvard University and a PhD in English and Comparative Literature from Columbia, where she has also taught courses in writing and literature. She began her career in Moscow as the arts editor of the English-language \"Moscow Times\". She was the managing editor of \"The Paris Review\" before moving to \"Time\" in 2008. During her employment at \"Time\" she oversaw its yearly listing of the 100 most influential people and Person of the Year. In 2016 she joined \"The New York Times\" as the editorial director of the books department. On 13 November 2017, Condé Nast",
"title": "Radhika Jones"
},
{
"id": "10620048",
"text": "perception of United Russia. His political ideology, priorities and policies are sometimes referred to as Putinism (). Putin has enjoyed very high domestic approval ratings and in 2007 was \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year. In 2015, he was designated No. 1 in \"Time\" 100, \"Time\" magazine's list of the top 100 most influential people in the world. In 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, he was designated No. 1 on the \"Forbes\" list of The World’s Most Powerful People. The Russian economy and standard of living grew rapidly during the early period of Putin's regime, fueled largely by a boom",
"title": "Russia under Vladimir Putin"
},
{
"id": "17121439",
"text": "and imagination, as well as open-mindedness through their talent, work and persistence. Dame Jane Goodall, George Lucas, James Cameron, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Buzz Aldrin, Christopher Reeve, Harrison Ford, Tippi Hedren, Larry Hagman, Omar Sharif and Ray Bradbury rank among the recipients of the Jules Verne 'Achievement' Award. The Jules Verne Awards for best documentaries go to the best exploration, adventure, environment and discovery documentaries of the year. The following is a listing of some Jules Verne Awards ceremonies and recipients. Jules Verne Award Created in 1992 by Jean-Christophe Jeauffre and Frédéric Dieudonné, the two founders of the Jules Verne Festival, the",
"title": "Jules Verne Award"
},
{
"id": "15627595",
"text": "the annual MacArthur Fellows Program, often dubbed \"genius grants\", which makes $625,000 no-strings-attached awards annually to about two dozen creative individuals in diverse fields. During the past few years, computer entrepreneur Bill Gates, who co-founded Microsoft, and billionaire investor and Berkshire Hathaway Chairman Warren Buffett have donated many billions of dollars to charity and have challenged their wealthy peers to donate half of their assets to philanthropic causes. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has led campaigns to eradicate malaria and river blindness, and Buffett donation $31 billion in 2006 to the Gates Foundation. Financier Ronald Perelman signed the Gates-Buffett",
"title": "Philanthropy in the United States"
},
{
"id": "562630",
"text": "category Eponym An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be named. The adjectives derived from eponym include \"eponymous\" and \"eponymic\". For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, and \"the \"eponymous\" founder of the Ford Motor Company\" refers to Henry Ford. Recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows \"eponymous\" to mean \"named after its central character or creator\". Periods have often been named after a ruler or other influential figure: Trends For examples, see the comparison table below. By person's name",
"title": "Eponym"
},
{
"id": "1564915",
"text": "overly focused on Western achievements. The Chinese, for example, had invented type four centuries before Johannes Gutenberg, but with thousands of ideograms, found its use impractical. \"Life\" also published a list of the \"100 Most Important People of the Millennium.\" This list, too, was criticized for focusing on the West. Thomas Edison's number one ranking was challenged since critics believed other inventions, such as the Internal combustion engine, the automobile, and electricity-making machines, for example, had greater effects on society than Edison's. The top 100 list was criticized for mixing world-famous names, such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Louis Pasteur,",
"title": "Life (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "6535114",
"text": "years. Behan, who was unequivocal in the defence of his copyright, publicly accused Bob Dylan of plagiarizing \"The Patriot Game\" in writing his own \"With God on Our Side\". In 2009 \"The Patriot Game\" from \"Easter Week and After: Songs of the IRA\" originally issued by Topic in 1960 was included in their 70-year anniversary boxed set \"Three Score and Ten\" as track twenty-two on the third CD. Dave Cousins of the band Strawbs wrote his song \"Josephine, for Better or for Worse\" in honour of Josephine and Dominic Behan. This song has been recorded several times; the best-known version",
"title": "Dominic Behan"
},
{
"id": "10310886",
"text": "Malick, Steven Spielberg, and François Truffaut each won the award twice. National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for \"Taxi Driver\" (1976), \"Raging Bull\" (1980), and \"Goodfellas\" (1990); Bergman won for \"Persona\" (1967), \"Shame (Skammen)\" + \"Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)\" (1968), and \"The Passion of Anna (En passion)\" (1970).",
"title": "National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director"
},
{
"id": "333506",
"text": "advocacy of peace which led to the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Rhodes Scholarships, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and ultimately the League of Nations, also saw the re-emergence of the ancient Olympic ideal. Led by Pierre de Coubertin, this culminated in the holding in 1896 of the first of the modern Olympic Games. The highest honour awarded to peace maker is the Nobel Prize in Peace, awarded since 1901 by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will,",
"title": "Peace"
},
{
"id": "5071735",
"text": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States In political studies, surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures and faults. Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George Washington are most often listed as the three highest-rated Presidents among historians. The remaining places within the Top 10 are often rounded out by Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S.",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "6666701",
"text": "W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe \"has done the most to influence the events of the year\". In May 2004, Gallup reported that 89 percent of the Republican electorate approved of Bush. However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs. Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections. While 73 percent of military personnel said that they would vote for",
"title": "George W. Bush"
},
{
"id": "10310885",
"text": "National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for \"Taxi Driver\" (1976), \"Raging Bull\" (1980), and \"Goodfellas\" (1990); Bergman won for \"Persona\" (1967), \"Shame (Skammen)\" + \"Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)\" (1968), and \"The Passion of Anna (En passion)\" (1970). Robert Altman, Luis Buñuel, David Cronenberg, Clint Eastwood, Mike Leigh, Terence",
"title": "National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director"
},
{
"id": "1383315",
"text": "her \"accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade\" and that she \"has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U.S.'s prestige has declined.\" In its March 19, 2007 issue it followed up stating that Rice was \"executing an unmistakable course correction in U.S. foreign policy.\" In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by \"Forbes\" magazine and number two in 2006 (following the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel). Citing her role in authorizing the use of so-called \"enhanced interrogation techniques\", Human Rights Watch",
"title": "Condoleezza Rice"
},
{
"id": "13514231",
"text": "Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting. James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – \"Ulysses\" and \"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\" – but Joyce",
"title": "Nobel Prize in Literature"
},
{
"id": "1659020",
"text": "having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes. Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge (in office at time of the first issue), Herbert Hoover (the subsequent U.S. President), and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "562629",
"text": "Eponym An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be named. The adjectives derived from eponym include \"eponymous\" and \"eponymic\". For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, and \"the \"eponymous\" founder of the Ford Motor Company\" refers to Henry Ford. Recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows \"eponymous\" to mean \"named after its central character or creator\". Periods have often been named after a ruler or other influential figure: Trends For examples, see the comparison table below. By person's name By",
"title": "Eponym"
},
{
"id": "259798",
"text": "Obama in September 2009 said that his biggest inspiration came from Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?'. He continued that \"He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics.\" \"Time Magazine\" named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "1304856",
"text": "The American band Living Colour won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1990 for their song \"Cult of Personality\". The song includes references to Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Benito Mussolini, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Malcolm X. Notes Further reading Cult of personality A cult of personality arises when a country's regime – or, more rarely, an individual – uses the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image of a leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.",
"title": "Cult of personality"
},
{
"id": "1702102",
"text": "With Fields: Music, Arts, Theater(Cinema), and Thought and Ethics With the 2015 Kyoto laureates, the three-category prizes have honored 99 individuals and one foundation (the Nobel Foundation). Individual laureates range from scientists, engineers, and researchers to philosophers, painters, architects, sculptors, musicians, and film directors. The United States has produced the most recipients (44), followed by Japan (19), the United Kingdom (12), and France (8). Kyoto Prize The is Japan's highest private award for global achievement. The Kyoto Prize is given not only to those that are top representatives of their own respective field, but also to those that have contributed",
"title": "Kyoto Prize"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "12788892",
"text": "more controversial laureates, such as Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho (1973) and Arafat, Peres and Rabin (1994), but also less controversial ones such as Mother Teresa (1979) and Elie Wiesel (1986). Although many laureates have done \"commendable work\", Heffermehl stresses that this is not good enough to receive a prize whose criteria explicitly pertain to disarmament and peace work. His views were first explained in-depth in the 2008 book \"Nobels vilje\" (English: \"Nobel's Will\"). Since 1948, the selection of members of the Nobel Committee has been delegated from the Parliament of Norway (against what Nobel prescribed) to the major",
"title": "Fredrik Heffermehl"
},
{
"id": "9072515",
"text": "list from year to year. Repeat appearances are rare; only the following individuals have appeared more than twice. In 2004, \"Time\" editors \"identified three rather distinct qualities\", when choosing the \"Time\" 100 explained \"Time\" editor-at-large Michael Elliott: First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives",
"title": "Time 100"
},
{
"id": "2148784",
"text": "Edgar Award The Edgar Allan Poe Awards (popularly called the Edgars), named after Edgar Allan Poe, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America, based in New York City. They honor the best in mystery fiction, non-fiction, television, film, and theater published or produced in the previous year. Winners and, where known, shortlisted titles for each year: The Edgar Allan Poe Awards 2010, honoring the best in mystery fiction, non-fiction, television, and film published or produced in 2009, are: The Robert L. Fish Memorial Award was presented to \"A Dreadful Day\" – \"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine\" by Dan",
"title": "Edgar Award"
},
{
"id": "1393690",
"text": "Lynn Johnston Lynn Johnston, (born May 28, 1947) is a Canadian cartoonist, known for her newspaper comic strip \"For Better or For Worse\". She was the first woman and first Canadian to win the National Cartoonist Society's Reuben Award. Born Lynn Ridgway in Collingwood, Ontario, she was raised in North Vancouver, British Columbia. She attended the Vancouver School of Art (now Emily Carr University of Art and Design) with hopes of making a living as an artist. After working briefly in animation, she married in 1969 and moved back to Ontario, where she worked as a medical artist at McMaster",
"title": "Lynn Johnston"
},
{
"id": "20359338",
"text": "did it only in 1979. They kept their relationship private until 1985 when they made coming out on \"The Phil Donahue Show\". Bruhs Mero died from Alzheimer’s disease on August 10, 1995. Harwood died in 2006. Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood are profiled in \"Silent Pioneers\", a 1984 documentary by Lucy Winter, Harvey Marks, Paula de Koenigsberg, and Patricia G. Snyder, and \"For Better or for Worse\", the musical chronicling their love affair, was an Academy Award-nomination in 1993. A second musical, \"Sixty Years with Bruhs & Gean\", written by Tom Wilson Weinberg and directed by Jim Vivyan, was produced",
"title": "Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood"
},
{
"id": "6458319",
"text": "the second person to win the $1,000,000 major prize on the Australian version of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", after Rob \"Coach\" Fulton. He won the prize on the 14 November 2005 episode after being asked: \"Who was never Time Magazine Man of the Year?\" A - Adolf Hitler, B - Ayatollah Khomeini, C - Joseph Stalin or D - Mao Zedong. The answer was Mao Zedong. He answered the question only after using his final lifeline, the 50/50. His appearance on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" spawned some controversies, as it was marred by suggestions that he",
"title": "Martin Flood"
},
{
"id": "16382200",
"text": "and repeatedly with asinine phrases\", and described it as \"depressing\". The book garnered some accolades. In December 2012, it won both \"Popular Fiction\" and \"Book of the Year\" categories in the UK National Book Awards. In that same month, \"Publishers Weekly\" named E. L. James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the \"LA Times\" and the \"New York Daily News\" was referred to by and summarised in \"The Christian Science Monitor\". Earlier, in April 2012, when E. L. James was listed as one of \"Time\" magazine's \"100 Most Influential People in the World\", Richard Lawson",
"title": "Fifty Shades of Grey"
},
{
"id": "18414535",
"text": "Einstein, Jesse Owens, Jim Henson, Jonas Salk, Dr. Seuss, Bella Abzug, Dan West, Mother Teresa, Steven Spielberg, George H.W. Bush, Lucille Ball, George Washington, Charlie Chaplin, Oprah Winfrey, Frank Shankwitz, Mark Twain, Eleanor Roosevelt, Neil Armstrong, Paul Newman, Pele, Barbara Johns, Aung San Suu Kyi, Eli Segal, Abraham Lincoln, Andy Miyares, Clara Hale, Muhammad Ali, Barack Obama, Harper Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Mahatma Gandhi, Frederick Douglass, Chesley B. Sullenberger, Rosa Parks, Lou Gehrig, Teri Meltzer, Ben Rubin. Brad Meltzer began collecting a list of heroes whose virtues and skills he wanted to share with his son when he grew up. The",
"title": "Heroes for My Son"
},
{
"id": "4050994",
"text": "\"extraordinary service to refugees and displaced people\". In 2009, Farrow was named \"New York\" magazine's \"New Activist\" of the year and included on its list of individuals \"on the verge of changing their worlds\". In 2011, \"Harper's Bazaar\" listed him as an \"up-and-coming politician\". In 2012, he was ranked number one in \"Law and Policy\" on \"Forbes\" magazine's \"30 Under 30\" Most Influential People. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate by Dominican University of California in 2012. In its 2013 retrospective of men born in its 80 years of publication, \"Esquire\" magazine named him the man of the year",
"title": "Ronan Farrow"
},
{
"id": "4164167",
"text": "over 20,000 documents worldwide. They also give out the annual Foot in Mouth Award for \"a baffling comment by a public figure\" and the Golden Bull Award for \"the worst examples of written tripe\". Notable winners of the Foot in Mouth Award include Donald Trump, George W. Bush, Gordon Brown, Richard Gere, and Donald Rumsfeld. PEC has worked all over the world for companies and organisations including British Gas, British Telecom, Irish Life, Telefónica O2 and the World Bowls association. It has also worked with the majority of UK council and government departments. Many UK forms and bills carry the",
"title": "Plain English Campaign"
},
{
"id": "2570696",
"text": "he was accused of profiteering but was later acquitted. Schwab was considered to be a risk taker and was highly controversial (Thomas Edison once famously called him the \"master hustler\"). Schwab's lucrative contract providing steel to the Trans-Siberian Railroad came after he provided a $200,000 \"gift\" to the mistress of the Grand Duke Alexis Aleksandrovich. His innovative ways of dealing with his staff are given a mention in Dale Carnegie's most famous work, \"How to Win Friends and Influence People\" (1936). In 1928, Schwab was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal for \"outstanding services to the steel industry\". In 1932 he",
"title": "Charles M. Schwab"
},
{
"id": "18089695",
"text": "Henry Grossman Henry Grossman (born 1936) is an American photographer, best known for his portraits of notable figures, in particular President John F. Kennedy and the Beatles, as well as prominent political figures, writers, and performing artists. Through much of his career he was a staff photographer for Life Magazine. His photographs feature portraits that include Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Kurt Vonnegut Jr, Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Luciano Pavarotti, and Barbra Streisand. Henry Grossman was born in New York City, the son of Elias Grossman, a renowned Russian-born etcher, whose subjects include Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, and Benito Mussolini. Henry",
"title": "Henry Grossman"
},
{
"id": "3473902",
"text": "give it yearly. The first award was given to Robert Hare, for his invention of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, in 1839. Twenty-three years elapsed before the award was given a second time, to John Ericsson. The prize is awarded whenever the academy recognizes a significant achievement in either of the two fields. It has been given 62 times to 79 individuals, and once to a tri-group committee of 21 people. Awardees receive a gold-and-silver medal. Previous prizewinners include Thomas Alva Edison, for his investigations in electric lighting; Enrico Fermi, for his studies of radiation theory and nuclear energy; and Charles H.",
"title": "Rumford Prize"
},
{
"id": "9759095",
"text": "homosexual men and commentary on liberalism in Canada. The \"Gazette\" took this as recognition from a US magazine that Canadians are distinct from Americans. There has never been a woman selected as Canadian Newsmaker of the Year. Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time) The Canadian Newsmaker of the Year is a designation awarded by the Canadian edition of \"Time\" magazine. It comes with a written piece reflecting the magazine's staff's opinion on which Canadian or Canadians have had the most impact on the news, either positively or negatively. The honour has also been known by the title Canada's Newsmaker, or",
"title": "Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time)"
},
{
"id": "2238815",
"text": "in recognition of the considerable sums he had donated to her charitable operations. In April 1992, California Superior Court Judge Lance Ito gave Keating the maximum 10-year prison sentence, quoting Woody Guthrie, to wit \"More people have suffered from the point of a fountain pen than from a gun.\" Keating was sent to the medium-security Federal Correctional Institution, Tucson to serve his time. In May 1992, Keating's son-in-law, Robert M. Wurzelbacher Jr., a senior vice president of American Continental, and chief executive of an investment firm owned by Lincoln Savings, was also implicated, pleaded guilty to three federal fraud counts",
"title": "Charles Keating"
},
{
"id": "13572067",
"text": "conclusions from the decrease in crime. \"These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions.\" Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker \"America's Mayor\" and was named \"Time Magazine\" Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the",
"title": "Public image of Rudy Giuliani"
},
{
"id": "934407",
"text": "in the net removal of anthropogenic, atmospheric greenhouse gases each year for at least ten years without countervailing harmful effects. This removal must have long-term effects and contribute materially to the stability of the Earth's climate. Branson also announced that he would be joined in the adjudication of the prize by a panel of five judges, all world authorities in their respective fields: Al Gore, Sir Crispin Tickell, Tim Flannery, James E. Hansen, and James Lovelock. In July 2007, Branson purchased his Australian home, Makepeace Island, in Noosa. In August 2007, Branson announced that he bought a 20-percent stake in",
"title": "Richard Branson"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Time Person of the Year context: Time Person of the Year Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine \"Time\" that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that \"for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year\". The tradition of selecting a \"Man of the Year\" began in 1927, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not\n\nAwarded to a ‘person, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that “for better or for worse, …has done the most to influence the events of the year”,’ who did Time magazine name their person of the year this morning?",
"compressed_tokens": 219,
"origin_tokens": 219,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Time Person of the Year context: award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people However, \"Time\" magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts. As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, \"Time\" has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue. \"Time\"s Person of the Year 2001,\n\ntitle Time Person of the context: having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic. By the end of the year, it decided that story Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes. the list began, every serving President of the United States has Man Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge (in office time of the first issue Herbert Hoover (the subsequent U.S. President), and Gerald Ford were Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while\n\ntitle: Time Person of the Year context in; the only to the beforewight D. Eisenhower in 194 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invas Force, years his election. He received in15, while in. Rovelt only person times, as- and later incumbent (193 and 1, the was of the. recognition after the renaming \"The Whistleblow (ynthia,en Rowleytitle: Time the Year Time Year (called Man of the Year Woman Year until 9) is annual the States magazine and person \" or... has to The selecting a7, with \"Time\" editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not\n\nAwarded to a ‘person, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that “for better or for worse, …has done the most to influence the events of the year”,’ who did Time magazine name their person of the year this morning?",
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78,739 | Stop, drop, and roll was drilled in your head in elementary school if you ever caught on fire. What did they expect you to do in the case of a nuclear attack? | [
"Duck And Cover",
"Duck and cover",
"Duck and Cover"
] | Duck and Cover | [
{
"id": "3444182",
"text": "on\" likewise prevents injury or death if no other safety measures are taken. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, \"Duck and Cover\" is effective in both the event of a surprise nuclear attack, and during a nuclear attack of which the public has received some warning, which would likely be about a few minutes prior to the nuclear weapon arriving. Immediately after one sees the first flash of intense heat and light of the developing nuclear fireball, one should stop, get under some cover and drop/duck to the ground. There, one should assume a prone-like position,",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "7402690",
"text": "Those teaching the technique are advised to teach children the proper circumstances for its use. As such, some advice pamphlets regarding the technique suggest reminding children that this technique is only to be used in the event of catching on fire and not when a smoke alarm is sounding in a situation that requires immediate evacuation. Furthermore, some advice on the technique advises the procedure of \"stop, drop and roll and cover your face,\" as this will help to protect the face from any flames. Stop, drop and roll Stop, drop and roll is a simple fire safety technique taught",
"title": "Stop, drop and roll"
},
{
"id": "3444194",
"text": "contains \"duck and cover\" or more accurately, cover and then duck advice without using those specific terms in its \"Six Survival Secrets For Atomic Attacks\" section. \"1. Try to Get Shielded 2. Drop Flat on Ground or Floor 3. Bury Your Face in Your Arms (\"crook of your elbow\")\". The child-oriented film \"Duck and Cover\" was produced a year later by the Federal Civil Defense Administration in 1951. Education efforts on the effects of nuclear weapons proceeded with stops-and-starts in the US due to competing alternatives. In a once classified, 1950s era, US war game that looked at varying levels",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "7402689",
"text": "Stop, drop and roll Stop, drop and roll is a simple fire safety technique taught to children, emergency service personnel and industrial workers as a component of health and safety training in English-speaking North America, and most other English-speaking countries. It involves three steps a fire victim should follow to minimize injury in the event their clothing catches fire. Stop, drop and roll consists of three components. The effectiveness of stop, drop and roll may be further enhanced by combining it with other firefighting techniques, including the use of a fire extinguisher, dousing with water, or fire beating one's skin.",
"title": "Stop, drop and roll"
},
{
"id": "3497202",
"text": "Attack was published and contains \"duck and Cover\" or more accurately, cover-and-then-duck advice without using those specific terms in its \"Six Survival Secrets For Atomic Attacks\" section. \"1. Try To Get Shielded 2.Drop Flat On Ground Or Floor 3. Bury Your Face In Your Arms(\"crook of your elbow\")\". The child-orientated \"Duck and Cover (film)\" was produced a year later by the Federal Civil Defense Administration in 1951. Education efforts on the effects of nuclear weapons proceeded with stops-and-starts in the US due to competing alternatives. In a once classified, 1950s era, US war game that looked at varying levels of",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "5373064",
"text": "at home, sanitation, limiting fire hazards, and descriptions of the audio signals for attack warning, fall-out warning and all clear. It was anticipated that families might need to stay in their fall-out room for up to 14 days after an attack almost without leaving it at all. The government also prepared a recorded announcement which was to have been broadcast by the BBC if a nuclear attack ever did occur. Sirens left over from the London Blitz during World War II were also to be used to warn the public. The system was mostly dismantled in 1992. The Atomic Weapons",
"title": "Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "3497179",
"text": "Duck and Cover (film) Duck and Cover is a civil defense social guidance film that is often popularly mischaracterized as propaganda. With similar themes to the more adult oriented civil defense training films, the film was widely distributed to United States schoolchildren in the 1950s. It instructionally teaches students on what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. The film was funded by the US Federal Civil Defense Administration and released in January 1952. At the time, the Soviet Union was engaged in nuclear testing and the US was in the midst of the Korean War. The film",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "3497213",
"text": "entrance video. Duck and Cover (film) Duck and Cover is a civil defense social guidance film that is often popularly mischaracterized as propaganda. With similar themes to the more adult oriented civil defense training films, the film was widely distributed to United States schoolchildren in the 1950s. It instructionally teaches students on what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. The film was funded by the US Federal Civil Defense Administration and released in January 1952. At the time, the Soviet Union was engaged in nuclear testing and the US was in the midst of the Korean War.",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "3444256",
"text": "the appropriate emergency response to an earthquake in the United States. Duck and cover \"Duck and cover\" is a method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion. Ducking and covering is useful at conferring a degree of protection to personnel situated outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but still within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that standing upright and uncovered is likely to cause serious injury or death. In the most literal interpretation, the focus of the maneuver is primarily on protective actions one can take during the first few crucial seconds-to-minutes after the event,",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "6300162",
"text": "simple tips. Effective and important lessons and messages include: If one's clothing catches on fire, the most effective method of extinguishing the fire is to stop, drop to the ground, and roll back and forth to smother the flame. Running around will simply fan the flames. A wet-pipe sprinkler system is an automatic sprinkler system in which the supply valves are open and the system is charged with water under supply pressure at all times. For this reason, they are the quickest at getting water on the fire and are the simplest to maintain. Wet pipe systems are installed where",
"title": "Fire prevention"
},
{
"id": "3444180",
"text": "Duck and cover \"Duck and cover\" is a method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion. Ducking and covering is useful at conferring a degree of protection to personnel situated outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but still within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that standing upright and uncovered is likely to cause serious injury or death. In the most literal interpretation, the focus of the maneuver is primarily on protective actions one can take during the first few crucial seconds-to-minutes after the event, while the film by the same name and a full encompassing",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "473961",
"text": "on agricultural radioecology, include \"Nutrition in the postattack environment\" by the RAND corporation. The British government developed a public alert system for use during nuclear attack with the expectation of a four-minute warning before detonation. The United States expected a warning time of anywhere from half an hour (for land-based missiles) to less than three minutes (for submarine-based weapons). Many countries maintain plans for continuity of government and continuity of operations following a nuclear attack or similar disasters. These range from a designated survivor, intended to ensure survival of some form of government leadership, to the Soviet Dead Hand system,",
"title": "Nuclear warfare"
},
{
"id": "3444219",
"text": "a person who ducks and covers will realize when it is wise to cease ducking and covering (after the blast and initial radiation danger has passed) and to then seek out a more sheltered area, like an established or improvised fallout shelter to protect themselves from the ensuing potential local fallout danger, as depicted in the film. After all, \"Duck and Cover\" is a first response countermeasure only, in much the same way that \"Drop, Cover and Hold On\" is during an earthquake, with the advice having served its purpose once the earthquake has passed, and possibly other dangers—like a",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "6917044",
"text": "Launch on warning Launch on warning (LOW) is a strategy of nuclear weapon retaliation that gained recognition during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. With the invention of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), launch on warning became an integral part of mutually assured destruction (MAD) theory. Under the strategy, a retaliatory strike is launched upon warning of enemy nuclear attack while its missiles are still in the air and before detonation occurs. U.S. land-based missiles can reportedly be launched within five minutes of a presidential decision to do so, and submarine-based missiles within 15 minutes. Before",
"title": "Launch on warning"
},
{
"id": "3497201",
"text": "weapons was broken by the Soviet Union in 1949 when it tested its first nuclear explosive (Joe-1), and with this many in the US government and public perceived that the nation was more vulnerable than it had ever been before. Duck-and-cover exercises quickly became a part of Civil Defense drills that every American citizen, from children to the elderly, practiced to be ready in the event of nuclear war. In 1950, during the first big Civil Defense push of the Cold War and coinciding with the \"Alert America!\" initiative to educate Americans on nuclear preparedness; The adult-orientated Survival Under Atomic",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "12487829",
"text": "was built partly to further the development of American fallout shelter design and to further knowledge about the long-term effects of life underground in a shelter environment. The US civil defense film \"Duck and Cover\" was produced with students in mind, in the hopes that they would learn how, in the event of a nuclear blast, to be shielded from glass and blast waves using desks and chairs. However, educators, school administrators, and government officials soon realized that such measures would be inadequate, especially if a school received a direct hit from an atomic blast or was within the immediate",
"title": "Abo Elementary School"
},
{
"id": "10980429",
"text": "again at the Festival of Political Songs in East Berlin in February 1984. Both performances were recorded and broadcast nationally. An edited version of the East Berlin broadcast was released in September 1985 on one side of the \"Rē Records Quarterly Vol.1 No.2\" LP record. Duck and Cover's name was taken from the duck and cover drill taught to school children in the United States between the late 1940s and the 1980s in the event of a nuclear attack. The escalation of Cold War hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union in the early 1980s and the Europe-wide",
"title": "Duck and Cover (German band)"
},
{
"id": "6917049",
"text": "Soviet Oko satellites. Evidence found in declassified documents suggests that launch on warning was at least in part the policy of the United States from the late 1950s through to at least the 1970s. Strategies are available that can reduce the effectiveness of a launch-on-warning stance. For example, the first-strike nation can use a technique called X-ray pin-down to delay a retaliatory response. It involves a barrage of submarine-based missiles fired from close range in a \"depressed trajectory\" mode that reaches its targets in minutes. The warheads would be set to explode every minute or so at high altitudes, which",
"title": "Launch on warning"
},
{
"id": "3444250",
"text": "by the 1982 \"The Atomic Cafe\", have thus far sought to dismiss civil defense advice as mere propaganda, despite, as other historians have found, detailed scientific research programs laying behind the much-mocked government civil defense pamphlets of the 1950s and 1960s, including the prompt advice of ducking and covering. In U.S. Army training, soldiers are taught to immediately fall down, covering face and hands in much the same way as is described by the advice to duck and cover. The exercises of Cold War civil defense are seen by historian Guy Oakes in 1994, as having less practical use than",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "3497182",
"text": "event of a nuclear explosion, (crawling under desks and covering their necks with clasped hands) the children would be safer than they would be standing, and explains some basic survival tactics for nuclear war (facing any wall that might lend protection). The last scene of the film returns to animation in which Bert the Turtle (voiced by Carl Ritchie) summarily asks what everybody should do in the event of an atomic bomb flash and is given the correct answer by a group of unseen children. After nuclear weapons were developed (the first having been developed during the Manhattan Project during",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "570787",
"text": "No first use No first use (NFU) refers to a pledge or a policy by a nuclear power not to use nuclear weapons as a means of warfare unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. Earlier, the concept had also been applied to chemical and biological warfare. China declared its NFU policy in 1964, and has since maintained this policy. India articulated its policy of no first use of nuclear weapons in 2003. NATO has repeatedly rejected calls for adopting NFU policy, arguing that pre-emptive nuclear strike is a key option, in order to have a credible deterrent",
"title": "No first use"
},
{
"id": "6917046",
"text": "ground facilities. At the height of the Cold War, the United States had special Boeing EC-135 \"Looking Glass\" aircraft equipped as control centers for the nuclear arsenal. The battle staff included a general or flag officer who was authorized to order a retaliatory strike if the President could not be contacted. Launch on warning has its roots in US President Dwight Eisenhower's \"Positive Control\" strategy but really took shape with the introduction of the Minuteman missile. Since many ICBMs (including the Minuteman) were launched from underground silos, the concern arose that a first strike, by one nation, could destroy the",
"title": "Launch on warning"
},
{
"id": "19942157",
"text": "Prompt launch Prompt-launch status and delayed launch status are generic classifications of combat readiness applied to describe nuclear-armed missiles. Prompt-launch, colloquially known as \"hair trigger alert\", is a state of combat readiness during which nuclear-armed missiles can be launched immediately upon receipt of a firing order, with no or minimal preparations. Keeping weapons systems at a prompt-launch status allows a nation-state to launch on warning, thereby increasing the likelihood it could successfully retaliate against an attack, or initiate a nuclear first strike without alerting an enemy. Even for states that have proscribed launch on warning or first strike, prompt launch",
"title": "Prompt launch"
},
{
"id": "3444196",
"text": "the early 1960s the head of the department of defense under president John F. Kennedy, Robert McNamara, determined the ineffectiveness of the Nike-Zeus system, especially in its benefit-cost ratio compared to other options. For instance, fallout shelters would save more Americans for far less money. Within a considerable radius from the surface of the nuclear fireball, 0–3 kilometers—largely depending on the explosion's height, yield and position of personnel—ducking and covering would offer negligible protection against the intense heat, blast and prompt ionizing radiation following a nuclear explosion. Beyond that range, however, many lives would be saved by following the simple",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "9080611",
"text": "home. The Eddie Eagle Gun Safety Program, administered by the National Rifle Association (NRA), is geared towards younger children from pre-kindergarten to sixth grade, and teaches kids that real guns are not toys by emphasizing a \"just say no\" approach. The Eddie Eagle program is based on training children in a four-step action to take when they see a firearm: (1) Stop! (2) Don't touch! (3) Leave the area. (4) Go tell an adult. Materials, such as coloring books and posters, back the lessons up and provide the repetition necessary in any child-education program. ABC News challenged the effectiveness of",
"title": "Gun violence in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3444188",
"text": "common, a countermeasure known as \"Drop, Cover, and Hold On!\" is practiced. Likewise, in tornado-prone areas of the United States, especially those within Tornado Alley, tornado drills involve teaching children to move closer to the floor and to cover the backs of their heads to prevent injury from flying debris. Some US states also practice annual emergency tornado drills. The dangers of viewing explosions behind window glass were known of before the Atomic Age began, being a common source of injury and death from large chemical explosions. The Halifax Explosion of 1917, an ammunition ship exploding with the energy of",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "3643386",
"text": "Crash dive A crash dive is a maneuver by a submarine in which the vessel submerges as quickly as possible to avoid attack. Crash diving from the surface to avoid attack has been largely rendered obsolete with the advent of nuclear-powered submarines, as they normally operate submerged. However, the crash dive is also a standard maneuver to avoid a collision. A crash dive in a diesel-powered submarine requires careful orchestration of the crew. On German U-boats of World War II, a crash dive began with the Captain or senior lookouts giving the order \"Alarm!\" which led to a bridge officer",
"title": "Crash dive"
},
{
"id": "7638307",
"text": "print, \"Survival\" gave Americans information on how to prepare themselves and their homes in the case of a nuclear attack. The film showed citizens how the whole family can get involved in final moments of preparation if they were to hear the warning sirens that alerted them of an incoming attack. Along with popularity of the film, over a million copies of the \"Survival\" booklet sold within its first year of publication in 1951. Audiences of both the film and print sources learned specific skills on how to ensure their safety in the case of emergency. This included preparing a",
"title": "United States civil defense"
},
{
"id": "4596116",
"text": "button in error, pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process. In popular culture, the phrase \"the button\" (sometimes capitalized) refers to a (usually fictional) button that a military or government leader could press to launch nuclear weapons. Akin to fire alarm switches, some big red buttons, when deployed with suitable visual and audible warnings such as flashing lights and sirens for extreme exigent emergencies, are known as \"scram switches\" (from the slang term scram, \"get out of here\").",
"title": "Push-button"
},
{
"id": "3961131",
"text": "Four-minute warning The four-minute warning was a public alert system conceived by the British Government during the Cold War and operated between 1953 and 1992. The name derived from the approximate length of time from the point at which a Soviet nuclear missile attack against the United Kingdom could be confirmed and the impact of those missiles on their targets. The population was to be notified by means of air raid sirens, television and radio, and urged to seek cover immediately. In practice, the warning would have been more likely three minutes or less. The warning would be initiated by",
"title": "Four-minute warning"
},
{
"id": "6100488",
"text": "landing stage. Fire in the hole \"Fire in the hole\" is a warning that an explosive detonation in a confined space is imminent. It originated with miners, who needed to warn their fellows that a charge had been set. The phrase appears in this sense in state mining regulations, in military and corporate procedures, and in various mining and military blasting-related print books and narratives, e.g., during bomb disposal or throwing grenades into a confined space. In common parlance it has become a catchphrase for a warning of type \"Watch out!\" or \"Heads up!\". NASA has used the term to",
"title": "Fire in the hole"
},
{
"id": "1383780",
"text": "associated with massive retaliation, a deterrence strategy which ensures that the counterstrike will be conducted on a larger scale than the initial attack. A dead man's switch can be used as a fail-deadly instrument, for instance a switch which must be constantly held to prevent the triggering of an explosive. This would ensure that a suicide bombing is not prevented by killing the person that has the bomb. Fail-deadly Fail-deadly is a concept in nuclear military strategy that encourages deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate, automatic, and overwhelming response to an attack. The term \"fail-deadly\" was coined as a contrast to",
"title": "Fail-deadly"
},
{
"id": "4719353",
"text": "of nuclear warfare. These generally included drills for evacuation to fallout shelters, popularized through popular media such as the US film, \"Duck and Cover\". These drills, with their images of eerily empty streets and the activity of hiding from a nuclear bomb under a schoolroom desk, would later become symbols of the seemingly inescapable and common fate created by such weapons. Many Americans—at least among the wealthier classes—built back-yard fallout shelters, which would provide little protection from a direct hit, but would keep out wind-blown fallout, for a few days or weeks (Switzerland, which never acquired nuclear weapons, although it",
"title": "Nuclear weapons in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "3771218",
"text": "emanating from the plane. The pilots told the control tower that a tire had blown out and they would be aborting the take-off. Instead, the plane hurtled through the airport's fence, across a highway and crashed into an embankment. \"When everything stopped, I tried to get everyone I could,\" Barker remembered. Barker and Goldstein escaped the plane and ran in circles on the highway. Hearing others yell, \"Stop, drop and roll,\" Barker dropped to the ground and Goldstein helped him put out the fire on his feet. \"I was lying next to AM as the plane was exploding, and I",
"title": "Travis Barker"
},
{
"id": "20867011",
"text": "society, by making reference to the \"Clutch of Fear\": the act of clutching a purse in fear due to the racial profiling of a nearby individual. Suffa is quick to dismiss the advice of people who watch news channels like Fox, stating how they are unreliable and biased: The group makes reference to 'Plan C'. A plan devised by the FBI during the Cold War which enforced martial law if a nuclear attack was to occur. Hence \"it gets so quiet at night\", since the military was able to enforce new laws such as curfews during this period. There is",
"title": "1955 (song)"
},
{
"id": "289380",
"text": "the United States. Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (somewhat misleadingly referred to as suitcase bombs), such as the Special Atomic Demolition Munition, have been developed, although the difficulty of combining sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility. Nuclear warfare strategy is a set of policies that deal with preventing or fighting a nuclear war. The policy of trying to prevent an attack by a nuclear weapon from another country by threatening nuclear retaliation is known as the strategy of nuclear deterrence. The goal in deterrence is to always maintain a second strike capability (the ability of a country to",
"title": "Nuclear weapon"
},
{
"id": "19512696",
"text": "is going on an immediate lockdown. At that point, all occupants present at the time of the drill go to a room and lock all doors and windows tight. They must remain still until a \"clear signal\" has been issued. If the emergency is really life-threatening, then occupants present at the time of the emergency will evacuate to a meeting zone well away from the premises (scene of the emergency). An earthquake drill is a drill used to practice in preparation for an earthquake. Schools in some areas conduct earthquake drills. Stop, drop and hold on is used during the",
"title": "Safety drill"
},
{
"id": "7638319",
"text": "power AM frequencies (640 and 1240 kHz). This was designed to prevent enemy planes from using transmitters as navigation aids for direction finding. The later threat of ICBMs (which used internal guidance) made this obsolete, and CONELRAD was replaced in 1963. In 1954, the United States government began an annual national civil defense exercise called \"Operation Alert\". The exercise extended over several weeks to months, and would culminate in a one day public drill simulating a nuclear attack. The aim of the annual exercise was to evaluate emergency preparedness in the face of a nuclear attack, determine government continuation readiness,",
"title": "United States civil defense"
},
{
"id": "570699",
"text": "films were made dealing with what could go terribly wrong with the policy of keeping nuclear-bomb carrying airplanes at the ready: \"Dr. Strangelove\" (1964) and \"Fail Safe\" (1964). The strategy of MAD was fully declared in the early 1960s, primarily by United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. In McNamara's formulation there was the very real danger that a nation with nuclear weapons could attempt to eliminate another nation's retaliatory forces with a surprise, devastating first strike and theoretically \"win\" a nuclear war relatively unharmed. True second-strike capability could be achieved only when a nation had a \"guaranteed\" ability to",
"title": "Mutual assured destruction"
},
{
"id": "7638306",
"text": "the Turtle was often seen as a way to diffuse tensions related to nuclear weapons. The creators of the cartoon \"were forced to pick their way delicately through overly glib depictions of nuclear war on one hand, and terrifying descriptions prescribing hysteria and panic on the other.\" Thus, children were able to adapt to a world of panic and come to terms with the existence of the bomb while also learning how to prepare for the possibility of nuclear disaster. Another educational program, produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration, was \"Survival Under Atomic Attack\". Produced in both film and",
"title": "United States civil defense"
},
{
"id": "2958445",
"text": "nation's assured destruction force would be withheld in the hope that the enemy would not attack U.S. cities. In rejecting assured destruction, Schlesinger quoted President Nixon: \"Should a President, in the event of a nuclear attack, be left with the single option of ordering the mass destruction of enemy civilians, in the face of the certainty that it would be followed by the mass slaughter of Americans?\" With this approach, Schlesinger moved to a partial counterforce policy, emphasizing Soviet military targets such as ICBM missile installations, avoiding initial attacks on population centers, and minimizing unintended collateral damage. He explicitly disavowed",
"title": "James R. Schlesinger"
},
{
"id": "9647994",
"text": "mitigate a disaster's potential impact, such as requiring employees to travel separately or limiting the number of employees on any one aircraft. During times of crisis, contingency plans are often developed to explore and prepare for any eventuality. During the Cold War, many governments made contingency plans to protect themselves and their citizens from nuclear attack. Examples of contingency plans designed to inform citizens of how to survive a nuclear attack include the booklets \"Survival Under Atomic Attack\", \"Protect and Survive\", and \"Fallout Protection\", which were issued by the British and American governments. Today there are still contingency plans in",
"title": "Contingency plan"
},
{
"id": "1383777",
"text": "Fail-deadly Fail-deadly is a concept in nuclear military strategy that encourages deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate, automatic, and overwhelming response to an attack. The term \"fail-deadly\" was coined as a contrast to \"fail-safe\". Fail-deadly operation is an example of second-strike strategy, in that aggressors are discouraged from attempting a first strike attack. Under fail-deadly nuclear deterrence, policies and procedures controlling the retaliatory strike authorize launch even if the existing command and control structure has already been neutralized by a first strike. The deterrent efficacy of such a system clearly depends on other nuclear-armed nations' having foreknowledge of it. The Soviet",
"title": "Fail-deadly"
},
{
"id": "12974242",
"text": "room area and a kitchen area. Number 8, Brooks Street - A \"cinema\". Schools are given the option of two interactive videos: a film portraying the consequences of vandalism, or an interactive quiz about internet safety, particularly in chat rooms. Building site - Children are invited to identify ten significant dangers found on building sites, as well as discussing measures that can be put in place to reduce danger. A \"burning car\" demonstration reiterates the fire safety message, and two children make a 999 call. Road safety - Children are shown a demonstration of stopping distances, and attempt to cross",
"title": "Safety Centre"
},
{
"id": "3476803",
"text": "discussed the idea of preventive and preemptive war. Truman rejected preventive war, stating that \"[s]tarting an atomic war is totally unthinkable for rational men\", but Attlee stated in 1945 that \"twice is he armed who gets in the first blow\". JCS proposed in 1947 that the president be authorized to use atomic bombs to prevent a nuclear attack. NSC 68 of April 1950 opposed \"a military attack not provoked by a military attack on us or on our allies\", but acknowledged \"if possible\" the benefits of preemptively \"landing the first blow\" before the Soviet Union did so. In August 1950",
"title": "Single Integrated Operational Plan"
},
{
"id": "15209104",
"text": "of doing so: \"It is the collective judgment of the mission that India would likely encounter very mixed results. Indian forces could have significant problems consolidating initial gains due to logistical difficulties and slow reinforcement\". However, Roemer warned that for India to launch the Cold Start doctrine, would be to \"roll the nuclear dice\". It could trigger the world's first use of nuclear weapons since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Indian leaders no doubt realize that, although Cold Start is designed to punish Pakistan in a limited manner without triggering a nuclear response, the Indians cannot be sure",
"title": "Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (India)"
},
{
"id": "623744",
"text": "I do?\" During an interview broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme \"The Human Button\", Callaghan became the only Prime Minister to go on record with his opinion on ordering a retaliation in the event of a nuclear attack on the United Kingdom:If it were to become necessary or vital, it would have meant the deterrent had failed, because the value of the nuclear weapon is frankly only as a deterrent,\" he said. \"But if we had got to that point, where it was, I felt, necessary to do it, then I would have done it. I've had terrible doubts,",
"title": "James Callaghan"
},
{
"id": "3444183",
"text": "lying face-down, and to afford protection against the continuing heat of the explosion further cover exposed skin and the back of one's head with one's clothes; or, if no excess cover or cloth is available, one should cover the back of one's head and neck with one's hands. Similar instructions, as presented in the \"Duck and Cover \" film, are contained in the British 1964 public information film \"Civil Defence Information Bulletin No. 5\" and in the 1980s \"Protect and Survive\" public information series. Children in the Soviet Union likewise received almost identical classes on countermeasures, according to \"Inside the",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "6100486",
"text": "Fire in the hole \"Fire in the hole\" is a warning that an explosive detonation in a confined space is imminent. It originated with miners, who needed to warn their fellows that a charge had been set. The phrase appears in this sense in state mining regulations, in military and corporate procedures, and in various mining and military blasting-related print books and narratives, e.g., during bomb disposal or throwing grenades into a confined space. In common parlance it has become a catchphrase for a warning of type \"Watch out!\" or \"Heads up!\". NASA has used the term to describe a",
"title": "Fire in the hole"
},
{
"id": "3497200",
"text": "Staying indoors can offer protection both from the initial blast as well as the following radioactive fallout that accumulates during the aftermath. Additionally, such a response would leave roads clear for emergency vehicles to access the area. This is termed the Shelter in place protocol, and together with emergency evacuation advice, they are the two countermeasures to take when the direct effects of nuclear explosions are no longer life-threatening and the need for protective shielding from coming in contact with nuclear weapon debris/fallout in the aftermath of the explosion, begins to become a concern. The United States' monopoly on nuclear",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "12343023",
"text": "other US strategic bombers performed airborne alert patrols under code names such as \"Head Start\", \"Chrome Dome\", \"Hard Head\", \"Round Robin\", and \"Giant Lance\". Bombers loitered at high altitude near the borders of the Soviet Union to provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war. These airborne patrols formed one component of the US's nuclear deterrent, which would act to prevent the breakout of a large-scale war between the US and the Soviet Union under the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction. Due to the late 1950s-era threat of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) that could threaten high-altitude aircraft,",
"title": "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress"
},
{
"id": "473960",
"text": "To avoid injury and death from a nuclear weapons heat flash and blast effects, the two most far ranging prompt effects of nuclear weapons, schoolchildren were taught to duck and cover by the early Cold War film of the same name. Such advice is once again being given in case of nuclear terrorist attacks. Prussian blue, or \"Radiogardase\", is stockpiled in the US, along with potassium iodide and DPTA as pharmaceuticals useful in treating internal exposure to harmful radioisotopes in fallout. Publications on adapting to a changing diet and supplying nutritional food sources following a nuclear war, with particular focus",
"title": "Nuclear warfare"
},
{
"id": "2347433",
"text": "over the next few seconds. The pitch angle began to sink and the aircraft started descending below the glideslope. At 18:05:44, with the aircraft descending at more than per second the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) began a series of \"whoop whoop pull up\" audible warnings. The captain responded by declaring \"TOGA\", aviation shorthand for the order to apply maximum thrust and abort a landing by going around. The first officer responded by pulling up and raising the nose of the aircraft, which slowed but did not stop the plane's descent. At 18:05:52, still descending at a rate of approximately",
"title": "Delta Air Lines Flight 191"
},
{
"id": "1273742",
"text": "developed anti-submarine weapons using nuclear warheads, sometimes referred to as \"nuclear depth bombs\". As of present, the Royal Navy retains a depth charge labelled as Mk11 Mod 3, which can be deployed from its Wildcat helicopters and Merlin Mk2 helicopters. During the Cold War when it was necessary to inform submarines of the other side that they had been detected but without actually launching an attack, low-power \"signalling depth charges\" (also called \"practice depth charges\") were sometimes used, powerful enough to be detected when no other means of communication was possible, but not destructive. The high explosive in a depth",
"title": "Depth charge"
},
{
"id": "3444184",
"text": "Kremlin's Cold War\" authors Zubok and Pleshakov. In U.S. Army training, soldiers are taught to fall down immediately and cover their face and hands in much the same way as is described above. In the classroom scene of the film, the rapid employment of school desks, as an improvised shelter following the awareness of the initial light flash, is a countermeasure primarily to offer protection from potential ballistic window glass lacerations when the slower moving blast wave arrived. However, in higher blast pressure zones, where partial-to-total building collapse may occur, it would also serve a similar role to that borne",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "570040",
"text": "strike impossible, mitigable, or strategically undesirable. Intelligence and early warning systems increase the probability that the enemy will have the time to launch its own strike before its warmaking capacity has been significantly reduced, thus rendering a first strike pointless. Alert states such as DEFCON conditions, apart from serving a purpose in the internal management of a country's military, can have the effect of advising a potential aggressor that an escalation towards first strike has been detected, and therefore that effective retaliatory strikes could be made in the event of an attack. Looking Glass, Nightwatch, and TACAMO are U.S. airborne",
"title": "Pre-emptive nuclear strike"
},
{
"id": "5373008",
"text": "allowing a smaller, lighter two-stage devices. The international moratorium commenced on 31 October 1958, and Britain ceased atmospheric testing for good. Believing that the United Kingdom was extremely vulnerable to a nuclear attack to which defence was impossible, the Chiefs of Staff and the RAF first advocated a British nuclear deterrence—not just nuclear weapons—in 1945: \"It is our opinion that our only chance of securing a quick decision is by launching a devastating attack upon [enemy cities] with absolute weapons.\" In 1947 the Chiefs of Staff stated that even with American help the United Kingdom could not prevent the \"vastly",
"title": "Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "3444251",
"text": "psychological use: to keep the danger of nuclear war high on the public mind, while also attempting to assure the American people that something could be done to defend against nuclear attack. However, according to contemporary Cold War civil defense pamphlets, like \"Civil Defence: Why we need it\" released in 1981, civil defense countermeasures were presented as analogous to seat belts, and that the suggestion that knowing what steps to take in the \"slight\" possibility that a nuclear explosion occurs in your region, keeps such calamities high on the public mind, is \"like saying people who wear seat belts are",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "13926351",
"text": "border zone. (Though the West Germans referred to the control strip as a \"death strip\", deadly force could be used at any location along the border – it did not depend on an individual's being in, or crossing, the control strip.) If the individual was less than away, the border guard would first order: \"Stop! Border sentry! Hands up!\" (\"\"Halt! Grenzposten! Hände hoch!\"\") or \"Stop, stand still, or I will shoot!\" (\"\"Halt! Stehenbleiben, oder ich schieße!\"\"). If the individual was further away or on the Western side of the border fence the guard was authorised to shoot without warning. If",
"title": "Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border"
},
{
"id": "11194614",
"text": "early warning systems that inbound missiles had been detected, the Soviet Union's strategy was an immediate and compulsory nuclear counter-attack against the United States (launch on warning), specified in the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. Shortly after midnight, the bunker's computers reported that one intercontinental ballistic missile was heading toward the Soviet Union from the United States. Petrov considered the detection a computer error, since a first-strike nuclear attack by the United States was likely to involve hundreds of simultaneous missile launches in order to disable any Soviet means of a counterattack. Furthermore, the satellite system's reliability had been questioned",
"title": "1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident"
},
{
"id": "7638312",
"text": "the lives of their family members. Women were also taught to be the ones to dominate kitchen work during the first few days within shelters if there was an emergency, only to be relieved by teenagers and young children who were only expected to volunteer when needed. At the dawn of the nuclear age, evacuation was opposed by the federal government. The Federal Civil Defense Administration produced a short movie called \"Our Cities Must Fight.\" It argued that in the event of a nuclear war, people need to stay in cities to help repair the infrastructure and man the recovering",
"title": "United States civil defense"
},
{
"id": "3490553",
"text": "vapor sky\", which prevents \"roll-over\" (rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases). Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at the ceiling) move around the room, and the temperature rises at the ground, which is dangerous for firefighters. An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air (\"penciling\"). Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g.",
"title": "Firefighting"
},
{
"id": "19907938",
"text": "movement continued into the 1980s. The Green Cross Code itself is a short step-by-step procedure designed to enable pedestrians to cross streets safely. While the Code has undergone several changes over the years, the basic tenets (\"Stop, Look, Listen, Think\" or \"Stop Look Listen Live\".) have remained more or less the same. The 2018 version of the Green Cross Code reads as follows: The Green Cross Man is a costumed superhero character created in England in mid-1970 as an aid to teaching young children the Green Cross Code, and for promoting general road safety via television adverts. British actor David",
"title": "Green Cross Code"
},
{
"id": "439321",
"text": "consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be",
"title": "United States Air Force"
},
{
"id": "7638310",
"text": "preparedness by fusing female domesticity with paramilitary education. Through this, women were encouraged to \"make ready for the possibility of nuclear war\" by warning them against \"the possibility of damaged water systems, broken sewer lines, mounting heaps of garbage, and a lack of food and fresh water after an attack\", all of which were duties that typically aligned with prescribed gender roles given to women during the postwar era. Thus, civil defense education attempted to seemingly blend into already established societal norms. Civil defense educational efforts also included training in practical life skills lessons that they could implement in the",
"title": "United States civil defense"
},
{
"id": "3444254",
"text": "a nuclear explosive device in which sufficient energy is transmitted into the ground, with an extreme case to serve as an example of this phenomenon being the Operation Grommet \"Cannikin\" test of the 5 megaton W71 warhead exploded deep underground on Amchitka Island in 1971, which produced a seismic shock quake of 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale) people are encouraged, regardless of the cause of the quake, to \"drop, cover, and hold on\": to get underneath a piece of furniture, cover their heads and hold on to the furniture. This advice also encourages people not to run out of",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "615092",
"text": "areas such as Sandhurst, Wokingham, Bracknell, Camberley and Bagshot. In June 2016, the West London Mental Health Trust who manages the hospital proposed decommissioning the sirens altogether and replacing them with social media alerts, through websites such as Twitter. In Canada, a nationwide network of sirens was established in the 1950s to warn urban populations of a possible Soviet nuclear attack. This system was tested nationwide twice in 1961, under codenames Exercise Tocsin and \"Tocsin B\". The system was maintained until the 1970s, when advancements in military technology reduced the Soviet nuclear missile strike time from 3–5 hours to less",
"title": "Civil defense siren"
},
{
"id": "570677",
"text": "Minimal deterrence In nuclear strategy, minimal deterrence (also called minimum deterrence) is an application of deterrence theory in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an adversary from attacking. Pure minimal deterrence is a doctrine of no first use, holding that the only mission of nuclear weapons is to deter a nuclear adversary by making the cost of a first strike unacceptably high. To present a credible deterrent, there must be the assurance that any attack would trigger a retaliatory strike. In other words, minimal deterrence requires rejecting a counterforce strategy in favor of",
"title": "Minimal deterrence"
},
{
"id": "289381",
"text": "respond to a nuclear attack with one of its own) and potentially to strive for first strike status (the ability to destroy an enemy's nuclear forces before they could retaliate). During the Cold War, policy and military theorists considered the sorts of policies that might prevent a nuclear attack, and they developed game theory models that could lead to stable deterrence conditions. Different forms of nuclear weapons delivery (see above) allow for different types of nuclear strategies. The goals of any strategy are generally to make it difficult for an enemy to launch a pre-emptive strike against the weapon system",
"title": "Nuclear weapon"
},
{
"id": "19942158",
"text": "may help guarantee that nuclear-armed missiles which themselves have survived a first strike could actually be fired in a timely manner before being destroyed in follow-on, \"mop-up\" attacks. During delayed launch status, nuclear-armed missiles require some type of preparation prior to firing, such as fueling, warhead mounting, or the manual removal of static launch barriers. In nuclear warfighting strategy, weapons kept at delayed launch status are at risk of being destroyed in their silos in the event of a nuclear first strike by an adversary. Even if weapons survive a first strike, a nation's command and control system may collapse",
"title": "Prompt launch"
},
{
"id": "3497185",
"text": "Coral Records and accompanied by a color campaign pamphlet. It sold three million copies. Many historians and the nuclear disarmament public at large have generally sought to mock and dismiss civil defense advice as mere propaganda, including Amy Lutrell, who argues the film was made primarily as an American red scare political tool, to make children frightened of the Soviet Union and communism. Detailed scientific research programs lay behind the much-mocked UK government civil defense pamphlets of the 1950s and 1960s, including the advice to promptly duck and cover. The advice to \"duck and cover\" has made a resurgence in",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "8833492",
"text": "(BVRAAM) developed for the Indian Air Force. India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on \"credible minimum deterrence\". In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of \"retaliation only\". The document also maintains that India \"will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail\". The fourth National Security Advisor of India Shivshankar Menon signalled a significant shift from",
"title": "Indian Armed Forces"
},
{
"id": "136249",
"text": "parry by pivoting his blade under fencer B's weapon (from straight out to more or less straight down), putting fencer B's tip off target and fencer A now scoring against the low line by angulating the hand upwards. Whenever a point is scored, the fencers will go back to their starting mark. The fight will start again after the following commands have been given by the referee (in French in international settings): \"En garde\" (On guard), \"Êtes-vous prêts ?\" (Are you ready?), \"Allez\" (Fence!). Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years. At least",
"title": "Fencing"
},
{
"id": "3444252",
"text": "expecting to have more crashes than those who do not\", and as with a seat belt, there is never a suggestion that if the countermeasure were implemented, it would save everyone. Moreover, civil defense was not solely a US-UK or nuclear club phenomenon; countries with long histories of neutrality, such as Switzerland, are \"foremost in their civil defence precautions.\" The Swiss civil defense network has an overcapacity of nuclear fallout shelters for the country's population size, and by law, new homes must still be built with a fallout shelter as of 2011. Ducking and covering does have certain applications in",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "473891",
"text": "miscommunicated messages, and others. A number of these scenarios actually occurred during the Cold War, though none resulted in the use of nuclear weapons. Many such scenarios have been depicted in popular culture, such as in the 1959 film \"On the Beach, the 1962 novel \"Fail-Safe\" (released as a film in 1964); the film \"WarGames\", released in 1983; and the film \"\", also released in 1964. During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted atomic raids on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first on August 6, 1945, and the second on",
"title": "Nuclear warfare"
},
{
"id": "14604524",
"text": "appear in popular culture, an example being the music video for \"It's a Mistake\" in which an officer accidentally presses the nuclear button. On January 1, 2018, Kim Jong Un announced during his New Year speech \"the nuclear button is always on the desk of my office\" in order to make the United States aware that he is able to attack the country at will. US President Trump responded via Twitter on the following day: Nuclear button The \"nuclear button\" is a figurative term referring to the power to use nuclear weapons. \"Pushing the nuclear button\" refers to actually using",
"title": "Nuclear button"
},
{
"id": "5373063",
"text": "2011. During the Cold War, a significant effort by government and academia was made to assess the effects of a nuclear attack on the UK. There were four major exercises: Succesive governments developed civil defence programmes aimed to prepare civilian and local government infrastructure for a nuclear strike on the UK. A series of seven Civil Defence Bulletin films were produced in 1964, and in the 1980s the most famous such programme was probably the series of booklets and public information films entitled \"Protect and Survive\". The booklet contained information on building a nuclear refuge within a so-called \"fall-out room\"",
"title": "Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "16276832",
"text": "the less likely the victim is to survive even with medical intervention. This method of triage ensures that resources are best utilized in a way that will make maximum impact. For a nuclear detonation, the most effective lifesaving activities will be those that address the evacuation or sheltering-in-place of potential victims in the immediate fallout path, the effective communication of instructions to the affected population, and the efficient decontamination of the evacuated population. The Department of Health and Human Services would issue such warnings and helping to determine potential hazards using not only loud speakers, but Twitter, Facebook, telephone and",
"title": "National Response Scenario Number One"
},
{
"id": "89223",
"text": "by civil defense professionals in reference to its solid blue cover, it was the template for legislation and organization for the next 40 years. Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the Cold War civil defense effort was the educational effort made or promoted by the government. In \"Duck and Cover\", Bert the Turtle advocated that children \"duck and cover\" when they \"see the flash.\" Booklets such as \"Survival Under Atomic Attack\", \"Fallout Protection\" and \"Nuclear War Survival Skills\" were also commonplace. The transcribed radio program Stars for Defense combined hit music with civil defense advice. Government institutes created public service",
"title": "Civil defense"
},
{
"id": "8439202",
"text": "29 trademark applications in 2003 for exclusive use of the term. The first came from a fireworks company on the day the US started bombing Baghdad. Sony registered the trademark the day after the beginning of the operation for use in a video game title but later withdrew the application and described it as \"an exercise of regrettable bad judgment.\" It is also the name of a level in the video game \"\", in which the player character experiences a nuclear detonation. The preceding section of the game is an example of Shock and Awe tactics, as the United States",
"title": "Shock and awe"
},
{
"id": "4932407",
"text": "issues, as everyday challenges of foreign policy could not have been dealt with using a massive nuclear strike. In fact, the Soviet Union took many minor military actions that would have necessitated the use of nuclear weapons under a strict reading of the massive retaliation doctrine. A massive retaliation doctrine, as with any nuclear strategy based on the principle of mutually assured destruction and as an extension the second-strike capability needed to form a retaliatory attack, encouraged the opponent to perform a massive counterforce first strike. This, if successful, would cripple the defending state's retaliatory capacity and render a massive",
"title": "Massive retaliation"
},
{
"id": "7183393",
"text": "with him on the \"ingratitude\" of the British public for voting in a Labour government, to which Churchill, referring to the recent wartime hardships, replied \"I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time\". He also recalled Churchill suggesting in 1946—the year before he put the idea (unsuccessfully) in a memo to President Truman—that the United States make a pre-emptive atomic bomb attack on Moscow while the Soviet Union did not yet possess nuclear weapons. Lord Moran married in 1919 Dorothy Dufton, daughter of Samuel Felix Dufton, HM Inspector of Schools for Yorkshire. She was a research",
"title": "Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran"
},
{
"id": "570795",
"text": "would not know when the UK would launch nuclear strikes. The United States has refused to adopt a no-first-use policy, saying that it \"reserves the right to use\" nuclear weapons first in the case of conflict. The U.S. doctrine for the use of nuclear weapons was revised most recently in the Nuclear Posture Review, released April 6, 2010. The 2010 Nuclear Posture review reduces the role of U.S. nuclear weapons, stating that, \"The fundamental role of U.S. nuclear weapons, which will continue as long as nuclear weapons exist, is to deter nuclear attack on the United States, our allies, and",
"title": "No first use"
},
{
"id": "570692",
"text": "However, with the development of aircraft like the American Convair B-36 and the Soviet Tupolev Tu-95, both sides were gaining a greater ability to deliver nuclear weapons into the interior of the opposing country. The official nuclear policy of the United States became one of \"massive retaliation\", as coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack. By the time of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, both the United States and",
"title": "Mutual assured destruction"
},
{
"id": "1383778",
"text": "Union used a fail-deadly system known as Dead Hand (codenamed \"Perimeter\"); it is not certain if Russia still uses it. Fail-deadly can refer to specific technology components, or the controls system as a whole. The United Kingdom's fail-deadly policies delegated strike authority to submarine commanders in the event of a loss of command (using a letter of last resort), ensuring that even when uncoordinated, nuclear retaliation could be carried out. An example of the implementation of such a strategy could be: Ballistic missile submarines are ordered to surface at periodic intervals to receive communications indicating that no change has occurred",
"title": "Fail-deadly"
},
{
"id": "13092891",
"text": "fires start. To prevent children from getting burned, water temperature must not be set too high when taking baths or washing hands, nonflammable sleepwear should be worn, backburners should be used when cooking something on the stove, and hot foods, drinks, and irons should be kept away from the edge of counter and table. Oven mitts and potholders must be used in handling hot containers. People should be careful when taking hot foods out of microwave ovens, and covers should be opened gently to reduce the risk of steam burns. The most important first action is to stop the burning",
"title": "Thermal burn"
},
{
"id": "2525992",
"text": "Pile. The report included a section written by Wilson's team shortly after the Chicago Pile achieved a self-sustaining chain reaction on December 2, 1942. It included a wiring schematic of the rod control circuitry with a clearly labeled “SCRAM\" line (see image on left and pages 37 and 48). Scram A scram or SCRAM is an emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor. It is a type of kill switch. In commercial reactor operations, this type of shutdown is often referred to as a \"SCRAM\" at boiling water reactors (BWR), a \"reactor \"trip\"\" at pressurized water reactors (PWR) and EPIS at",
"title": "Scram"
},
{
"id": "8358415",
"text": "spread the assortment of weapons across various platforms, making military forces more likely to survive an attack and able to respond to a first strike successfully. The military strategy of distributing weapons over the three platforms developed as an answer to countries' concerns when surviving a nuclear strike. This would ensure that nuclear forces could survive a first strike and be deployed in a retaliatory strike, resulting in \"mutual assured destruction.\" While traditional nuclear strategy holds that a nuclear triad provides the best level of deterrence from attack, in reality, most nuclear powers do not have the military budget to",
"title": "Nuclear triad"
},
{
"id": "15342261",
"text": "Counterforce In nuclear strategy, a counterforce target is one that has a military value, such as a launch silo for intercontinental ballistic missiles, an airbase at which nuclear-armed bombers are stationed, a homeport for ballistic missile submarines, or a command and control installation. The intent of a counterforce strategy (attacking counterforce targets with nuclear weapons) is to do a pre-emptive nuclear strike whose aim is to disarm an adversary by destroying its nuclear weapons before they can be launched. That would minimize the impact of a retaliatory second strike. However, counterforce attacks are possible in a second strike as well,",
"title": "Counterforce"
},
{
"id": "12494713",
"text": "thereby so reduce the Soviet's own counterforce abilities to render them impotent. In a mutually assured destruction scenario, those targets would have already been hit by ICBMs or SLBMs. Schlesinger Doctrine The \"Schlesinger Doctrine\" is the name, given by the press, to a major re-alignment of United States nuclear strike policy that was announced in January 1974 by the US Secretary of Defense, James Schlesinger. It outlined a broad selection of counterforce options against a wide variety of potential enemy actions, a major change from earlier SIOP policies of the Kennedy and Johnson eras that focused on Mutually Assured Destruction",
"title": "Schlesinger Doctrine"
},
{
"id": "570794",
"text": "from this stance. In March 2002, British defence secretary Geoff Hoon stated that the UK was prepared to use nuclear weapons against \"rogue states\" such as Iraq if they ever used \"weapons of mass destruction\" against British troops in the field. This policy was restated in February 2003. In April 2017 Defence Secretary Michael Fallon confirmed that the UK would use nuclear weapons in a \"pre-emptive initial strike\" in \"the most extreme circumstances\". Fallon stated in a parliamentary answer that the UK has neither a 'first use' or 'no first use' in its nuclear weapon policy so that its adversaries",
"title": "No first use"
},
{
"id": "1615733",
"text": "other specific language sections below. Imperatives are used principally for ordering, requesting or advising the listener to do (or not to do) something: \"Put down the gun!\"; \"Pass me the sauce\"; \"Don't go too near the tiger.\" They are also often used for giving instructions as to how to perform a task (\"Install the file, then restart your computer\"). They can sometimes be seen on signs giving orders or warnings (\"Stop\"; \"Give way\"; \"Do not enter\"). The use of the imperative mood may be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances. In polite speech, orders or requests",
"title": "Imperative mood"
},
{
"id": "603785",
"text": "of a US Navy ship believes there is a serious threat of chemical, biological, or radiological attack, the crew may be ordered to set Circle William, which means closing all openings to outside air, running breathing air through filters, and possibly starting a system that continually washes down the exterior surfaces. Civilian authorities dealing with an attack or a toxic chemical accident will invoke the Incident Command System, or local equivalent, to coordinate defensive measures. Individual protection starts with a gas mask and, depending on the nature of the threat, through various levels of protective clothing up to a complete",
"title": "Chemical warfare"
},
{
"id": "2240971",
"text": "Hand program, which allows for automatic launch of nuclear missiles should a number of conditions be met, even if all Russian leadership were to be killed. A similar concept are the handwritten letters of last resort from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to the commanding officers of the four British ballistic missile submarines. They contain orders on what action to take if the British government is destroyed in a nuclear attack. After a prime minister leaves office the letters are destroyed unopened. This concept has been employed with computer data, where sensitive information has been previously encrypted and",
"title": "Dead man's switch"
},
{
"id": "19419815",
"text": "more specifically, any exercises or war games the United States might participate in. Through this mindset came the philosophy of a Launched On Tactical Warning (LOTW) strike by the Soviets. This was essentially an automatic launch system that would deploy the Soviet Union's warheads at any sign of incoming United States missiles via radar or satellite detection. Because of Project VYAN, any misreading of western intentions could have had disastrous consequences. The perception in the Soviet Union at the time was that the United States would stop at nothing to destroy them, including nuclear annihilation. KGB officers who were familiar",
"title": "Proud Prophet"
},
{
"id": "2812250",
"text": "section denotes flammability. The blue section denotes health risks. Yellow represents reactivity (tendency to explode). The white section denotes special hazard information. One example of a special hazard would be the capital letter W crossed out (pictured left), indicating it is water reactant. A large number of warning symbols with non-standard designs are in use around the world. Some warning symbols have been redesigned to be more comprehensible to children, such as the Mr. Ouch (depicting an electricity danger as a snarling, spiky creature) and Mr. Yuk (a green frowny face sticking its tongue out, to represent poison) designs in",
"title": "Hazard symbol"
},
{
"id": "3444253",
"text": "other, more natural disasters. In states prone to tornadoes, school children are urged to \"duck and cover\" against a solid inner wall of a school, if time does not permit seeking better shelter—such as a storm cellar—during a tornado warning. The tactic is also widely practiced in schools in states along the West Coast of the United States, where earthquakes are commonplace. Ducking and covering in either scenario would theoretically afford significant protection from falling or flying debris. In an earthquake, which are generally of a natural tectonic plate origin (although they can be artificially generated by the detonation of",
"title": "Duck and cover"
},
{
"id": "7555086",
"text": "Scram (video game) Scram: A Nuclear Power Plant Simulation is an Atari 8-bit family game written by Chris Crawford and published by Atari, Inc. in 1981. It involves invoking a scram, or emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor. Written in Atari BASIC, \"Scram\" uses differential equations to simulate reactor behavior. The player controls the valves and switches of a nuclear reactor directly with the joystick. This game's title, SCRAM, is taken from the nuclear reactor safe-word conceived at the University of Chicago in 1942. It stands for \"Start Cutting Right Away, Man\", and it refers to cutting a reactor's control",
"title": "Scram (video game)"
},
{
"id": "19263850",
"text": "Trust but Clarify \"Trust but Clarify\" is the fifth episode of the twenty-eighth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 601st episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 23, 2016, making it the first episode to air in October the week after the annual \"Treehouse of Horror\". The title is based on the phrase \"Trust but verify\", used in relation to nuclear verification. This episode was written by voice actor Harry Shearer. Grandpa Abraham Simpson is hanging with other war veterans at a bar when \"The Late Late Late",
"title": "Trust but Clarify"
},
{
"id": "3444221",
"text": "preferably sealed tight basement, or internal room, for a number of hours, with the oxygen supply available in such a scenario being more than sufficient for 3+ hours in even the smallest average room, under the assumption that the improvised seal is perfect, until carbon dioxide levels begin to reach unsafe values and necessitate room unsealing for a number of minutes to create a room air change. In the era the advice was originally given, the most common nuclear weapons were weapons comparable to the US Fat Man and Soviet Joe-1 in yield. The most far-reaching dangers that initially come",
"title": "Duck and cover"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Duck and cover context: on\" likewise prevents injury or death if no other safety measures are taken. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, \"Duck and Cover\" is effective in both the event of a surprise nuclear attack, and during a nuclear attack of which the public has received some warning, which would likely be about a few minutes prior to the nuclear weapon arriving. Immediately after one sees the first flash of intense heat and light of the developing nuclear fireball, one should stop, get under some cover and drop/duck to the ground. There, one should assume a prone-like position,\n\nStop, drop, and roll was drilled in your head in elementary school if you ever caught on fire. What did they expect you to do in the case of a nuclear attack?",
"compressed_tokens": 199,
"origin_tokens": 199,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: United States civil context: print, \"Survival\" gave Americans information on how to prepare themselves and their homes in the case of a nuclear attack. The film showed citizens how the whole family can get involved in final moments of preparation if they were to hear the warning sirens that alerted them of an incoming attack. Along with popularity of the film, over a million copies of the \"Survival\" booklet sold within its first year of publication in 1951. Audiences of both the film and print sources learned specific skills on how to ensure their safety in the case of emergency. This included preparing a\n\ntitle Duck and cover context the 192 \"The Atomic Cafe\", sought to dismiss civil defense advice as propaganda, despite, as other historians have found, detailed scientific research programs laying behind the much-mocked government civil defense pamphlets of the 1950s and 1960s, including the prompt advice of ducking and covering. In U.S. Army training, soldiers are taught to immediately fall down, covering face and hands in much the same way as is described by the advice to duck and cover. The exercises of Cold War civil defense are seen historian Guy Oakes in 1994, as having less practical use than\n\ntitle defense by civil professionals in reference its solid blue, it was template foration0 years. the most memor aspect the Cold civil defense effort the educational promoted government InDuck and\", Bert the Turt children \"duck and cover\"see the flash.\" Book such \"Surv Under Atomic Attackout Protection\"Nuc War Survival Skills\" alsoplace The Def hit music civil defense advice. Governmentutes created\ntitleucks the head of the department of under, of the N-eus especially-cost other options, would Americans for less money. Within considerable from the nuclear–3—elys height and ofse,ast prompt.ond that, however, many lives would be saved by following the simple\n\nStop, drop, and roll was drilled in your head in elementary school if you ever caught on fire. What did they expect you to do in the case of a nuclear attack?",
"compressed_tokens": 464,
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"ratio": "28.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,740 | “I’ve got to go, Rock. It’s all right. I’m not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they’ve got and win just one for ” whom? | [
"The Gipper",
"George Gipp Memorial Park",
"George Gip",
"George Gipp",
"Gipper"
] | The Gipper | [
{
"id": "230104",
"text": "0–0 at the end of the half, Rockne entered the locker room and told the team the words he heard on Gipp's deathbed in 1920: \"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\" This inspired the team, who then won the",
"title": "Knute Rockne"
},
{
"id": "4216045",
"text": "and gave his account of Gipp's final words: \"\"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\"\" The speech inspired the team and they went on to upset Army and win the game 12–6. The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated,",
"title": "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "13049630",
"text": "gave his account of Gipp's final words: \"\"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\"\" The speech inspired the team and they went on to upset Army and win the game 12–6. The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated, winning",
"title": "History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "19091246",
"text": "full second before the ball could be snapped. On November 10, 1928, when the \"Fighting Irish\" team was losing to Army 6–0 at the end of the half, Rockne entered the locker room and told the team the words he heard on Gipp's deathbed in 1920: \"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where",
"title": "Early history of American football"
},
{
"id": "8170129",
"text": "film \"The Power and the Glory\" with Spencer Tracy was overlooked for decades, but in recent years it has received significant reappraisal due to recognition that the film was a major influence on the structure of \"Citizen Kane\". Howard began directing 1940's \"Knute Rockne, All American\", but after a disagreement with the studio was replaced by Lloyd Bacon. The film includes the scene in which future President of the United States Ronald Reagan, portraying terminally ill football player George Gipp, asks Rockne to have the team \"win just one for the Gipper\". Howard married his wife, Margaret Howard, in Las",
"title": "William K. Howard"
},
{
"id": "11500163",
"text": "year, the score was 0-0 when Knute Rockne inspired his team at halftime by relating George Gipp's deathbed wish (\"When the team's up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys—tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper\"). Though Army scored a touchdown in the third quarter, touchdowns by Jack Chevigny and Johnny O'Brien gave the Irish a 12-6 lead. In the final minute, Army drove to within one foot of the goal line, but the whistle sounded before the Cadets could snap the ball. In",
"title": "1928 college football season"
},
{
"id": "5551404",
"text": "Garfield. He was a cop in \"'Til We Meet Again\" (1940), supported Cagney and Sheridan in \"Torrid Zone\" (1940). He supported Garfield and Frances Farmer in \"Flowing Gold\" (1940). O'Brien was then given his best known role, as the famous University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne in \"Knute Rockne, All American\" (1940). In the film, he gave the speech to \"win just one for the Gipper,\" referring to recently deceased football player, George Gipp, portrayed in the film by a young Ronald Reagan. Reagan later used this saying as a slogan for his campaign for president in 1980.",
"title": "Pat O'Brien (actor)"
},
{
"id": "3117634",
"text": "attributed to Gipp, to rally his team to a upset of the previously undefeated Army team in 1928, with Jack Chevigny scoring the \"that's one for the Gipper\" tying touchdown at Yankee Stadium. Chevigny was later killed in action in World War II at Iwo Jima. The phrase \"Win one for the Gipper\" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed Gipp in \"Knute Rockne, All American\" and was often referred to as \"The Gipper\". At the Republican National Convention in 1988 in New Orleans, he told Vice President Bush, \"George, go out there",
"title": "George Gipp"
},
{
"id": "3117629",
"text": "George Gipp George Gipp (February 18, 1895 – December 14, 1920), nicknamed \"The Gipper\", was a college football player at the University of Notre Dame under head coach Knute Rockne. Gipp was selected as Notre Dame's first Walter Camp All-American, and played several positions, particularly halfback, quarterback, and punter. Gipp died at age 25 of a streptococcal throat infection and pneumonia, three weeks after a win over Northwestern in his senior season, and was the subject of Rockne's \"Win just one for the Gipper\" speech. In the 1940 film \"Knute Rockne, All American\", he was portrayed by Ronald Reagan. Born",
"title": "George Gipp"
},
{
"id": "1299227",
"text": "was the school's legendary football player during 1916–20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, \"Knute Rockne, All American\", starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. The team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current",
"title": "University of Notre Dame"
},
{
"id": "820114",
"text": "of AFI 100 Years ... 100 Quotes. The phrase \"Win one for the Gipper\" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who was often referred to as \"The Gipper\" due to playing the role in the movie. A famous use of it was at the 1988 Republican National Convention when Reagan told his Vice President George H. W. Bush, \"George, go out there and win one for the Gipper.\" It was also used at the 1996 Republican National Convention by Bob Dole, as the 1996 Republican National Convention was held in Reagan's home state of California. It",
"title": "Knute Rockne, All American"
},
{
"id": "820108",
"text": "Knute Rockne, All American Knute Rockne, All American is a 1940 American biographical film which tells the story of Knute Rockne, Notre Dame football coach. It stars Pat O'Brien portraying the role of Rockne and Ronald Reagan as player George Gipp, a.k.a. \"The Gipper,\" as well as Gale Page, Donald Crisp, Albert Bassermann, Owen Davis, Jr., Nick Lukats, Kane Richmond, William Marshall and William Byrne. It also includes cameos by legendary football coaches \"Pop\" Warner, Amos Alonzo Stagg, William H. Spaulding, and Howard Jones, playing themselves. Reagan's presidential campaign revived interest in the film, resulting in reporters calling him \"The",
"title": "Knute Rockne, All American"
},
{
"id": "4808437",
"text": "song was initially referred to by its various working titles; \"I'm Gonna Love You\", from a line in the chorus, or \"Hit Me\", a reference to blackjack. The opening line was originally \"C'mon, hit me ... I'm not afraid\", the line thus reflecting the first person vantage point of a blackjack player. Morrison reportedly changed the lyric out of concern that rowdy crowds at their live shows would mistakenly believe that \"hit me\" was a challenge to physically assault him. At the end of the song, Morrison can be heard saying, \"Stronger than dirt\", which was the slogan of the",
"title": "Touch Me (The Doors song)"
},
{
"id": "19091247",
"text": "I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\" This inspired the team, which then outscored Army in the second half and won the game 12–6. The phrase \"Win one for the Gipper\" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed Gipp in \"Knute Rockne, All American.\" The 1929 and 1930 Notre Dame teams were also declared national champions. Bernard Kirk transferred to Michigan in 1920, and died tragically in a car wreck after being selected All-American in 1922. Michigan won a national title in 1923, led by the likes",
"title": "Early history of American football"
},
{
"id": "820116",
"text": "victory for Notre Dame. The actual final score of the game was 12-6. Knute Rockne, All American Knute Rockne, All American is a 1940 American biographical film which tells the story of Knute Rockne, Notre Dame football coach. It stars Pat O'Brien portraying the role of Rockne and Ronald Reagan as player George Gipp, a.k.a. \"The Gipper,\" as well as Gale Page, Donald Crisp, Albert Bassermann, Owen Davis, Jr., Nick Lukats, Kane Richmond, William Marshall and William Byrne. It also includes cameos by legendary football coaches \"Pop\" Warner, Amos Alonzo Stagg, William H. Spaulding, and Howard Jones, playing themselves. Reagan's",
"title": "Knute Rockne, All American"
},
{
"id": "820115",
"text": "was used again in the 2004 Republican National Convention by President George W. Bush in his acceptance speech when he stated \"we can now truly win one for the Gipper,\" shortly after Reagan's death. The speech is parodied in the movie \"Airplane!\", which was released when Reagan was running for the presidency in 1980. The Guardian describes the social conservatism that defined the role of \"The Gipper\" during the campaign: In the 1928 Notre Dame-Army game at Yankee Stadium, where Rockne implores his team at halftime to \"Win one for the Gipper,\" the final score is shown as a 7-6",
"title": "Knute Rockne, All American"
},
{
"id": "230100",
"text": "Notre Dame's first All-American by Walter Camp. He likely contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, on November 20 against Northwestern University. Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to the young and healthy. It was while on his hospital bed and speaking to Rockne that he is purported to have delivered the line \"win just one for the Gipper\". John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10-1 record with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12",
"title": "Knute Rockne"
},
{
"id": "10806288",
"text": "and two sisters. Part of the legend of Notre Dame football history was that Chevigny, who played three seasons as Right Halfback from 1926 to 1928, scored the winning touchdown against Army on November 10, 1928 (the 153rd birthday of the United States Marine Corps) in Yankee Stadium after Knute Rockne’s famous \"Win one for the Gipper\" halftime speech (in memory of Notre Dame football great, George Gipp) with Chevigny yelling, \"\"That's one for the Gipper\"\" as he crossed the goal line with the winning score. Knute Rockne had related the details about the famous game in an autobiography published",
"title": "Jack Chevigny"
},
{
"id": "230105",
"text": "game 12–6. The phrase \"Win one for the Gipper\" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed Gipp in \"Knute Rockne, All American.\" Both the 1929 and the 1930 teams went undefeated and were national champions. According to interviews, Rockne considered his 1929 team his strongest overall. Rockne also said he considered his 1930 team to have been his best offensively before the departure of Jumping Joe Savoldi. Rockne was struck with illness in 1929, and the \"de facto\" head coach was assistant Tom Lieb. Rockne's all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Red Grange,",
"title": "Knute Rockne"
},
{
"id": "6776593",
"text": "at halftime at Yankee Stadium, was the game where Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne delivered his \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech, resulting in a comeback win for the Fighting Irish. Both teams were undefeated going into the 1946 game at Yankee Stadium. Both teams averaged over 30 points per game. Army West Point had a 25-game winning streak over four years, last losing to Notre Dame in 1943 (26–0), but had won the last two contests between the schools by scores of 59-0 and 48-0. Army West Point had the defending Heisman Trophy winner, Doc Blanchard, also known as",
"title": "Game of the Century (college football)"
},
{
"id": "3958813",
"text": "hits, \"True Faith\". The single was released in May 1990, with the catalogue number FAC 293. It was New Order's last release on Factory Records. The \"They think it's all over\" quotation, uttered by football commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme at the end of the 1966 World Cup Final, between England and West Germany, is utilised at the beginning and end of the track (though not the original; Wolstenholme re-recorded the phrase specially for the producers), and somewhat less known samples, such as \"A beauty scored by Bobby Charlton\" and \"We Want Goals\", are taken from \"Goal!\", the official documentary film of",
"title": "World in Motion"
},
{
"id": "1977094",
"text": "one Super Bowl victory (Super Bowl III). In 1999, he was ranked number 96 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the only player on the list to have spent a majority of his career with the Jets. In his 1975 autobiography, Bryant called Namath the most natural athlete he had ever coached. Namath is known for boldly guaranteeing a Jets' victory over Don Shula's NFL Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III (1969), then making good on his prediction with a 16–7 upset (the win remains the Jets' only Super Bowl appearance). Already a celebrity, he",
"title": "Joe Namath"
},
{
"id": "5672657",
"text": "you'll get back on track\", Manson later recalled. \"He kept me moving. And I did get back on track. Very shortly after that, I got the call to go and join Garbage\". Manson credited Greig with saving her career, a debt she tacitly acknowledged by quoting the line \"I'm afraid there is much to be afraid of\" from his 1994 long poem \"Western Swing\". Lyrically Manson felt that \"Breaking Up the Girl\" was \"a cautionary tale. It's basically saying the world we're living in is harsh and you've got to live in the moment. Focus on the now. If there's",
"title": "Breaking Up the Girl"
},
{
"id": "342806",
"text": "end of 1939 he had already appeared in 19 films, including \"Dark Victory\" with Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart. Before the film \"Santa Fe Trail\" with Errol Flynn in 1940, he played the role of George \"The Gipper\" Gipp in the film \"Knute Rockne, All American\"; from it, he acquired the lifelong nickname \"the Gipper.\" In 1941, exhibitors voted him the fifth most popular star from the younger generation in Hollywood. Reagan played his favorite acting role in 1942's \"Kings Row\", where he plays a double amputee who recites the line \"Where's the rest of me?\"—later used as the title",
"title": "Ronald Reagan"
},
{
"id": "18105680",
"text": "beauty salon, trimming the hair of their clones; and Wayne Rooney, a fisherman. Along with Franck Ribéry and Tim Howard who were rescued off-screen, their spirits are raised by Ronaldo, who motivates them by showing them glimpses of their former glory and the death football is facing. There, Neymar takes a selfie on a statue. Rooney questions, \"We all want to destroy the clones, but they all are unbeatable!\" Ronaldo replies: \"Nobody thinks that they can be beatable, but you can do it!\" The players challenge the clones to a football match; the team with the first goal wins, and",
"title": "Risk Everything"
},
{
"id": "8382536",
"text": "boys. They appeared in \"Safe at Home!\", a movie released in April 1962. The M&M Boys are viewed as one of the greatest offensive pair of teammates in the history of the game. Furthermore, the combined 115 home runs between the two during the 1961 season is considered a \"bona fide untouchable\" record. This is due to the fact that the likelihood of two teammates performing exceptionally well in a season is \"surprisingly rare.\" The movie \"61*\" was directed by avid Yankees fan Billy Crystal and released in 2001, the 40th anniversary of Maris' record-breaking season. It recounts both Mantle",
"title": "M&M Boys"
},
{
"id": "4216044",
"text": "furious pounding of one man–Peter Pund,\" said Rockne. \"Nobody could stop him. I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined.\" Among the events that occurred during Rockne's tenure none may be more famous than the Rockne's \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech. Army came into the 1928 matchup undefeated and was the clear favorite. Notre Dame, on the other hand, was having their worst season under Rockne's leadership and entered the game with a 4–2 record. At the end of the half Army was leading and looked to be in command of the game. Rockne entered the locker room",
"title": "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "1310447",
"text": "heroic portrait of Christian. In Gibson's description, “Fletcher was just a lad of twenty-two and he behaved like one. The first time he decided to test his horns and fight for the herd, it was a mistake. He shouldn't have done it.” Gibson later expressed the opinion that the film did not go far enough in correcting the historical record.\"I think the main problem with that film was that it tried to be a fresh look at the dynamic of the mutiny situation, but didn't go far enough. In the old version, Captain Bligh was the bad guy and Fletcher",
"title": "The Bounty (1984 film)"
},
{
"id": "811410",
"text": "was just as shocking: the Eagles underestimated the highly motivated Browns (coach Greasy Neale did not even scout the Browns’ preseason games), while Paul Brown found some previously unknown weaknesses in the widely imitated \"Eagle Defense\". The Browns led 14–3 at halftime and dominated the rest of the game to win decisively, 35–10. Quarterback Otto Graham was named the game's MVP. Eerily enough, that final score was the same as the one in Super Bowl I between the Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs, more than sixteen years later in another battle of \"first encounters\" between established NFL",
"title": "All-America Football Conference"
},
{
"id": "10806289",
"text": "in Collier's magazine in 1930. Actually, Chevigny scored the tying touchdown during the 3rd quarter against undefeated Army (then 6-0), to even the score 6–6, and Johnny O'Brien, also inspired by Rockne's speech, ran for the 12–6 game-winning touchdown. However, it was because of that game and Chevigny's touchdown during that game, that the legend of \"the Gipper\" was born. Chevigny became an assistant football coach under Rockne in 1929, and Notre Dame went undefeated that season and the next season winning two National Championships. Chevigny who received his Notre Dame law degree in 1931, left Notre Dame football after",
"title": "Jack Chevigny"
},
{
"id": "13049629",
"text": "pounding of one man–Peter Pund,\" said Rockne. \"Nobody could stop him. I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined.\" Among the events that occurred during Rockne's tenure none may be more famous than the Rockne's \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech. Army came into the 1928 matchup undefeated and was the clear favorite. Notre Dame, on the other hand, was having their worst season under Rockne's leadership and entered the game with a 4–2 record. At the end of the half Army was leading and looked to be in command of the game. Rockne entered the locker room and",
"title": "History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "3455989",
"text": "Oakland Raiders quarterback Ken Stabler, to defeat the Miami Dolphins in the final seconds of a legendary 1974 AFC playoff game, and Hank Aaron's 715th home run in 1974. In an interview by NFL Films, he said his most memorable game was Super Bowl III when the Jets upset the heavily favored Colts 16–7 after Namath guaranteed victory. Gowdy endeared himself to long-suffering American Football League fans when it was learned that in an off-air break towards the end of the game, he asked rhetorically: \"\"I wonder if that (S.O.B.) Tex Maule is watching?\"\", a reference to the \"Sports Illustrated\"",
"title": "Curt Gowdy"
},
{
"id": "7293485",
"text": "knocked him out in brutal fashion. This fight made Hagler famous; he was able to lure Ray Leonard out of retirement in 1987, but lost in a highly-controversial decision. Hagler retired from boxing immediately after that fight. In the latter half of the decade young heavyweight Mike Tyson emerged as a serious contender. Nicknamed \"Iron Mike\", Tyson won the heavyweight unification series to become world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 and the first undisputed champion in a decade. Tyson soon became the most widely known boxer since Ali due to an aura of unrestrained ferocity, such as that",
"title": "Professional boxing"
},
{
"id": "8331529",
"text": "Stuhldreher wrote two books, \"Quarterback Play\" and \"Knute Rockne, Man Builder.\" The latter was a source for the movie \"Knute Rockne, All American\", starring Ronald Reagan as George Gipp. Stuhldreher's wife Mary was also a writer. The couple had four sons. Stuhldreher was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1958. Harry Stuhldreher Harry Augustus Stuhldreher (October 14, 1901 – January 26, 1965) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He played quarterback at University of Notre Dame from 1922 to 1924, where he was a three-time All-American and member of the legendary \"Four Horsemen\"",
"title": "Harry Stuhldreher"
},
{
"id": "1985262",
"text": "Rudy (film) Rudy is a 1993 American biographical sports film directed by David Anspaugh. It is an account of the life of Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. It was the first film that the Notre Dame administration allowed to be shot on campus since \"Knute Rockne, All American\" in 1940. In 2005, \"Rudy\" was named one of the best 25 sports movies of the previous 25 years in two polls by ESPN (#24 by a panel of sports experts, and #4 by ESPN.com users). It was ranked",
"title": "Rudy (film)"
},
{
"id": "2501778",
"text": "single tragedy ever to happen to Manchester United and English football\". Terry Venables claimed that, had he lived, it would have been Edwards, not Bobby Moore, who lifted the World Cup trophy as England captain in 1966. Tommy Docherty stated that \"there is no doubt in my mind that Duncan would have become the greatest player ever. Not just in British football, with United and England, but the best in the world. George Best was something special, as was Pelé and Maradona, but in my mind Duncan was much better in terms of all-round ability and skill.\" In recognition of",
"title": "Duncan Edwards"
},
{
"id": "28969",
"text": "Raiders 27–23 in the AFL championship game. Jets quarterback Joe Namath recalled that in the days leading up to the game, he grew increasingly angry when told New York had no chance to beat Baltimore. Three days before the game, a frustrated Namath responded to a heckler at the Touchdown Club in Miami by declaring, \"We're going to win Sunday, I'll guarantee you.\" Namath and the Jets made good on his guarantee as they held the Colts scoreless until late in the fourth quarter. The Jets won, 16–7, in what is considered one of the greatest upsets in American sports",
"title": "American Football League"
},
{
"id": "12850891",
"text": "The Irish outscored its opponents 362–38. The 10–10 tie between The Spartans and the Irish remains one of the controversial games of college football, and is considered today to be one of the great \"games of the century\". Heisman Voting: All-Americans: College Football Hall of Fame Inductees: Notre Dame leads all universities in players inducted. 1966 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team The 1966 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1966 college football season. The Irish, coached by Ara Parseghian, ended the season undefeated with nine wins and one tie, winning a",
"title": "1966 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team"
},
{
"id": "19559846",
"text": "sports culture remain unexamined.\" O.J.: Made in America O.J.: Made in America is a 2016 American documentary, produced and directed by Ezra Edelman for ESPN Films and their \"30 for 30\" series. It was released as a five-part miniseries and in theatrical format. The documentary explores race and celebrity through the life of O. J. Simpson, from his emerging football career at the University of Southern California, and his celebrity and popularity within American culture, to his trial for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman, and subsequent acquittal, and how he was convicted and imprisoned for",
"title": "O.J.: Made in America"
},
{
"id": "12667949",
"text": "despite falling into a safety net. However, he says he does not have a \"death wish in any way. I plan on living and dying a natural death when I'm old.\" Asked about fear, he remarked \"I would say the only thing I fear is God\". He adds that his Christian faith allows him to \"know where I'm going to go when I die ... I'm not scared of dying.\" Wallenda says that the high-wire performance is not a daredevil act or a mere stunt, but rather an athletic feat requiring great physical training. \"I see a stunt as somebody",
"title": "Nik Wallenda"
},
{
"id": "11338762",
"text": "Jim Brady (quarterback) James Murphy Brady (August 11, 1907 – January 12, 1984), a grandson of Idaho governor James H. Brady, was an American football player and broadcasting entrepreneur. After graduating from Pocatello High School in Idaho, Brady tried out for the football team at Notre Dame, but was told by coach Knute Rockne that he was far too small. But over time his persistence paid off, and in 1927 he was named the starting quarterback. Brady was the quarterback for the legendary \"Win one for the Gipper\" game against Army on November 10, 1928—dramatized in the film \"Knute Rockne,",
"title": "Jim Brady (quarterback)"
},
{
"id": "1977107",
"text": "Falcons head coach Norm Van Brocklin ridiculed the AFL before the game, saying \"This will be Namath's first professional football game.\" Three days before the game, Namath was tired of addressing the issue in the press, and he responded to a heckler at a sports banquet in Miami with the line: \"We're going to win the game. I guarantee it.\" Namath backed up his boast, which became legendary. The Colts' vaunted defense (highlighted by Bubba Smith) was unable to contain either the Jets' running or passing game, while the ineffective offense gave up four interceptions to the Jets. Namath was",
"title": "Joe Namath"
},
{
"id": "160896",
"text": "1972, insisting on calling him \"John Elton.\" According to writer Philip Norman, when Groucho jokingly pointed his index fingers as if holding a pair of six-shooters, Elton John put up his hands and said, \"Don't shoot me, I'm only the piano player,\" thereby naming the album he had just completed. A film poster for the Marx Bros. movie \"Go West\" is visible on the album cover photograph as an homage to Groucho. Elton John accompanied Groucho to a performance of \"Jesus Christ Superstar\". As the lights went down, Groucho called out, \"Does it have a happy ending?\" And during the",
"title": "Groucho Marx"
},
{
"id": "7675219",
"text": "blown off!\". We would then back off to a safe distance, only to have the same thing happen a few hours later. After the war he commanded Joint Task Force 1 during the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. \"I am not an Atomic Playboy\" is a phrase attributed to Blandy while he was overseeing these tests. Here is the complete quote: \"The bomb will not start a chain-reaction in the water, converting it all to gas and letting all the ships on all the oceans drop down to the bottom. It will not blow out the bottom of the",
"title": "William H. P. Blandy"
},
{
"id": "6676999",
"text": "terrorist organization \"known only as SKAR\" whose goal is nothing less but total world domination. Iron Klaw claims: \"\"We will be VICTORIOUS!\"\" to which Lt. Stone replies \"\"Not on MY watch!\"\" followed by an introduction to the new Joe roster. The opening concludes with a news reporter giving odds of survival as \"a million to 1\" and Stone yelling: \"\"...and that's the way we LIKE it!\"\" Season 1 with a one-minute intro with all of the live-action segments during the beginning of all the episodes, Season 2 with a thirty-second intro during Friday's \"The Power Block\". The new Joe team",
"title": "G.I. Joe Extreme"
},
{
"id": "7518886",
"text": "on May 17, 1966. A recording of this concert was released in 1998: \"\". At the climax of the evening, a member of the audience, angered by Dylan's electric backing, shouted: \"Judas!\" to which Dylan responded, \"I don't believe you ... You're a liar!\" Dylan turned to his band and said, \"Play it fucking loud!\" as they launched into the final song of the night—\"Like a Rolling Stone\". During his 1966 tour, Dylan was described as exhausted and acting \"as if on a death trip\". D. A. Pennebaker, the film maker accompanying the tour, described Dylan as \"taking a lot",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
},
{
"id": "20229501",
"text": "says I'm the first American Ninja Warrior. I think they are trying to give him a moment too because he does deserve it, but as far as the rules go, there is one title. It's an all or nothing deal. If you look at other sports, if Michael Phelps beats everyone in the Olympics by a fraction of the second that's the way it is, even if everyone else 'finishes the course'.\" Caldiero has also been referred to as the \"first \"American Ninja Warrior\" champion.\" In season eight, Caldiero did not return to the competition. Instead, he served as a",
"title": "Isaac Caldiero"
},
{
"id": "6788636",
"text": "Sir Donald Bradman, Sunil Gavaskar and Sachin Tendulkar) as one of the best batsmen ever to have played the game, and is one of the most famous sporting icons in the country. Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. The men's national football team qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup for the first time by beating Bahrain in Manama on 16 November 2005, making them the second smallest country ever (in terms of population) to qualify, after Iceland. The team, coached by Dutchman Leo Beenhakker, and led by Tobagonian-born captain Dwight Yorke, drew their first",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"id": "17559842",
"text": "the remainder of his life (he died on 29 May 1999 at the age of 91), Busch insisted he scored the try, quoted as saying \"I got it down all right…it was a fair try.\" The corner where Busch scored the disallowed try in Swinton, was in the following decades still officially known as Busch's Corner. After much deliberation the controversial decision was made to play a fourth Test a week later. This was the first and only time that a fourth test has been played on any Kangaroo tour. In this match Cec Fifield broke his ankle and was",
"title": "1929–30 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain"
},
{
"id": "7837943",
"text": "the video, lead guitarist Angus Young is seen playing his Gibson SG on a wrecking ball, which destroys a building. Angus Young had stated in the documentary that he had a fear of heights when doing this before. The video can be seen on the 2000 DVD version of \"No Bull\" (which also includes the documentary on how the video was made) and the Backtracks box set. Hard as a Rock \"Hard as a Rock\" is a song and a single by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It features as the first track on their album, \"Ballbreaker\", released in",
"title": "Hard as a Rock"
},
{
"id": "376007",
"text": "Raiders following the and seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in , , and , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967). In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "12999604",
"text": "the movie \"Titanic\", and mentions Kevin Garnett's 2008 NBA championship finals victory quote \"anything is possible\". Directed by Akiva Schaffer, the video opens with Andy Samberg — who is sitting at the kitchen table with bandmates Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone — pouring cereal into a bowl. To his delight, a coupon for a free boat ride for three falls out of the box. After pondering who will go with him, Samberg picks Schaffer but skips over Taccone in favor of the previously unseen R&B singer T-Pain, who has apparently been sitting at the table, off camera, the entire time.",
"title": "I'm on a Boat"
},
{
"id": "289054",
"text": "game. Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early, then defend. Rockne, like much of the public, thought little of pro football and expected an easy win. But from the beginning it was a one-way contest, with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another. Notre Dame failed to score. When it was all over, Coach Rockne told his team, \"That was the greatest football machine I ever saw. I am glad none of you got hurt.\" The game raised $100,000 for the",
"title": "New York Giants"
},
{
"id": "16450396",
"text": "in school history. 1978 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team The 1978 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Notre Dame handed Pittsburgh is first loss of the season. Jerome Heavens, who had never seen \"Knute Rockne, All American\", surpassed George Gipp on the school's all-time rushing list. Heavens passed Gipp on his 24th carry but lost yardage on his 25th before moving pass him for good on his 26th attempt. \"I think the Gipper tackled me on that,\" Heavens said. The Cotton Bowl win was Notre",
"title": "1978 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team"
},
{
"id": "810891",
"text": "was passed fit to ride in the Grand National. He rode Aldaniti, a horse deprived in its youth and which had only recently recovered from chronic leg problems. Despite a poor start, the pair went on to win four-and-a-half lengths ahead of the much-fancied Spartan Missile, ridden by amateur jockey and 54-year-old grandfather John Thorne. Champion and Aldaniti were instantly propelled to celebrity status, and within two years, their story had been re-created in the film \"Champions\", starring John Hurt. From 1984 to 1991, Seagram sponsored the Grand National. The Canadian distiller provided a solid foundation on which the race's",
"title": "Grand National"
},
{
"id": "2590415",
"text": "offered the job of manager at Sheffield Wednesday, which he accepted, ending almost a decade in charge of the Iron. Following Laws' departure, Physiotherapist Nigel Adkins was put in temporary charge; after obtaining good results his role was made permanent. Fans responded with the chant, \"[W]ho needs Mourinho, we've got our physio.\" Despite selling Keogh to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the January transfer window, the club went on to win League One and with it promotion to the Championship that season, in the process setting a club record 16-match unbeaten run and accumulating 91 points. Billy Sharp was the leading goalscorer",
"title": "Scunthorpe United F.C."
},
{
"id": "6776601",
"text": "game-winning field goal. But Notre Dame coach Ara Parseghian chose to run the clock out, not wanting to risk a turnover, preserving the tie and Notre Dame's #1 ranking. The game ended in a 10–10 tie. For the subsequent 50 years, Parseghian defended his end-of-the-game strategy, which left many fans feeling disappointed at the game not having some sort of resolution. College football expert Dan Jenkins led off his article for \"Sports Illustrated\" by saying Parseghian chose to \"Tie one for the Gipper.\" Others chided Notre Dame by calling them the \"Tying Irish\" instead of the \"Fighting Irish.\" Notre Dame",
"title": "Game of the Century (college football)"
},
{
"id": "7098726",
"text": "Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film) Mutiny on the Bounty is a 1962 American Technicolor epic historical drama film starring Marlon Brando, Trevor Howard and Richard Harris, based on the novel \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The film retells the 1789 real-life mutiny aboard HMAV \"Bounty\" led by Fletcher Christian against the ship's captain, William Bligh. It is the second American film to be made from the novel, the first being \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1935). It was directed by Lewis Milestone, who replaced Carol Reed early in the production schedule, and it turned",
"title": "Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)"
},
{
"id": "14230585",
"text": "the defense from 1992 to 1996 as \"Doomsday III\", though to a lesser extent. This defense was in part, responsible for the Cowboys being the first team to ever win three Super Bowls in a four-year span. The first defensive player to be named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Super Bowl was linebacker Chuck Howley (V). Later linemen Harvey Martin and Randy White became the first (and only) teammates (co-MVPs) to win the award (XII). Defensive line: Linebackers: Defensive backs: Defensive line: Linebackers: Defensive backs: Doomsday Defense The Doomsday Defense was the defense of the Dallas Cowboys American football",
"title": "Doomsday Defense"
},
{
"id": "8305513",
"text": "two \"10 of spades\" cards for a total of 20 and challenges Bugs to \"Beat that! HAR HAR HAR!\". Bugs obliges by exposing his lone card, the \"21 of hearts\" (\"HAR HAR, HARDY HAR HAR!!\"). Bugs, seemingly unaware of the danger he is in, recovers his wagered bag of gold and calmly says: \"Well, that's the way the ball bounces. Somebody's gotta lose, somebody's gotta win\", to which an enraged Jacque roars: \"Oooooh! Nobody wins from Blacque Jacque Shellacque!\" Right after Jacque openly states how dangerous he is, Bugs convinces Jacque that there's a man in the rumpus room who",
"title": "Bonanza Bunny"
},
{
"id": "11477544",
"text": "up until the NCAA track and field championship. He took part in the Olympic trials in 1936, but having lost his competitive drive, Ward, in his own words, did not train to his peak and failed to make the U.S. team. \"They were urging me to go out in '36,\" Ward recalled. \"But that Georgia Tech game killed me. I frankly felt they would not let black athletes compete. Having gone through the Tech experience, it seemed an easy thing for them to say 'Well, we just won't run 'em if Hitler insists.'\" Interviewed about the incident in 1976, Ward",
"title": "Willis Ward"
},
{
"id": "7300406",
"text": "Reb Brown Reb Brown (born Robert Brown; April 29, 1948) is an American former football player and actor. Brown is perhaps best known for playing the lead in the television film \"Captain America\" and the action war film \"Uncommon Valor\". He is also known for the 1983 cult classic, \"Yor, the Hunter from the Future\", regarded as a B-Movie classic, as well as the sci-fi film \"Space Mutiny\", and for the collaborations with director Bruno Mattei in films \"Strike Commando\" and \"Robowar\". Brown played football at Temple City High School and later at USC as a Fullback during the 1967",
"title": "Reb Brown"
},
{
"id": "4995400",
"text": "her to cancel all public appearances to promote \"Glitter\". She said, \"When I was asked about the video I said, 'I can't do it today'. And nobody could accept that answer. And that's when I started to get mad. I was, like, look, I am too fatigued. I'm overly-tired, I can't do it as a human being. And nobody was hearing those last two words — human being. They were used to the Mariah that always says, 'Come on, let's fight, let's go'. They just weren't used to me ever saying no. I never said no before\". Instead, a video",
"title": "Never Too Far"
},
{
"id": "16861806",
"text": "whom Nsekhe follows. The tweet read, \"Hard to believe that a player in a helmet defendin' a football makes more money than a soldier in a helmet defendin' his country.\" \"It doesn't take much skill to kill someone,\" Nsekhe answered. Bostic responded quoting Nsekhe and adding \"The epitome of ignorance.\" Although Nsekhe's tweet was deleted, the story went viral, eventually moving from blogs to the mainstream media. On September 24, the Rams issued a statement rejecting Nsekhe's expressed opinion and emphasizing that he had no connection with the team after having been released on August 31. Nsekhe also issued his",
"title": "Ty Nsekhe"
},
{
"id": "17692135",
"text": "Rockne gave his \"win one for the Gipper\" speech (with reference to All-American halfback George Gipp, who died in 1920); Notre Dame went on to defeat Army, 12–6. The 1929 game between the two teams had the highest attendance in the series at 79,408. The 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game at Yankee stadium is regarded as one of the 20th century college football Games of the Century. Notre Dame played 24 games at Yankee Stadium, going 15–6–3. Army played 38, compiling a 17–17–4 record (including the best-attended game, on December 1, 1928 when Army lost to Stanford 26–0",
"title": "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football"
},
{
"id": "13400717",
"text": "the pivotal point of the 1997 film \"Fever Pitch\", an adaptation of Nick Hornby's bestselling book of the same name. Hornby disagrees his book was responsible for gentrifying the sport, arguing \"the owner of an international media empire\" had more of a profound impact. Moore's goal call for Arsenal's winner (\"Thomas, it's up for grabs now!\") has become synonymous with English football and is one of the sport's most memorable lines. In 2002, it was selected as one of the top ten commentaries of all time by \"The Observer\", and the phrase \"It's Up For Grabs Now\" is used as",
"title": "Liverpool F.C. 0–2 Arsenal F.C. (26 May 1989)"
},
{
"id": "7098746",
"text": "recoup its budget. The 1962 movie did not win any Oscars but was nominated for seven: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film) Mutiny on the Bounty is a 1962 American Technicolor epic historical drama film starring Marlon Brando, Trevor Howard and Richard Harris, based on the novel \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The film retells the 1789 real-life mutiny aboard HMAV \"Bounty\" led by Fletcher Christian against the ship's captain, William Bligh. It is the second American film to be made from the",
"title": "Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)"
},
{
"id": "397111",
"text": "Morrall and Baltimore might be better. Babe throws better than Morrall.\" Despite the Jets' accomplishments, AFL teams were generally not regarded as having the same caliber of talent as NFL teams. However, three days before the game, Namath appeared at the Miami Touchdown Club and boldly predicted to the audience, \"We're gonna win the game. I guarantee it.\" Jets' head coach Weeb Ewbank, in an NFL Films segment, once joked that he \"could have shot\" Namath for the statement. Namath made his famous \"guarantee\" in response to a rowdy Colts supporter at the club, who boasted the Colts would easily",
"title": "Super Bowl III"
},
{
"id": "3153521",
"text": "Squid\", and featuring Leslie Nielsen. In one of these ads, Nielsen shouts, \"Hey! You, over there, in the shadows!\" The man steps forward and reveals himself to be Hank Marvin, guitarist with sixties pop group, the Shadows. The catchphrase was \"Red Rock Cider—it's not red, and there's no rocks in it.\" The opening titles were re-used for the commercials (see \"above\"); they included: Some of the jokes that were used in the commercials were originally taken from \"Police Squad!\" such as when Ed says \"Cover me!\" and gets covered with a blanket, which was a gag taken from \"The Butler",
"title": "Police Squad!"
},
{
"id": "12690742",
"text": "Berle, Duke Ellington, Ray Charles, Mick Jagger, Christopher Reeve, Tom Selleck, Mickey Mantle, Joe DiMaggio, Rocky Marciano, Kirk Douglas, Chevy Chase, Johnny Cash, John Denver, and many other luminaries. Tony Verna produced and/or directed the following major television events: 1955 - Baseball Game of the Week with Dizzy Dean 1960 - Rome Olympics 1962 - Marshal Tito----ski jumping---Yugoslavia 1963 - (Dec-7) Invented the Instant Replay during the Army–Navy Game 1964 - Directed Kentucky Derby (first of 12) 1967 - Las Vegas ---Liberace Special 1967 - Johnny Unitas-Instant Quarterback 1968 -Rocky Marciano, Jonathan Winters Jogging 1968 - Directed Super Bowl#2 (first",
"title": "Tony Verna"
},
{
"id": "19184741",
"text": "natural, off the cuff. Nobody tells me what to do, nobody sticks a key in my back and turns it. I do it myself. I wake up in the morning and do what I want to do, because I'm my own man. And when it comes to that night, I think the world will change because they'll have the most charismatic, the most colourful, the most controversial champion since Muhammad Ali. And that's what the world's been waiting for. If I'm not the man to fill those boots, they'll be waiting a hell of a lot time more. Because all",
"title": "Wladimir Klitschko vs. Tyson Fury"
},
{
"id": "3868988",
"text": "Bubba Smith Charles Aaron \"Bubba\" Smith (February 28, 1945 – August 3, 2011) was an American professional football player, who starred as a defensive end in both college and the NFL before becoming an actor following his retirement from the sport. Smith first came into prominence at Michigan State University, where he twice earned All-American honors on the Spartans football team. He had a major role in a 10–10 tie with Notre Dame in 1966 that was billed as \"The Game of the Century.\" He is one of only three players to have his jersey number retired by the program.",
"title": "Bubba Smith"
},
{
"id": "5466145",
"text": "followed by more heckles. Dylan then says \"I don't believe you\", then after a pause, \"You're a liar.\" Bob Dylan then said to his band, \"play it fuckin' loud\" as they begin \"Like a Rolling Stone.\" At the end, the audience erupts into applause and Dylan says, \"Thank you.\" After years of conflicting reports and speculation among Dylan discographers, the Manchester source was verified after the preliminary mix of a proposed Columbia edition was bootlegged in 1995 as \"Guitars Kissing & The Contemporary Fix\". Dylan rejected that edition; three years later, he authorized a markedly different version for his second",
"title": "The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The \"Royal Albert Hall\" Concert"
},
{
"id": "1377964",
"text": "said. \"We've done a couple of tracks.\" On 17 October 2009 Richards received the Rock Immortal Award at Spike TV's Scream 2009 awards ceremony at the Greek Theatre, Los Angeles; the award was presented by Johnny Depp. \"I liked the living legend, that was all right,\" Richards said, referring to an award he received in 1989, \"but immortal is even better.\" In 2009, a book of Richards' quotations was published, titled \"What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor\". In August 2007, Richards signed a publishing deal for his autobiography, \"Life\", which was released 26",
"title": "Keith Richards"
},
{
"id": "780070",
"text": "Jones to utter the well known phrase \"...and Smith must score\". However, Smith's kick was actually saved by the Manchester United goalkeeper, Gary Bailey. In the replay, Manchester United won 4–0. After four seasons, relegation to Division Three came in 1987, but the Albion bounced back the next season. In 1991 they lost the play-off final at Wembley to Notts County 3–1, only to be relegated the next season to the newly named Division Two. In 1996 further relegation came to Division Three. The club's financial situation was becoming increasingly precarious, and the club's directors decided that the Goldstone Ground",
"title": "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C."
},
{
"id": "10212727",
"text": "of class from advanced infantry training, and received specialized education in covert ops school at Langley. In time, Rock 'n Roll moved on from being a machine gunner to a Gatling gunner. A surfer, weightlifter, and bassist, Rock 'n Roll is cunning but naive, and forceful but shy. He possesses a strong sense of loyalty to his teammates and is sincerely concerned about their well being. Rock 'n Roll is a man of honor and integrity who can be counted on to hold the line. Rock 'n Roll was first released as an action figure in 1982. His character was",
"title": "Rock 'n Roll (G.I. Joe)"
},
{
"id": "499058",
"text": "an ill Ruth could not lead the Yankees to the World Series in 1925, college football took center stage at Yankee Stadium that fall. The fiercely competitive Notre Dame–Army game moved to Yankee Stadium, where it remained until 1947. In the 1928 game, with the score 0–0 at halftime, legendary Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne gave his \"win one for the Gipper\" speech (with reference to All-American halfback George Gipp, who died in 1920); Notre Dame went on to defeat Army, 12–6. The 1929 game between the two teams had the highest attendance in the series at 79,408. The 1946",
"title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)"
},
{
"id": "12687995",
"text": "20th Century Fox. As a natural spinoff of their many connections with the entertainment world, Creative Book Publishers International has published a variety of titles by venerable industry veterans such as writer/producer/director Stephen Verona (The Making of \"The Lords of Flatbush\"), seasoned sports broadcaster Tony Verna (Instant Replay: the Day That Changed Sports Forever), movie producer Ed Feldman (Tell Me How You Love the Picture) and publicist-to-the-stars Leonard Morpurgo (Of Kings and Queens and Movie Stars.) Also related are titles about entertainment world celebs such as swing era icon Glenn Miller (The Glenn Miller Conspiracy: The Never-Before-Told True Story of",
"title": "Creative Book Publishers International"
},
{
"id": "14512295",
"text": "a freestyle rap video to promote the release of the album's lead single. Titled \"Despicable\", the vocals in the video are played over the instrumental versions of \"Over\" by Canadian rapper Drake and \"Beamer, Benz or Bentley\" by G-Unit member Lloyd Banks; the verse switches to the latter well into the two-minute song. Lyrics make a reference to football quarterback Ben Roethlisberger in the line \"I’d rather turn this club into a bar room brawl/Get as rowdy as Roethlisberger in a bathroom stall.\" These lyrics refers to sexual assault allegations in March 2011 at a nightclub in Milledgeville, Georgia, causing",
"title": "Not Afraid"
},
{
"id": "6464330",
"text": "the conclusion of the game, which St Kilda won by 22 points, Winmar lifted up his jumper and, facing to the crowd, pointed to his skin. The following day, a photograph (pictured right) of Winmar's gesture, taken by Wayne Ludbey, was published in the \"Sunday Age\" under the headline \"Winmar: I'm black and proud of it\", with the \"Sunday Herald Sun\" publishing a similar photograph under the caption \"I've got guts\". Winmar's gesture, described as a \"powerful statement\", an \"anti-racist symbol\", and one of the \"most poignant\" images in Australian sport, has been credited as a catalyst for the movement",
"title": "Nicky Winmar"
},
{
"id": "820111",
"text": "Gipp is stricken with a fatal illness after the final game of the 1920 season, however, and, on his death bed, encourages Rockne at some future date to tell the team to go out and \"win one for the Gipper.\" Notre Dame continues its football success with a backfield of stars dubbed \"the Four Horsemen.\" Rockne, tragically, is killed in a 1931 plane crash on a trip to California, but his legend makes him a campus immortal. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" called the film \"one of the best pictures for boys in years\" and wrote that O'Brien",
"title": "Knute Rockne, All American"
},
{
"id": "5301962",
"text": "day Edwards intended to sack him, and the 58-year-old Mercer (who was to retire from football within two years) turned the offer down anyway. United's form briefly improved after this, allowing O'Farrell a stay of execution, but a 5–0 thumping by relegation rivals Crystal Palace just before Christmas proved too much, and led to the manager's dismissal on 19 December. In a way it was the end of an era, with Bill Foulkes having retired, Bobby Charlton's testimonial having been held the previous day and George Best once again announcing his retirement on the same day. Charlton, now 35, would",
"title": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–86)"
},
{
"id": "5945768",
"text": "to say. Larry and Curly speak in uncharacteristically courteous dialogue as they mount the horse, and at one point the creativity is so lacking Moe calls Curly merely, 'You silly so-and-so.' Even the sound effects are anemic or inappropriate. For the physical gags Curly's ailing health is apparent, and Moe is rarely around to cover for or interact with him. This leaves Larry as the toughie — not his best persona. Larry even has to run the 'when-I-say-go-we-all-point-to-the-right' routine. When Curly and Larry finally mount the horse, when Larry rides on top of Curly, and when Larry uses a sledgehammer",
"title": "Rockin' in the Rockies"
},
{
"id": "6635109",
"text": "to stop New England on the drive that followed, and the Patriots scored a touchdown and a two-point conversion to tie the game at 21. The Patriots eventually won, 24-21. “Anytime I get the ball I am going to try and score regardless,\" said McCree. \"Troy Brown stripped it. He made a great play, and I was trying to make a big play. (In) hindsight I don't regret it because I would never try and just go down on the (ground). I want to score.” The following season, almost a year to the day, McCree would exact a measure of",
"title": "Marlon McCree"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "1508219",
"text": "a brief star or \"morning glory.\" The dresser comforts Eva, assuring her that she has the talent to succeed in show business and life; but really only one thing matters, true love. She knows that because she once spurned the love she was offered, choosing fame instead, at the beginning of her all too brief career. Renewed, Eva readies herself to forge down the rocky road to stardom ahead of her. The film ends with some uncertainty, but on an upbeat note. Once again self-confident, dramatic to the heart, Eva declares to her dresser, \"I'm not afraid...to be a morning",
"title": "Morning Glory (1933 film)"
},
{
"id": "2777829",
"text": "Edmond O'Brien keeps repeating \"Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush\" in cadence with the sound of the train on which he is riding. At one point, a porter interrupts, \"Who is Heinie Manush?\", and O'Brien replies, \"The great baseball player.\" In the dining car, O'Brien continues even as he orders, \"Filet mignon that's for me, filet mignon that's for me, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, filet mignon, medium rare, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush.\" The repetitive, onomatopoeic nature of the phrase fit the sound of the train so well that other riders began to pick it up, driving the conductor",
"title": "Heinie Manush"
},
{
"id": "9379763",
"text": "of computer video analysis of the television footage, which gave new angles of view: they concluded that the shot had not crossed the line. Bobby Moore became the first and, to date, only England captain to lift the World Cup. The game prompted an unwitting piece of flawless and immortal broadcasting from the BBC's Kenneth Wolstenholme when describing the last-ditch run and shot from Hurst which led to his third goal - \"And here comes Hurst, he's got ... \"(notices spectators on the field)\" ... some people are on the pitch, they think it's all over! \"(Hurst shoots and scores)\"",
"title": "History of the England national football team"
},
{
"id": "18964562",
"text": "\"I'm not losing, am I? I mean, in 2008 of course I lost, but I was running against a cool black guy. But this year, I thought I got to be the cool black guy.\" In conclusion, she quipped about her opponent Bernie Sanders: \"He's the song of the summer. He's Trap Queen by Fetty Wap. But I'm the 'Birthday Song', guys, and you're going to be singin' me until the day you die.\" On December 19, 2015, during the episode co-hosted by Fey and Poehler, McKinnon's current Clinton met Poehler's 2008 Clinton in a sketch titled \"A Hillary Christmas\",",
"title": "Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton"
},
{
"id": "9495422",
"text": "Saltman handled the worldwide promotion of the Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier boxing championships, was co-creator of the 1970s \"Challenge of the Sexes\" TV shows, a key promoter and business partner in the failed Snake River Canyon rocket-cycle jump by motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel, and for a time managed the careers of such sports stars as Canadian NHL hockey player Wayne Gretzky and American boxing champion Thomas Hearns. After serving in Japan as a sports announcer and radio broadcaster for the Far East Network of the U.S. Army during the Korean War, Saltman came home to the U.S. and began a career",
"title": "Shelly Saltman"
},
{
"id": "7903066",
"text": "Beautiful Game\". Sportswear company Nike has referenced the beautiful game in its football commercials. In 1996, a Nike commercial titled \"Good vs Evil\" was a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre where ten football players from around the world, including Eric Cantona, Ronaldo, Paolo Maldini, Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos, defend \"the beautiful game\" against a team of demonic warriors, which culminates in Cantona receiving the ball from Ronaldo, pulling up his shirt collar, and delivering the final line, \"Au Revoir\", before striking the ball and destroying evil. Nike also uses the Portuguese phrase \"Joga bonito\"—meaning \"play",
"title": "The Beautiful Game"
},
{
"id": "19129664",
"text": "Western Reserve is the only Ohio team with a winning record, 6–5–1, against the Ohio State Buckeyes, playing from 1891–1934. Ohio State University's only death of a player from game-related injuries, team captain John Sigrist, occurred against Western Reserve in 1901. Case Tech holds a 10–11–2 all-time record against the Ohio State Buckeyes, with Coach Joe Fogg posting a perfect 4–0 record during his tenure. Famed Notre Dame coach, Knute Rockne, made his head coaching debut on September 28, 1918 against Case held at University Circle's Van Horn Field. George \"The Gipper\" Gipp led the Fighting Irish to a 26–6",
"title": "Case Western Reserve Spartans football"
},
{
"id": "6294687",
"text": "my teammates looked at me as someone they could count on. I still remember, and I will remember this for the rest of my life, the Super Bowl against Denver. We had three captains—me, Phil Simms and George Martin. But when it came time for the coin toss before the game, I started to go out and looked around for those guys. Bill Parcells said to me: 'No. You go. Just you.' And that was about the coolest feeling I've ever had in the world—going out to midfield for the Super Bowl, as the lone captain. There were nine Denver",
"title": "Harry Carson"
},
{
"id": "8850624",
"text": "outcry for getting \"answers to the mystery\" as the public demanded solutions that might prevent such disasters in the future. The most notable person aboard was Knute Rockne, head football coach at the University of Notre Dame and a national hero. Revered as more than simply the football coach with the most wins to his credit of all time, Rockne—famed for coaching his players towards both victory and morality—was a beloved figure at the start of the Great Depression. Despite his Norwegian immigrant origins, he was regarded as the \"All-American\" icon of virtuous strength and honorable success. Rockne, 43, was",
"title": "1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash"
},
{
"id": "19559830",
"text": "O.J.: Made in America O.J.: Made in America is a 2016 American documentary, produced and directed by Ezra Edelman for ESPN Films and their \"30 for 30\" series. It was released as a five-part miniseries and in theatrical format. The documentary explores race and celebrity through the life of O. J. Simpson, from his emerging football career at the University of Southern California, and his celebrity and popularity within American culture, to his trial for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman, and subsequent acquittal, and how he was convicted and imprisoned for another crime 13 years",
"title": "O.J.: Made in America"
},
{
"id": "1877489",
"text": "in basketball, in Masters athletics. At the time he claimed he had only been beaten in the high jump once, by Olympic champion Charles Dumas, and that he had never been beaten in the shot put, including beating Olympic legend Al Oerter. Chamberlain played a villainous warrior and counterpart of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the film \"Conan the Destroyer\" (1984). In November 1998, he signed with Ian Ng Cheng Hin, CEO of Northern Cinema House Entertainment (NCH Entertainment), to do his own bio-pic, wanting to tell his life story his way. He had been working on the screenplay notes for over",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "12771462",
"text": "York City, he is likewise unacknowledged, until a street-cleaning vehicle washes his pink paint off, and the populace panics at the sight of a normal gray baby elephant on the street. The police end up arresting Bobo. Hauled into court by the police, the judge sentences him to life...at the circus. At the circus, Bobo is promptly engaged by the baseball team as the official batboy. Bobo angrily utters his only line in the film \"Batboy, shmatboy! I'm still carrying logs!\" The sequel to this cartoon \"Gone Batty\" was originally released in 1954, and re-released as a \"Merrie Melodies\" Blue",
"title": "Hobo Bobo"
},
{
"id": "15783457",
"text": "you play,\") És o leão do mar, (\"You're the lion of the sea,\") Salve o nosso campeão!!!, (\"Save our champion!,\") Agora quem dá bola é o Santos, (\"Now Santos controls the ball,\") O Santos é o novo campeão, (\"Santos is the new champion,\") Glorioso alvinegro praiano, (\"Glorious black-and-white from the beach,\") Campeão absoluto desse ano!, (\"Absolute champion this year!\") Santos!! (\"Santos!!\") Santos sempre Santos, (\"Santos, always Santos,\") Dentro ou fora do alçapão, (\"Be it home or away,\") Jogue o que jogar, (\"However well you play,\") És o leão do mar, (\"You're the lion of the sea,\") Salve o nosso campeão!!!,",
"title": "Leão do Mar"
},
{
"id": "6776603",
"text": "in either case, would then go to the second-place team. So despite being Big Ten Champions and undefeated in the regular season, in each case for two seasons in a row, the Spartans could not play in the Rose Bowl. \"The Sporting News\" named the 1966 Fighting Irish and 1965–66 Spartans the eleventh and thirteenth greatest teams of the 20th Century respectively. November 18, 1967: The UCLA Bruins, ranked Number 1 in both polls, played the USC Trojans, ranked Number 2 in the coaches poll and 4 in the AP poll. The Bruins had senior quarterback Gary Beban as the",
"title": "Game of the Century (college football)"
},
{
"id": "1685273",
"text": "exclaims O'Neal's nickname, \"Shaq\". O'Neal, noticing that the kid has a Pepsi in his hand, walks over and says \"Hey, can I have it?\" He bends over, supposing that his admirer will give him the soda, but the kid refuses, saying: \"Don't even think about it!\" Suddenly, a sound simulating that of a scratched record is heard, and the commercial ends with the Pepsi logo and slogan. The commercial is actually a parody of another famous one from the 1970s produced by Pepsi's rival, Coca-Cola, in which a young boy meets football player \"Mean\" Joe Greene as he is leaving",
"title": "Don't even think about it!"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Knute Rockne context: 0–0 at the end of the half, Rockne entered the locker room and told the team the words he heard on Gi's deathbed in 1920: \"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\" This inspired the team, who then won the\n\n“I’ve got to go, Rock. It’s all right. I’m not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they’ve got and win just one for ” whom?",
"compressed_tokens": 243,
"origin_tokens": 244,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Knute Rockne context: 0–0 at the end of the half, Rockne entered the locker room and told the team the words he heard on Gi's deathbed in 1920: \"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy.\" This inspired the team, who then won the\n\ntitle of Notre D Fighting Irish football context: gave Gipp's final: \"\"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy inspired team they went on to upset and win the 1–6 19 and 193 teams went undefeated, winning\n\ntitle: Fighting Irish context: of Gipp's final:'ve It' all I'm not up the breaks are beating tell them to go there've got and win just one. It know where Ill be then, But I'll know about it, and Ill happy.\"\" The they to ups Army and win . The 929 and 130 both went undefeated,\n: Early history of American football full before the could beapped. ,18, when the\" was to at the, team he heard on. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where\n\n“I’ve got to go, Rock. It’s all right. I’m not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they’ve got and win just one for ” whom?",
"compressed_tokens": 526,
"origin_tokens": 14952,
"ratio": "28.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,741 | According to the classic 12 Days of Christmas song, what group were there 11 of? | [
"Pipers Piping"
] | Pipers Piping | [
{
"id": "2999243",
"text": "tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on until <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and",
"title": "Cumulative song"
},
{
"id": "1355693",
"text": "\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\" by Tim Minchin, \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" by Bucko & Champs, \"Christmas Photo\" by John Williamson, \"Go Santa, Go\" by The Wiggles, and",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "17271131",
"text": "day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "6883069",
"text": "first time since their inception the popularity of Tillers went into decline until the formation of the Sixties Tiller Girls. Towards the end of 1988 a former Tiller Girl, Sandy Jones, received a surprise call from a friend, George May, who was working on a production named \"Joy to the World\", to be staged at the Albert Hall in London. He wanted the Tiller Girls to take part in \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" song as the \"nine ladies dancing.\" Sandy made eight phone calls to original Tiller Girls from the 50s and 60s, and all eight immediately agreed, with",
"title": "Tiller Girls"
},
{
"id": "9457965",
"text": "the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "11330303",
"text": "chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "2573042",
"text": "sum of twelve consecutive primes (11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47 + 53), Mertens function returns 0, nontotient, Harshad number. It is a repdigit in base 3 (111111), base 9 (444), base 25 (EE), base 27 (DD), base 51 (77) and base 90 (44). The total number of gifts received in the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". 365 = 5 × 73 366 = 2 × 3 × 61, sphenic number, Mertens function returns 0, noncototient. Also, the number of days in a leap",
"title": "300 (number)"
},
{
"id": "9457968",
"text": "players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "8765123",
"text": "'n' Roll Saviors\" from their days in the clubs. Some of the guitar riffs from \"Deck the Halls\" are based on \"The Boys Are Back in Town\" by Thin Lizzy. Also, the guitar riffs on the song \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" are based on \"You've Got Another Thing Comin'\" by Judas Priest. Metal star Ozzy Osbourne's influence on the group and its music is name-checked in closing number \"Heavy Metal Christmas (The Twelve Days of Christmas)\": with the promised gifts being \"twelve silver crosses, eleven black mascaras, ten pairs of platforms, nine tattered t-shirts, eight pentagrams, seven leather",
"title": "A Twisted Christmas"
},
{
"id": "849035",
"text": "He was associate editor of \"The Beaver\", a Canadian history magazine, from 1998 to 2006. He later became editor of \"The Beaver\". He was Writer in Residence for the Winnipeg Public Library in 2007/08. In autumn 2011 Benison published \"Twelve Drummers Drumming\", the first of a series of crime novels inspired by the Christmas carol, The Twelve Days of Christmas. The mystery series follows Father Tom Christmas, a priest in an English village, who often stumbles upon murder. The second, Eleven Pipers Piping, was published in October 2012. The third, Ten Lords A'Leaping, was published in December 2013. In October",
"title": "Douglas Whiteway"
},
{
"id": "13376307",
"text": "Busted with their 5th chart hit, \"Crashed The Wedding\". Taking a different stance to their other singles, it still only managed one week at the summit. Hitting the top for a record 12th time were boyband Westlife with their remake of the Barry Manilow No. 11 hit from 1975, \"Mandy\". They were now 2 chart toppers ahead of the queen of pop, Madonna and 2 chart toppers behind the British Elvis, Cliff Richard. With a collection of their best tracks such as \"Everybody Hurts\", \"Imitation Of Life\", \"Losing My Religion\" & \"The Great Beyond\", R.E.M. were back at the top",
"title": "2003 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "6246624",
"text": "For Christmas Is You', 'Merry Christmas Everyone', 'Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer', 'Santa Claus is Coming to Town', and, finally, 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' (featuring Year 13 singing the coveted 'Five Gold Rings'). The school shares Christmas cake and everyone is given a tangerine. Songs are usually led by the Lay Chaplain and accompanied by the Director of Music; they become increasingly raucous as the Party progresses. Commonly, some male members of staff are required to stand up and sing 'We Three Kings' in front of the congregation. The school offers the Duke of Edinburgh Award. Sport is also a",
"title": "Rye St Antony School"
},
{
"id": "267245",
"text": "really a play on the title of Aiko's mixtape \"Sailing Soul(s)\". Sometimes, the modified version of a lyric becomes standard, as is the case with \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The original has \"four colly birds\" (\"colly\" means \"black\"; cf. \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\": \"Brief as the lightning in the collied night.\"); sometime around the turn of the twentieth century, these became \"calling\" birds, which is the lyric used in the 1909 Frederic Austin version. A number of misheard lyrics have been recorded, turning a mondegreen into a real title. The song \"Sea Lion Woman\", recorded in 1939 by Christine",
"title": "Mondegreen"
},
{
"id": "1545422",
"text": "for that minute a blackbird sang Close by, and round him, mistier, Farther and farther, all the birds Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. In the English Christmas carol The Twelve Days of Christmas, the line commonly sung today as \"four calling birds\" is believed to have originally been written in the 18th century as \"four colly birds\", an archaism meaning \"black as coal\" that was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird. The common blackbird, unlike many black creatures, is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck, but R. S. Thomas wrote that there is \"a suggestion of",
"title": "Common blackbird"
},
{
"id": "15459360",
"text": "singly and in tandem, with the polished support of Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians. Among the top sides in this set are \"Go Tell It on the Mountain,\" \"The Little Drummer Boy,\" \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" and \"The 12 Days of Christmas.\" \"Gramophone\" in the UK was not so keen, commenting: \"'12 Songs of Christmas,' with Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians (Reprise R2022). Plenty of expensive talent crammed uncomfortably into a small, well-worn stocking. Obvious, pallid stuff, with the two head groaners actually together on only two tracks, and neither of them anywhere in",
"title": "12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album)"
},
{
"id": "20767461",
"text": "Cholly Rock Anthony G. “Cholly Rock” Horne (born May 24, 1960), is a first generation B-Boy and one of the Original 11 members (known collectively as the “First 11”) of the legendary “Zulu Kings” – the predecessor and genesis of The Universal Zulu Nation. Born and raised in The Gun Hill Houses in the Williamsbridge section of The Bronx, Cholly was introduced to BBoying (in its original style of “Burning” - the early form of BBoying) in 1974 and during this time began going to parties given by the “Father of Hip Hop” the legendary DJ Kool Herc, where he",
"title": "Cholly Rock"
},
{
"id": "9457973",
"text": "adjective \"French\" in \"three French hens\", probably simply means \"foreign\". According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770. William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were \"all birds\"—the \"five gold rings\" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant. Others suggest the gold rings refer to \"five goldspinks\"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch; or even canaries. However, the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "12564436",
"text": "groups continued to exist under the name Straight No Chaser. In April 2012, the collegiate group changed its name to Another Round, taken from the name of an earlier CD that was released by the group. In April 2006, a 1998 video recording of \"The 12 Days of Christmas\" was posted on YouTube. The song was an adaptation of a 1968 comic arrangement of the song by Richard C. Gregory, a faculty member of The Williston Northampton School, for his \"a cappella\" group, the Williston Caterwaulers. SNC added their own touches, including songs like \"I Have a Little Dreidel\" and",
"title": "Straight No Chaser (group)"
},
{
"id": "13382721",
"text": "attended by Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Elijah Wood and many more of the cast and crew of The Lord of the Rings, several of whom skipped the official New Line party that evening. On September 2, 2004, eleven commemorative kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in Wellington, New Zealand, hometown of Peter Jackson. The number eleven represented the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring, plus one each for Peter Jackson and J. R. R. Tolkien. Coincidentally, eleven was also the number of 2004 Oscars won by \"\". Hundreds of TORn members contributed funds for the purchase of",
"title": "TheOneRing.net"
},
{
"id": "387099",
"text": "In 1999, they were ranked sixth in \"Forbes\"' inaugural Celebrity 100 Power Ranking. They produced a total of nine number one singles in the UK—tied with ABBA behind Take That (eleven), The Shadows (twelve), Madonna (thirteen), Westlife (fourteen), Cliff Richard (fourteen), The Beatles (seventeen), and Elvis Presley (twenty-one). The group had three consecutive Christmas number-one singles in the UK (\"2 Become 1\", 1996; \"Too Much\", 1997; \"Goodbye\", 1998); they only share this record with The Beatles. Their first single, \"Wannabe\", is the most successful song released by an all-female group. Debuting on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart at number",
"title": "Spice Girls"
},
{
"id": "9457961",
"text": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "967471",
"text": "\"The Otto Show\", first playing on a concert attended by Bart and Milhouse which escalates into a riot after the band's early leave, then having their tour bus run off the road, apparently fatally, by Otto in the school bus. The Internet Movie Database normally only allows users to rate files up to ten stars, but specifically for \"Spinal Tap\", the site allows users to rate the film eleven stars, referencing the \"Up to eleven\" scene. On IGN, \"This Is Spinal Tap\" was the only DVD—and seemingly the only thing reviewed on IGN—to get 11 out of 10. This scene",
"title": "This Is Spinal Tap"
},
{
"id": "1830222",
"text": "of Seven', designed by Allan Robb Fleming and based on a painting, \"Isles of Spruce\" (1922), by Arthur Lismer and held in the Hart House Permanent Collection, University of Toronto. The 6¢ stamps are perforated 11, and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited. On 29 June 1995, Canada Post issued 10 stamps, each based on a painting of a member of the group (7 original members and 3 additional members): On year 2012–2013, Royal Canadian Mint issued 7 pure silver 1-oz coins, collectively reproducing one painting by each member: Group of Seven (artists) The Group of Seven, also sometimes known as",
"title": "Group of Seven (artists)"
},
{
"id": "1608720",
"text": "including William Shakespeare's poem \"The Phoenix and the Turtle\" (where \"turtle\" refers to the turtle dove). The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss. One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Turtle doves also are featured in the song, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", as the gift \"my true love gives to me\" on the second day of Christmas. If added cumulatively, by the end of the song, the recipient has been given 22. Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of a spiritual from the Georgia Sea Islands.",
"title": "European turtle dove"
},
{
"id": "1534817",
"text": "unorganized and unofficial. The fair has been claimed to be the second largest horse fair in England, after Appleby Horse Fair. It is also the surviving continuation of the medieval fair which was in existence at least as early as 1205, meaning it is now over 800 years old. The difference in date—from 25 July to early August—is a result of the eleven days 'skipped' upon the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752. The fair is also the subject of a well–known folk song Brigg Fair, \"see below\". Brigg is the source of several early recordings of English folk",
"title": "Brigg"
},
{
"id": "6628680",
"text": "John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together is a 1979 Christmas television special starring Jim Henson's Muppets and singer/songwriter John Denver. The special first aired December 5, 1979, on ABC. The special has never been commercially released on any standard home video media format. The special opens with Denver and the Muppets singing \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". To add comedic effect, Fozzie Bear forgets his line (\"Seven swans a-swimming.\") and Miss Piggy over-emphasizes hers (\"Five gold rings, ba-dum, bum, bum.\") The main plot of the rest of the special is",
"title": "John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together"
},
{
"id": "2999242",
"text": "a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows: <poem> On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent (\"or \"gave\"\") to me A partridge in a pear",
"title": "Cumulative song"
},
{
"id": "4659893",
"text": "just \"Winner Takes All\", which caused some confusion, as some people thought RTÉ were actually showing an old UK game show of the same name. In the main show, there were two games, Pick A Present and The Snow Bank. Pick A Present did exactly what it said on the tin. Each contestant got to pick a present from the big Christmas tree which replaced the big wheel in the corner of the studio. Each had a picture representing a line from the song \"Twelve Days of Christmas\". Each was 'scanned' on a conveyor belt, and the prize value added",
"title": "Winning Streak"
},
{
"id": "9457966",
"text": "Christmas\". Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, \"Chants Populaires des Flamands de France\" (1856), runs as follows: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded \"in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais\". The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game. The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "6628684",
"text": "the album release: John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together is a 1979 Christmas television special starring Jim Henson's Muppets and singer/songwriter John Denver. The special first aired December 5, 1979, on ABC. The special has never been commercially released on any standard home video media format. The special opens with Denver and the Muppets singing \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". To add comedic effect, Fozzie Bear forgets his line (\"Seven swans a-swimming.\") and Miss Piggy over-emphasizes hers (\"Five gold rings, ba-dum, bum, bum.\") The main plot of the rest of",
"title": "John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together"
},
{
"id": "17371810",
"text": "Singles Chart. Performed by Gareth Malone's All Star Choir, the song was released as the official BBC Children in Need single for 2014. Choirmaster and broadcaster Gareth Malone has previously had chart success after putting together non-singers and turning them into a cohesive choir. In 2011, he guided the Military Wives – a group of women with partners serving overseas in the army – to Christmas number one with the song \"Wherever You Are\". In 2012, in collaboration with Gary Barlow, Malone produced the song \"Sing\", as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations, with the Commonwealth Band being joined by",
"title": "Wake Me Up (Avicii song)"
},
{
"id": "5521355",
"text": "several popular Scuba diving and snorkeling sites. According to an apocryphal story, the pirate Blackbeard marooned a number of his crew on Dead Chest Island for a number of days as punishment, leaving them with nothing but a cutlass and a bottle of rum each. How many pirates, and how many days, varies according to the source retelling the story. By the end of the month, only a few of pirates were left alive. Because the earliest known references to this story are from the 20th century, it is almost certainly fakelore derived from Robert Louis Stevenson's song \"Dead Man's",
"title": "Dead Chest Island, British Virgin Islands"
},
{
"id": "12564443",
"text": "Old Fashioned\". A year later, in October 2016, the group released \"I'll Have Another... Christmas Album\". In 2009, Atlantic Records SNC won the CARA award for Best Holiday Album (\"Holiday Spirits\") and was nominated for Best Holiday Song (\"Carol Of The Bells\" on \"Holiday Spirits\"). Straight No Chaser (group) Straight No Chaser (SNC) is a professional a cappella group which originated in 1996 at Indiana University. In 2007, a 1998 video of \"The 12 Days of Christmas\", went viral with over 8 million views and subsequently led to a five-album record deal with Atlantic Records in 2008. The YouTube video",
"title": "Straight No Chaser (group)"
},
{
"id": "20767463",
"text": "of the Hip Hop culture including being an early member of “The Soulsonic Force” MCs with legendary DJ Afrika Bambaataa. As an adult, Cholly has pursued his professional career in the field of Public Health and education as a teacher in the New York City School system, a facilitator and health educator for the New York State Department of Health, and trainer for The Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholly Rock Anthony G. “Cholly Rock” Horne (born May 24, 1960), is a first generation B-Boy and one of the Original 11 members (known collectively as the “First 11”) of",
"title": "Cholly Rock"
},
{
"id": "3653252",
"text": "village was called Ballykilferret and described by the BBC man as being in \"the Republic of Eer-ah\" (a mispronunciation of Éire). In 1982, Kelly released a single, \"Christmas Countdown\", a comedy monologue based on the Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" and credited to the pseudonymic Gobnait O’Lúnasa. It reached number eight in the Irish Singles Chart in 1982, and peaked at #26 in the UK Singles Chart in 1984. He performed the single live on \"Top of the Pops\" on 5 January of that year. The single was the opening track on the later album \"Comedy Countdown\". In",
"title": "Frank Kelly"
},
{
"id": "17631253",
"text": "ridiculing and criticism, but on role changing and dressing. The number eleven plays an undeniably important role in the carnaval. The opinions on this subject are very divergent, so much so that one explanation often has nothing to do even with the other. On the other hand, the number eleven is not only central to the carnaval, but it has built up a kind of mystical and magical value through the ages. 11 November, the 11th of the 11th, is an important date. 11 November is exactly 40 days before 21 December, the shortest day. This happens to be the",
"title": "Carnival in the Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "13313854",
"text": "The Rattlin' Bog \"The Rattlin' Bog\" is an Irish folk song. It is a version of an internationally distributed folk song type. In the Roud Folk Song Index it has the number 129, and carries such titles as \"The Everlasting Circle,\" \"The Tree on the Hill,\" \"The Green Grass Grew All Around,\" and \"Down in the Lowlands,\" as well as \"The Rattlin' Bog.\" The adjective \"rattlin<nowiki>'</nowiki>\" means \"splendid\" in the context of this song. It is a cumulative song, similar to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", as it has a list at the end of each verse which grows throughout",
"title": "The Rattlin' Bog"
},
{
"id": "11028500",
"text": "singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and \"The Christians et al.\" He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist (\"Pipes of Peace\"), duo (\"Ebony and Ivory\" with Wonder), trio (\"Mull of Kintyre\", Wings), quartet (\"She Loves You\", the Beatles), quintet (\"Get Back\", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid). \"Yesterday\" is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC,",
"title": "Paul McCartney"
},
{
"id": "1951118",
"text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "15535106",
"text": "its being much older and possibly ancestral to Ace–Ten card games or more specifically King–Queen card games. \"Elfern\" is German for \"making eleven\", and \"Elfmandeln\" is Austrian German for \"eleven little men\". Thus both names refer to the score of 11 points required for winning. \"Figurenspiel\" is also German and can be roughly translated as \"honours game\". This name evidently refers to the fact that only the court cards plus aces and tens contribute to the score. \"Schneider\" is German for \"tailor\", a designation generally used in German point-trick games for players who make less than half the normal winning",
"title": "Elfern"
},
{
"id": "10758384",
"text": "included Richard Briers, Philip Madoc, Amanda Redman, Annette Crosbie, Judi Dench, Patricia Routledge, Emma Thompson, Joanna Lumley and even Sir Laurence Olivier (in a Christmas special on 24 December 1987). Essentially a variation on \"Jackanory\", \"Five To Eleven\" was set in small studio which famously featured \"dying\" floral arrangements and a sea-green background. The opening titles and end \"credits\" (there were only three, shown in one take) featured a mid-tempo theme tune of panpipes and flutes. In late 1989, the programme underwent some cosmetic changes, being given a new, more contemporary synthesised theme tune and a new set of titles/credits;",
"title": "Five to Eleven"
},
{
"id": "4237410",
"text": "the Wires Ring\", on his 2000 albbum \"Guarapero/Lost Blues 2\". Dave Alvin's 2011 album, \"Eleven Eleven\", contains the song \"Johnny Ace Is Dead\", about Ace's death. The Squirrel Nut Zippers' Christmas album, \"Christmas Caravan\", contains the song \"A Johnny Ace Christmas\", a love song about Ace killing himself on Christmas. Original singles, all issued simultaneously on 78- and 45-rpm discs by Duke Records One split single, issued on 78- and 45-rpm discs by Flair Records Studio albums and compilations containing only or mostly recordings by Ace Johnny Ace John Marshall Alexander Jr. (June 9, 1929 – December 25, 1954), known",
"title": "Johnny Ace"
},
{
"id": "18205861",
"text": "Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven is the eleventh studio album by folk rock musician Dave Alvin. It was released on June 20, 2011 on Yep Roc Records, and an expanded reissue was released on April 17, 2012. The recording of \"Eleven Eleven\" was influenced by the then-recent deaths of Alvin's friends Chris Gaffney and Amy Farris. The eleven songs on \"Eleven Eleven\" were written over the course of seven months, with three exceptions: the three duets on the album, which were \"What's Up With Your Brother\", \"Manzanita\", and \"Two Lucky Bums\". \"What's Up With Your Brother\" is a duet between Alvin",
"title": "Eleven Eleven"
},
{
"id": "734317",
"text": "the trees, nor take lofty flights and avoids high places. A famous reference to the partridge is in the Christmas carol, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The first gift listed is \"a partridge in a pear tree\", and these words end each verse. Since partridges are unlikely to be seen in pear-trees (they are ground-nesting birds) it has been suggested that the text \"a pear tree\" is a corruption of the French \"\"une perdrix\"\". The partridge has also been used as a symbol that represents Kurdish nationalism. It is called \"Kew\". Sherko Kurmanj discusses the paradox of symbols in Iraq",
"title": "Partridge"
},
{
"id": "17271128",
"text": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \"might have been a hot number.\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \"For Swingin' Livers Only!\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9457976",
"text": "and so would hardly need to be secretly encoded. The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for \"Five gold rings\". Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me\", are",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "1584513",
"text": "Philips and Decca labels before returning to Columbia in 1960. Their biggest hits on the UK singles chart were versions of \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" (no.6, 1953) and \"Little Drummer Boy\" (no.6, 1959), which were both Christmas hits. In 1956, their version of the traditional song \"Greensleeves\", orchestrated by Roland Shaw, became their only US chart hit, reaching no.41 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart. Generally preferring live cabaret and television appearances over recording work, the song \"Sisters\", written by Irving Berlin and originally recorded in 1954 by Rosemary Clooney and her sister Betty, became their theme song; it",
"title": "Beverley Sisters"
},
{
"id": "17970820",
"text": "Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "14108906",
"text": "other's songs. With: Griffin House, Matthew Perryman Jones, Katie Herzig, Trent Dabbs, Erin McCarley, Andy Davis, Butterfly Boucher, Tyler James, Jeremy Lister, Jeremy Lister, K.S. Rhoads & Will Sayles. Ten Out of Tenn Ten Out of Tenn is a collective of singer/songwriters from Nashville, Tennessee, founded in 2005 by Kristen and Trent Dabbs. The collective has released multiple volumes, including a Christmas album (\"Ten Out of Tenn Christmas\") and a benefit album for the 2010 Tennessee flood victims (\"We Are All In This Together\"). The group's 2008 tour is the subject of the documentary film \"Any Day Now\" (2009) by",
"title": "Ten Out of Tenn"
},
{
"id": "4467688",
"text": "against the All-England Eleven. The game was drawn, and Caesar scored 18 before being bowled by Clarke himself. Then on 8 and 9 August came a match which was greatly anticipated, and one which is best remembered, entirely for its novelty value: Julius and eleven of his family played eleven locally based amateurs. The match was advertised as \"Twelve Caesars and Eleven Gentlemen of Godalming and District\". This was a deliberate play on Suetonius' famous Roman history \"The Twelve Caesars\". The Caesars started out as the bookmakers favourites. The match attracted a great crowd, who saw the Gentlemen make 123,",
"title": "Julius Caesar (cricketer)"
},
{
"id": "10783744",
"text": "the Spring Concert, held in April. The proceeds from one or more of these concerts is annually donated to charity. The VGs also perform annually at the Annual Christmas Concert of the Virginia Glee Club in honor of the two groups' long-standing relationship. Traditionally, when the Glee Club performs \"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" the eighth day is sung by the VGs, an homage to the original octet which formed out of the Glee Club. The group has received requests to perform in several prestigious venues, including the White House, at which the group performed in 1991 for George H.",
"title": "Virginia Gentlemen"
},
{
"id": "1355662",
"text": "is thought to have its origins in 4th-century Rome, in Latin-language hymns such as \"Veni redemptor gentium\". By the 13th century, under the influence of Francis of Assisi, the tradition of popular Christmas songs in regional native languages developed. Christmas carols in the English language first appear in a 1426 work of John Awdlay, an English chaplain, who lists twenty five \"\"caroles of Cristemas\"\", probably sung by groups of 'wassailers' who would travel from house to house. In the 16th century, various Christmas carols still sung to this day, including \"The 12 Days of Christmas\", \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\",",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "906282",
"text": "from \"Great Britain\" to \"Great Britain and Ireland\", but this was simply a change of name to reflect the fact that golfers from the Republic of Ireland had been playing in the Great Britain Ryder Cup team since 1953, while Northern Irish players had competed since 1947. Since 1979, Europe has won eleven times outright and retained the Cup once in a tied match, with eight American wins over this period. In addition to players from Great Britain and Ireland, the European team has included players from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. The Ryder Cup, and its",
"title": "Ryder Cup"
},
{
"id": "19004620",
"text": "Honey Bees Honey Bees is a Hong Kong Girl Group Formed by WSM Entertainment Limited. The group is composed of 11 [Formerly 12] members: Alicia, Jacqueline, Ruby, Tiffany, Amy, Kimme, Janice, May May, Angel, Athena and Lezona. Honey Bees officially debuted in 2010, and started performing on television, in shopping centres etc. The group released its first album \"Honey Bees\" in 2012. When it was first established, there were only five members. Since then, there were more members joining the group, and by now, There are 11 members altogether. Former Member Chong Ting Yan, Better known as Elkie, Born in",
"title": "Honey Bees"
},
{
"id": "9457972",
"text": "are given, one for each day of the year besides Christmas.) An anonymous \"antiquarian\", writing in 1867, speculated that \"pear-tree\" is a corruption of French \"perdrix\" (partridge), and \"colley\" a corruption of French \"collet\" (ruff, hence \"we at once have a bird with a ruff, \"i.e.\", the ruff-pigeon\"). Cecil Sharp, writing in 1916, observed that \"from the constancy in English, French, and Languedoc versions of the 'merry little partridge,' I suspect that 'pear-tree' is really \"perdrix\" (Old French \"pertriz\") carried into England\"; and \"juniper tree\" in some English versions may have been \"joli perdrix,\" [pretty partridge]. Sharp also suggests the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "325392",
"text": "parties are sometimes associated with holiday events, such as Halloween and Mardi Gras. In English and American culture during the Christmas season, it is traditional to have a Christmas caroling party. People go from door to door in a neighborhood and sing Christmas carols. Some popular Christmas carols are \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"Deck the Halls\", \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", \"Frosty the Snowman\", \"Jingle Bells\", \"Silver Bells\", \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", and \"O Holy Night\". In Spain, this type of party is called \"El Aguinaldo\". It is the same as in England and the United",
"title": "Party"
},
{
"id": "4804613",
"text": "singles on the country charts. Eleven of his singles reached Number One: \"Meet Me in Montana\" (with Marie Osmond), \"Bop\" (also a No. 42 pop hit), \"Everything That Glitters (Is Not Gold)\", \"You Still Move Me\", \"I Will Be There\", \"Three Time Loser\", \"One Friend\", \"Addicted\", \"Big Wheels in the Moonlight\", \"Love on Arrival\", and \"Good Times\". Five more of his singles also reached Top Ten on the same chart. Dan's childhood nickname of \"England Dan\" was given to him by his brother Jim Seals (later of Seals and Crofts). It was also Jim's idea to incorporate the name \"England",
"title": "Dan Seals"
},
{
"id": "19004621",
"text": "1998. Elkie is now a member of CLC a South Korean Girl Group under Cube Entertainment. Honey Bees Honey Bees is a Hong Kong Girl Group Formed by WSM Entertainment Limited. The group is composed of 11 [Formerly 12] members: Alicia, Jacqueline, Ruby, Tiffany, Amy, Kimme, Janice, May May, Angel, Athena and Lezona. Honey Bees officially debuted in 2010, and started performing on television, in shopping centres etc. The group released its first album \"Honey Bees\" in 2012. When it was first established, there were only five members. Since then, there were more members joining the group, and by now,",
"title": "Honey Bees"
},
{
"id": "2321258",
"text": "Flemish dialect or standard Dutch are Eddy Wally, Raymond van het Groenewoud, Willem Vermandere, De Kreuners, Clouseau, Gorki (band), Noordkaap, and De Mens. In 1959 the Belgian singer of Italian descent Rocco Granata scored a big European hit with \"Marina\". The singing nun Soeur Sourire had an international number one hit in 1963 with Dominique. When folk and hippie culture finally hit a chord around the world the groups The Pebbles (\"Seven Horses in the Sky\", \"I Get Around\") and The Wallace Collection (\"Daydream\") had considerable international success. Irish Coffee, a hard rock band from Aalst also achieved considerable local",
"title": "Music of Belgium"
},
{
"id": "1355692",
"text": "Sydney is now a \"popular platform for the stars of stage and music.\" Some homegrown Christmas songs have become popular. William G. James' six sets of \"Australian Christmas Carols\", with words by John Wheeler, include \"The Three Drovers\", \"The Silver Stars are in the Sky\", \"Christmas Day\", \"Carol of the Birds\" and others. \"Light-hearted Australian Christmas songs\" have become \"an essential part of the Australian Christmas experience.\" Rolf Harris' \"Six White Boomers\", Colin Buchanan's \"Aussie Jingle Bells\", and the \"Australian Twelve Days of Christmas\", proudly proclaim the differing traditions Down Under. A verse from \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" makes the point:",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "12246747",
"text": "charts. Of these, six reached Number One: \"Someone Else's Star\" (1995), \"Rebecca Lynn\" (1996), \"So Much for Pretending\" (1996), and \"Sittin' on Go\" (1997). \"So Much for Pretending\" is the longest-lasting of these four, with a two-week stay at Number One. Two additional Top Ten hits, 1996's \"I'm Not Supposed to Love You Anymore\" \"From This Moment On\" with Shania Twain, and 1997's \"Love Is the Right Place\", peaked at #4 on the same chart. White has also charted a Christmas single, 1999's \"Holiday Inn\", as well as two guest singles. The first of these was a multi-artist charity single",
"title": "Bryan White discography"
},
{
"id": "9457967",
"text": "day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" as \"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\" The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children, \"Mirth without Mischief\", as a Twelfth Night \"memories-and-forfeits\" game, in which a leader recited a verse, each of the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "272331",
"text": "music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and dectet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in \"The Carnival of the Animals\", is called either a \"hendectet\" or an \"undectet\" (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There",
"title": "Musical ensemble"
},
{
"id": "9457980",
"text": "in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "13050358",
"text": "of \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\". In an interview with \"Billboard\", Béla Fleck described the band's desire to record Christmas songs: One of the album's most ambitious tracks, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" builds up to 12 different keys and 12 different time signatures over the course of the tune. \"Jingle All the Way\" also features a medley which fuses several Christmas classics and as Fleck described, \"five or six are being played together, simultaneously.\" Indeed, the song includes \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas,\" \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer,\" and \"My Favorite Things\" and has been performed at Flecktones",
"title": "Jingle All the Way (Béla Fleck and the Flecktones album)"
},
{
"id": "1665737",
"text": "century in Cologne with a number of companions, whose reported number \"varies from five to eleven\". A legend that Ursula died with eleven thousand virgin companions has been thought to appear from misreading \"XI. M. V.\" (Latin abbreviation for \"Eleven martyr virgins\") as \"Eleven thousand virgins\". In the Enûma Eliš the goddess Tiamat creates eleven monsters to take revenge for the death of her husband, Apsû. 11 (number) 11 (eleven) is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first repdigit. In English, it is the smallest positive integer requiring three syllables and the largest prime number",
"title": "11 (number)"
},
{
"id": "15119546",
"text": "A-Hunting We Will Go A-Hunting We Will Go is a popular folk song and nursery rhyme by English composer Thomas Arne. The \"a-\" is an archaic intensifying prefix; compare \"Here We Come A-wassailing/Here We Come A-caroling\" and lyrics to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (e.g., “Six geese a-laying”). <poem>A-hunting we will go, A-hunting we will go Heigh-ho, the derry-o, A-hunting we will go. A-hunting we will go, A-hunting we will go We'll catch a fox and put him in a box And never let him go</poem> (Modern versions often change the last line to “And then we’ll let him go”.)",
"title": "A-Hunting We Will Go"
},
{
"id": "136039",
"text": "Field hockey Field hockey, known in most countries just as hockey, is a team game of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the game date back to the Middle Ages in England, Scotland, France and the Netherlands. The game can be played on a grass, water turf, Astro turf, or synthetic field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with eleven players, including the goalie. Players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities (with the higher carbon fibre stick being more",
"title": "Field hockey"
},
{
"id": "1584509",
"text": "Beverley Sisters The Beverley Sisters were a British female close harmony pop vocal and light entertainment trio, most popular during the 1950s and 1960s. Eldest sister Joy (born Joycelyn Victoria Chinery, 5 May 1924 – 31 August 2015), and the twins, Teddie (born Hazel P. Chinery, 5 May 1927) and Babs (born Babette P. Chinery, 5 May 1927 – 28 October 2018), comprised the trio. Their style was loosely modelled on that of their American counterparts, the Andrews Sisters. Their notable successes included \"Sisters\" and the seasonal tunes \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\", \"Little Donkey\", and \"Little Drummer Boy\".",
"title": "Beverley Sisters"
},
{
"id": "9857831",
"text": "until 1991. Many songs this year competed for the Christmas number one single, and the entire top 3 from 1984 re-entered the chart this year; Paul McCartney's \"We All Stand Together\" at number 32, Wham!'s \"Last Christmas\" at number 6, and Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" at number 3. There were also attempts from Bruce Springsteen with a cover of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", and ventriloquist Keith Harris released a cover of \"White Christmas\" with his green puppet Orville the Duck. However, the Christmas number one went to Shakin' Stevens with the song \"Merry Christmas Everyone\".",
"title": "1985 in British music"
},
{
"id": "9175469",
"text": "Unplugged\" 2005 \"Somewhere in My Memory - 40 Years of Holidays with the Singing Angels\" 2004 \"Walking on Sunshine\" 2001 \"God Bless the USA\" 2000 \"Happiness\" 1998 \"We Wish You the Merriest\" 1993 \"And The Angels Sing\" 1987 \"Getting Ready for Christmas\" 1984 \"Make Someone Happy\" 1983 \"Jolly, Holly Days\" 1981 \"Christmas in the Air\" 1981 \"Get Happy\" 1980 \"Children of the World\" 1979 \"Great Day\" 1977 \"Finally It’s Christmas\" 1976 \"Sing America\" 1974 \"Tenth Anniversary\" 1973 \"Christmas Is Christmas All Over The World\" (single) 1972 \"Bill Boehm’s Singing Angels\" </poem> One notable alum of The Singing Angels, who has",
"title": "The Singing Angels"
},
{
"id": "7266560",
"text": "movement to make 11/11/11 \"Nigel Tufnel Day.\" The movement was organised by \"The Nigel Tufnel Day Appreciation Society and Quilting Bee in Favor of Declaring & Observing November 11, 2011 as Nigel Tufnel Day (in Recognition of Its Maximum Elevenness)\". The theme of Nigel Tufnel Day was to take whatever you are doing on that day and \"turn it up to 11\". Nigel Tufnel Nigel Tufnel is a fictional character in the 1984 mockumentary film \"This Is Spinal Tap\". In the film, he is the lead guitarist of the rock band Spinal Tap. He was played by actor Christopher Guest.",
"title": "Nigel Tufnel"
},
{
"id": "15641794",
"text": "2011 (album) 2011 is the eleventh studio album by The Smithereens, released on April 5, 2011 by eOne Music. It is the first album of all-new material since 1999’s \"God Save The Smithereens\", followed by an eight-year recording break and the release of four cover albums between 2007-2009. The album cover was inspired by the cover for the band's 1989 album \"11\". The album's first single was \"Sorry\", followed by \"One Look at You\". The Smithereens released four cover albums between 2007 and 2009: two devoted to Beatles songs, one Christmas album, and a treatment of The Who's \"Tommy\". \"Our",
"title": "2011 (album)"
},
{
"id": "9457962",
"text": "associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\" (now often \"five golden rings\"). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \"my true love\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "12119450",
"text": "them and continue their other work. While in Bristol, John Wesley met some members of the Society there. One, Captain Foy, suggested that every member give a penny a week until a debt there be paid. When someone objected due to the poverty of many, he offered that 11 of the poorest be grouped with him, he would collect the subscription, and make up any shortfall if any could not pay. Soon afterwards, on hearing that someone was not living as he should, John Wesley realised that the group of 12 for collection of money was the basis of a",
"title": "Governance of the Methodist Church of Great Britain"
},
{
"id": "5661385",
"text": "\"Black Hawk Down\" and \"Three Kings\". Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted Christmas gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of Iraq. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.",
"title": "Red Sleigh Down"
},
{
"id": "16363784",
"text": "The Magnificent Eleven The Magnificent Eleven are a group of photos of D-Day taken by Robert Capa. Capa was with the first wave of troops landing on the American invasion beach, Omaha Beach, who faced heavy resistance from German troops in their bunkers within the Atlantic Wall. While under constant fire Capa took 106 pictures, all but eleven of which were destroyed in a processing accident in the \"Life\" magazine photo lab in London. The surviving photos have since been called the \"Magnificent Eleven\". Steven Spielberg is said to have been inspired by these images when filming \"Saving Private Ryan\".",
"title": "The Magnificent Eleven"
},
{
"id": "16574365",
"text": "Redneck 12 Days of Christmas \"Redneck 12 Days of Christmas\" is a redneck parody of \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" written by Jeff Foxworthy and Tim Wilson and recorded by Foxworthy on his 1996 album \"\". The song reached number 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 1996, becoming the highest-charting seasonal title of the SoundScan era, a record that has since been tied by Jimmy Wayne's \"Paper Angels.\" It subsequently peaked at number 39 in January 1997, number 39 in January 1998, number 37 in January 1999 and number 35 in January 2000. The",
"title": "Redneck 12 Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "11124557",
"text": "Day Eleven: Love \"Day Eleven: Love\" is the fourth single by Ayreon, released on 2004, from their album \"The Human Equation\". The song follows the main story of the album. On the eleventh day, upon \"Reason\"'s suggestion, \"Me\" gives in and returns to the day when he met his \"Wife\". It was a Friday night at a dance party of some sort. \"Me\" and \"Wife\" dance, while \"Passion\" and \"Love\" allude to the fact that it was love at first sight. However, there are morbid indications from \"Agony\" (\"Remember your father, you're just like him\") and \"Fear\" (\"Nobody loved you,",
"title": "Day Eleven: Love"
},
{
"id": "9094950",
"text": "The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together The Best of Peter, Paul, and Mary: Ten Years Together is a 1970 greatest hits release by American folk trio Peter, Paul, and Mary. It is the last album released before the group split up in 1970. The album includes all of their greatest hits, including their only #1 hit \"Leaving On A Jet Plane\", \"If I Had a Hammer\", and their versions of the Bob Dylan songs \"Blowin' in the Wind\", \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right,\" and \"Too Much of Nothing,\" along with others. The thirteen cuts were",
"title": "The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together"
},
{
"id": "9857855",
"text": "Midge Ure, was made in response to ongoing famine in Ethiopia, so the supergroup Band Aid was formed to sing a charity record about it, all proceeds from the song going to the charity to raise money for help. Popular acts of the day such as Wham!, U2, Spandau Ballet, Duran Duran and Boy George sung on the record. Not only did the song become the Christmas number one, it sold over three million copies and became the biggest selling single of all time, a record that held for the next thirteen years. The song at number 2, Wham!'s Last",
"title": "1984 in British music"
},
{
"id": "267248",
"text": "1997 children's book by Vivian Walsh, which borrows its title from a mondegreen of the line \"all of the other reindeer\" in the song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". The book was adapted into an animated Christmas special in 1999. A monologue of mondegreens appears in the 1971 film \"Carnal Knowledge\". The camera focuses on actress Candice Bergen laughing as she recounts various phrases that fooled her as a child, including \"Round John Virgin\" (instead of '\"Round yon virgin...\") and \"Gladly, the cross-eyed bear\". The enigmatic title of the 2013 film \"Ain't Them Bodies Saints\" is actually a misheard lyric from",
"title": "Mondegreen"
},
{
"id": "16141010",
"text": "12 Dates of Christmas 12 Dates of Christmas is a television film starring Amy Smart and Mark-Paul Gosselaar. It premiered on ABC Family on December 11, 2011 in their 25 Days of Christmas programming block. It is directed by James Hayman. Kate finds herself reliving Christmas Eve (including a blind date with a man named Miles) over and over again. She must discover how to break the cycle – should she attempt to win back her ex-boyfriend Jack, or should she pursue Miles, or something else? \"Angels Are Singing\" is a song performed by American recording artist Jordin Sparks, and",
"title": "12 Dates of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9457964",
"text": "indicated in \"italics\";<br> (b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "3246009",
"text": "the Gregorian calendar, and in so doing had to correct their dating scheme by 11 days (2 September 1752 being followed by 14 September 1752). Faction Paradox claimed the missing 11 days as their base (building on the illogicity that only the numbering scheme changed and no days were actually \"missing\"). After a brief mention of Grandfather Paradox in the Virgin New Adventures novel \"Christmas on a Rational Planet\", Faction Paradox and the War in Heaven made their debut in BBC Books' Eighth Doctor novels. The most relevant books to the \"Faction Paradox\" universe are Several other \"Doctor Who\" novels",
"title": "Faction Paradox"
},
{
"id": "7498501",
"text": "in the United States. The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10, including Best Picture (as well as a special award for Robbins), becoming the record holder for the most wins for a movie musical. The film has been deemed \"culturally significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for the National Film Registry in 1997. In the summer of 1957 in the West Side's Lincoln Square neighborhood in Manhattan, there is tension between a white American gang, the Jets, led by Riff Lorton, and a Puerto Rican gang, the Sharks, led by Bernardo",
"title": "West Side Story (film)"
},
{
"id": "3734818",
"text": "59 + 61 + 67 + 71), as a sum of seven consecutive primes (31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59), and as a sum of eleven consecutive primes (11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47). 311 is a strictly non-palindromic number, as it is not palindromic in any base between base 2 and base 309. 311 is the smallest positive integer \"d\" such that the imaginary quadratic field Q() has class number = 19. 311 (number) 311 (three hundred",
"title": "311 (number)"
},
{
"id": "9457974",
"text": "1780 publication includes an illustration that clearly depicts the \"five gold rings\" as being jewellery. In 1979, a Canadian hymnologist, Hugh D. McKellar, published an article, \"How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas\" in which he suggested that \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith, at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England (1558 until 1829). McKellar offered no evidence for his claim. Three years later, in 1982, Fr. Hal Stockert wrote an article (subsequently posted on-line in 1995) in which he suggested a similar",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "12737049",
"text": "of Love\" by Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders. Five of the songs in this volume were number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart: \"Ballad of the Green Berets\" by Ssgt. Barry Sadler, \"Sunshine Superman\" by Donovan, \"Cherish\" by The Association, \"Last Train to Clarksville\" by The Monkees and \"Winchester Cathedral\" by The New Vaudeville Band. In addition, \"Ballad of the Green Berets\" was the #1 song of the year. It also peaked at number two on the Hot Country Singles chart. Two songs in this volume — \"Ode to Billie Joe\" by Bobbie Gentry and \"To Sir, with Love\" by",
"title": "Billboard Top Pop Hits"
},
{
"id": "15119547",
"text": "Each consequent verse gets modified by putting in a different animal: Earlier versions of the song switch the words \"a-hunting\" with \"a-roving\", dating back to old roving drinking songs from the 16th century. A-Hunting We Will Go A-Hunting We Will Go is a popular folk song and nursery rhyme by English composer Thomas Arne. The \"a-\" is an archaic intensifying prefix; compare \"Here We Come A-wassailing/Here We Come A-caroling\" and lyrics to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (e.g., “Six geese a-laying”). <poem>A-hunting we will go, A-hunting we will go Heigh-ho, the derry-o, A-hunting we will go. A-hunting we will go,",
"title": "A-Hunting We Will Go"
},
{
"id": "12564434",
"text": "Straight No Chaser (group) Straight No Chaser (SNC) is a professional a cappella group which originated in 1996 at Indiana University. In 2007, a 1998 video of \"The 12 Days of Christmas\", went viral with over 8 million views and subsequently led to a five-album record deal with Atlantic Records in 2008. The YouTube video has been viewed over 20 million times. The group formed in 1996 at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. Dan Ponce, Randy Stine, Charlie Mechling, Steve Morgan, Jerome Collins, Dave Roberts, Walter Chase, Mike Itkoff, and Patrick Hachey became Straight No Chaser. Their name was inspired",
"title": "Straight No Chaser (group)"
},
{
"id": "7726128",
"text": "accident, was continuously re-elected ever since until her retirement in 2014 at age 93. The song Trainwreck 1979 by Canadian band Death From Above 1979 is about the derailment: \"It ran off the track, 11-79\" \"While the immigrants slept, there wasn't much time\" \"The mayor came calling and got 'em outta bed\" \"They packed up their families and headed upwind\" \"A poison cloud, a flaming sky, 200,000 people and no one died\" \"And all before the pocket dial, yeah!\" 1979 Mississauga train derailment The Mississauga train derailment of 1979, also known as the Mississauga Miracle occurred on Saturday, November 10,",
"title": "1979 Mississauga train derailment"
},
{
"id": "96974",
"text": "Kensington, and from the home counties. There are also numerous official supporters clubs in the United Kingdom and all over the world. Between 2007 and 2012, Chelsea were ranked fourth worldwide in annual replica kit sales, with an average of 910,000. Chelsea's official Twitter account has 9.8 million followers . At matches, Chelsea fans sing chants such as \"Carefree\" (to the tune of \"Lord of the Dance\", whose lyrics were probably written by supporter Mick Greenaway), \"Ten Men Went to Mow\", \"We All Follow the Chelsea\" (to the tune of \"Land of Hope and Glory\"), \"Zigga Zagga\", and the celebratory",
"title": "Chelsea F.C."
},
{
"id": "4675807",
"text": "album, \"Spin the Bottle\", on which he sang \"Love Gun\". On the Queen tribute album \"\", Shaw sang the John Deacon-penned \"Spread Your Wings\". Shaw joined up again with Jack Blades in a duo aptly called Shaw Blades and released an album entitled \"Hallucination\" in 1995. The duo also recorded the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" which was released in 2002 on the album \"A Classic Rock Christmas\", a compilation of classic Christmas songs recorded by various classic rock artists. A second collaboration entitled \"Influence\" was released in early March 2007 and the duo appeared live on",
"title": "Tommy Shaw"
},
{
"id": "14214973",
"text": "was also recorded in the German translation by Cliff Richard as \"Wenn Du Lachst, Lacht das Gluck (Sally Sunshine)\", released in Germany in August 1971 (Columbia Germany, 1C 006-04 903). The lyrics to \"Leeds United\" celebrate the entire Leeds United team of the time. Manager Don Revie and the twelve players who are almost universally considered to be the quintessential \"Revie team\" are all mentioned. All long-serving players who had their greatest years at the club, they were all together at the club between 1969 and 1973. There are twelve players, rather than the usual eleven, because Paul Madeley could,",
"title": "Leeds United (song)"
},
{
"id": "136134",
"text": "for the Youth Olympic hockey tournament, and at the Pacific Games in 2015. Hockey features in F.J. Campbell's 2018 novel \"No Number Nine\", the final chapters of which are set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. Field hockey Field hockey, known in most countries just as hockey, is a team game of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the game date back to the Middle Ages in England, Scotland, France and the Netherlands. The game can be played on a grass, water turf, Astro turf, or synthetic field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with eleven",
"title": "Field hockey"
},
{
"id": "444642",
"text": "The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions: Christopher Columbus named the islands after Saint Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins (), shortened to the Virgins (\"las Vírgenes\"). The official name of the British territory is the Virgin Islands, and the official name of the U.S. territory is the Virgin Islands of the United States. In practice, the two island groups are almost universally referred to as the British Virgin Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Arawak, Carib, and Cermic, almost all of whom are thought to have perished during the colonial period",
"title": "Virgin Islands"
},
{
"id": "4313156",
"text": "\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \"The Wren [Wran] Song\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\", as the last song in \"Children's Medley\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \"to bury the wren\". Wren Day Wren Day,",
"title": "Wren Day"
},
{
"id": "3187900",
"text": "and peaked at #70 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop music chart. He followed it up with \"Just a Big Ego,\" a parody of David Lee Roth's version of \"Just a Gigolo\". It went on to be included on Volume 2 of \"The Rhino Brothers Present the World's Worst Records\" and had a music video produced by Steve Rotfeld for \"Bob Uecker's Wacky World of Sports\". In 1987, Rivers released \"Twisted Christmas\", which contained the Christmas music radio hit \"Twelve Pains of Christmas\", a parody of the holiday standard \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". \"Twisted Christmas\" was certified a gold",
"title": "Bob Rivers"
},
{
"id": "7049371",
"text": "Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands The coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands was first granted in 1960. The arms consist of a shield, featuring a lady dressed in white holding a golden lamp, with 11 other golden lamps surrounding her on a green field. It is a representation of the semi-legendary Saint Ursula, a Christian saint who is said to have taken a pilgrimage across Europe with 11,000 virgin handmaidens. When Christopher Columbus sighted the islands in 1493, the islands were said to have reminded him of the story of Saint Ursula, and that is",
"title": "Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cumulative song context: tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on until <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and\n\nAccording to the classic 12 Days of Christmas song, what group were there 11 of?",
"compressed_tokens": 211,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cumulative song context: tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and\n\ntitle: Red Sle Down context: \"Black Hawk Down and\". Cartman Kyle's perform a tally naughty and deeds. He informs Cartman that he has too naught to ear his covet Christmas gift, Ha robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, sets out spread Christmas cheer to the people Iraq. Meanwhile, at a lighting ceremony, Jimmy is given honor of lighting, decides \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". Due to his stutter takes most of episode for him to reach the end of the verses.\n\n Nignel context: to make 1/1/1nel Day The movement was organised by \"el Dayreciation Society and Be inaringving 110 Day (ogn Itsimum Eleven The T Day to doing on to 1 Nigel Tufnel Nig Tnel is fictional characterument filmThis Sp T In the film is the lead guitar the rock T. was byest\n Common blackbird: for that minute abird Close by,, mist, Farther the birds Of Oxford. English Christmasol thefour is to the 18th century as \"four colly birds\", an archaism meaning \"black as coal\" that was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird. The common blackbird, unlike many black creatures, is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck, but R. S. Thomas wrote that there is \"a suggestion of\n\nAccording to the classic 12 Days of Christmas song, what group were there 11 of?",
"compressed_tokens": 493,
"origin_tokens": 15205,
"ratio": "30.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,742 | For a point each, name the 5 countries that share a border with the nation that declared war on the United States on December 13, 1941: Romania | [
"Hungary, Serbia, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, and Bulgaria"
] | Hungary, Serbia, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, and Bulgaria | [
{
"id": "529077",
"text": "despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the Bulgarian Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various resistance groups. The Bulgarian government was forced by Germany to declare a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. On 23 August 1944, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, and allowed",
"title": "History of Bulgaria"
},
{
"id": "172199",
"text": "the border. Few bullets were used. Instead, 20,000–30,000 Haitians were bludgeoned and bayonetted, then herded into the sea, where sharks finished what Trujillo had begun. Congressman Hamilton Fish, ranking member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, called the Parsley Massacre \"the most outrageous atrocity that has ever been perpetrated on the American continent.\" Though he was one-quarter Haitian himself, Trujillo continued policies against the neighboring population for some time. In 1941, during the Second World War, Haiti declared war on Japan (8 December), Germany (12 December), Italy (12 December), Bulgaria (24 December), Hungary (24 December) and Romania (24 December). Out",
"title": "Haiti"
},
{
"id": "4432520",
"text": "on 11 December, Nicaragua declared war on Germany and Italy, and, on 19 December, on Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day (19 December 1941). See French West Africa in World War II. See East African Campaign (World War II). See Korea, which included North Korea and South Korea at the time. Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was a British colony. As such, it was covered by the British declaration of war. Northern Rhodesian units served in East Africa, Madagascar and Burma. Norway was strategically important as",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "14740188",
"text": "United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria On June 5, 1942, the United States Congress declared war upon Bulgaria. Bulgaria was neutral during 1939-1941, but on March 1, 1941, Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact and officially joined the Axis bloc. Following this, the Bulgarian government declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States on December 13, 1941. The United States officially declared war on Bulgaria on June 5, 1942. The capital of Bulgaria, Sofia, and other Bulgarian cities, were bombed by Allied aircraft in 1943 and 1944. , the declarations of war against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania are",
"title": "United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria"
},
{
"id": "4432467",
"text": "II until the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Thus, in late 1941, Haiti declared war on Japan (8 December), Germany (12 December), Italy (12 December), Bulgaria (24 December), Hungary (24 December) and Romania (24 December). Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941). Haiti gave food supplies to Allied forces and hosted a detachment of the United States Coast Guard but did not contribute troops, however \"five\" Haitians from the Haitian Air Force were integrated into the U.S. military (Tuskegee Airmen division) and fought in the war. The President",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "7121727",
"text": "Soviet Union. However, despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the Bulgarian Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various anti-German resistance groups and partisan movements. The Bulgarian government was forced by Germany to declare a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. The German invasion of the Soviet Union caused a",
"title": "Military history of Bulgaria during World War II"
},
{
"id": "283104",
"text": "Second World War, Nicaragua declared war on Japan (8 December), Germany (11 December), Italy (11 December), Bulgaria (19 December), Hungary (19 December) and Romania (19 December). Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day (19 December 1941). No soldiers were sent to the war, but Somoza García did seize the occasion to confiscate properties held by German Nicaraguan residents. In 1945, Nicaragua was among the first countries to ratify the United Nations Charter. On September 21, 1956, Somoza García was shot to death by Rigoberto López Pérez, a 27-year-old Liberal Nicaraguan",
"title": "Nicaragua"
},
{
"id": "2334621",
"text": "Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Spain, and Japan, as well as the consulates of Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Argentina and Vichy France were located in Zagreb. In 1941, the country was admitted to the Universal Postal Union. On 10 August 1942 an agreement was signed at Brijuni which re-established the Society of Railways Danube-Sava-Adriatic between the Independent State of Croatia, Germany, Hungary and Italy. After the 11 December 1941 declaration of war by Germany against the United States, the Independent State of Croatia declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 14 December. The Croatian Red",
"title": "Independent State of Croatia"
},
{
"id": "7600595",
"text": "Romanian army, which was reduced in size from nearly 900,000 personnel on 1 October to 465,000 on 1 January 1942. Politically, the presence of Romanian troops in Odessa and the establishment of the Transnistria Governorate led to a deterioration of Romania's international situation, with the British declaring war on Romania on 6 December, and on 12 December Romania declared war on the United States in solidarity with Germany and Japan. Odessa was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of \"Hero City\" in 1945, the others being Leningrad, Stalingrad, and Sevastopol. Museum of the Heroic",
"title": "Siege of Odessa (1941)"
},
{
"id": "1904023",
"text": "chief\" of the armed forces. The last time Congress passed joint resolutions saying that a \"state of war\" existed was on June 5, 1942, when the U.S. declared war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. Since then, the US has used the term \"authorization to use military force\", as in the case against Iraq in 2003. Sometimes decisions for military engagements were made by US presidents, without formal approval by Congress, based on UN Security Council resolutions that do not expressly declare the UN or its members to be at war. Part of the justification for the United States invasion of",
"title": "Declaration of war"
},
{
"id": "11633631",
"text": "United States established bilateral relations through a legation in Budapest established in 1921. The first American ambassador to Hungary (Theodore Brentano) was appointed on February 10, 1922. Diplomatic relations were interrupted at the outbreak of World War II. Hungary severed relations with the U.S. on December 11, 1941, when the United States declared war on Germany. Two days later, on December 13, Hungary declared war on the United States. The embassy was closed and diplomatic personnel returned to the U.S. Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and",
"title": "Hungary–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "10750463",
"text": "up to the Aegean Coast, including the islands of Thasos and Samothrace. Bulgaria did not participate in the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, and did not break diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In December 1941, after Germany declared war on the United States, Bulgaria followed the German lead. On December 13, 1941, Bulgaria broke diplomatic relations and declared war on the United States. The United States did not immediately declare war on Bulgaria, however. Only in June 1942, did President Roosevelt call for a declaration of War. On June 2, 1942, President Roosevelt sent the",
"title": "Bulgaria–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "478441",
"text": "to change their stance, the British government responded to repeated Soviet requests and declared war on all three countries. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and in compliance with its Axis commitment, Romania declared war on the United States within five days. These developments contrasted with Antonescu's own statement of December 7: \"I am an ally of the [German] Reich against [the Soviet Union], I am neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Germany. I am for America against the Japanese.\" A crucial change in the war came with the Battle of Stalingrad in June 1942 – February 1943,",
"title": "Ion Antonescu"
},
{
"id": "682183",
"text": "of Bulgaria to capitulate. In 1925 a terrorist act of ultra-leftists failed their attempted assassination of the king but resulted in the destruction of the Saint Nedelya Church and many victims. During the Second World War, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia. As a consequence of the bombings around 2000 people were killed and thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria",
"title": "Sofia"
},
{
"id": "2606415",
"text": "the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations. The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary). In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind. In other instances, the United States has engaged",
"title": "Declaration of war by the United States"
},
{
"id": "3069007",
"text": "Canada–United States border The Canada–United States border (), officially known as the International Boundary (), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second- and fourth-largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is long, of which is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan,",
"title": "Canada–United States border"
},
{
"id": "20876470",
"text": "Western Allied Campaign in Romania The Western Allied Campaign in Romania consisted of war declarations and aerial operations during the Second World War by 8 Western Allied countries against Romania which itself was primarily engaged on the Eastern Front in fighting against the Soviet Union. Romania declared war on the British Empire on 6 December 1941 and on the United States on 12 December. The British returned the war declaration that December, however the Americans only did so in the summer of 1942. Two American allies, Nicaragua and Haiti, declared war on Romania on 19 and 24 December respectively. Romania",
"title": "Western Allied Campaign in Romania"
},
{
"id": "4432466",
"text": "last until 1949 and leave a divisive legacy. Guatemala initially stayed out of World War II, with President Jorge Ubico declaring the country's neutrality on 4 September 1941. This pronouncement was reinforced five days later with another declaration. Ubico implemented strong prohibitions on Nazi propaganda in Guatemala, which had one of Latin America's largest German immigrant populations. Later, Guatemala moved into the Allied camp—on 9 December 1941, it declared war on Japan, and three days later, it declared war on Germany and Italy. See French West Africa in World War II. See Caribbean Islands. Haiti remained neutral in World War",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "17342305",
"text": "Cuba during World War II The history of Cuba during World War II begins in 1939. Because of Cuba's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, Havana's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies, and the country's natural resources, Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II, and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States' Lend-Lease program. Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941, making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict, and by the war's end in",
"title": "Cuba during World War II"
},
{
"id": "17342309",
"text": "confirmed in February 1941, when he ordered all German and Italian consular officials to leave his country. Cuba entered the war on December 9, 1941, by declaring war on Japan, which a few days before had launched a devastating attack on the United States Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Cuba then declared war on Germany and Italy on December 11, 1941, and - following the Americans' example - broke relations with Vichy France on November 10, 1942. According to Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, Cuba's military was the \"most cooperative and helpful of all the Caribbean states\" during the",
"title": "Cuba during World War II"
},
{
"id": "9013303",
"text": "1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\" On December 8, Congress voted almost unanimously to declare war against Japan. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, which responded in kind. Roosevelt portrayed the war as a crusade against the aggressive dictatorships that threatened peace and democracy throughout the world. In late December 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the Arcadia Conference, which established a joint strategy between the U.S. and Britain.",
"title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "3358935",
"text": "war, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American",
"title": "Causes of World War II"
},
{
"id": "5500619",
"text": "to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939. Because of Cuba's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, Havana's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies, and the country's natural resources, Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II, and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States' Lend-Lease program. Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941, making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict, and by the war's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation",
"title": "Allies of World War II"
},
{
"id": "11061333",
"text": "no alternative; in any case, had an acceptable settlement of differences been reached, the Carrier Striking Task Force could have been called back. On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war on the United States under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact until the US counterattacked Japan. However, relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937. On December",
"title": "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor"
},
{
"id": "17425895",
"text": "deployment of the Rapid Corps. These were subordinated to the occupation group () formed on 6 October 1941, whose headquarters was moved from Vinnytsia to Kiev in December. On 7 Dec 1941, the United Kingdom declared war on Hungary who, in return, backed the German-Italian declaration of war on the United States on 13 Dec 1941. On 17 Jan 1942 Romania announced that she was participating in the 1942 campaign with two armies and, five days later, Hungary stated that she was ready to dispatch her own army. On 11 Apr the 2nd Army under Gusztáv Jány began moving to",
"title": "Royal Hungarian Army"
},
{
"id": "13738959",
"text": "to rule the vast countryside. On 27 September 1940, Japan became cosignatories of the Tripartite Pact, joining a military alliance with Germany and Italy. On December 7 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the American base at Pearl Harbor as a mean of preventing the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned expansion in the area. The next day, following Roosevelt's Infamy Speech, the United States declared war on Japan, marking the official entry of both nations in World War 2. At the same time, Japan also launched attacks on Thailand, the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, Hong",
"title": "20th-century events"
},
{
"id": "164887",
"text": "army was stopped close to Moscow in December 1941. Over the next year the tide was turned and the Germans started to suffer a series of defeats, for example in the siege of Stalingrad and at Kursk. Meanwhile, Japan (allied to Germany and Italy since September 1940) attacked Britain and the United States on 7 December 1941; Germany then completed its over-extension by declaring war on the United States. War raged between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Forces (British Empire, Soviet Union, and the United States). The Allied Forces won in North Africa, invaded Italy",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "4432431",
"text": "airplanes belonging to the Colombian-German company Scadta, which used to take aerial shots of Colombian and German cities, were also handed to the United States. See History of the Comoros#Colonial rule. Costa Rica joined the Allies on 8 December 1941. The leftist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia was hostile to Nazism and introduced numerous measures to decrease German influence in the country. Costa Rica declared war on Japan the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and on Germany and Italy shortly afterwards. Croatia was part of Yugoslavia during World War II. So see this article's section on",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "17471215",
"text": "bloodless coup removed Arias from power. With Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia as the new president, the defense site negotiations moved forward quickly and positively for the United States. Then the Japanese attacked the American naval base in Hawaii, which accelerated the process of negotiations even more. The new Panamanian government declared war on Japan on December 7, 1941, on the same day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and a day before the United States officially entered the war. Panama then declared war on Germany and Fascist Italy on December 13, 1941, along with a few other Latin American",
"title": "Panama during World War II"
},
{
"id": "4432432",
"text": "Yugoslavia in general, and its subsection on Croatia in particular. Cuba joined the Allies on 8 December 1941, when it declared war on Japan. On 11 December, it also declared war on Germany and Italy. The United States naval station at Guantanamo Bay served as an important base for protecting Allied shipping in the Caribbean, and on 15 May 1943, a Cuban warship sank the in waters near Havana. Cuba began to plan a conscription program in order to contribute troops, but this had not materialized by the end of the war. The Cyprus Regiment was founded on 12 April",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "2581895",
"text": "military in 1940. When Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941, the United States faced a decision about how to allocate resources between these two separate theaters of war. On the one hand, Japan had attacked the United States directly at Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese Navy threatened United States territory in a way that Germany, with a limited surface fleet, was not in a position to do. On the other hand, Germany was universally considered the stronger and more dangerous threat to Europe because only the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union remained un-occupied by",
"title": "Europe first"
},
{
"id": "12543328",
"text": "Soviet Union in July 1941. A military administration was established and the region's Jewish population was either executed on the spot or deported to Transnistria, where further numbers were killed. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Ukrainian SSR, became part of the independent country",
"title": "Cetatea Albă County"
},
{
"id": "17499912",
"text": "Anglo-Thai Peace Treaty The Anglo-Thai Peace Treaty signed in Singapore on 1 January 1946 ended the state of war that had existed between Thailand and the United Kingdom since the former's declaration of war of 25 January 1942 during World War II. Although the Thais had also declared war on the United States on the same day, a U.S.–Thai peace treaty was never signed because the American government opted not to recognise the legality of the declaration in light of the Japanese invasion of Thailand on 8 December 1941. The peace treaty went into effect on the day it was",
"title": "Anglo-Thai Peace Treaty"
},
{
"id": "5780229",
"text": "a pool of money that SOE could use beyond the oversight of any normal authority or accountability. On 21 December 1941, a formal military alliance between Thailand under Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram and Japan was concluded. At noon on 25 January 1942, Thailand declared war on the United States and Great Britain. Some Thais supported the alliance, arguing that it was in the national interest, or that it was better sense to ally oneself with a victorious power. Others formed the Free Thai Movement to resist. The Free Thai Movement was supported by Force 136 and the OSS, and provided",
"title": "Force 136"
},
{
"id": "5425830",
"text": "by Hitler himself, who reportedly said: Although the amendment to the Tripartite Pact was not yet in force, Hitler chose to declare war on the United States and ordered the \"Reichstag\", along with Italy, to do so on 11 December 1941, three days after the United States' declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. His hopes that, despite the previous rejections, Japan would reciprocally attack the Soviet Union, were not realized, as Japan stuck to its Nanshin strategy of going south, not north, and would continue to maintain an uneasy peace with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Germany's declaration of",
"title": "Germany–Japan relations"
},
{
"id": "5500725",
"text": "of the United States entering the war, was also a contributing factor. The US entered the war as an \"associated power\", rather than a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom, in order to avoid \"foreign entanglements\". Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war, as did Austria-Hungary. Eventually, however, the United States also declared war on Austria-Hungary in December 1917, predominantly to help hard-pressed Italy. Three non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were",
"title": "Allies of World War I"
},
{
"id": "9826315",
"text": "the decision as it was interested in Argentina being neutral and continuing the supply of food during the war. In December 1941, the United States of America declared war on the Axis powers after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In January 1942, the Third Consulting Meeting of Chancellors of the American Republics met in Río de Janeiro as the U.S. wished other American nations to break relations with the Axis powers. Argentina, which had had frictions with the U.S. in previous years, was opposed to said goals and influenced successfully to \"recommend\" the breakup of relations instead of making it",
"title": "The Gaucho War"
},
{
"id": "13634522",
"text": "Union in July 1941. A military administration was established and the region's Jewish population was either executed on the spot or deported to Transnistria, where further numbers were killed. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR, became part of the independent country of",
"title": "Orhei County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "5500609",
"text": "war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. The US-led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US-led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe",
"title": "Allies of World War II"
},
{
"id": "15494568",
"text": "Axis powers ever formally negotiated a possible, complementary \"second\" demarcation line that would have divided the Western Hemisphere. Adolf Hitler found the Japanese proposal acceptable and approved it in full, possibly because he did not envisage Germany seizing much of any Soviet territory beyond the Ural Mountains. Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia As the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan cemented their military alliance by mutually declaring war against the United States by December 11, 1941, the Japanese proposed a clear territorial arrangement with the two main European Axis powers concerning the Asian continent. On December",
"title": "Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia"
},
{
"id": "7529844",
"text": "The USS \"Reuben James\" was sunk by \"U-552\" on 31 October 1941. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific. This was because two of the Allied capitals (London and Moscow) could be directly threatened by Germany, but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan. Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the",
"title": "Military history of the United States during World War II"
},
{
"id": "11896934",
"text": "Iceland in World War II At the beginning of World War II, Iceland was a sovereign kingdom in personal union with Denmark, with King Christian X as head of state. Iceland officially remained neutral throughout World War II. However, the British invaded Iceland on 10 May 1940. On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States, which was still a neutral country until five months later. On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic, which remains to this day. German interest in",
"title": "Iceland in World War II"
},
{
"id": "12340760",
"text": "farms. In 1926, immigration to Cuba slowed down. On December 9, 1941, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, President Batista declared war on Japan, along with its fascist allies, Germany and Italy. A few days later, on December 12, all Japanese descendants living in Cuba were declared \"enemy aliens\". Most Japanese Cubans were seized. There was also 114 Germans, and 13 Italians. As of 1943 a total of about 1,200 Japanese had immigrated to Cuba, including about 200 Okinawans. Later, over 6,000 Germans, Italians, or Japanese ancestry were deported to the United States. Some found new jobs when they arrived. Some",
"title": "Japanese Cubans"
},
{
"id": "7529913",
"text": "Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino",
"title": "Military history of the United States during World War II"
},
{
"id": "12570285",
"text": "Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saint Lucia, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, and Yemen. Officially the following countries were absent: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Iraq, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu and Venezuela. The following states were not allowed to vote due to",
"title": "International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence"
},
{
"id": "3341305",
"text": "shifted from one of anti-intervention in the so-called \"imperialist war\" to one of shrill advocacy for anti-fascist intervention; the slogan was \"Defend the Soviet Union.\" On July 12 the governments of Great Britain and the USSR exchanged pledges of mutual aid, setting the stage for military cooperation between the capitalist democracies of the West and their historic Bolshevik foe. On December 7, 1941, the air force of imperial Japan launched a sudden and devastating attack upon the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. A German declaration of war on the United States followed, and direct American participation in the",
"title": "Earl Browder"
},
{
"id": "8985087",
"text": "There are special provisions governing children born in some current and former U.S. territories or possessions, including Puerto Rico, the Panama Canal Zone, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. For example, states that \"All persons born in Puerto Rico [between] April 11, 1899, and ... January 13, 1941 ... residing on January 13, 1941, in Puerto Rico ... [and] persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, ... are citizens of the United States at birth.\" According to persons born (or found, and of unknown parentage, under the age of 5) in an outlying",
"title": "Birthright citizenship in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3889138",
"text": "the Continuation War, on the other hand, Finland was partly an aggressor in the eyes of some, attacking the Soviet Union alongside the Axis invasion. This badly damaged Finland's image in the eyes of the Churchill government and eventually caused the formerly sympathetic Britain to declare war on Finland in December 1941. Sword Scabbard Declaration The Order of the Day of the Sword Scabbard, or the Sword Scabbard Declaration, actually refers to two related declarations by the Finnish Commander-in-Chief Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim during World War I and World War II against Soviet control of East Karelia. During the Civil",
"title": "Sword Scabbard Declaration"
},
{
"id": "7609824",
"text": "where further numbers were killed. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR, became part of the independent country of Moldova. In 1930, the county consisted of four administrative districts (\"plăși\"): Later, the county was reorganized into eight districts: In 1941, the county was",
"title": "Soroca County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "2208577",
"text": "War itself began on 7/8 December 1941, when Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military and naval bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by the Axis allied Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the Allies, accompanied by the Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria on",
"title": "Pacific War"
},
{
"id": "20309318",
"text": "on engines, an alternate version of sinking due Romanian mine is also dismissed. Russian sources blame the loss to a German He-59 seaplane or to the Bulgarian seaplane Ar-196. Action of 6 December 1941 The Action of 6 December 1941 was a confrontation between the Bulgarian and Soviet navies in the Black Sea during World War II, taking place near the Bulgarian coast at Cape Emine. When the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union commenced in June 1941, Bulgaria did not declare war on the Soviet Union, nor did it make any contribution to the land invasion. The country however",
"title": "Action of 6 December 1941"
},
{
"id": "4019672",
"text": "would be directed at Japan, not Germany, just as happened. The Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy, Japan) called for each to aid another in defense; Japan could not reasonably claim America had attacked Japan if she struck first. For instance, Germany had been at war with the UK since 1939, and with the USSR since June 1941, without Japanese assistance. There had been a serious, if low-level, naval war going on in the Atlantic between Germany and the U.S. since summer of 1941, as well. Nevertheless, it was only Hitler's declaration of war on 11 December, unforced by treaty, that brought",
"title": "Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory"
},
{
"id": "454844",
"text": "declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"id": "3769362",
"text": "12, 1941, were automatically conferred U.S. citizenship as of the date the law was signed by the President Harry S. Truman on June 27, 1952. Additionally, all persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, are citizens at birth of the United States. Note that because of when the law was passed, for some, the citizenship status was retroactive. The law contains one other section of historical note, concerning the Panama Canal Zone and the nation of Panama. In , the law states that anyone born in the Canal Zone or in Panama itself, on or after",
"title": "United States nationality law"
},
{
"id": "18301995",
"text": "Harbor and inflicted mass destruction to American life and property, beginning a war between Japan and the United States. On December 8, 1941, the U.S. declared war upon Japan in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Three days later, Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, made his declaration first - from the balcony over the Piazza Venezia in Rome - pledging the \"powers of the pact of steel\" were determined to win. Then Adolf Hitler made his announcement at the Reichstag in Berlin saying he had tried to avoid direct conflict with the U.S. but, under the Tripartite Pact signed",
"title": "Italian declaration of war on the United States"
},
{
"id": "17587118",
"text": "German declaration of war against the United States On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany. The course of relations between Germany and",
"title": "German declaration of war against the United States"
},
{
"id": "13634512",
"text": "Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR, became part of the independent country of Moldova. Bălți County (Romania) Bălți County was a county (Romanian: \"județ\") in the Kingdom of Romania between 1925 and 1938, with the seat at Bălți. The county was located in the eastern",
"title": "Bălți County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "14717129",
"text": "US and the German governments until after Hitler's rise to power. On July 11, 1928, the US government served a note of continuation regarding the treaty to the Secretariat of the League of Nations. Following Hitler's rise to power, relations were worsening, and on June 3, 1935, a new agreement was signed between the US and German governments, which limited the operation of article 7 of the treaty, dealing with freedom of commercial activities by national of both countries. On December 11, 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States, and all treaties between the two countries became inoperative. The",
"title": "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America"
},
{
"id": "4432443",
"text": "helped save up to 40,000 Jews and Central Europeans from Nazi persecution by providing them with false papers of Salvadoran nationality. From 1931 to 1944, El Salvador was ruled by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, an admirer of Hitler and Mussolini. Nonetheless, the dictator declared war on both Japan (8 December 1941) and Germany (12 December 1941) shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, due to El Salvador's strong economic ties with the United States. Hernández removed Germans from the government and interned Japanese, German, and Italian nationals. The Second World War made Salvadorans weary of their dictatorship, and a general national",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "17587141",
"text": "in a state of war with the United States of America. Accept, Mr. Charge d'Affaires, the expression of my high consideration. December 11, 1941. RIBBENTROP. Notes Bibliography German declaration of war against the United States On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war",
"title": "German declaration of war against the United States"
},
{
"id": "6770994",
"text": "Romanian administration following the Axis Powers' invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1941. A military administration was established and the region's Jewish population was either executed on the spot or deported to Transnistria, where further numbers were killed. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of",
"title": "Tighina County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "4432468",
"text": "of Haiti, Élie Lescot, introduced several unpopular emergency measures during the war, which critics claimed were designed to increase his power. Lescot was deposed the year after the war ended. Honduras was initially neutral in the war but joined the Allied side after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941, and on Germany and Italy five days later. It contributed food and raw materials to the Allied war effort and did send troops in which 150 of them died. German submarines also sank 3 Honduran ships throughout the war. Hong Kong was under",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"id": "3581630",
"text": "Ottoman Empire, while Quebec stays neutral officially, but in fact continues to supply occupation soldiers to the United States for now-exclusively-English Canada. Ireland, with some material support from the United States, won its independence from Britain at the end of the Great War, but has now been invaded by British forces and exists in a state of guerilla war. On June 22, 1941, Confederate dictator Jake Featherston launches the war with a bombing attack on all major U.S. cities within reach of the border, quickly followed by an invasion of Ohio from Kentucky. Despite fierce U.S. resistance, the country is",
"title": "Settling Accounts"
},
{
"id": "5500649",
"text": "Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union. In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease-fire, proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of an armistice (to be signed on 12 September) offered by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and declared war on Germany. The coup accelerated the Red Army's advance into Romania, but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where",
"title": "Allies of World War II"
},
{
"id": "6266990",
"text": "the Axis Powers' invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1941. A military administration was established and the region's Jewish population was either executed on the spot or deported to Transnistria, where further numbers were killed. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR,",
"title": "Lăpușna County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "20778010",
"text": "September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The area of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR, became part of the independent country of Moldova. According to the census data of 1930, the county's population was 196,693, of which 51.2% were ethnic Romanians, 17.9% Gagauz, 14.5% Bulgarians, 7.5% Russians, 4.4% Germans, 2.3% Jews, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view 92.1% of the population was Eastern Orthodox,",
"title": "Cahul County (Romania)"
},
{
"id": "17617810",
"text": "the Hungarian ITT plant would ship to Turkey, a key supplier of chromium to Germany. World War II broke out in September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. France and Britain immediately declared war. France fell in June 1940. However, Russia remained neutral until it was invaded in June 1941. The USA remained technically neutral until four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, when Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. Westrick was well-connected with the Nazi regime. His brother Ludger was head of the aluminium industry in Germany under Hermann Göring, while his",
"title": "Gerhard Alois Westrick"
},
{
"id": "5500613",
"text": "Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country. Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy, as per the Statute of Westminster 1931. At the start of the war Australia followed Britain's foreign policies, and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939. Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941, and Australia separately declared war against Finland, Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day. Before the war, Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became",
"title": "Allies of World War II"
},
{
"id": "2023550",
"text": "Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of an armistice (to be signed on September 12) offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR, and declared war on Germany. The coup accelerated the Red Army's advance into Romania, but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union, where many perished in prison camps. The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944, on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union. Under the terms of the armistice, Romania announced its unconditional surrender to",
"title": "Romania in World War II"
},
{
"id": "5019010",
"text": "helped to redraw the map of Europe. Although the Roosevelt administration wanted to enter the war against Germany, the vast majority of Americans were too isolationist and disillusioned at their experience in World War I to seek involvement in the World War II, at least until the U.S. was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. Once involved, the US became pivotal to the war effort and therefore European politics. After the second war the United States and Canada both desired a permanent role",
"title": "Transatlantic relations"
},
{
"id": "437959",
"text": "to the Atlantic Ocean. The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public. These include National Parks, National Monuments, National Forests, Wilderness areas, and other areas. For lists of areas, see the following articles: Geography of the United States The term \"United States\", when used in the geographical sense, is the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and",
"title": "Geography of the United States"
},
{
"id": "340104",
"text": "will carry the scorn of mankind down the centuries—is hired to fawn upon the conqueror, to collaborate in his designs and to enforce his rule upon their fellow countrymen while grovelling low themselves.\" He used the term again in an address to both houses of Congress in the United States of America on 26 December 1941. Commenting upon the effect of a number of Allied victories against Axis forces, and moreover the United States’ decision to enter the war, Churchill opined: \"Hope has returned to the hearts of scores of millions of men and women, and with that hope there",
"title": "Quisling"
},
{
"id": "151405",
"text": "in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, who occupied the island for two and a half years. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to beheadings, forced labor, rape, and torture. American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is \"Where America's Day Begins\", which refers to the island's close proximity to the international date line. The original inhabitants of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands were",
"title": "Guam"
},
{
"id": "7083122",
"text": "Mexico Mexico ( ; ), officially the United Mexican States (, ), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the eleventh most",
"title": "Mexico"
},
{
"id": "437925",
"text": "surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times. The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean",
"title": "Geography of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12745985",
"text": "against Slovak revisionism and promised new territorial concessions in Yugoslavia in autumn 1941. Therefore, in 1941 Berlin gradually achieved the reduction of the Soviet sympathies for both Danubian states. The Slovak and Hungarian declaration of war on the Soviet Union in June, and the UK and the US in December 1941 finally cemented the fall of both states under the influence of the Axis. This dependence froze the revisionist hopes in Bratislava and Budapest as Berlin refused to raise the issue of border changes until the end of the war. In autumn 1941 the Slovak–Hungarian relations worsened twice, however, they",
"title": "Hungary–Slovakia relations"
},
{
"id": "7529847",
"text": "would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe. The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, did not result in a change in U.S. policy. Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans didn't have second thoughts about Europe First. The two countries reaffirmed that, \"notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War, our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy. And her defeat is the key to victory. Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and",
"title": "Military history of the United States during World War II"
},
{
"id": "2606412",
"text": "was declared against Axis-allied Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania, because President Franklin Roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a formal declaration of war. Since then, every American president has used military force without a declaration of war. This article will use the term \"formal declaration of war\" to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase \"declaration of war\" in the title. Elsewhere, this article will use the terms \"authorized by Congress,\" \"funded by Congress\" or \"undeclared war\" to describe other such conflicts. The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate",
"title": "Declaration of war by the United States"
},
{
"id": "7050701",
"text": "Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom",
"title": "International Driving Permit"
},
{
"id": "454788",
"text": "the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"id": "1936862",
"text": "appear in 1943-44, but its stamps, all valued at 5 cents, were not competitive with the Win the War issue. This was the Overrun Countries series (known to collectors as the Flag set), produced as a tribute to the thirteen nations that had been occupied by the Axis Powers. The thirteen stamps present full color images of the national flags of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Denmark, and Korea, with the names of the respective countries written beneath. To the left of each flag appears the image of the phoenix, which symbolizes the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States"
},
{
"id": "2208605",
"text": "relying on a war of attrition to make the US come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the US vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declared war on",
"title": "Pacific War"
},
{
"id": "6072367",
"text": "this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the \"Oberkommando des Heeres\". On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States. On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, \"What to do with the Jews of Russia?\", to which Hitler replied, \"\"als Partisanen auszurotten\"\" (\"exterminate them as partisans\"). Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. In late 1942, German forces were",
"title": "Adolf Hitler"
},
{
"id": "7529824",
"text": "Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the",
"title": "Military history of the United States during World War II"
},
{
"id": "5546894",
"text": "Presidential Unit Citation (United States) The Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation, is awarded to units of the Uniformed services of the United States, and those of allied countries, for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 (the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II). The unit must display such gallantry, determination, and \"esprit de corps\" in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions so as to set it apart from and above other units participating in",
"title": "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11733124",
"text": "to assist Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. The first official contact between Mexico and Romania was in April 1880 when Prince Carol I of Romania sent a letter to Mexican President Porfirio Díaz informing him of Romania's independence from the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Romania were officially established on 20 July 1935 in Paris between foreign ministers of both nations. On 24 December 1941, diplomatic relations were severed by Mexico when Romania joined the axis powers during World War II. In March 1973 diplomatic relations were re-established between both nations.",
"title": "Mexico–Romania relations"
},
{
"id": "11584652",
"text": "change of nationality. Although originally neutral, Guatemala soon sided with the Allies and formally declared war on Germany on December 11, 1941. In spite of his Liechtenstein citizenship, the Guatemalan government treated Nottebohm as a German citizen. As part of a massive program in which the US co-operated with various Latin American countries to intern in the US over 4,000 persons of German ancestry or citizenship, Nottebohm was arrested by the Guatemalan government as an enemy alien in 1943, handed over to a US military base, and transferred to the US, where he was interned until 1946. The Guatemalan government",
"title": "Nottebohm case"
},
{
"id": "2026629",
"text": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia or SFRY) was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. Covering an area of 255,804 km² (98,766 sq mi), the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, Austria and Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and Albania and Greece to the south. It was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists",
"title": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
},
{
"id": "1549231",
"text": "Republic showed support for the US, saying that Saddam should not be allowed to violate U.N. resolutions. The statement went on to say that Saddam was a \"clear threat to world security\", and urged Europe to unite with the United States to ensure that the Iraqi regime is disarmed. Later, the Eastern European \"Vilnius ten\" countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia —all now members of the EU—, Albania, and the Republic of Macedonia issued another statement on Iraq, in general support of the US's position but not commenting on the possibility of a war without support of",
"title": "Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "722312",
"text": "States Secretary of State Cordell Hull had just concluded an agreement with the Vichy government guaranteeing the neutrality of French possessions in the Western hemisphere, and he threatened to resign unless President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt demanded a restoration of the status quo. Roosevelt did so, but when Charles de Gaulle refused, Roosevelt dropped the matter. Ira Wolfert's stories – very favourable to the Free French (and bearing no sign of kidnapping or other duress) – helped swing American popular opinion away from Vichy. The Axis Powers' declaration of war on the United States in December 1941",
"title": "French submarine Surcouf"
},
{
"id": "7309162",
"text": "German rule. Japan responded by launching a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Hawaii 1941. The U.S. responded by declaring war on Japan. The next day, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The United States, The British Commonwealth, and the Soviet Union now constituted the Allies, dedicated to destroying the Axis Powers. Other allied nations included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and China. In the Pacific War, British, Indian and Australian troops made a disorganised last stand at Singapore, before surrendering on 15 February 1942. The defeat was the worst in British",
"title": "History of Western civilization"
},
{
"id": "661705",
"text": "repealed on November 17, 1941: merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations. The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day. The provision against unlicensed arms trades of the 1939 act remains in force. In 1948, Charles Winters, Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B-17 Flying Fortress bombers",
"title": "Neutrality Acts of the 1930s"
},
{
"id": "343000",
"text": "Romania Romania ( ; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the southeast, Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi), Romania is the 12th largest country and also the 7th most populous member state of the European Union, having almost 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest and other major urban areas include",
"title": "Romania"
},
{
"id": "1826112",
"text": "Winter War. Hungary was restored to its borders before 1938. This meant restoring the southern border with Yugoslavia, as well as declaring the First and Second Vienna Awards null and void, cancelling Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia and Romania. Furthermore, three villages (namely Horvátújfalu, Oroszvár and Dunacsún) situated south of Bratislava were also transferred to Czechoslovakia. Romania was restored to the borders of 1 January 1941, with the exception of the border with Hungary giving Northern Transylvania back to Romania. This confirmed the 1940 loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and the Treaty of Craiova, which returned",
"title": "Paris Peace Treaties, 1947"
},
{
"id": "14138450",
"text": "materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \"associate\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern",
"title": "History of United States foreign policy"
},
{
"id": "5081545",
"text": "from October 1940 when it defeated the Italian troops until June 1941 when Crete surrendered to the Germans. Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle both praised Greece's exceptional heroism at a point where many peoples were subjugated and the Axis seemed unbeatable. The United States did not formally become involved in the war on the Allied side until after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. However, President Franklin D. Roosevelt clearly sympathized with Britain and other opponents of Germany, and did what he could to quietly assist them within the confines of existing U.S.",
"title": "The Darkest Hour"
},
{
"id": "1826113",
"text": "Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. Bulgaria was restored to the borders of 1 January 1941, returning Vardar Macedonia to Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace to Greece, but keeping Southern Dobruja per the Treaty of Craiova, leaving Bulgaria as the only former Axis power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War. The war reparation problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the",
"title": "Paris Peace Treaties, 1947"
},
{
"id": "15683219",
"text": "admiration for the fascist leaders of Europe, such as Francisco Franco and Benito Mussolini. However, he saw the United States as an ally against the supposed communist threat of Mexico. He made a concerted effort to gain American support; when the US declared war on Germany and Japan in 1941, Ubico followed suit, and acting on American instructions arrested all people of German descent in Guatemala. He permitted the US to establish an air base in Guatemala, with the stated aim of protecting the Panama Canal. Like his predecessors, he made large concessions to the United Fruit Company, granting it",
"title": "Guatemalan Revolution"
},
{
"id": "20876471",
"text": "promptly returned these declarations. Four British allies also declared war on Romania: Canada (7 December), New Zealand (7 December), Australia (8 December), and South Africa (9 December). However, Romania never returned these declarations (likely because the four countries were seen as British subjects by the Romanian leadership). Having declared war on Romania on 5 June 1942, the first attack on Romanian territory was conducted by the United States Army Air Forces on 12 June. Ten B-24 Liberators attacked the Romanian oil refineries at Ploiești, two attacked unidentified targets and one attacked the port of Constanța. The damage inflicted was negligible",
"title": "Western Allied Campaign in Romania"
},
{
"id": "15628482",
"text": "crash that day. Both houses of parliament approved a declaration of war and the Cabinet issued the Order in Council the same day. It was submitted to the King and the proclamation was read by the Prime Minister to parliament the following day. Parliament adjourned on November 14, 1941, and was not scheduled to return until January 21, 1942. At the urging of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom declared war on Finland on December 6, 1941. At the UK's urging, the Canadian Cabinet the next day issued a proclamation declaring war on Finland, Hungary, and Romania. On December 7,",
"title": "Declaration of war by Canada"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of Bulgaria context: despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the Bulgarian Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various resistance groups. The Bulgarian government was forced by Germany to declare a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. On 23 August 1944, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, and allowed\n\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries that share a border with the nation that declared war on the United States on December 13, 1941: Romania",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hungary–United States relations context: United States bilateral relations through a legation in Budapest established in 1921. The first American ambassador to Hungary (Theodore Brentano) was appointed on February 10, 1922. Diplomatic relations were interrupted at the outbreak of World War II. Hungary severed relations with the U.S. on December 11, 1941, when the United States declared war on Germany. Two days later, on December 13, Hungary declared war on the United States. The embassy was closed and diplomatic personnel returned to the U.S. Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and\n\ntitle United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria context United declaration of war Bulgaria June 5, 1942, the United States Congress declared war upon Bulgaria. Bulgaria during 139-1941, but March 1, 1941, Bulgaria signed the Tripartite P and officially joined the A bloc. this, Bulgarian government declared war on the United Kingdom and United on December 13, 1941 United States officially declared war Bulgaria June 5, 1942. The capital of Bulg, Sofia other Bulgarian cities, were bombed by Allied aircraft in 194 and 1944. , of war Bulg, Hungary, and Romaniatitle: Presidency of Franklin D. Rooset:194 — infamy United States America was and deliberately attacked naval Empire of.\" December Congress unanimously war Japan. On December1 941 Germany and Italy declared war on the United, Roosevelt port war crade against the aggressive that threatened peace dem throughout the world late1941 Church and Rot at the Arcia Conference, joint strategy between the.. Britain.title: II by: until.4 Japan ( December1),1 (24 December) and Romania (24 December). Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941). Haiti gave food supplies to Allied forces and hosted a detachment of the United States Coast Guard but did not contribute troops, however \"five\" Haitians from the Haitian Air Force were integrated into the U.S. military (Tuskegee Airmen division) and fought in the war. The President\n\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries that share a border with the nation that declared war on the United States on December 13, 1941: Romania",
"compressed_tokens": 538,
"origin_tokens": 14185,
"ratio": "26.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,743 | Dec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What governmental position does he hold? | [
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] | Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve | [
{
"id": "5051493",
"text": "Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he was a member",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051526",
"text": "even if actual implementation of the plan might have to wait until the economic outlook improves. His remarks were most likely intended for the federal government's executive and legislative branches, since entitlement reform is a fiscal exercise that will be accomplished by the Congress and the President rather than a monetary task falling within the implementation powers of the Federal Reserve. Bernanke also pointed out that deficit reduction will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other government spending, or some combination of both. Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "1654039",
"text": "Obama administration's response to the Great Recession. After his departure from the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked in the private sector and as a columnist in major newspapers. In mid-2013, his name was widely floated as the potential successor to Ben Bernanke as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, though Obama eventually nominated Federal Reserve Vice-Chairwoman Janet Yellen for the position. As of 2017, Summers retains his Harvard University status as former president emeritus and Charles W. Eliot University Professor. Summers was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 30, 1954, into a Jewish family, the son of",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "5284149",
"text": "Chinese history, Xi's political thoughts have been written into the party and state constitutions, and under his leadership the latter was amended to abolish term limits for the presidency. In 2018, \"Forbes\" ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, dethroning Vladimir Putin who held the accolade for five consecutive years. Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 by Mao Zedong, Xi's father held a series of posts, including propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice-chairman of the National People's Congress. Xi's father is",
"title": "Xi Jinping"
},
{
"id": "5051494",
"text": "of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke Doctrine, and first discussed \"the Great Moderation\" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006.",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051503",
"text": "1985, was a visiting professor at New York University and went on to become a tenured professor at Princeton University in the Department of Economics. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005. Bernanke served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a Governor, entitled \"Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here\", he outlined what has been referred to as the Bernanke Doctrine. As a member",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "11229355",
"text": "contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president.\" The 1992 publication of David McCullough's favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded Chief Executive. According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency, Presidency of Harry S. Truman The presidency of Harry S. Truman began on April 12, 1945, when Harry S. Truman became President of the United States upon the , and ended on January 20, 1953. He had been Vice President of the",
"title": "Presidency of Harry S. Truman"
},
{
"id": "78488",
"text": "Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President Barack Obama, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the thirteenth president of Columbia University from 1948 to 1953. The university has also educated 26 foreign heads of state, including President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, President of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta,",
"title": "Columbia University"
},
{
"id": "5051504",
"text": "of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which he postulated that we are in a new era called the Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics. In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, and resigned as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051505",
"text": "as Fed chairman the next year. He held the post until January 2006. On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term as chairman (after having been nominated by President Bush in late 2005). By virtue of the chairmanship, he sat on the Financial Stability Oversight Board that oversees the Troubled Asset Relief Program. He also served as chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making body. His first months as chairman of the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "12813866",
"text": "Barack Obama nominated Tarullo to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. He took office on January 28, 2009, to fill an unexpired term ending January 31, 2022. On January 3, 2014, Daniel Tarullo administered the oath of office to Janet Yellen, as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, as she took office, replacing Ben Bernanke, who joined the Brookings Institution, as a distinguished fellow in residence. Daniel Tarullo Daniel K. Tarullo (born November 1952) is a former member of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve Board since January 28, 2009, in which capacity he served",
"title": "Daniel Tarullo"
},
{
"id": "5051501",
"text": "received a Ph.D. degree in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1979 after completing and defending his dissertation, \"Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle\". Bernanke's thesis adviser was the future governor of the Bank of Israel, Stanley Fischer, and his readers included Irwin S. Bernstein, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, and Peter Diamond of MIT and Dale Jorgenson of Harvard. Bernanke met his wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, on a blind date. She was a student at Wellesley College, and he was in graduate school at MIT. The Bernankes have two children. He is an ardent fan of",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "5051519",
"text": "maintain market liquidity. Control of the money supply implies that the government can always avoid deflation by simply issuing more money. He said \"The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost.\" He referred to a statement made by Milton Friedman about using a \"helicopter drop\" of money into the economy to fight deflation. Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as \"Helicopter Ben\" or to his \"helicopter printing press.\" In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "12445342",
"text": "Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944–1945) as well as Under-Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was a noted art collector and served",
"title": "Nelson Rockefeller"
},
{
"id": "5051507",
"text": "Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under his guidance, the Fed lowered its funds interest rate from 5.25% to 0.0% within less than a year. When this was considered insufficient to abate the liquidity crisis, the Fed initiated Quantitative Easing, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the created money to buy financial assets from banks and from the government. On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "2249733",
"text": "the \"Treasurer\" respectively) is in practice the most important cabinet post after the Prime Minister. In the United States, the finance minister is called the \"Secretary of the Treasury\", though there is a separate and subordinate Treasurer of the United States, and it is the director of the Office of Management and Budget who drafts the budget. In the United Kingdom, the equivalent of the finance minister is the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Due to a quirk of history, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is also styled Second Lord of the Treasury with the Prime Minister also holding the historic",
"title": "Finance minister"
},
{
"id": "5051520",
"text": "\"people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation.\" For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the Bush tax cuts, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But Bernanke has been identified by \"The Wall Street Journal\" and a close colleague as a \"libertarian-Republican\" in",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "14051823",
"text": "hold more private wealth than any other governor in U.S. history and will be the second-wealthiest U.S. politician to have ever held office, after Michael Bloomberg. J.B. Pritzker was born in California, to a Jewish family prominent in business and philanthropy during the late 20th century. The Pritzkers are consistently named near the top of the \"Forbes\" \"America's Richest Families\" list since its 1982 inception. One of three children of Sue (née Sandel) and Donald Pritzker, elder siblings are Penny Pritzker, 38th United States Secretary of Commerce, and Anthony Pritzker. He attended Massachusetts boarding school Milton Academy and then graduated",
"title": "J. B. Pritzker"
},
{
"id": "5284144",
"text": "Xi Jinping Xi Jinping (; ; Mandarin: ; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician serving as general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), president of the People's Republic of China, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. Often described as China's \"paramount leader\", in 2016 the CPC officially gave him the title of \"core leader\". As general secretary, Xi holds an ex-officio seat on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's top decision-making body. Xi is the first general secretary born after the Second World War and the establishment of the People's",
"title": "Xi Jinping"
},
{
"id": "8093558",
"text": "Robert B. Pirie Jr. Robert B. Pirie Jr. (born September 10, 1933) is a retired United States Navy officer and politician. He was born in San Diego, California. Early in 2001, Pirie served as Acting Secretary of the Navy until the nomination and confirmation of an appointee by President George W. Bush. Pirie graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1955. He was also a Rhodes Scholar, and attended Oxford University from 1956 to 1959. He served 20 years as a naval officer, culminating his service with three years in command of the nuclear attack submarine",
"title": "Robert B. Pirie Jr."
},
{
"id": "15704962",
"text": "Boris Bershteyn Boris Bershteyn (born 1977) is an Obama administration official who until June 2013 had served as acting Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. He previously served from 2011 to 2012 as general counsel for the federal Office of Management and Budget. Prior to his work at the Office of Management and Budget, he served as an Associate White House Counsel. Born in Kiev and raised in the former Soviet Union, Bershteyn attended Lynbrook High School and earned a bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1999. He then earned a law degree from Yale Law School",
"title": "Boris Bershteyn"
},
{
"id": "5051509",
"text": "the possibility of a filibuster. On a second vote to confirm, the 30 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and one independent. Bernanke was succeeded as Chair of the Federal Reserve by Janet Yellen, the first woman to hold the position. Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate on January 6, 2014. Bernanke has been subjected to criticism concerning the late-2000s financial crisis. According to \"The New York Times\", Bernanke \"has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "528417",
"text": "certain degree of \"irrational exuberance\" in the investment sector on the other. There are also arguments that monetarism is a special case of Keynesian theory. The central test case over the validity of these theories would be the possibility of a liquidity trap, like that experienced by Japan. Ben Bernanke, Princeton professor and another former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, argued that monetary policy could respond to zero interest rate conditions by direct expansion of the money supply. In his words, \"We have the keys to the printing press, and we are not afraid to use them.\" Progressive economist",
"title": "Monetarism"
},
{
"id": "1654034",
"text": "Lawrence Summers Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist, former Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1991–93), senior U.S. Treasury Department official throughout President Clinton's administration (ultimately Treasury Secretary, 1999–2001), and former director of the National Economic Council for President Obama (2009–2010). He is a former president of Harvard University (2001–2006), where he is currently (as of March, 2017) a professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "8616183",
"text": "Bill de Blasio Bill de Blasio (; born Warren Wilhelm Jr.; May 8, 1961) is an American politician who is currently serving as the 109th Mayor of New York City. Previous to his assumption of the mayoralty, he served as New York City's public advocate from 2010 to 2013. Born in Manhattan, he graduated from New York University and Columbia University before a brief stint as a campaign manager for Charles Rangel and Hillary Clinton. He started his career as an elected official by serving on the New York City Council representing the 39th district in Brooklyn from 2002 to",
"title": "Bill de Blasio"
},
{
"id": "1422637",
"text": "the country. The concepts involved in monetary policy may be widely misunderstood in the general public, as evidenced by the volume of literature on topics such as \"Federal Reserve conspiracy\" and \"Federal Reserve fraud.\" A few of the uncertainties involved in monetary policy decision making are described by the federal reserve: The Federal Reserve is lauded by some economists, while being the target of scathing criticism by other economists, legislators, and sometimes members of the general public. The former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Ben Bernanke, is one of the leading academic critics of the Federal Reserve's policies during",
"title": "Monetary policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "785056",
"text": "Chancellor of the Exchequer The Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of Her Majesty's Exchequer, commonly known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer, or simply the Chancellor, is a senior official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of Her Majesty's Treasury. The office is a British Cabinet-level position. The chancellor is responsible for all economic and financial matters, equivalent to the role of finance minister in other nations. The position is considered one of the four Great Offices of State, and in recent times has come to be the most powerful office in British politics after the prime minister. The",
"title": "Chancellor of the Exchequer"
},
{
"id": "10028776",
"text": "Gaylord Harnwell Gaylord Probasco Harnwell CBE (September 29, 1903 – April 18, 1982), was an American educator and physicist, who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1953 to 1970. He also held a great number of positions in a wide variety of national political and educational boards and committees, as well as senior positions in both the Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania and the United States Navy. In the later part of his life he also toured both the Soviet Union and Iran as a promoter of higher education. Harnwell was born in Evanston, Illinois to Chicago",
"title": "Gaylord Harnwell"
},
{
"id": "3792879",
"text": "was \"more likely to have the opposite effect\" and \"lead to increased conflicts within Europe and between Europe and the United States.\" In 2005, Feldstein was widely considered a leading candidate to succeed chairman Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. This was in part due to his prominence in the Reagan administration and his position as an economic advisor for the Bush presidential campaign. The \"New York Times\" wrote an editorial advocating that Bush choose either Feldstein or Ben Bernanke due to their credentials, and the week of the nomination \"The Economist\" predicted that the two men",
"title": "Martin Feldstein"
},
{
"id": "14431401",
"text": "to President Harry S. Truman. He was appointed to the post of Director of the Bureau of the Budget in 1950, and held the position until 1953. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Lawton to a term on the United States Civil Service Commission after he left the Bureau; he served from 1953 to 1963. His economic policy consisted of making budget cuts among various departments of the federal government. One of his primary contributions was in helping to re-design the Bureau of Internal Revenue, action which led to the creation of the Internal Revenue Service. Lawton advocated a civil service,",
"title": "Frederick Lawton"
},
{
"id": "3776534",
"text": "Robert Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (; ; born July 25, 1953) is an American public official and lawyer who was the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012. He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (resigning on July 7, 2006) and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001 until February 22, 2005. Zoellick has been a senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since ending his term with the World Bank. He is currently a Senior Counselor",
"title": "Robert Zoellick"
},
{
"id": "1318541",
"text": "Premier of the People's Republic of China The Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, sometimes also referred to informally as the \"Prime Minister\", is the Leader of the State Council of China (constitutionally synonymous with the \"Central People's Government\" since 1954), who is the head of government and holds the highest rank (Level 1) in the Civil Service. This position was originally known as Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government () and changed to its current name in 1954. The Premier is formally approved by the National People's Congress upon",
"title": "Premier of the People's Republic of China"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "4547796",
"text": "a president (commonly known as prime minister) as the highest administrative authority in the country. Broz served as Prime Minister during the entire period up to adoption of the 1953 constitution. This law proclaimed the country to be a socialist republic and removed all previous references to a government, ministries, etc. Instead it defined the office of President and the Federal Executive Council (FEC) in place of the government. The President was to serve as both head of state and would also preside over the FEC, a body of 30-40 members some of whom would be selected to be federal",
"title": "President of Yugoslavia"
},
{
"id": "7458441",
"text": "while withdrawing support from European colonialism. He rescued the Republican Party from isolationism and McCarthyism. He maintained prosperity, balanced the budget, promoted technological innovation, facilitated (if reluctantly) the civil rights movement and warned, in the most memorable farewell address since Washington's, of a \"military–industrial complex\" that could endanger the nation's liberties. Not until Reagan would another president leave office with so strong a sense of having accomplished what he set out to do. Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower began on January 20, 1953, when he was inaugurated as the 34th President of the United",
"title": "Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "262089",
"text": "branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the death of Tom Schweich in 2015, only one of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats. Harry S Truman (1884–1972), the 33rd President of the United States (Democrat, 1945–1953), was born in Lamar. He was a judge in Jackson County and then represented the state in the United States Senate for ten years, before being elected Vice-President in 1944. He lived in Independence after retiring. Missouri was widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "18967805",
"text": "- it was not because the party openly supported gay and lesbian rights. The United States military had a long history of discriminatory treatment of gay and lesbian service members, and after becoming president Dwight Eisenhower – elected as a Republican – signed Executive Order 10450 which had the effect of barring gays and lesbians from administrative service in the federal government. Even close associates of the president were not exempt from investigation. In the year before signing the executive order, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr. was named Eisenhower's Appointments Secretary. On January 13, 1953, however, a week before Eisenhower's inauguration,",
"title": "LGBT conservatism in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13606609",
"text": "John Ben Shepperd John Ben Shepperd (October 19, 1915 – March 8, 1990) was an American lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the Secretary of State (1950-1952) and Attorney General (1953–1957) for the U.S. state of Texas. During his tenure as Attorney General, Shepperd actively worked to oppose the \"Brown v. Board of Education\" decision mandating racial integration of public schools. Shepperd was born in Gladewater, a small town in Gregg County near the more populous county seat of Longview, to Alfred Fulton Shepperd and the former Berthal Phillips. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with",
"title": "John Ben Shepperd"
},
{
"id": "2940071",
"text": "burdens to be unloaded or as revenue sources rather than as human beings in peril.\" Michael J. Sandel Michael J. Sandel (; born 1953) is an American political philosopher. He is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Theory at Harvard University Law School, where his course Justice was the university's first course to be made freely available online and on television. It has been viewed by tens of millions of people around the world, including in China, where Sandel was named the \"most influential foreign figure of the year\" (\"China Newsweek\"). He is also known for",
"title": "Michael J. Sandel"
},
{
"id": "11473519",
"text": "span was 1987-2007. During the mid-1980s the U.S. macroeconomic volatility was largely reduced. This phenomenon was called a \"great moderation\" by James Stock and Mark Watson in their 2002 paper, \"Has the Business Cycle Changed and Why?\" It was brought to the attention of the wider public by Ben Bernanke (then member and later chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve) in a speech at the 2004 meetings of the Eastern Economic Association. The Great Moderation has been attributed to various causes: Since the Treasury–Fed Accord of 1951, the US Federal Reserve was freed from the constraints",
"title": "Great Moderation"
},
{
"id": "322237",
"text": "powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament. As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or posts—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts. For example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence) and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as",
"title": "Prime minister"
},
{
"id": "2154930",
"text": "electronics firms and, later, Digital Equipment Corp.. In later years, Gregg was best known for his defense of New Hampshire’s first-in-the-nation presidential primary, as well as his contention that the Republican Party started in this state. Gregg was known for a sense of humor, reflected in a small hardback book he published, titled \"All I learned about politics, by Hugh Gregg\". All of its pages are blank. Hugh Gregg Hugh Gregg (November 22, 1917September 24, 2003) was governor of the U.S. state of New Hampshire from 1953 to 1955, and was the youngest person ever elected to that office. He",
"title": "Hugh Gregg"
},
{
"id": "9002383",
"text": "Kenneth Manning Kenneth R. Manning (born December 11, 1947) is an American academic professor and author. He is currently the Thomas Meloy Professor of Rhetoric and of the History of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Born in Dillon, South Carolina and educated in local schools, Manning eventually moved to North Haven, Connecticut, soon afterwards. Manning entered Harvard University in 1966 and completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1970, his Master of Arts (M.A.) in 1971, and his Ph.D. in 1974. While he was doing his graduate studies, Manning helped guide fellow Dillon native Ben Bernanke, who",
"title": "Kenneth Manning"
},
{
"id": "7458352",
"text": "as little more than propaganda. In 1954, a more confrontational leader took charge in the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev. Eisenhower became increasingly skeptical of the possibility of cooperation with the Soviet Union after it refused to support his Atoms for Peace proposal, which called for the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the creation of nuclear power plants. The administration's initial national security policy, referred to as New Look, was unveiled on October 30, 1953. The product of a series of meetings with senior cabinet-level officials, consultations with National Security Council personnel (Project Solarium), and a comprehensive defense",
"title": "Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "12331771",
"text": "five by the Speaker of the House, and five by the President of the Senate. Presidential appointees: U.S. Senate: U.S. House: Commission on Intergovernmental Relations The Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (popularly known as the Kestnbaum Commission) was created by an act of the United States Congress on July 10, 1953, to make recommendations for the solution of problems involving federal and state governments. Its final report was issued on June 28, 1955. At the time he made appointments to the Commission, President Eisenhower described it as \"an historic undertaking: the elimination of frictions, duplications and waste from Federal-state relations; the",
"title": "Commission on Intergovernmental Relations"
},
{
"id": "2588208",
"text": "cover typically featuring persons selected by the USN & WR as being the ten most powerful persons in the United States. Every single edition of the series listed the President of the United States as the most powerful person, but the #2 position included such persons as Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (1974), Federal Reserve Chairmen Paul Volcker and Arthur Burns (each listed multiple years) and US Senator Edward Kennedy (1979). While most of the top ten each year were officials in government, occasionally others were included, including TV anchormen Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather, Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David",
"title": "U.S. News & World Report"
},
{
"id": "100650",
"text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States. NATO did not have strong bipartisan support in Congress at the time that Eisenhower assumed its military command.",
"title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "563541",
"text": "Togo D. West, Jr. (served 1998–2000, born 1942), on March 8, 2018. United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs The United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs is the head of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the department concerned with veterans' benefits, health care, and national veterans' memorials and cemeteries. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and second to last at sixteenth in the line of succession to the presidency (the position was last until the addition of the United States Department of Homeland Security in 2006). Until the appointment of David Shulkin in 2017, all appointees and",
"title": "United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs"
},
{
"id": "529347",
"text": "had been a formative experience, and these 'Children of Twentieth Congress' took up the reins of power under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev and his colleagues. The Khrushchev era provided this second generation of reformers with both an inspiration and a cautionary tale. Print Periodicals and journals Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier,",
"title": "Nikita Khrushchev"
},
{
"id": "443581",
"text": "title with regard to Vatican City is \"Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City\". Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City as well as the country's head of government is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of president of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"id": "15943987",
"text": "Putin was the president from 2000 until 2008; Medvedev held the post until 2012, whereupon Putin became president again. The bald–hairy joke is that there is, apparently, a strict rule applying to Russia's politics for the latest two centuries. A bald (or obviously balding) state leader is succeeded by a non-bald (\"hairy\") one, and vice versa. While this pattern is most likely a coincidence, it has held true since 1825 (with the exception of Georgy Malenkov, who was Premier of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1955), starting from Nicholas I. However, some videos of Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam",
"title": "Bald–hairy"
},
{
"id": "14651746",
"text": "and the 34th Vice President of the United States, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. Truman began his political career in politics as a county judge in 1922. He was Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate in 1944. Dwight David Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in",
"title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "6669674",
"text": "his administration successfully guided the U.S. economy through the post-war economic challenges. In 1948 he submitted the first comprehensive civil rights legislation and issued Executive Orders to start racial integration in the military and federal agencies. Allegations of corruption in the Truman administration became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election and accounted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower's electoral victory. Truman’s financially difficult retirement was marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. When he left office, Truman’s presidency was criticized, but scholars rehabilitated his image in the 1960s. Truman was born",
"title": "Harry S. Truman"
},
{
"id": "1654076",
"text": "In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with Janet Yellen, to succeed Ben Bernanke as head of the Federal Reserve System in 2014. The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some Senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing \"I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery.\". The 2010 film \"The Social",
"title": "Lawrence Summers"
},
{
"id": "2278078",
"text": "September 13, 2017. It then publicly rescinded the offer on September 15, 2017 after CIA Director Mike Pompeo canceled his speaking appointment and sent a letter condemning Harvard for awarding the fellowship. John F. Kennedy School of Government The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a public policy and public administration school, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The school offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, and many executive education programs. It conducts research in subjects relating",
"title": "John F. Kennedy School of Government"
},
{
"id": "9858932",
"text": "tender in payment of debt, nor does it permit the federal government to make \"anything\" a legal tender.\" The Commission also recommended that the federal government \"restore a definition for the term 'dollar'. We suggest defining a 'dollar' as a weight of gold of a certain fineness, .999 fine.\" On multiple occasions in congressional hearings he has sharply challenged two different chairmen of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke. He has also called for the removal of all taxes on gold transactions. He has repeatedly introduced the Federal Reserve Board Abolition Act since 1999, to enable \"America to",
"title": "Political positions of Ron Paul"
},
{
"id": "441749",
"text": "United States Secretary of State The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the United States Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense,",
"title": "United States Secretary of State"
},
{
"id": "249748",
"text": "Scholars. Alumni in American politics and public service include former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke, former MA-1 Representative John Olver, former CA-13 Representative Pete Stark, former National Economic Council chairman Lawrence H. Summers, and former Council of Economic Advisors chairman Christina Romer. MIT alumni in international politics include Foreign Affairs Minister of Iran Ali Akbar Salehi, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President of Colombia Virgilio Barco Vargas, President of the European Central Bank Mario Draghi, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan, former British Foreign Minister David Miliband, former Greek Prime Minister Lucas Papademos, former",
"title": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
},
{
"id": "1449277",
"text": "Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir (, ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms, 1983–84 and 1986–1992. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a leader of the Zionist paramilitary group Lehi. After the establishment of the State of Israel he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965, a Knesset Member, a Knesset Speaker and a Foreign Affairs Minister. Shamir was the country's third longest-serving prime minister after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu. Yitzhak Yezernitsky (later Yitzhak Shamir) was born",
"title": "Yitzhak Shamir"
},
{
"id": "6840555",
"text": "such, the policy of the government until the closure of the Royal Naval dockyard in 1953 had been to appoint retiring Generals or Admirals as Bermuda's Governor and Commander-in-Chief. On the rare occasions when a civilian was appointed to the role, it was only as Governor – the role of Commander-in-Chief being filled by a serving General or Admiral in Bermuda or Newfoundland. Since the 1950s, those appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief have tended to be prominent career-politicians at the ends of their political lives. Prior to the creation of the lower (and, originally, \"only\") house of the Parliament of Bermuda,",
"title": "Governor of Bermuda"
},
{
"id": "20455573",
"text": "Sir Anthony Thorold, 15th Baronet Captain Sir Anthony Henry Thorold, 15th Baronet, (7 September 1903 – 1 May 1999) was an English Royal Navy officer, public servant, and councillor. He served as Captain of from 1951 to 1952, and was Commodore in Charge, Hong Kong, from 1953 to 1955. After retirement, he turned to public service and politics, serving as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1968 and as Leader of Lincolnshire County Council from 1973 to 1981. Thorold was born on 7 September 1903 to Sir James Thorold, 14th Baronet and his wife Katharine Thorold (née Tindal-Atkinson). He would succeed",
"title": "Sir Anthony Thorold, 15th Baronet"
},
{
"id": "2507983",
"text": "Mitt Romney Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician and businessman who is the United States Senator-elect from Utah. He previously served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan by his parents, George and Lenore Romney, he spent two-and-a-half years in France as a Mormon missionary starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969, and they have five sons. By 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents.",
"title": "Mitt Romney"
},
{
"id": "7160519",
"text": "recent Under Secretary was Patrick F. Kennedy, who appointed on November 6, 2007 by President George W. Bush and then retained by President Barack Obama. In 2018, President Trump nominated Brian Bulatao, former Chief Operating Officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, for the position. The Under Secretary of State for Management is the State Department's representative on the President's Management Council, and is the Department official responsible for implementing the President's Management Agenda. In an Act of February 7, 1953, Congress created for a 2-year period the position of Under Secretary of State for Administration as the third ranking officer",
"title": "Under Secretary of State for Management"
},
{
"id": "2383321",
"text": "28 October 1953 to 15 October 1963. In this role he was responsible for running the Chancellery, recommending the people who were appointed to roles in the government, coordinating the government's work, and for the establishment and oversight of the West German intelligence service and for all matters of national security. Globke became a powerful \"éminence grise\" of the West German government; he had a major role in shaping the course and structure of the state and West Germany's alignment with the United States. He was also instrumental in West Germany's anti-communist policies at the domestic and international level and",
"title": "Hans Globke"
},
{
"id": "6666596",
"text": "George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He had previously served as the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Texas. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team",
"title": "George W. Bush"
},
{
"id": "18640756",
"text": "from people from the candidate's home state are less valuable, unless multiple candidates from that state are running. The impact of celebrity endorsements of political candidates is less clear, but can increase general election turnout, or increase fundraising totals and media exposure. Background: Donald Trump (born in New York in 1946 and raised there) is a real estate CEO (1971–present), with investments in New York, Florida, and several other states and countries. He is an author (1987–present) and television personality (2003–2015). Background: Jeb Bush (born in 1953) was the 43rd Governor of Florida (1999–2007). He was raised in Texas, where",
"title": "Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries"
},
{
"id": "5051495",
"text": "Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by President Barack Obama, who later referred to him as \"the epitome of calm.\" His second term ended January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded by Janet Yellen on February 3, 2014. Bernanke wrote about his time as chairman of the Federal Reserve in his 2015 book, \"The Courage to Act,\" in which he revealed that the world's economy came close to collapse in 2007 and 2008. Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts of the Fed (cooperating with other agencies and",
"title": "Ben Bernanke"
},
{
"id": "6157764",
"text": "John R. Steelman John Roy Steelman (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was the first person to serve as \"The Assistant to the President of the United States\", in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff. He holds the record for the longest term as Chief of Staff at six years. John Roy Steelman was born on a farm in Thornton, Arkansas, the son of Martha Ann (née Richardson) and Pleasant C. Steelman. After graduating from high school, he served in World War I. To",
"title": "John R. Steelman"
},
{
"id": "13692642",
"text": "Daniel Poneman Daniel Bruce Poneman (born March 12, 1956) is an American government official who was the United States Deputy Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2014 and is currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute at the University of Chicago. Poneman was Acting Secretary of Energy in 2013 following the resignation of Steven Chu until Ernest Moniz was confirmed and sworn in. Poneman received A.B. and J.D. degrees with honors from Harvard University, and an M.Litt. in politics from Oxford University, where he was a student at Lincoln College. He is a graduate of Whitmer High School in",
"title": "Daniel Poneman"
},
{
"id": "17611861",
"text": "debt ceiling would cause delays in payments including benefits and government employees' salaries and lead to default on government debt. President Obama urged Congress to raise the debt ceiling without conditions to avoid a default by the United States on government debt. Raising the debt ceiling was also supported by Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve. Republican Speaker of the House, John Boehner and the Senate Republican minority leader, Mitch McConnell as well as other Republicans argued that the debt ceiling should not be raised unless spending is cut by an amount equal to or greater than the debt",
"title": "United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013"
},
{
"id": "2304901",
"text": "Jeb Bush, and upon Bush's suspension of his campaign Gregg endorsed Ohio Governor John Kasich. Born in Nashua, New Hampshire, he is the son of Catherine Gregg (née Warner) and Hugh Gregg, who was Governor from 1953 to 1955. Gregg graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1965. Gregg received his baccalaureate from Columbia University in 1969 and, from Boston University School of Law, a Juris Doctor in 1972 and a Master of Laws in 1975. The first elective office held by Gregg was a seat on the Executive Council of New Hampshire, a post which he held from 1979 to",
"title": "Judd Gregg"
},
{
"id": "20306637",
"text": "Stephen J. Spingarn Stephen J. Spingarn (1908–1984) was a mid-20th-century American lawyer and civil servant in the FDR, Truman, and (briefly) Eisenhower administrations, who last served as Special Counsel (1949) and Administrative Assistant to President Truman (1950) and lastly commissioner on the Federal Trade Commission (1950–1953) during transition to President Eisenhower. Writings on the mid-20th-Century often cite his official writings during office; less often, they describe him in text. Stephen Joel Spingarn was born on September 1, 1908, in Bedford, New York. His father, Joel Elias Spingarn, was a professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, co-founder of Harcourt, Brace",
"title": "Stephen J. Spingarn"
},
{
"id": "17672385",
"text": "in 1944, 1948, and 1952. He was known as \"the watchdog of the treasury\" during his years in the Senate, serving on the taxation and other committees. He was elected Senate President Pro Tem in 1955. He retired from the Senate on March 14, 1956. Ben Hulse Benjamin Harrison \"Ben\" Hulse (1894–1961) was a California politician. He represented the 39th district in the California State Senate for 12 years, including two years (1955–56) as Senate President Pro Tem. He was a Republican. Hulse was born and raised on a farm near Fayetteville in Washington County, Arkansas. His parents were John",
"title": "Ben Hulse"
},
{
"id": "5498787",
"text": "John Koskinen John Andrew Koskinen (born June 30, 1939) is an American businessman and public official of Finnish descent. He served as the non-executive chairman of Freddie Mac from September 2008 to December 2011, retiring from the board in February 2012. On December 20, 2013, Koskinen was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to head the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as commissioner of Internal Revenue. On December 23, 2013, Koskinen was sworn in as the 48th IRS commissioner after being nominated by President Obama. His term ended on November 12, 2017, with David Kautter becoming his interim replacement. Koskinen was born",
"title": "John Koskinen"
},
{
"id": "2508116",
"text": "presidential campaign. In 2012, \"Time\" magazine included Romney in their List of The 100 Most Influential People in the World. Mitt Romney Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician and businessman who is the United States Senator-elect from Utah. He previously served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan by his parents, George and Lenore Romney, he spent two-and-a-half years in France as a Mormon missionary starting in 1966. He married Ann",
"title": "Mitt Romney"
},
{
"id": "6076315",
"text": "for Republican Richard Nixon's 1960 election run, the Democratic presidents Kennedy and Johnson retained him as a State Department advisor. Elliott became dean of the Harvard Summer School, where he would establish the Harvard International Seminar, directed by his student and protégé Henry Kissinger. Many attendees went on to become heads of state or government in their respective countries, including Yigal Allon in Israel, Yasuhiro Nakasone in Japan, and Pierre Trudeau in Canada. His son Ward Elliott is a notable political scientist, and his other son, David is also a political scientist. Elliott has become the recipient of recent attention,",
"title": "William Yandell Elliott"
},
{
"id": "12448853",
"text": "of the Great Recession seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The previous chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Generally speaking, the recovery of the world's financial systems tended to be quicker during the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the late-2000s recession. 1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the wealth gap reached such skewed",
"title": "Great Depression"
},
{
"id": "2119979",
"text": "George W. Romney George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962, the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969, and the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973. He was the father of Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee and United States Senator-elect from Utah Mitt Romney, husband of 1970 U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney, and grandfather of current Republican National Committee chair Ronna McDaniel. Romney was born to American",
"title": "George W. Romney"
},
{
"id": "14786666",
"text": "William J. Crockett William J. Crockett (July 22, 1914 – March 18, 1999) was a United States diplomat and official in the United States Department of State. William J. Crockett joined the United States Foreign Service in 1951 and became a Foreign Service Officer a short time later. He spent 1954-58 as an FSO in Rome. After six years as an FSO, President of the United States John F. Kennedy appointed Crockett Assistant Secretary of State for Administration, with Crockett holding this office from February 23, 1961 until June 7, 1963. He became Deputy Under Secretary of State for Management",
"title": "William J. Crockett"
},
{
"id": "11568273",
"text": "On January 30, 2008, eight days after the 75 points decrease, the Fed lowered its rate again, this time by 50 points. On August 25, 2009, President Barack Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In October 2013, Janet Yellen was nominated to succeed Ben Bernanke as the chairperson of the Federal Reserve. In December 2015, the Fed raised its benchmark interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point to between 0.25 and 0.50 percent, after 9 years of an unchanged and stable very low interest rate. Key laws affecting",
"title": "History of the Federal Reserve System"
},
{
"id": "12751592",
"text": "betting on rare events to “Hemingway’s Santiago waiting for what seems like an eternity to catch the big fish.” As Spitznagel describes the “extreme asymmetric payoffs” of his approach: For profiting off market crashes, “I’m always in this position where I look like the jerk,” Spitznagel has said. “The jerks should be Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan,” because of Federal Reserve actions that create asset bubbles, or for the ways in which the Fed intervenes to stave off the inevitable consequences of those bubbles. Spitznagel says that he has basically been investing against the Federal Reserve and its monetary policies",
"title": "Mark Spitznagel"
},
{
"id": "2470486",
"text": "Bess Truman Elizabeth Virginia \"Bess\" Truman (\"née\" Wallace; February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982) was the wife of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and the First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953. She also served as the Second Lady of the United States in 1945. She had known her future husband since they were children attending the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy the social and political scene in Washington, and at the end of her husband's term in 1953, she was relieved to return to Independence. She currently holds",
"title": "Bess Truman"
},
{
"id": "7871448",
"text": "Montenegro in charge of creating the first real government of post-war Montenegro, which took place on April 17, 1945. Governments were headed by a Prime Minister until February 4, 1953, by a President of the Executive Council until January 15, 1991, and again by a Prime Minister since then. Prime Minister of Montenegro The Prime Minister of Montenegro (Montenegrin: \"Premijer Crne Gore\") (\"Premier of Montenegro\"), is the head of the Government of Montenegro. The role of the Prime Minister is to direct the work of the Government, and to submit to the Parliament the Government's Program, including a list of",
"title": "Prime Minister of Montenegro"
},
{
"id": "7273790",
"text": "Harry Rowen Henry Stanislaus Rowen (October 11, 1925 – November 12, 2015) was an American national security expert, economist, and academician. Rowen was born in Boston in 1925. He attended M.I.T. and graduated with a bachelor's in industrial management in 1949. He went on to Oxford University and earned his master's degree in economics in 1955. Rowen started his career as an economist for the RAND Corporation, a Santa Monica, California think-tank, where he worked between 1950-1953, and again between 1955-1960. Between 1965-1966, Rowen was the Assistant Director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget. From 1967-1972, he was the",
"title": "Harry Rowen"
},
{
"id": "3776559",
"text": "complement of diplomatic, political and military efforts.\" Robert Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (; ; born July 25, 1953) is an American public official and lawyer who was the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012. He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (resigning on July 7, 2006) and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001 until February 22, 2005. Zoellick has been a senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since ending his term with the World",
"title": "Robert Zoellick"
},
{
"id": "3419288",
"text": "delegate chairman Summerfield convinced the large, uncommitted Michigan delegation to support Eisenhower, thus providing \"Ike\" with a major boost before the voting. In December 1952, President-Elect Eisenhower chose Summerfield as the federal Postmaster General; he served in that post from 1953 until 1961. His assistant postmaster was former U.S. Representative Ben H. Guill of Texas. As postmaster general, Summerfield oversaw attempts to reform and modernize the Post Office and the U.S. mail system, which was still conducting many sorting and processing operations by hand. Summerfield called for an increase in postage rates to subsidize the purchase of new mechanized mail",
"title": "Arthur Summerfield"
},
{
"id": "9567219",
"text": "Stanley Hornbeck Stanley Kuhl Hornbeck (May 4, 1883 – December 10, 1966) was an American professor and diplomat. A Rhodes scholar and the author of eight books, he had a distinguished thirty-year career in government service. He was chief of the State Department Division of Far Eastern Affairs (1928–1937), a special adviser to Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1937–1944), and ambassador to the Netherlands (1944–1947). Hornbeck was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, the son of a Methodist minister, and studied at the University of Colorado and the University of Denver. He also attended Oxford as the first Rhodes Scholar from Colorado",
"title": "Stanley Hornbeck"
},
{
"id": "4721628",
"text": "Archivist of the United States The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established as an independent federal agency by Congress. The Archivists served as subordinate officials of the General Services Administration from 1949 until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency again on April 1, 1985. The position is held by David Ferriero, who was named to the office in 2009. The Archivist is appointed by the President with",
"title": "Archivist of the United States"
},
{
"id": "14230976",
"text": "John F. Floberg John Forrest Floberg (October 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) from 1949 to 1953. Born in 1915, John F. Floberg was a lawyer. He also graduated from the United States armed forces' training course in atomic weapons at the Sandia National Laboratories at Kirtland Air Force Base outside Albuquerque, New Mexico. President of the United States Harry S. Truman named Floberg as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) in 1949, and Floberg held this office from December 5, 1949 through July 23, 1953. During this period, Floberg",
"title": "John F. Floberg"
},
{
"id": "14230974",
"text": "John F. Floberg John Forrest Floberg (October 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) from 1949 to 1953. Born in 1915, John F. Floberg was a lawyer. He also graduated from the United States armed forces' training course in atomic weapons at the Sandia National Laboratories at Kirtland Air Force Base outside Albuquerque, New Mexico. President of the United States Harry S. Truman named Floberg as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) in 1949, and Floberg held this office from December 5, 1949 through July 23, 1953. During this period, Floberg",
"title": "John F. Floberg"
},
{
"id": "4564380",
"text": "Lawrence Bacow Lawrence Seldon Bacow (; born August 24, 1951) is a Jewish American lawyer, economist, author, and the 29th President of Harvard University; he assumed office on July 1, 2018, succeeding Drew Gilpin Faust. Bacow was the Hauser leader-in-residence at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Center for Public Leadership, prior to the presidency. He was previously at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and has been a member of the Harvard Corporation, the university’s governing board, since 2011. Previous to his election to the Harvard presidency, he served as the 12th President of Tufts University from September 2001",
"title": "Lawrence Bacow"
},
{
"id": "6826815",
"text": "for an \"e-memorial\" to accompany the physical one. Eisenhower Memorial Commission officials claimed the Eisenhower Memorial would be the first presidential memorial to be augmented with an e-memorial. The e-memorial will be a free mobile app designed by Local Projects, a media design firm which has worked with museums and historic sites to develop similar projects. Seven key episodes in Eisenhower's life—including his entry at United States Military Academy in 1911, D-Day in 1944, Eisenhower's election to the presidency in 1952, the racial desegregation crisis of 1957, and the creation of NASA in 1958—will be augmented with still images, video,",
"title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial"
},
{
"id": "563510",
"text": "on May 2, 2009. United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (or HUD Secretary) is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the President's Cabinet, and thirteenth in the Presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson's signing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act () into law. The department's mission is \"to increase homeownership, support community development and increase",
"title": "United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development"
},
{
"id": "5295951",
"text": "Clarence Long Clarence Dickinson \"Doc\" Long, Jr. (December 11, 1908 – September 18, 1994) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman who represented the 2nd congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1963 to January 3, 1985. Long was born in South Bend, Indiana. He received his bachelor's degree from Washington and Jefferson College in 1932, and his master's degree and PhD from Princeton University in 1935 and 1938, respectively. He also served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was a former member of the United States Council of Economic Advisers to the President (1953–54 and 1956–57) and",
"title": "Clarence Long"
},
{
"id": "6748244",
"text": "values, and competition among ethnic groups. The Kennedy family was prominent in Massachusetts politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and US president before his assassination in 1963, Robert F. Kennedy, who was a senator, US attorney general and presidential candidate before his assassination in 1968, Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics. The famous Kennedy Compound is located at Hyannisport on Cape Cod. Over the past 20–30 years, Massachusetts has",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "12788355",
"text": "Bernanke doctrine The Bernanke doctrine refers to measures, identified by Ben Bernanke while Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve, that the Federal Reserve can use in conducting monetary policy to combat deflation. In 2002, when the word \"deflation\" began appearing in the business news, Bernanke, then a governor on the Board of the Federal Reserve, gave a speech about deflation entitled \"Deflation: Making Sure \"It\" Doesn't Happen Here.\" In that speech, he assessed the causes and effects of deflation in the modern economy. Bernanke states: \"\"The sources of deflation are not a mystery. Deflation",
"title": "Bernanke doctrine"
},
{
"id": "2278070",
"text": "ethnicities represented, and it is named after late Harvard Professor and Dean of the Graduate School of Public Administration, now known as the John F. Kennedy School of Government, from 1947 to 1958 Edward Sagendorph Mason who thought of bringing the developing world leaders to Harvard to stand on the cutting edge of development knowledge ultimately aiming for a better world. In addition to the master's programs, HKS administers four doctoral programs. PhD degrees are awarded in political economy and Government, Public Policy, and social policy, in conjunction with the Departments of government and sociology in the Faculty of Arts",
"title": "John F. Kennedy School of Government"
},
{
"id": "7173154",
"text": "Edward Lazear Edward Paul Lazear (, ) (born August 17, 1948) is an American economist, the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Davies Family Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Lazear served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors from 2006 to 2009, replacing Ben Bernanke. As Chairman, he was the chief economic advisor to President George W. Bush holding a cabinet-level post as part of the White House team that led the response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Lazear has been called the founder",
"title": "Edward Lazear"
},
{
"id": "2778002",
"text": "Oren E. Long Oren Ethelbirt Long (March 4, 1889 – May 6, 1965) was an American politician who served as the tenth Territorial Governor of Hawaii from 1951 to 1953. A member of the Democratic Party of Hawaii, Long was appointed to the office after the term of Ingram Stainback. After statehood was achieved he served in the United States Senate, one of the first two, along with Hiram Fong, to represent Hawaii in that body. Long was the only non-Asian American U.S. Senator from Hawaii until the appointment of Brian Schatz to the position in 2012. Long was born",
"title": "Oren E. Long"
},
{
"id": "1471524",
"text": "conclude that while \"few of them have 'changed the world' ... most of them have been a credit to their professions ... and communities\", finding that \"the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers.\" Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Bill Clinton (United States), Dom Mintoff (Malta), John Turner (Canada), Norman Manley (Jamaica) and three Australian Prime Ministers: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull. From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business",
"title": "Rhodes Scholarship"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ben Bernan context: Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he was a member\n\nDec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What governmental position does he hold?",
"compressed_tokens": 218,
"origin_tokens": 218,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ben Bernanke context: of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke Doctrine, and discussed \"the Great Moderation\" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006.\n\ntitle Ben Bernanke context: of board of governors of the Federal Reserve on February2,2004, Bernan gave a speech in which postulated that in new era called Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics. In June 2005 Bernanke was chairman President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers and res as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan\n\ntitle: Benanke: if plan might to waitlook impro. were for federal's and legislative, is a fis that be Congress and the President rather monet task within implementation powers of Bernan also pointed will necessarily consist either tax, cuttinglement other governmentending, some combination of Bernanke Bernanke ; December 13 5)\n\ntitle Ben:ke Benkeist at the Institution two as the, bank States. During hisurekeaw the crisis becomingke was Universityired the there September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002 until June 21, 2005, he was a member\n\nDec 13, 1953 saw the birth of Ben Bernanke, Harvard grad with a PhD from MIT. What governmental position does he hold?",
"compressed_tokens": 445,
"origin_tokens": 14467,
"ratio": "32.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,744 | According to PNC Wealth Management, what is the cost, rounded to the nearest $1000, of purchasing the items in the 12 days of Christmas this year? | [
"87000",
"87,000",
"eighty-seven thousand"
] | 87,000 | [
{
"id": "17970820",
"text": "Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "11330303",
"text": "chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "11330308",
"text": "with the actual gift described. The ten “lords-a-leaping” are valued by using the cost of hiring male ballet dancers instead of real lords. Christmas Price Index The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The Christmas Price Index was conceived by the bank's chief economist as a humorous commodity price index to measure the changing cost of goods over time. Commodity price indices, as compiled by economics, use a \"market basket\" of certain goods and then",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "11330302",
"text": "Christmas Price Index The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The Christmas Price Index was conceived by the bank's chief economist as a humorous commodity price index to measure the changing cost of goods over time. Commodity price indices, as compiled by economics, use a \"market basket\" of certain goods and then measure the cost of the goods from year to year to gauge inflation in different sectors of the economy. The Christmas Price Index",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "11330304",
"text": "Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days, buying two turtle doves from the second day onward, for a total of 22 turtle doves, etc., for the complete set of 364 items. The price of each item is set as follows: Like other light hearted economic indicators, such as \"The Economist\"'s Big Mac Index which tracks the price of the Big Mac hamburger in different countries, the Christmas Price Index nevertheless produces results which have meaningful interpretations. In general, the prices in the index have reflected the United",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "11330306",
"text": "1.1%. The cheapest item in the index is the partridge, which, in 2008, could be purchased for $20. Costs have generally risen and fallen along with the standard Consumer Price Index. The survey also tracks the cost of ordering the items online; doing so is significantly more expensive, in part due to shipping costs. In 2008, PNC estimated the total cost at $31,956.62, up 2.3% from 2007, while purchasing all 364 items online would cost $131,150.76, an increase of 1.8%. However, if the buyer were to purchase each item from the least-expensive vendor, the total index would be $19,844.95, a",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "4253091",
"text": "22 companies that violated disclosure requirements for municipal bonds by failing to divulge that the issuers had filed late financial reports. It was fined $500,000. PNC has sponsored several initiatives to improve education, health and human services, cultural activities and the arts. These include \"PNC Grow Up Great\", a commitment to early childhood development, the \"PNC Foundation\", and community development investments. Since 1984, PNC has compiled the Christmas Price Index, a humorous economic indicator which estimates the prices of the items found in the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". In 2012, PNC opened the PNC Fairfax Connection, a community",
"title": "PNC Financial Services"
},
{
"id": "2999243",
"text": "tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on until <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and",
"title": "Cumulative song"
},
{
"id": "9457980",
"text": "in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "9457981",
"text": "the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "11330305",
"text": "States's growing service economy—prices for goods have mostly fallen, but prices for labor have risen greatly. The cost of hiring ladies and lords, for example, has risen over 300 percent. After the high cost of the dancers, the seven swans are the most expensive item on the index; the unpredictable breeding cycle of swans makes their supply uncertain. Much as the United States Consumer Price Index excludes volatile energy and food prices from its \"core\" index, the core Christmas Price Index excludes the swans; for 2008, the total price index rose 8.1% from 2007, while the core index rose only",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "11330307",
"text": "discount of 5.86%. The Christmas Price Index has been criticized for a number of reasons. First, the index does not clearly define the products that comprise each of the twelve gifts. For example, the price for the eight “maids-a-milking” only includes the cost of eight laborers at Federal minimum wage, while milking also requires at least a milk cow, goat, or other such animal, which is an additional cost. Second, the index also relies on only one data source per gift when a more reliable approach might use several retailers. Third, the index prices products that do not actually correspond",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "17970821",
"text": "buying two turtle doves from the second day onward, for a total of 22 turtle doves, etc., for the complete set of 364 items. Super Saturday is the last Saturday before Christmas, a major day of revenue for American retailers, marking the end of the shopping season they and many customers believe begins on Black Friday. Super Saturday targets last-minute shoppers. Typically the day is ridden with one-day sales in an effort to accrue more revenue than any other day in the Christmas and holiday season. The Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 (c 26) is an Act of the Parliament",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "6665652",
"text": "held over the Internet, rather than in person. Participants pay a fee to purchase bids. Each of the bids increases the price of the item by a small amount, such as one penny (0.01 USD, 1¢, or 0.01 GBP, 1p; hence the name of the auction), and extends the time of the auction by a few seconds. Bid prices vary by site and quantity purchased at a time, but generally cost 10–150 times the price of the bidding increment. The auctioneer receives the money paid for each bid, plus the final price of the item. For example, if an item",
"title": "Bidding fee auction"
},
{
"id": "77692",
"text": "Day on November 11. In the UK and Ireland, the Christmas shopping season starts from mid-November, around the time when high street Christmas lights are turned on. In the United States, it has been calculated that a quarter of all personal spending takes place during the Christmas/holiday shopping season. Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8 billion in November 2004 to $31.9 billion in December 2004, an increase of 54 percent. In other sectors, the pre-Christmas increase in spending was even greater, there being a November–December buying surge of 100 percent",
"title": "Christmas"
},
{
"id": "987721",
"text": "emptied of wealthy individuals. Prices varied from three guineas (£ in 2015) (two guineas for a woman) for a season ticket, or £1 per day (for the first two days only), then reducing to five shillings per day (until May 22). The admission price was then further reduced to one shilling (£ in 2015), per day – except on Fridays, when it was set at two shillings and six pence and on Saturdays when it remained at five shillings. The one-shilling ticket proved most successful amongst the industrial classes, with four and a half million shillings (£ in 2015), being",
"title": "The Great Exhibition"
},
{
"id": "1723702",
"text": "prices of IKEA's Billy bookshelf into US dollars and compare the prices. Gold-Mac-Index: The value of the purchasing power for 1 g of gold (Gold.de: calculation of the gold price average of the corresponding year), how many burgers one got for 1 g gold. A Swiss bank has expanded the idea of the Big Mac index to include the amount of time that an average local worker in a given country must work to earn enough to buy a Big Mac. In 2017, the comparison platform Versus did a version called The Chai Latte Global Index, comparing Starbucks Chai Latte",
"title": "Big Mac Index"
},
{
"id": "4881780",
"text": "Denys Fisher Dalek with box sold for over $1150 on eBay. The TARDIS is usually a bit cheaper at $200–350 (provided it has no damage or any repairs are not noticeable and the box is included). Of course, this is relative and eBay auctions can vary considerably. While a mint Leela may sell for $500–600, one without a box may only sell for $150–200. That said, some items are so rare that even a damaged item, or one with missing pieces, is worth a fair amount. For example, in May 2006, a Leela doll without her loin cloth (and correspondingly,",
"title": "Doctor Who merchandise"
},
{
"id": "17970809",
"text": "Industries completely dependent on Christmas include Christmas cards, of which 1.9 billion are sent in the United States each year, and live Christmas Trees, of which 20.8 million were cut in the U.S. in 2002. In most Western nations, Christmas Day is the least active day of the year for business and commerce; almost all retail, commercial and institutional businesses are closed, and almost all industries cease activity (more than any other day of the year), whether laws require such or not. In England and Wales, the Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 prevents all large shops from trading on Christmas",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1474360",
"text": "the greatest drop-in-sales rate. In 2011, the Entertainment Retailers Association in the United Kingdom found that consumers were willing to pay on average £16.30 (€19.37, US$25.81) for a single vinyl record, as opposed to £7.82 (€9.30, US$12.38) for a CD and £6.80 (€8.09, US$10.76) for a digital download. In the United States, new vinyl releases often have a larger profit margin (individual item) than do releases on CD or digital downloads (in many cases), as the latter formats quickly go down in price. In 2015 the sales of vinyl records went up 32%, to $416 million, their highest level since",
"title": "Phonograph record"
},
{
"id": "15051635",
"text": "named Bryony Shelfley found the missed present - a wrapped bicycle for a little girl in England called Gwen, to whose letter Arthur had personally responded. Arthur alerts his father, who is at a loss as to how to handle the situation; Steve argues that one missed present out of billions is an acceptable error whose correction can wait a few days, citing this year's Christmas as the most successful in history. Grandsanta on the other hand, on learning of the dire situation, proposes delivering the gift using \"EVIE\", his old wooden sleigh, and the great-great-grandchildren of the original 8",
"title": "Arthur Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1723711",
"text": "standards, from the Eurozone. At the time, a Big Mac in Iceland cost 650 krona ($5.29), and the 20% price increase that would have been needed to stay in business would have increased that cost to 780 krona ($6.36). Fish, lamb and beef are produced in Iceland, while beef is often imported (but also exported). Six most expensive (July 18, 2018) This statistic shows the most expensive places to buy a Big Mac Six cheapest (July 18, 2018) This statistic shows the least expensive places to buy a Big Mac Six fastest earned (July 2015) This statistic shows the average",
"title": "Big Mac Index"
},
{
"id": "10398992",
"text": "the currency pair of the Euro and the U.S. Dollar (EUR/USD) is trading at an exchange rate of 1.3000 (1 EUR = 1.3 USD) and the rate changes to 1.3010, the price ratio increases by 10 pips. In this example, if a trader buys 5 standard lots (i.e. 5 × 100,000 = 500,000) of EUR/USD, paying USD 650,000 and closes the position after the 10 pips' appreciation, the trader will receive USD 650,500 with a profit of USD 500 (i.e. 500,000 (5 standard lots) × 0.0010 = USD 500). Most retail trading by speculators is conducted in margin accounts, requiring",
"title": "Percentage in point"
},
{
"id": "15331557",
"text": "buy a candy bar and a soft drink. Today, the average selling price of a single product is more than sixty cents, necessitating a minimum of three coins to make a single purchase. As a consequence, we have been forced to add bill acceptors costing nearly $400 to virtually every machine.\" Clayton pointed out the continuing costs associated with bill validators, saying, \"They have made great strides and improved the bill acceptors over the years, but, at the same time, the bulk of, I would say, about 40 percent of my service calls and maintenance and upkeep, those calls are",
"title": "United States $1 Coin Act of 1997"
},
{
"id": "15521141",
"text": "cost is 35 cents for a sale price of 50 cents. Booksellers then purchase the item at prices of 38 cents, to resell a suggested retail price of 50 cents. The publisher earns so 3 cents per pound sold, the bookseller earns 12 (minus shipping costs, dependent). If one considers - arbitrarily - a four Almanac is sold directly into the library Testu (priced at 10 francs 50) the remainder being passed through intermediaries, we can prorate that to generate an annual income of 30 000 francs Testu must sell approximately 25 000. In the absence of more precise information,",
"title": "Royal Almanac"
},
{
"id": "1193504",
"text": "of November 2012, the US-based eBay.com charges $0.10 to $2, based on the opening or reserve price, as an insertion fee for a basic auction-style listing without any adornments. The Final Value Fee amounts to 10% of the total amount of the sale, which is the price of the item plus shipping charges. Fixed-price listings have an insertion fee of $0.30, and the final value fee varies based on category and total amount of the sale (e.g., 13% for DVDs & Movies up to $50). The UK-based ebay.co.uk takes from £0.15 to a maximum rate of £3 per £100 for",
"title": "EBay"
},
{
"id": "4465813",
"text": "on an item by phone. Additionally, shipping and handling costs at least £7.99 for all items, (although it is mentioned in smaller text). Thus, each items costs at least £9.52 more than the most prominently displayed price. Customers are however able to place bids for items on the website (providing they are registered) so as to avoid the initial £1.53 charge, but not postage and packaging. The ASA have upheld complaints against Bid on two separate occasions. In the most serious case, they ruled that Bid TV had overestimated the guide price of £1,700 for \"Black Agate Globes\"; \"Bid-Up could",
"title": "Shop at Bid"
},
{
"id": "17271131",
"text": "day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2739348",
"text": "a binary is always under $100. Investopedia described the binary options trading process in the U.S. thus: [A] binary may be trading at $42.50 (bid) and $44.50 (offer) at 1 p.m. If you buy the binary option right then you will pay $44.50, if you decide to sell right then you'll sell at $42.50. Let's assume you decide to buy at $44.50. If at 1:30 p.m. the price of gold is above $1,250, your option expires and it becomes worth $100. You make a profit of $100 - $44.50 = $55.50 (less fees). This is called being \"in the money.\"",
"title": "Binary option"
},
{
"id": "9457965",
"text": "the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "5581198",
"text": "start of Advent. In the UK, Christmas lights on the high street are generally switched on in November. In the U.S., the traditional start of Christmas time is Thanksgiving. Major retailers put their seasonal decorations out for sale after back to school sales, while smaller niche Christmas Stores sell Christmas decorations year round. In some places Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on Twelfth Night, the evening of January 5 or January 6. The difference in this date is due to the fact that some count Christmas Day as the first day of Christmas, whereas for others Christmas Day is",
"title": "Christmas decoration"
},
{
"id": "15874641",
"text": "year) Sales = £14500 - £1400 Sales = £13100 Cost of sales calculation: Therefore, Cost of sales = Goods available for sale - Closing inventory Cost of sales = £13520 - £2000 Cost of sales = £11520 Gross profit calculation: Gross profit = Sales - Cost of sales Gross profit = £13100 - £11520 Gross profit = £1580 Often, information in the trading statement is left out and it is up to the bookkeeper to determine the missing value. This is a very popular bookkeeping examination type question. The best way to go about solving the unknown variable being either",
"title": "Trading statement"
},
{
"id": "11167143",
"text": "parties who engage in a contract to exchange 5,000 bushels of wheat at $8.89 per bushel on December 17, 2012. The nominal value of the contract would be $44,450 (5,000 bushels x $8.89). But what is the risk? For the buyer. the risk is that the seller will not be able to deliver the wheat on the stated date. This means the buyer must purchase the wheat from someone else; this is known as the \"spot market\". Assume that the spot price for wheat on December 17, 2012, is $10 per bushel. This means the cost of purchasing the wheat",
"title": "Financialization"
},
{
"id": "6665653",
"text": "worth 1,000 currency units (dollars, euros, etc.) sells at a final price of 60, and a bid costing 1 raises the price of the item by 0.01, the auctioneer receives 6,000 for the 6,000 bids and 60 as the final price, a total of 6,060, a profit of 5,060. If the winning bidder used 150 bids in the process, they would have paid 150 for the bids plus 60 for the final price, a total of 210 and a saving of 790. All the other, losing, bidders collectively paid 5,850 and received nothing. A \"TechCrunch\" article (July 26, 2010) on",
"title": "Bidding fee auction"
},
{
"id": "742519",
"text": "United States According to the table, an American living or travelling in Switzerland on an income denominated in US dollars would find that country to be the most expensive of the group, having to spend 62% more US dollars to maintain a standard of living comparable to the US in terms of consumption. In addition to methodological issues presented by the selection of a basket of goods, PPP estimates can also vary based on the statistical capacity of participating countries. The International Comparison Program, which PPP estimates are based on, require the disaggregation of national accounts into production, expenditure or",
"title": "Purchasing power parity"
},
{
"id": "3652527",
"text": "fluctuations in the meantime. Currency futures can also be used to speculate and, by incurring a risk, attempt to profit from rising or falling exchange rates. For example, Peter buys 10 September CME Euro FX Futures for $1,250,000 (each contract worth $125,000), at $1.2713/€. At the end of the day, the futures close at $1.2784/€. The change in price is $0.0071/€. As each contract is over €125,000, and he has 10 contracts, his profit is $8,875. As with any future, this is paid to him immediately. More generally, each change of $0.0001/€ (the minimum Commodity tick size), is a profit",
"title": "Currency future"
},
{
"id": "12696098",
"text": "the office. Dwight has been performing research to determine what will be the most popular toy of the current Christmas season: a doll named \"Princess Unicorn\". Dwight has bought every doll he could find in the local toy stores and explains he is going to sell the dolls to desperate parents for an enormous profit. Jim (John Krasinski) is skeptical that people would pay a high price for a doll, but he watches numerous customers come in throughout the day to purchase a doll from Dwight, all paying his asking price of $200. Toby (Paul Lieberstein) wants to buy a",
"title": "Moroccan Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1379568",
"text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is €10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zwölf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a €20 note and get €8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. €1.80 to €2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest €0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely",
"title": "Gratuity"
},
{
"id": "8645866",
"text": "the 2013 holiday season, averaging about $767 per person. During the 2014 holiday shopping season, retail sales in the United States increased to a total of over $616 billion, and in 2015, retail sales in the United States increased to a total of over $630 billion, up from 2014's $616 billion. The average US holiday shopper spent on average $805. More than half of it was spent on family shopping. It is traditionally considered to commence on the day after American Thanksgiving, a Friday colloquially known as either Black Friday or Green Friday. This is widely reputed to be the",
"title": "Christmas and holiday season"
},
{
"id": "1665709",
"text": "hand can count to twelve, and two hands can count to 144. Twelve dozen (12 = 144) are known as a gross; and twelve gross (12 = 1,728, the duodecimal 1,000) are called a great gross, a term most often used when shipping or buying items in bulk. A great hundred, also known as a small gross, is 120 or ten dozen. A baker's dozen, also known as a big or long dozen, is 13. Varying by country, some products are packaged or sold by the dozen, often foodstuff (a dozen eggs). Dozen may also be used to express a",
"title": "Dozen"
},
{
"id": "13376428",
"text": "the customer did not want the room, since a relative had died. On June 10 Mr Chandler wrote to Mr Webster saying, “I beg to confirm my purchase of the first-floor room of the Electric Lighting Board at 7, Pall Mall, to view the procession on Thursday, June 26, for the sum of 141l. 15s., which amount is now due. I shall be obliged if you will take the room on sale, and I authorize you to sell separate seats in the room, for which I will erect a stand. If the seats thus sold in the ordinary way of",
"title": "Chandler v Webster"
},
{
"id": "2263507",
"text": "taken to a 'Goodwill Outlet' or 'Bargain Store.' Items are mostly sold by weight, with prices ranging from $0.49 to $1.69 per pound, depending on the location. The wide selection and massive discounts on a variety of household goods typically attract a fervent following of regular customers, some of whom make a full-time living buying and re-selling goods. There are also many vendors who buy this merchandise in bulk, and they send the merchandise to third-world countries. Charity Watch rates the Goodwill Industries an \"A\". In January 2016, Goodwill Industries of Toronto, Eastern, Central and Northern Ontario closed its 16",
"title": "Goodwill Industries"
},
{
"id": "1327332",
"text": "gift-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include Christmas, Easter, Saint Nicholas Day, and Three Kings Day. In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled about $22.9 billion. Money spent on children between the ages of 8 and twelve alone totals approximately $221 million annually in the U.S. It was estimated that in 2011, 88% of toy sales was in the age group 0–11 years. Toy companies change and adapt their toys to meet the changing demands of children thereby gaining a larger share of the substantial market. In recent years many toys have become more complicated with",
"title": "Toy"
},
{
"id": "5198320",
"text": "on a particular day is €1.50 to £1, in theory £2 will buy €3, but in practice this would be hard if not impossible for average consumers to get. If the bureau de change buys £1 from a consumer for €1.40 and then sells £1 for €1.60, the 20 pence difference contributes to expenses and profit. This business model can be upset by a currency run when there are far more buyers than sellers (or vice versa) because they feel a particular currency is overvalued or undervalued. The business may also charge a commission on the transaction. Commission is generally",
"title": "Bureau de change"
},
{
"id": "2643384",
"text": "Tuesday, usually at 11:30 am, and issuance on Thursday. Purchase orders at TreasuryDirect must be entered before 11:00 on the Monday of the auction. The minimum purchase, effective April 7, 2008, is $100. (This amount formerly had been $1,000.) Mature T-bills are also redeemed on each Thursday. Banks and financial institutions, especially primary dealers, are the largest purchasers of T-bills. Like other securities, individual issues of T-bills are identified with a unique CUSIP number. The 13-week bill issued three months after a 26-week bill is considered a re-opening of the 26-week bill and is given the same CUSIP number. The",
"title": "United States Treasury security"
},
{
"id": "494213",
"text": "of alcohol or tobacco per traveler, allowing legal importation for the first time since the ban. In October 2016, the Federal government liberalized restrictions on the number of cigars that an American can bring back to the U.S. for personal use without having to pay customs taxes. This allowed the import of up to 100 cigars (four standard boxes) or $800 worth without paying duty once every 31 days. Quantities above that are subject to taxation. Cigars may be consumed personally or gifted, but not sold by an individual, either a private sale to another individual or to a cigar",
"title": "Cigar"
},
{
"id": "8290496",
"text": "Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Singapore, and Australia. RainSong makes about four or five guitars a day and only about five hundred to one thousand in a year compared to larger companies like Fender and Gibson which make that much in a day. This attributes to the cost of the guitar, where they range from about $2,000 to $4,000 depending on the model you purchase, the twelve-string tends to be one of the most expensive. The creator of RainSong, John Decker designed the guitar, like most inventions, out of the necessity for a product that didn’t exist. This idea was",
"title": "RainSong"
},
{
"id": "18665138",
"text": "Newspaper subscriptions cost from $1.99 to $27.99 per month; magazines charge between $1.25 and $10.99 per month, and blogs charge from $0.99 to $1.99 per month. Amazon e-book sales overtook print for one day for the first time on Christmas Day 2009. International users may pay different prices for e-books depending on the country listed as their home address. In February 2017, the Association of American Publishers released data that shows the U.S. adult e-book market declined 16.9% in the first nine months of 2016 over the same time in 2015. This decline is partly due to widespread e-book price",
"title": "Kindle Store"
},
{
"id": "15432428",
"text": "congratulate Michael. However, Michael announces he is moving to Colorado with Holly, leaving his employees in shock. Meanwhile, Dunder Mifflin Scranton's warehouse and crew host a public garage sale. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) attempts to walk away with the most expensive item by trading smaller items with his office mates beginning with a thumbtack (a reference to One red paperclip) and continuously trading up from table to table. One item on Jim and Pam's table that piques his interest is a packet of \"miracle legumes.\" Dwight initially believes Jim is trying to prank him, but is astonished when they reappear",
"title": "Garage Sale (The Office)"
},
{
"id": "1355693",
"text": "\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\" by Tim Minchin, \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" by Bucko & Champs, \"Christmas Photo\" by John Williamson, \"Go Santa, Go\" by The Wiggles, and",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "2835829",
"text": "of the building in which the show was being filmed (Bath Assembly Rooms) rather than an item that had been brought in. In reality, the two most expensive objects to be sold as a result of being discovered on the show are the 1932 camera found by Marc Allum which realised over $600,000 (US) in 2013 and the Christofle et Cie Japonisme jardiniere filmed by Eric Knowles which sold for £668,450 (including buyers premium). Conversely, many items brought before the experts are without commercial value, if not outright fakes. However, these are seldom shown in the broadcast episodes, to spare",
"title": "Antiques Roadshow"
},
{
"id": "16381159",
"text": "rated TV-MA L in the United States. Stan Marsh's grandfather Marvin gives him a bejeweled bolo tie, saying that the Jewels & Gems (J&G) Shopping Network, from which he bought it, claimed that its 14 carat gold and diamonds makes it worth $6,000. After Cartman teases him for wearing such a tacky and unfashionable item, Stan takes it to a Cash For Gold store where he is offered $15 for it. Other such merchants similarly offer him little or nothing for the item, and Stan realizes that his grandfather has been swindled. Cartman shows his friends the J&G infomercials, where",
"title": "Cash for Gold (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "2643382",
"text": "system allowed the market, rather than the government, to set the price. On December 10, 1929, the Treasury issued its first auction. The result was the issuing of $224 million three-month bills. The highest bid was at 99.310 with the lowest bid accepted at 99.152. Treasury bills (or T-bills) mature in one year or less. Like zero-coupon bonds, they do not pay interest prior to maturity; instead they are sold at a discount of the par value to create a positive yield to maturity. Regular weekly T-Bills are commonly issued with maturity dates of 28 days (or 4 weeks, about",
"title": "United States Treasury security"
},
{
"id": "3921668",
"text": "up to two discs at a time = €8.99 per month The customer selects the movies and games that they wish to rent. No subscription is required, however if the customer wishes a receipt, an e-mail must be provided. Payment is taken from debit/credit card. The movie has to be returned by 8pm on the return date (between 1-3 nights depending on amount of discs rented - as stated above). If not returned the fee is €1.50 daily, up to a maximum of 10 days (€15). After 10 days, the disc is customer's to keep. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35421088 Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an",
"title": "Xtra-vision"
},
{
"id": "742517",
"text": "therefore a function of transportation costs, taxes, and the prices that may be realized in individual markets. An iPad will cost about twice as much in Argentina as in the United States. Similar to the Big Mac Index, the KFC Index measures PPP amongst African countries, created by Sagaci Research (a market research firm focusing solely on Africa). Instead of comparing a Big Mac, this index compares a KFC Original 12/15 pc. bucket. For example, the average price of KFC's Original 12 pc. Bucket in the United States in January 2016 was $20.50; while in Namibia it was only $13.40",
"title": "Purchasing power parity"
},
{
"id": "9457973",
"text": "adjective \"French\" in \"three French hens\", probably simply means \"foreign\". According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770. William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were \"all birds\"—the \"five gold rings\" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant. Others suggest the gold rings refer to \"five goldspinks\"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch; or even canaries. However, the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "12326618",
"text": "average of A$50,860. Averages, however, can be deceiving. For example, at the 2007 Fall Yearling sale at Keeneland, 3,799 young horses sold for a total of $385,018,600, for an average of $101,347 per horse. However, that average sales price reflected a variation that included at least 19 horses that sold for only $1,000 each and 34 that sold for over $1,000,000 apiece. The highest price paid at auction for a Thoroughbred was set in 2006 at $16,000,000 for a two-year-old colt named The Green Monkey. Record prices at auction often grab headlines, though they do not necessarily reflect the animal's",
"title": "Thoroughbred"
},
{
"id": "10421006",
"text": "Treasury note entitles the Bank of England to payment of one million pounds on demand out of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom'.\" A third note surfaced on the collector market, dated 8 September 2003, serial number is R016492, and it is signed by Andrew Turnbull, Secretary to the Treasury, and cancelled. A £10 million note was auctioned by Dix Noonan Webb, in London on 29 September 2014. The Treasury Bill, which promises to pay the bearer £10 million but is stamped “cancelled”, is expected to fetch a more modest figure of up to £15,000 in the sale. Until",
"title": "Bank of England note issues"
},
{
"id": "16250638",
"text": "The same practice is expanding to European countries. Some specialty fashion stores in the U.S. and Australia have introduced a \"fitting fee\" for browsing, which is refunded in full if the customer makes a purchase. Best Buy has guaranteed to match the online price of goods listed on Amazon.com, and in April 2013 announced it would begin to lease out space to manufacturers such as Samsung, so customers can view working products and then purchase them at the MSRP. Showrooming Showrooming is the practice of examining merchandise in a traditional brick-and-mortar retail store or other offline setting, and then buying",
"title": "Showrooming"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "12870723",
"text": "written by NewSong group members Eddie Carswell and Leonard Ahlstrom, and radio personality Isaiah \"D.C.\" Daniel. The song recounts the events experienced by a narrator completing the last of his gift-shopping on Christmas Eve. He is waiting in the checkout line behind a young boy who wants to buy a pair of shoes for his terminally-ill mother: she will die soon and he wants her to appear beautiful when she meets Jesus. He is short on money and the narrator ends up paying for the shoes, which reminds him of the true meaning of Christmas. One year after NewSong released",
"title": "The Christmas Shoes (song)"
},
{
"id": "4376431",
"text": "a small fee for their pitch, generally around £13, and arrive with their goods in the boot of their car. Usually the items are then unpacked onto folding trestle tables, a blanket or tarpaulin, or the ground. Entry to the general public is usually free, although sometimes a small admission charge is made. Advertised opening times are often not strictly adhered to: often the nature of the venue makes it impossible to prevent keen bargain hunters from wandering in as soon as the first stallholders arrive. It has been said that Father Harry Clarke, a Catholic priest from Stockport, introduced",
"title": "Car boot sale"
},
{
"id": "2422671",
"text": "ingredients she includes a pound of each of a variety of dried fruits and sugar, plus 1/2lb each of candied peel (citron, orange and lemon). She also adds 1 pint of brandy & 12 eggs. In the late Victorian period a tradition grew up that Christmas puddings should be made on or immediately after the Sunday \"next before Advent\", i.e. four to five weeks before Christmas. The collect for that Sunday in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England, as it was used from the 16th century (and still is in traditional churches), reads: Initially probably a",
"title": "Christmas pudding"
},
{
"id": "17342372",
"text": "With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic. Rosca de reyes ('kings' crown') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, \"Dia de los Reyes Magos\", which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ.",
"title": "Pan dulce"
},
{
"id": "12805267",
"text": "the past decade, and a 30 percent rise last year alone in the sale of fake trees, to 9.6 million”. A demand for plastic starts with economics: how cheap plastic objects are compared to their non-plastic counterpart. “…uncertain economic times ensure more Americans will be looking at Christmas trees as an investment…a single artificial Christmas tree costs 70 percent less than the purchase of ten real Christmas trees over the same period of time”. All of this mixed with our convenience culture that enjoys the ease of new technologies, the artificial Christmas tree has blossomed into the holiday staple that",
"title": "Artificial Christmas tree"
},
{
"id": "1345557",
"text": "slaves' quarters), an operational blacksmith shop, and the Pioneer Farm. Each year on Christmas Day, Aladdin the Christmas Camel recreates Washington's 1787 hiring of a camel for 18 shillings to entertain his guests with an example of the animal that brought the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem to visit the newborn Jesus. Mount Vernon remains a privately owned property. Its income is derived from charitable donations and the sales of tickets, produce and goods to visitors. Its non-profit owners, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, continue their mission \"to preserve, restore, and manage the estate of George Washington to the highest",
"title": "Mount Vernon"
},
{
"id": "4325172",
"text": "and sometimes money or gold. For the Three Wise Men gave Baby Jesus Gold for his future. Christmas is a widely celebrated festive holiday in the United States, and Christmas Day is officially recognized as a federal holiday by the US Government. The Christmas and holiday season begins around the end of November with a major shopping kickoff on Black Friday, the day after the U.S. holiday of Thanksgiving, though Christmas decorations and music playing in stores sometimes extend into the period between Halloween and Thanksgiving. Many schools and businesses are closed during the period between Christmas and the New",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "1681551",
"text": "such as exactly one, two, three, five, or ten dollars (among others). Other stores will have a policy of setting most of their prices ending in 99 cents or pence. Other stores (such as dollar stores, pound stores, euro stores, 100-yen stores, and so forth) only have a single price point ($1, £1, €1, ¥100), though in some cases this price may purchase more than one of some very small items. Basic price is the price a seller gets after removing any taxes paid by a buyer and adding any subsidy the seller gets for selling. Producer price is the",
"title": "Price"
},
{
"id": "4245436",
"text": "a \"GBPUSD put\", as it is a put on the \"exchange rate\"; although it could equally be called a \"USDGBP call\". If the rate is lower than 2.0000 on December 31 (say 1.9000), meaning that the dollar is stronger and the pound is weaker, then the option is exercised, allowing the owner to sell GBP at 2.0000 and immediately buy it back in the spot market at 1.9000, making a profit of (2.0000 GBPUSD − 1.9000 GBPUSD) × 1,000,000 GBP = 100,000 USD in the process. If instead they take the profit in GBP (by selling the USD on the",
"title": "Foreign exchange option"
},
{
"id": "9457979",
"text": "a flourish on the words \"Five Gold Rings\". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses. In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody. Cecil Sharp's \"Folk Songs from Somerset\" (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody. Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "742515",
"text": "India, the costs of local fast food like vada pav are comparative to what the Big Mac signifies in the U.S. Additionally, with countries such as Argentina that have abundant beef resources, consumer prices in general may not be as cheap as implied by the price of a Big Mac. The following table, based on data from \"The Economist\"'s January 2013 calculations, shows the under (−) and over (+) valuation of the local currency against the U.S. dollar in %, according to the Big Mac index. To take an example calculation, the local price of a Big Mac in Hong",
"title": "Purchasing power parity"
},
{
"id": "12907190",
"text": "price and purchasing power parity. Suppose that the US imports widgets from the UK. The widgets cost $10 and ₤1 costs $1. Then the British Pound appreciates against the dollar and now ₤1 costs $1.50. Also suppose that the widgets now cost $12.50. There has been a 50% change in the exchange rate and a 25% change in price. The exchange rate pass-through is For every 1% increase in the exchange rate, there has been a .5% increase in the price of the widgets. The \"standard pass-through regression\" is where formula_3 is import price, formula_4 is the exchange rate, formula_5",
"title": "Exchange-rate pass-through"
},
{
"id": "2807402",
"text": "can remain unchanged for an average of 14.5 months in the US data. Also, it is prices that we are interested in. If the price of tomatoes changes every month, the tomatoes price will generate 12 price spells in a year. Another price that is just as important (for example, canned tomatoes) might only change once per year (one price spell of 12 months). Looking at these two goods prices alone, we observe that there are 13 price spells with an average duration of (12+13)/13 equals about 2 months. However, if we average across the two items (tomatoes and canned",
"title": "Nominal rigidity"
},
{
"id": "4347449",
"text": "anti-homophobia message. It won four awards, including an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or Less) and a GLAAD Media Award for \"Outstanding TV – Individual Episode\". Needing money to pay for a $900 repair after Bart damages the gas line, the Simpson family visits \"Cockamamie's\", an offbeat collectibles shop, hoping that it will purchase one of the family's heirlooms (an \"authentic\" American Civil War doll which turns out to be a decorative liquor bottle). Homer meets John, the antiques dealer, who explains that much of the merchandise is there because of its camp value. Bart",
"title": "Homer's Phobia"
},
{
"id": "15013436",
"text": "butterfly. In order to avoid forgetting items, the boy recites his mother's list to himself. Throughout his trip to the store, the boy sees items along the way that play tricks with his memory, and items on his list one-by-one become substituted with other goods. \"Six farm eggs\" initially becomes \"Six fat legs\" then \"Six clothes pegs\", and \"A cake for tea\" initially becomes \"A cape for me\" then \"A rake for leaves\", and \"A pound of pears\" initially becomes \"A flight of stairs\" then \"A pile of chairs\". By the end of his trip, the boy has forgotten the",
"title": "Don't Forget the Bacon!"
},
{
"id": "174709",
"text": "pound (GBP), euro (EUR), Swiss franc (CHF), and the U.S. dollar (USD) from June 2008 to September 2009. It indicates that a relatively strong forint weakened since the beginning of the financial crisis, and that its value has recently taken an upward turn. Compared to the euro the forint was at peak on 18 June 2008 when 1000 Ft was €4.36 and €1 was 229.11Ft. The forint was worth the least on 6 March 2009; this day 1000 Ft was €3.16 and €1 was 316Ft). Compared to USD, most expensive/cheapest dates are 22 June 2008 and 6 March 2009 with",
"title": "Economy of Hungary"
},
{
"id": "12287562",
"text": "The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that, in a particular year, could be purchased with $1. The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0% of its buying power. The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price",
"title": "United States dollar"
},
{
"id": "5780607",
"text": "September 24, 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers. Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1:117million to 1:140million. From September 24, 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to €2.50 per line. All prizes, including the jackpot, are tax-free (except in Switzerland, Spain and Portugal since 2013) and are paid as a lump sum. Draws take place at 20:45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris. The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23:00 hours. To participate in the EuroMillions",
"title": "EuroMillions"
},
{
"id": "14562824",
"text": "of 24-carat gold are sold in 1, 5, and 10 gram sizes. Other items for sale include gift boxes of gold coins with symbols such as the Krugerrand, a maple leaf, or a kangaroo, and are dispensed in \"handsome\" boxes. Each gold bar is sealed in plastic with an anti-counterfeit hologram label, and comes with a description of its purity and price per gram, as well as information about the sale and the company's 10-day return policy. The German corporation plans to distribute 500 \"gold ATMs\" throughout airports and rail stations in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Kumasi the capital Ashanti",
"title": "Gold to Go"
},
{
"id": "1279588",
"text": "drug, and hardware stores. In the United States, December 12 is National Poinsettia Day. Albert Ecke emigrated from Germany to Los Angeles in 1900, opening a dairy and orchard in the Eagle Rock area. He became intrigued by the plant and sold them from street stands. His son, Paul Ecke, developed the grafting technique, but it was the third generation of Eckes, Paul Ecke Jr., who was responsible for advancing the association between the plant and Christmas. Besides changing the market from mature plants shipped by rail to cuttings sent by air, he sent free plants to television stations for",
"title": "Poinsettia"
},
{
"id": "17970808",
"text": "has been calculated that a quarter of all personal spending takes place during the Christmas/holiday shopping season. Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8 billion in November 2004 to $31.9 billion in December 2004, an increase of 54 percent. In other sectors, the pre-Christmas increase in spending was even greater, there being a November–December buying surge of 100 percent in bookstores and 170 percent in jewelry stores. In the same year employment in American retail stores rose from 1.6 million to 1.8 million in the two months leading up to Christmas.",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "11681448",
"text": "pays him only $17,000. He gives Walt another chance next week, but Walt says he still wants the $70,000 Tuco promised upfront, despite not having the goods. Tuco agrees to $52,500, which adds up to $65,625, but threatens dire consequences if next week's quota is not met. To make up for it, Walt promises to have four pounds of meth at the next meeting. At Skyler's baby shower, Marie presents her with an expensive baby's tiara covered in white gold. This seems to irritate Hank. In the yard, Walt and Hank have a philosophical conversation about the dividing line between",
"title": "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal"
},
{
"id": "7286908",
"text": "price tags, and thus the panel has created a unit of currency, the “Alex” which is equivalent to the retail price of the current version of Adobe Photoshop (approximately $700.00 US). It is sometimes used as a unit of price for the \"Picks of the Week\" segment, while free items are said to be “zero Alexes”. Macbreak Weekly 125 saw the introduction of two new units of price; the \"Scott\" is equal to 11 \"Alexes\", and the \"Great Scott\" is equal to 10 \"Scotts.\" The show is often very casual and relaxed, and the hosts get off topic quite a",
"title": "MacBreak"
},
{
"id": "2643383",
"text": "a month), 91 days (or 13 weeks, about 3 months), 182 days (or 26 weeks, about 6 months), and 364 days (or 52 weeks, about 1 year). Treasury bills are sold by single-price auctions held weekly. Offering amounts for 13-week and 26-week bills are announced each Thursday for auction, usually at 11:30 a.m., on the following Monday and settlement, or issuance, on Thursday. Offering amounts for 4-week bills are announced on Monday for auction the next day, Tuesday, usually at 11:30 a.m., and issuance on Thursday. Offering amounts for 52-week bills are announced every fourth Thursday for auction the next",
"title": "United States Treasury security"
},
{
"id": "13533806",
"text": "by $18 billion, this was a considerably smaller deficit reduction than either the House or the Senate bills. The two bills are similar in a number of ways. In particular, both bills: The biggest difference between the bills, currently, is in how they are financed. In addition to the items listed in the above bullet point, the House relies mainly on a surtax on income above $500,000 ($1 million for families). The Senate, meanwhile, relies largely on an \"excise tax\" for high cost 'Cadillac' insurance plans, as well as an increase in the Medicare payroll tax for high earners. Most",
"title": "Healthcare reform debate in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1674729",
"text": "and the friends end up massively indebted to Harry for £500,000. Harry then sends his debt collector Big Chris, who is often accompanied by his beloved son, Little Chris, to ensure that the debt is honoured within a week. Harry is also interested in a pair of expensive antique shotguns that are up for auction, and gets his enforcer Barry \"the Baptist\" to hire a couple of thieves, Gary and Dean, to steal them from a bankrupt lord. The two turn out to be highly incompetent and unwittingly sell the shotguns to Nick \"the Greek\", a local fence. After learning",
"title": "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels"
},
{
"id": "12483919",
"text": "stabilizing prices sent West Texas Intermediate back over $42 and Brent crude over $44 on November 23. On the first week of December Brent crude fell to $42.43 and U.S. crude slipped below $40 after OPEC first said it would increase production and then decided not to make changes. Other factors were a weak dollar and a strong Euro. On December 11, oil fell to $35.62. The next day, gas was $2.02, the lowest in over six years. On December 21, Brent crude fell as low as $36.35 a barrel; this was the lowest price since July 2004. U.S. crude",
"title": "World oil market chronology from 2003"
},
{
"id": "7602544",
"text": "\"one of [Jesus'] disciples\" and \"Simon’s son, who would betray Him\", said, “Why was this fragrant oil not sold for three hundred denarii () and the money given to poor people (or \"the poor\")?” The New International Version, New King James Version and New Living Translation all equate this amount to a year's wages. In the oil is also valued at three hundred denarii; in it could have been sold for \"a high (but unspecified) price\". Charles Ellicott computes that, since in , two hundred denarii would purchase food for 5,000, three hundred denarii would have fed 7,500 people. A",
"title": "John 12"
},
{
"id": "667521",
"text": "for each of 12 years beginning at \"t = 1\". For simplicity, assume the company will have no outgoing cash flows after the initial 100,000 cost. This also makes the simplifying assumption that the net cash received or paid is lumped into a single transaction occurring \"on the last day\" of each year. At the end of the 12 years the product no longer provides any cash flow and is discontinued without any additional costs. Assume that the effective annual discount rate is 10%. The present value (value at \"t = 0\") can be calculated for each year: The total",
"title": "Net present value"
},
{
"id": "2421362",
"text": "arguably the most significant holiday of the Christian religion, many stores are also closed on Christmas, but with a relatively small exception. For example, convenience stores operating on less than 5,000 square feet of space such as 7-Eleven and CVS Pharmacy can remain open. A reference in A Christmas Story shows a Chinese restaurant being the only establishment open on Christmas. Some private businesses and certain other institutions are closed on Good Friday. The financial market and stock market is closed on Good Friday. Most retail stores remain open although some might close early. Public schools and most universities are",
"title": "Public holidays in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2571912",
"text": "large soda for AUD$1.99. In Canada, the price for a hot dog and soda with refills is C$1.50. In Mexico, the hot dog is made of 100% beef and includes a drink (with refills) for MXN$35. In the UK, the hot dog is also made from beef and customers also get a drink (with refills) for £1.50. Costco sold more than 137 million quarter-pound (113 g) hot dogs in its food courts in 2017. Cheese, pepperoni, veggie, or combo pizza is also available in most locations, and can usually be ordered to go, making Costco arguably the 14th largest pizza",
"title": "Costco"
},
{
"id": "9330810",
"text": "for their purchase. In the end Phillips offered Marland $500 for each of the twelve miniatures. Matzene declared that the purchase was a wonderful bargain and the miniatures were removed from Ponca City along with other statues and artwork to become part of Phillips' collection at Woolaroc where they are on display. The admission fee is $12 for guests from ages 12 through 64, $10 for ages 65 and older, and free for children aged 11 and below. Woolaroc is open year-round from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. CST Wednesday through Sunday and is closed during Monday and Tuesday. During",
"title": "Woolaroc"
},
{
"id": "112637",
"text": "as $150,000 now; it is worth $129,576 now). Subtracting the purchase price of the house ($100,000) from the present value results in the net present value of the whole transaction, which would be $29,576 or a little more than 29% of the purchase price. Another way of looking at the deal as the excess return achieved (over the risk-free rate) is (114.5 - 105)/(100 + 5) or approximately 9.0% (still very respectable). But what about risk? We assume that the $150,000 is John's best estimate of the sale price that he will be able to achieve in 3 years time",
"title": "Discounted cash flow"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "10212191",
"text": "year, and suppose that causes emissions to drop 20% (in the long run) to 4 billion tonnes. How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)? There are two simplistic views that are sometimes taken, and these bracket the correct answer, which is $15 billion per year. First, if permits are auctioned, a cap or tax will each collect $30 × 4 billion = $120 billion/year. So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy. Second, if the permits are given away or the tax is refunded, then it may appear that",
"title": "Carbon price"
},
{
"id": "15597390",
"text": "the Sunday Times Fast Track 100. In 2018, it was number 197 in the Sunday Times HSBC International Track 200. World of Books World of Books is a small business based in West Sussex, England. Their business involves purchasing unsold inventory of used books from UK charity shops and reselling them on various online sites such as Amazon.com. The company purchases books in bulk, paying by tonnage rather than for individual titles. World of Books also own the 'instant cash for stuff' website Ziffit.com that pays people for their books, dvds, cds and games so they can be sold on",
"title": "World of Books"
},
{
"id": "15331337",
"text": "next day, Mr. Bixby goes to the pawn shop to redeem the ticket and claim the item it stands for. Mrs. Bixby is excited and rushes to her husband's office after he has collected it. She is horrified when he proudly holds up a small, mangy stole, and not her coat. He announces it is real mink and that she should consider it her Christmas present. Mrs. Bixby initially believes the pawnbroker has cheated her of her coat and intends to confront him. But as she leaves her husband's office, Mr. Bixby's secretary, Miss Pulteney, walks proudly past her, wearing",
"title": "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat"
},
{
"id": "14933304",
"text": "cold, the Boston Fruit Company have a heating room which is kept at a temperature of about sixty degrees, and in this room may be put 10,000 bunches of bananas. Jamaica bananas are sold from the ship for from $1.40 to $1.50 per bunch for number ones, and for eighty cents per bunch for number twos, and third class bananas bring from forty to fifty cents. The prices are about forty per cent lower than last year, and it is claimed that the fruit is of much better quality, making a virtual decrease of over forty per cent in the",
"title": "Boston Fruit Company"
},
{
"id": "1419058",
"text": "the artist. At another Christie's auction in 2014, \"My Bed\" was sold to White Cube founding director Jay Jopling for 2.5 million pounds, including buyer's commission, once again to benefit the Saatchi Gallery's foundation. It was estimated that the price of \"My Bed\" would sell between 800,000 and 1.2 million pounds. Before the sale, Emin said that \"what I would really love is that someone did buy it and they donated it to the Tate.\" An earlier auction record, set at Christie's, London, in December 2010, was £130,000 (hammer price), paid for the appliqué blanket \"It's The Way We Think\"",
"title": "Tracey Emin"
},
{
"id": "10406544",
"text": "on country) and costs $299, £249 and €299. In Australia the console will cost A$499, which is A$200 less than the standard PS3. In September 2009, a $299 120 GB Slim Model was released. A $349 250 GB Model was later released later in 2009. In August 2010, the 160 GB Slim Model was released for $299. The same price for a 120 GB PS3 slim Model. In Japan, the 160GB slim model is also available in white. On September 17, 2010, Sony released the 320 GB Slim Model, but it only sold with the PlayStation Move for US$399.99. In",
"title": "Seventh generation of video game consoles"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Economics of Christmas context: Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,\n\nAccording to PNC Wealth Management, what is the cost, rounded to the nearest $1000, of purchasing the items in the 12 days of Christmas this year?",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 210,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Christmas Price Index context: Christmas Price Index The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The Christmas Price Index was conceived by the bank's chief economist as a humorous commodity price index to measure the changing cost of goods over time. Commodity price indices, as compiled by economics, use a \"market basket\" of certain goods and then measure the cost of the goods from year to year to gauge inflation in different sectors of the economy. The Christmas Price Index\n\ntitle Econom of context:Dec market\" was a kind forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of\". PNC comp both a \"Christmas Price Index\" andThe True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,\ntitle: Christmas Price: apest in the index is the 20 could be purchased for $2.s have generallyen along with the Consumer the of the items online; so expensive, part due shipping In 208, PNC estimated total cost $19522.3% 0,asing all3 online would cost $131,150, an increase 1%. if were to item from the leastexpensive vendor index would be,49\ntitle: with actual. The “l”ued using the of maleers real Christmass chief economist as a humorous commodity price index to measure the changing cost of goods over time. Commodity price indices, as compiled by economics, use a \"market basket\" of certain goods and then\n\nAccording to PNC Wealth Management, what is the cost, rounded to the nearest $1000, of purchasing the items in the 12 days of Christmas this year?",
"compressed_tokens": 475,
"origin_tokens": 14665,
"ratio": "30.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,745 | Which Gilligans Island character had the unique ability to construct just about anything necessary to survive from coconuts and bamboo (including a way to recharge batteries), but couldn't be arsed to fix a 2 foot hole in a boat? | [
"Professor (disambiguation)",
"The Professor"
] | The Professor | [
{
"id": "8714874",
"text": "Russell Johnson has confirmed that it was the producers' intention for his character due to concern from the censors. Unusual for its day, the show actually includes a line where the Professor directly states to Ginger his lack of interest in either sex or romance. A running joke about the Professor was his ability to build nearly anything from coconuts and bamboo, yet he was somehow unable to repair the damaged \"Minnow\", construct a seaworthy raft or find other means to leave the island. This was parodied in the sitcom \"Roseanne\". The show's producer, Sherwood Schwartz, answered this paradox in",
"title": "The Professor (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "8714877",
"text": "Professor stated after they crashed, \"This hole on the boat defies all of my advanced knowledge. To fix it would be impossible ... now if you'll excuse me, I’m going to go create explosive fillings out of sand.\" In the parody movie \"Back to the Beach\", a character played by Bob Denver and obviously based on Gilligan mentions knowing \"a guy who could build a nuclear reactor out of coconuts but couldn't fix a two-foot hole in a boat.\" Also, in \"Weird Al\" Yankovic’s song \"Isle Thing\" (a parody of Tone Lōc’s \"Wild Thing\"), he sings: \"She said ‘That guy’s",
"title": "The Professor (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "890170",
"text": "citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks. While most are explained by the Professor's (or occasionally Gilligan's) ingenuity, sometimes they are also explained by things being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships. Naturally, despite their obvious skill and inventiveness, the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo (or repair the holes in the \"Minnow\", though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode, \"Goodbye Island\"). In the television movie \"Rescue from Gilligan's Island\", the castaways tie all their",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "3681017",
"text": "Outer Limits\" in 1964, playing a crewmember on a United States space station in the episode \"\". Johnson was best known for playing Professor Roy Hinkley (usually called the \"Professor\"), the very knowledgeable polymath who could build all sorts of inventions out of the most rudimentary materials available on the island. But, as Johnson himself pointed out, he could not fix the hole in the boat. In the first episode of the show, the radio announcer describes the Professor as a research scientist and well-known scoutmaster. \"Gilligan's Island\" aired from 1964-67, but has been shown in reruns continuously ever since.",
"title": "Russell Johnson"
},
{
"id": "8714870",
"text": "voyage that stranded the castaways was to write a book to be titled \"Fun With Ferns\". His main function on the show was to devise many ways for the castaways to live more comfortably on the island. Many of his inventions (including a method for recharging the batteries in the ubiquitous radio) used coconuts and bamboo, both of which were in plentiful supply. Aside from his proficiency in science, he was also adept and well-versed in law, literature, social sciences, and the arts. Besides a list of degrees from various schools (including USC, UCLA, SMU, and TCU) he provides in",
"title": "The Professor (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "890168",
"text": "some bumbling error committed by Gilligan (with the notable exception of \"The Big Gold Strike\", where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape) and the Professor in one episode where he admitting to reading a tablet wrong. Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan. Most episodes have one of five primary themes. The first deals with life on the island. A running gag is the castaways' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material. Some are simple everyday things, while others are",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "8714875",
"text": "an interview, when he said that the Professor's behavior was logical and quite typical; people often ignore the obvious solution because of their own biases and preferences. \"That’s true of mankind\", said Schwartz in an interview with WABC radio's Mark Simone. \"They can do except what they cannot do.\" However, the professor did try many times to repair the \"Minnow\" using available island-resources, but they ultimately proved inadequate. Likewise, in an interview with Larry King, Bob Denver explained that the Professor simply \"had no talent for boat-building\". This is the more logical answer, since the island was stated to be",
"title": "The Professor (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "890156",
"text": "Gilligan's Island Gilligan's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz. The show had an ensemble cast that featured Bob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer, Russell Johnson, Tina Louise, and Dawn Wells. It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26, 1964, to April 17, 1967. The series followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive the island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts, for whose failure Gilligan was frequently responsible, to escape their plight.",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "8714876",
"text": "1000 miles from civilization, and an inexpert repair would be risky on such a long journey. Furthermore, in an early episode, \"Goodbye Island\", he attempts to do so with a native tree syrup, which proves a disastrous failure that results in the \"Minnow\" being completely destroyed. (Also, earlier in the series, Gilligan and Skipper built a raft to sail for help; however, the island was revealed to be near a shark-filled area that made such a journey too dangerous for anything other than an actual boat or rubber raft.) In the sitcom \"Roseanne\", when one of the characters playing the",
"title": "The Professor (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "8632079",
"text": "spies make one last attempt to get the disc, but are thwarted at the last minute by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Finally, the cruise gets under way. Just as 15 years before, however, the \"Minnow II\" is caught in a storm, because while cleaning the compass, Gilligan had rendered it useless by removing the magnet that makes the compass work, causing the Skipper to sail for hours in the wrong direction. When the storm finally subsides, the group is seen pulling themselves from the water onto a beach. After getting some not-so-happy looks from the rest of the gang,",
"title": "Rescue from Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "8520296",
"text": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island) Gilligan is a fictional character played by Bob Denver on the 1960s TV show \"Gilligan's Island\" and its many sequels. Gilligan, affectionately called \"Little Buddy\" by the \"Skipper\", is the bumbling, dimwitted, accident-prone first mate of the . None of the show's episodes ever specified Gilligan's full name or clearly indicate whether \"Gilligan\" is the character's first name or his last. Gilligan wears a trademark red shirt, pale trousers, white sneakers and white navy cap. During a storm, he throws an anchor overboard without a rope attached, which leaves the \"Minnow\" shipwrecked on an \"uncharted desert isle\"",
"title": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "3498555",
"text": "Professor Calculus Professor Cuthbert Calculus ( , meaning \"Professor Tryphon Sunflower\"), is a fictional character in \"The Adventures of Tintin\", the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. He is Tintin's friend, an absent-minded professor and half-deaf physicist, who invents many sophisticated devices used in the series, such as a one-person shark-shaped submarine, the Moon rocket, and an ultrasound weapon. Calculus's deafness is a frequent source of humour, as he repeats back what he thinks he has heard, usually in the most unlikely words possible. He does not admit to being near-deaf and insists he is only a little hard of",
"title": "Professor Calculus"
},
{
"id": "890176",
"text": "sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006, after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska. One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii. The fourth \"Minnow\" was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season. The \"Minnow\" was named in reference to Newton Minow, chairman of the U.S. FCC, in response to Minow's landmark 1961 speech \"Television and the Public Interest;\" the speech lambasted television producers for producing, among other things, \"formula comedies about totally unbelievable\" characters (not unlike \"Gilligan's Island\") and creating a",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "15533001",
"text": "Mammoth, and the detailed and colourful explanations of the machines. Each episode focuses on a different area of science. The programme's plot was debated, before finally deciding on an island (later to be renamed Mammoth Island) on which the inhabitants build outlandish contraptions to make their lives easier. The programme consisted of six main characters, all of whom appeared in every episode of the programme. The Inventor: A middle-aged man on temporary vacation to Mammoth Island. Throughout the series, he was never named. He is responsible for the construction of the machines on Mammoth Island, and is always presenting labour-saving",
"title": "The Way Things Work (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3317995",
"text": "film \"Stop Exchange\". He made an appearance in \"Grasshopper Island\" (ITV 1971), a children's programme, alongside Patricia Hayes, Julian Orchard, Tim Brooke-Taylor and Frank Muir. Filmed in Wales and Corsica, this adventure series featured three small brothers nicknamed Toughy, Smarty and Mouse who run away to find an uninhabited island. Hawtrey's last film was \"Carry On Abroad\" (1972), after which he was dropped from the series. Hoping to gain higher billing, Hawtrey withdrew from a television programme, \"Carry On Christmas\", in which he was scheduled to appear, giving just a few days' notice. Peter Rogers, the producer of the \"Carry",
"title": "Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)"
},
{
"id": "15759143",
"text": "referenced characters include the Scarecrow, who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic, and the Tin Woodman, whose creator is the Master Tinker that can build \"anything\", and the lion that attacks Finley, a reference to the Cowardly Lion. Similarly, various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins; the Quadlings, the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country, and the Winkies (who went unnamed in the 1939 film). Similarly, Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel (the Good Witch of the South), unlike the 1939 film, where her character's title is \"Good Witch",
"title": "Oz the Great and Powerful"
},
{
"id": "7746498",
"text": "to the franchise, voicing both her own character (Mary Ann Summers) and Ginger. \"Gilligan's Planet\" is based on the premise that the Professor had managed to build an operational interplanetary spaceship to get the castaways of the original series off the island. (At least, the series thus disregards two of the three television movies made after the series ended, which had integrated the cast back into society.) True to the castaways' perpetual bad luck, they rocketed off into space and crash-landed on an unknown planet that supported human life. In many ways, the planet was like the island, but with",
"title": "Gilligan's Planet"
},
{
"id": "1870619",
"text": "the indigenous population to save their island from environmental destruction and gain independence was made in 1999. \"An Evergreen Island\" (2000), a film by Australian documentary filmmakers Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films, showed the ingenuity with which the Bougainvillean people survived for almost a decade (1989-1997) without trade or contact with the outside world, because of a trade dispute. \"Mr. Pip\" (2012), a film by New Zealand director Andrew Adamson based on the book \"Mister Pip\" by Lloyd Jones, is largely set in a village on Bougainville Island during the 1990s civil war. Bougainville Island Bougainville Island",
"title": "Bougainville Island"
},
{
"id": "3865333",
"text": "butler is compared to Nestor of \"The Adventures of Tintin\"; a character describes Monday's Noon as exactly how she imagined Jane Austen's Mr Darcy; the Piper is a re-creation of the legendary Pied Piper of Hamelin, who with his music led a population of rats from a city, later to do the same to the town's children, whose parents had refused to pay him the promised fee. The Mariner is likely a reference to the title character of the ballad \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Both the mariner of the book and the one of",
"title": "The Keys to the Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "16461710",
"text": "Surviving Gilligan's Island Surviving Gilligan's Island: The Incredibly True Story of the Longest Three-Hour Tour in History is a 2001 American made-for-television docudrama film based on the 1964–1967 television sitcom \"Gilligan's Island\". Originally airing on CBS on October 14, 2001, the film stars three of the four cast members from the 1960s series who were still alive at the time: Bob Denver, Dawn Wells, and Russell Johnson. These performers tell their stories, while other actors re-enact old scenes from the series and dramatize behind-the-scenes moments. The plot of this docudrama depicts the attempts of \"Gilligan's Island\" producer Sherwood Schwartz to",
"title": "Surviving Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "6109684",
"text": "and force people marooned or stranded as castaways to become self-sufficient and essentially create a new society. This society can either be utopian, based on an ingenious re-creation of society's comforts (as in \"Swiss Family Robinson\" and, in a humorous form, \"Gilligan's Island\") or a regression into savagery (the major theme of both \"Lord of the Flies\" and \"The Beach\"). In reality, small coral atolls or islands usually have no source of fresh water (thus precluding any long-term human survival), but at times a fresh water lens (Ghyben–Herzberg lens) can be reached with a well. During the apocalyptic war depicted",
"title": "Desert island"
},
{
"id": "9013927",
"text": "by sculptor George Frampton which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a May Day surprise to the children of London. Seven statues have been cast from the original mould. The other six are located in: Other statues are: Peter Pan Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native",
"title": "Peter Pan"
},
{
"id": "7904975",
"text": "The Skipper The Skipper is the title and nickname of Jonas Grumby, a fictional character from the 1960s situation comedy \"Gilligan's Island\". Played by Alan Hale Jr., the Skipper (the character's actual name was rarely mentioned after the show's pilot episode) was the owner and captain of the S. S. \"Minnow\" on its \"three-hour tour\" in Hawaii when he, first mate Gilligan (portrayed by Bob Denver), and their tourist passengers were caught in a violent storm and stranded on a deserted island. He acts often in his legal role as the group's leader, albeit with a decidedly collegial and democratic",
"title": "The Skipper"
},
{
"id": "17540042",
"text": "ensemble cast of seven main actors and actresses. Denver played the role of the titular First Mate Gilligan, a bumbling, naive, and accident-prone crewman who often messes up the castaways chances of rescue. Alan Hale, Jr. portrayed The Skipper, captain of the S.S. \"Minnow\" and the older friend of Gilligan. Jim Backus appeared as Thurston Howell III, a millionaire, and Natalie Schafer played his wife, Eunice Lovelle Wentworth Howell. Tina Louise played the role Ginger Grant, a famous movie star. Russell Johnson portrayed Professor Roy Hinkley, Ph.D., a high school science teacher who often uses his scientific background to try",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 3)"
},
{
"id": "6012780",
"text": "S. S. Minnow The S. S. \"Minnow\" is a fictional charter boat on the hit 1960s television sitcom \"Gilligan's Island\". The ship ran aground on the shore of \"an uncharted desert isle\" (in the south Pacific Ocean), setting the stage for this popular situation comedy. The crew of two were the skipper Jonas Grumby and his first mate Gilligan, and the five passengers were millionaire Thurston Howell III, his wife Lovey Howell, movie star Ginger Grant, professor Roy Hinkley, and farm girl Mary Ann Summers. The shipwreck was first seen in the season 1 episode \"Two on a Raft\", which",
"title": "S. S. Minnow"
},
{
"id": "8520299",
"text": "specified. He sometimes mentioned his childhood friends Skinny Mulligan, Fatso Flanagan, and Billy Maguire, possibly implying that he came from a predominantly Irish-American neighborhood and that his last name was Gilligan. Among his possessions are comic books, a boy scout book, a diary, a \"Manny Moose\" watch, and his high school ring. The character of Gilligan is noted for physical comedy, often with his friend the Skipper in the role of a straight man. Continuing gags of the show include Gilligan's seduction by Ginger, eating Mary Ann's coconut cream pies, joking about the Skipper's weight, and inadvertently undermining any attempts",
"title": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "3517932",
"text": "Rabbit. Other notable characters he voiced include Practical Pig, the pig that built the \"house of bricks\" in the Disney short \"Three Little Pigs\", and both Sleepy (originally to be voiced by Sterling Holloway) and Grumpy in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", and the barks for Pluto the dog. He also provided Ichabod Crane's screams in \"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad\" in 1949. Colvig died of lung cancer on October 3, 1967, in Woodland Hills, California, at age 75. He was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City. Pinto Colvig Vance DeBar Colvig (September 11, 1892",
"title": "Pinto Colvig"
},
{
"id": "17539688",
"text": "the show's lagoon was not dismantled, and it remained in place until 1995, when it was converted into a parking lot. The series employed an ensemble cast of seven main actors and actresses. Denver played the role of the titular First Mate Gilligan, a bumbling, naive, and accident-prone crewman who often messes up the castaways chances of rescue. Alan Hale, Jr. portrayed The Skipper, captain of the S.S. \"Minnow\" and the older friend of Gilligan. Jim Backus appeared as Thurston Howell III, a millionaire, and Natalie Schafer played his wife, Eunice Lovelle Wentworth Howell. Tina Louise played the role Ginger",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "9237512",
"text": "relax and forget about work, as well as an unaccompanied minor (Ronnie Scribner). Gilligan is concerned why the boy is by himself, only to find that the child has run away from his parents to get away from their constant pressure on him to excel in athletics and in school. The Castaways on Gilligan's Island The Castaways on Gilligan's Island is a 1979 made-for-television comedy film that continues the adventures of the shipwrecked castaways from the 1964–67 sitcom \"Gilligan's Island\" and the first reunion movie, \"Rescue from Gilligan's Island\", featuring the original cast from the television series with the exception",
"title": "The Castaways on Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "17540038",
"text": "Gilligan's Island (season 3) The third and final season of the American comedy television series \"Gilligan's Island\" commenced airing in the United States on September 12, 1966 and concluded on April 17, 1967 on CBS. The third season continues the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive and escape from an island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their failed attempts—invariably Gilligan's fault—to escape their plight. The season originally aired on Mondays at 7:30-8:00 pm (EST). Originally, it was planned for the series to be renewed at the",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 3)"
},
{
"id": "10555128",
"text": "of crime and loitering, and the only forms of law enforcement being the Dock Hag and a relatively small police force. The series revolves around best friends Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles. Flapjack is a young boy who was raised by a talking whale named Bubbie. Flapjack leads a peaceful life until the duo rescues a pirate by the name of Captain K'nuckles, who tells Flapjack of a place called Candied Island, which is made completely of candy. Inspired by the adventurous pirate, Flapjack, Captain K'nuckles and Bubbie get into strange predicaments and \"misadventures\" in search of candy, Candied Island and",
"title": "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack"
},
{
"id": "11220847",
"text": "Mister Geppetto Mister Geppetto ( ; ), also \"Mastro Geppetto\", is a fictional character in the novel \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" by Carlo Collodi. Geppetto is an elderly, impoverished woodcarver and the creator (and thus 'father') of Pinocchio. He wears a yellow wig resembling cornmeal mush (called \"polendina\"), and consequently his neighbors call him \"Polendina\" to annoy him. The name \"Geppetto\" is a diminutive form of \"Giuseppe\" (\"Joseph\"). Geppetto is introduced when carpenter Mister Antonio finds a talking block of pinewood that he was about to carve into a leg for his table. When Geppetto drops by looking for a",
"title": "Mister Geppetto"
},
{
"id": "17540054",
"text": "Phenomenon\". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Gilligan's Island (season 3) The third and final season of the American comedy television series \"Gilligan's Island\" commenced airing in the United States on September 12, 1966 and concluded on April 17, 1967 on CBS. The third season continues the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive and escape from an island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their failed attempts—invariably Gilligan's fault—to escape their plight. The season originally aired on Mondays at 7:30-8:00 pm (EST). Originally, it was planned for the series to be renewed",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 3)"
},
{
"id": "3907709",
"text": "creators of the 1979 film \"\", which was also about a colony that breeds clones to harvest organs for the elite, filed a copyright infringement suit in 2005. DreamWorks attempted to have the suit dismissed but a federal judge determined that there was indeed a copyright infringement case to be heard and scheduled the case to go to trial in February 2007. However, DreamWorks then settled the case out of court in late 2006 for an undisclosed seven-figure sum. Michael Marshall Smith's 1996 novel \"Spares\", in which the hero liberates intelligent clones from a \"spare farm\", was optioned by DreamWorks",
"title": "The Island (2005 film)"
},
{
"id": "8520303",
"text": "seduction or fake crying. Examples include whom to give the last orange on the island, or whom to give hot water from a hole in the ground (which the Professor later discovered to be an active volcano). On one occasion, Gilligan found seeds which gave people the ability to read minds, but when the seeds proved to have disastrous results, he gathered up the bush and all the seeds on the island and burned them. Despite frequently ruining plans to get off the island, his fellow castaways (the Skipper included) ultimately harbor affection for him. When Gilligan was bitten by",
"title": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "6877625",
"text": "the first to learn that Denham is taking the crew to an undiscovered island. When they reach the island, Ann is kidnapped by the native inhabitants as a sacrifice for Kong, and Driscoll sets out in search for her along with the rest of the crew. He shows both great amounts of courage and a single-minded determination to find and rescue Ann. Of the original party, he is the only member who survived the journey through the island (including attacks by dinosaurs, a giant fish, and giant insects) and did not return to the settlement without rescuing Ann, managing to",
"title": "Jack Driscoll"
},
{
"id": "6928792",
"text": "past the Cape of Good Hope before retiring; Nigel Tetley sank with to go while leading; Donald Crowhurst, who, in desperation, attempted to fake a round-the-world voyage to avoid financial ruin, began to show signs of mental illness, and then committed suicide; and Bernard Moitessier, who rejected the philosophy behind a commercialised competition, abandoned the race while in a strong position to win and kept sailing non-stop until he reached Tahiti after circling the globe one and a half times. Robin Knox-Johnston was the only entrant to complete the race, becoming the first person to sail single-handed and non-stop around",
"title": "Sunday Times Golden Globe Race"
},
{
"id": "2725336",
"text": "brainwave and has been the crew's saviour (admittedly sometimes more by luck than by design). \"Just you wait till we get back to Wigan – we won't half have a 'tail' to tell!\" It might be argued that without Tom, Pugwash would have been sunk long ago. He is the most intelligent and resourceful member of the crew, the only one who can cook and the only one who can actually sail a ship. Although Pugwash would never admit it, Tom's ability to think up schemes is probably the only thing that prevents him from being a total failure as",
"title": "Captain Pugwash"
},
{
"id": "412147",
"text": "Terry Gilliam Terrence Vance Gilliam (; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and former member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including \"Time Bandits\" (1981), \"Brazil\" (1985), \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" (1988), \"The Fisher King\" (1991), \"12 Monkeys\" (1995), \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\" (1998), \"The Brothers Grimm\" (2005), \"Tideland\" (2005), and \"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus\" (2009). The only \"Python\" not born in Britain, he became a naturalised British subject in 1968 and formally renounced his American citizenship in 2006. Gilliam was born",
"title": "Terry Gilliam"
},
{
"id": "890188",
"text": "Wells could not participate because she was in an on-the-road play. An additional character was Gilligan's pet, Snubby the Monkey. \"Gilligan's Planet\" was an animated science-fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the \"Gilligan's Island\" cast, save for Tina Louise (Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger). In a follow-up to \"The New Adventures of Gilligan\", the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship, and get shipwrecked on a distant planet. Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18, 1982, and September 3, 1983. In the episode \"Let Sleeping Minnows Lie\", they travel",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "6109683",
"text": "Island\", \"Lord of the Flies\", \"The Cay\" and \"The Beach\". Juana Maria, a Native American woman, was stranded for 18 years on San Nicolas Island off California in the 19th century. The theme of being stranded on a desert island has inspired films, such as \"Cast Away\", and TV series, like \"Lost\" and the comedy \"Gilligan's Island\". It is also the driving force behind reality shows like \"Survivor\" and the Discovery Kids show \"Flight 29 Down\". In the popular conception, such islands are often located in the Pacific, tropical, uninhabited and usually uncharted. They are remote locales that offer escape",
"title": "Desert island"
},
{
"id": "9237507",
"text": "subsequent \"The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island\" were produced by Universal Television. The movie picks up directly after the end of \"Rescue from Gilligan's Island\". The castaways are once again stranded on the same island that they had been on for so many years. The storm has contaminated all of the underground springs, and they are desperately searching for fresh water. Gilligan stumbles upon a pair of airplanes that are hidden in the jungle that they failed to notice throughout their 15 years on the island. It is revealed that the island was a base of operations for the Army",
"title": "The Castaways on Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "1268267",
"text": "Castaways of Black Lake Island\". Barrie had two copies made, one of which he gave to Arthur, who misplaced it on a train. The only surviving copy is held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. The character of Peter Pan was invented to entertain George and Jack. Barrie would say, to amuse them, that their little brother Peter could fly. He claimed that babies were birds before they were born; parents put bars on nursery windows to keep the little ones from flying away. This grew into a tale of a baby boy who did",
"title": "J. M. Barrie"
},
{
"id": "17538668",
"text": "Gilligan's Island (season 1) The first season of the American comedy television series \"Gilligan's Island\" commenced airing in the United States on September 26, 1964 and concluded on June 12, 1965 on CBS. The season introduces the audience to the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive and escape from an island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their failed attempts—invariably Gilligan's fault—to escape their plight. The season originally aired on Saturdays at 8:30-9:00 pm (EST). Executive producers for the first season of \"Gilligan's Island\" included William Froug",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "9013900",
"text": "Peter Pan Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland. Peter Pan has become a cultural icon symbolizing youthful innocence and escapism. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both",
"title": "Peter Pan"
},
{
"id": "17538670",
"text": "was converted into a parking lot. The series employed an ensemble cast of seven main actors and actresses. Denver played the role of the titular First Mate Gilligan, a bumbling, naive, and accident-prone crewman who often messes up the castaways chances of rescue. Alan Hale, Jr. portrayed The Skipper, captain of the S.S. \"Minnow\" and the older friend of Gilligan. Jim Backus appeared as Thurston Howell III, a millionaire, and Natalie Schafer played his wife, Eunice Lovelle Wentworth Howell. Tina Louise played the role Ginger Grant, a famous movie star. Russell Johnson portrayed Professor Roy Hinkley, Ph.D., a high school",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "6012785",
"text": "and the castaways ended up marooned back on the very same island they had escaped months before. The \"Minnow III\" is the plane built by the Professor in the made-for-TV movie \"The Castaways on Gilligan's Island,\" the sequel to \"Rescue From Gilligan's Island\". It does not have the prefix \"S. S.\", as it is not a steamboat. The S. S. \"Minnow\" used in the opening of the second and third season color episodes, previously named the \"Bluejacket\", now resides at Schooner Cove Marina on the east side of Vancouver Island, in Nanoose Bay, British Columbia. Having put the boat through",
"title": "S. S. Minnow"
},
{
"id": "19899180",
"text": "do simple things, and must instead invent hugely complex and powerful machines to do them for him. The story follows Albert from elementary school (where he conceals his inability to do arithmetic by inventing the calculator) to adulthood, where his inventions have brought him fame and fortune, ushered in a worldwide golden age, and earned him the Eurema Prize. Even at the peak of his success, however, Albert is still plagued by impostor syndrome, and by his inability to function without his inventions. \"Dam\" won the 1973 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, tied with Frederik Pohl's \"The Meeting\". It",
"title": "Eurema's Dam"
},
{
"id": "12920170",
"text": "Pufnstuf (film) Pufnstuf (sometimes referred to as Pufnstuf Zaps the World) is a 1970 American musical fantasy-adventure film based on the children's television series \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". Jimmy (Jack Wild) gets kicked out of the school band for tripping and breaking a drum kit. He then ventures on a journey with his newly magical talking flute Freddy. Orchestrated by Witchiepoo, (Billie Hayes), he ends up on an evil boat which takes him to Living Island, an island where everything is alive. Once there, he befriends many of the island's inhabitants led by Mayor H.R. Pufnstuf (voiced by Al Melvin), but the",
"title": "Pufnstuf (film)"
},
{
"id": "890161",
"text": "years later (on TBS 16 October 1992). The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher. In the pilot, the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel. Ginger the movie star was still red haired Ginger, but worked as a secretary, played by Kit Smythe. Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny, Ginger's co-worker, played as a cheerful \"dumb blonde\" by Nancy McCarthy. The pilot's opening and ending songs were two similar Calypso-styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "8632069",
"text": "Rescue from Gilligan's Island Rescue from Gilligan's Island is a 1978 made-for-television comedy film that continues the adventures of the shipwrecked castaways from the 1964–67 sitcom \"Gilligan's Island\", starring Bob Denver and Alan Hale, Jr., and featuring all the original cast except Tina Louise. The film first aired on NBC as a two-part special on October 14 and October 21, 1978. The film has the characters finally being rescued after 15 years on the island. The film was directed by Leslie H. Martinson. The story picks up 15 years after the original shipwreck. Gilligan has a nightmare about the island",
"title": "Rescue from Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "10555130",
"text": "to live off sea urchins and \"even speared a manta ray,\" but things soon went sour. Eventually he became badly sunburned and began to starve. He returned to the mainland, but later tried again: he \"went to Mexico and lived in the jungles and found [himself] eating out of dumpsters.\" Orman took his failures in stride, chalking all these bad circumstances up as \"part of the adventure\". The original extended theme song for the show was used only once, for a musical special titled 'All Hands On Deck'. Modest Mouse singer Isaac Brock, a fan of the series, provided vocals",
"title": "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack"
},
{
"id": "6012786",
"text": "a major restoration, the new owner plans to use it for charters and sight seeing tours. It is equipped with an old life preserver with \"S. S. \"Minnow\"\" on it, as well as other show items. S. S. Minnow The S. S. \"Minnow\" is a fictional charter boat on the hit 1960s television sitcom \"Gilligan's Island\". The ship ran aground on the shore of \"an uncharted desert isle\" (in the south Pacific Ocean), setting the stage for this popular situation comedy. The crew of two were the skipper Jonas Grumby and his first mate Gilligan, and the five passengers were",
"title": "S. S. Minnow"
},
{
"id": "2088676",
"text": "at the same time anachronistically evoking the \"piracy\" in its subject. The theme song for the television show SpongeBob SquarePants has a shanty-like call and response structure and begins with a melodic phrase that matches the traditional \"Blow the Man Down,\" presumably because the character \"lives in a pineapple under the sea.\" The theme to Gilligan's Island was also inspired by shanty structure and style. An example of a more tenuous link between a new composition labeled as \"shanty\" and the salient characteristics of the genre, The Pogues recorded a song called \"Sea Shanty.\" The only characteristic it appears to",
"title": "Sea shanty"
},
{
"id": "8520306",
"text": "who actually obeyed the Professor's warning, causing him to laugh and say, \"That's a switch. Usually I'm the one left holding the bag.\" Ultimately, Gilligan's ineptitude ended up rescuing the castaways. In the 1978 film \"Rescue from Gilligan's Island\" the group flees certain death when a tsunami hits the island by merging their huts into a makeshift boat. They are now off the island, but still adrift on the high seas. Gilligan lights a fire, which is immediately extinguished and he is scolded by the other castaways for such a harebrained activity. A US Coast Guard helicopter notices the smoke",
"title": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "5992780",
"text": "Gwildor Gwildor is a fictional character from the Masters of the Universe franchise. He was introduced into the franchise after appearing in the 1987 \"Masters of the Universe\" film. Gwildor is a member of the Thenurians, a dwarf-like race of people. He is known throughout Eternia as a famous locksmith and inventor, and is notable mainly for his greatest creation: The Cosmic Key, a mechanical device with the ability to transport its holder to any place throughout space and time. Gwildor was created as a stand-in for Orko, whose features (floating and legless) were considered impractical for depiction in a",
"title": "Gwildor"
},
{
"id": "4882040",
"text": "the streets above and would result in the end of the epidemics of cholera and typhoid that had ravaged the population—although, ironically not for the reasons that he initially thought. (This episode was directed and produced by Bazalgette's great-great-grandson, Edward Bazalgette) This episode presents the French and American efforts to build a canal through Panama to link the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The first attempt to construct the canal by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, was abandoned because of tropical diseases (which killed over 22,000 men) and the difficulty of constructing a sea-level canal",
"title": "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World"
},
{
"id": "288325",
"text": "Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality. Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are \"Mickey's Orphans\" (1931), \"Building a Building\" (1933), \"Brave Little Tailor\" (1938), \"The Pointer\" (1939), \"Lend a Paw\" (1941), \"Squatter's Rights\" (1946), \"Mickey and the Seal\" (1948), \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\" (1983), \"Runaway Brain\" (1995), and \"Get a Horse!\" (2013). Among these, \"Lend a Paw\" was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an",
"title": "Mickey Mouse"
},
{
"id": "2690799",
"text": "Cubbie Roo has departed far from his historical origins and has become a giant in the fashion that Finn MacCool (legendary builder of the Giant's Causeway) has in parts of Scotland and Ireland. He is said to have lived on the island of Wyre and used Orkney's islands as stepping stones. Many large stones on Orkney islands, including Shapinsay, are said to have been thrown or left there by the giant. Cubbie Roo's Burn is a waterway on Shapinsay that flows through a channel called \"Trolldgeo\". Cubbie Roo's Lade is a pile of stones on the shore near Rothiesholm Head,",
"title": "Shapinsay"
},
{
"id": "12369282",
"text": "of origin applies if it is shorter than their local term.) Peter and Wendy Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up or Peter and Wendy is J. M. Barrie's most famous work, in the form of a 1904 play and a 1911 novel. Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan, a mischievous yet innocent little boy who can fly, and has many adventures on the island of Neverland that is inhabited by mermaids, fairies, Native Americans and pirates. The Peter Pan stories also involve the characters Wendy Darling and her two brothers, Peter's fairy Tinker Bell, the",
"title": "Peter and Wendy"
},
{
"id": "5617225",
"text": "featured in the book and the lyrics to the song \"Desdemona's Building A Rocket Ship\". In both, a talented baker and former backup singer named Desdemona has a tryst with one of the workers \"under the giant telescope\", and begins receiving telepathic messages from the Pleiades, telling her to build a spaceship and \"come home\". Desdemona, a major character in the novel but not its protagonist, is a psychic based on a small island off the coast of Hispaniola. She finds her mission to be the building of a rocket ship to travel to the Pleiades. Lacking both science knowledge",
"title": "Where Is Joe Merchant?"
},
{
"id": "19178839",
"text": "Camp Death III in 2D! Camp Death III in 2D! is a Canadian horror comedy spoof movie of the \"Friday the 13th\" film series and is scheduled for a May 13, 2016, release. The film was partially financed by a successful crowdfunding campaign in August 2014. Director Matt Frame helped to promote the crowdfunding campaign by partaking in a world record 24-hour, 109 km non-stop walk in which he chained a coconut to his waist. The subsequent media coverage resulted in the film raising 100% of its goal. The film was shot over a 14-month period on Gabriola Island and",
"title": "Camp Death III in 2D!"
},
{
"id": "3402163",
"text": "The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo is an animated television series, produced by United Productions of America, which aired for one season (1964 –1965) on the NBC network (usually on Sundays from 6:30-7:00PM Eastern). The television series was based on the original cartoon of the same name, with Jim Backus reprising the voice over of the role he did on TV: while doing this show, he continued with the prime time show \"Gilligan's Island\". Unlike the theatrical cartoons, which focused on the extremely nearsighted Quincy Magoo's bumbling, the show featured the Magoo character as",
"title": "The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo"
},
{
"id": "15801815",
"text": "dictateur et le champignon\", the Marsupilami escaped from his cell on a boat along with a gorilla). Another change is that the animated Marsupilami can speak, whereas his comic counterpart can only mimic sound like a parrot. This segment deals with the adventures of Marsupilami (voiced by Steve Mackall) and his friends Maurice the Gorilla (voiced by Jim Cummings) and Stewart the Elephant (voiced by Dan Castellaneta). Some episodes of Marsupilami would have him either evading Eduardo the Leopard (voiced by Steve Landesberg) or outwitting a human named Norman (voiced by Jim Cummings). Sebastian the Crab (voiced by Samuel E.",
"title": "Marsupilami (1993 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "12762422",
"text": "programme. \"Rockford's Rock Opera\" introduces the Island of Infinity, home to the last single representative of every extinct animal and plant species. Key characters include the fictional Cocklebur Ick (named after the cocklebur seed - inspiration for the invention of Velcro), the Registrar, Dectopus, Feeble Beetle and The Herculous. Also featured are non fictional species such as the passenger pigeon, great auk, moa and thylacine. \"Rockford's Rock Opera\" is described as an \"Adventure in Sound,\" citing influences such as \"Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy\", \"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds\", Roger Glover's \"Butterfly Ball\" and Harry",
"title": "Rockford's Rock Opera"
},
{
"id": "17411321",
"text": "Six Million Dollar Man\" and \"It Takes a Thief\" during the late 1960s and 1970s. Schwartz is perhaps best known for his work as a principal writer for \"Gilligan's Island\", which aired from 1964 to 1967. In 1964, Schwartz's brother, Sherwood Schwartz, hired his brother to write and edit the scripts for his upcoming series about a group of seven castaways stranded on an island after a \"three-hour tour.\" Elroy Schwartz noted in a later interview that many of the show's writers didn't think the sitcom would work due to its unrealistic premise, saying \"They couldn’t believe you could get",
"title": "Elroy Schwartz"
},
{
"id": "4225542",
"text": "a Miniseries or Movie. Pepper was born the youngest of three boys in Campbell River, British Columbia, the son of a lumberjack. When he was five years old, his family set sail in a homemade ship, navigating through the South Pacific islands for five years. His education was completed in both public schools and correspondence courses. Due to the lack of television as entertainment, the family created and performed sketches for each other. When the family had finished their travels, they returned to Canada and set up a shop on Denman Island. Pepper is perhaps best known for his role",
"title": "Barry Pepper"
},
{
"id": "890187",
"text": "the mainland. David Ruprecht played the role of his son, Thurston Howell IV, who was asked to manage the resort. However, Backus insisted on keeping continuity, and made a cameo appearance at the end of the film. \"The New Adventures of Gilligan\" was a Filmation-produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7, 1974, to September 4, 1977, for 24 episodes (16 installments airing in 1974–75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975–76). The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann (both were voiced by Jane Webb). Dawn",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "890171",
"text": "huts together and use that as a raft for escape, taking advantage of a tsunami's propulsion. The second theme involves visitors to the uncharted island. One challenge to a viewer's suspension of disbelief is the remarkable frequency with which the island is visited by an assortment of people who repeatedly fail to assist the castaways in leaving the island. Some have hidden motives for not aiding the castaways. Others are simply unable to help, are incompetent, or are foiled in their efforts to help by Gilligan's bumbling. There were episodes in which look-alikes of each of Gilligan, Ginger, and Mr.",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "17539689",
"text": "Grant, a famous movie star. Russell Johnson portrayed Professor Roy Hinkley, Ph.D., a high school science teacher who often uses his scientific background to try to find ways to get the castaways off the island. Dawn Wells played Mary Ann Summers, wholesome farm girl from Kansas. Charles Maxwell was the uncredited voice of the radio announcer, to whom the castaways would often listen via their radio. The season originally aired Thursdays at 8:00-8:30 pm (EST) on CBS. The DVD was released by Warner Home Video. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Gilligan's Island (season 2) The second season of the American comedy television series \"Gilligan's",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17539686",
"text": "Gilligan's Island (season 2) The second season of the American comedy television series \"Gilligan's Island\" commenced airing in the United States on September 16, 1965 and concluded on April 28, 1966 on CBS. The second season continues the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempt to survive and escape from an island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their failed attempts—invariably Gilligan's fault—to escape their plight. The second season, unlike the first season, was filmed in color. The season originally aired on Thursdays at 8:00-8:30 pm (EST). Executive producers for",
"title": "Gilligan's Island (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "11458796",
"text": "alone at neighbouring Boys' Island, where he has hand-built a canoe to complete his initiation rite from boyhood into manhood. Ermintrude, meanwhile, is leisurely travelling aboard a British schooner, the \"Sweet Judy\", when mutineers, led by a ruthless Cox (coxswain), are subdued and set adrift at sea, returning to the plot at a later time. The main plot begins when an enormous tsunami carries the two central characters, Ermintrude and Mau, to the shores of Mau's home island: the Nation. Mau survives the tsunami in his canoe, while Ermintrude is the lone survivor of the \"Sweet Judy\", which is run",
"title": "Nation (novel)"
},
{
"id": "6012781",
"text": "begins with the crew and passengers awaking on the ship. Several times in the course of the series they plan ways to repair the \"Minnow\" to get off the island. In the episode \"Goodbye Island\", Gilligan discovered glue that was believed to be waterproof and permanent. However, it was later revealed that the glue was temporary and before they could push the repaired ship out to sea, the entire vessel literally fell to pieces. There are many other references to the ship in the rest of the series, such as in the episode \"Court-Martial\", where an investigation was launched into",
"title": "S. S. Minnow"
},
{
"id": "18191877",
"text": "the James Bond movies \"Never Say Never Again\" and \"Thunderball\". Members of the American Beat Movement Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Bob Kaufman, and Herbert Huncke were all Merchant Mariners. It is perhaps not surprising that the writers of \"Moby Dick\", \"The American Practical Navigator\", and \"Two Years Before the Mast\" were Merchant Mariners. It might be surprising that the writers of \"Borat\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", and \"Cool Hand Luke\" were. A number of U.S. Merchant Mariners from World War II later played well known television characters. The list includes Milburn Drysdale on \"The Beverly Hillbillies\", Archie Bunker on \"All",
"title": "Sailor"
},
{
"id": "3318916",
"text": "published \"Mary Ann's Gilligan's Island Cookbook\" with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark, including a foreword by Bob Denver. She was close to Alan Hale Jr., who played The Skipper in \"Gilligan's Island\", even after the series completed its run, and he contributed a family recipe (\"Kansas Chicken and Dumplings\") to her cookbook. Hale's character was the inspiration behind such concoctions as Skipper's Coconut Pie, Skipper's Navy Bean Soup, and Skipper's Goodbye Ribeye, and he is depicted as Skipper Jonas Grumby in numerous photographs throughout the book. She said in a 2014 interview with GoErie.com, \"Alan could not have been",
"title": "Dawn Wells"
},
{
"id": "342962",
"text": "direct \"Man of Aran\" (1934), which portrayed the harsh traditional lifestyle of the occupants of the isolated Aran Islands off the west coast of Ireland. The film was a major critical success, and for decades was considered in some circles an even greater achievement than \"Nanook\". As with \"Nanook\", \"Man of Aran\" showed human beings' efforts to survive under extreme conditions: in this case, an island whose soils were so thin that the inhabitants carried seaweed up from the sea to construct fields for cultivation. Flaherty again cast locals in the various fictionalized roles, and made use of dramatic recreation",
"title": "Robert J. Flaherty"
},
{
"id": "4234703",
"text": "Michael Kalesniko was created and it was set in San Francisco. It was about a somewhat socially awkward nobody beset with troubles trying to venture out his failing personal life and is genetically modified with stretching abilities after a failed nuclear fusion experiment and must use his newfound abilities to solve the tragedy that has befallen his family. Among the actors who were considered for the role was Danny DeVito, who refused to do the film if the script made any jokes about his height, after which due to lack of time on the rights both ideas from Disney were",
"title": "Stretch Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "12865532",
"text": "Mr. Moto Takes a Chance Mr. Moto Takes a Chance is the fourth in a series of eight films starring Peter Lorre as Mr. Moto, although it was the second one actually filmed, following \"Think Fast, Mr. Moto\". Its release was delayed until after production of \"Thank You, Mr. Moto\" and \"Mr Moto's Gamble\". The film is based on the character of Mr. Moto created by John P. Marquand, and an original story by Norman Foster and Willis Cooper. Over the ruins of Angkor Wat in Cambodia flies the airplane of aviatrix Victoria Mason, supposedly circumnavigating the world. Her actual",
"title": "Mr. Moto Takes a Chance"
},
{
"id": "5531695",
"text": "\"The New York Times\" cites the fourth \"Gilligan's Island\" episode, \"Goodnight, Sweet Skipper\", as a classic American sight gag. The castaways were trying to contact civilization with a radio. In the episode, Skipper can recall only how he converted the radio into a transmitter in World War II when he was sleepwalking. After Skipper was unsuccessful, Gilligan got it to work by pounding on the radio; he used it to briefly contact a pilot flying overhead. Gilligan retrieved Skipper and demonstrated how he pounded on the radio, causing the guts of the radio to fall out. Their rescue was foiled.",
"title": "Visual gag"
},
{
"id": "1558801",
"text": "Pinocchio (1940 film) Pinocchio is a 1940 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Italian children's novel \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" by Carlo Collodi. It was the second animated feature film produced by Disney, made after the success of \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). The plot of the film involves an old wood-carver named Geppetto who carves a wooden puppet named Pinocchio. The puppet is brought to life by a blue fairy, who informs him that he can become a real boy if he proves himself to be \"brave, truthful, and",
"title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)"
},
{
"id": "13813305",
"text": "Spliced (TV series) Spliced is a Canadian animated television series produced by Nelvana in association with Teletoon. \"Spliced\" is a modern take of H. G. Wells' 1896 science-fiction fantasy, \"The Island of Doctor Moreau\". Spliced marginally distorts Wells' characters in this modern twist by making the mutants the result of genetic experiments created by recombinant DNA rather than Wells' original vivisection process. As with the original story, these experimental results, plus one platypus not in the original story, live on an isolated tropical island that is called \"Keep Away Island\" in the cartoon. The mad scientist who created them was",
"title": "Spliced (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6614612",
"text": "two are separated when Abel braves the storm to retrieve Amanda's scarf, blown away by a gust of wind. The storm washes Abel into a river and he is swept downstream until he is stranded on an island. Abel attempts to escape the island several times, but fails, and finally realizes that he must survive on the island by himself. He finds a log and makes it his home in the winter. To ease his loneliness, he creates his family out of clay and talks to them. Poor Abel has to live through the hardest times, including battling an owl",
"title": "Abel's Island"
},
{
"id": "16728846",
"text": "statues found in South America and the Polynesian moai, Heyerdahl's theory about the origin of the Polynesian people is bolstered by Polynesian folklore that tells of an ancient tribe called the Hanau epe that are said to have once inhabited Easter Island. While most experts hold that such a voyage across the vast ocean is unlikely to have ever been successful, in order to illustrate that there were no technological limitations that would have inhibited the ancient peoples from making the journey, Heyerdahl puts his theory to the test and builds a balsawood raft using the same techniques that would",
"title": "Kon-Tiki (2012 film)"
},
{
"id": "14888618",
"text": "animated feature film for their years and the second is the second biggest worldwide box office success for a film directed solely by a woman (Jennifer Yuh Nelson), after \"Wonder Woman\". Po, a clumsy, overweight panda, is a kung fu fanatic who lives in the Valley of Peace and works in his goose father Mr. Ping's noodle shop, unable to realize his dream of learning kung fu. One day, a kung fu tournament is held for the elderly spiritual leader of the valley, Grand Master Oogway, to determine the identity of the Dragon Warrior, the one kung fu master capable",
"title": "Kung Fu Panda (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "17572846",
"text": "The Scarecrow (2013 film) The Scarecrow is a 2013 animated short film and advertisement by the American restaurant chain Chipotle Mexican Grill. The film features Fiona Apple singing a cover version of \"Pure Imagination\", originally performed by Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka in the 1971 film \"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\". In a dystopian world, the main character, Scarecrow, starts work at the \"smoke-spewing\" Crow Foods Incorporated. He sees a tube extracting a substance labeled \"100% Beef-ish\", but being marketed to consumers as \"all natural\". He then witnesses a robotic crow injecting a chicken with green fluid to promote",
"title": "The Scarecrow (2013 film)"
},
{
"id": "6987753",
"text": "The Coral Island The Coral Island: A Tale of the Pacific Ocean (1858) is a novel written by Scottish author . One of the first works of juvenile fiction to feature exclusively juvenile heroes, the story relates the adventures of three boys marooned on a South Pacific island, the only survivors of a shipwreck. A typical Robinsonade – a genre of fiction inspired by Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" – and one of the most popular of its type, the book first went on sale in late 1857 and has never been out of print. Among the novel's major themes are",
"title": "The Coral Island"
},
{
"id": "890169",
"text": "stretches of the imagination. Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props. These bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs, along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane-force winds and rain; the communal dining table and chairs, pipes for Gilligan's hot water, a stethoscope, and a pedal-powered car. Many scenes occur at the dining table, where the castaways enjoy many dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while a portable radio provides news and entertainment. Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish, and the island has",
"title": "Gilligan's Island"
},
{
"id": "12785145",
"text": "had a significant impact on the previous stereotype, and created a new archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable. The character generally referred to simply as the Professor on the television sit com series, \"Gilligan's Island\", although described alternatively as a high-school science teacher or research scientist, is depicted as a sensible advisor, a clever inventor, and a helpful friend to his fellow castaways. John Houseman's portrayal of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield, Jr., in \"The Paper Chase\" (1973) remains the epitome of the strict, authoritarian professor who demands perfection from students. Annalise Keating (played by Viola",
"title": "Professor"
},
{
"id": "14751659",
"text": "by Arvid \"Clem\" Clementson who was the mayor of Fosston when he died at the age of 81. Cordwood Pete Cordwood Pete is a fictional character who was the younger brother of legendary lumberjack Paul Bunyan. While Paul Bunyan is said to have been a giant of a man, his younger brother Peter Bunyan was a mere in height. Pete's growth was apparently stunted by the fact that he could never get enough flapjacks at the breakfast table because Paul ate everything in sight. According to legend, Paul Bunyan left his home in Bangor, Maine, to make his way in",
"title": "Cordwood Pete"
},
{
"id": "5039969",
"text": "and Tom Cruise appear at the casino to reprise their roles from the 1988 film \"Rain Man\". Homer is impressed by the card-counting abilities of a man who resembles Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman's character in the film. Krusty's show at midnight is similar to Bill Cosby's 1971 album \"For Adults Only\", which was recorded at a casino at midnight. Marge reminds Homer that his lifelong dream was to be a contestant on the television show \"The Gong Show\". Burns's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness, and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens, parodies American magnate Howard Hughes,",
"title": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)"
},
{
"id": "15126161",
"text": "Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny is a 1972 musical fantasy film written, composed, shot, edited and directed by R. Winer to frame Barry Mahon's Childhood Productions films for a Christmas release. The threadbare plot concerns Santa Claus's attempts to free his sleigh from the sands of a Florida beach, assisted by local children. Different prints of the film feature one of two films-within-the-film (that takes up a majority of the film itself). They are Mahon's previously filmed 1970 adaptations of Hans Christian Andersen's \"Thumbelina\" or Benjamin Tabart's \"Jack and the Beanstalk\". Poor acting",
"title": "Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny"
},
{
"id": "7196054",
"text": "had, for four centuries, considered the natives of Maritime Southeast Asia to be generally lazy, since Europeans had not arrived until the 17th century. His research eventually produced \" The Myth of the Lazy Native\", a book which was published in 1977. In the book, he cited one instance of a \"denigrating\" view of the natives, when a German scientist suggested that the Filipinos made their oars from bamboo so they could rest more frequently: \"If they happen to break, so much the better, for the fatiguing labour of rowing must necessarily be suspended till they are mended again.\" Syed",
"title": "Syed Hussein Alatas"
},
{
"id": "15301129",
"text": "in March 2011. In this one-off programme, David Attenborough undertakes a personal journey back to Madagascar to investigate the fate of \"Aepyornis\", the island's extinct elephant birds. Believed to be the largest birds which have ever lived, evidence of their existence can still be found on the island. Whilst filming \"Zoo Quest to Madagascar\" in 1961, Attenborough pieced together a complete elephant bird egg from fragments of shell collected for him. \"Madagascar\" was first announced in March 2009 as a partnership between Animal Planet and BBC Worldwide. Production duties were handled by the BBC Natural History Unit in Bristol, with",
"title": "Madagascar (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "154415",
"text": "Booth to quit before a third series often has been lauded as it ensured the show's successful status would not be weakened with later, lower-quality work. Subsequently, it has inspired the makers of other shows to do likewise. Most notably, Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant refused to make a third series of either \"The Office\" or \"Extras\", citing \"Fawlty Towers' \" short lifespan. Rik Mayall, Ben Elton and Lise Mayer, the writers behind \"The Young Ones\", which also ran for only two series (each with six episodes), used this explanation as well. Victoria Wood also indicated this influenced her decision",
"title": "Fawlty Towers"
},
{
"id": "8520302",
"text": "mistakes. He occasionally saves the others when an escape plan goes awry. He performs virtually all manual labor on the island, mostly without complaint; the Skipper notes that Gilligan can \"run as fast as a rabbit [and] climb a tree like a monkey\". Gilligan often acts as the Howells' servant; duties include golf caddy, chauffeur for the castaways' pedal-powered car, and waiter at the \"Howell Private Country Club\". Gilligan also makes several discoveries, but they often have disastrous results, and he is usually faced with big decisions. Often, Thurston Howell III attempts to bribe him with money, or Ginger with",
"title": "Gilligan (Gilligan's Island)"
},
{
"id": "6275527",
"text": "special ability to materialize anything he thinks about. The plot revolves around the adventures of Fred and his friends, as his boundless imagination springs to life while his friends struggle to cover up the collateral. Any conflict could range from getting a “fruit canal”, to sailing off the island only to find themselves in a humongous storm. Despite some critics praising the animation and creativity, as well as some elements of the comedy, the series has been criticized for its often loud, over-the-top humor. Joly Herman of \"Common Sense Media\" posted a review of \"Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island\" on",
"title": "Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island"
},
{
"id": "12369244",
"text": "Peter and Wendy Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up or Peter and Wendy is J. M. Barrie's most famous work, in the form of a 1904 play and a 1911 novel. Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan, a mischievous yet innocent little boy who can fly, and has many adventures on the island of Neverland that is inhabited by mermaids, fairies, Native Americans and pirates. The Peter Pan stories also involve the characters Wendy Darling and her two brothers, Peter's fairy Tinker Bell, the Lost Boys, and the pirate Captain Hook. The play and novel",
"title": "Peter and Wendy"
},
{
"id": "6930286",
"text": "Shave\", as the youngest member of a flock of sheep Wallace and Gromit work to save from being turned into dog food. He was named Shaun as a pun on the word \"shorn\" after he was accidentally subjected to Wallace's automated sheep shearing machine. This early version of Shaun shows a hint of his characteristic human-like bravado—among other things, wearing a sweater knitted from his own shorn wool—and he proves to be a major help in saving the day. At the end of this short, Shaun and the entire flock are seen living with the duo; Shaun later made a",
"title": "Shaun the Sheep"
},
{
"id": "5084034",
"text": "side in the Spanish Civil War, but was rejected for being under-age. In the 1940s, Ayrton participated in the BBC's popular radio programme \"The Brains Trust\". Beginning in 1961, Michael Ayrton wrote and created many works associated with the myths of the Minotaur and Daedalus, the legendary inventor and maze builder, including bronze sculpture and the pseudo-autobiographical novel \"The Maze Maker\" (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967). He also wrote and illustrated \"Tittivulus Or The Verbiage Collector\", an account of the efforts of a minor devil to collect idle words. He was the author of several non-fiction works on fine art,",
"title": "Michael Ayrton"
},
{
"id": "19735648",
"text": "Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame is the fifth entry in the \"Disney's Animated Storybook\" point-and-click adventure interactive storybook PC game series, based on theatrical and home video releases. The game is based on the 1996 Walt Disney Animation Studios film of the same name, featuring the adventure of reclusive and disfigured Quasimodo and his escape from the evil Claude Frollo, and is part of the product line within Disney's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" franchise. \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" was developed by Media Station and published by Disney",
"title": "Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Professor (Gilligan's Island) context: Russell Johnson has confirmed that it was the producers' intention for his character due to concern from censors. Unusual for its day, the show actually includes a line where the Professor directly states to Ginger his lack of interest in either sex or romance. A running joke about the Professor was his ability to build nearly anything from coconuts and bamboo, yet he was somehow unable to repair the damaged \"Minnow\", construct a seaworthy raft or find other means to leave the island. This was parodied in the sitcom \"Roseanne\". The show's producer, Sherwood Schwartz, answered this paradox in\n\nWhich Gilligans Island character had the unique ability to construct just about anything necessary to survive from coconuts and bamboo (including a way to recharge batteries), but couldn't be arsed to fix a 2 foot hole in a boat?",
"compressed_tokens": 220,
"origin_tokens": 221,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Russell Johnson context: Outer Lim\" in 1964, playing a crewmember on a United States space station in the episode \"\". Johnson was best known for playing Professor Roy Hinkley (usually called the \"Professor\"), the very knowledgeable polymath who could build all sorts of inventions out of the most rudimentary materials available on the island. But, as Johnson himself pointed out, he could not fix the hole in the boat. In the first episode of the show, the radio announcer describes the Professor as a research scientist and well-known scoutmaster. \"Gilligan's Island\" aired from 1964-67, but has been shown in reruns continuously ever since.\n\ntitle The ProfessorGilligan's Island context: voyage that stranded the castaways was to write a book to be titledFun With Ferns His main function on the show was to devise many ways for the castaways to more comfortably on the island Many of his inventions (including a method for recharg the batter in ubiquit radio) used coconuts and bamboo, both of which were in plentiful supply. Aside from his proficiency science, he was ade well-versed in law, literature, social sciences, and the arts a list of degrees from various schools (including USC, UCLA, SMU, andCU) he provides in\n\ntitle Professor (G's Island): Professor stated after they crashed, \"This hole on defies of. To it would be now you'll exc me, going to go create explosiveings In the parody movie\", by Bob Den and on mentionsa guy who could re out of coconuts but couldn't fix a-foot hole in a boat in \"Weird Yank songIs Thing parodyoneō’s \"Wild Th he sings said ‘ gu’s\ntitle: Professor (G Island): has confirmed that wascers' due Un for actually a Professor directly to his sex. running his to build anything fromconuts ando yet he was somehow unable to repair the damaged \"Minnow\", construct a seaworthy raft or find other means to leave the island. This was parodied in the sitcom \"Roseanne\". The show's producer, Sherwood Schwartz, answered this paradox in\n\nWhich Gilligans Island character had the unique ability to construct just about anything necessary to survive from coconuts and bamboo (including a way to recharge batteries), but couldn't be arsed to fix a 2 foot hole in a boat?",
"compressed_tokens": 529,
"origin_tokens": 14706,
"ratio": "27.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,746 | Christmas Island, a territory of Australia, is located in what ocean? | [
"Indian (disambiguation)",
"INDIAN",
"Indian (Asian)",
"Indians",
"Indian",
"Indian (film)",
"Indian (Americas)"
] | Indian | [
{
"id": "65126",
"text": "Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It has an area of . Christmas Island had a population of 1,843 residents , the majority of whom live in settlements on the northern tip of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Malaysian Chinese origin (though just 21.2% of the population declared",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "8564889",
"text": "Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for all arrivals, including those from Australia. It is owned by the Commonwealth through the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development and is operated under contract by Toll Remote Logistics. From the late 1940s, when the island was",
"title": "Christmas Island Airport"
},
{
"id": "15196314",
"text": "Christmas Island Resort The Christmas Island Resort, often called the Christmas Island Casino, is a holiday resort on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean lying about 300 km south of Java and 1600 km north-west of the Australian mainland. It operated as a casino for over four years during the 1990s. It was one of the world’s most profitable prior to bankruptcy and once turned over $5 billion a year profit. The casino/resort was conceived in the early 1980s by Perth property developer Frank Woodmore as a business opportunity following the closure in 1981, for political",
"title": "Christmas Island Resort"
},
{
"id": "8564893",
"text": "caused spikes in traffic levels. The construction of an immigration detention centre on the island resulted in a temporary increase in RAAF and DIMIA arrivals.. Christmas Island International Airport served 26,723 revenue passengers during financial year 2017-2018. Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for",
"title": "Christmas Island Airport"
},
{
"id": "15196320",
"text": "rooms of which 52 of them are two-story suites with ocean views. One of its two modern kitchens was leased by the government in 2002 to provide meals for asylum seekers. Christmas Island Resort The Christmas Island Resort, often called the Christmas Island Casino, is a holiday resort on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean lying about 300 km south of Java and 1600 km north-west of the Australian mainland. It operated as a casino for over four years during the 1990s. It was one of the world’s most profitable prior to bankruptcy and once turned",
"title": "Christmas Island Resort"
},
{
"id": "15100831",
"text": "Asplenium listeri Asplenium listeri, commonly known as the Christmas Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the Aspleniaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on in 1887 and was the first to collect a specimen. The spleenwort is a small, terrestrial, lithophytic fern with shortly creeping rhizomes, and with fronds up to 90 mm long held in a crown. Found only on Christmas Island, the fern is known from a very small number of",
"title": "Asplenium listeri"
},
{
"id": "12285404",
"text": "Christmas Island National Park Christmas Island National Park is a national park occupying most of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia. The park is home to many species of animal and plant life, including the eponymous red crab, whose annual migration sees around 100 million crabs move to the sea to spawn. Christmas Island is the only nesting place for the endangered Abbott's booby and critically endangered Christmas Island frigatebird, and the wide range of other endemic species makes the island of significant interest to the scientific community. Concerns were expressed in the early",
"title": "Christmas Island National Park"
},
{
"id": "15100834",
"text": "outside the Christmas Island National Park. Asplenium listeri Asplenium listeri, commonly known as the Christmas Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the Aspleniaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on in 1887 and was the first to collect a specimen. The spleenwort is a small, terrestrial, lithophytic fern with shortly creeping rhizomes, and with fronds up to 90 mm long held in a crown. Found only on Christmas Island, the fern is known",
"title": "Asplenium listeri"
},
{
"id": "65171",
"text": "is of generally good quality, although four-wheel drive vehicles are needed to reach some of the more distant parts of the rainforest or the more isolated beaches on the rough dirt roads. The island-operated crèche is in the Recreation Centre. Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library. Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "15158121",
"text": "2010 Christmas Island boat disaster On 15 December 2010, a boat carrying around 90 asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq and Iran, sank off the coast of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, killing 48 people aboard; 42 survivors were rescued. The boat was later named \"SIEV-221\". At about 6.30 a.m. local time the boat collided with rocks north of Flying Fish Cove close to Rocky Point and was then smashed against the nearby cliffs, complicating rescue attempts. For a period of about one hour, the unpowered boat was washed back and forth as backwash pushed it away",
"title": "2010 Christmas Island boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "15101864",
"text": "Grewia insularis Grewia insularis is a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae, or mallow family, that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet is the Latin for insular, referring to its island location. \"Grewia insularis\" is a shrub or small tree. Its leaves are oblong to ovate, 40–110 mm long. The yellow flowers are usually 1–3 in an umbel, often with several umbels from one leaf-axil. The fruit is purple, often reduced to a subglobose drupe about 3 mm long. Found only on Christmas Island, it occurs on the terraces",
"title": "Grewia insularis"
},
{
"id": "15095091",
"text": "The grass is closely related to \"I. foliosum\" from New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Ischaemum nativitatis Ischaemum nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island duck-beak, is a tropical grass in the Poaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet comes from the Latin \"nativitas\" (\"birth\") referring to the birth of Christ, or Christmas, after the name of the island. The Christmas Island duck-beak is an erect, tufted grass, 250–700 mm tall, with the stems often branched and the nodes smooth. The leaves are 30–110 mm long, 2.5–7 mm wide and",
"title": "Ischaemum nativitatis"
},
{
"id": "12612797",
"text": "westward from the point where the territorial waters of the two countries touch the western limits of East Timor's territorial waters claim at 10° 28' S, 126° 00' E, to 13° 05' 27.0\" S, 118° 10' 08.9\" E in the Indian Ocean. The third is between the Australian external territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesia island of Java, in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is established by four treaties, the fourth of which has been signed but not yet ratified. The Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia establishing",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "11439838",
"text": "Australian Whale Sanctuary The Australian Whale Sanctuary was established in 1999 to protect dolphins and whales from hunting in waters within the Australian government's jurisdiction. The sanctuary includes the whole of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is the area surrounding the continent of Australia and its external dependencies such as Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean), Cocos (Keeling) Island, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and including the EEZ adjoining the coastline of the Australian Antarctic Territory which is only recognised by United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway. The sanctuary is the scene",
"title": "Australian Whale Sanctuary"
},
{
"id": "16606225",
"text": "have their \"cargo\" picked up. Christmas Island is a popular target for asylum seekers, whose journeys sometimes end in tragedy. In a statement, the U.N. refugee agency said the tragedy \"reinforces the need for renewed international solidarity and cooperation to find protection options for people\". 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster The 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster occurred on 21 June 2012, when a boat carrying more than 200 refugees capsized in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and the Australian external territory of Christmas Island. As of 25 June 109 people have been rescued, 17",
"title": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "13291542",
"text": "the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 was unsuccessful. Christmas Island swiftlet The Christmas Island swiftlet (\"Collocalia natalis\"), also known as the Christmas glossy swiftlet or the Christmas cave swiftlet, is a small bird in the swift family Apodidae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. It was formerly commonly treated as a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet. The Christmas Island swiftlet was described by the English naturalist Joseph Lister in 1889 with the scientific name \"Collocalia esculenta natalis\". It has usually been considered a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet (\"Collocalia esculenta\").",
"title": "Christmas Island swiftlet"
},
{
"id": "16181094",
"text": "Christmas Island Seamount Province The Christmas Island Seamount Province (also known as the Christmas Island Seamounts) is an unusual seamount (submarine volcano) formation named for Christmas Island, an Australian territory and wildlife reserve that is also part of the chain. The province consists of more than 50 seamounts, up to in height, within a area. Unlike most seamount groups, the Christmas Island seamount formation does not form a long hotspot-based chain of increasingly older volcanoes, instead being a scattered grouping of volcanoes within a large radius. The origins of the formation have long been enigmatic for scientists; the Christmas Island",
"title": "Christmas Island Seamount Province"
},
{
"id": "15101865",
"text": "on the northern coast. The fruit and flowers of \"G. insularis\" are similar to those of \"G. glabra\", while the shape of its leaves closely resemble those of \"G. eriocarpa\". Grewia insularis Grewia insularis is a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae, or mallow family, that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet is the Latin for insular, referring to its island location. \"Grewia insularis\" is a shrub or small tree. Its leaves are oblong to ovate, 40–110 mm long. The yellow flowers are usually 1–3 in an umbel, often",
"title": "Grewia insularis"
},
{
"id": "14445338",
"text": "Hosnies Spring Hosnies Spring formerly Hosnie’s Spring or Hosnies Springs) is a wetland on Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. It has been recognised as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Hosnies Spring was known earlier but the unique ecosystem was noted in late 1980s. It was incorporated into the Christmas Island National Park in 1989, and listed on 11 December 1990 as Ramsar site 512, one of two such sites on the island and the smallest in the world. In 2010 a proposal was made to increase the",
"title": "Hosnies Spring"
},
{
"id": "13292444",
"text": "Christmas emerald dove The Christmas emerald dove (\"Chalcophaps indica natalis\"), also known as the Christmas green-winged pigeon, is a bird in the pigeon family, Columbidae. It is a distinctive subspecies of the common emerald dove that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The Christmas emerald dove is a small brownish pigeon with green wings. It is some 23–26 cm long, with a 43–46 cm wingspan and a weight of 80-135 g. It is smaller than the mainland Australian subspecies of the dove and differs from them by the adult male having a contrasting",
"title": "Christmas emerald dove"
},
{
"id": "15108124",
"text": "Phreatia listeri Phreatia listeri is a species of epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on HMS \"Egeria\" in 1887. \"Phreatia listeri\" is a small, clump-forming epiphytic orchid. The long, thin leaves are 40–110 mm long and 2–5 mm wide. The 40–80 mm long inflorescence has many tiny, greenish-white flowers, only about 1 mm across. The orchid's lip is concave and contracted at the base. The seed capsule is 25 mm long. Found only on",
"title": "Phreatia listeri"
},
{
"id": "6812140",
"text": "Christmas Island blind snake The Christmas Island blind snake (\"Ramphotyphlops exocoeti\") is a species of snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is endemic to Christmas Island. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific name, \"exocoeti\", which means \"flying fish\", is in honor of the officers of HMS \"Flying Fish, who collected the holotype. It is found on Christmas Island (Australia). The type locality given is \"Christmas Island, Indian Ocean\". The species \"R. exocoeti\" is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List with the following criteria: D2 (v2.3, 1994). This means that it is not Critically Endangered or",
"title": "Christmas Island blind snake"
},
{
"id": "15096926",
"text": "soils in the rainforest, sometimes in small groves. The tree is closely related to \"P. leram\" Jones, of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the southern coasts of Sumatra and western Java. Pandanus elatus Pandanus elatus is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin \"elatus\" (tall), in reference to its growth habit. \"Pandanus elatus\" is an erect tree, with basal prop roots, that grows to 20 m in height. Its leaves grow to 3 m long and 100",
"title": "Pandanus elatus"
},
{
"id": "19512971",
"text": "in the shadow ministry until 1980, serving under three leaders of the opposition (John Tonkin, Colin Jamieson, and Ron Davies). Taylor retired from parliament in August 1984. He served on the Judiciary and Parliamentary Salaries Tribunal from 1984 to 1986, and then was briefly chairman of the Authority for the Intellectually Handicapped. From 1986 to 1990, Taylor served as Administrator of Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 1991 Australia Day Honours, for \"public service and service to the Western Australia parliament\". Don Taylor",
"title": "Don Taylor (Australian politician)"
},
{
"id": "13290222",
"text": "100 mature birds, or 50 breeding pairs, on the island. The principal threat comes from yellow crazy ants which were accidentally introduced to the island. The threat is not only that of ant predation of goshawk nestlings, but also indirectly from potentially massive changes to the ecology of the island caused by the ants. Christmas goshawk The Christmas goshawk or Christmas Island goshawk (\"Accipiter fasciatus natalis\") is a bird of prey in the goshawk and sparrowhawk family Accipitridae. It is a threatened endemic of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The taxon was described in 1889",
"title": "Christmas goshawk"
},
{
"id": "12612803",
"text": "eastern border of the Australia – East Timor joint petroleum development area. Points A1, A2 and A3 form part of the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border which was also established under the 1971 treaty when Papua New Guinea was still an Australian territory. The 1972 treaty brought the boundary to Point A25 to the north-east of Australia's Ashmore Island. The 1997 treaty extended it further west, terminating at A82 in the Indian Ocean where Australia's and Indonesia's exclusive economic zone limits diverge. Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean south of the southern",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "16181097",
"text": "may be a relatively common process in shallow-basin areas. Christmas Island Seamount Province The Christmas Island Seamount Province (also known as the Christmas Island Seamounts) is an unusual seamount (submarine volcano) formation named for Christmas Island, an Australian territory and wildlife reserve that is also part of the chain. The province consists of more than 50 seamounts, up to in height, within a area. Unlike most seamount groups, the Christmas Island seamount formation does not form a long hotspot-based chain of increasingly older volcanoes, instead being a scattered grouping of volcanoes within a large radius. The origins of the formation",
"title": "Christmas Island Seamount Province"
},
{
"id": "10631071",
"text": "species are on-going. Christmas boobook The Christmas boobook (\"Ninox natalis\"), also known more specifically as the Christmas Island hawk-owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. Closely related to the hawk owls of Southeast Asia and Australia. \"N. natalis\" was first classified at species level by J.J.Lister in 1888. It was not until 1998 however that DNA testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls. \"N. natalis\" is endemic to Christmas Island, a small Australian territory of about 135 square km situated in the Indian Ocean approximately 360 km south of Java. The flora and",
"title": "Christmas boobook"
},
{
"id": "14445340",
"text": "with trunks of more than 80 cm diameter and with a canopy 30–40 m high. Several species of birds and crabs endemic to the island occur on the site. Hosnies Spring Hosnies Spring formerly Hosnie’s Spring or Hosnies Springs) is a wetland on Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. It has been recognised as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Hosnies Spring was known earlier but the unique ecosystem was noted in late 1980s. It was incorporated into the Christmas Island National Park in 1989, and listed on 11",
"title": "Hosnies Spring"
},
{
"id": "6707862",
"text": "The Dales (Christmas Island) The Dales is a wetland site located at the western end of Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The site has been recognised as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The Dales were the first location where Europeans set foot on Christmas Island in 1688, during the expedition of William Dampier. Nowadays the Dales are visited by local residents and tourists for sightseeing. One of the subsites, Hugh's Dale, has religious significance for Buddhists of Chinese background. The site comprises a system of seven watercourses",
"title": "The Dales (Christmas Island)"
},
{
"id": "15088016",
"text": "10–130 mm long peduncle; the female flowers are solitary or clustered. The fruit is ellipsoidal, 20–30 mm long, with seeds about 4 mm long. Found only on Christmas Island, the vine grows there both within the rainforest and along its shrubbed edges. The vine is sometimes considered to be conspecific with \"Zehneria mucronata\" Blume. Zehneria alba Zehneria alba is a species of flowering plant in the cucumber and gourd family Cucurbitaceae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet is from the Latin \"albus\" (white), referring to the colour of the",
"title": "Zehneria alba"
},
{
"id": "9022944",
"text": "Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958, it was managed by the",
"title": "Shire of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "10631065",
"text": "Christmas boobook The Christmas boobook (\"Ninox natalis\"), also known more specifically as the Christmas Island hawk-owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. Closely related to the hawk owls of Southeast Asia and Australia. \"N. natalis\" was first classified at species level by J.J.Lister in 1888. It was not until 1998 however that DNA testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls. \"N. natalis\" is endemic to Christmas Island, a small Australian territory of about 135 square km situated in the Indian Ocean approximately 360 km south of Java. The flora and fauna of the",
"title": "Christmas boobook"
},
{
"id": "15108125",
"text": "Christmas Island, the orchid is common on rainforest trees growing on the plateau and the upper terraces of the island. The orchid resembles both \"P. limenophylax\" Benth. from Norfolk Island, and \"P. minutiflora\" Lindl. from Borneo, but differs from them in its larger size and in the contracted lip. Phreatia listeri Phreatia listeri is a species of epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on HMS \"Egeria\" in 1887. \"Phreatia listeri\" is a small, clump-forming",
"title": "Phreatia listeri"
},
{
"id": "15093505",
"text": "Hoya aldrichii Hoya aldrichii , commonly known as the Christmas Island Waxvine is a species of flowering plant in the Apocynaceae or dogbane family. It is a vine that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, where it is a common epiphyte in the shrublands of the island’s coastal terraces. The specific epithet honours Captain Aldrich, commander of the survey vessel HMS \"Egeria\", which visited Christmas Island in 1887. \"Hoya aldrichii\" is a tall climber. Its stems are glabrous with pale bark. The leaves are elliptical, rounded at the base, entire, acuminate or acute",
"title": "Hoya aldrichii"
},
{
"id": "15128958",
"text": "45 mm long and 30 mm wide, ripening from green to an orange- or reddish-brown colour. The cycad’s range is centred on the Maluku Islands, extending northwards to Sulawesi, eastwards to New Guinea, and westwards to Java and southern Borneo. It also occurs on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean south of Java, and is cultivated in Fiji and Vanuatu. It is largely a species of tropical closed forest or woodland on calcareous soils in coastal habitats. It is often found on stabilised dunes formed of coralline sand and limestone. \"C. rumphii\" is part of a species",
"title": "Cycas rumphii"
},
{
"id": "13290219",
"text": "Christmas goshawk The Christmas goshawk or Christmas Island goshawk (\"Accipiter fasciatus natalis\") is a bird of prey in the goshawk and sparrowhawk family Accipitridae. It is a threatened endemic of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The taxon was described in 1889 by Lister as a full species, \"Accipiter natalis\". Since then there has been debate as to whether its affinities lie with the brown goshawk or the grey goshawk (\"A. novaehollandiae\"). In the 2004 national recovery plan for the taxon it is treated as a subspecies of the brown goshawk, though the possibility has been",
"title": "Christmas goshawk"
},
{
"id": "12992522",
"text": "nestlings by introduced yellow crazy ants. It was listed by the Australian Government as being Critically Endangered, now Endangered. Christmas thrush The Christmas thrush (\"Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus \"), ia a subspecies of the island thrush (\"Turdus poliocephalus\"). It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. The Christmas thrush has a mainly dark grey-brown head, paler grey-brown throat and upper breast, with olive-brown upperparts. The flanks, lower breast and sides of belly are orange, with a white belly and vent. It is about 21 cm in length, with a wingspan of 34 cm and a weight",
"title": "Christmas thrush"
},
{
"id": "19983872",
"text": "to the community\". After finishing his term as mayor in 1984, he was appointed chairman of the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority (MRPA). The following year, the MRPA and several other bodies were merged to create the State Planning Commission, of which McKenzie was also appointed chairman. After finishing his three-year term, he took up an appointment as Administrator of Christmas Island, one of Australia's territories in the Indian Ocean. He succeeded Don Taylor in the position in February 1990. McKenzie died in Attadale in May 1991, aged 62. William Albany McKenzie William Albany \"Bill\" McKenzie AO (21 May 1928 –",
"title": "William Albany McKenzie"
},
{
"id": "14279881",
"text": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre or commonly just Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre, is a closed Australian immigration detention facility located on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The centre closed in 2018. Temporary facilities for asylum seekers were established on Christmas Island at Phosphate Hill in late 2001. This temporary facility was found inadequate in terms of size, amenity and security. On 12 March 2002, the Australian Government announced the replacement of the existing temporary facility and the construction of a purpose designed and built IRPC on Christmas Island with",
"title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre"
},
{
"id": "15127266",
"text": "can easily be distinguished by its serrated leaf margins. The seed, protected by the 7–11 mm long fruit’s hard and durable endocarp, is dispersed by water. Flowers - Inflorescence - male greenish, short racemose cymes; female more slender axillary or terminal cymes. <br> Fruits - beaked, pear-shaped frupe. The tree is found throughout the tropical regions of Asia, from India and Sri Lanka, through Indo-China, southern China and Malesia to the Philippines. It occurs on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, where it forms about 1% of the primary rainforest canopy.It grows in drier, seasonal rain",
"title": "Celtis timorensis"
},
{
"id": "15105396",
"text": "Brachypeza archytas Brachypeza archytas, commonly known as the sage orchid, is an epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours the Greek philosopher Archytas. The stems of the orchid are obscured by aerial roots. It has 4 or 5 lorate leaves, 100–220 mm long and 16–26 mm wide, unequally bilobed, forming a fan. The inflorescence is 150–350 mm long, with a long, angled peduncle and a rachis with many densely spaced, small (8–10 mm) white flowers. Found only on Christmas Island, the orchid is relatively common, especially in",
"title": "Brachypeza archytas"
},
{
"id": "12992519",
"text": "Christmas thrush The Christmas thrush (\"Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus \"), ia a subspecies of the island thrush (\"Turdus poliocephalus\"). It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. The Christmas thrush has a mainly dark grey-brown head, paler grey-brown throat and upper breast, with olive-brown upperparts. The flanks, lower breast and sides of belly are orange, with a white belly and vent. It is about 21 cm in length, with a wingspan of 34 cm and a weight of 55 g. Its bill, orbital ring and legs are yellow-orange. Males and females are similar in size and",
"title": "Christmas thrush"
},
{
"id": "9022949",
"text": "State Library of Western Australia. Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958,",
"title": "Shire of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "12612794",
"text": "Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the \"Timor Gap\", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "2933041",
"text": "elected on the tenth of August 1979. The assembly consisted of 9 members elected every three years by popular vote. It was abolished in June 2015 as part of a reorganisation of the territory's government by the Parliament of Australia. In the external territory of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, the Shire Council provides local governance. The nine-member Shire Council was established in 1993. Councilors serve four-year terms, with four or five being chosen every second year. In the external territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean, the Shire of Cocos is the local legislative body.",
"title": "Parliaments of the Australian states and territories"
},
{
"id": "15095088",
"text": "Ischaemum nativitatis Ischaemum nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island duck-beak, is a tropical grass in the Poaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet comes from the Latin \"nativitas\" (\"birth\") referring to the birth of Christ, or Christmas, after the name of the island. The Christmas Island duck-beak is an erect, tufted grass, 250–700 mm tall, with the stems often branched and the nodes smooth. The leaves are 30–110 mm long, 2.5–7 mm wide and are scattered along the stem. The two bristly racemes are 15–50 mm long,",
"title": "Ischaemum nativitatis"
},
{
"id": "15104380",
"text": "Colubrina pedunculata Colubrina pedunculata is a shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin \"pedunculatus\", referring to the long and conspicuous peduncle of the inflorescence. \"Colubrina pedunculata\" is a thorny, sometimes straggling, shrub or small tree. Its thorns are 5–20 mm long. Its leaves are alternate, narrowly elliptic, and deciduous after fruiting. It bears many yellow-green flowers, 5–6 mm across and clustered. The fruit is about 7 mm long. Found only on Christmas Island, the plant is common on the northern and",
"title": "Colubrina pedunculata"
},
{
"id": "15095649",
"text": "exposed limestone cliffs with little soil. It also occurs inland beneath the rainforest canopy, particularly on limestone scree. The plant is closely related to \"Pandanus tectorius\", which is widely distributed through the region, and is very similar to \"Pandanus platycarpus\" from Zanzibar. Pandanus christmatensis Pandanus christmatensis is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet, \"\"christmatensis\"\", comes from its native locality. \"Pandanus christmatensis\" is a small tree or shrub, with prop roots, that grows to 10 m in height. Its leaves are 1–2",
"title": "Pandanus christmatensis"
},
{
"id": "65163",
"text": "crab mass migration (around 100 million animals) to the sea to spawn has been called one of the wonders of the natural world. This takes place each year around November – after the start of the wet season and in synchronisation with the cycle of the moon. Once at the ocean, the mothers release the embryos where they can survive and grow until they are able to live on land. The island is a focal point for seabirds of various species. Eight species or subspecies of seabirds nest on it. The most numerous is the red-footed booby, which nests in",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "7846084",
"text": "are difficult and expensive to set up in captivity. \"C. perlatus\" lives in a wide swathe of the Indo-Pacific, from Indonesia, Mauritius, Seychelles and Aldabra in the west to Samoa in the east. In Australia, the species is limited to Christmas Island, the Cocos Islands, the Great Barrier Reef and the Coral Sea Islands Territory. In the wild, animals may live for 25–30 years, but only live for 1–4 years in captivity. \"C. perlatus\" keeps a supply of water in the shell it inhabits. It returns to the sea at night to refresh its water, and it performs osmoregulation by",
"title": "Coenobita perlatus"
},
{
"id": "14279889",
"text": "detention centres on behalf of the Australian government. Property services are provided by CI Resources, which also operates a phosphate mine on the Island. there were 314 asylum seekers held in the centre. Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre or commonly just Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre, is a closed Australian immigration detention facility located on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The centre closed in 2018. Temporary facilities for asylum seekers were established on Christmas Island at Phosphate Hill in late 2001. This temporary facility was found inadequate in terms of",
"title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre"
},
{
"id": "15105038",
"text": "The plant is known only from the type collection made in 1898, and may be extinct. Peperomia rossii Peperomia rossii is a species of plant in the Piperaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours the Clunies-Ross family which established the Flying Fish Cove settlement on Christmas Island in 1888. \"Peperomia rossii\" is an epiphytic herb growing to about 50–100 mm in height. It is glabrous, with creeping stems, rooting at the nodes, with an erect flowering shoot. The leaves are usually opposite, elliptic, entire, and 10–30 mm",
"title": "Peperomia rossii"
},
{
"id": "15096925",
"text": "Pandanus elatus Pandanus elatus is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin \"elatus\" (tall), in reference to its growth habit. \"Pandanus elatus\" is an erect tree, with basal prop roots, that grows to 20 m in height. Its leaves grow to 3 m long and 100 mm wide, dark green and with marginal prickles. The plants do not form the densely tangled thickets that characterise \"P. christmatensis\". Found only on Christmas Island, the tree is found on deeper",
"title": "Pandanus elatus"
},
{
"id": "15095648",
"text": "Pandanus christmatensis Pandanus christmatensis is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet, \"\"christmatensis\"\", comes from its native locality. \"Pandanus christmatensis\" is a small tree or shrub, with prop roots, that grows to 10 m in height. Its leaves are 1–2 m long and 50–80 mm wide, dark green and with marginal prickles. The inflorescence has white bracts. The fruit is orange when ripe. The plant forms dense, tangled thickets on the shore terraces of the island, often next to the sea, on",
"title": "Pandanus christmatensis"
},
{
"id": "15104381",
"text": "north-eastern terraces, in areas of poor, dry soil, among limestone pinnacles and scree, and in cliff edge thickets. Since it is closely related to the widespread \"C. asiatica\" (L.) Brongn., the fruit of which is used as a fish toxin, and the leaves of which are used medicinally to treat skin diseases, similar chemical or pharmacological properties may be expected in \"C. pedunculata\". Colubrina pedunculata Colubrina pedunculata is a shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin \"pedunculatus\", referring to the long",
"title": "Colubrina pedunculata"
},
{
"id": "6707865",
"text": "snake. Coastline habitats within the site provide breeding and spawning grounds for red and blue crabs. The main threat to the site comes from introduced species, in particular the yellow crazy ant and the development of Immigration Reception Centre nearby, above the springs. The road to the site's car-park is for 4WD vehicles only. There are walking tracks from the car-park to Hugh's Dale and Anderson's Dale, with interpretive signage for visitors. The Dales (Christmas Island) The Dales is a wetland site located at the western end of Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The",
"title": "The Dales (Christmas Island)"
},
{
"id": "6947285",
"text": "from feeding, forcing them to disgorge their catch, which is then swooped upon and caught by the frigate birds before it reaches the water below. This practice seems to be more common among female frigate birds, but probably only accounts for a fairly small proportion of the diet, which mainly consists of squid and flying fish scooped up from the surface of the sea. The lesser frigatebird is said to be the most common and widespread frigatebird in Australian seas (Lindsey, 1986). It is common in tropical seas, breeding on remote islands, including Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean in",
"title": "Lesser frigatebird"
},
{
"id": "18812685",
"text": "is an ongoing initiative. In May 2016, Zacharevic went to Christmas Island, an Australian Territory in the Indian Ocean at the invitation of Christmas Island Phosphates and the local Shire government for a scoping trip to beautify the island landscape. He left behind his first ever Australian art installation with 'Forklift Boy,' near a local tavern. An abandoned forklift adjacent to a shipping container provided the canvas for the piece. It is similar in aesthetic to his Boy and Girl on a Bike and Boy on a Motorbike art installations in George Town, Penang. Ernest Zacharevic Ernest Zacharevic (born 1986",
"title": "Ernest Zacharevic"
},
{
"id": "15132940",
"text": "7–10 mm in diameter, and the seeds round, black and wrinkled. The plant is widely distributed through southern and south-eastern Asia from India and southern China through Indochina and Malesia to Sulawesi. It also occurs on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean south of Java. It is common along roadsides, railways, forest edges and in forest clearings. Claoxylon indicum Claoxylon indicum is a dioecious flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The specific epithet comes from the Latin \"Indicus\" (Indian), referring to the locality of collection of the type specimen, which was probably Java, part of",
"title": "Claoxylon indicum"
},
{
"id": "15105037",
"text": "Peperomia rossii Peperomia rossii is a species of plant in the Piperaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours the Clunies-Ross family which established the Flying Fish Cove settlement on Christmas Island in 1888. \"Peperomia rossii\" is an epiphytic herb growing to about 50–100 mm in height. It is glabrous, with creeping stems, rooting at the nodes, with an erect flowering shoot. The leaves are usually opposite, elliptic, entire, and 10–30 mm long. It carries many flowers. The fruit is a round berry, less than 1 mm long.",
"title": "Peperomia rossii"
},
{
"id": "13291538",
"text": "Christmas Island swiftlet The Christmas Island swiftlet (\"Collocalia natalis\"), also known as the Christmas glossy swiftlet or the Christmas cave swiftlet, is a small bird in the swift family Apodidae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. It was formerly commonly treated as a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet. The Christmas Island swiftlet was described by the English naturalist Joseph Lister in 1889 with the scientific name \"Collocalia esculenta natalis\". It has usually been considered a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet (\"Collocalia esculenta\"). However, in 2008 the taxonomists Les Christidis and Walter Boles",
"title": "Christmas Island swiftlet"
},
{
"id": "65230",
"text": "who was appointed on 5 October 2017 and is also the Administrator of Christmas Island. These two Territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, \"so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory.\"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"id": "11732972",
"text": "spaceport on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. The project also saw the involvement of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, TsSKB-Progress and the Barmin General Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau. In aid of the project, the \"Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes\" was signed in Canberra on 23 May 2001, replacing the \"Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Australia on Cooperation in the",
"title": "Australia–Russia relations"
},
{
"id": "15101524",
"text": "Dicliptera maclearii Dicliptera maclearii is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae which is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours John Maclear, captain of the survey vessel HMS \"Flying Fish\", which visited Christmas Island in 1886. \"Dicliptera maclearii\" is an erect herb with small pink flowers growing to 1 m in height. Its leaves are lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or spine-tipped, 20–70 mm long and 5–30 mm wide. It closest relative is \"D. ciliata\". Found only on Christmas Island, it is common in places on the lower terraces of",
"title": "Dicliptera maclearii"
},
{
"id": "15105397",
"text": "rainforest on the island’s lower terraces where it is often found low down on large tree trunks, such as those of \"Tristiropsis acutangula\" and \"Gyrocarpus americanus\". Brachypeza archytas Brachypeza archytas, commonly known as the sage orchid, is an epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours the Greek philosopher Archytas. The stems of the orchid are obscured by aerial roots. It has 4 or 5 lorate leaves, 100–220 mm long and 16–26 mm wide, unequally bilobed, forming a fan. The inflorescence is 150–350 mm long, with a long,",
"title": "Brachypeza archytas"
},
{
"id": "16606222",
"text": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster The 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster occurred on 21 June 2012, when a boat carrying more than 200 refugees capsized in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and the Australian external territory of Christmas Island. As of 25 June 109 people have been rescued, 17 bodies have been recovered, and approximately 70 people remain missing. The boat's passengers were all male and were mostly from Afghanistan. The boat was discovered by an Australian Customs and Border Protection Service surveillance plane south of Java at about 3:00 pm AWST. The boat",
"title": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "14953126",
"text": "or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea). Although Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands belong to the Commonwealth of Australia and are inhabited, they are nearer Indonesia than the Australian mainland, and are commonly associated with Asia instead of Oceania. The demographic table below shows all inhabited states and territories of Oceania. The information in this chart comes from the CIA World Factbook or the United States Department of State, unless noted otherwise or not available (NA); where sources differ, references are included. Demographics of Oceania Oceania is",
"title": "Demographics of Oceania"
},
{
"id": "15101525",
"text": "the island, including at Flying Fish Cove and North West Point. Dicliptera maclearii Dicliptera maclearii is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae which is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours John Maclear, captain of the survey vessel HMS \"Flying Fish\", which visited Christmas Island in 1886. \"Dicliptera maclearii\" is an erect herb with small pink flowers growing to 1 m in height. Its leaves are lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or spine-tipped, 20–70 mm long and 5–30 mm wide. It closest relative is \"D. ciliata\". Found only on Christmas",
"title": "Dicliptera maclearii"
},
{
"id": "10376482",
"text": "was administered as part of the Colony of Singapore. The laws of Singapore, including prostitution law, were based on British law. in 1958, the sovereignty of the island was transferred to Australia. The ‘laws of the Colony of Singapore’ continued to be the law of the territory. The \"Territories Law Reform Act 1992\" decreed that Australian federal law and the state laws of Western Australia be applicable to the Indian Ocean Territories, of which Christmas Island is a part. For the current situation see Western Australia. Cocos (Keeling) Islands were, like Christmas Island, a British colony and part of the",
"title": "Prostitution in Australia"
},
{
"id": "7555063",
"text": "government. Since 2015, federal control has also been extended to the formerly self-governing territory of Norfolk Island. The third internal territory is the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT) which is on the coast of New South Wales south of Sydney and east of Canberra. Three of the external territories are inhabited; the others are uninhabited, apart from temporary-resident scientists. The term \"geographic Australia\" is used by the Australian government to describe the area covered by demographic statistics such as national population figures. This area comprises Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in addition to the six states and three mainland",
"title": "States and territories of Australia"
},
{
"id": "13474069",
"text": "Capricorn mark the northern and southern limits, respectively, with very few population in the subtropics, such as the Ryukyu Islands. Some evidence indicates the coconut crab once lived on the mainlands of Australia and Madagascar and on the island of Mauritius, but it no longer occurs in any of these places. As they cannot swim as adults, coconut crabs must have colonised the islands as planktonic larvae. Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has the largest and densest population of coconut crabs in the world, although it is outnumbered there by more than 50 times by the Christmas Island red",
"title": "Coconut crab"
},
{
"id": "15088015",
"text": "Zehneria alba Zehneria alba is a species of flowering plant in the cucumber and gourd family Cucurbitaceae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet is from the Latin \"albus\" (white), referring to the colour of the flowers. \"Zehneria alba\" is a dioecious vine with stems growing to 3 m in length. The leaves are broadly ovate, cordate at the base, unlobed to shallowly 3-lobed, dentate, acute to acuminate, and 50–80 mm long. The flowers are small and white; the male inflorescence is paniculate or racemose, 30–150 mm long, with a",
"title": "Zehneria alba"
},
{
"id": "13354800",
"text": "known at the time as Christmas Island (not to be confused with Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean) between 1957 and 1958. These were airbursts mostly occurring over water or suspended a few hundred metres above the ground by balloon. In Australia there were three sites. Testing was carried out between 1952 and 1957 and was mostly done at the surface. A few hundred smaller scale tests were conducted at both Emu Field and Maralinga between 1953 and 1963. Two separate atomic test projects occurred at the islands, the first being Operation Hurricane and the second being Operation Mosaic The",
"title": "Nuclear weapons tests in Australia"
},
{
"id": "11548841",
"text": "Reptiles include tiger snakes and lizards. A species of mouse is present. Christmas Island (Tasmania) The Christmas Island, part of the New Year Group, is a granite island located in the Great Australian Bight, lying off the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, the line separating Bass Strait from the Great Australian Bight runs through King Island, so Christmas Island lies in the Great Australian Bight. The island forms part of the King Island Important Bird Area because of its importance for breeding seabirds and waders. Breeding seabird and shorebird species include little penguin, short-tailed",
"title": "Christmas Island (Tasmania)"
},
{
"id": "5408050",
"text": "agenda. The island was a popular cruise stop due to its long jetty, and the numbers of arrivals were maintained by the Seychelles, until the lease to India took place which closed the island to the public. Assumption Island was once home to a great diversity of seabirds, including the Abbott's booby, which is now confined to a single breeding island: Christmas Island, in the eastern Indian Ocean. Efforts are now underway by the Seychelles Islands Foundation, in conjunction with Island Conservation Society and the Islands Development Company, to restore the habitat of the island. The first successful step in",
"title": "Assumption Island"
},
{
"id": "11548840",
"text": "Christmas Island (Tasmania) The Christmas Island, part of the New Year Group, is a granite island located in the Great Australian Bight, lying off the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, the line separating Bass Strait from the Great Australian Bight runs through King Island, so Christmas Island lies in the Great Australian Bight. The island forms part of the King Island Important Bird Area because of its importance for breeding seabirds and waders. Breeding seabird and shorebird species include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, Pacific gull, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher, pied oystercatcher and black-faced cormorant.",
"title": "Christmas Island (Tasmania)"
},
{
"id": "18978785",
"text": "of Singapore. The laws of Singapore, including prostitution law, were based on British law. in 1958, the sovereignty of the island was transferred to Australia. The \"laws of the Colony of Singapore\" continued to be the law of the territory. The \"Territories Law Reform Act 1992\" decreed that Australian federal law and the state laws of Western Australia be applicable to the Indian Ocean Territories, of which Christmas Island is a part. Prostitution is legal, but solicitation, living off the earnings of prostitution and brothel keeping are outlawed. The use of condoms are mandatory. In 2003, the New Zealand Prostitution",
"title": "Prostitution in Oceania"
},
{
"id": "65158",
"text": "oceans surrounding Christmas Island. Snorkeling and swimming in the ocean are two other activities that are extremely popular. Walking trails are also very popular, for there are many beautiful trails surrounded by extravagant flora and fauna. 63% of the island is national park making it one of the main attractions to experience when visiting. Christmas Island was uninhabited until the late 19th century, allowing many species to evolve without human interference. Two-thirds of the island has been declared a National Park, which is managed by the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage through Parks Australia. Christmas Island has always been",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "3004819",
"text": "Warren Snowdon Warren Edward Snowdon (born 30 March 1950) is an Australian politician. He is a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives. He represented the Division of Northern Territory from July 1987 to March 1996, and from October 1998 to November 2001. Since November 2001, he has represented the Division of Lingiari. This electorate includes all the towns and communities in the Northern Territory outside Darwin, as well as Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean. He is the last serving MP who was first elected in the 1980s, and who served in Old",
"title": "Warren Snowdon"
},
{
"id": "65201",
"text": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and closer to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is part of Southeast Asia and is in the Southern Hemisphere. The territory's dual name (official since the islands’ incorporation into Australia in 1955) reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands. The territory consists of two atolls made up of 27 coral islands, of which only two – West Island and Home",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"id": "65202",
"text": "Island – are inhabited. The population of around 600 people consists mainly of Cocos Malays, who practise Sunni Islam and speak a dialect of Malay as their first language. The territory is administered by the Australian federal government's Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities, and together with Christmas Island forms the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administrative unit. However, the islanders do have a degree of self-government through the local shire council. Many public services – including health, education, and policing – are provided by the state of Western Australia, and Western Australian law applies except where the federal government",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"id": "2126757",
"text": "weight is . The grey reef shark is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean, it occurs from South Africa to India, including Madagascar and nearby islands, the Red Sea, and the Maldives. In the Pacific Ocean, it is found from southern China to northern Australia and New Zealand, including the Gulf of Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. This species has also been reported from numerous Pacific islands, including American Samoa, the Chagos Archipelago, Easter Island, Christmas Island, the Cook Islands, the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago, Guam, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia,",
"title": "Grey reef shark"
},
{
"id": "190960",
"text": "point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. The Indian Ocean covers , including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of and a maximum depth of . The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds . The average depth of the ocean is . Its deepest point is Sunda",
"title": "Indian Ocean"
},
{
"id": "65139",
"text": "knowledge of the Malay language and the customs of the Asian people... has proved invaluable in the inauguration of Australian administration... During his two years on the island he had faced unavoidable difficulties... and constantly sought to advance the island's interests.\" John William Stokes succeeded him and served from 1 October 1960, to 12 June 1966. On his departure he was lauded by all sectors of the island community. In 1968, the official secretary was retitled an administrator and, since 1997, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and share a single",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "2922312",
"text": "for example, dissolve the ACT Assembly in cases of corruption or deadlock. As well as the internal and largely self-governing territories of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia also possesses (or lays claim to—since Australia's Antarctic claims are not universally recognised) seven external territories, each of which falls within the sphere of influence of the Commonwealth and is administered by the Commonwealth Government. Three of these, Norfolk Island (which enjoys a large degree of autonomy), the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Territory of Christmas Island have permanent populations and also have an Administrator appointed by",
"title": "Administrator (Australia)"
},
{
"id": "3101340",
"text": "Indian Ocean, some 2000 km off the north-west coast of Australia and 500 km south of Jakarta, Indonesia. Hundreds of people arrived on tightly packed, unseaworthy vessels, and many paid large amounts of money to people smugglers for their passage to Australia. At dawn on 24 August 2001, a 20 metre wooden fishing boat, the \"Palapa 1\", with 438 (369 men, 26 women and 43 children) mainly Hazara, became stranded in international waters about 140 km north of Christmas Island. On 26 August, Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) Australia, which had been aware of the vessel's distress, possibly through Coastwatch surveillance,",
"title": "Tampa affair"
},
{
"id": "2649600",
"text": "base Bellingshausen Station is antipodal to a land location in Russian Siberia. Rottnest Island, off the coast of Western Australia, is approximately antipodal to Bermuda. Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, is almost antipodal to Nicaragua's Corn Islands. Flores Island, the westernmost island of the Azores, is nearly antipodal to Flinders Island between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Point Nemo, the point in the South Pacific Ocean most distant from any other land, is precisely opposite a desolate piece of desert in western Kazakhstan. By definition, the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes.",
"title": "Antipodes"
},
{
"id": "7555222",
"text": "2018. In 2018, Australia overtook Switzerland and become the country with the highest average wealth. Australia's poverty rate increased from 10.2% to 11.8%, from 2000/01 to 2013. It was identified by the Credit Suisse Research Institute as the nation with the highest median wealth in the world and the second-highest average wealth per adult in 2013. The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"id": "16165571",
"text": "of responsibility early on 13 November. The very next day, the Bureau of Meteorology noted that the system had once again returned to the Australian basin, and was located approximately 1000 km (620 mi) northwest of the Cocos Islands, marking the tropical low's third period of occupation of the Australian region in just five days. On the morning of 14 November, the Bureau of Meteorology noted the development of a tropical low in an area of thunderstorms situated about 490 km (305 mi) northwest of Christmas Island. Located over the warm waters of the tropical Indian Ocean off the coast",
"title": "2018–19 Australian region cyclone season"
},
{
"id": "8956085",
"text": "Abbott's booby Abbott's booby (\"Papasula abbotti\") is an endangered seabird of the sulid family, which includes gannets and boobies. It is a large booby, smaller than gannets, and is placed within its own monotypic genus. It was first identified from a specimen collected by William Louis Abbott, who discovered it on Assumption Island in 1892. Abbott's booby breeds only in a few spots on the Australian territory of Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean, although it formerly had a much wider range. It has white plumage with black markings, and is adapted for long-distance flight. It forages around Christmas",
"title": "Abbott's booby"
},
{
"id": "18030399",
"text": "the Tampa affair. The policy involved the excision of Australian external territories (Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Cocos (Keeling) Island) and other islands in the Pacific Ocean—from the Australian migration zone. Asylum-seekers arriving by boat without visas in these excised territories to seek asylum in Australia) were transferred to the OPC facilities where they would stay while their claims for asylum were processed. The centres were managed by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The Manus Regional Processing Centre fell into disuse in preference to the Nauru centre. In July 2003, the immigration department announced that the centre",
"title": "Manus Regional Processing Centre"
},
{
"id": "12602955",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island The postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, was linked to its original economic situation until 1993. Mainly ruled by a phosphate production commission, the island was part of the British Straits Settlements colony from 1901 to 1942, then of Singapore from 1946 to 1958. Although it was placed under Australian control in 1958, the island remained postally and philatelically independent until 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator. The island issued its own postage stamps from 1958. Those issued by Australia Post since 1993",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "15106068",
"text": "Dendrobium nativitatis Dendrobium nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island crimp orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. It has long, straggly stems, flattened pseudobulbs, a single leathery leaf and a single pale yellow flower. \"Dendrobium nativitatis\" is an epiphytic herb with straggly, sometimes branching, aerial stems long. The pseudobulbs are smooth, flattened, pale green, long and wide. There is a single leathery, narrow elliptic leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. A single, pale yellow flower long and wide develops at the",
"title": "Dendrobium nativitatis"
},
{
"id": "20004394",
"text": "it in referenda in 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009. Western Australia trialled daylight saving for three years before the 2009 referendum, and one summer before each of the earlier referenda. Four states of Australia do have daylight saving, so the time zone difference between them and Western Australia is one hour further during summer as Western Australia is the westernmost state of Australia. Australia's Indian Ocean territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands also do not observe daylight saving and have year-round offsets of 60 and 90 minutes from Western Australia. The Daylight Saving Party has fielded two candidates",
"title": "Daylight Saving Party"
},
{
"id": "15822221",
"text": "Arctic flounder The Arctic flounder (\"Liopsetta glacialis\"), also known as the Christmas flounder, eelback flounder and Polar plaice, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on coastal mud bottoms in salt, brackish and fresh waters at depths of up to . Its native habitat is the polar waters of the northeastern Atlantic and Arctic oceans, from the White and Barents seas to the coasts of Siberia in Russia and Queen Maud Gulf in Canada, and from the Chuckchi and Bering seas to Bristol Bay in Alaska and the northern Sea of Okhotsk. It",
"title": "Arctic flounder"
},
{
"id": "65145",
"text": "The karst terrain supports numerous anchialine caves. The summit of this mountain peak is formed by a succession of tertiary limestones ranging from the Eocene or Oligocene up to recent reef deposits, with intercalations of volcanic rock in the older beds. Steep cliffs along much of the coast rise abruptly to a central plateau. Elevation ranges from sea level to at Murray Hill. The island is mainly tropical rainforest, 63% of which is national park land. The narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard. Christmas Island lies northwest of Perth, Western Australia, south of Indonesia, ENE of",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "12602175",
"text": "been charted since the 1960s and is not well known. Wharton Basin Wharton Basin is the marine area of the north east quarter of the Indian Ocean. It is named after William Wharton (1843-1905), Hydrographer of the Navy. Alternative names are Cocos Basin (after the Cocos Islands) and West Australian Basin. It lies east of the Ninety East Ridge and west of Western Australia. It is of interest in relation to Indian Ocean floor movement and adjacent fracture zones and the relationship between the Indian and Australian plates and is one of a number of features of the Indian Ocean",
"title": "Wharton Basin"
},
{
"id": "1426196",
"text": "to elect two senators each for the first time, bringing the number to 64. The senators from the Northern Territory also represent constituents from Australia's Indian Ocean Territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while the senators from the Australian Capital Territory also represent voters from the Jervis Bay Territory and since 1 July 2016, Norfolk Island. The latest expansion in Senate numbers took place in 1984, when the number of senators from each state was increased to 12, resulting in a total of 76 senators. Normally, elections for senators take place at the same time as those for",
"title": "Australian Senate"
},
{
"id": "8025805",
"text": "the second Atlas included records from Australia's territorial waters and the external territories of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island. As with the first Atlas, the results have been published as a book, \"The New Atlas of Australian Birds\" The Atlas is now in its ongoing phase and is now accepting electronic survey forms via the Birdata website. Analysis of Atlas data is published by BirdLife Australia in the report series. Between the end of the five-year data collection of the first Atlas, and the beginning of fieldwork for the second Atlas, very little atlassing took place at",
"title": "Atlas of Australian Birds"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Christmas Island context: Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It has an area of . Christmas Island had a population of 1,843 residents , the majority of whom live in settlements on the northern tip of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Malaysian Chinese origin (though just 21.2% of the population declared\n\nChristmas Island, a territory of Australia, is located in what ocean?",
"compressed_tokens": 175,
"origin_tokens": 175,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Antip context: base Bellingshausen Station is antipodal to a land location in Russian Siberia. Rottnest Island, off the coast of Western Australia, is approximately antipodal to Bermuda. Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, is almost antipodal to Nicaragua's Corn Islands. Flores Island, the westernmost island of the Azores, is nearly antipodal to Flinders Island between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Point Nemo, the point in the South Pacific Ocean most distant from any other land, is precisely opposite a desolate piece of desert in western Kazakhstan. By definition, the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes.\n\ntitle: Christmas Island swiftlet context: the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 wasful. Christmas swift Christmas swiftlet (\"Collocalia natalis\"), also known as the Christmas glossy swiftlet or the Christmas cave swiftlet, is small bird in the family Apodidae It endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean It was commonly treated as a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet The Christmas Island swift described by the English naturalist Josephister in 188 with the scientific name \"Collocalia escul natalis\". It has usually been considered a subspecies of the glossy swiftlet (\"Collocalia esculenta\").\n\ntitle: Peia roii contextperii Peperom ro species in the Piper endemic to Christmas in the northeastern Indian. specificours the Cliesoss family established the Flying Fish on in 188Pomii\"ytic herb to 00 mm isabrous, with creeping st, the with ere flowering shoot The leaves usually opposite, entire, 30 long carries many flowers The fruit is round ber less1 mm\n: context is although needed distant parts or more isolatedirt. island-atedche in Centre Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library. Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around\n\nChristmas Island, a territory of Australia, is located in what ocean?",
"compressed_tokens": 508,
"origin_tokens": 14808,
"ratio": "29.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,747 | Yesterday saw the maiden flight of the new Boeing Dreamliner. What model number is it given? | [
"787",
"seven hundred and eighty-seven"
] | 787 | [
{
"id": "2066780",
"text": "The shortest Dreamliner variant, the 787-8 was the first variant to fly in December 2009, then the longer 787-9 in September 2013, to be followed by the longest variant, the 787-10. They are called \"B788\", \"B789\" and \"B78X\" in the List of ICAO aircraft type designators. The short-range 787-3 was cancelled in 2010. With a typical capacity of 242 passengers and a range of , the -8 is the base model of the 787 family and was the first to enter service in 2011. The 787-8 is targeted to replace the Boeing 767-200ER and -300ER, as well as expand into",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "6174688",
"text": "Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 The Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 is a British turbofan engine, developed from earlier Trent series engines. The Trent 1000 powered the Boeing 787 Dreamliner on its maiden flight, and on its first commercial flight. On 6 April 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for its new 787: Rolls-Royce and General Electric (GE). In June 2004, the first public engine selection was made by Air New Zealand who chose the Trent 1000 for its two firm orders. In the largest 787 order, that of Japan's All Nippon Airways, Rolls-Royce was selected as the engine supplier.",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent 1000"
},
{
"id": "2066714",
"text": "787 was unveiled in a roll-out ceremony on July 8, 2007 at Boeing's Everett factory. Development and production of the 787 has involved a large-scale collaboration with numerous suppliers worldwide. Final assembly takes place at the Boeing Everett Factory in Everett, Washington, and at the Boeing South Carolina factory in North Charleston, South Carolina. Originally planned to enter service in May 2008, the project experienced multiple delays. The airliner's maiden flight took place on December 15, 2009, and completed flight testing in mid-2011. Boeing has reportedly spent $32 billion on the 787 program. Final US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "6174709",
"text": "A tiled combustor is featured. Variants were certified by the EASA Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 The Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 is a British turbofan engine, developed from earlier Trent series engines. The Trent 1000 powered the Boeing 787 Dreamliner on its maiden flight, and on its first commercial flight. On 6 April 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for its new 787: Rolls-Royce and General Electric (GE). In June 2004, the first public engine selection was made by Air New Zealand who chose the Trent 1000 for its two firm orders. In the largest 787 order, that of",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent 1000"
},
{
"id": "2066783",
"text": "2014. The prototype 787-9 made its maiden flight from Paine Field on September 17, 2013. By November 8, 2013, it had flown 141 hours. A 787-9 was on static display at the 2014 Farnborough Air Show prior to first delivery. On July 8, 2014, Launch customer Air New Zealand took its first 787-9, in a distinctive black livery in a ceremony at Paine Field. Its first commercial flight was from Auckland to Sydney on August 9, 2014. The 787-9 was to begin commercial service with All Nippon Airways on August 7, 2014. United Airlines was to start the longest nonstop",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066713",
"text": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American long-haul, mid-size wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Its variants seat 242 to 335 passengers in typical three-class seating configurations. It is the first airliner with an airframe constructed primarily of composite materials. The 787 was designed to be 20% more fuel-efficient than the Boeing 767, which it was intended to replace. The 787 Dreamliner's distinguishing features include mostly electrical flight systems, raked wingtips, and noise-reducing chevrons on its engine nacelles. The aircraft's initial designation was the 7E7, prior to its renaming in January 2005. The first",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066720",
"text": "cockpit windows, a dropped nose and a distinctive \"shark-fin\" tail. The \"E\" was said to stand for various things, such as \"efficiency\" or \"environmentally friendly\"; however, in the end, Boeing said that it merely stood for \"Eight\". In July 2003, a public naming competition was held for the 7E7, for which out of 500,000 votes cast online the winning title was \"Dreamliner\". Other names included \"eLiner\", \"Global Cruiser\", and \"Stratoclimber\". On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways (ANA) became the launch customer for the 787, announcing a firm order for 50 aircraft with deliveries to begin in late",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066736",
"text": "occur by the end of 2009 and deliveries to begin at the end of 2010. The company expected to write off US$2.5 billion because it considered the first three Dreamliners built unsellable and suitable only for flight tests. On October 28, 2009, Boeing selected Charleston, SC as the site for a second 787 production line, after soliciting bids from multiple states. On December 12, 2009, the first 787 completed high speed taxi tests, the last major step before flight. On December 15, 2009, Boeing conducted the 787-8 maiden flight from Paine Field in Everett, Washington, at 10:27 am PST and",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066730",
"text": "first flight of the 787, citing insufficient progress on \"traveled work\". On March 28, 2008, in an effort to gain more control over the supply chain, Boeing announced plans to buy Vought Aircraft Industries' interest in Global Aeronautica; a later agreement was also made to buy Vought's factory in North Charleston. On April 9, 2008, a fourth delay was announced, shifting the maiden flight to the fourth quarter of 2008, and delaying initial deliveries by around 15 months to the third quarter of 2009. The 787-9 variant was postponed to 2012 and the 787-3 variant was to follow at a",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "13715565",
"text": "crews of up to seven people and is being designed to be able to remain on-orbit for up to seven months with reusability of up to ten missions. It is designed to be compatible with four launch vehicles: Atlas V, Delta IV, Falcon 9, and Vulcan, and the maiden flight will be launched with the Atlas V N22, from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. In the first phase of its CCDev program NASA awarded Boeing US$18 million in 2010 for preliminary development of the spacecraft. In the second phase Boeing was awarded a $93 million contract in",
"title": "Boeing CST-100 Starliner"
},
{
"id": "1849577",
"text": "domestic operations. ANA flew its last flight of an Airbus A321-100 on 29 February 2008. This marked the end of almost ten years of operation of the Airbus A321-100, of which ANA was the only Japanese operator. ANA was the launch customer for the new Boeing widebody, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, ordering 50 examples with an option for 50 more during April 2004. ANA split the order between 30 of the short-range 787-3 and 20 of the long haul 787-8. However, ANA later converted its -3 orders to the -8 variant. Deliveries finally began in late 2011 when ANA received",
"title": "All Nippon Airways"
},
{
"id": "1507408",
"text": "often referred to as just \"Harrier\" or \"the Jump Jet\", is a British designed military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via thrust vectoring. It first flew in 1969, the same year that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set foot on the moon, and Boeing unveiled the Boeing 747 and the Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde supersonic passenger airliner had its maiden flight. The Boeing 747 was the largest commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, and still carries millions of passengers each year, though it has been superseded by the Airbus A380, which is capable of carrying up to 853",
"title": "History of aviation"
},
{
"id": "1849578",
"text": "its first Boeing 787 on 21 September, the first ever Dreamliner to be delivered in the world. ANA flew its first Boeing 787 passenger flight on 26 October 2011, which operated as a charter flight from Tokyo Narita to Hong Kong. ANA also became the second airline to receive the Boeing 787-9–on 28 July 2014. Despite being second, the airline preceded launch customer Air New Zealand for the first commercial flight on the 787-9, a special sightseeing charter for Japanese and American school children on 4 August. On 31 July 2014, ANA firmed up an order for 7 Airbus A320neos,",
"title": "All Nippon Airways"
},
{
"id": "13715573",
"text": "allows Boeing to sell seats for space tourists. Boeing proposed including one seat per flight for a space flight participant at a price that would be competitive with what Roscosmos charges tourists. On September 4, 2015, Boeing announced that the would officially be called the Starliner, a name that follows the conventions of the 787 Dreamliner produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. In November 2015, NASA announced it had dropped Boeing from consideration in the multibillion-dollar Commercial Resupply Services second-phase competition to fly cargo to the International Space Station. In May 2016, Boeing delayed its first scheduled launch from 2017 to",
"title": "Boeing CST-100 Starliner"
},
{
"id": "12348362",
"text": "travel just under the speed of sound, cutting intercontinental travel times by as much as 20 percent. It was launched in 2001 along with a new advertising campaign to promote the company's new motto, \"Forever New Frontiers\", and to rehabilitate its image. However, the plane's fate was sealed by the changes in the commercial aviation market following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent weak economy and increase in fuel prices. Subsequently, Boeing streamlined its production and turned its attention to a new model, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, using much of the technology developed for the Sonic Cruiser, but in",
"title": "Boeing"
},
{
"id": "2066818",
"text": "and cockpit voice recorder in the same report. The enclosure Boeing added is heavier, negating the lighter battery potential. All three prototype 787-8s are preserved in museums. Boeing 787 Dreamliner The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American long-haul, mid-size wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Its variants seat 242 to 335 passengers in typical three-class seating configurations. It is the first airliner with an airframe constructed primarily of composite materials. The 787 was designed to be 20% more fuel-efficient than the Boeing 767, which it was intended to replace. The 787 Dreamliner's distinguishing features include mostly electrical",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "897467",
"text": "fatal crash in 18 years of service, and the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014 was its deadliest crash. The 777 ranks as one of Boeing's best-selling models, making it the most-produced Boeing wide-body jet, surpassing the Boeing 747. Airlines have acquired the type as a comparatively fuel-efficient alternative to other wide-body jets and have increasingly deployed the aircraft on long-haul transoceanic routes. Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330-300, the Airbus A350 XWB, and the out-of-production A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The 787 Dreamliner, which entered service in 2011, shares some design features with the 777.",
"title": "Boeing 777"
},
{
"id": "49233",
"text": "be 20 percent more fuel efficient. The new jetliner was the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project. Customers embraced the 7E7, later renamed 787 Dreamliner, and within two years it had become the fastest-selling airliner in the company's history. In 2005, Boeing opted to continue 767 production despite record Dreamliner sales, citing a need to provide customers waiting for the 787 with a more readily available option. Subsequently, the 767-300ER was offered to customers affected by 787 delays, including All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines. Some aging 767s, exceeding 20 years in age, were",
"title": "Boeing 767"
},
{
"id": "2066739",
"text": "test. Unlike past aircraft, the wings were not tested to failure. On April 7, data showed the test had been a success. On April 23, 2010, the newest 787, ZA003, arrived at the McKinley Climatic Laboratory hangar at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, for extreme weather testing in temperatures ranging from , including takeoff preparations at both temperature extremes. ZA005, the fifth 787 and the first with GEnx engines, began ground engine tests in May 2010, and made its first flight on June 16, 2010. In June 2010, gaps were discovered in the horizontal stabilizers of test aircraft due to",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "1322240",
"text": "date. The initial model was the 737-100. It was launched in February 1965. The -100 was rolled out on January 17, 1967, had its first flight on April 9, 1967 and entered service with Lufthansa in February 1968. The aircraft is the smallest variant of the 737. A total of 30 737-100s were ordered and delivered; the final commercial delivery took place on October 31, 1969 to Malaysia–Singapore Airlines. No 737-100s remain in commercial service. The original Boeing prototype, last operated by NASA and retired more than 30 years after its maiden flight, is on exhibit in the Museum of",
"title": "Boeing 737"
},
{
"id": "2066715",
"text": "European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) type certification was received in August 2011, and the first 787-8 was delivered in September 2011. It entered commercial service on October 26, 2011 with launch customer All Nippon Airways. The stretched 787-9 variant, which is longer and can fly farther than the -8, first flew in September 2013. Deliveries of the 787-9 began in July 2014; it entered commercial service on August 7, 2014 with All Nippon Airways, with 787-9 launch customer Air New Zealand following two days later. , the 787 had orders for 1,403 aircraft from 70 customers, with American Airlines having",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "17086957",
"text": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems In 2013, the first year of service for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a widebody jet airliner, at least four aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium-ion batteries. Although problems are common within the first year of a new aircraft design's life, after a number of incidents including an electrical fire aboard an All Nippon Airways 787, and a similar fire found by maintenance workers on a landed Japan Airlines 787 at Boston's Logan International Airport, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered a review into the design and manufacture of the",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems"
},
{
"id": "2749390",
"text": "accommodating 12 guests. In August 2017, \"Crystal AirCruises\" took flight with the launch of \"Crystal Skye,\" a Boeing 777-200LR configured with 88 first class flat-bed seats, a lounge/dining room that seats 24 and a full bar. The charter price is estimated by the company to be $55,000 per hour. The National Hockey League is one of its first three charter customers. In addition the company took delivery of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner in May 2017. This aircraft is currently stored. It was announced on February 4, 2016 that \"Crystal Cruises\" had signed a purchase option for the , Crystal would",
"title": "Crystal Cruises"
},
{
"id": "10532106",
"text": "To date, Boeing has secured orders for 78 747-8F and 51 747-8I aircraft with first deliveries originally scheduled for 2011 and 2012 as the 747-8I is only in service with Lufthansa, while Airbus has orders for 318 A380s, the first of which entered service in 2007 and has delivered a total of 152 to customers (as of December 31, 2014). Several Boeing projects were pursued and then cancelled, for example the Sonic Cruiser. Boeing's current platform for fleet rejuvenation is the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, which uses technology from the Sonic Cruiser concept. Boeing initially ruled out producing a re-engined version",
"title": "Competition between Airbus and Boeing"
},
{
"id": "1321961",
"text": "with registration number V8-DLA, was delivered on 4 October 2013. All of its Boeing 787 aircraft are powered by the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 engines. On 18 October 2013, the Bandar Seri Begawan - Singapore service was used as the 787's inaugural flight. Flights to London Heathrow via Dubai using the 787s started on 2 December 2013. On 6 November 2013, Royal Brunei Airlines outlined plans to offer a \"100% Dreamliner service\" on all of its long haul routes. The airline at that time considered Southern India for its next airline expansion. RB, which operated four Airbus A320s and two",
"title": "Royal Brunei Airlines"
},
{
"id": "2066747",
"text": "test aircraft ZA006 (sixth 787), powered by General Electric GEnx engines, flew non-stop from Boeing Field eastward to Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka, Bangladesh, setting a new world distance record for aircraft in the 787's weight class, which is between . This flight surpassed the previous record of , set in 2002 by an Airbus A330. The Dreamliner then continued eastbound from Dhaka to return to Boeing Field, setting a world-circling speed record of 42 hours, 27 minutes. In December 2011, Boeing started a six-month promotion 787 world tour, visiting various cities in China, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, United",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "897489",
"text": "Lasting 22 hours and 42 minutes, the flight surpassed the -200LR's standard design range and was logged in the \"Guinness World Records\". The production freighter model, the 777F, rolled out on May 23, 2008. The maiden flight of the 777F, which used the structural design and engine specifications of the -200LR along with fuel tanks derived from the -300ER, occurred on July 14, 2008. FAA and EASA type certification for the freighter was received on February 6, 2009, and the first delivery to launch customer Air France took place on February 19, 2009. The smaller Boeing 787 was the first",
"title": "Boeing 777"
},
{
"id": "19035145",
"text": "Airbus Beluga XL The Airbus Beluga XL (Airbus A330-743L) is a large transport aircraft due to enter into service in 2019. It is based on the A330 airliner, to be the successor to the Airbus Beluga. The XL has an extension on the fuselage top like the Beluga. It is being designed, built and will be operated by Airbus to move oversized aircraft components. The aircraft made its first flight on 19 July 2018. In 2013, the five original Belugas could not cope with production growth and Airbus evaluated the Antonov An-124 and An-225, Boeing C-17 or Dreamlifter, and A400M",
"title": "Airbus Beluga XL"
},
{
"id": "15757416",
"text": "dismissed these charges and countered that Usmani was suffering from hypertension and complained of giddiness after walking himself into a police station. He was admitted to the Lokmanya Tilak hospital, Sion, Mumbai, following which he died quickly due to blood clots in brain and a heart attack. A CID probe has been ordered into Usmani's death. In the wake of the blasts, Boeing announced that the Boeing-787 Dreamliner, which was on its maiden visit to India, would skip the Mumbai leg of the trip. An official said that it would have been insensitive to take the plane to Mumbai at",
"title": "2011 Mumbai bombings"
},
{
"id": "8058667",
"text": "the title of the oldest flying Boeing in the world. In 1928, the aircraft was substantially damaged in a crash near Canyonville, OR. After being recovered, it was completely rebuilt over an eight-year period from 2000 to 2008 and an estimated 18,000 man hours by Pemberton and Sons Aviation in Spokane, Washington. On May 8, 2010, this airplane had an aerial rendezvous with Boeing's newest passenger aircraft, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. In September, 2017, it was sold to the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It remains airworthy and flys on special occasions. The Henry Ford",
"title": "Boeing Model 40"
},
{
"id": "2066765",
"text": "the system used on the B-2 bomber, improves ride quality during turbulence. The 787 has a \"fly-by-wire\" control system similar in architecture to that of the Boeing 777. The flight deck features multi-function LCDs, which use an industry-standard graphical user interface widget toolkit (Cockpit Display System Interfaces to User Systems / ARINC 661). The 787 flight deck includes two head-up displays (HUDs) as a standard feature. The 787 shares a common type rating with the larger 777, allowing qualified pilots to operate both models. Like other Boeing airliners, the 787 uses a yoke instead of a side-stick. Under consideration is",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066763",
"text": "while various individual components are composed of steel. External features include a smooth nose contour, raked wingtips and engine nacelles with noise-reducing serrated edges (chevrons). The longest-range 787 variant can fly , enough to cover the Los Angeles to Bangkok and New York City to Hong Kong routes. Its cruising airspeed is Mach 0.85, equivalent to at typical cruise altitudes. The aircraft has a design life of 44,000 flight cycles. Among 787 flight systems, a key change from traditional airliners is the electrical architecture. The architecture is bleedless and replaces bleed air and hydraulic power sources with electrically powered compressors",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "8488070",
"text": "revenue flight for payloads, and it carried 12 experiments on the flight, as well as a test dummy given the moniker \"Mannequin Skywalker.\" Since the maiden flight, \"Blue Origin has been making updates to the vehicle ... intended primarily to improve operability rather than performance or reliability. Those upgrades took longer than expected\" leading to a several-month gap in test flights. The second test flight took place on 29 April 2018. \"New Shepard 4\" (\"NS4\")—the fourth propulsion module to be built—will be the first one to actually carry passengers. Blue Origin have stated that they expect to fly the first",
"title": "New Shepard"
},
{
"id": "2768167",
"text": "Tupolev Tu-204 The Tupolev Tu-204 () is a twin-engined medium-range jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1989, it is intended to be broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower range and payload, and has competitive performance and fuel efficiency in its class. It was developed for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet. The latest version, with significant upgrades and improvements, is the Tu-204SM, which made its maiden flight on 29 December 2010. The Tu-204 was designed as",
"title": "Tupolev Tu-204"
},
{
"id": "2066782",
"text": "the 787-8, the 787-9 is a lengthened and strengthened variant with a longer fuselage and a higher maximum take-off weight (MTOW), seating 280 passengers in a typical three-class arrangement over a range. It features active boundary-layer control on the tail surfaces, reducing drag. Boeing is targeting the 787-9 to replace its own 767-400ER, to compete with variants of the Airbus A330 and to allow opening new long routes like the 787-8. In 2005, the entry into service (EIS) was planned for 2010. The firm configuration was finalized on July 1, 2010. By October 2011, deliveries were scheduled to begin in",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "55806",
"text": "variant. On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight. The first delivery of the 747-8 went to Cargolux in 2011. The 1,500th produced Boeing 747 was delivered in June 2014. In January 2016, Boeing stated it was reducing 747-8 production to six a year beginning in September 2016, incurring a $569 million post-tax charge against its fourth-quarter 2015 profits. At the end of 2015, the company had 20 orders outstanding. On January 29, 2016, Boeing announced that it had begun the preliminary work on the modifications to a commercial 747-8 for the next Air Force One Presidential",
"title": "Boeing 747"
},
{
"id": "897510",
"text": "system adds a preceding manufacturer letter for \"B772\" or \"B773\". Designations may append a range identifier like \"B77W\" for the 777-300ER by the ICAO, \"77W\" for the IATA. Other notations include \"773ER\" and \"773B\" for the -300ER. The initial 777-200 made its maiden flight on June 12, 1994 and was first delivered to United Airlines on May 15, 1995. With a 545,000 lb (247,200 kg) MTOW and engines, it has a range of with 305 passengers in three-class. The -200 was aimed at U.S. domestic airlines. Nine different -200 customers have taken delivery of 88 aircraft, with 55 in airline",
"title": "Boeing 777"
},
{
"id": "9976733",
"text": "These are the 767 variants currently in production: The Boeing 777 is a large-size, long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliner. The 777-300ER, the current passenger variant in production, is capable of carrying 386 passengers in a typical 3-class configuration, has a range of and a cruising speed Mach 0.84 (554 mph, 892 km/h, 482 kn). Production of this plane began in 1993. These are the 777 variants currently in production: The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a mid-size, long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliner. The current passenger variants in production, are capable of carrying 242–290 passengers in a typical 2-class configuration, have a",
"title": "Boeing Everett Factory"
},
{
"id": "1356150",
"text": "On May 31, 2018, WestJet operated its first flight to mainland Europe with the inaugural flight from Halifax Stanfield International Airport to Paris' Charles de Gaulle Airport. On October 12, 2018, WestJet announced its new branding, along with details on the arrival on the Boeing 787-9. WestJet changed its slogan from \"Owners Care\" to \"Love where you're going\", announced a new logo (however, such logo was seen in May with the announcement of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner along with its livery), announced the Boeing 787 routes and launch dates, and an overall new brand image. Boeing 787 flights were announced",
"title": "WestJet"
},
{
"id": "12395007",
"text": "Teague, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner set new world records for distance and speed during an endurance flight around the world in 2011, the year of the 787's first delivery. Dubbed \"The New Plane for the New World,\" the 787 is considered the most successful commercial airplane launch in aviation history. In 2006, Teague and Boeing celebrated the 60th year anniversary of collaborative aviation design. Teague's architectural innovation for jetliner interiors includes projects for global airlines, such as Singapore and Emirates airlines. In 2008, Teague earned the international Red Dot Design award for Emirates Airline First-Class Cabin and Entry-Way, designed in",
"title": "Teague (company)"
},
{
"id": "14846384",
"text": "that fuel surcharges on international flights would increase by A$75 (one way). In addition, domestic base fares will rise by two to three per cent. On Saturday, 24 March 2018, a Boeing 787 Dreamliner operated by Captain Lisa Norman, Captain Jeff Foote, First Officer Dave Summergreene, and Second Officer Troy Lane was the first ever scheduled non-stop commercial flight between Australia and Europe. Flight QF9, was a 17-hour, 14,498km (9,009-mile) journey from Perth to London Heathrow. The Qantas kangaroo logo has undergone four major facelifts since its introduction in 1944. In 1984, a new refreshed logo designed by Hans Hulsbosch",
"title": "History of Qantas"
},
{
"id": "2066738",
"text": "All Nippon Airways livery, flew to Boeing Field on December 22, 2009, to join the flight test program; the third 787, ZA004 made its first flight on February 24, 2010, followed by ZA003 on March 14, 2010. On March 24, 2010, flutter and ground effects testing was completed, clearing the aircraft to fly its entire flight envelope. On March 28, 2010, the 787 completed the ultimate wing load test, which requires that the wings of a fully assembled aircraft be loaded to 150% of design limit load and held for 3 seconds. The wings were flexed approximately upward during the",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "993541",
"text": "The 787 Dreamliner is Royal Jordanian's first Boeing aircraft since the 707s and 747s, and replaced the Airbus A340-200s which had reached the end of their lives. The Dreamliners have replaced the Airbus A330-200s as leases on those aircraft have expired. The Dreamliners are generally used on Royal Jordanian's Far East destinations, to London and North America. In May 2017, Royal Jordanian announced the appointment of Stefan Pichler, the ex CEO of Airberlin Group, Fiji Airwys, Jazeera Airways, Virgin Australia and Thomas Group Group as the new President and CEO. Pichler developed a turnaround plan which helped moving Royal Jordanian",
"title": "Royal Jordanian"
},
{
"id": "12020878",
"text": "a robust airframe. Since 2006, Boeing has discussed replacing the 737 with a \"clean sheet\" design (internally named \"Boeing Y1\") that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A decision on this replacement was postponed, and delayed into 2011. On July 20, 2011, Boeing announced plans for a new 737 version to be powered by the CFM International LEAP-X engine, with American Airlines intending to order 100 of these aircraft. Internally, a minimum change version of the Leap-X is the probable final configuration for the proposed re-engined 737, and is expected to give a 10–12% improvement in fuel burn. Entry into",
"title": "Boeing 737 Next Generation"
},
{
"id": "17285785",
"text": "was then revised again in 2011, and the engines for the largest A350 have been uprated to to meet new performance requirements, and better compete with the Boeing 777-300ER. The first engine test on a static test-bed was made on 14 June 2010. On 18 February 2012, Airbus announced that the Trent XWB had successfully made its maiden flight aboard Airbus’ dedicated Airbus A380 flying test bed. Certification for the early engine variants was achieved in 2013. The first engine was expected to enter service in 2014. The first flight of the Trent XWB powering the Airbus A350 XWB took",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent XWB"
},
{
"id": "2768190",
"text": "Sources: United Aircraft Corporation, Tupolev, 204SM. Tupolev Tu-204 The Tupolev Tu-204 () is a twin-engined medium-range jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1989, it is intended to be broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower range and payload, and has competitive performance and fuel efficiency in its class. It was developed for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet. The latest version, with significant upgrades and improvements, is the Tu-204SM, which made its maiden flight on 29 December",
"title": "Tupolev Tu-204"
},
{
"id": "2066792",
"text": "In January 2018, the -10 was certified by the FAA after testing for 900 flight hours. Boeing received its production certificate on February 15. It was first delivered to launch customer Singapore Airlines on March 25, 2018. Fitted with 337 seats, 36 in business and 301 in economy, the -10 began commercial service on April 3, 2018. The 8.7% fuselage stretch from the -9 to the -10 likely increased empty weight at a lower rate than the 7.4% growth from the -8 to the -9 due to the 10.7% stretch. Software increases the tailplane effectiveness to avoid modifying it. With",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "20713038",
"text": "designated as A3XX. Airbus considered several designs, including an odd side-by-side combination of two fuselages from the Airbus A340, which was Airbus's largest jet at the time. Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15% to 20% reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747–400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design. Five A380s were built for testing and demonstration purposes. The first A380 was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18 January 2005, and its maiden flight took place on 27 April 2005. After successfully landing three",
"title": "History of Airbus"
},
{
"id": "2066728",
"text": "to include more use of titanium. Early built 787s were overweight and some carriers decided to take later aircraft; in early 2015, Boeing was trying to sell 10 such aircraft. In July 2015, Reuters reported that Boeing was considering reducing the use of titanium to reduce construction costs. Boeing intended for a first flight by the end of August 2007 and premiered the first 787 (registered N787BA) at a rollout ceremony on July 8, 2007. The 787 had 677 orders at this time, which is more orders from launch to roll-out than any previous wide-body airliner. The major systems were",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "1343949",
"text": "announced the stretched at the Farnborough Airshow. The new model was a stretch of the , resulting in room for 50 more passengers and nearly 50 percent more cargo. The type's design phase was intended to be the shortest in its manufacturer's history, with 27 months from launch to certification. Due to development and cost concerns, radical upgrades such as a Next Generation 737-style advanced cockpit were not implemented. Instead, the stretched derivative received upgraded engines, enhanced avionics, and a redesigned interior. The first rolled out on May 31, 1998, and completed its maiden flight on August 2, 1998. Following",
"title": "Boeing 757"
},
{
"id": "2066742",
"text": "program with its first flight. On November 9, 2010, Boeing 787, ZA002 made an emergency landing at Laredo International Airport, Texas, after smoke and flames were detected in the main cabin during a test flight. The electrical fire caused some systems to fail before landing. Following this incident, Boeing suspended flight testing on November 10, 2010, ground testing continued. After investigation, the in-flight fire was primarily attributed to foreign object debris (FOD) that was present in the electrical bay. After electrical system and software changes, the 787 resumed flight testing on December 23, 2010. On November 5, 2010, it was",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2268893",
"text": "1990s, 18 T-33 Mk-III and T-33 SF-SC from the Bolivian Air Force went to Canada to be modernized at Kelowna Flightcraft. New avionics were installed, and detailed inspection and renewal of the fuselage and wings were performed. Most of the aircraft returned in early 2001 and remained operational until the type was officially retired on 31 July 2017. A limited number of T-33s have been owned privately, with two used by Boeing as chase aircraft. In 2010, one T-33 owned by Boeing was used as a chase aircraft during the maiden flight of the Boeing 787. The maiden flight of",
"title": "Lockheed T-33"
},
{
"id": "6591683",
"text": "be booked in both directions even by non-EU citizens. In the beginning of 2013, Jetairfly was the first leisure airline worldwide to introduce the Embraer E-Jet 190 in its fleet. In the autumn of 2013, the new office building and maintenance hangar \"Jetairport\" was inaugurated at Brussels Airport. In December 2013, Jetairfly was the first and only Belgian airline to introduce the brand new Boeing 787-8 \"Dreamliner\". On 14 November 2014, Jetairfly sealed a wet-lease deal to provide up to four aircraft with crew to operate on behalf of ECAir, the flag carrier of the Republic of the Congo, from",
"title": "TUI fly Belgium"
},
{
"id": "2066733",
"text": "787 meets the FAA's requirement that passengers have at least as good a chance of surviving a crash landing as they would with current metal airliners. On August 7, 2007, on-time certification of the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engine by European and US regulators was received. The alternative GE GEnx-1B engine achieved certification on March 31, 2008. On June 20, 2008, the first aircraft was powered up, for testing the electrical supply and distribution systems. A non-flightworthy static test airframe was built; on September 27, 2008, the fuselage was successfully tested at 14.9 psi (102.7 kPa) differential, which is 150 percent",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "6466139",
"text": "June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa. In 2007, the United States Air Force was seeking to upgrade Air Force One by replacing the Boeing VC-25A (two heavily modified Boeing 747-200Bs acquired in the late 1980s). In 2009, Boeing was reported to be exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner variant. In January 2015, the Air Force announced the selection of the 747-8 to replace the aging VC-25A for presidential transport. U.S. Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said, \"The Boeing 747-8 is the only aircraft manufactured in the United States (that) when fully missionized meets the necessary capabilities",
"title": "Boeing 747-8"
},
{
"id": "2066790",
"text": "control system and Trent fuel-burn performance was scheduled to join in June. The -10 was scheduled to appear at the 2017 Paris Air Show. The second -10 is being used to prove the GE Aviation engines and the third made its first flight on June 8, 2017, when the flight-test programme was 30% complete. Boeing finished final assembly and painting of the first production 787-10 in October 2017, before its certification. The flight tests are mainly ahead of schedule, with the last stages focused on fuel burn validation and revised flight control software, the phase should be completed in December",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066721",
"text": "2008. The ANA order was initially specified as 30 787-3, 290–330 seat, one-class domestic aircraft, and 20 787-8, long-haul, 210–250 seat, two-class aircraft for regional international routes such as Tokyo Narita–Beijing, and could perform routes to cities not previously served, such as Denver, Moscow, and New Delhi. The 787-3 and 787-8 were to be the initial variants, with the 787-9 entering service in 2010. The 787 was designed to be the first production airliner with the fuselage comprising one-piece composite barrel sections instead of the multiple aluminum sheets and some 50,000 fasteners used on existing aircraft. Boeing selected two new",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066789",
"text": "received for final assembly on November 30, 2016. The 787-10's mid-fuselage sections are too large for transport to Everett, Washington and it is built only in Charleston, South Carolina; it is the first Boeing airliner assembled exclusively there. The first -10 was rolled out on February 17, 2017. The variant's first flight took place on March 31, 2017 and lasted 4 hours and 48 minutes. The first test 787-10 aircraft is engaged in flight envelope expansion work and the second joined the program in early May 2017, while the third with a passenger cabin interior to test the uprated environmental",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066744",
"text": "testing, the 787 visited 14 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America to test in extreme climates and conditions and for route testing. On August 13, 2011, certification testing of the Rolls-Royce powered 787-8 finished. The FAA and European Aviation Safety Agency certified the 787 on August 26, 2011, at a ceremony in Everett, Washington. Certification had taken 18 months, twice as long as originally planned. Certification cleared the way for deliveries and in 2011, Boeing prepared to increase 787 production rates from two to ten aircraft per month at assembly lines in Everett and Charleston over two",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066796",
"text": "Boeing would likely scrap it after they switched orders. The -8's longer wingspan makes it more efficient on stages longer than 370 km (200 nm). In December 2010, Boeing withdrew the short-haul model as it struggled to produce the 787-8 after program delays of three years. There are 675 Boeing 787 aircraft in airline service , comprising 329 787-8s and 340 787-9s and 6 787-10s. The largest operators are All Nippon Airways (62), Japan Airlines (39), American Airlines (37), United Airlines (37), Air Canada (35), Qatar Airways (30), Norwegian (28), Air India (27), Hainan Airlines (27), and other airlines operating",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066735",
"text": "stated the early 787-8s would have a range of almost . As a result, some airlines reportedly delayed deliveries of 787s in order to take later planes that may be closer to the original estimates. Boeing expected to have the weight issues addressed by the 21st production model. On June 15, 2009, during the Paris Air Show, Boeing said that the 787 would make its first flight within two weeks. However, on June 23, 2009, the first flight was postponed due to structural reasons. Boeing provided an updated 787 schedule on August 27, 2009, with the first flight planned to",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "55839",
"text": "Electric GEnx-2B67 engines. The 747-8 Freighter, or 747-8F, is derived from the 747-400ERF. The variant has 16 percent more payload capacity than its predecessor, allowing it to carry seven more standard air cargo containers, with a maximum payload capacity of 154 tons (140 tonnes) of cargo. As on previous 747 freighters, the 747-8F features an overhead nose-door and a side-door on the main deck plus a side-door on the lower deck (\"belly\") to aid loading and unloading. The 747-8F made its maiden flight on February 8, 2010. The variant received its amended type certificate jointly from the FAA and the",
"title": "Boeing 747"
},
{
"id": "2066816",
"text": "a revised battery design on April 5, 2013. The FAA approved Boeing's revised battery design with three additional, overlapping protection methods on April 19, 2013. The FAA published a directive on April 25 to provide instructions for retrofitting battery hardware before the 787s could return to flight. The repairs were expected to be completed in weeks. Following the FAA approval in the U.S., Japan gave permission for passenger airlines to resume Boeing 787 flights in the country effective April 26, 2013. On April 27, 2013, Ethiopian Airlines took a 787 on the model's first commercial flight after battery system modifications.",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "900220",
"text": "signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus for the acquisition of 22 Airbus A350 XWBs, and 10 Airbus A330-200s. The transaction for the A350 XWBs was formalised late that year in a deal worth billion. The handover of the first A350 XWB was due to take place in 2015. Delivery has been delayed by three years, with the first aircraft to enter the fleet in 2018. A contract for the acquisition of 22 Boeing 787 Dreamliners was signed in , reportedly consisting of Boeing 787-8s with deliveries starting in 2014; in the same year, Boeing officially announced that Aeroflot placed",
"title": "Aeroflot"
},
{
"id": "2066785",
"text": "original 787-8 wing, the latest configuration for the 787-9 and -10 is the fourth design evolution. On March 25, 2018, a Qantas 787-9 completed the first scheduled non-stop flight between Australia and the UK flying seventeen hours from Perth to London Heathrow. In December 2005, pushed by the interest of Emirates and Qantas, Boeing was studying the possibility of stretching the 787-9 further to seat 290 to 310 passengers. This variant would be similar to the capacity of the Airbus A350-900 and Boeing 777-200ER. Customer discussions were continuing in early 2006. Mike Bair, Boeing's vice president and general manager for",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "1346449",
"text": "as the \"Boeing 717\". Production ceased in May 2006 after 156 were built. There were 148 Boeing 717 aircraft in service . Douglas Aircraft launched the DC-9, a short-range companion to their larger four-engine DC-8 in 1963. The DC-9 was an all-new design, using two rear fuselage-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines; a small, efficient wing; and a T-tail. The DC-9's maiden flight was in 1965 and entered airline service later that year. When production ended in 1982 a total of 976 DC-9s had been produced. The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series, the second generation of the DC-9, began airline",
"title": "Boeing 717"
},
{
"id": "12187213",
"text": "fleet were gradually repainted. Several First Choice Airways aircraft remained in the First Choice livery as they were due to be phased out of service. A new livery, named \"Dynamic Wave\" (which will also be applied on Thomson Cruises ships), was introduced in May 2012. TUI Airways became the first UK airline to take delivery of the Boeing 787, receiving the first aircraft in May 2013. Passenger services with the aircraft began on 21 June 2013 with a flight between London Gatwick and Menorca. Also in 2013, the parent group TUI Travel, now known as TUI Group, ordered 60 Boeing",
"title": "TUI Airways"
},
{
"id": "1322225",
"text": "model being taken by the more popular 737-700. The 737, particularly the 737 Next Generation, has been featured in many flight simulation games, including Infinite Flight and Microsoft Flight Simulator X. Since 2006, Boeing has discussed replacing the 737 with a \"clean sheet\" design (internally named \"Boeing Y1\") that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A decision on this replacement was postponed, and delayed into 2011. In November 2014, it was reported that Boeing plans to develop a new aircraft to replace the 737 in the 2030 time frame. The airplane is to have a similar fuselage, but probably made",
"title": "Boeing 737"
},
{
"id": "1874723",
"text": "the 747-400. The most modern airliners are characterized by increased use of composite materials, turbofan engines with higher degree of bypass and total compression ratio, and more advanced digital avionics. Examples of the latest widebody airliners are the Airbus A380 (first flight in 2005), Boeing 787 (first flight in 2009) and Airbus A350 (first flight in 2013). These improvements allowed longer ranges and lower cost of transportation per passenger. Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries) are examples of narrowbodies with similar level of technological advancements. Jet airliner A jet airliner (or jetliner, in its portmanteau form) is",
"title": "Jet airliner"
},
{
"id": "2066781",
"text": "new non-stop markets where larger planes would not be economically viable. Approximately 32% of 787 orders are for the 787-8 , with 360 delivered. In 2018, Boeing will change the -8 manufacturing to raise its commonality with the -9 above the current 30% to be more like the 95% commonality between the -9 and -10, as it will benefit from learning from those. When it was launched, a new B787-8 was to cost only slightly more than the B767-300ER, valued new for $85 million at its 1990s peak, but it ended being 20% more costly. Keeping the same wingspan as",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "18220810",
"text": "further test engines and production Trent 7000 will be assembled in the Rolls-Royce Singapore facility. In 2015 Rolls experienced development problems with the Trent 1000 TEN, and had to involve extra resources to support the on-time March 2017 787-10 maiden flight but it led to delaying the Trent 7000. The first pair of engines were shipped to Airbus in June 2017. It made its first flight on 19 October 2017 aboard its A330neo application, directly after ground testing which included altitude, icing, cross-wind, noise and cyclic testing in USA, and endurance, operability and functional performance testing in UK. As it",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent 7000"
},
{
"id": "2066737",
"text": "landed three hours later at 1:33 p.m. at Seattle's Boeing Field, after reaching and . Originally scheduled for 5 hours, the test flight was shortened to three hours with the pilots wanting to complete the flight under visual meteorological conditions while visibility and cloud ceiling were low. The 6,800h, six-aircraft ground and flight test programme was scheduled in eight and a half months, the fastest certification campaign for a new Boeing commercial design. The flight test program comprised six aircraft, ZA001 through ZA006, four with Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines and two with GE GEnx-1B64 engines. The second 787, ZA002 in",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "55818",
"text": "JAL. The -100BSR had a 600,000 lb MTOW and was powered by the same JT9D-7A or General Electric CF6-45 engines used on the -100SR. ANA operated this variant on domestic Japanese routes with 455 or 456 seats until retiring its last aircraft in March 2006. In 1986, two -100BSR SUD models, featuring the stretched upper deck (SUD) of the -300, were produced for JAL. The type's maiden flight occurred on February 26, 1986, with FAA certification and first delivery on March 24, 1986. JAL operated the -100BSR SUD with 563 seats on domestic routes until their retirement in the third",
"title": "Boeing 747"
},
{
"id": "2946348",
"text": "Boeing 737-800 aircraft on 11 December 1996; and the first aircraft was delivered on 12 November 1997. It placed its second order for six Boeing 737-700 and two Boeing 737-900 aircraft on 14 June 1999 with deliveries starting in May 2001. On 5 January 2012, it inducted five ATR 72-600 series aircraft to operate on domestic regional routes. Long-haul routes are served using its fleet of Airbus A330-200, Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft. The airline placed an order for 10 Boeing 777-300ER aircraft on 29 September 2005 which were delivered in 2007. Jet Airways ordered 10 Boeing 787 Dreamliner",
"title": "Jet Airways"
},
{
"id": "17285783",
"text": "Rolls-Royce Trent XWB The Rolls-Royce Trent XWB is a British series of turbofan jet engines developed from the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000, exclusively powering the Airbus A350 XWB. By 2004 Airbus had been facing pressure from customers to develop a competitor to the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, then in October 2005 formally launched a new aircraft designated the Airbus A350. Rolls-Royce initially offered a conventional bleed air engine variant of the Trent 1000 with a throttle-push to static thrust, the Trent 1700. It would have been developed in partnership with Kawasaki Heavy Industries. In 2006, after a review of the Airbus A350,",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent XWB"
},
{
"id": "4685608",
"text": "distance, speed, and endurance record attempt. This aircraft, powered by General Electric GEnx engines, had flown non-stop from Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington eastward to Shahjalal International Airport, setting a new world distance record for aircraft in the weight class of the 787, which is between and . This flight surpassed the previous distance record of , set in 2002 by an Airbus A330. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft then continued eastbound from Dhaka to return to Boeing Field, setting a world-circling speed record of 42 hours, 27 minutes. In 1992, the airport terminal area experienced rapid expansion with addition",
"title": "Shahjalal International Airport"
},
{
"id": "20043676",
"text": "launch of 787 Dreamliner in 2003. At the 2015 Paris Air Show, Airbus CEO Fabrice Bregier estimated that Boeing would have to invest $10 billion to develop a 757 successor for 220 passengers and a 4,500 nmi (8,300 km) range, capacities studied by Boeing's vice president for product development Mike Sinnett. Airways News Vinay Bhaskara said Boeing's \"middle of the market\" (MOM) airliner will likely launch before 2020 and enter service in the early part of the coming decade. Boeing denied exploring updating the Boeing 767, but revising and enhancing it is also a possibility. Developing and building a new",
"title": "Boeing New Midsize Airplane"
},
{
"id": "8795910",
"text": "now a captain on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and is based in New Delhi. Nivedita Bhasin brought the 787 Dreamliner from USA to India on 19 September 2012 Nivedita Bhasin Nivedita Bhasin (born 1963) of Indian Airlines became the youngest woman pilot in world civil aviation history to command a commercial jet aircraft on 1 January 1990 at the age of 26. Capt Nivedita Bhasin piloted IC-492 on the Bombay-Aurangabad-Udaipur sector. Nivedita joined the Indian Airlines in 1984 and has many firsts to her credit: Nivedita Bhasin was born in 1963 and got her license when she was 18. She",
"title": "Nivedita Bhasin"
},
{
"id": "1066404",
"text": "had codeshare agreements with the following airlines (as of February 2012): The operators of Continental Connection were: Continental's all-Boeing fleet consisted of four types (737, 757, 767, and 777) in ten variants, with two variants of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner scheduled to enter service in 2011. The company's daily aircraft utilization was usually at the top of the industry. At the time of the merger with United, the Continental Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft with an average age of 9.5 years: By 2013, all of the former Continental fleet, excluding the Boeing 737-500 and Boeing 767-200ER (which were",
"title": "Continental Airlines"
},
{
"id": "19317619",
"text": "has invested in research and development and embarked on an ambitious program with Canadian-designed and built Orenda jet engine in development, and a jet-powered fighter and airliner going through flight trials. The first to fly is the Avro C.102 Jetliner jet airliner designed for intercontinental routes. The Avro XC-100 twin-engine jet night fighter prototype is rolled out for its successful maiden flight and will soon enter production for the RCAF. Other experimental designs include the Hiller YH-32 Hornet, ramjet-powered helicopter, the McDonnell XF-85 Goblin parasite fighter, deployed from the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, Gloster Meteor fighters",
"title": "Screaming Jets (film)"
},
{
"id": "4673373",
"text": "Airbus A220 The Airbus A220, previously known as Bombardier CSeries (or C Series), is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine, medium-range jet airliners marketed by Airbus but designed and originally built by the Canadian manufacturer Bombardier Aerospace. Following Airbus involvement the aircraft are built by CSeries Aircraft Limited Partnership (CSALP). The 108 to 133-seat A220-100 (formerly CS100) made its maiden flight on 16 September 2013, was awarded an initial type certification by Transport Canada on 18 December 2015 and entered service on 15 July 2016 with Swiss Global Air Lines. The 130 to 160-seat A220-300 (formerly CS300) first flew on 27",
"title": "Airbus A220"
},
{
"id": "862498",
"text": "Holding S.A. fleet consists of the following aircraft: Avianca's first Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner was delivered on 17 December 2014 and launched its first service on 16 January 2015 between Bogotá and New York. Erroneously, Avianca Holdings has been associated with the purchase of ten units of the Airbus A350-900 XWB. However, the purchase was made by Grupo Synergy, owner of Avianca Brasil and main shareholder of Avianca Holdings. The purchase is destined to Avianca Brasil, which is not a subsidiary of Avianca Holdings. The airline suffered a few incidents during the 1980s and early 1990s. The deadliest of those incidents",
"title": "Avianca"
},
{
"id": "20756850",
"text": "for the A380-800. In May 2011, Paul Griffiths, chief executive of Dubai Airports revealed that Emirates will eventually take over the operation of Concourse C, along with Concourses B and A. On November 12, 2017, Emirates Airline \"renewed its aircraft buying spree\" and agreed to buy a number of Boeing's 787 Dreamliners for $15.1 billion. With the first deliveries planned for 2022, the deal included 40 of the new 787-10, the largest available Dreamliner. The \"Wall Street Journal\" described the deal as a \"painful loss\" for Airbus, which until 2014, Emirates had a firm order for 70 of its A350",
"title": "History of Emirates (airline)"
},
{
"id": "1292973",
"text": "Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft: The company has previously operated the following aircraft: The first of four converted Boeing 737-300s was delivered to the company in ; Kenya Airways planned to fly this aircraft on African routes served by the Embraer 190s, in order to boost cargo capacity. The company took delivery of its first Boeing 777-300ER in October 2013. Kenya Airways had nine Boeing 787 Dreamliners on order as of April 2011, although the company considered cancelling the order after systematic delays with the delivery dates. The handover of the first Boeing 787 took place on 4",
"title": "Kenya Airways"
},
{
"id": "8476296",
"text": "was completed. In December 2006, Boeing announced the 747 LCF would be named \"Dreamlifter\", a reference to the 787's name, Dreamliner. It unveiled a standard livery for the aircraft that included a logo reminiscent of the 787's Dreamliner logo. Certification was initially planned for early 2007, but was pushed back to June 2007. The aircraft's winglets were removed to resolve excess vibration and other handling characteristics prior to final certification. In the meantime, as part of the flight test program, LCF delivered major sections of the 787 from partner sites around the world to the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington",
"title": "Boeing Dreamlifter"
},
{
"id": "6174690",
"text": "aircraft leasing company when International Lease Finance Corporation placed an order worth $1.3 billion at list prices for Trent 1000s to power 40 of the 787s which it has on order ($1300/80round2 m per engine). On 27 September 2007 British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 1000 to power 24 Boeing 787 aircraft. On 2 August 2010, a Trent 1000 suffered an uncontained engine failure of the intermediate turbine on a test stand. It was reported as being due to a fire in the engine oil system. On 26 October 2011, the 787 flew its first commercial flight from",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Trent 1000"
},
{
"id": "8786222",
"text": "out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The goal of the MC-21 is to replace the Tupolev Tu-154, Tupolev Tu-134, Tupolev Tu-204, and the Yakovlev Yak-42. and to compete with the Airbus A320neo and the Boeing B737 MAX. Despite the domination of the airliner market by Boeing and Airbus as well as Russian protectionism preventing western companies to supply the program, the MC-21 was able to have its maiden flight on 28 May 2017, have 2 prototypes built and another 4 in assembly, and getting a total of 205 orders as of 24 July 2017, with an introduction planned",
"title": "United Aircraft Corporation"
},
{
"id": "95567",
"text": "as Vertol (standing for vertical take-off and landing); it was around this time that work commenced on the development of a new generation of tandem rotor helicopter. During 1956, the new design received the internal company designation of \"Vertol Model 107\", or simply \"V-107\"; this rotorcraft differed from its predecessors by harnessing the newly developed turboshaft engine instead of piston-based counterparts. During that year, construction of a prototype, powered by a pair of Lycoming T53 turboshaft engines, each one being capable of producing 877 shp (640 kW), commenced. On 22 April 1958, the V-107 prototype performed its maiden flight. In",
"title": "Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight"
},
{
"id": "15878866",
"text": "erroneous cockpit readings. Boeing 737 MAX The Boeing 737 MAX is an American narrow-body aircraft series designed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes as the fourth generation of the Boeing 737, succeeding the Boeing 737 Next Generation (NG). The new generation of the Boeing 737 was launched on August 30, 2011. The first flight was on January 29, 2016. The new series gained FAA certification on March 8, 2017. The first delivery was a MAX 8 on May 6, 2017 to Malindo Air, which placed the aircraft into service on May 22, 2017. The 737 MAX is based on earlier",
"title": "Boeing 737 MAX"
},
{
"id": "993533",
"text": "with two new units, and order four new Airbus A319s to enter service in early 2008. In April 2007, Royal Jordanian became part of Oneworld, thus becoming the first Arab airline to join such a global alliance system. The following month, the airline announced an order for a total of 10 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, for service entry in 2010. This is the first order Royal Jordanian has placed with Boeing. Montreal, Canada, rejoined the network on 25 May 2007, after the route was cancelled in 1997. Also during May, Royal Jordanian was the sponsor of the World Economic Forum, which",
"title": "Royal Jordanian"
},
{
"id": "15878851",
"text": "MAX 7. Boeing plans to improve its range from to after 2021. On July 23, 2013, Boeing completed the firm configuration for the 737 MAX 8. The MAX 8 has a lower empty weight and higher maximum takeoff weight than the A320neo and in cruise at , it burns per hour at and FL350, at a suboptimal flight level and forward center of mass. Its first commercial flight was operated by Malindo Air on May 22, 2017 between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore as Flight OD803. In early 2017, a new -8 was valued at $52.85 million, rising to below $54.5",
"title": "Boeing 737 MAX"
},
{
"id": "18164419",
"text": "Airbus A330neo The Airbus A330neo (\"neo\" for \"New Engine Option\") is a wide-body jet airliner developed by Airbus from the Airbus A330 (now A330\"ceo\" – \"Current Engine Option\"). A new version with modern engines comparable to those developed for the Boeing 787 was called for by owners of the current A330. It was launched on 14 July 2014 at the Farnborough Airshow, promising 14% better fuel economy per seat. It will exclusively use the larger Rolls-Royce Trent 7000. Its two versions are based on the A330-200 and -300: the -800 should cover with 257 passengers while the -900 should cover",
"title": "Airbus A330neo"
},
{
"id": "4673429",
"text": "very price-sensitive market. Airbus also believes that the A220 will have a role to play in the rise of point-to-point traffic in the region, especially on new routes with thin initial demand. Airbus A220 The Airbus A220, previously known as Bombardier CSeries (or C Series), is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine, medium-range jet airliners marketed by Airbus but designed and originally built by the Canadian manufacturer Bombardier Aerospace. Following Airbus involvement the aircraft are built by CSeries Aircraft Limited Partnership (CSALP). The 108 to 133-seat A220-100 (formerly CS100) made its maiden flight on 16 September 2013, was awarded an initial",
"title": "Airbus A220"
},
{
"id": "8801383",
"text": "lowest total airframe time of any operational B-52. It is on permanent public display near the north gate of Edwards Air Force Base in California. It derives its nickname from its NASA tail number 52-008: leading zeroes plus the number 8. Among USAF personnel, it is common practice to refer to aircraft whose tail number is a single digit preceded by multiple zeros as \"Balls\" and the last digit of its tail number. Balls 8 Balls 8 is a NASA Boeing NB-52B mothership, retired in 2004 after almost 50 years of flying service with NASA. The aircraft is famous for",
"title": "Balls 8"
},
{
"id": "1529756",
"text": "and A340, and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. In the \"jumbo\" category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname \"Superjumbo\". Both the Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 \"jumbo jets\" have four engines each (quad-jets), however the upcoming Boeing 777X (\"mini jumbo jet\") is a twinjet. In the mid-2000s, rising oil costs in a post-9/11 climate caused airlines to look towards newer, more fuel efficient aircraft. Two such examples are the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB. The proposed Comac C929 and C939 may also share",
"title": "Wide-body aircraft"
},
{
"id": "16036206",
"text": "airline, Singapore Airlines, reconfigured with a new seating layout and modified (de-rated) engines. The airline had planned to operate a fleet of 14 aircraft by 2016. On 24 October 2012, Scoot announced that parent company Singapore Airlines would be transferring the 20 Boeing 787-9 Dreamliners it had on order to Scoot to replace Scoot's current fleet of Boeing 777-200s. Scoot retired all six of its Boeing 777-200ERs by August 2016 and moved to an 'all-Boeing 787' fleet, following the delivery of the first of ten Boeing 787-9s on 2 February 2015 and the first of ten Boeing 787-8s in mid-2015.",
"title": "Scoot"
},
{
"id": "2355673",
"text": "Southern in particular. In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China Southern and the Chinese government placed several landmark widebody-aircraft orders from Airbus and Boeing. More specifically, on 28 January 2005, the carrier became the first (and so far the only) Chinese carrier to commit to the Airbus A380 double-deck aircraft, when it signed a general-terms agreement for five examples worth US$1.4 billion at catalogue prices. On the same day, China Southern, along with five other domestic carriers, placed a bulk order for 60 Boeing 7E7s (later renamed the Boeing 787 Dreamliner). The aircraft were worth $7.2 billion",
"title": "China Southern Airlines"
},
{
"id": "2066760",
"text": "curve. Boeing assumed a faster improvement than on previous programs which has not happened. Airbus concurrence with the A350 and the launch of the A330neo put strong pressure on the 787 pricing. On July 21, 2016 Boeing reported charges of $847 million against two flight-test 787s built in 2009. Boeing had planned to refurbish and sell them, but instead wrote them off as research and development expense. Boeing will build 14 787s per month (168 per year) from 2019, helping to offset the $28 billion in deferred production costs accumulated through 2015, and will add 100 aircraft to the current",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2066762",
"text": "production cost of $80–90m, to overcome its A330-800 order. By late 2018, deferred production costs were reduced from a peak of $27.6 billion in early 2016 to $23.5 billion as assembly efficiency improved and the 800th production started. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a long-haul, widebody, twin-engine jetliner, which features light-weight construction. The aircraft is 80% composite by volume; Boeing lists its materials by weight as 50% composite, 20% aluminum, 15% titanium, 10% steel, and 5% other. Aluminum has been used throughout the wing and tail leading edges, titanium is predominantly present within the elements of the engines and fasteners,",
"title": "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"
},
{
"id": "2585049",
"text": "Airbus planes: 50 A320neo and 5 A380, in addition to two Boeing 777 freighters. In , Perth became the second city served in Australia. On October 8, 2012, Qatar Airways announced its intention to join the Oneworld alliance. On Qatar Airways became the carrier worldwide to acquire the Dreamliner, when Boeing handed over the airline first aircraft of the type; it was the first delivered to a Middle Eastern airline. The aircraft was deployed on the Doha–Dubai corridor on Nov. 20 Dreamliner services on the long-haul Doha–London-Heathrow route commenced on Dec 13, with the airline becoming the first one to",
"title": "Qatar Airways"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Boeing 787 Dreamlin context: The shortest Dreamliner variant, the 787-8 was the first variant to fly in December 2009, then the longer 787-9 in September 2013, to be followed by the longest variant, the 787-10. They are called \"B788\", \"B789\" and \"B78X\" in the List of ICAO aircraft type designators. The short-range 787-3 was cancelled in 2010. With a typical capacity of 242 passengers and a range of , the -8 is the base model of the 787 family and was the first to enter service in 2011. The 787-8 is targeted to replace the Boeing 767-200ER and -300ER, as well as expand into\n\nYesterday saw the maiden flight of the new Boeing Dreamliner. What model number is it given?",
"compressed_tokens": 222,
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Boeing 777 context fatal crash in 18 years of service, and the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014 was its deadliest crash. The 777 ranks as one of Boeing's best-selling models, making it the most-produced Boeing wide-body jet, surpassing the Boeing 747. Airlines have acquired the type as a comparatively fuel-efficient alternative to other wide-body jets and have increasingly deployed the aircraft on long-haul transoceanic routes. Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330-300, the Airbus A350 XWB, and the out-of-production A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The 787 Dreamliner, which entered service in 2011, shares some design features with the 777.\n\ntitle: Bo 78 Dreamliner: a revised battery April 5, 2013 The FAA Bo's revised battery with additional, overlapping methods April 19, 201. The FAA April 5 provide instructions for retrof battery hardware before the 787s return flight. The repairs expected be completed weeks Following the F appro the U.S gave for passengerlines to res Boeing 787 flights the country April 2 201. April 7 2013, Ethiopian Airlines took a 787 on model's flight battery system\n: Boeing 87 Dreamliner context: flight 9,eing0 made, smoke were main a The elect fire some systems to beforeeingended testing on, testing. After investigation,flight fire debrD) was present therical. After electrical system and, the testing on 2 01 it was\neingter006, Boeing announced the 747 LCF would be named \"Dreamlifter\", a reference to the 787's name, Dreamliner. It unveiled a standard livery for the aircraft that included a logo reminiscent of the 787's Dreamliner logo. Certification was initially planned for early 2007, but was pushed back to June 2007. The aircraft's winglets were removed to resolve excess vibration and other handling characteristics prior to final certification. In the meantime, as part of the flight test program, LCF delivered major sections of the 787 from partner sites around the world to the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington\n\nYesterday saw the maiden flight of the new Boeing Dreamliner. What model number is it given?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,748 | Arch enemy of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula? | [
"Abraham van Helsing",
"Van helsing",
"Doctor Abraham Van Helsing",
"Dr Abraham Van Helsing",
"Van Helsing",
"The Adventures of Young Van Helsing",
"Abraham Van Helsing",
"The Adventures of Young Van Helsing: The Quest for the Lost Scepter",
"Professor Abraham Van Helsing",
"Lorrimar Van Helsing"
] | Professor Abraham Van Helsing | [
{
"id": "3056987",
"text": "Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout many adaptations of the story as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula. In the novel, Professor Van Helsing is called in by his former student, Dr. John Seward, to assist with the mysterious",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "1674391",
"text": "the \"sympathetic vampire\", who loathes his condition but is a slave to it. Bram Stoker, yet another Irish writer, was the author of seminal horror work \"Dracula\" and featured as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula, with the vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing his arch-enemy. \"Dracula\" has been attributed to a number of literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", famous for his intellectual prowess, skilful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Holmes' archenemy Professor",
"title": "Genre fiction"
},
{
"id": "9416187",
"text": "Count Dracula Count Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends. Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works. The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture, from films to animated media",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "15046240",
"text": "Castle Dracula Castle Dracula is the fictitious Transylvanian residence of Count Dracula, the vampire antagonist in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel \"Dracula\". In Stoker's narrative, Castle Dracula is the single most important location. The first and the last part of the plot take place here. The inaccessible stronghold, which initially symbolises the vampire's power, finally becomes the scene of his extermination. In the novel's first chapters, the young English solicitor Jonathan Harker, traveling from London via Paris, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Klausenburg and Bistritz, arrives at the Castle after being picked up in the Borgo Pass by a mysterious driver, whom",
"title": "Castle Dracula"
},
{
"id": "8564425",
"text": "Arthur Holmwood Sir Arthur \"Art\" Holmwood (Later Lord Godalming) is a fictional character of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Holmwood is engaged to Lucy Westenra, and is best friends with the other two men who proposed to her on the very same day— Quincey Morris and Doctor John Seward. Holmwood is the one who drives a wooden stake into Lucy after she becomes a vampire and helps hunt Count Dracula. He is the only son of Lord Godalming'. When his father dies about halfway through the novel, Arthur inherits his title. It is through his wealth and fortune that the team",
"title": "Arthur Holmwood"
},
{
"id": "15046257",
"text": "numerous movies like \"Blood of Dracula's Castle\" (1969) (with John Carradine as the butler and Alexander D'Arcy as Count Dracula) and other Dracula-based films. There are video games called \"Dracula's Castle\" (Game Pac Adventure), \"Escape Dracula's Castle\" (Fun Flash Games),\"Restore Dracula's Castle\" and \"Devil's Castle Dracula\" (\"Akumajō Dracula\"); the latter is best known to the west as \"Castlevania\". A prosecco produced by a descendant of the Bassarab dynasty bears the name Castle of Dracula. Castle Dracula Castle Dracula is the fictitious Transylvanian residence of Count Dracula, the vampire antagonist in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel \"Dracula\". In Stoker's narrative, Castle",
"title": "Castle Dracula"
},
{
"id": "18801402",
"text": "on which he was considered an authority. In addition, Leslie Shepard was cited as an expert on the writings of Bram Stoker, Irish author of the 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". In collaboration with Albert Power, Shepard publicized and organized the Bram Stoker Society collecting, cataloging, and archiving numerous writings about both Stoker and the mythical Vampire, which the novelist used as the basis for the title character and antagonist 'Count Dracula' in his novel. Leslie Shepard Leslie Shepard (21 June 1917 – 20 August 2004) was a British author, archivist, and curator who wrote books on a range of",
"title": "Leslie Shepard"
},
{
"id": "848983",
"text": "\"Dracula\" (1897) has been the definitive description of the vampire in popular fiction for the last century. Its portrayal of vampirism as a disease (contagious demonic possession), with its undertones of sex, blood, and death, struck a chord in a Victorian Britain where tuberculosis and syphilis were common. The character of Count Dracula is based upon Vlad Dracula III (Vlad the Impaler), also known as Vlad Ţepeş', a notorious 15th-century Wallachian (Romanian) warlord, or Voivode. Unlike the historical personage, however, Stoker located his Count Dracula in a castle near the Borgo Pass in Transylvania, and ascribed to that area the",
"title": "Vampire literature"
},
{
"id": "19127644",
"text": "the highest-grossing \"Hotel Transylvania\" film. In 1897, Dracula and his friends travel in disguise on a train to Budapest. Professor Abraham Van Helsing, Dracula's arch-enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof, and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula but is constantly outsmarted by him. In the present day, Dracula is running his hotel business smoothly, with his daughter Mavis and son-in-law Johnny. Drac is depressed that he has remained single since his wife Martha's death despite his attempts to meet",
"title": "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation"
},
{
"id": "8454359",
"text": "evident by their superhuman strength, leaping ability and vampiric traits such as golden-glowing eyes. The vampire hunters meet Caroline, a young pre-teen whose traumatic experiences of her childhood \"ages\" her before her years. Appearing to be the only survivor of the vampire onslaught, she is protected by the vampire hunters allowing her to face the perils that lie ahead. Count Auguste or Sir Vampire, leads the army of vampires in the battle between light and dark and serves as the game's main antagonist and final boss. He is based on Count Dracula. He sits on his throne while his accomplices",
"title": "Vampire Night"
},
{
"id": "2175933",
"text": "is obsessed with pursuing wealth and fame as an entertainer. The stories often center around Duckula's adventures in search of riches and fame, assisted by the castle's ability to teleport around the world. Another regularly occurring theme is the repeated attempt by Igor to turn Duckula into a proper vampire. Some episodes feature Duckula's Doctor Von Goosewing (based on Dr. Abraham Van Helsing, the nemesis of Dracula), a vampire hunter who blindly refuses to believe the current incarnation of Duckula is harmless. There is also an array of bizarre, often supernatural foes, from zombies to mechanical werewolves. Another feature of",
"title": "Count Duckula"
},
{
"id": "100189",
"text": "Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy. The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. \"Dracula\" has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel, and invasion literature. The novel has spawned numerous theatrical,",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "8325982",
"text": "walking dead, and that he can only be restrained by killing him with a sword made of yew wood, burying him upside down, surrounding his grave with thorns, and placing a large stone on top of the grave. Since 1958, it has been frequently claimed that the vampiric antagonist of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\" was extensively based on the person of the historic Wallachian ruler Vlad III, also known as Vlad Țepeș (\"the Impaler\") after his favored method of punishment and execution. This theory was the central theme of Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally's best-selling 1972 book, \"In Search of",
"title": "Abhartach"
},
{
"id": "9416231",
"text": "expression is crossed out, however, and replaced by \"Hungarian yoke\" (as appearing in the printed version), which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians. This has been interpreted by some to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian, not the Szekler interpretation, thus lending more consistency to the Romanian identity of his Count: although not identical with Vlad III, the Vampire is portrayed as one of the \"Dracula race\". Count Dracula Count Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "9484208",
"text": "Dracula in popular culture The character of Count Dracula from the 1897 novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the Count as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, such as \"Dracula's Daughter\", \"The Brides of Dracula\", and \"Dracula's Dog\". \"Dracula\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since its publication and has spawned an extraordinary vampire subculture in the second half of the 20th century. More than 200 films have been made that feature Count Dracula, a number second only to Sherlock Holmes. At the center of this subculture is",
"title": "Dracula in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "6739448",
"text": "Jonathan Harker Jonathan Harker is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". His journey to Transylvania and encounter with the vampire Count Dracula and his Brides at Castle Dracula constitutes the dramatic opening scenes in the novel and most of the film adaptations. Stoker appropriated the surname from his friend Joseph Cunningham Harker (1855-1920), a set designer at the Lyceum Theatre and father of actor William Gordon Harker (1885-1967) as well as great-grandfather of actress Polly Adams, whose actress-daughters Susannah Harker and Caroline Harker adopted the Harker surname for their",
"title": "Jonathan Harker"
},
{
"id": "849002",
"text": "the vertical external walls of his castle, in the manner of a lizard. One very famous trait Stoker added is the inability to be seen in mirrors, which is not found in traditional Eastern European folklore. Dracula also had protruding teeth, though was preceded in this by Varney the Vampire and Carmilla. In the novel, the vampire hunter Van Helsing prescribes that a vampire be destroyed by a wooden stake (preferably made of white oak) through the heart, decapitation, drowning, or incineration. The vampire's head must be removed from its body, the mouth stuffed with garlic and holy water or",
"title": "Vampire literature"
},
{
"id": "2025847",
"text": "with John William Polidori's \"The Vampyre\" (1819). This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem \"The Giaour\". Irish writer Bram Stoker was the author of seminal horror work \"Dracula\" (1897) with the primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Penny dreadful publications were an alternative to mainstream works, and were aimed at working class adolescents, introducing the infamous Sweeney Todd. The premier ghost story writer of the 19th century was the Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu. Literature for children developed as a separate genre during the Victorian era, and some works became internationally known, such",
"title": "British literature"
},
{
"id": "13353136",
"text": "ruins. Count Dracula (as the protagonist this time) awakens, weakened and stripped of his powers after years of healing from his last battle with Dr. Van Helsing. He cannot face his evil rival, the Queen, on his own. To save the world, an uneasy alliance must be formed between the Prince of Darkness and his archenemy, Van Helsing. Gameplay is designed for 6 hours + bonus content. The game features over 40 locations, easy and hard modes, challenging puzzles, optional tutorial, interactive map, achievements, etc. During the game, the player encounters assassins of the Queen of Vampires getting the choice",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "14614737",
"text": "Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. In Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and are repulsed by garlic and the crucifix.",
"title": "Monster literature"
},
{
"id": "3370694",
"text": "Count Orlok Count Orlok () is the main antagonist and title character portrayed by German actor Max Schreck (1879–1936) in the classic 1922 silent film \"Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens\". He was based on Bram Stoker's character Count Dracula. In \"Nosferatu\", Count Orlok is a vampire from Transylvania, and is known as \"The Bird of Death\", who feasts upon the blood of living humans. He is believed to have been created by Belial, the lieutenant demon of Satan. Orlok dwells alone in a vast castle hidden among the rugged peaks in a lost corner of the Carpathian Mountains. The castle",
"title": "Count Orlok"
},
{
"id": "7796709",
"text": "literature, Patti LuPone portrays Dr. Florence Seward, a female version of the character. In \"Dracula the Un-Dead\", the official sequel to \"Dracula\", Seward has become a morphine addict obsessed with killing the undead. Seward pursues Elizabeth Bathorie, believing she is a vampire. When he discovers her bathing in blood in a theatre, Seward decides to follow Bathorie. Seward later saves Quincey Harker and Basarab from Bathorie’s vampiric servants; when Seward pursues them, he is struck and killed by a passing carriage. John Seward John \"Jack\" Seward, M.D. is a fictional character appearing in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". Seward is",
"title": "John Seward"
},
{
"id": "3254961",
"text": "Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". The expression \"Dracula\", which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional vampire, was for centuries known as the sobriquet of VladIII. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as \"Dracula\", \"Dracuglia\", or \"Drakula\" already in the 15thcentury. He himself signed his two letters as \"Dragulya\" or \"Drakulya\" in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the Romanian sobriquet of his father, Vlad Dracul (\"Vlad the Dragon\"), who received it after he became a member of the Order of the Dragon. Dracula is the Slavonic genitive form of Dracul, meaning",
"title": "Vlad the Impaler"
},
{
"id": "9484245",
"text": "popular and mass culture. There are several locations associated with Dracula and Bram Stoker related tourism in Ireland, Britain, and Romania. Dracula in popular culture The character of Count Dracula from the 1897 novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the Count as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, such as \"Dracula's Daughter\", \"The Brides of Dracula\", and \"Dracula's Dog\". \"Dracula\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since its publication and has spawned an extraordinary vampire subculture in the second half of the 20th century. More than 200 films",
"title": "Dracula in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "6739455",
"text": "St. Gallen Switzerland and Graz Austria productions, Jonathan was played by the Swedish musical theater actor, Jesper Tydén. Jonathan Harker Jonathan Harker is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". His journey to Transylvania and encounter with the vampire Count Dracula and his Brides at Castle Dracula constitutes the dramatic opening scenes in the novel and most of the film adaptations. Stoker appropriated the surname from his friend Joseph Cunningham Harker (1855-1920), a set designer at the Lyceum Theatre and father of actor William Gordon Harker (1885-1967) as well as",
"title": "Jonathan Harker"
},
{
"id": "17292952",
"text": "Dracula Untold Dracula Untold is a 2014 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Gary Shore in his feature film debut and written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless. Rather than using the storyline of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", the film creates an origin story for its title character, Count Dracula; in this version, Dracula is Vlad the Impaler. Luke Evans portrays the title character, and Sarah Gadon, Dominic Cooper, Art Parkinson, and Charles Dance appear in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Northern Ireland on August 5, 2013. Universal Pictures released the film in regular and IMAX",
"title": "Dracula Untold"
},
{
"id": "17385498",
"text": "Dracula Reborn Dracula Reborn is a 2012 vampire-themed direct-to-video horror film, directed and written by Patrick McManus, making his feature film directorial debut. Produced by Ray Haboush, the film stars Corey Landis, Victoria Summer, Krash Miller, Stuart Rigby and Keith Reay. It is a modernized, loosely based take on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", taking place in Los Angeles, California, where a wealthy Count Dracula looks to purchase an abandoned building and pursue the wife of his realtor, Jonathan Harker. In Los Angeles, California, realtor Jonathan Harker (Corey Landis) proposes the sale of an abandoned building in a gang-dominated neighborhood",
"title": "Dracula Reborn"
},
{
"id": "541939",
"text": "willingness to endure humiliation\". Parasitism has a derogatory sense in popular usage. According to the immunologist John Playfair, The satirical cleric Jonathan Swift refers to hyperparasitism in his 1733 poem \"On Poetry: A Rhapsody\", comparing poets to \"vermin\" who \"teaze and pinch their foes\": In Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\", and its many film adaptations, the eponymous Count Dracula is a blood-drinking parasite. The critic Laura Otis argues that as a \"thief, seducer, creator, and mimic, Dracula is the ultimate parasite. The whole point of vampirism is sucking other people's blood—living at other people's expense.\" Disgusting and terrifying",
"title": "Parasitism"
},
{
"id": "4369830",
"text": "Mina Harker Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Harker (née Murray) is a fictional character in Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". She begins the story as Miss Mina Murray, a young school mistress who is engaged to Jonathan Harker, and best friends with Lucy Westenra. She visits Lucy in Whitby on July 24 of that year, when schools would have closed for the summer. After her fiancé Jonathan escapes from Count Dracula's castle, Mina travels to Budapest and joins him there. Mina cares for him during his recovery from his traumatic encounter with the vampire and his brides, and the two return",
"title": "Mina Harker"
},
{
"id": "17292984",
"text": "is not canon with \"Dark Universe\". Dracula Untold Dracula Untold is a 2014 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Gary Shore in his feature film debut and written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless. Rather than using the storyline of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", the film creates an origin story for its title character, Count Dracula; in this version, Dracula is Vlad the Impaler. Luke Evans portrays the title character, and Sarah Gadon, Dominic Cooper, Art Parkinson, and Charles Dance appear in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Northern Ireland on August 5, 2013. Universal Pictures released",
"title": "Dracula Untold"
},
{
"id": "3807344",
"text": "author of \"The Boats of the Glen Carrig\", \"The House on the Borderland\" and \"The Night Land\". In 1897, Bram Stoker published \"Dracula\", an enormously influential Gothic novel featuring the parasitic vampire Count Dracula in an extended exercise of reversed imperialism. Unusually, Stoker makes explicit reference to the writings of Lombroso and Nordau in the course of the novel. Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories include a host of degenerationist tropes, perhaps best illustrated (drawing on the ideas of Serge Voronoff) in \"The Adventure of the Creeping Man\". Degeneration theory Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface",
"title": "Degeneration theory"
},
{
"id": "5781315",
"text": "in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel, \"Dracula\". \"Professional\" or semi-professional vampire hunters played some part in the vampire beliefs of the Balkans (especially in Bulgarian, Serbian, and Romani folk beliefs). In Bulgarian, the terms used to designate them included \"glog\" (lit. \"hawthorn\", the species of wood used for the stake), \"vampirdzhiya\", \"vampirar\", \"dzhadazhiya\", \"svetocher\". They were usually either born on Saturday (then called Sabbatarians, Bulgarian \"sâbotnichav\", Greek \"sabbatianoí\") or the offspring of a vampire and a woman (typically his widow), called a \"dhampir\" in Romani or a \"vampirović\" in Serbian. It was also believed that someone born on a Saturday",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "4170982",
"text": "Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 (also known internationally as Dracula 2001) is a 2000 American vampire horror film co-written and directed by Patrick Lussier and produced by Joel Soisson and Wes Craven, and starring Gerard Butler, Christopher Plummer, Jonny Lee Miller, Justine Waddell, Omar Epps, Colleen Fitzpatrick, and Jennifer Esposito. The plot follows Dracula, who arrives in New Orleans, Louisiana in the 21st century and seeks out Mary Heller, a descendant of Abraham Van Helsing. \"Dracula 2000\", the promotional title of which is \"Wes Craven Presents: Dracula 2000\", builds upon Bram Stoker's original 1897 novel \"Dracula\", with Count Dracula resurrected in",
"title": "Dracula 2000"
},
{
"id": "3057005",
"text": "when dispatching Dracula's brides, but he nevertheless leads the group to victory over Dracula's forces. Christopher Plummer portrayed Van Helsing in \"Dracula 2000\" (he had previously appeared as a vampire hunter, Professor Paris Catalano, in \"Vampire in Venice\"). After defeating Count Dracula (Gerard Butler), Van Helsing finds that the vampire lord cannot die by the conventional means of destroying a vampire and he only succeeded in paralysing him in a deathlike state. When Dracula escapes after his coffin is stolen, Van Helsing's daughter and his assistant are able to defeat him after the elder Van Helsing's death. Hugh Jackman played",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "1161354",
"text": "as well as physical evidence and the presence of horribly mutilated dead, dying and imprisoned girls found at the time of her arrest. Stories describing her vampire-like tendencies (most famously the tale that she bathed in the blood of virgins to retain her youth) were generally recorded years after her death, and are considered unreliable. Her story quickly became part of national folklore, and her infamy persists to this day. She is often compared to Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia (on whom the fictional Count Dracula is partly based); some insist she inspired Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), though there is",
"title": "Elizabeth Báthory"
},
{
"id": "17756933",
"text": "dismisses them as 'tricks' to dissuade him from the estate deal. Meanwhile, a young and attractive vampire hunter (Isabella Ferrari), arrives, determined to avenge the death of her brother, who perished trying to rid the world of Dracula and his cohorts. The events turn even more farcical when Dracula's sister confesses her love for Fracchia to try to avoid being engaged to the Frankenstein Monster. In the end an ash-tipped umbrella seems to solve the situation, but...was it all for real or just a horror-movie fueled nightmare? Fracchia contro Dracula Fracchia contro Dracula (also known as \"Who Is Afraid Of",
"title": "Fracchia contro Dracula"
},
{
"id": "2322248",
"text": "Apocalypse defeats Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler) in Romania, who later becomes the vampire more popularly known as Count Dracula. In 1859, Apocalypse encounters British scientist Nathaniel Essex and learns more about the nature of mutants. Apocalypse uses his Celestial technology to transform Essex into the superhuman being Mister Sinister. He then coerces Sinister and the Hellfire Club into aiding his plans for global conquest, but Sinister concludes that these plans are madness and betrays Apocalypse, forcing him back into hibernation. In 1897, Count Dracula attacks the Clan Akkaba in revenge for his defeat at Apocalypse's hands, forcing the Clan",
"title": "Apocalypse (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"id": "5107802",
"text": "greatest anime character of all time, saying that \"There have been many vampires in anime, but none have been as deliciously sadistic as Alucard.\" Alucard (Hellsing) As revealed in volume 8 of the manga, he is Count Dracula (\"Alucard\" is \"Dracula\" spelled backwards). Soon after the events presented in Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula was defeated by Abraham Van Helsing and became the family's loyal servant. Decades later, Abraham's descendant Arthur Hellsing gives the Count his current name: \"Alucard\". The manga is set over a hundred years later, where the Hellsing Organization is forced to fight the remnants of a",
"title": "Alucard (Hellsing)"
},
{
"id": "17050692",
"text": "years later, in October 1928, a stage adaptation by J. B. Fagan opened at the Strand Theatre, with Catherine Lacey in the cast. A further adaptation, written by Roger Danes, was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 1997 and repeated in 2014. The Beetle (novel) The Beetle (or The Beetle: A Mystery) is an 1897 horror novel by the British writer Richard Marsh, in which a polymorphous Ancient Egyptian entity seeks revenge on a British Member of Parliament. It initially out-sold Bram Stoker's similar horror story \"Dracula\", which appeared the same year. The story is told from four points of",
"title": "The Beetle (novel)"
},
{
"id": "5107786",
"text": "Alucard (Hellsing) As revealed in volume 8 of the manga, he is Count Dracula (\"Alucard\" is \"Dracula\" spelled backwards). Soon after the events presented in Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula was defeated by Abraham Van Helsing and became the family's loyal servant. Decades later, Abraham's descendant Arthur Hellsing gives the Count his current name: \"Alucard\". The manga is set over a hundred years later, where the Hellsing Organization is forced to fight the remnants of a Nazi battalion. He typically dresses in a distinctive Victorian and western fashion, with a charcoal suit, leather riding boots, a red cravat, and a",
"title": "Alucard (Hellsing)"
},
{
"id": "442617",
"text": "the first and most influential of which was John Polidori's \"The Vampyre\" (1819), featuring the vampire Lord Ruthven. Lord Ruthven's exploits were further explored in a series of vampire plays in which he was the antihero. The vampire theme continued in penny dreadful serial publications such as \"Varney the Vampire\" (1847) and culminated in the pre-eminent vampire novel in history: \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, published in 1897. Over time, some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire's profile: fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century, with Varney the Vampire and Count",
"title": "Vampire"
},
{
"id": "17050665",
"text": "The Beetle (novel) The Beetle (or The Beetle: A Mystery) is an 1897 horror novel by the British writer Richard Marsh, in which a polymorphous Ancient Egyptian entity seeks revenge on a British Member of Parliament. It initially out-sold Bram Stoker's similar horror story \"Dracula\", which appeared the same year. The story is told from four points of view, which generally flow from each other with limited scene repetition. In order, the four narrators are Robert Holt, Sydney Atherton, Marjorie Lindon, and Augustus Champnell. The story is written down as elaborate testimonies gathered by Champnell, who is a detective and",
"title": "The Beetle (novel)"
},
{
"id": "2194689",
"text": "the chapel's stone cross with his sword and drinks the blood that pours out of it. In 1897, newly qualified solicitor Jonathan Harker takes the Transylvanian Count Dracula as a client from his colleague Renfield, who has gone insane. Jonathan travels to Transylvania to arrange Dracula's real estate acquisitions in London, including Carfax Abbey. Jonathan meets Dracula, who discovers a picture of Harker's fiancée, Mina and believes that she is the reincarnation of Elisabeta. Dracula leaves Jonathan to be attacked and fed upon by his brides, while he sails to England with boxes of his native Transylvanian soil, taking up",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula"
},
{
"id": "100237",
"text": "over the years, and many films have used the character as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, including \"Dracula's Daughter\" and \"The Brides of Dracula\". As of 2009, an estimated 217 films feature Dracula in a major role, a number second only to Sherlock Holmes (223 films). A large number of these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker's novel, but merely feature the character in an unrelated story. Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy.",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "4791221",
"text": "first and foremost prototype of the female vampire-as-libido-run-wild theme. Some scholars claimed the text was initially penned in 1856, over 40 years before Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\". Féval returned to the theme of vampirism with \"La Ville Vampire\" (1867) the ultimate literary ancestor of Buffy the Vampire Slayer in which the protagonist is Gothic novel writer Ann Radcliffe herself. In it, to save her friends from the dreaded vampire lord Otto Goetzi, Radcliffe and her fearless vampire hunting companions, Merry Bones the Irishman, Grey Jack the faithful old servant, the revenge-driven Doctor Magnus Szegeli, and Polly Bird, one of the vampire's",
"title": "Paul Féval, père"
},
{
"id": "8413002",
"text": "The Fury of Dracula The Fury of Dracula is a board game designed by Stephen Hand and published by Games Workshop in 1987. Fantasy Flight Games released an updated version in 2006 as Fury of Dracula, and a third edition in 2015 by the same name. The game takes place in Europe during 1898, eight years after the events in Bram Stoker’s novel, \"Dracula\". One player takes the role of Count Dracula while the remaining players take the roles of Hunters Abraham Van Helsing, Dr John Seward and Lord Godalming. Fantasy Flight Games added Mina Harker as a fourth hunter",
"title": "The Fury of Dracula"
},
{
"id": "13353132",
"text": "his task. The game is played through the first-person eyes of Van Helsing, in a point-and-click style. Using collected objects and puzzles, the player advances through the story interacting with characters to go through the adventure. The game has a progressive help system, providing players stuck on puzzles with increasingly detailed clues to help them advance. Count Dracula: The main antagonist of the game is a young looking, attractive, religious vampire, rendered immortal by a pact with Satanic forces. Suffering the abandonment of his suicidal former love, Dracula has become godless and heartless, powerful but pitiful. He seeks retribution for",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "8564431",
"text": "In the course of their investigation, Sherlock Holmes realizes that Holmwood is not only adopted, but the biological son of the human Count Dracula and Van Helsing's wife; Dracula came to England to investigate rumours that his son had survived, but Van Helsing manipulated events so that Holmwood would perceive Dracula as a monster and kill him to avenge his perceived past slight. Holmwood and Godalming are both places in Surrey. Arthur Holmwood Sir Arthur \"Art\" Holmwood (Later Lord Godalming) is a fictional character of Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Holmwood is engaged to Lucy Westenra, and is best friends with",
"title": "Arthur Holmwood"
},
{
"id": "16942909",
"text": "The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing is an action role-playing video game developed by the Hungarian independent development studio NeocoreGames. Based on the novel \"Dracula\" by Bram Stoker, the game focuses on the trials of young Van Helsing, son of the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from the book. The game is set in a gothic-noir 19th-century Eastern Europe and contains \"intentionally anachronistic humor and gadgetry\". On 01 Dec 2015, the game was released as part of the Games with Gold benefit, for the Xbox One. The game is based on Bram Stoker's",
"title": "The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "7490974",
"text": "and both Charles Maturin's \"The Fatal Revenge\" (1807) and \"Melmoth the Wanderer\" (1820). Somewhat later came the first lesbian vampire novella \"Carmilla\" (1872) by Sheridan Le Fanu and \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\" (1890) by Oscar Wilde, which shocked readers with its sensuality and overtly homosexual characters. There is even gay subtext in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897) as the title character warns off the female vampires and claims Jonathan Harker, saying \"This man belongs to me!\" Richard S. Primuth of \"The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide\" writes that Stoker, a closeted gay man and close friend of Oscar Wilde, began",
"title": "LGBT themes in horror fiction"
},
{
"id": "13353131",
"text": "he succumbed to Dracula's power. Professor Abraham Van Helsing, the protagonist, embarks to defeat Dracula before he finds the manuscript and abducts the body of Mina, traveling throughout Europe to do so. He begins with a London cemetery he believes Dracula to be occupying. His adventures take him to the streets and tombs of Cairo, the salons of Vienna's aristocracy and a Rococo library that leads him on the trail to a secretive damned monastery to stop the evil plots being concocted there. The vampire hunter then finds his way to Transylvania, to the famous castle of Dracula, to complete",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "13353129",
"text": "At first a zealot of Christendom, Voivod Dracula forsakes his faith at the loss of his unrequited love, who opts to commit suicide rather than give in to him. As his embitterment boils, Dracula begins to delve heavily into Satanic practice. Unsatisfied with mortality, he drinks the blood of a rival in a pact with the Devil, placing upon himself the curse that transforms him into the first vampire. In exchange for immortal powers, Dracula becomes a servant of Satan, bent on the destruction of humanity, finding his only solace in feeding upon human blood and seeking revenge for his",
"title": "Dracula: Origin"
},
{
"id": "3057003",
"text": "differed from the novel's in that the actor portrayed the character as a visibly younger man (as did Christopher Lee as the Count), and also one whose main vocation appears to be vampire hunting. His first name is never mentioned, though in the later Hammer Dracula films set in the 1970s (which apparently exist on a different timeline) Lee's Dracula battles Cushing's 'Lorrimer Van Helsing', a grandson of a previous vampire hunter, who appears as 'Lawrence Van Helsing' (also Cushing) in the prologue to \"Dracula A.D. 1972\". In the final Hammer Dracula production \"The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires\"",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "2031371",
"text": "\"Van Helsing\", a film pitting legendary vampire hunter Gabriel Van Helsing against the triumvirate of Universal movie monsters: Count Dracula, The Wolf Man, and Frankenstein's monster. Before \"Van Helsing\" even premiered, Sommers and Ducsay began developing a spin-off TV series for NBC called \"Transylvania\". Though featuring none of the characters from the film, the series (which was to have made use of the film's Prague set) was about a young cowboy from Texas who becomes a sheriff in Transylvania, has many strange adventures, and encounters many strange creatures. Sommers and Ducsay were to have been executive producers, and Sommers wrote",
"title": "Stephen Sommers"
},
{
"id": "5012945",
"text": "into the heart, killing him instantly. The Ultimate Marvel version of Morbius is a \"true\" vampire, the son of Dracul and brother of Vlad III Dracula himself. He has all of the powers and abilities associated with the usual interpretation of Dracula. This version of Morbius, however, seems to be heroically struggling against his baser instincts and is in fact a vampire hunter. He meets Spider-Man in a typical misunderstanding, centering on a cabal of vampires attacking Ben Urich. He is really trying to stop Urich from becoming a vampire, which he succeeds in doing despite the conflict. When Spider-Man",
"title": "Morbius, the Living Vampire"
},
{
"id": "20759229",
"text": "a willingness to endure humiliation\". Parasitism featured repeatedly as a literary motif in the nineteenth century, though the mechanisms, biological or otherwise, are not always described in detail. For example, the eponymous Beetle in \"The Beetle\" by Richard Marsh, 1897, is parasitic and symbolically castrates the human protagonist. Bram Stoker's 1897 \"Dracula\" starts out as an apparently human host, welcoming guests to his home, before revealing his parasitic vampire nature. Conan Doyle's Parasite, in his 1894 book \"The Parasite\", makes use of a form of mind control similar to the mesmerism of the Victorian era; it works on some hosts",
"title": "Parasites in fiction"
},
{
"id": "1394220",
"text": "nor Cushing wanted to do the scene, filmed despite director Terence Fisher’s objections, and the controversial sequence was edited out of the film for its American release. In \"Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell\", Cushing portrayed Frankenstein as having gone completely mad, in a fitting coda to the previous movies. When Hammer sought to adapt Bram Stoker's classic vampire novel \"Dracula\", they cast Cushing to play the vampire's adversary Doctor Van Helsing. Cushing envisioned the character as an idealist warrior for the greater good, and studied the original book carefully and adapted several of Van Helsing's characteristics from the books",
"title": "Peter Cushing"
},
{
"id": "14443243",
"text": "Dracula the Undead (novel) Dracula the Undead is a sequel written to Bram Stoker's classic novel \"Dracula\", written by Freda Warrington. The book was commissioned by Penguin Books as a sequel to Stoker's original novel for the centenary of the latter's first publication. It takes place seven years after the original. It was originally published in 1997, and was brought back to print in 2009. It is seven years since a stake was driven through the heart of the infamous Count Dracula. Seven years which have not eradicated the terrible memories for Jonathan and Mina Harker, who now have a",
"title": "Dracula the Undead (novel)"
},
{
"id": "3255011",
"text": "the Romanians should be ashamed of Vlad, instead of presenting him as \"a model of courage and patriotism\". According to an opinion poll conducted in 1999, 4.1% of the participants chose Vlad the Impaler as one of \"the most important historical personalities who have influenced the destiny of the Romanians for the better\". The stories about Vlad made him the best-known medieval ruler of the Romanian lands in Europe. However, Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\", which was published in 1897, was the first book to make a connection between Dracula and vampirism. Stoker had his attention drawn to the blood-sucking vampires of",
"title": "Vlad the Impaler"
},
{
"id": "5781317",
"text": "kit that used mallet, stake, crucifix. If part of a church it included holy water, holy oil, etc. However the most important things it carried were items such as rope, crowbars, or even pistols. The vampire hunter has found new popularity in modern fiction and popular culture. The most widely known example of a vampire hunter is Abraham Van Helsing of the novel \"Dracula\" and in other works of fiction adapting or modifying that work. Other more recent figures include Buffy \"the Vampire Slayer\" Summers from the television show and film of the same name. Buffy's spin-off series \"Angel\" is",
"title": "Vampire hunter"
},
{
"id": "3120684",
"text": "help. Dracula then appears to greet Harker and guide him to his room, where he locks him in. Jonathan starts to write in his diary, and his true intentions are revealed: he is a vampire hunter and has come to kill Dracula. Freed sometime later, Harker again is confronted by the desperate woman. She begs him for help, but quickly reveals herself as a vampire and bites his neck. Just as she does, Dracula – fangs bared and lips bloody – arrives and pulls her away, attacking her violently. Harker tries to stop him but Dracula quickly overpowers him and",
"title": "Dracula (1958 film)"
},
{
"id": "100197",
"text": "the servants who stole it off Lucy's corpse. Following Lucy's death and burial, the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a \"bloofer lady\" (i.e., \"beautiful lady\"). Van Helsing, knowing Lucy has become a vampire, confides in Seward, Lord Godalming, and Morris. The suitors and Van Helsing track her down and, after a confrontation with her, stake her heart, behead her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Around the same time, Jonathan Harker arrives from Budapest, where Mina marries him after his escape, and he and Mina join the campaign against Dracula. The vampire hunters stay at Dr.",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "9425906",
"text": "From these clues, Van Helsing and Holmwood go about finding all but one of Dracula's \"boxes of earth\" (containing his native soil, in which a vampire must rest). But back at the hotel, the vampire hunters discover Dracula is there seeking revenge. He has bitten Mina, and before their eyes forces her to drink blood from a self-inflicted gash in his chest. All that they love, all that is theirs, he will take, he says. The tracking of Dracula back to his home commences with Van Helsing hypnotizing Mina. Via the bond of blood, she sees through Dracula's eyes and",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "6743796",
"text": "that Count Dracula is a vampire. Dracula turns his attention to Mina and begins corrupting her as well. Van Helsing suddenly has a stroke and remains in a wheelchair. Dracula visits the weakened man, mocking his attempts to destroy him. Quincey, Harker and Seward track Dracula to the abandoned abbey, but he has fled to Transylvania with the aid of a traveling Gypsy band. As Count Dracula's Gypsy servants take him back to his castle, he is trailed by Harker and Quincey. After battling the Gypsies, the two heroes find Dracula's coffin and set it on fire. Dracula, unable to",
"title": "Count Dracula (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "9540972",
"text": "(\"eternal youth\") Bathory also appears as the main antagonist in the novel \"Dracula the Un-dead\", a sequel to Bram Stoker's classic novel by his great grand-nephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. In the book, she is cousin to Count Dracula and was the motive behind his decision to move to London in the original novel, as she was murdering women under the guise of Jack the Ripper and he swore to stop her. The historical novel \"The Countess\" by Rebecca Johns tells a first-person fictionalized account of Báthory's life from her prison cell at Csejthe Castle. In the book, she",
"title": "Elizabeth Báthory in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "162241",
"text": "writer Gilbert Parker also fall into the genre, including the stories in \"The Lane that Had No Turning\" (1900). The most famous Gothic villain ever, Count Dracula, was created by Bram Stoker in his novel \"Dracula\" (1897). Stoker's book also established Transylvania and Eastern Europe as the \"locus classicus\" of the Gothic. Gaston Leroux's serialized novel \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1909–1910) is another well-known example of gothic fiction from the early 20th century. In America, two notable writers of the end of the 19th century, in the Gothic tradition, were Ambrose Bierce and Robert W. Chambers. Bierce's short stories",
"title": "Gothic fiction"
},
{
"id": "5590944",
"text": "him in the heart with a pool cue. Aurora, still tied up, confesses that she is an undercover android cop investigating salvage activities. The Captain and Humvee feel betrayed, but untie her. Searching the ship's database, the Captain and the Professor (Grant Swanby), who uses a wheelchair, discover that the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing was one of the Captain's ancestors. The Professor believes Orlock will seek revenge against the Captain. The Captain learns how vampires can be stopped and decides to steer the \"Demeter\" on a course towards a binary star system. The Captain and Aurora are soon",
"title": "Dracula 3000"
},
{
"id": "17385504",
"text": "Ian Pfister’s portrayal of Renfield, but ultimately criticized the film for leaving “little to the imagination” and claimed it “arguably never should have been conceived”. Gammon gave the film a 2 out of 5. Dracula Reborn Dracula Reborn is a 2012 vampire-themed direct-to-video horror film, directed and written by Patrick McManus, making his feature film directorial debut. Produced by Ray Haboush, the film stars Corey Landis, Victoria Summer, Krash Miller, Stuart Rigby and Keith Reay. It is a modernized, loosely based take on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", taking place in Los Angeles, California, where a wealthy Count Dracula looks",
"title": "Dracula Reborn"
},
{
"id": "5313694",
"text": "the current reincarnation of his true love (an earlier being named Mina Harker). Dracula is ineptly pursued in turn by Sondheim's psychiatrist and quasi-boyfriend Jeffrey Rosenberg. Jeffrey is the grandson of Dracula's old nemesis Fritz ([]) van Helsing but changed his name to Rosenberg \"for professional reasons\". Rosenberg's numerous methods to combat Dracula – mirrors, garlic, a Star of David (which he uses instead of the cross), and hypnosis – are easily averted by the Count. Rosenberg also tries burning Dracula's coffin with the vampire still inside, but is arrested by hotel security. Subsequently he tries to shoot him with",
"title": "Love at First Bite"
},
{
"id": "5195297",
"text": "possession of the amulet and use it — with an incantation from Van Helsing's diary — to open a hole in the universe and cast the monsters into Limbo. As shown in the film's prelude, Van Helsing had unsuccessfully attempted this one hundred years ago in order to defeat his old adversary Count Dracula (Duncan Regehr); his apprentices then emigrated to the United States to hide the amulet, where it was out of Dracula's immediate reach. Nevertheless, Dracula seeks to obtain the amulet so that he can take control of the world and plunge it into darkness. To this end,",
"title": "The Monster Squad"
},
{
"id": "345839",
"text": "and his initial success of keeping his small country free for a short time. In the Western world, Vlad is best known for being the inspiration to the \"vampire\" main character in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". The Romanian historiography evaluates him as a ferocious but just ruler and the defender of the Wallachian independence and of the European Christianity against the Ottoman expansionism. The Principality of Moldavia reached its most glorious period under the rule of Stephen the Great between 1457 and 1504. Stephen () ruled for 47 years, an unusually long period for that time - only 13",
"title": "History of Romania"
},
{
"id": "3057004",
"text": "(set mainly in 1904) Cushing again plays the original Van Helsing from the Hammer series. John Badham's 1979 version of \"Dracula\" saw Laurence Olivier portray Van Helsing as a frail old man whose daughter becomes one of the undead, drawing him into a conflict with Frank Langella's Count that eventually costs the Professor his life. Anthony Hopkins portrayed Professor Van Helsing in \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\" in 1992. Once again implied to be an experienced vampire hunter, Hopkins' Van Helsing often comes across as unbalanced, casually discussing how to kill the un-dead despite the brutal methods involved, and displaying ruthless methods",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "5888155",
"text": "the \"Sabbath of the Undead\". Keeley's research notes lead Van Helsing to the reclusive property developer D. D. Denham, who funded Keeley's research. Van Helsing speculates that the fifth photo of an empty doorway may actually have been of Dracula, whose image cannot be captured; he suggests that Dracula wants to exact revenge on humanity. Van Helsing visits Denham in his headquarters (built on the church yard where Dracula died in the previous film) and discovers that he is actually Count Dracula. He tries to shoot Dracula with a silver bullet, but is beaten by the Count's conspirators. Dracula decides",
"title": "The Satanic Rites of Dracula"
},
{
"id": "3057006",
"text": "Gabriel Van Helsing, in \"Van Helsing\" (2004), loosely based on Stoker's character. Having been found on the steps of a church several years before with total amnesia, Gabriel hunts monsters for a secret organization made up of the world's religions (known as the Knights of the Holy Order) to rid the world of evil \"that the rest of mankind has no idea exists\", although he is the most wanted man in Europe for his conspicuous actions. In the movie he is sent to Transylvania to kill Count Dracula. When he arrives, Dracula tells Gabriel that they have already met and",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "2871444",
"text": "Van Helsing (film) Van Helsing is a 2004 American horror film written and directed by Stephen Sommers. It stars Hugh Jackman as vigilante monster hunter Van Helsing, and Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious. The film is an homage and tribute to the Universal Horror Monster films from the 1930s and '40s (also produced by Universal Studios which were in turn based on novels by Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley), of which Sommers is a fan. The eponymous character was inspired by the Dutch vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from Irish author Bram Stoker's novel \"Dracula\". Distributed by Universal Pictures, the",
"title": "Van Helsing (film)"
},
{
"id": "16687567",
"text": "a starring role in a commercial for a cereal called \"Saber O's.\" He is often aided and rescued from various predicaments by Renfield, the character from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\". The strip's second season concludes with a cliffhanger after the Sabertooth Vampire uses a spray called \"Vamp Away\" to turn into a human after becoming frustrated with his long fangs and inability to shave with a mirror. His transformation renders him a mortal but, unfortunately, one with humongous incisors. Unsatisfied with his new form, in the strip's final panel he begs a group of disdainful vampires to turn him",
"title": "The Sabertooth Vampire"
},
{
"id": "18296468",
"text": "Lecter, Leatherface, Pennywise the Dancing Clown, Pinhead, The Mummy and Jigsaw (Saw character). Examples of early horror icons began with the Werewolf or Lycanthrope introduced in the 1500s, the Frankenstein monster as introduced by Mary Shelley in 1818, and Dracula as inspired by Vlad the Impaler and introduced into literature in 1897 by Bram Stoker. One of the earliest horror icons in film date back to 1913 with \"The Werewolf\", which is one of the earliest werewolf films. In the 1920s, Dracula and Frankenstein's monster had movies released. Their presence in literary history led to them becoming among the most",
"title": "Horror icon"
},
{
"id": "3102018",
"text": "Renfield R. M. Renfield is a fictional character that appears in Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". A description of Renfield from the novel: R. M. Renfield, 59. Sanguine temperament, great physical strength, morbidly excitable, periods of gloom, ending in some fixed idea which I cannot make out. I presume that the sanguine temperament itself and the disturbing influence end in a mentally-accomplished finish, a possibly dangerous man, probably dangerous if unselfish. In selfish men, caution is as secure an armour for their foes as for themselves. What I think of on this point is, when self is the",
"title": "Renfield"
},
{
"id": "9416191",
"text": "the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the \"land beyond the forest\".\" Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him. In \"Dracula's Guest\", the narrative follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel, in spite of the coachman's warnings, and wanders through a dense forest alone.",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "2885541",
"text": "to another. Thus, King subsisted on blood purchased (or stolen) from blood banks and consuming only corpses or animals. King also prefers not to use his vampiric powers, believing that he gave up a part of himself every time he did so. In spite of his vampirism, King continues to operate as a private detective, but only traveling freely by night. As a vampire, he first battles Dracula, the Lord of Earth's vampires. While searching for Deacon Frost, King eventually meets Blade, the vampire hunter, whose mother had been killed by Frost. Initially distrustful of each other, they nevertheless team",
"title": "Hannibal King"
},
{
"id": "9416193",
"text": "\"gigantic\" wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat; however, the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives. When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel, a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula, with a warning about \"dangers from snow and wolves and night\". As the \"Dracula\" novel begins in the late 19th century, Dracula acts on a long-contemplated plan for world domination, and infiltrates London to begin his reign of terror. He summons Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English solicitor, to provide legal support for a real estate transaction",
"title": "Count Dracula"
},
{
"id": "5702491",
"text": "Best Horror Film at the Saturn Awards. \"Blacula\" was followed by the sequel \"Scream Blacula Scream\" in 1973 and inspired a wave of blaxploitation-themed horror films. In 1780, Prince Mamuwalde (William Marshall) is sent by the elders of the Abani African nation to seek the help of Count Dracula (Charles Macaulay) in suppressing the slave trade. Dracula, instead, laughs at this request and insults Mamuwalde by making thinly veiled overtures about enslaving his wife, Luva (Vonetta McGee). After a scuffle with Dracula's minions, Mamuwalde is transformed into a vampire. Dracula curses him with the name \"Blacula\" and imprisons him in",
"title": "Blacula"
},
{
"id": "9425902",
"text": "Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973 film) Dracula is a 1973 British television film adaptation of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\" written by Richard Matheson and directed by \"Dark Shadows\" creator Dan Curtis, with Jack Palance in the title role. It was the second collaboration for Curtis and Palance after the 1968 TV film \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\". \"Bistritz, Hungary May 1897\": natives in Transylvania seem afraid when they learn solicitor Jonathan Harker is going to Castle Dracula. Jonathan finds the Count abrupt and impatient to get things done. Dracula reacts very strongly to a photograph of",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "4369842",
"text": "Doctor exploited to create Millennium's vampires. In the 2005 manga series \"Dance in the Vampire Bund\", the central female vampire protagonist is named \"Mina Țepeș\", a reference to Vlad Țepeș, one of the inspirations for Dracula. Mina Harker Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Harker (née Murray) is a fictional character in Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". She begins the story as Miss Mina Murray, a young school mistress who is engaged to Jonathan Harker, and best friends with Lucy Westenra. She visits Lucy in Whitby on July 24 of that year, when schools would have closed for the summer. After her",
"title": "Mina Harker"
},
{
"id": "2194691",
"text": "receives word from Jonathan, who has escaped the castle and recovered at a convent, she travels to Romania to marry him. In his fury, Dracula transforms Lucy into a vampire. Van Helsing, Holmwood, Seward and Morris kill the now undead Lucy the following night. After Jonathan and Mina return to London, Jonathan and Van Helsing lead the others to Carfax Abbey, where they destroy the Count's boxes of soil. Dracula enters the asylum, where he kills Renfield for warning Mina of his presence. He visits Mina, who is staying in Seward's quarters while the others hunt Dracula, and confesses that",
"title": "Bram Stoker's Dracula"
},
{
"id": "7564562",
"text": "Richard Marsh (author) Richard Marsh (12 October 1857 – 9 August 1915) was the pseudonym of the English author born Richard Bernard Heldmann. A best-selling and prolific author of the late 19th century and the Edwardian period, Marsh is best known now for his supernatural thriller novel \"The Beetle\", which was published the same year as Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897), and was initially even more popular. \"The Beetle\" remained in print until 1960. Marsh produced nearly 80 volumes of fiction and numerous short stories, in genres including horror, crime, romance and humour. Many of these have been republished recently, beginning",
"title": "Richard Marsh (author)"
},
{
"id": "17050562",
"text": "The Beetle (film) The Beetle is a 1919 British silent horror film directed by Alexander Butler and starring Maudie Dunham, Hebden Foster and Fred Morgan. It was based on the 1897 novel \"The Beetle: A Mystery\" by Richard Marsh. The 1897 novel went into print a few months after Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" hit bookshelves, and it outsold \"Dracula\" at the time. It has since passed into relative obscurity, although it seems to have served as Stoker's inspiration for his 1903 \"The Jewel of Seven Stars\", which also involved an ancient Egyptian princess reincarnating into the body of a modern-day woman.",
"title": "The Beetle (film)"
},
{
"id": "9415390",
"text": "England, Mina and Lucy go to the seaside town of Whitby. Among their friends are Quincey Holmwood (Lucy's American fiancé), and Dr. John Seward, who operates a local asylum. Among Seward's patients is the madman Renfield, who worships and fears Dracula. Mina and Lucy witness a storm in which the foreign ship \"Demeter\" goes aground, and is carrying Dracula (in the form of a wolf) and many wooden boxes filled with earth from his home. That same night, a local seaman is found dead, a victim of Dracula. Mina follows a sleepwalking Lucy to the local graveyard and glimpses Dracula",
"title": "Count Dracula (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "100229",
"text": "and wolves and night\". In 2009, an official sequel was published, written by Bram Stoker's great grand-nephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. Dacre Stoker and J. D. Barker will write a prequel to \"Dracula\" titled \"Dracul\". An interpretation of the missing 101 pages of the original novel, it was pieced together from Bram Stoker's editorial notes, artifacts, and journals. The story of \"Dracula\" has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title \"Dracula, or The Undead\" shortly before the",
"title": "Dracula"
},
{
"id": "20759235",
"text": "parasites, parasitic castrators, and trophically transmitted parasites, as detailed below. In ancient times, myths of blood-drinking demons were widespread, including Lilith who feasted on the blood of babies. Fictional vampires—haematophagic parasites—began in the modern era with Count Dracula, the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\", and have since appeared in many books and films ranging from horror to science fiction. Along with the shift in genres went a diversification of life-forms and life-cycles, including blood-drinking plants like the \"strange orchid\" in \"The Thing from Another World\", aliens like H. G. Wells's Martians in \"The War of",
"title": "Parasites in fiction"
},
{
"id": "9665209",
"text": "the mysterious illness of a young woman, Lucy Seward, with the help of her father and fiancé. He discovers she is the victim of Count Dracula, a powerful vampire who is feeding on her blood. The men follow one of Dracula's servants to the vampire's hiding place, where they kill him with a stake to the heart. The revised version of the play went on a national tour of the United States and replaced the original version in London. It influenced many subsequent adaptations, including the popular 1931 film adaptation starring Lugosi. A 1977 Broadway revival featured art designs by",
"title": "Dracula (1924 play)"
},
{
"id": "442548",
"text": "death and how people in pre-industrial societies tried to rationalise this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. Porphyria was linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited. The charismatic and sophisticated vampire of modern fiction was born in 1819 with the publication of \"The Vampyre\" by John Polidori; the story was highly successful and arguably the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century. Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\" is remembered as the quintessential vampire novel and provided the basis of the modern",
"title": "Vampire"
},
{
"id": "19284352",
"text": "resulting madness leaves one of the mystics dead, Holmes missing and Dr. Watson confounded. As time runs out, Watson has no choice but to call on Holmes' vampiric cousin, the Prince Dracula, for assistance. Seance for a Vampire Seance for a Vampire is a 1994 horror mystery pastiche novel written by Fred Saberhagen, featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson, alongside a re-imagined version of Count Dracula, here a heroic protagonist. The book is alternately narrated by Watson and Dracula himself, presented here as noble and witty. Titan Books reprinted the book in 2010, as part of its \"Further Adventures\"",
"title": "Seance for a Vampire"
},
{
"id": "11924155",
"text": "Dracula (1996 play) Dracula is an adaptation, first published in 1996, by American playwright Steven Dietz of Bram Stoker's novel by the same name. Though it has never run on Broadway, the author lists it among his most financially successful works, and it is frequently performed near Halloween in regional and community theaters. Closely following the plot of the novel, the play chronicles Count Dracula's journey to England, his stalking of two young women, and his pursuit and eventual defeat by the heroines' suitors and their associates. While all of Stoker's major plot points are present in Dietz's adaptation, they",
"title": "Dracula (1996 play)"
},
{
"id": "3057011",
"text": "later, Van Helsing killed Dracula, and later came to London to solve the case of Jack the Ripper, eventually discovering that the murderers were mentally controlled by demons from another world. In 1902 he worked together with the resurrected Dracula to prevent the assassination of King Edward VII. There have been numerous works of fiction depicting descendants of Van Helsing carrying on the family tradition. Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly",
"title": "Abraham Van Helsing"
},
{
"id": "8171770",
"text": "blurry effect. The film is not entirely monochromatic, since computer-generated special effects add bright, acidic colours to tint golden coins, green bank notes, and red blood. In 1897, a visitor from the East, Count Dracula, arrives in London and is inadvertently invited into the home of Lucy Westenra. She is bitten by Dracula, and taken by his curse. Lucy's behavior becomes more erratic leading her to bite her fiancé. Lucy is immediately put under the care of Dr. Van Helsing. Van Helsing does blood tests on Lucy and declares \"Vampyre!\" as the source of the problem, and puts Lucy to",
"title": "Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary"
},
{
"id": "5151562",
"text": "the lesbian vampire story, and influenced Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" (1897). Stoker's novel has its own homoerotic aspects, as when Count Dracula warns off the female vampires and claims Jonathan Harker, saying \"This man belongs to me!\" \"\" (1805) by Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg is \"the earliest known novel that centers on an explicitly male-male love affair\". Set in ancient Greece, the German novel features several couples—including a homosexual one—falling in love, overcoming obstacles and living happily ever after. The Romantic movement gaining momentum at the end of the 18th century allowed men to \"express deep affection for each other\", and",
"title": "Gay literature"
},
{
"id": "6988595",
"text": "and the sixth to star Christopher Lee in the title role. It also marked the return of Peter Cushing as Van Helsing for the first time since \"The Brides of Dracula\" (1960), and was the first to feature both Lee and Cushing in their respective roles since \"Dracula\" (1958). It was followed by the last film in Hammer's Dracula series to star Christopher Lee, \"The Satanic Rites of Dracula\", which similarly utilized a modern setting and featured most of the same central characters. In 1872, Count Dracula (Christopher Lee) and his nemesis Lawrence Van Helsing (Peter Cushing) battle on the",
"title": "Dracula A.D. 1972"
},
{
"id": "4552724",
"text": "hunters. The two set out to storm the Count's castle in the Transylvanian province of Hungary and vanquish him. As they penetrate the castle walls, an aristocratic vampire appears to warn Carrie and Reinhardt that \"all who oppose the Dark Lord will die\". The two then come upon a decrepit villa, where they meet the elderly vampire hunter Charles Vincent, beautiful yet unwilling vampire Rosa, demonic salesman Renon and young boy Malus. Beneath the estate's maze garden lies a subterranean path to the castle's center, where Dracula's servants (Actrise and Death) attempt to waylay the heroes by pitting them in",
"title": "Castlevania (1999 video game)"
},
{
"id": "9540974",
"text": "the bloodbath or blood seeker for vanity myth was titled \"Countess Dracula\". Some Báthory biographers, McNally in particular, have tried to establish the bloodbath myth and the historical Elizabeth Báthory as a source of influence for Bram Stoker's 1897 novel \"Dracula\", pointing to similarities in settings and motifs and the fact that Stoker might have read about her. This theory is strongly disputed by author Elizabeth Miller. Meanwhile, Báthory has become an influence for modern vampire literature and vampire films. The story, while retaining the essential facts, receives an imaginative interpretation in the horror novelist Syra Bond's \"Cold Blood\". There",
"title": "Elizabeth Báthory in popular culture"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Abraham Van Helsing context: Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout many adaptations of the story as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula. In the novel, Professor Van Helsing is called in by his former student, Dr. John Seward, to assist with the mysterious\n\nArch enemy of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
"origin_tokens": 205,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Abraham Van Helsing context: Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". Van Helsing is an aged polymath Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout many adaptations of the story as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula. In the novel, Professor Van Helsing is called in by his former student, Dr. John Seward, to assist with the mysterious\n\ntitle: Count Drac context: cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest the sons of \"land beyond the forest\".\" buried in great tomb the chapel his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire for centuries his with three terrifyingly beautiful female vamp beside him \"Dracula's Guest narrative follows an unnamed Englishmaneller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel, in spite of the coachman's warnings, and wanders through a dense forest alone.\n Mon literature context Hy and the Jekyll'sality. Inamker'Dula\" (1897), Jonathan Hark travels to Countula's.ula inqu bu a England soon finds himselfs prisoner.erapes a, from torment Jonathan is the to turn into a, wolves and incred among other traits However Drac other vampires in the are weakened the dayulsed by gar crucif.\n Vampire:it used,ix it included holy oil, etc. most things it carried were as, crow or p. Theire new in fiction and popular is novel \"Dracula\" and in other works of fiction adapting or modifying that work. Other more recent figures include Buffy \"the Vampire Slayer\" Summers from the television show and film of the same name. Buffy's spin-off series \"Angel\" is\n\nArch enemy of Count Dracula, what is the name of the vampire hunter in Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula?",
"compressed_tokens": 483,
"origin_tokens": 14863,
"ratio": "30.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,749 | Ralph Wilson Stadium is home to what NFL team? | [
"Buffalo Bills",
"Buffalo bills",
"Buffalo Bills roster",
"Bufallo Bills",
"Logos and uniforms of the Buffalo Bills",
"Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame",
"Buffalo, NY Bills",
"The Buffalo Bills",
"Buffalo Williams"
] | The Buffalo Bills | [
{
"id": "9860993",
"text": "Tampa and Memphis. Western New York leaders acquiesced to Wilson's demands and built a new open-air facility that featured a capacity of over 80,000 (at Wilson's request) and, unlike other stadiums, was built into the ground. Rich Stadium (later Ralph Wilson Stadium, now New Era Field) opened in 1973 and continues to house the Bills to this day (Seattle would get an NFL team of its own in 1976, when the Seahawks were enfranchised, as did Tampa, under the banner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers). 1973 was a season of change: Joe Ferguson became their new quarterback, they moved into",
"title": "History of the Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "17084820",
"text": "Nevada. On August 25, 2016, the Raiders applied for a trademark for the \"Las Vegas Raiders\" and unveiled artist renditions of the proposed Las Vegas stadium, given the tentative title \"Raiders Stadium.\" On August 13, the Buffalo Bills and Pegula Sports and Entertainment reached an agreement to sell the naming rights to their stadium to the locally based New Era Cap Company, a major headwear supplier to all of the major North American sports leagues. The stadium had previously been known as Rich Stadium from its opening in 1973, then as Ralph Wilson Stadium since 1998. The sale of naming",
"title": "2016 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "9869620",
"text": "History of the Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team organized in 1976 and based in Seattle, Washington, US. This article details the history of the Seattle Seahawks American football club. As one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. Ralph Wilson was the first to propose a team for Seattle; due to the decrepit stadium situation at War Memorial Stadium and the reluctance of Buffalo, New York officials to replace it In 1971, he openly threatened to move his team, the Buffalo",
"title": "History of the Seattle Seahawks"
},
{
"id": "3247124",
"text": "New Era Field New Era Field, originally Rich Stadium and later Ralph Wilson Stadium, is a stadium in Orchard Park, New York, a suburb south of Buffalo. Opened in 1973, it is the home of the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). New Era Cap Company holds the stadium's naming rights. An original franchise of the American Football League in 1960, the Buffalo Bills played their first thirteen seasons at War Memorial Stadium, a multi-use WPA project stadium that opened in 1938, located on Buffalo's East Side. While suitable for AFL play in the 1960s, the \"Rockpile\" (as",
"title": "New Era Field"
},
{
"id": "2981781",
"text": "1975, Husky Stadium hosted 12 NFL preseason games. The San Francisco 49ers played six times at the stadium, the most of any team. Other teams to make multiple appearances include the New York Giants, Los Angeles Rams, Cleveland Browns, and Chicago/St. Louis Cardinals. At one point after the 1970 NFL season, Ralph Wilson came close to moving the Buffalo Bills from dilapidated War Memorial Stadium to Husky Stadium. The threat of relocation prompted the developers in the Buffalo suburbs to construct Rich Stadium (later Ralph Wilson Stadium and now New Era Field), which opened in 1973. The Bills have resided",
"title": "Husky Stadium"
},
{
"id": "39956",
"text": "franchise of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL–NFL merger for the 1970 season. The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships (\"back-to-back\" American Football League Championships). The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games. The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team's founding in 1960, until his death in 2014 at the age of 95. After his death, Wilson's",
"title": "Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "2212926",
"text": "Ralph Wilson Ralph Cookerly Wilson Jr. (October 17, 1918 – March 25, 2014) was an American businessman and sports executive. He was best known as the founder and owner of the Buffalo Bills, a team in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the founding owners of the American Football League (AFL), the league with which the NFL merged in 1970, and was the last of the original AFL owners to own his team. At the time of his death he was the oldest owner in the NFL, at age 95, and the third-longest tenured owner in NFL",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
},
{
"id": "16183204",
"text": "2012 Buffalo Bills season The 2012 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 43rd season in the National Football League, the 53rd overall and the third under head coach Chan Gailey. The team had hoped to make the playoffs for the first time since 1999, but failed and continue to own the NFL's longest playoff drought. 2012 was the final year on the Bills' current lease with Ralph Wilson Stadium as well as the final year on the current Bills Toronto Series agreement. The league had approved an additional five-year extension of the Toronto series, extending through 2017, on the condition",
"title": "2012 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "782389",
"text": "Lorentz announced his retirement during the pre-season. \"Hockey Night in Canada\"'s Harry Neale took over the position in October 2007. During the 2007–08 season, the Sabres hosted a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins on January 1, 2008, which was played outdoors at Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. Officially, the game was called the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic, known colloquially as the \"Ice Bowl\" due to it taking place at the same time as college football bowl games. The Sabres lost 2–1 in a shootout. The Sabres failed to qualify for the 2008 playoffs",
"title": "Buffalo Sabres"
},
{
"id": "17084821",
"text": "rights came as somewhat of a surprise, as previous owner Ralph Wilson was firmly against selling the naming rights to the stadium and there were few companies in Western New York believed to have the money to pay the naming rights fee for an NFL stadium. Canadian-based financial services company Sun Life Financial had held the naming rights to the Miami Dolphins' stadium since , a deal which expired in the offseason. The team already announced that it was not going to renew the license. On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Hard Rock Cafe purchased the naming rights",
"title": "2016 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "9861051",
"text": "Executive Mark Poloncarz announced a new 10-year lease for Ralph Wilson Stadium. Included in the terms are $130 million in renovations and a $400 million buyout to move the team out of Buffalo (in addition to the NFL re-locating fee). The lease will include the team paying for part of the renovations for the first time. The deal also calls for a committee to explore building a new stadium in the Buffalo vicinity, a proposal the Pegulas have put on hold for the time being. History of the Buffalo Bills The Buffalo Bills began to play in 1960 as a",
"title": "History of the Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "11450228",
"text": "by 7,000 during its 1998 renovation. Western New York's economic difficulties have forced the Bills to keep their average ticket prices among the lowest in the NFL, and the team did not opt into the loosening of blackout restrictions in 2012. Ralph Wilson Stadium is 40 years old. The team's lease was renewed in March 2013 through the 2022 season in conjunction with an agreement for a $130 million upgrade to the stadium, of which $95 million came from the county and state. The lease provides for a one-time $28.4 million option to buy out the final three years effective",
"title": "National Football League in Toronto"
},
{
"id": "18416783",
"text": "to postpone games due to the event. The Bills' home stadium, known as Ralph Wilson Stadium at the time, was in the center of the band and because most of the players' homes and the roads around the stadium were impassable, as well as the Stadium itself being snowed in, the National Football League ordered the November 23 game against the New York Jets to be relocated to a neutral site, eventually chosen to be Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan that took place the following night. But the game did not have to move, according to Buffalo Bills Vice President",
"title": "November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm"
},
{
"id": "2212932",
"text": "commissioner Pete Rozelle announced his retirement, Wilson was on the six-member committee who was tasked with nominating potential candidates for the open position. Wilson's nominee, his former quarterback Jack Kemp, declined to pursue the post, as he had already taken a position in the U.S. Cabinet. (The job ultimately went to league attorney Paul Tagliabue.) After the original naming rights deal on the Bills' current stadium expired in 1998, the facility's name was changed from Rich Stadium to Ralph Wilson Stadium; it would not receive its current name of New Era Field until 2016, after his death and the subsequent",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
},
{
"id": "11036382",
"text": "were announced on April 14, 2009 on the NFL Network and the NFL website, though several teams had partial details leaked prior to that time. This season marked the first time ever that the Buffalo Bills and Tampa Bay Buccaneers met at Ralph Wilson Stadium in Buffalo in regular season play. In 2002, when the current scheduling formula was arranged, the fact that Buffalo had never hosted Tampa Bay in the Buccaneers' history was one of the quirks cited in creating the formula. Also, the Houston Texans won nine games in the regular season, the franchise's first-ever winning season. The",
"title": "2009 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "3325956",
"text": "to be moved elsewhere, and after deliberations, the NFL chose Ford Field. It was the first ever regular season Monday night game played at Ford Field. The Lions hosted their first ever \"Monday Night Football\" game in Ford Field on October 10, 2011 against the Chicago Bears. A Buffalo Bills home game against the New York Jets was played at Ford Field on November 24, 2014 after a major lake effect snowstorm hit western New York, causing the game to be moved from Ralph Wilson Stadium. The Bills won the game 38–3. On December 13, 2003, Ford Field hosted the",
"title": "Ford Field"
},
{
"id": "5356178",
"text": "17, 2007, the NHL announced the first outdoor game in over four years would be played between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Buffalo Sabres at Buffalo's Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills, on January 1, 2008. The event—known as the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic—was the first time an NHL regular-season game had been played outdoors in the United States, and it set an NHL attendance record of 71,217 people. The only previous outdoor NHL game was the 2003 Heritage Classic played between the Montreal Canadiens and Edmonton Oilers at Commonwealth Stadium on November 22,",
"title": "2007–08 NHL season"
},
{
"id": "16980186",
"text": "2013 Buffalo Bills season The 2013 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 44th season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Doug Marrone. It was also the final season under the ownership of Ralph Wilson, who died in March 2014 at the age of 95. The team equaled their record from 2012 and missed the playoffs, increasing their playoff drought to 14 seasons. This was the first year of renewed leases on Ralph Wilson Stadium and for the Bills Toronto Series, both of which were signed in the preceding offseason. The Toronto series was originally set",
"title": "2013 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "10379948",
"text": "of the NFL International Series. The contest between the San Diego Chargers and the New Orleans Saints was played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 26, with New Orleans winning 37–32. The Chargers played at Buffalo the week beforehand on October 19 so they could immediately travel to London afterward in order to get used to the time difference. The league has also approved the Bills’ request to play at least one regular season home game at Toronto's Rogers Centre over each of the next five seasons. Team owner Ralph Wilson petitioned the league to play at least one",
"title": "2008 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "2395017",
"text": "FedExField FedExField, originally Jack Kent Cooke Stadium, is an American football stadium located near the Capital Beltway in Prince George's County, Maryland, U.S., east of Washington, D.C., near the site of the old Capital Centre arena. The stadium is the home of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). From 2004 until 2010, it had the largest seating capacity in the NFL at over 91,000. Currently, the capacity is 82,000. FedEx Field is in the Summerfield census-designated place and has a Landover postal address. FedExField was built as a replacement for the Redskins' prior venue, Robert F. Kennedy",
"title": "FedExField"
},
{
"id": "5443366",
"text": "Robert E. Rich family reportedly, at one point, suggested calling the stadium Coffee Rich Park From 1973 to 1998 this stadium was known as Rich Stadium. This is one of the earliest examples of the sale of naming rights to a stadium in North American sports; it was for $1.5 million, or $60,000 per year. When the original deal expired in 1998 and Rich chose not to renew at a much higher rate, the stadium was renamed in honor of Ralph C. Wilson, the Bills' owner and founder (as of 2017, the stadium is now called New Era Field). Rich's",
"title": "Rich Products"
},
{
"id": "9860992",
"text": "Saban, who had coached the Bills' AFL championship teams, was re-hired in 1972, in which the team finished 4–9–1. Meanwhile, War Memorial Stadium was in severe need of replacement, being in poor condition, located in an increasingly worsening neighborhood, and too small to meet the NFL's post-1969 requirement that all stadiums seat at least 50,000. Construction began on a new stadium in the suburbs after Ralph Wilson threatened to move the team to another city; at one point after the 1970 season Wilson was “prepared to move the team” to Husky Stadium in Seattle and was also fielding offers from",
"title": "History of the Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "9902980",
"text": "downfield, where Brown scored his third touchdown on a 22-yard pass from Green. The Dolphins needed to recover an onside kick on the ensuing kickoff to have a chance to tie or win the game, but, despite a penalty moving the ball up ten yards, were unsuccessful, and Pennington knelt out the clock to give the Jets their first victory of the season. Coming off a divisional home win over the Dolphins, the Jets flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for an AFC East showdown with the winless Buffalo Bills. After a scoreless first half, New York trailed in the third",
"title": "2007 New York Jets season"
},
{
"id": "17074613",
"text": "to be unanimously approved at the NFL's owners meeting on October 6–8. Terry Pegula, owns the Buffalo Sabres and development projects in the Buffalo area. The Pegulas intend to keep the team in Western New York for the long term. Any possible relocation had one of the other bidders won (or if Pegula resells the team to anyone in the future) could not happen under the terms of the Bills' current lease on Ralph Wilson Stadium until the end of the 2019 season and would have, at least on paper, required league endorsement (whether the league could, in and of",
"title": "2014 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "10417956",
"text": "the season. He was replaced in the broadcast booth by longtime \"Hockey Night in Canada\" broadcaster Harry Neale. The Sabres' January 1 home game against the Pittsburgh Penguins was played outdoors at Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. The NHL called the event the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic. In addition to selling tickets at Ralph Wilson Stadium, the Sabres also sold tickets to HSBC Arena for the game, which was broadcast for fans on the arena's video scoreboard. Brian Campbell was the Sabres' lone representative in the 2008 NHL All-Star Game, as he was",
"title": "2007–08 Buffalo Sabres season"
},
{
"id": "7099243",
"text": "significantly-viewed status should be removed as it provides no over-the-air coverage to Watertown after the transition to digital. The FCC decided in United's favor, and WWNY-TV is now allowed to black out network and duplicate syndicated programming on WTVH's feed on local cable providers. In 1997, CBS gained the rights to the American Football Conference of the National Football League. The league determined that portions of Yates County, a fairly narrow location only a few miles wide at certain points, was within of Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the Buffalo Bills. That area is on the far western fringe of",
"title": "WTVH"
},
{
"id": "11450227",
"text": "a team that could move to Toronto due in part to Buffalo's proximity to the city. Niagara Falls, New York, located between the two cities, was also considered as a compromise location. The Bills play in one of the league's smallest markets, and their games are often blacked out due to not being sold out, even with only 7 home games to sell during the Bills in Toronto series. The difficulties selling tickets, particularly late in the season when the weather is much poorer, was part of the reason why capacity of the team's home, Ralph Wilson Stadium, was decreased",
"title": "National Football League in Toronto"
},
{
"id": "16980192",
"text": "5–9, but were eliminated from playoff contention with the Miami Dolphins' win over the New England Patriots. With the win, the Bills improved to 6-9. With the loss, the Bills ended their season at 6-10. 2013 Buffalo Bills season The 2013 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 44th season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Doug Marrone. It was also the final season under the ownership of Ralph Wilson, who died in March 2014 at the age of 95. The team equaled their record from 2012 and missed the playoffs, increasing their playoff drought to",
"title": "2013 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "1491902",
"text": "Super Bowl XXXVII Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl. The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVII"
},
{
"id": "2212943",
"text": "as two-year-old European superstar Arazi, winner of the 1991 Breeders' Cup Juvenile and European Horse of the Year. Another horse, Outta Here, raced in the 2003 Kentucky Derby and finished in seventh place. Ralph Wilson Ralph Cookerly Wilson Jr. (October 17, 1918 – March 25, 2014) was an American businessman and sports executive. He was best known as the founder and owner of the Buffalo Bills, a team in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the founding owners of the American Football League (AFL), the league with which the NFL merged in 1970, and was the last",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
},
{
"id": "2212929",
"text": "turned down. His next choice was Buffalo, where the AFL's first choice of owner, Pat McGroder, had declined to start a team. In September 1959, Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the words, \"Count me in with Buffalo.” He named his new team the Bills, after a previous team that had played in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949. On October 28, 1959 the Buffalo Bills officially became the seventh AFL team. Wilson made professional football a resounding success in a \"small market\", signing such stars as Cookie Gilchrist, Jack Kemp, and Tom Sestak and Hall of Famers",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
},
{
"id": "3247125",
"text": "the stadium came to be nicknamed), was in disrepair and with a capacity of under 47,000, undersized for a National Football League team. The league mandate instituted after the AFL–NFL merger of 1970 dictated a minimum of 50,000 seats. In early 1971, owner Ralph Wilson was exploring options to relocate the team, possibly to Seattle, with other cities such as Memphis and Tampa soon expressing interest as well. The potential loss of the team hastened the stadium project and Rich Stadium opened in 1973. The location and construction of the stadium in Erie County were the source of years of",
"title": "New Era Field"
},
{
"id": "10913130",
"text": "NHL Winter Classic The NHL Winter Classic is one of the three series of regular season outdoor games played in the National Hockey League (NHL), and is distinct from the league's other two series, the NHL Heritage Classic and the NHL Stadium Series. The Winter Classic is annually held on or around New Year's Day, generally in a football or baseball stadium, in an area with a resident NHL team. The first Winter Classic was held in 2008 at the venue then known as Ralph Wilson Stadium (now New Era Field) in Orchard Park, New York, between the Buffalo Sabres",
"title": "NHL Winter Classic"
},
{
"id": "8711397",
"text": "to give the Chargers the 21–14 win. With the win, the Chargers had won 7 straight games over the Raiders and improved their record to 9–2. \"at Ralph Wilson Stadium, Buffalo, New York Coming off a season-sweep over the Raiders, the Chargers flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a cold Week 13 fight against the throwback-clad Buffalo Bills. This game would also mark the return of San Diego's star linebacker Shawne Merriman after his four-game suspension for failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. In the first quarter, the Chargers drew first blood with kicker Nate Kaeding's 42-yard field goal and",
"title": "2006 San Diego Chargers season"
},
{
"id": "9915318",
"text": "quarter, the Ravens sealed their easy win with Stover kicking a 31-yard and a 36-yard field goal. With the win, Baltimore improved to 4–2. During the win, the Ravens defense forced six turnovers, which included a franchise-best 5 interceptions. Coming off their easy home win over the Rams, the Ravens flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 7 duel with the Buffalo Bills. This game was notable for RB Willis McGahee, as he returned to Buffalo to play against his former team, who made their first-ever visit to Buffalo in their twelfth NFL season. With McNair still out with",
"title": "2007 Baltimore Ravens season"
},
{
"id": "7939444",
"text": "2011, with performances by Jay Leno and Aretha Franklin. In January 1995, Georgia Frontiere, the owner of the National Football League team known as the Los Angeles Rams (now St. Louis Rams), announced she would move that team to St. Louis. The team replaced the St. Louis Cardinals (now Arizona Cardinals), an NFL franchise that had moved to St. Louis in 1960 but departed for Arizona in 1988. The Rams played their first game in their St. Louis stadium, the Edward Jones Dome, on October 22, 1996. Starting in the early 1980s, more rehabilitation and construction projects began, some of",
"title": "History of St. Louis"
},
{
"id": "394087",
"text": "Super Bowl XIII Super Bowl XIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1978 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 35–31. The game was played on January 21, 1979, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, the fifth and last time that the Super Bowl was played in that stadium. This was the first Super Bowl that featured a rematch of a previous one (the Steelers had previously beaten the Cowboys,",
"title": "Super Bowl XIII"
},
{
"id": "6907618",
"text": "when the American Football League proposed establishing the franchise that would ultimately also bear the Buffalo Bills name, McGroder was the first potential owner that AFL founder Lamar Hunt approached. McGroder declined the offer, still hoping that the threat of the new AFL team would be enough to provoke the NFL to stop it with the Buffalo NFL team he had hoped to receive, but Ralph Wilson, whose bid for a Miami AFL team had fallen through, accepted the bid. When it became clear that the NFL would not expand to Buffalo as McGroder had hoped, he took a position",
"title": "Buffalo Bills (AAFC)"
},
{
"id": "9153309",
"text": "of Fame game (Carolina, Jacksonville, the new Cleveland Browns, and Houston all played in their expansion seasons in 1995, 1999, and 2002 respectively). The 2009 game, however, was between two original American Football League teams: the Buffalo Bills and the Tennessee Titans (formerly the Houston Oilers). This matchup was announced after Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. an AFL founder and the only owner ever of the Bills, was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 1, 2009. The Titans' owner, Bud Adams, was also the only owner his team has ever had. Wilson and Adams were the two",
"title": "NFL preseason"
},
{
"id": "2212933",
"text": "sale of the team. According to an article on msn.com, Wilson, described as \"stubborn\", turned down numerous naming rights deals for the stadium. Wilson was one of the league's most outspoken owners, even near the end of his life. Wilson voted against the Cleveland Browns' relocation to Baltimore in 1995. He publicly rebuked NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue in an open letter in 1998 over league policy, which disallowed criticism of referees, after poor officiating had a direct impact on a Bills loss that season. He was one of two owners (the Cincinnati Bengals' Mike Brown being the other) to oppose",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
},
{
"id": "811405",
"text": "an expansion team in 1953. Meanwhile, the popularity of the original Bills franchise prompted former Detroit Lions minority owner Ralph Wilson to adopt the name \"Buffalo Bills\" for his American Football League franchise ten years after the AAFC dissolved. Both the replacement Colts (now based in Indianapolis) and the replacement Bills are still playing in the NFL, though neither maintains official ties to their namesakes (coincidentally, the Colts and Bills were division rivals in the AFC East from 1970 through 2001, after which the Colts moved to the AFC South). Remarkably, although the NFL absorbed the AAFC, the AAFC actually",
"title": "All-America Football Conference"
},
{
"id": "17074598",
"text": "behind only Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson. The team achieved only a single playoff win (in 1991) under Ford's ownership. Ownership of the team passed to his widow, the former Martha Firestone. Ford's four children, including team vice-chairman William Clay Ford, Jr., are also involved in running the team. Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson died at age 95 on March 25. He was the founding owner of the franchise, which began in 1960 in the American Football League (AFL). Wilson played a central role in the negotiations between the AFL and NFL which eventually led to the AFL–NFL merger in",
"title": "2014 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "727919",
"text": "Buffalo Bills American football team following the death of long-time owner Ralph Wilson. Bon Jovi denied the rumors. However, in June 2014, it was confirmed that he along with a sports ownership group from Toronto were intending to bid on the team. Bon Jovi and his ownership group made it to the final round of bidding, but the team was sold to Terry Pegula, the owner of the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League. Bon Jovi is a close friend of New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft and head coach Bill Belichick. He owns two Super Bowl rings from",
"title": "Jon Bon Jovi"
},
{
"id": "8753856",
"text": "offense, running for 1,429 yards as a rookie and 1,025 in his sophomore effort. As early as the close of the 1992 season, Georgia Frontiere announced she wanted to break the Rams’ lease of Anaheim Stadium. After the 1993 season, Frontiere attempted to move the Rams to Baltimore, but her fellow owners turned that proposal down. Frontiere then sought to relocate the team to St. Louis. This move was initially voted down as well, with 21 opposed, 3 in favor (the Rams, Cincinnati Bengals and Tampa Bay Buccaneers), and 6 abstaining. The other owners (led by Buffalo's Ralph Wilson, the",
"title": "History of the St. Louis Rams"
},
{
"id": "17825094",
"text": "United, and the New York Yankees. In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their new 80,000-seat AT&T Stadium in Arlington, which was the site of Super Bowl XLV. The college Cotton Bowl Classic football game was played at the Cotton Bowl through its 2009 game, but has moved to AT&T Stadium. Multiple different teams were referred to as the \"Dallas Texans\". The Dallas Texans (NFL) played the National Football League for one season in 1952. Another version of the Dallas Texans was a charter member of the American Football League IV in 1960, before becoming the Kansas City Chiefs in 1963.",
"title": "Sports in Dallas"
},
{
"id": "1491943",
"text": "won a playoff game since. Super Bowl XXXVII Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl. The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVII"
},
{
"id": "394404",
"text": "Super Bowl XXII Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in that city. This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players' strike. Each",
"title": "Super Bowl XXII"
},
{
"id": "15020363",
"text": "Bob Lustig Robert Henry \"Bob\" Lustig (born September 25, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois ) is a former American football executive who worked for the Buffalo Bills from 1960 to 1979. A business associate of Bills owner Ralph Wilson from 1948, Lustig began his tenure with the Bills in 1960, primarily working as a contract negotiator. He was promoted to team vice president in 1964, and became general manager in 1967. Under his leadership, the Bills drafted O.J. Simpson number one overall in the 1969 NFL/AFL Draft, and built Rich Stadium in 1973. He left the Bills in 1979 to work",
"title": "Bob Lustig"
},
{
"id": "18405744",
"text": "season finale. Prior to the game, the team called for paid volunteers to help shovel snow out of Ralph Wilson Stadium. Former Bills quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick made his first return to Buffalo since being cut after the 2012 season, hoping to clinch a playoff spot for his new team with a win. Despite the Jets setting various team records, the Bills ultimately pulled out a win to close the season at 8-8 for the first time since 2002 in their final regular season game before Ralph Wilson Stadium was renamed New Era Field the following summer, not only keeping the",
"title": "2015 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "14137394",
"text": "Meanwhile, the United Football League had set aside a portion of their television contract for their 2011 UFL season, as a potential package of replacement programs for the networks; while CBS and Fox briefly negotiated with the UFL regarding the package, neither network committed to carrying the games, forcing the UFL to postpone its season by a month. The following stadiums received new naming rights: In addition, the San Diego Chargers' home field, Qualcomm Stadium, was temporarily renamed \"Snapdragon Stadium\" for a ten-day period from December 16–25, which included the team's Week 15 home game vs. the Baltimore Ravens, as",
"title": "2011 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "394137",
"text": "work four Super Bowls. Super Bowl XIII Super Bowl XIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1978 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 35–31. The game was played on January 21, 1979, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, the fifth and last time that the Super Bowl was played in that stadium. This was the first Super Bowl that featured a rematch of a previous one (the Steelers had",
"title": "Super Bowl XIII"
},
{
"id": "11383209",
"text": "celebrated the 40th anniversary of their Super Bowl III championship team. Coming off their home win over the Chiefs, the Jets flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 9 AFC East duel with the Buffalo Bills. In the first quarter, New York took flight early as kicker Jay Feely getting a 37-yard field goal. The Bills answered with QB Trent Edwards completing a 9-yard TD pass to TE Derek Fine. Afterwards, the Jets regained the lead as Feely got a 26-yard field goal, along with safety Abram Elam returning an interception 92 yards for a touchdown. After a scoreless",
"title": "2008 New York Jets season"
},
{
"id": "1803365",
"text": "that same name was expected to disband, but didn't and the \"Cowboys\" name was later adopted for the NFL team in mid-March 1960. Both franchises shared the Cotton Bowl (also the home of Southern Methodist University's (SMU) Mustangs) stadium for their first three seasons. The new AFL team moved after winning the 1962 AFL Championship in double overtime and became the Kansas City Chiefs for its fourth season in 1963. The \"Texans\" name has since been revived by the NFL for the current Houston Texans, an expansion team in 2002, which replaced the earlier Houston Oilers a charter AFL franchise",
"title": "Dallas Texans (NFL)"
},
{
"id": "9828900",
"text": "score of the period. In the fourth quarter, the Jets sealed the win with RB Thomas Jones getting a 1-yard TD run, Nugent nailing a 26-yard field goal, and Washington getting a 12-yard TD run. With the loss, Miami fell to 0–12, and have lost 15 straight games dating back to game 14 of last season. This also marked the first time since the 2001 Detroit Lions that a team began a season 0–12. Still trying to get their first win, the Dolphins flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 14 AFC East rematch with the Buffalo Bills. In",
"title": "2007 Miami Dolphins season"
},
{
"id": "11485969",
"text": "1967 San Diego Chargers season The 1967 San Diego Chargers season began with the team trying to improve on their 7–6–1 record in 1966. It was the team's first season at San Diego Stadium (now known as Qualcomm Stadium), and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8–5–1. In August 1967, the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium. The city named it the San Diego Stadium. In 1980, the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium. The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added",
"title": "1967 San Diego Chargers season"
},
{
"id": "9050248",
"text": "because owner Eddie DeBartolo, Jr. was facing legal troubles, which led him to surrender ownership of the team to his sister Denise DeBartolo York and brother-in-law John York. Mills Corporation, the company chosen by the 49ers, was unable to put together a plan to successfully construct a new stadium for the team. NFL owners had gone as far as awarding the new stadium the rights to host Super Bowl XXXVII. When stadium plans stalled, the game went to San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium instead. For years, the city and team ownership were embattled over attempts to gain funding and a green-light",
"title": "Levi's Stadium"
},
{
"id": "16192520",
"text": "six seasons, including a win in Super Bowl XXXIV against the Tennessee Titans, and a loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI. Other than that period of success, the St. Louis Rams repeatedly suffered losing seasons. Within months of the moves of the Rams and Raiders, several NFL teams were rumored to be replacements. They included the Cleveland Browns, the Cincinnati Bengals, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and the Seattle Seahawks. However, the Browns moved to become the Baltimore Ravens in amid major controversy, and a new Browns team occupied a new stadium in . The Bengals, Buccaneers",
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Rams"
},
{
"id": "2005700",
"text": "Arrowhead Stadium Arrowhead Stadium is an American football stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It primarily serves as the home venue of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). It is part of the Truman Sports Complex with adjacent Kauffman Stadium, the home of the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Arrowhead Stadium has a seating capacity of 76,416, making it the 28th largest stadium in North America and the sixth largest NFL stadium. It is also the largest sports facility by capacity in the state of Missouri. A $375 million renovation was completed",
"title": "Arrowhead Stadium"
},
{
"id": "16698660",
"text": "Bills–Patriots rivalry The Bills–Patriots rivalry is a professional American football rivalry between the Buffalo Bills and the New England Patriots. Both teams are members of the East division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The teams play two scheduled games each season as a result. The series debuted in 1960 as part of the American Football League (AFL). , the Patriots lead the series 70–43–1; the two clubs have combined for thirteen AFL/AFC championships. Six Bills players, coach Marv Levy, and team founder Ralph Wilson are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame,",
"title": "Bills–Patriots rivalry"
},
{
"id": "9860998",
"text": "unsuccessfully attempted to stop in court. In a 1984 article in \"The Buffalo News\" announcing Greg Bell's signing with the Bills, owner Ralph Wilson stated that the team was not yet in jeopardy, but that attendance would have to remain high, and television revenues would have to continue coming in for the team to survive. In 1984 and 1985, the Bills went 2–14. By this point, attendance at Rich Stadium had fallen to under 30,000 fans per game for most of the 1985 season, leaving the team's long-term future in doubt. Wilson was fielding offers, including one from Leonard Tose",
"title": "History of the Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "19845800",
"text": "Terry and Kim Pegula placed the winning bid to purchase the Buffalo Bills, beating out a stalking-horse bid from Donald Trump and a bid led by Jon Bon Jovi backed by owners of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment. The $1.4 billion, all-cash purchase was the highest price in NFL history to that point. The Bills had come up for sale earlier in the year after the team's founding owner, Ralph Wilson, died. Pegula Sports and Entertainment acquired the Buffalo Beauts of the National Women's Hockey League in December 2017. While not the first or only NHL owner to partner with",
"title": "Pegula Sports and Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "3247127",
"text": "somewhat of a compromise, after Bills owner and founder Ralph Wilson rejected the name Rich wanted to use, \"Coffee Rich Park.\") By a vote of 16 to 4, the county legislature approved the name in November 1972, despite a matching offer from Wilson to name it \"Buffalo Bills Stadium.\" When the Bills organization regularly referred to the stadium without the \"Rich\" name, Rich Products brought a $7.5 million lawsuit against the team in 1976. After the original deal expired after a quarter century in 1998, the stadium was renamed in honor of Wilson. Rich Products balked at paying a greatly",
"title": "New Era Field"
},
{
"id": "11856837",
"text": "there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets. This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has ever qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium. Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their",
"title": "Super Bowl curse"
},
{
"id": "16980187",
"text": "to expire in 2017, but was cancelled in December 2014; the lease on Ralph Wilson Stadium expires in 2022 and will presumably be the last agreement with the aging stadium, as the lease specifies that the process of exploring a new stadium begins during the lease period. The Bills also started the 2013 season with a new starting quarterback, first-round draft pick EJ Manuel, after previous starter Ryan Fitzpatrick refused a pay cut and was subsequently released. Notes Stephen Gostkowski would kick a game-winning 35 yard field goal with 5 seconds left to give the Patriots the win. With the",
"title": "2013 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "16769155",
"text": "Mercedes-Benz Stadium The Mercedes-Benz Stadium is a multi-purpose retractable roof stadium located in Atlanta, Georgia. The home of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL) and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), it replaced the now-demolished Georgia Dome, the Falcons' home stadium from 1992 through 2016. Mercedes-Benz stadium holds the record of the world's largest halo board and is one of few American football stadiums with retractable roofs, and one of five in the NFL that has such a roof. The stadium is owned by the state of Georgia through the Georgia World Congress Center Authority,",
"title": "Mercedes-Benz Stadium"
},
{
"id": "14137396",
"text": "uniforms the team wore between 1975 and 1983; the final product indeed resembled those uniforms, with some minor adjustments. The new uniforms (which marked the first redesign since 2002) were unveiled at a fan appreciation event at Ralph Wilson Stadium. The Bills wore their white \"away\" uniforms in their week nine home game against the New York Jets as part of a whiteout promotion; the last time the team had worn their white uniforms at home was in 1986. The New England Patriots' uniforms bore a patch bearing the initials \"MHK\" in honor of team owner Robert Kraft's wife Myra",
"title": "2011 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "9446353",
"text": "the Bears had beaten the New Orleans Saints to earn a trip to Super Bowl XLI. Virginia Halas McCaskey Virginia Halas McCaskey (born January 5, 1923) is the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. She is the eldest child of former Bears coach and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983. After the death of Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson in March 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL. Her formal title within the Bears organization is secretary of the board of directors. However, she",
"title": "Virginia Halas McCaskey"
},
{
"id": "5117073",
"text": "simultaneously. It was announced on August 13, 2016, that New Era and the Buffalo Bills reached an agreement for naming rights for Ralph Wilson Stadium. The Bills and New Era officially announced the stadium's new name of \"New Era Field\" five days later, on August 18, 2016. After the Bills released CEO Russ Brandon in May 2018, New Era hired Brandon in an executive position. A day later, New Era denied the hiring had taken place. \"The Athletic\", which made the initial claim, continues to insist the hiring happened and that Brandon had been quietly fired after the story broke.",
"title": "New Era Cap Company"
},
{
"id": "8252262",
"text": "were initially \"optimistic\" that the roof could be repaired before the Vikings faced the Chicago Bears on December 20, stadium officials determined that such a repair would not be possible in that time frame and the game was moved to TCF Bank Stadium. Two stadiums received new naming rights: On January 20, LandShark Stadium, the home field of the Miami Dolphins, was renamed Sun Life Stadium. The Dolphins' home field, originally named Joe Robbie Stadium from 1987–1996, has undergone several name changes in its history, including Pro Player Stadium (1996–2005), Dolphin Stadium (2006–2009), and most recently, LandShark Stadium. On July",
"title": "2010 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "5751527",
"text": "of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the \"original eight\" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011, but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. From 2011 onward, each team selected to play in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"
},
{
"id": "9446350",
"text": "Virginia Halas McCaskey Virginia Halas McCaskey (born January 5, 1923) is the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. She is the eldest child of former Bears coach and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983. After the death of Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson in March 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL. Her formal title within the Bears organization is secretary of the board of directors. However, she is empowered to speak for the interests of her children and grandchildren, effectively giving her 80%",
"title": "Virginia Halas McCaskey"
},
{
"id": "11036376",
"text": "on NBC. The Tennessee Titans defeated the Buffalo Bills 21–18, and both wore \"throwback\" jerseys celebrating the two franchises' AFL origins. It was the first time since 1970 that the teams have not been from opposing conferences; also, both Bills owner Ralph Wilson, a 2009 Hall of Fame inductee, and Titans owner Bud Adams have owned their teams continuously since the AFL's inception in 1960, making them the longest-tenured team owners in the league. Both teams made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance since the 1980s (Buffalo last played in Canton in , Tennessee in as the former Houston",
"title": "2009 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "11711245",
"text": "a 4th and 1 with under two minutes to go. Eric Moulds caught 9 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown, while Peerless Price caught 4 passes for 101 yards and a touchdown. With this win, the Bills were 5-3 and tied for first place in the division with the Dolphins. \"at Ralph Wilson Stadium, Orchard Park, New York\" After three straight wins, the Bills' next game against the Patriots - which was also Drew Bledsoe's first game against his former team - was a disaster. The Patriots marched down the field on their opening possession with Tom Brady finding",
"title": "2002 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "5415308",
"text": "Subsequently, MLSE president Tim Leiweke said on a NFL team in Toronto: \"We can't own a team (per NFL rules), but we do have more expertise on how to build (stadiums) than anyone ... MLSE can play a role.\" It has been reported that MLSE is interested in building and managing the proposed NFL stadium, which it has already begun designing. In 2013 MLSE minority owner Tanenbaum and board member Edward Rogers III partnered with musician Jon Bon Jovi to purchase an NFL team. Following the death of Bills' owner Ralph Wilson in 2014 the group submitted an offer to",
"title": "Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "28943",
"text": "against expansion, and planned to bring NFL expansion teams to Houston and Dallas, to start play in 1961. (The NFL did not expand to Houston at that time, the promised Dallas team – the Dallas Cowboys – actually started play in 1960, and the Vikings began play in 1961.) Finally, the NFL quickly came to terms with the Bidwills and allowed them to relocate the struggling Cardinals to St. Louis, eliminating that city as a potential AFL market. Ralph Wilson, who owned a minority interest in the NFL's Detroit Lions at the time, initially announced he was placing a team",
"title": "American Football League"
},
{
"id": "394532",
"text": "Super Bowl XXV Super Bowl XXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1990 season. The Giants defeated the Bills by the score of 20–19, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was held at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, on January 27, 1991, during the time of the Gulf War. It was preceded by a memorable performance of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" by Whitney Houston during the pre-game ceremonies. The American Broadcasting Company",
"title": "Super Bowl XXV"
},
{
"id": "5409943",
"text": "December 7, Everett was able to walk on his own power, but he did not have full movement. Everett appeared on the cover of the December 17 issue of \"Sports Illustrated\", which contains an article on his injury, rehabilitation and recovery. On Sunday, December 23, 2007, Kevin walked publicly on the field of Ralph Wilson Stadium in front of a number of fans for the home finale against the New York Giants. Coincidentally, Domenik Hixon was on the Giants at the time of the game after being released by the Broncos. On January 31, 2008, Everett accepted NFL commissioner Roger",
"title": "Kevin Everett"
},
{
"id": "7002472",
"text": "Super Bowl XLVI Super Bowl XLVI (46) was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2011 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21–17. The game was played on February 5, 2012 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in Indiana. In addition to winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, the Giants set a new record for the lowest regular",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI"
},
{
"id": "8319001",
"text": "resident Paul Allen bought the team and kept it in Seattle by building Seahawks Stadium, now known as CenturyLink Field. Perhaps the closest Los Angeles came to regaining the NFL during this period was in 1999, when the NFL approved a new franchise, the league's 32nd, for Los Angeles, on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing. Those agreements were never reached, and in October 1999, the franchise was awarded to a Houston ownership group instead, which formed the Houston Texans. Then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger championed a new football stadium in Anaheim in",
"title": "History of the National Football League in Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "16183205",
"text": "that the Bills and Rogers Communications come to an agreement extending the series, a condition that both sides have indicated willingness to do. The Bills and the league are demanding significant and expensive renovations to Ralph Wilson Stadium as a condition of renewing the stadium lease. \"The Buffalo News\" reported renovations could top 200 million dollars. The Bills and Erie County (the owners of Ralph Wilson Stadium) missed the deadline for a long-term agreement in September 2012. However, on December 21, the Bills agreed with Erie County to a 10-year lease on Ralph Wilson Stadium, extending it through for at",
"title": "2012 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "14149663",
"text": "field goal, yet New York stayed persistent as running back LaDainian Tomlinson got a 1-yard touchdown run. Miami tried to get a comeback drive going, but the defense came through to hold onto the victory. With the win, the Jets improved to 2–1. Coming off their divisional road win over the Dolphins, the Jets flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 4 AFC East duel with the throwback-clad Buffalo Bills. New York scored in the first quarter as running back LaDainian Tomlinson got a 1-yard touchdown run. The Jets added onto their lead in the second quarter with a",
"title": "2010 New York Jets season"
},
{
"id": "2815020",
"text": "among its kind in MLS, after Canadian Toronto FC's BMO Field. In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening, the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014. The StubHub Center became the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in 2017 – making it the smallest NFL stadium – until the completion of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in 2020, which they will then share with the Los Angeles Rams. During the 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season, while the Chargers play in the stadium, the",
"title": "StubHub Center"
},
{
"id": "39961",
"text": "England Patriots under Tom Brady, along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s, prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016, a 17-year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time. It was broken when the Bills secured a wild-card berth on December 31, 2017. On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.",
"title": "Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"id": "17084806",
"text": "new stadium is being built in Inglewood. The Rams previously played at the Coliseum during their first stint in Los Angeles from 1946 to 1979. The Rams and the St. Louis CVC (Convention & Visitors Commission) began negotiating deals to get the Rams' home stadium, The Dome at America's Center (then known as Edward Jones Dome), into the top 25 percent of stadiums in the league (i.e., top eight teams of the thirty-two NFL teams in reference to luxury boxes, amenities and overall fan experience). Under the terms of the lease agreement, the St. Louis CVC was required to make",
"title": "2016 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "375997",
"text": "(the Sugar Bowl), and El Paso, Texas (the Sun Bowl) in 1935, and for Dallas (the Cotton Bowl) in 1937. By the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term \"bowl\" for any major American football game was well established. Lamar Hunt, owner of the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs, first used the term \"Super Bowl\" to refer to the NFL-AFL championship game in the merger meetings. Hunt later said the name was likely in his head because his children had been playing with a Super Ball toy; a vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "16192789",
"text": "retired by then-NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue, thus preventing a future Houston NFL team from using the name. The NFL would return to Houston in 2002 with a new franchise, the Houston Texans. The Houston Oilers began in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. They were owned by Bud Adams, a Houston oilman, who had made several previous unsuccessful bids for an NFL expansion team in Houston. Adams was an influential member of the eight original AFL owners, since he, Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs founder Lamar Hunt and Buffalo Bills founder Ralph Wilson were more financially stable",
"title": "History of the Houston Oilers"
},
{
"id": "9869695",
"text": "Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of",
"title": "History of the Seattle Seahawks"
},
{
"id": "12898718",
"text": "deficit to 20–14, but Romo's 80-yard catch & run to Patrick Crayton put the Cowboys ahead for good. On specials teams, kicker Mike Nugent had one field goal attempt blocked, and shanked another. The Buccaneers made their first regular season trip in franchise history to Ralph Wilson Stadium to meet the Bills. The Buccaneers had played only one time at Buffalo, a preseason game in 1977. Byron Leftwich threw for 296 yards and three touchdowns, but the Bills held Tampa Bay to only 57 yards rushing, and the Buccaneers had 13 penalties for 112 yard in the loss. Leading 20–7",
"title": "2009 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season"
},
{
"id": "2691893",
"text": "2003. A lifelong fan of the Buffalo Bills football team, Russert often closed Sunday broadcasts during the football season with a statement of encouragement for the franchise. The team released a statement on the day of his death, saying that listening to Russert's \"Go Bills\" exhortation was part of their Sunday morning game preparation. He once prayed publicly on the show with his father when the Bills were going for the Super Bowl for the fourth consecutive time before Super Bowl XXVIII. On July 23, 2008, U.S. Route 20 leading to the Bills' Ralph Wilson Stadium in Orchard Park, New",
"title": "Tim Russert"
},
{
"id": "9153406",
"text": "to move into baseball-only stadiums by the 1990s and 2000s, this became less of a problem. Currently, the only remaining shared NFL-MLB venue is the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, which houses the Oakland Raiders and the Oakland Athletics. Additionally, four NFL teams currently share a venue with a Major League Soccer team: the New England Patriots share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution, the Seattle Seahawks share CenturyLink Field with the Seattle Sounders FC, the Atlanta Falcons share Mercedes-Benz Stadium with Atlanta United FC, and the Los Angeles Chargers share the StubHub Center with the LA Galaxy. However, there are",
"title": "NFL regular season"
},
{
"id": "393893",
"text": "in 1978. Pardee was fired following a 6–10 campaign in 1980 and was replaced by Joe Gibbs, who led the Redskins to three Super Bowl championships (XVII, XXII, XXVI) and 171 victories to earn induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pardee later coached the Houston Oilers for four and a half seasons (1990–94). The Miami Dolphins became the second team to win the Super Bowl after losing it the previous year. To date, they are the last team to do so. The game was played on the same day as the live Elvis Presley broadcast of \"Aloha from",
"title": "Super Bowl VII"
},
{
"id": "395020",
"text": "Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season record, became the third wild card team to win the Super",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXV"
},
{
"id": "12449204",
"text": "Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) in American football, the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer (MLS). In football, the 49ers play in Levi's Stadium and have won five Super Bowls (XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXIX) and lost one (XLVII), while the Raiders play in Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum until their relocation to Las Vegas in either 2019 or 2020 and have won three Super Bowls",
"title": "San Francisco Bay Area"
},
{
"id": "5732490",
"text": "1984 NFL season The 1984 NFL season was the 65th regular season of the National Football League. The Colts relocated from Baltimore, Maryland to Indianapolis, Indiana before the season. The Colts new home field was the Hoosier Dome. The New York Jets moved their home games from Shea Stadium in New York City to Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The season ended with Super Bowl XIX when the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Miami Dolphins 38–16 at Stanford Stadium in California. This was the first Super Bowl televised by ABC, who entered into the annual championship game rotation",
"title": "1984 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "15151382",
"text": "expansion franchise in Major League Soccer, Atlanta United FC; the team began play in 2017 and shares Mercedes-Benz Stadium with the Falcons; however, due to construction delays with Mercedes-Benz Stadium, the soccer club played its home matches at Georgia Tech's Bobby Dodd Stadium, which was not used during the Olympics, during the first half of the 2017 MLS season. RFK Stadium has remained in use for (American) football, baseball, and soccer since the Games. In football, it hosted its last NFL game on December 22, 1996 with a 37-10 Redskins victory over the Dallas Cowboys. The Redskins moved to Jack",
"title": "Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17084814",
"text": "to the nation's second-largest market for both teams; the Raiders played in Los Angeles from 1982 to 1994 while the Chargers called LA home for their inaugural season in the American Football League. The Chargers were the only NFL team to play in Southern California at the time (until the Rams moved to Los Angeles in 2016), with San Diego being a distance from Los Angeles, and the Chargers counted Los Angeles as a secondary market. The Chargers have been looking to replace Qualcomm Stadium (which, like the Oakland Coliseum opened in the late 1960s) since at least 2003, and",
"title": "2016 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "18405736",
"text": "2015 Buffalo Bills season The 2015 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise’s 56th overall season as a football team, 46th in the National Football League, third under leadership of general manager Doug Whaley and first under new head coach Rex Ryan. It was also the first full season under the ownership of Terry and Kim Pegula (who also own the Buffalo Sabres), having purchased the Bills partway through 2014 after the death of longtime owner Ralph Wilson in March at the age of 95. The Bills began their season with an open competition for the starting quarterback position after Kyle",
"title": "2015 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "18423313",
"text": "able to hold off a late Buffalo Bills rally thanks to their high-octane offense, giving the Patriots their first divisional win of the season. The match-up between the Bills and Patriots was highly anticipated in the week before the meeting. Both teams had won their first games of the new season and high expectations for the season ahead were falling on both teams, including the host team, who were led by new head coach and old Patriots' foe Rex Ryan (formerly of the New York Jets). The Guinness Book of World Records was invited to Ralph Wilson Stadium to see",
"title": "2015 New England Patriots season"
},
{
"id": "513816",
"text": "days. Wrigley Field once held the record for the most NFL games played in a single stadium with 365 regular season NFL games, but this record was surpassed in September 2003 by Giants Stadium in New Jersey, thanks to its dual-occupancy by the New York Giants and New York Jets. The game played between the Jets and Miami Dolphins on September 14, 2003 was the 366th regular season NFL game at Giants Stadium breaking Wrigley's regular season record. The 50 seasons the Bears spent at Wrigley Field had been an NFL record until 2006 when Lambeau Field duplicated this feat",
"title": "Wrigley Field"
},
{
"id": "2212940",
"text": "had, and the two were the only living members of the \"Foolish Club\", the founders of the original eight AFL teams. Wilson and Adams are two of only four men who have owned a professional football franchise continuously for fifty years (George Halas, who owned the Chicago Bears from 1920 until his death in 1983, is the third, and William Clay Ford Sr., Wilson's neighbor, who owned the Detroit Lions from 1961 to 2014, is the fourth). The Hall of Fame game on Sunday, August 9, was a kickoff to the 2009 season, which would have been the 50th season",
"title": "Ralph Wilson"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of the Buffalo Bills context: Tampa and Memphis. Western New York leaders acquiesced to Wilson's demands and built a new open-air facility that featured a capacity of over 80,000 (at Wilson's request) and, unlike other stadiums, was built into the ground. Rich Stadium (later Ralph Wilson Stadium, now New Era Field) opened in 1973 and continues to house the Bills to this day (Seattle would get an NFL team of its own in 1976, when the Seahawks were enfranchised, as did Tampa, under the banner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers). 1973 was a season of change: Joe Ferguson became their new quarterback, they moved into\n\nRalph Wilson Stadium is home to what NFL team?",
"compressed_tokens": 191,
"origin_tokens": 191,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: New Era Cap Company context:. It was announced on August 13, 2016, that New Era and the Buffalo Bills reached an agreement for naming rights for Ralph Wilson Stadium. The Bills and New Era officially announced the stadium's new name of \"New Era Field\" five days later, on August 18, 2016. After the Bills released CEO Russ Brandon in May 2018, New Era hired Brandon in an executive position. A day later, New Era denied the hiring had taken place. \"The Athletic\", which made the initial claim, continues to insist the hiring happened and that Brandon had been quietly fired after the story broke.\n\ntitle Sports context:, and the New Yankees 209, the Cowboys relocated to new 80,000-se ATT Stadium in Arlington, the site of Super Bowl XLV college Cotton Bowl Classic football was played at the Cotton its2009 game, but has moved to AT&T Multiple referred to as \"D Texans The Dallas TexNFL played the National Football League for one season in 1952 Another version of the Dallas Texans was a charter member of the American Football League in 1960 before becoming the Kansas City Chiefs in 1963.\n\ntitle 200–0HL season 17, 200, theHL the outdoor four played Pitts Penguins the Buff Buff's Ralph, of Nationals Buffalo, 1 208. as AHL Winter—was first an NHL regular-season had outdoors the United States, and set NHL attendance record of27 people The out N game was the20 Heritage between the Montrealiens and Edmonton Oilers at Commonwealth 22,\ntitle: Buffaloills: England under Tom, failed re in0 the fromoffseen longestought in all major professional sports at the time. It was broken when the Bills secured a wild-card berth on December 31, 2017. On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.\n\nRalph Wilson Stadium is home to what NFL team?",
"compressed_tokens": 462,
"origin_tokens": 13740,
"ratio": "29.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,750 | Who was the first American to win a Nobel prize? | [
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"The Cowboy President",
"Teddy roosevelt",
"Theodore Roosavelt",
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"Theodor roosevelt",
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"Theodore Roosevelt"
] | Teddy Roosevelt | [
{
"id": "1861855",
"text": "1956, with her so-called Wu experiment. Lee was the youngest Nobel laureate after World War II until Malala Yousafzai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. He is the fourth youngest Nobel laureate in history after William L. Bragg (who won the prize at 25 with his father William H. Bragg in 1915), Werner Heisenberg (who won in 1932 also at 30) and Malala Yousafzai (awarded at just 17). Lee and Yang were the first Chinese laureates. Since he became a naturalized American citizen in 1962, Lee is also the youngest American ever to have won a Nobel Prize.",
"title": "Tsung-Dao Lee"
},
{
"id": "2370975",
"text": "but was rejected by the Board of Trustees, who overturned the jury's decision. The prize went, instead, to Edith Wharton for \"The Age of Innocence\". In 1926 Lewis refused the Pulitzer when he was awarded it for \"Arrowsmith.\" In 1930, Lewis was the first American ever awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. While a Nobel Prize is awarded to the author not the work, and itself does not cite a particular work for which he was chosen, \"Main Street\" was Lewis' best-known work and enormously popular at the time. In the Nobel committee's presentation speech, both \"Main Street\" and \"Arrowsmith\"",
"title": "Main Street (novel)"
},
{
"id": "14651739",
"text": "he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa",
"title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "923855",
"text": "vantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards. Michelson was a member of the Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Computer Measurement Group gives an annual A. A. Michelson Award. Albert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel",
"title": "Albert A. Michelson"
},
{
"id": "705811",
"text": "who flew to the Moon), more than from any other undergraduate institution in the U.S. Over 990 noted scholars in a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 46 Rhodes Scholars and 24 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include one President of the United States (Jimmy Carter) who is also a Nobel laureate, one other Nobel Prize recipient (the first American scientist to win a Nobel Prize) and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. \"\"Shipmate\"\", the official magazine of the USNA Alumni Association, is distributed worldwide to members of the Association and to midshipmen, parents, faculty, administrators, donors, legislators, and",
"title": "United States Naval Academy"
},
{
"id": "9497715",
"text": "snob\". From 1948 to 1955, Giroux continued to edit important works. By 1951, his reputation as America's foremost editor had attracted foreign writers. For example, in 1951, he published Hannah Arendt's first book in English, \"The Origins of Totalitarianism\". Of his seven Nobel prize winners, who included Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Derek Walcott, William Golding, Seamus Heaney, and Nadine Gordimer, the only one born in the United States was T.S. Eliot. After Alfred Harcourt and Donald Brace died, Giroux decided to move. Also in the same interview, he revealed how as a young editor at Harcourt, Brace & Co.,",
"title": "Robert Giroux"
},
{
"id": "11986280",
"text": "Theodore W. Richards House The Theodore W. Richards House is a National Historic Landmark at 15 Follen Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1900, it was the home until his death of Theodore William Richards (1868-1928), the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Richards was a leading experimental chemist of his day, measuring (as precisely as instruments of the day permitted) the atomic weights of a large number of elements. He was also responsible for the growth of Harvard University's graduate chemistry program to one of the finest in the nation. The house was designated a",
"title": "Theodore W. Richards House"
},
{
"id": "923834",
"text": "Albert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. Michelson was born in Strzelno, Province of Posen in Germany (now Poland), the son of Samuel Michelson and his wife, Rozalia Przyłubska, both of Jewish descent. He moved to the US with his parents in 1855, at the age of two. He grew up",
"title": "Albert A. Michelson"
},
{
"id": "16102899",
"text": "non-existence of the luminiferous ether and was later cited as circumstantial evidence in support of special relativity as proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science. Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain, also known as the Michelson-Morley Monument and commonly called the \"lipstick fountain,\" is located on the campus of Case Western Reserve University in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. It was designed by William Behnke and built in 1973 in commemoration of the world-famous Michelson–Morley experiment. The sculpture is a chrome-plated steel cylinder with the top cut",
"title": "Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain"
},
{
"id": "1964082",
"text": "U.S. support for China in its war with Japan after 1937. After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the United States government recognized the Government of the Chinese Republic as the sole and legitimate government of China despite a number of governments ruling various parts of China. China was reunified by a single government, led by the Kuomintang (KMT) in 1928. The first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for writing about China was an American, born in the United States but raised in China, Pearl S. Buck, whose 1938 Nobel lecture was titled \"The Chinese Novel\". Starting in the",
"title": "China–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "12373004",
"text": "Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, would be recognized as America's other essential poet. Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, including John Steinbeck, William Faulkner, Eugene O'Neill, Pearl S. Buck, T. S. Eliot and Sinclair Lewis. Ernest Hemingway, the 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" (1851), Twain's \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925), and Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1960)—",
"title": "Culture of the United States"
},
{
"id": "4197770",
"text": "Theodore William Richards Theodore William Richards (January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award \"in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements.\" Theodore Richards was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania to William Trost Richards, a land- and seascape painter, and Anna née Matlack, a poet. Richards received most of his pre-college education from his mother. During one summer's stay at Newport, Rhode Island, Richards met Professor Josiah Parsons Cooke of Harvard, who showed the young boy Saturn's",
"title": "Theodore William Richards"
},
{
"id": "13002550",
"text": "Caroline Stulting and Absalom Sydenstricker, were on leave from Presbyterian missionary work in China. They returned to China three months after her birth. Pearl S. Buck was the first American woman to win both the Pulitzer Prize (1932, for \"The Good Earth\") and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1938). A world-renowned author, she wrote over 100 books and hundreds of short stories and magazine articles. Her books have been translated into 69 foreign languages. Buck herself was heavily involved in the preservation and restoration of the house. In the book \"My Mother's House\" she shared her vision for the museum:",
"title": "Pearl S. Buck Birthplace"
},
{
"id": "1178115",
"text": "and an alumna of St Hugh's and Hertford Colleges. Although the rules in no way suggest there is a preference for an alumnus or Fellow of the college to be chosen there have been few who were not, only one in the 20th Century had no previous connection. A former student of the College, Baruch Blumberg was the first American master and the first Nobel Laureate, receiving his prize in medicine for the identification of the hepatitis B virus. The outgoing Master of Balliol Sir Drummond Bone was a post-graduate student there (Snell Exhibitioner from Glasgow University) and a scholar",
"title": "Balliol College, Oxford"
},
{
"id": "1868570",
"text": "Gerty Cori became the third woman—and the first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science, the previous recipients being Marie Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie. She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953. Cori was the fourth women elected to the National Academy of Sciences. She was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as board member of the National Science Foundation, a position she held until her death. Gerty was also a member of the American Society of",
"title": "Gerty Cori"
},
{
"id": "664560",
"text": "Columbia University for her research in the \"evolution of genetic information and the control of its expression.\" Most notably, she received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983, the first woman to win that prize unshared, and the first American woman to win any unshared Nobel Prize. It was given to her by the Nobel Foundation for discovering \"mobile genetic elements\"; this was more than 30 years after she initially described the phenomenon of controlling elements. She was compared to Gregor Mendel in terms of her scientific career by the Swedish Academy of Sciences when she was awarded",
"title": "Barbara McClintock"
},
{
"id": "11128508",
"text": "Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home The Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States. From 1889 until 1902 it was the home of young Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951), who would become the most famous American novelist of the 1920s and the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. His most famous book, \"Main Street\", was inspired by the town of Sauk Centre as Lewis perceived it from this home. The Sinclair Lewis Foundation acquired the house in 1956 and has restored to its appearance during Lewis's boyhood. They offer",
"title": "Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home"
},
{
"id": "612144",
"text": "Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, \"[If] there",
"title": "Sinclair Lewis"
},
{
"id": "11203830",
"text": "Harriet Lane Levy Harriet Lane Levy (1867–1950) is a California writer best known for her memoir, \"920 O’Farrell Street\". Levy was also an avid art collector, a girlhood friend of Alice B. Toklas, and an acquaintance of Gertrude Stein. She was born into an upper-middle-class Jewish family and raised in San Francisco. From 1865-1869, her cousin, Albert A. Michelson (the first U.S. citizen to win a Nobel Prize for science), lived with her. The first part of her autobiography, \"920 O’Farrell Street\", chronicles her childhood in an upper-middle-class San Francisco neighborhood. Additionally, young women such as Levy were expected to",
"title": "Harriet Lane Levy"
},
{
"id": "11626321",
"text": "overthrew the Qing dynasty, the William Taft administration recognized the Republic of China (ROC) government as the sole and legitimate government of China despite a number of governments ruling various parts of China. China was reunified by a single government, led by the Kuomintang (KMT) in 1928. The first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for writing about China was an American, born in the United States but raised in China, Pearl S. Buck, whose 1938 Nobel lecture was titled \"The Chinese Novel\". During the Pacific War, the United States and China were allies against Japan. In October 1945,",
"title": "Taiwan–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "245164",
"text": "that \"the flower of youth and the best manhood of the peoples [had] been mowed down,\" for example such notable casualties as the poets Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas and Wilfred Owen, composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley. Members of the Lost Generation include Sinclair Lewis, who was the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, United States Army General George S. Patton, Russian-born composer Irving Berlin, American writer, reporter, and political commentator Walter Lippmann, Earl Warren, American theologian, ethicist, and commentator on politics Reinhold Niebuhr, Actresses Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford, and Mae West, American poet",
"title": "Lost Generation"
},
{
"id": "6438563",
"text": "who discovered the mechanism by which glycogen, a derivative of glucose, is transformed in the muscles to form lactic acid, and is later reformed as a way to store energy. For this discovery she and her colleagues were awarded the Nobel prize in 1947, making her the third woman and the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in science. She was the first woman ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Cori is among several scientists whose works are commemorated by a U.S. postage stamp. Nina Byers notes that before 1976, fundamental contributions of",
"title": "Women in science"
},
{
"id": "17365734",
"text": "Miriam Michelson Miriam Michelson (1870-1942) was an American journalist and writer. Miriam Michelson was born in the mining town of Calaveras, California, in 1870. She was the seventh of eight children of Samuel and Rosalie (\"née\" Przylubska) Michelson, who immigrated to the United States from Poland in 1855. Her oldest brother, physicist Albert A. Michelson, was the first American citizen to win a Nobel Prize for science; and the youngest, journalist Charles Michelson, became a close assistant to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She worked as a reporter for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" and later, in Philadelphia, for the \"North American\". Short",
"title": "Miriam Michelson"
},
{
"id": "210264",
"text": "John Bardeen (1908–1991) shared the Nobel Prize in Physics twice — in 1956, as co-inventor of the transistor and in 1972, for the explanation of superconductivity. The transistor paved the way for all modern electronics, from computers to microchips. Diverse applications of superconductivity include infrared sensors and medical imaging systems.\" The other scientists on the \"American Scientists\" sheet include biochemist Gerty Cori, chemist Linus Pauling and astronomer Edwin Hubble. John Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in",
"title": "John Bardeen"
},
{
"id": "4357203",
"text": "Cori (lunar crater) Cori is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies less than one crater diameter to the north of the crater Baldet. To the northeast is the crater Grissom. It is named after Gerty Cori, the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize and the first woman to win the prize in the category Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. This is a circular crater formation with a somewhat eroded outer rim. The inner wall has a shelf running around the western perimeter where",
"title": "Cori (lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "13294426",
"text": "Nathan S. Kline Nathan Schellenberg Kline, M.D. (22 March 1916 – 11 February 1983) was an American scientist, researcher in the field of psychology and psychiatrist best known for his work with psychopharmacologic drugs. A graduate of the New York University School of Medicine, he and Robert Edward Gross are the only two-time winners of the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research, an award sometimes referred to as \"America's Nobel Prize\". Kline was best known for his pioneering work with psychopharmacologic drugs. In 1952, he started a research unit at Rockland State Hospital, NY (later the Rockland Psychiatric Center).",
"title": "Nathan S. Kline"
},
{
"id": "13897055",
"text": "would last no longer, however, than this eventful ten-year period between the early twenties and the appearance of \"The Mad Stone\". Despite the early promise, she never published another novel. (The same period was similarly fruitful for another small town Minnesotan, Sinclair Lewis, who was developing some of the same themes in \"Main Street\", \"Babbitt\", and \"Elmer Gantry\" before becoming the first American winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.) After 1932, and during the decade of the 1940s, Beers attempted no sustained writing efforts as ambitious as novels. Her time and energies were increasingly consumed, she would tell confidants",
"title": "Lorna Beers"
},
{
"id": "612156",
"text": "to escape the circus in search of a better life in the real world, first published in \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine. The story was acquired by Walt Disney Pictures in 1940 for a possible feature film. World War II sidetracked those plans until 1947. Disney used the story (now titled \"Bongo\") as part of its feature \"Fun and Fancy Free\". In 1930 Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the award, after he had been nominated by Henrik Schück, member of the Swedish Academy. In the Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid",
"title": "Sinclair Lewis"
},
{
"id": "14800698",
"text": "in as the 44th President of the United States, the first African American to become president. Former Maryland Lt. Governor Michael Steele, an African American, was elected as Chairman of the Republican National Committee on January 30, 2009. The U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative six-stamp set portraying twelve civil rights pioneers in 2010. Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 9, 2009. On July 19, 2010, Shirley Sherrod was pressured to resign from the U.S. Department of Agriculture because of controversial publicity; the department apologized to her for her being inaccurately portrayed as racist toward white Americans.",
"title": "Post–civil rights era in African-American history"
},
{
"id": "14348845",
"text": "country that has one or the other. The U.S. Secretary of State is head of the United States Department of State. He or she is responsible for the administration of United States Embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world. The U.S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason. Six Secretaries of State became presidents (Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan) and five won Nobel Peace Prizes (Frank Kellogg, Cordell Hull, George Marshall, Elihu Root, and Henry Kissinger). The now long-established",
"title": "Secretary of state"
},
{
"id": "13876943",
"text": "committee feared being labeled naïve for accepting a young politician's promises at face value\", stating that \"no one could deny that 'the international climate' had suddenly improved, and that Mr. Obama was the main reason...'We want to embrace the message that he stands for.\" Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "1868576",
"text": "continued to work there until his death at the age of eighty-eight. 32. 33. Gerty Cori Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz; August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957) was a Jewish Austrian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman—and first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism. Cori was born in Prague (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now the Czech Republic). Gerty was not a nickname, but rather she was named after an Austrian warship.",
"title": "Gerty Cori"
},
{
"id": "1868557",
"text": "Gerty Cori Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz; August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957) was a Jewish Austrian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman—and first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism. Cori was born in Prague (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now the Czech Republic). Gerty was not a nickname, but rather she was named after an Austrian warship. Growing up at a time when women were marginalized in science and allowed few",
"title": "Gerty Cori"
},
{
"id": "8842076",
"text": "General Assembly at the Isle of Rhodes, she was the only American warship present as Greece received control of the long-contested Dodecanese Islands. \"Hanson\" then carried United Nations mediator Dr. Ralph Bunche to Beirut, Lebanon, for peace negotiations on Israel. On 10 December 1950, Bunche became the first non-white and African American to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. After extensive training in the Caribbean, USS \"Hanson\" headed north back to Newport, RI. On 6 January 1950, \"Hanson\" in convoy, with elements of the sixth fleet were headed across the Atlantic, including , at least two cruisers was one), 12",
"title": "USS Hanson (DD-832)"
},
{
"id": "210243",
"text": "John Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry and ushered the birth of the Information Age. The semiconductor device also made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device,",
"title": "John Bardeen"
},
{
"id": "1437611",
"text": "of an immense exuberance, organic in its form, kinetic, and drenched with the love of life... I rejoice over Mr. Wolfe.\" Both in his 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature acceptance speech and original press conference announcement, Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, said of Wolfe, \"He may have a chance to be the greatest American writer... In fact I don't see why he should not be one of the greatest world writers.\" Upon publication of his second novel, \"Of Time and the River\", most reviewers and the public remained supportive, though some critics found",
"title": "Thomas Wolfe"
},
{
"id": "17365735",
"text": "stories Articles Other Miriam Michelson Miriam Michelson (1870-1942) was an American journalist and writer. Miriam Michelson was born in the mining town of Calaveras, California, in 1870. She was the seventh of eight children of Samuel and Rosalie (\"née\" Przylubska) Michelson, who immigrated to the United States from Poland in 1855. Her oldest brother, physicist Albert A. Michelson, was the first American citizen to win a Nobel Prize for science; and the youngest, journalist Charles Michelson, became a close assistant to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She worked as a reporter for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" and later, in Philadelphia, for the",
"title": "Miriam Michelson"
},
{
"id": "11986283",
"text": "born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1868, educated at home, and then at Haverford College and Harvard University, where he received his PhD in chemistry in 1888. From an early time he was interested in the question of atomic weights, a subject that he would study for most of his professional career. After his graduation he became an instructor at Harvard, eventually gaining promotion to full professor in 1901. He successfully recalculated the atomic weights of a number of chemical elements, developing methodology and apparatus along the way. Richards became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in",
"title": "Theodore W. Richards House"
},
{
"id": "10436866",
"text": "as the Vanderbilts and Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitney, Morgans, and Harrimans are historically Mainline Protestant families. According to \"Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States\" by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes winners awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified from a Protestant background. Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants. Some of the first colleges and universities in America, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Dartmouth, Williams, Bowdoin,",
"title": "Christianity in the United States"
},
{
"id": "156738",
"text": "George Whipple George Hoyt Whipple (August 28, 1878 – February 1, 1976) was an American physician, pathologist, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy \"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia\". This makes Whipple the only Nobel laureate born in New Hampshire, and the first of several Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester. Whipple was born to Ashley Cooper Whipple and Frances Anna Hoyt in Ashland, New Hampshire. Ashley Cooper Whipple was a physician, and",
"title": "George Whipple"
},
{
"id": "17986012",
"text": "on the 1-dollar 1938 Presidential Series stamp. The twenty-eighth president of the United States, Wilson led the United States through World War I with a reputation as a peacemaker. In 1920, he became the first American president to win the Nobel Peace Prize. The post office used two-color stamps for the high value rates so that they would not be confused with the cent denominations. The 1-dollar was used for parcels, registered letters and heavier international airmails. History of Virginia on stamps The history of Virginia through the colonial period on into contemporary times has been depicted and commemorated on",
"title": "History of Virginia on stamps"
},
{
"id": "1345609",
"text": "1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at Carnegie Hall received negative coverage by newspapers such as \"The New York Times\", which branded her as unpatriotic. Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931. As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for",
"title": "Jane Addams"
},
{
"id": "3275658",
"text": "the National Medal of Science, which is given to American individuals who deserve the highest honor in science and technology. In 1993, Yalow was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. She was the second woman (the first being Gerty Cori), and the first American-born woman, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or",
"title": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow"
},
{
"id": "13876944",
"text": "former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Obama was the first U.S. president to receive the award during his first year in office (at eight and a half months, after being nominated less than two weeks in office), although several other world leaders were awarded in the year following their election to national office, including Óscar Arias (1987) and Aung San Suu Kyi (1991). Obama said he was \"surprised\" and \"deeply humbled\" by the award. In remarks given at the White House Rose Garden on the day of the announcement,",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "2111116",
"text": "Ralph Bunche Ralph Johnson Bunche (; August 7, 1904 December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American to be so honored in the history of the prize. He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations. In 1963, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President John F. Kennedy. For more than two decades (1928 to 1950), Bunche served as chair of the Department of Political Science at Howard University, where he",
"title": "Ralph Bunche"
},
{
"id": "8580577",
"text": "Jane Addams Business Careers Center Jane Addams Business Careers Center often referred to as J.A.B.C.C. is one of six Career and Technical speciality schools within Cleveland Metropolitan School District (CMSD). It is known throughout the city for its exceptional student-operated restaurant, The Executive Grill. Visitors from throughout the city rave about the entrees and desserts, with their Creme Brulee being a proclaimed \"the best in the city\". Students apply and must be selected to attend Jane Addams. The school is named after Jane Addams, the first American Woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1931). Jane Addams Business Careers Center",
"title": "Jane Addams Business Careers Center"
},
{
"id": "1950249",
"text": "States at Harvard. Clark has played a prominent role in the development of psychology as a distinguished discipline in the United States ever since. Franz Boas, founder of American cultural anthropology and adviser for the first Ph.D. in anthropology which was granted at Clark in 1894, taught at Clark from 1888 until 1892 when he resigned in a dispute with President Hall over academic freedom and joined the faculty of Columbia University. Albert A. Michelson, the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics, best known for his involvement in the Michelson–Morley experiment, which measured the speed of light,",
"title": "Clark University"
},
{
"id": "4802717",
"text": "most important African-American writers of the 20th century. Her first novel, \"The Bluest Eye\", was published in 1970. Among her most famous novels is \"Beloved\", which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. This story describes a slave who found freedom but killed her infant daughter to save her from a life of slavery. Another important novel is \"Song of Solomon\", a tale about materialism, unrequited love, and brotherhood. Morrison is the first African American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the 1970s novelist and poet Alice Walker wrote a famous essay that brought Zora Neale Hurston",
"title": "African-American literature"
},
{
"id": "1705517",
"text": "Paul Samuelson Paul Anthony Samuelson (15 May 1915 – 13 December 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize in 1970, that he \"has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory\". Economic historian Randall E. Parker has called him the \"Father of Modern Economics\", and \"The New York Times\" considered him to be the \"foremost academic economist of the 20th century\". Samuelson was likely the most influential economist of the later",
"title": "Paul Samuelson"
},
{
"id": "4681342",
"text": "churches, while Evangelical Protestant and Black churches are relatively stable or continue to grow. According to \"Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States\", a review of American Nobel prizes winners awarded between 1901 and 1972 by Harriet Zuckerman, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates came from Protestant backgrounds. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the American Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, 58.6% in Physics, between 1901 and 1972. By 2050, Protestantism is projected to rise to slightly more than half of the world's total Christian population. According to other experts such as Hans",
"title": "Protestantism by country"
},
{
"id": "2111133",
"text": "soon. His health did not improve, and Bunche died December 9, 1971, at age 68, from complications of diabetes mellitus. He was survived by his wife Ruth, daughter Joan, son Ralph, and the three Pierce grandchildren. His wife later enjoyed three additional grandchildren and several great-grandchildren. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Ralph Bunche Ralph Johnson Bunche (; August 7, 1904 December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American to be",
"title": "Ralph Bunche"
},
{
"id": "11558050",
"text": "established in 1931 by Dr. A.C. Langmuir, brother of Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir, to recognize the best young chemist in the United States. A $10,000 prize was to be awarded annually by the American Chemical Society. The first recipient was Linus Pauling. In 1964, the General Electric Foundation took over the financial backing of the prize, which was renamed the Irving Langmuir Award and the modern selection process was created. In 2006 the GE Global Research took over sponsorship of the award, and since 2009 the award has been co-sponsored between GE Global Research and the ACS Division of",
"title": "Irving Langmuir Award"
},
{
"id": "923839",
"text": "the newly organized University of Chicago. In 1898, he noted the Gibbs phenomenon in Fourier analysis on a mechanical computer that was constructed by him. In 1907, Michelson had the honor of being the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\". He also won the Copley Medal in 1907, the Henry Draper Medal in 1916 and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1923. A crater on the Moon is named after him. Michelson died in Pasadena, California at the",
"title": "Albert A. Michelson"
},
{
"id": "1624337",
"text": "be seen in the winners of the Nobel Prize in physics and chemistry. During the first half-century of Nobel Prizes – from 1901 to 1950 – American winners were in a distinct minority in the science categories. Since 1950, Americans have won approximately half of the Nobel Prizes awarded in the sciences. See the List of Nobel laureates by country. The American Brain Gain continued throughout the Cold War, as tensions steadily escalated in the Eastern Bloc, resulting in a steady trickle of defectors, refugees and emigrants. The partition of Germany, for one, precipitated over three and a half million",
"title": "Science and technology in the United States"
},
{
"id": "739860",
"text": "Montgomery Bus Boycott, which launched the movement. For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions, including \"Brown v. Board of Education\" and \"Loving v. Virginia\", the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks. Martin Luther King, Jr., who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races, was assassinated in 1968. Following his death others led",
"title": "History of the United States"
},
{
"id": "10385513",
"text": "Francis, including another visit from William Jennings Bryan. During the 1920s, the St. Francis became the fashionable place to stay for celebrities and film actors coming from Hollywood. St. Francis guests included silent film stars Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, cowboy star Tom Mix, Mabel Normand, Fatty Arbuckle, and directors D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille.Other guests included novelist Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, circus impresarios the Ringling Brothers, dancer Isadora Duncan, songwriter George M. Cohan, and Duke Kahanamoku, the champion swimmer of the world, who popularized the sport of surfing. One",
"title": "Westin St. Francis"
},
{
"id": "1763343",
"text": "in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science. The commemorative Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain as well as an Ohio Historical Marker are located on campus, near where the actual experiment was performed. Case Western Reserve University was created in 1967, when Western Reserve University (formerly Western Reserve College) and Case Institute of Technology (formerly Case School of Applied Science), institutions that had been neighbors for 81 years, formally federated. Western Reserve College, named from the Connecticut Western Reserve, was founded in 1826 in Hudson, Ohio. Western Reserve College, or \"Reserve\" as it was popularly called,",
"title": "Case Western Reserve University"
},
{
"id": "211153",
"text": "John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. (; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American author. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception.\" He has been called \"a giant of American letters,\" and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature. During his writing career, he authored 27 books, including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and two collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels \"Tortilla Flat\" (1935) and \"Cannery Row\" (1945), the multi-generation epic",
"title": "John Steinbeck"
},
{
"id": "4657371",
"text": "of death, Charles Yanofsky was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Molecular Biology (Emeritus) in the Department of Biology at Stanford University. Charles Yanofsky's first wife Carol died of breast cancer in 1990. Charles Yanofsky died on March 16, 2018 in Palo Alto, CA. He was survived by his second wife, Edna, and three sons. Charles Yanofsky received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, sometimes referred to as the American Nobel prize, in 1971. Yanofsky was awarded the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1972 and was co-recipient of the Louisa",
"title": "Charles Yanofsky"
},
{
"id": "2224209",
"text": "many of America's commanders in World War II. The most important of these was George C. Marshall, the top U.S. Army general during the war. Marshall was the Army's first five-star general and the only career military officer ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Winston Churchill dubbed Marshall the \"Architect of Victory\" and \"the greatest Roman of them all\". The Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during the war was also a VMI graduate as were the Second U.S. Army commander, 15th U.S. Army commander, the commander of Allied Air Forces of the Southwest Pacific and various",
"title": "Virginia Military Institute"
},
{
"id": "3183479",
"text": "The park covers less than a quarter of an acre (1,000 m²), however, so it cannot accommodate major gatherings. Ralph Bunche Park Ralph Bunche Park is a small municipal public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of New York City, on First Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets. It was named in 1979 for Ralph Bunche, the first African-American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. The park is across First Avenue from the United Nations headquarters. (This stretch of First Avenue is also known as \"United Nations Plaza\".) The granite staircase in the park's northwest corner leads to 43rd Street",
"title": "Ralph Bunche Park"
},
{
"id": "18374292",
"text": "Bryant, the former Shanghai Municipal Advocate. By this time extraterritoriality had come to an end and the United States Court for China no longer existed. Franklin stayed on after the Chinese Communist Revolution and was granted an exit visa in 1951. (Bryan was imprisoned for 18 months as a spy before being released via Hong Kong in 1952) Franklin married Estelle Oldham in April, 1918, and they had two children, Victoria and Malcom. Estelle left Shanghai in 1926 and divorced Franklin. She remarried in 1929 to the American writer, and later Nobel Prize winner, William Faulkner. Faulkner had courted Estelle",
"title": "Cornell Franklin"
},
{
"id": "3183476",
"text": "Ralph Bunche Park Ralph Bunche Park is a small municipal public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of New York City, on First Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets. It was named in 1979 for Ralph Bunche, the first African-American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. The park is across First Avenue from the United Nations headquarters. (This stretch of First Avenue is also known as \"United Nations Plaza\".) The granite staircase in the park's northwest corner leads to 43rd Street and the Tudor City apartments. It was built and dedicated in 1948 during construction of the U.N. headquarters and",
"title": "Ralph Bunche Park"
},
{
"id": "3275641",
"text": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. She was the second woman (the first being Gerty Cori), and the first American-born woman, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was born in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Clara (née Zipper) and Simon Sussman, and was raised in a Jewish household. She went to Walton High",
"title": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow"
},
{
"id": "14880708",
"text": "of American Nobel prizes winners awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates have identified from Protestant background. Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants. Some of the first colleges and universities in America, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Dartmouth, Williams, Bowdoin, Middlebury, and Amherst, all were founded by Protestants, as were later Carleton, Duke, Oberlin, Beloit, Pomona, Rollins and Colorado College. Protestantism in the United States Protestantism is the largest grouping of Christians in the",
"title": "Protestantism in the United States"
},
{
"id": "710909",
"text": "alumni, Boston University graduates can be found around the world. American Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr. earned his doctorate in systematic theology at BU in 1955. After gaining prominence by advocating nonviolent resistance to segregation, he won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. Howard Thurman, the Dean of Marsh Chapel, influenced King's embrace of nonviolence. Three other alumni hold special historical importance: Rebecca Lee Crumpler was the first African-American woman and Charles Eastman (first named Ohiyesa) the first American Indian to be certified as doctors, and Helen Magill White was the first woman in the US to earn",
"title": "Boston University"
},
{
"id": "166711",
"text": "former to the unknown Gabriel Pascal, who produced it at Pinewood Studios in 1938. Shaw was determined that Hollywood should have nothing to do with the film, but was powerless to prevent it from winning one Academy Award (\"Oscar\"); he described his award for \"best-written screenplay\" as an insult, coming from such a source. He became the first person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar. In a 1993 study of the Oscars, Anthony Holden observes that \"Pygmalion\" was soon spoken of as having \"lifted movie-making from illiteracy to literacy\". Shaw's final plays of the 1930s",
"title": "George Bernard Shaw"
},
{
"id": "56380",
"text": "music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement. Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed \"almost every trope of blackness\". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, \"Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to",
"title": "Black people"
},
{
"id": "10708109",
"text": "the first black U.S. President, Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama; the first female black U.S. Senator, Carol Moseley Braun; and the first black presidential candidate to win a primary, Jesse Jackson. Before them, Harold Washington, a Congressman and the first black Mayor of Chicago, as well as groundbreaking Congressman William L. Dawson, achieved political success from the South Side. The University of Chicago is one of the world's top universities, with 22 Nobel Prize winners working at the university at the time of the award announcement, placing it 3rd among U.S. institutions (behind Harvard and Stanford.) At",
"title": "South Side, Chicago"
},
{
"id": "3826156",
"text": "\"Frederick C. Robbins Society\" is named in his honor. Robbins received the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. Frederick Chapman Robbins Frederick Chapman Robbins (August 25, 1916 – August 4, 2003) was an American pediatrician and virologist. He was born in Auburn, Alabama, and grew up in Columbia, Missouri, attending David H. Hickman High School. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 along with John Franklin Enders and Thomas Huckle Weller, making Robbins the only Nobel laureate born in Alabama. The award was for breakthrough work",
"title": "Frederick Chapman Robbins"
},
{
"id": "9216665",
"text": "and anastomosis of blood vessels. Guthrie collaborated in his work on vascular surgery with French physician Alexis Carrel, who won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. A 2001 book by Hugh E. Stephenson, Jr. and Robert S. Kimpton, \"America's First Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology:The Story of Guthrie and Carrel\", argues that the primary credit for this work should have gone to Guthrie rather than Carrel. However, Guthrie's head transplant experiments likely prevented his Nobel Prize candidacy status. Charles Claude Guthrie Charles Claude Guthrie (September 26, 1880 – April 1963) was an American physiologist. He was born",
"title": "Charles Claude Guthrie"
},
{
"id": "6968221",
"text": "President Harry S. Truman. After its failure Mary Lasker saw research funding as the best way to promote public health. With her husband, they created the Lasker Foundation in 1942 to promote medical research. The Lasker Award is considered the most prestigious American award in medical research. As of 2015, eighty-seven Lasker laureates have gone on to receive a Nobel Prize. Together, they were the first to apply the power of modern advertising and promotion to fighting cancer. They joined the American Society for the Control of Cancer which at the time was sleepy and ineffectual and transformed it into",
"title": "Mary Lasker"
},
{
"id": "2826851",
"text": "in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with \"deep gratitude and great humility.\" The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures. Obama's peace prize was called a \"stunning surprise\" by \"The New York Times\". Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office. Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect. Barack Obama's presidency ended at",
"title": "Barack Obama"
},
{
"id": "507145",
"text": "on nuclear weapons Lawrence helped build, but was denied each time. She outlived her husband by more than 44 years and died in Walnut Creek, California, at the age of 92 on January 6, 2003. George B. Kauffman wrote that: Ernest Lawrence Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was a pioneering American nuclear scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project, as well as for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence",
"title": "Ernest Lawrence"
},
{
"id": "10789638",
"text": "Ralph Johnson Bunche House Ralph Johnson Bunche House, the last home of American diplomat Ralph Bunche (1903-1971), is a National Historic Landmark in New York City. It is a single-family home built in 1927 in the neo-Tudor style, and is located at 115-24 Grosvenor Road, Kew Gardens, Queens. It is named after Ralph Bunche, who helped to found the United Nations in 1945. In 1950 he became the first African American and first person of color to win the Nobel Peace Prize, for mediating armistice agreements between Israel and its neighboring countries. The Bunche house was developed in 1927 as",
"title": "Ralph Johnson Bunche House"
},
{
"id": "1426656",
"text": "Pearl S. Buck Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973; also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu; ) was an American writer and novelist. As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in Zhenjiang, China. Her novel \"The Good Earth\" was the best-selling fiction book in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces\". She was the first",
"title": "Pearl S. Buck"
},
{
"id": "11077106",
"text": "business before marrying, and was an active figure in the art world. After her death from cancer in 1921, Charles married Ruth Hames. His son, Dr. John Bardeen, became the only person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. Bardeen died in Madison, Wisconsin in 1935, from pancreatic cancer. He was succeeded as Dean of the University of Wisconsin Medical School by Dr. William Shainline Middleton. Charles Russell Bardeen Charles Russell Bardeen (8 February 1871 – 12 June 1935) was an American physician and anatomist and the first dean of the University of Wisconsin Medical",
"title": "Charles Russell Bardeen"
},
{
"id": "13148142",
"text": "role in the Civil Rights Movement. Their history as a focal point for the Black community and as a link between the Black and White worlds made them natural for this purpose. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was but one of many notable Black ministers involved in the movement. He helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957), serving as its first president. King received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination through non-violent civil disobedience. He was assassinated in 1968. Ralph David Abernathy, Bernard Lee, Fred Shuttlesworth, C.T. Vivian and Jesse Jackson are",
"title": "History of Christianity in the United States"
},
{
"id": "628742",
"text": "provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize. True to its mandate, the Committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made applied science contributions. Harvey Cushing, a pioneering American neurosurgeon who identified Cushing's syndrome, was not awarded the prize, nor was Sigmund Freud, as his psychoanalysis lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed. The public expected Jonas Salk or Albert Sabin to receive the prize for their development of the polio vaccines, but instead the award went to John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins whose basic discovery",
"title": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
},
{
"id": "451534",
"text": "Walter Houser Brattain Walter Houser Brattain (; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist at Bell Labs who, along with fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact transistor in December 1947. They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention. Brattain devoted much of his life to research on surface states. Walter Brattain was born in Xiamen, Fujian, China, to American parents Ross R. Brattain and Ottilie Houser Brattain. Ross R. Brattain was a teacher at the Ting-Wen Institute, a private school for Chinese boys. Both parents were graduates of Whitman",
"title": "Walter Houser Brattain"
},
{
"id": "563518",
"text": "Peña. Spencer Abraham became the first Arab American to hold the position on January 20, 2001, serving under the administration of George W. Bush. Steven Chu became the first Asian American to hold the position on January 20, 2009, serving under the administration of Barack Obama. He is also the longest-serving Secretary of Energy and the first individual to join the Cabinet having received a Nobel Prize. (6) (8) As of , there are nine living former Secretaries of Energy, the oldest being Charles Duncan Jr. (served 1979–1981, born 1926). The most recent Secretary of Energy to die was Samuel",
"title": "United States Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"id": "237808",
"text": "the development of international law, with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, Theodore Roosevelt was the first American President to call for an international league. At the acceptance for his Nobel Prize, Roosevelt said: \"it would be a masterstroke if those great powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace.\" The forerunner of the League of Nations, the Inter-Parliamentary Union",
"title": "League of Nations"
},
{
"id": "15782730",
"text": "and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research. According of \"Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State\" by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes winners awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified from Protestant background. Overall, Protestant have won a total of 84.2% of all the American Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, 58.6% in Physics, between 1901 and 1972. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for",
"title": "Christian culture"
},
{
"id": "2826850",
"text": "25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state being extended this invitation, following Charles de Gaulle in 1960, Nelson Mandela in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\". Obama accepted this award",
"title": "Barack Obama"
},
{
"id": "14302522",
"text": "and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: \")\" is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred",
"title": "Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "7847305",
"text": "was awarded the Manson Medal by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene for his contributions to the field of tropical medicine and hygiene. In 2010 he was awarded a Lasker Award, the most significant US prize for medical research with many past award winners subsequently going on to receive Nobel prizes. He is the only person outside America to win the award that year. In 2012, Keele University named the Medical School building on the Keele Campus the David Weatherall Building in honour of Sir David. The MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM) is named in his",
"title": "David Weatherall"
},
{
"id": "3309120",
"text": "Vincent du Vigneaud Vincent du Vigneaud (May 18, 1901 – December 11, 1978) was an American biochemist. He won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone,\" a reference to his work on the cyclic peptide oxytocin. Du Vigneaud graduated from Schurz High School in 1918. He began studying chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was influenced by lectures of Carl Shipp Marvel. After receiving his M.S. in 1924 he joined DuPont. He married Zella Zon Ford on June 12, 1924. Restarting",
"title": "Vincent du Vigneaud"
},
{
"id": "696000",
"text": "University grew dramatically, fueled primarily by World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits. In 1947, Gerty Cori, a professor at the School of Medicine, became the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Professors Carl and Gerty Cori became Washington University's fifth and sixth Nobel laureates for their discovery of how glycogen is broken down and resynthesized in the body. The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target",
"title": "Washington University in St. Louis"
},
{
"id": "2650389",
"text": "said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed the vote to be effective in doing so. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. In 1931, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Some critics in the 1960s portrayed her as an unoriginal racist determined to civilize helpless immigrants while other biographers in the 1990s tended to regard her more favorably. French Canadian women saw New England as a place of opportunity and possibility",
"title": "History of women in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3255683",
"text": "Lasker Award The Lasker Awards have been awarded annually since 1945 to living persons who have made major contributions to medical science or who have performed public service on behalf of medicine. They are administered by the Lasker Foundation, founded by Albert Lasker and his wife Mary Woodard Lasker (later a medical research activist). The awards are sometimes referred to as \"America's Nobels\". Lasker Award has gained a reputation for identifying future winners of the Nobel Prize. Eighty-six Lasker laureates have received the Nobel Prize, including 32 in the last two decades. Claire Pomeroy is the current President of the",
"title": "Lasker Award"
},
{
"id": "2481618",
"text": "along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President",
"title": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny"
},
{
"id": "4623008",
"text": "of \"P. falciparum\", the first human malarial parasite for which the entire cycle was determined. By today's standard, they should have undoubtedly shared the Nobel. Oswald Theodore Avery, best known for his 1944 demonstration that DNA is the cause of bacterial transformation and potentially the material of which genes are composed, never received a Nobel Prize, although two Nobel Laureates, Joshua Lederberg and Arne Tiselius, praised him and his work as a pioneering platform for further genetic research. According to John M. Barry, in his book \"The Great Influenza\", the committee was preparing to award Avery, but declined to do",
"title": "Nobel Prize controversies"
},
{
"id": "3275655",
"text": "1945, the award is intended to celebrate scientists who have made fundamental biological discoveries and clinical advances that improve human health. In 1977, Yalow was the sixth individual woman (seventh overall, considering Marie Curie's two wins), and first American-born woman, to win the Nobel Prize in a scientific field. She was also the second woman in the world to win in the physiology or medicine category (the first being Gerty Cori). She was so honored, together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally, for her role in devising the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. By measuring substances in the human body, the",
"title": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow"
},
{
"id": "628753",
"text": "development of the knockout mouse. There have been 37 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed). In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak of the United States for discovering the process by which chromosomes are protected by telomeres (regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme telomerase; they shared the prize of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or",
"title": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
},
{
"id": "454750",
"text": "Wole Soyinka was the first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, and American Toni Morrison was the first black woman to win in 1993. Some early American Black writers were inspired to defy ubiquitous racial prejudice by proving themselves equal to white American authors. As Henry Louis Gates, Jr., has said, \"it is fair to describe the subtext of the history of black letters as this urge to refute the claim that because blacks had no written traditions they were bearers of an inferior culture.\" African-American writers were also attempting to subvert the literary and power",
"title": "Western canon"
},
{
"id": "17229587",
"text": "River. Albert Abraham Michelson, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Physics, attended the school. Murphys Grammar School was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 1973. Murphys Grammar School Murphys Grammar School is a historic school building in Murphys, California. Built in 1860, the school was the first public school in Murphys. The school was designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style, which was popular at the time of its construction; its design includes a cornice held up by square pilasters, a pedimented gable, and a cupola over the entrance with its own",
"title": "Murphys Grammar School"
},
{
"id": "9984571",
"text": "1961. It was acquired by the BBN School not long after his death, which has used it for a variety of purposes, including as a faculty residence and lounge. It is used for school offices. Percy Bridgman (1882–1961) was born in Cambridge, raised in Newton, and educated at Harvard. After receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1908, he was invited to join the Harvard physics faculty, where he remained for the rest of his life. Bridgman's primary area of research was high pressure physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (the fifth American to be so honored) in",
"title": "Percy W. Bridgman House"
},
{
"id": "1621604",
"text": "the 1920s, and John Dos Passos wrote too about the war. Ernest Hemingway became famous with \"The Sun Also Rises\" and \"A Farewell to Arms\"; in 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. William Faulkner became one of the greatest American writers with novels like \"The Sound and the Fury\". American poetry reached a peak after World War I with such writers as Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, and E. E. Cummings. American drama attained international status at the time with the works of Eugene O'Neill, who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize.",
"title": "American literature"
},
{
"id": "2392881",
"text": "Society, and the National Academy of Sciences. He was a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and Honorary Fellow of the Physical Society of London. The Percy W. Bridgman House, in Massachusetts, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark designated in 1975. In 2014, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO, the Earth's most abundant mineral, in honor of his high-pressure research. Percy Williams Bridgman Percy Williams Bridgman (21 April 1882 – 20 August 1961) was an American physicist who received the 1946 Nobel Prize in",
"title": "Percy Williams Bridgman"
},
{
"id": "12907327",
"text": "Robert DeMott Robert DeMott (born November 22, 1943) is an American author, scholar, and editor best known for his influential scholarship on writer John Steinbeck, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1939), and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Robert DeMott was born in New Canaan, Connecticut, in 1943, the only child of James and Colletta DeMott. Until the age of eight, he lived with his parents on the estate of well known political artist and fine-art illuminator Arthur Szyk, who published \"The New Order\" (1941) and \"Ink & Blood\" (1946) and illustrated numerous Biblical",
"title": "Robert DeMott"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tsung-Dao Lee context: 1956, with her so-called Wu experiment. Lee was the youngest Nobel laureate after World War II until Malala Yousafzai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. He is the fourth youngest Nobel laureate in history after William L. Bragg (who won the prize at 25 with his father William H. Bragg in 1915), Werner Heisenberg (who won in 1932 also at 30) and Malala Yousafzai (awarded at just 17). Lee and Yang were the first Chinese laureates. Since he became a naturalized American citizen in 1962, Lee is also the youngest American ever to have won a Nobel Prize.\n\nWho was the first American to win a Nobel prize?",
"compressed_tokens": 204,
"origin_tokens": 204,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Tsung-Dao Lee context: 1956, with her so-called Wu experiment. Lee was the youngest Nobel laureate after World War II until Malala Yousafzai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. He is the fourth youngest Nobel laureate in history after William L. Bragg (who won the prize at 25 with his father William H. Bragg in 1915), Werner Heisenberg (who won in 1932 also at 30) and Malala Yousafzai (awarded at just 17). Lee and Yang were the first Chinese laureates. Since he became a naturalized American citizen in 1962, Lee is also the youngest American ever to have won a Nobel Prize.\n\ntitle Gerty Cor context: continued work there until his at the age of eighty-eight 3. Gerty Gert Theresa Cori (née Radnitz; August 15, 189 – October 26, 1957) a Austrian-American biochemist in 1947 was third—and first woman—to win a Nobel in science and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for role in the discovery glycogen metabolism. Cori was born in Prague (then in the Austro-Hungarian, now the Czech Republic). Gerty not nickname, but rather she was named after an Austrian warship.\ntitle: American: the 19s and wrote about war. Hemingway became with \"The Sun Alsoises\" \" Farewell to Ar\"; in 195, the Nobel in Literature William Faulk one of the greatest American writers nov like F\". American a peak World War I with such writers Stevens Eli, Robert F, Ez P,ummings.ained status at the works of Eugill, who won four Pul Priz Prize.\ntitle: and in the: in theinners the Nobel Prize in physics andistry the halfes – Americaninners in a distinct science categories. Since 1950, Americans have won approximately half of the Nobel Prizes awarded in the sciences. See the List of Nobel laureates by country. The American Brain Gain continued throughout the Cold War, as tensions steadily escalated in the Eastern Bloc, resulting in a steady trickle of defectors, refugees and emigrants. The partition of Germany, for one, precipitated over three and a half million\n\nWho was the first American to win a Nobel prize?",
"compressed_tokens": 530,
"origin_tokens": 14642,
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78,751 | How the Grinch Stole Christmas was written by who? | [
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] | Dr. Seuss | [
{
"id": "13423881",
"text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve. The story was published as a book by Random House in 1957, and at approximately the same time in an issue of \"Redbook\". The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "13423892",
"text": "\"I was brushing my teeth on the morning of the 26th of last December when I noticed a very Grinch-ish countenance in the mirror. It was Seuss! So I wrote about my sour friend, the Grinch, to see if I could rediscover something about Christmas that obviously I'd lost.\" Seuss's step-daughter, Lark Dimond-Cates, stated in a speech in 2003, \"I always thought the Cat... was Ted on his good days, and the Grinch was Ted on his bad days.\" Cohen notes that Seuss drove a car with a license plate that read \"GRINCH\". Thomas Fensch notes that the Grinch is",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "13423897",
"text": "Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat\". Max, the Grinch's dog, and the Grinch himself also appear in the children's puppet show \"The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss\". The Grinch, Cindy Lou Who, and Max, appear in \"Seussical\", a musical which takes it plot from several Dr. Seuss books. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "5410571",
"text": "Time\" list. Grinch The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. He is best known as the main character of the children's book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957). He has been played by many different actors, including: Boris Karloff, Hans Conried, Jim Carrey and Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is depicted as a hairy, pot-bellied, pear-shaped, snub-nosed creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. In full-color adaptations, he is typically colored avocado green. He has spent the past 53 years living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the town of Whoville. In contrast to the cheerful Whos,",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "5410562",
"text": "Grinch The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. He is best known as the main character of the children's book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957). He has been played by many different actors, including: Boris Karloff, Hans Conried, Jim Carrey and Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is depicted as a hairy, pot-bellied, pear-shaped, snub-nosed creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. In full-color adaptations, he is typically colored avocado green. He has spent the past 53 years living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the town of Whoville. In contrast to the cheerful Whos, the Grinch",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "13423887",
"text": "Neil Morgan wrote, \"It was the easiest book of his career to write, except for its conclusion.\" According to Dr. Seuss, \"I got hung up getting the Grinch out of the mess. I got into a situation where I sounded like a second-rate preacher or some biblical truism... Finally in desperation... without making any statement whatever, I showed the Grinch and the Whos together at the table, and made a pun of the Grinch carving the 'roast beast.' ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices, and then after three months it came out like that.\" By mid-May 1957,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "13423891",
"text": "moral and humor. Charlotte Jackson of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" called the book \"wonderful fantasy, in the true Dr. Seuss manner, with pictures in the Christmas colors.\" Some writers, including Dr. Seuss himself, have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss. In the story, the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos' celebration of Christmas for 53 years. As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note, Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book. Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of \"Redbook\":",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "2387176",
"text": "Horton Hears a Who! Horton Hears a Who! is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and was published in 1954 by Random House. It is the second Dr. Seuss book to feature Horton the Elephant, the first being \"Horton Hatches the Egg\". The Whos would later reappear in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". Miranda Richardson read the book as part of her second audio collection of Dr. Seuss books. The other three books she narrated were \"Oh, the Places You'll Go!\", \"Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You?\", and \"Happy Birthday",
"title": "Horton Hears a Who!"
},
{
"id": "13423885",
"text": "to let out bitter and sorrowful cries, but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead. He is puzzled until it dawns on him that \"maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more\" than just presents and feasting. The Grinch's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes. The reformed and liberated Grinch returns to the village to give back all of the Whos' Christmas stuff and participate in their Christmas feast. The Grinch first appeared in a 32-line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called \"The Hoobub and the Grinch,\" which was originally published in the May 1955 edition",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "6884278",
"text": "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" is a Christmas song that was originally written and composed for the 1966 cartoon special \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" The lyrics were written by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors, similes and off-hand comments by the singer, beginning with the opening line \"you're a mean one, Mr. Grinch\". Because Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits",
"title": "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch"
},
{
"id": "2387185",
"text": "rule for cryptographic systems, known as the Horton Principle. Horton Hears a Who! Horton Hears a Who! is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and was published in 1954 by Random House. It is the second Dr. Seuss book to feature Horton the Elephant, the first being \"Horton Hatches the Egg\". The Whos would later reappear in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". Miranda Richardson read the book as part of her second audio collection of Dr. Seuss books. The other three books she narrated were \"Oh, the Places You'll Go!\",",
"title": "Horton Hears a Who!"
},
{
"id": "13423886",
"text": "of \"Redbook\" magazine. Dr. Seuss began work on \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" a couple of years later, around the beginning of 1957. He had recently completed \"The Cat in the Hat\" and was in the midst of founding Beginner Books with Phyllis and Bennett Cerf and his wife, Helen Palmer Geisel. Helen, who had ongoing medical problems and had suffered a small stroke in April 1957, nevertheless acted as an unofficial editor, as she had with previous Dr. Seuss books. Dr. Seuss wrote the book quickly and was mostly finished with it within a few weeks. Biographers Judith and",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "12909011",
"text": "messages, remixes, and a Christmas medley, and again as Merry Christmas Jackson's. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r9998 [edit] In 1957, Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" was published by Random House. The tale's rhyming verse accompanies illustrations by the author, and follows a disagreeable character called the Grinch and his attempts to thwart the arrival of Christmas by stealing the gifts, trims, and other trappings of the holiday from the happy Whos of Whoville. In spite of his attempts, Christmas arrives all the same. The Grinch realizes then that Christmas is something more than its trappings. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "5410566",
"text": "The Grinch first appeared in the May 1955 issue of Redbook in a 32-line poem called \"The Hoobub and the Grinch,\" but made his book debut in the 1957 story \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss, published as both a Random House book and in an issue of \"Redbook\" magazine. In 1966, the story was adapted into an animated television featurette of the same name, which was directed by Chuck Jones and included the song \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\". Boris Karloff serves as both the story's narrator and the voice of the Grinch,",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "8095294",
"text": "what he will be if he isn't Santa. Several films have been created which explore the consequences should an impostor Santa take over. Probably one of the first films featuring a fake Santa Claus is the 1914 silent film, \"The Adventure of the Wrong Santa Claus\", written by Frederic Arnold Kummer. In this film, a bogus Santa steals all the Christmas presents and amateur detective Octavius (played by Herbert Yost) tries to recover them. Arguably the most notorious impostor appears in the 1966 cartoon based on Dr. Seuss's children's book, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", wherein the Grinch attempts to",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"id": "7707203",
"text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas and simply The Grinch in the UK) is a 2000 American Christmas fantasy comedy film directed by Ron Howard and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman. Based on Dr. Seuss's 1957 book of the same name, the film was the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full-length feature film. The film stars Jim Carrey in the title role, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Bill Irwin, Molly Shannon and Taylor Momsen. Because the film is",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "7902045",
"text": "Director Chuck Jones and children's-book author Ted Geisel (Dr. Seuss) had worked together on the \"Private Snafu\" training cartoons at Warner Bros. Cartoons during World War II. Jones was interested in adapting one of Geisel's books into a television special and approached him to turn \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" into one in time for the holiday season. Although Geisel was initially reluctant due to his unpleasant experiences making the film \"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.\", he eventually agreed. \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" was produced by The Cat in the Hat Productions in association with the television and",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "17622974",
"text": "persuades a group to believe that the other party is treacherous. \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" is an iconic piece of literature that uses the rhetorical device of bdelygmia to portray the main character, Mr. Grinch, as a terrible person. The lyrics not only allow the audience to understand that the Grinch is a bad person, but they use words such as \"foul\" and \"nasty\" [?to attribute with the Grinch]. Another example of bdelygmia in popular culture is found in the movie \"\"National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation\"\". When Clark Griswold finds out he will not get his expected bonus, he goes",
"title": "Bdelygmia"
},
{
"id": "19559651",
"text": "the Grinch, Cindy comes to invite him to celebrate Christmas at her house and he awkwardly attends. When seated down for dinner, he confesses that it wasn't really Christmas he disliked but being lonely and his bitterness over being neglected. Before carving the roast beast, the Grinch offers a toast, \"To kindness and love, the things we need most.\" In February 2013, it was announced that Illumination Entertainment was developing a 3D animated feature film based on the Dr. Seuss book, with the working title \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", later shortened to \"The Grinch\". Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "7707217",
"text": "Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, including one about a family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the \"Who-steins\" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of The Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall. Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script. The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Geisel visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "6884280",
"text": "Malone was used in the teaser for the 2018 CGI-animated adaptation of \"The Grinch\". The song itself was covered for the movie and its soundtrack by Tyler, the Creator. You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" is a Christmas song that was originally written and composed for the 1966 cartoon special \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" The lyrics were written by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative",
"title": "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch"
},
{
"id": "7707213",
"text": "Grinch pepper-sprayed. Martha turns down the mayor's proposal and returns his engagement ring, deciding to be with the Grinch instead. The Grinch joins in the Whos' celebration feast, carving the roast beast himself. Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. However, his widow Audrey Geisel, agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories and CDs. In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "115595",
"text": "where he wrote, produced or animated many productions – both live-action and animated – including \"Design for Death\", which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. After the war, Geisel returned to writing children's books, writing classics like \"If I Ran the Zoo\" (1950), \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (1955), \"If I Ran the Circus\" (1956), \"The Cat in the Hat\" (1957), \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957), and \"Green Eggs and Ham\" (1960). He published over 60 books during his career, which have spawned numerous adaptations, including 11 television specials, five feature films, a Broadway musical, and",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "115624",
"text": "He was not against writing about issues, however; he said that \"there's an inherent moral in any story\", and he remarked that he was \"subversive as hell.\" Many of Geisel's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues: \"The Lorax\" (1971), about environmentalism and anti-consumerism; \"The Sneetches\" (1961), about racial equality; \"The Butter Battle Book\" (1984), about the arms race; \"Yertle the Turtle\" (1958), about Adolf Hitler and anti-authoritarianism; \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957), criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season; and \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (1954), about anti-isolationism and internationalism. Geisel",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "12908972",
"text": "as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "13423888",
"text": "the book was finished and in the mail to the Random House offices in New York. In June, Dr. Seuss and Helen took a month-long vacation to Hawaii, where he checked and returned the book's galley proof. The book debuted in December 1957, in both a book version published by Random House and in an issue of \"Redbook\". Dr. Seuss dedicated the book to Theodor \"Teddy\" Owens, the one-year-old son of his niece, Peggy Owens. M.S. Libby, writing in the \"New York Herald Tribune\", compared the book favorably to Dr. Seuss's earlier works: \"His peculiar and original genius in line",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "19559644",
"text": "The Grinch (film) The Grinch (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Grinch) is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated Christmas comedy film produced by Illumination. Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", it is the third screen adaptation of the story, following the television special from 1966 and the live-action feature-length film from 2000. It also marks Illumination's second Dr. Seuss film adaptation, following \"The Lorax\" (2012). The film is directed by Yarrow Cheney and Scott Mosier, and written by Michael LeSieur and Tommy Swerdlow. It stars the voices of Benedict Cumberbatch, Rashida Jones, Kenan Thompson,",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423882",
"text": "it one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\". In 2012, it was ranked number 61 among the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" – the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list. The book has been adapted as a 1966 animated TV film starring Boris Karloff, a 2000 live-action feature film starring Jim Carrey, and a 2018 computer-animated film starring Benedict Cumberbatch. The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "7707207",
"text": "but was timid and not as cruel as he would later become. In school, the Grinch had a crush on Martha May Whovier, and was Augustus May Who’s rival for Martha May's affections. One year, the Grinch made a Christmas gift for Martha, and cut his face attempting to shave after May Who pointed out he had a beard. When his classmates laughed at his cut face, he lost his temper, destroyed the Christmas gift, trashed the classroom, and exiled himself to the top of Mount Crumpit, north of Whoville. Touched by this story, Cindy Lou decides to nominate the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "115637",
"text": "for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters (Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy, Norval, and Tingo together in a \"Gift Set\" as well as individually). Revell also made a conventional glue-together \"beginner's kit\" of The Cat in the Hat. In 1966, Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones – his friend and former colleague from the war – to make a cartoon version of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel, along with Jones. The cartoon was narrated by",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "7902040",
"text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special) How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18, 1966, it went on to become a perennial holiday special. The special also features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch and the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "11705183",
"text": "Stole Christmas!\" published in 1957. Both books went on to be among Dr. Seuss's most popular works. \"Seussical\", is a Broadway musical produced by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty in 2000. The musical is a collection of Dr. Seuss's most famous stories that were combined to represent a synthesis of his work. The majority of the musical centers around the life in Whoville, especially the Whos' Christmas pageant and Horton the elephant. Both themes were based on the plots of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" and \"Horton Hears a Who!\" Universal Orlando Resort endorses Dr. Seuss's work by attributing a",
"title": "Whoville"
},
{
"id": "11315550",
"text": "Horton Hears a Who! (TV special) Horton Hears a Who! is a 1970 television special based on the Dr. Seuss book of the same name, \"Horton Hears a Who!\". It was produced and directed by Chuck Jones who previously produced the Seuss special \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" for MGM Television and first broadcast March 19, 1970 on CBS. The special contains songs with lyrics by Seuss and music by Eugene Poddany, who previously wrote songs for Seuss' book, \"The Cat in the Hat Song Book\". In the Jungle of Nool, Horton the elephant bathes in the watering hole when",
"title": "Horton Hears a Who! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "115631",
"text": "lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses—sight, smell, and hearing—in \"The Big Brag,\" and lines even illustrate \"thought\", as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful plan to ruin Christmas. Geisel's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning helped him to produce \"sketches\" of things that received more perfect realization later in his children's books. Often, the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original. Here are some examples: Geisel wrote more than 60 books over the course of his long career. Most were published under",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "13423893",
"text": "the first adult and the first villain to be a main character in a Dr. Seuss book. The book has been adapted into a variety of media, including stage and film. Chuck Jones and Ben Washam (Co-Director) adapted the story as an animated special in 1966, featuring narration by Boris Karloff, who also provided the Grinch's voice. Thurl Ravenscroft sang \"You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch\" with lyrics written by Dr. Seuss himself. In 2000, the book was adapted into a live-action film, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch. Illumination Entertainment also developed a 3D",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "19559647",
"text": "Santa Claus to help her mother but after encountering the Grinch, who sarcastically says that she'll have to talk to Santa face-to-face about it, she eventually decides to try and trap Santa with the help of her friends. With Christmas just around the corner, all the Whoville festivities force the Grinch to recall his sad childhood spent mostly alone and unwanted in a run down orphanage. The Grinch soon decides that he will steal Christmas from Whoville to assuage his distress. He acquires a fat reindeer whom he calls Fred to help him pull a sleigh that he stole from",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423883",
"text": "high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His only companion is his unloved, but loyal dog, Max. From his cave, the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville. Continuously annoyed, he devises a wicked scheme to steal their presents, trees, and food for their Christmas feast. He crudely disguises himself as Santa Claus, and forces Max, disguised as a reindeer, to drag a sleigh down the mountain towards Whoville. Once at Whoville, the Grinch slides down the chimney of one house and steals all of the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "19559663",
"text": "like its hairy protagonist’s heart), \"The Grinch\" is impossibly cute, visually rich and boasts enough festive fun to satisfy young viewers.\" The Grinch (film) The Grinch (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Grinch) is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated Christmas comedy film produced by Illumination. Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", it is the third screen adaptation of the story, following the television special from 1966 and the live-action feature-length film from 2000. It also marks Illumination's second Dr. Seuss film adaptation, following \"The Lorax\" (2012). The film is directed by Yarrow Cheney and",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "7616658",
"text": "start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy film \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, who was the producer of \"The Grinch\", stated, \"Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child — the aggregation of all those feelings — it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first \"The Grinch\" and then, \"The Cat in the Hat\", into movies, I",
"title": "The Cat in the Hat (film)"
},
{
"id": "94364",
"text": "his lesser-known characters during this period, including Charlie Dog, Hubie and Bertie, and The Three Bears. During World War II, Jones worked closely with Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, to create the \"Private Snafu\" series of Army educational cartoons (the character was created by director Frank Capra). Jones later collaborated with Seuss on animated adaptations of Seuss' books, including \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" in 1966. Jones directed such shorts as \"The Weakly Reporter\", a 1944 short that related to shortages and rationing on the home front. During the same year, he directed \"Hell-Bent for Election\", a campaign",
"title": "Chuck Jones"
},
{
"id": "7707210",
"text": "to erect before he leaves. The mayor then shames Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch. Since the Grinch's attack has failed to crush the Whos' Christmas spirit, he concocts a plan to steal all of their presents, decorations, and food while they are sleeping. Creating a Santa suit and powered sleigh, and dressing his dog Max as a reindeer, the Grinch descends to Whoville and steals all of the Christmas gifts. When Cindy Lou catches him stealing the tree, he tells her he is taking it to Santa's workshop for repair of a defective light. On Christmas morning, the Whos",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "957684",
"text": "Eric Clapton, which won song of the Year and also won the Ivor Novello award for best song from a film. Teaming with James Horner and Mariah Carey, Jennings wrote the lyrics for the central song in \"How The Grinch Stole Christmas\", \"Where Are You Christmas?\", sung by a character within the film and by Faith Hill at the end of the film. In 2002, Horner and Jennings contributed a song for the Oscar-winning film \"A Beautiful Mind\". In 2002, Peter Wolf’s new album, \"Sleepless\", appeared with positive reviews. The album featured six songs written by Jennings and Wolf, who",
"title": "Will Jennings"
},
{
"id": "19559648",
"text": "frenemy Mr. Bricklebaum. After a test run, the Grinch discovers that Fred has a wife and child. With a heavy heart, he lets Fred go back to them. On Christmas Eve, after making a Santa Claus disguise and dozens of gadgets to help him with his theft, the Grinch and Max, who pulls the sleigh in Fred's place, go down to Whoville and begin stealing the decorations and presents. He soon encounters Cindy after falling into her trap. Her request to help lighten her mother's workload, and her kind advice about listening to the Whos' singing to take his sadness",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "7902057",
"text": "(alternatively titled \"The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched\"), aired on ABC in 1982. Though credited to DePatie-Freleng, it was produced by Marvel Productions, which had taken over DePatie-Freleng in 1981. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special) How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "115609",
"text": "Circus\" (1956), \"The Cat in the Hat\" (1957), \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957), and \"Green Eggs and Ham\" (1960). He received numerous awards throughout his career, but he won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal. Three of his titles from this period were, however, chosen as Caldecott runners-up (now referred to as Caldecott Honor books): \"McElligot's Pool\" (1947), \"Bartholomew and the Oobleck\" (1949), and \"If I Ran the Zoo\" (1950). Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film \"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.\", which was released in 1953. The movie was a critical and financial",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "11317",
"text": "Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer. She is known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around her fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. Christie also wrote the world's longest-running play, a murder mystery, \"The Mousetrap\", and, under the pen name Mary Westmacott, six romances. In 1971 she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for her contribution to literature. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon.",
"title": "Agatha Christie"
},
{
"id": "20141594",
"text": "Timothy Mason (playwright) Timothy Peter Mason (born February 14, 1950) is an American playwright. He has written a number of plays including the book and lyrics for the Broadway musical, \"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!’’ Timothy Mason was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. As a young child, he moved with his family to Minneapolis. He is the son of Reverend John Martin Mason II (1908 - 2003), who was an author, a minister, and who traveled the country as an advocate for the elderly. Timothy Mason’s mother was Mertrice Rosalys (Herfindahl) Mason. While in high school Timothy",
"title": "Timothy Mason (playwright)"
},
{
"id": "11705180",
"text": "snouts and twelve toes. In the live-action film, the fur was missing from the Whos. Just north of Whoville, atop a high mountain, Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max. Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" In the 2000 live action film, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" she is played by actress Taylor Momsen. The Grinch is a fictional, green colored creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. He lives in isolation upon Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max.",
"title": "Whoville"
},
{
"id": "2418784",
"text": "Nightmare Before Christmas\", drawing inspiration from television specials of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" and the poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\". Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor, Vincent Price, but also considered other options such as a children's book. He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs, who also sculpted character models; Burton later showed his and Heinrichs' works-in-progress to Henry Selick, also a Disney animator at the time. After the success of \"Vincent\" in 1982, Disney",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "7902042",
"text": "he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas. The Grinch makes himself a Santa coat and hat and disguises the innocent Max as a reindeer. He loads empty bags onto a sleigh and travels to Whoville with some difficulty. In the first house he is almost caught by Cindy Lou Who (voiced by an uncredited June Foray), a small Who girl who wakes up and sees him taking the Christmas tree. Pretending to be Santa, the Grinch tells Cindy Lou that he is merely taking the tree to his workshop for repairs, and then gets her a",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "7902044",
"text": "does not depend on material things. The Grinch begins to understand the true meaning of Christmas, though he barely does so in time to prevent the stolen treats from going over the cliff and while he tries to stop the sleigh from falling off, his heart grows three sizes—granting him \"the strength of ten Grinches, plus two!\", which he needs to lift up the sleigh. He brings everything back to the Whos and participates in the holiday feast. He is given the honor of carving the roast beast, while Max gets the first slice for himself for all his troubles.",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "13423889",
"text": "and word is always the same, yet, so rich are the variations he plays on his themes, always fresh and amusing.\" \"Kirkus Reviews\" wrote, \"Youngsters will be in transports over the goofy gaiety of Dr. Seuss's first book about a villain.\" The reviewer called the Grinch \"easily the best Christmas-cad since Scrooge.\" Ellen Lewis Buell, in her review in \"The New York Times\", praised the book's handling of its moral, as well as its illustrations and verse. She wrote, \"Even if you prefer Dr. Seuss in a purely antic mood, you must admit that if there's a moral to be",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "7902041",
"text": "narrator. The Grinch (voiced by Boris Karloff) is the film's main character. He lives in a cave atop Mt. Crumpit, located above the village of Whoville. The Grinch is a surly character with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years. On Christmas Eve, he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville. When he sees his dog, Max, with snow all over his face in the shape of a hat and beard,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "8750167",
"text": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (also known as The Grinch vs. The Cat in the Hat and The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched in the working title) is a 1982 American animated musical television special and crossover starring the two characters created by Dr. Seuss, who also wrote and produced the special: The Cat in the Hat and The Grinch from \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". It premiered on May 20, 1982 on ABC and won two Emmys. It also aired on ABC Family's 25 Days of Christmas",
"title": "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat"
},
{
"id": "7707206",
"text": "likes the Grinch, due to the vengeful and harmful stunts he occasionally pulls on them. Seven-year-old Cindy Lou Who believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by focusing on the gifts and festivities, instead of personal relationships. She has a face-to-face encounter with the Grinch at the post office, in which he reluctantly saves her life, and she becomes interested in his history. She asks everyone what they know about him and discovers his tragic past. The Grinch arrived in Whoville as a baby, and was adopted by two spinster sisters. He showed some sadistic tendencies as a child,",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "7707211",
"text": "discover the theft, and May Who blames Cindy Lou for inciting the Grinch. Her father defends her for reminding the Whos that Christmas is about love of family and friends, not just gifts. The people start singing Seuss's \"Welcome Christmas\". Before the Grinch can push the stolen gifts off the top of Mount Crumpit, he hears the Whos' singing and sees he has failed to prevent Christmas, and has an epiphany that Christmas \"doesn't come from a store\", but \"perhaps ... means a little bit more\". His heart grows three sizes, and as the sleigh full of gifts begins to",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "5410565",
"text": "stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head, and he is also described as \"[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two\" (a phrase lifted from the original book) during that moment of crisis. With the character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "7707205",
"text": "by Howard and Brian Grazer's Imagine Entertainment, \"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" was released by Universal Pictures on November 17, 2000 to mixed reviews from critics yet grossed over $345 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest grossing film of 2000 and the second highest-grossing holiday film of all-time behind \"Home Alone\" (1990). It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup as well as getting nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. All the residents of Whoville (Whos) enjoy celebrating Christmas, except for the Grinch, a misanthropic and egotistical creature who hates it and the Whos. No one",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "11705185",
"text": "In 2008, \"Horton Hears a Who!\" was made into a full-length film. A CGI adaptation called \"The Grinch\", was released in November 2018. Whoville Whoville is a fictional town created by author Theodor Seuss Geisel, under the name Dr. Seuss. Whoville appeared in the books \"Horton Hears a Who!\" and \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", however, there were significant differences between the two renditions. The population of Whoville consists of Mr. and Mrs. Mayors and all of their children and the Grinch. The exact location of Whoville seems to vary depending on which book or media is being referenced. Most,",
"title": "Whoville"
},
{
"id": "7481719",
"text": "Where Are You, Christmas? \"Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?\" is a song co-written by James Horner, Will Jennings and Mariah Carey, for the movie \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" in 2000. In the movie, it is first sung by Taylor Momsen, who played Cindy Lou Who. A longer version of this song, called \"Where Are You, Christmas?\", was co-written by Horner, Jennings and Carey. The song was originally recorded by Carey, but because of a legal case with her ex-husband Tommy Mottola, it could not be released, so it was re-recorded and released by Faith Hill. A video was",
"title": "Where Are You, Christmas?"
},
{
"id": "19559649",
"text": "away, touches the Grinch's bitter heart. Nevertheless, the Grinch carries on with his mission. After stealing every Christmas present and decoration, the Grinch and Max head back to Mount Crumpit to dispose of them. The Whos wake up and are shocked to see that the presents and decorations are gone. Cindy at first believes she's to blame because she 'caught' Santa, but Donna tells her that Christmas is more than just about presents and that Cindy's the best thing that ever happened to her. The Whos join together in song. The Grinch and Max hear the singing and the Grinch",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "13423896",
"text": "Latin as \"Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit\". The translation was published in October 1998 by Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers Inc. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\". In 2012 it was ranked number 61 among the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" – the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list. The book's main characters have made appearances in other works. The Grinch appears in the animated specials \"Halloween Is Grinch Night\" and \"The",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "14692211",
"text": "Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (née Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel \"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus\" (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. After Wollstonecraft's death less than a month after her daughter Mary was born, Mary was raised by Godwin, who was able to provide his daughter",
"title": "Mary Shelley"
},
{
"id": "15532066",
"text": "cartoon shorts, and feature-length film. Many of his literary works have also been adapted for the television and as feature-length films. This Dr. Seuss collection was a series released by Random House. They are a video version of a \"book on tape\". None of these productions are animated. This section does not contain duplicate entries. While Horton Hatches The Egg, How The Grinch Stole Christmas, Horton Hears A Who, The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, and Because A Little Bug Went Ka-Choo!, were adapted into full animation, they were also adapted into a non-animated production for this",
"title": "Dr. Seuss bibliography"
},
{
"id": "11705176",
"text": "Whoville Whoville is a fictional town created by author Theodor Seuss Geisel, under the name Dr. Seuss. Whoville appeared in the books \"Horton Hears a Who!\" and \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", however, there were significant differences between the two renditions. The population of Whoville consists of Mr. and Mrs. Mayors and all of their children and the Grinch. The exact location of Whoville seems to vary depending on which book or media is being referenced. Most, although not all, adaptations show the city and its denizens being microscopic in size. According to the book \"Horton Hears a Who!\", the",
"title": "Whoville"
},
{
"id": "16265361",
"text": "Brown Christmas\", first aired in 1965 and repeated every year since. “That’s what Christmas is all about Charlie Brown”, says Linus, referring to the birth of Christ. Dr. Seuss' \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1957) also illustrates the topos, and was very influential in the form of an animated TV special produced in 1966. The phrase and the associated moral became used as a trope in numerous Christmas films since the 1960s. The phrase found its way into the 2003 \"Urbi et Orbi\" address of Pope John Paul II, \"The \"crib\" and the \"tree\": precious symbols, which hand down in",
"title": "True meaning of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "7616650",
"text": "The Cat in the Hat (film) The Cat in the Hat (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat) is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Bo Welch in his directorial debut and based on Dr. Seuss’s book of the same name. Starring Mike Myers, Dakota Fanning, Spencer Breslin, Alec Baldwin and Kelly Preston, it is the second feature-length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 film \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". The idea was originally conceived in 2001 with Tim Allen initially cast as the Cat, but he dropped his role due to work on \"The",
"title": "The Cat in the Hat (film)"
},
{
"id": "4016445",
"text": "Xaver Gruber can be heard in an audio exhibit at the Waggerl Museum in Wagrain. Joseph Mohr Josephus Franciscus Mohr, sometimes spelled Josef (11 December 1792 – 4 December 1848) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and writer, who wrote the words to the Christmas carol \"Silent Night.\" Mohr was born in Salzburg on 11 December 1792, to an unmarried embroiderer, Anna Schoiberin, and Franz Mohr, a mercenary soldier and deserter, who abandoned Joseph's mother before the birth. The ancestors on his father's side came from the town of Mariapfarr in the mountainous Lungau region south of Salzburg, while his",
"title": "Joseph Mohr"
},
{
"id": "6997164",
"text": "\"Bicycle Thieves\" (1948) for which he also wrote the English language subtitles. Among his U.S. filmwriting credits are \"The Lusty Men\" (1952, directed by Nicholas Ray) and the film adaptation of the Maxwell Anderson/Kurt Weill musical \"Lost in the Stars\" (1974). His credits as a television scriptwriter included scripts for American series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Twilight Zone\", \"Nero Wolfe\" and \"Mannix\". Alfred Hayes (writer) Alfred Hayes (18 April 1911 – 14 August 1985) was a British-born screenwriter, television writer, novelist, and poet, who worked in Italy and the United States. His well-known poem about \"Joe Hill\" (\"\"I dreamed I",
"title": "Alfred Hayes (writer)"
},
{
"id": "7559881",
"text": "reading the story to his two little girls. After the story, Kathy ends up in the story of \"Green Eggs and Ham\" where she is chased by Sam I Am who tries to get her to taste the aforementioned dish. After that, Kathy ends up in the mountains where The Grinch had lived. A lady reads her the story of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". Next, Kathy shows up at the street of the lifted Lorax where she put in a payment (15 cents, a nail, and the shell of a great, great, great grandfather snail) written on paper in",
"title": "In Search of Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "115638",
"text": "Boris Karloff, who also provided the voice of the Grinch. It was very faithful to the original book, and is considered a classic to this day by many. It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special. Jones directed an adaptation of \"Horton Hears a Who!\" in 1970 and produced an adaptation of \"The Cat in the Hat\" in 1971. From 1972 to 1983, Geisel wrote six animated specials that were produced by DePatie-Freleng: \"The Lorax\" (1972); \"Dr. Seuss on the Loose\" (1973); \"The Hoober-Bloob Highway\" (1975); \"Halloween Is Grinch Night\" (1977); \"Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You?\" (1980); and",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "2418804",
"text": "light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques. There are songs, laughs, and a little romance. In short, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" does what it intends to: entertain.\" Desson Thomson of \"The Washington Post\" enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde, German Expressionism, the Brothers Grimm and \"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari\". Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss' \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" on the film, writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max, the Grinch's dog. Philip Nel writes that the film \"challenges the wisdom of adults through",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "8829934",
"text": "first cousin, once removed of Peter Darvill-Evans as well as his younger brother, the composer Mark Darvill-Evans. He is related on his father's side to Edward Stone, an eighteenth-century clergyman who discovered the active ingredient in Aspirin, as well as Irene Kathleen Stiles (1901–1964), who wrote romantic fiction under the pen name of Romilly Brent. Adam Paul Harvey Adam Paul Harvey (born 7 July 1984) is an English actor. Harvey was born in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, the son of Andrea (née Foster) and Gordon Harvey, an engineer. He attended Sir William Ramsay School in Hazlemere, High Wycombe and in 1998",
"title": "Adam Paul Harvey"
},
{
"id": "13423894",
"text": "animated feature film, titled \"The Grinch\" directed by Scott Mosier and Yarrow Cheney and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the Grinch. It was originally scheduled to be released on November 10, 2017, but in June 2016, it was pushed back to November 9, 2018. Several audio recordings and audio-visual adaptations of the book have also been published. In 1975, Zero Mostel narrated an LP record of the story. In 1992, Random House Home Video released an updated animated version of the book narrated by Walter Matthau. In 2009, an interactive e-book version was released for the iPhone. A musical stage version",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "115619",
"text": "Jack-O-Lantern\", wrote of it: Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it \"evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children's books to be associated with—Mother Goose\" and because most people used this pronunciation. He added the \"Doctor (abbreviated Dr.)\" to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine. For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated, he used the pen name \"Theo LeSieg\", starting with \"I Wish That I Had Duck Feet\" published in 1965. \"LeSieg\" is \"Geisel\" spelled backward. Geisel also published one book under the name Rosetta Stone, 1975's \"Because a Little",
"title": "Dr. Seuss"
},
{
"id": "3110133",
"text": "Irving Stone Irving Stone (born Tennenbaum, July 14, 1903, San Francisco, California – August 26, 1989, Los Angeles) was an American writer, chiefly known for his biographical novels of noted artists, politicians and intellectuals; among the best known are \"Lust for Life\" (1934), about the life of Vincent van Gogh, and \"The Agony and the Ecstasy\" (1961), about Michelangelo. Born Irving Tennenbaum, he was seven when his parents divorced. By the time he was a senior in high school, his mother had remarried. He legally changed his last name to \"Stone\", his stepfather's surname. Stone said his mother instilled a",
"title": "Irving Stone"
},
{
"id": "9175844",
"text": "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical, or simply How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical, is a seasonal musical adaptation of the Dr. Seuss book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". The musical, with book and lyrics by Timothy Mason, original score by Mel Marvin and choreography by John DeLuca, made its debut on the mainstage of Minneapolis's Children's Theatre Company in November 1994, after special arrangements had been made with the Dr. Seuss estate to exclusively adapt and perform the book. The original production was remounted in again",
"title": "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical"
},
{
"id": "12115210",
"text": "in the film industry as a writer and producer, and is still living in Canada. He is releasing three new albums through Angel Air Records (UK) and the first, \"No Charge\", will be released worldwide on October 6, 2014, both in digital and CD formats. He is not to be confused with J. J. Barrie (author and novelist of \"To Steal a Lady\" and \"To Kill a Priest\"); nor J. M. Barrie, the Scottish born author of \"Peter Pan\". J. J. Barrie J. J. Barrie (born Barry Authors, July 7, 1933) is a Canadian songwriter and singer. He is best",
"title": "J. J. Barrie"
},
{
"id": "2207491",
"text": "California, where they remained until their deaths. Joanne died on February 12, 2011. Jerry Siegel Jerome Siegel (; October 17, 1914 – January 28, 1996), who also used pseudonyms including Joe Carter and Jerry Ess, was an American comic book writer. His most famous creation was DC Comics character Superman, which he created in collaboration with his friend Joe Shuster. He was inducted (with Shuster posthumously) into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993. Jerry Siegel was born on October 17, 1914, in Cleveland, Ohio,",
"title": "Jerry Siegel"
},
{
"id": "4215841",
"text": "Picture\". The byline written under the title was \"Conceived by Edgar Wallace and Merian C Cooper\". However, despite the credit, Wallace had very little to do with the story or the character. In an interview, author-artist Joe DeVito explains: This conclusion about Wallace's contribution was verified in the book \"The Making of King Kong\", by Orville Goldner and George E. Turner (1975). Wallace died of pneumonia complicated by diabetes on February 10, 1932, and Cooper later said, \"Actually, Edgar Wallace didn't write any of \"Kong\", not one bloody word...I'd promised him credit and so I gave it to him\" (p.",
"title": "King Kong"
},
{
"id": "14692309",
"text": "are marked with a \"(CC)\" and those from \"The Other Mary Shelley\" with an \"(OMS)\". Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (née Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel \"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus\" (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. After Wollstonecraft's death less than a month after her daughter",
"title": "Mary Shelley"
},
{
"id": "5410563",
"text": "is misanthropic and mean-tempered, with a heart that is \"two sizes too small\". He especially hates the Christmas season, making particular note of how disturbing the various noises of Christmastime are to him, including the singing of Christmas carols. Unable to stand the holiday any longer, he decides to destroy it once and for all. Aided by his pet dog, Max, he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos' homes to steal everything they own and dump it off a nearby mountain. Although he pulls off the theft successfully, on Christmas morning, he is shocked to hear",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "1829518",
"text": "writing for possible financial support, although he had difficulty thinking of stories to write. He stayed in Birmingham, England with his brother-in-law Henry Van Wart. The two were reminiscing in June 1818 when Irving was suddenly inspired by their nostalgic conversation. Irving locked himself in his room and wrote non-stop all night. As he said, he felt like a man waking from a long sleep. He presented the first draft of \"Rip Van Winkle\" to the Van Wart family over breakfast. \"Rip Van Winkle\" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, \"The Sketch Book of",
"title": "Rip Van Winkle"
},
{
"id": "3989718",
"text": "The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins is a children's book, written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and published by Vanguard Press in 1938. Unlike the majority of Geisel's books, it is written in prose rather than rhyming and metered verse. Geisel, who collected hats, got the idea for the story on a commuter train from New York to New England while he was sitting behind a businessman wearing a hat; the passenger was so stiff and formal that Geisel idly wondered what would happen if Geisel took his",
"title": "The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins"
},
{
"id": "7902043",
"text": "drink before sending her back to bed. He empties the first house of all the food and Christmas-related items, namely presents, the tree, decorations and even the stockings on the chimney, then repeats the process at the other houses in Whoville, while also taking the village decorations. With the Whos' stolen Christmas goods, the Grinch and Max travel back up Mt. Crumpit. Before dropping the loaded sleigh off the mountain, the Grinch waits to hear a sad cry from the Whos. However, down in the village, the Whos joyously begin to sing Christmas carols, proving that the spirit of Christmas",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "5269613",
"text": "J. B. Morton John Cameron Andrieu Bingham Michael Morton, better known by his preferred abbreviation J. B. Morton (7 June 1893 – 10 May 1979) was an English humorous writer noted for authoring a column called \"By the Way\" under the pen name 'Beachcomber' in the \"Daily Express\" from 1924 to 1975. G. K. Chesterton described Morton as \"a huge thunderous wind of elemental and essential laughter\"; according to Evelyn Waugh, he had \"the greatest comic fertility of any Englishman\". Morton was born at Park Lodge, Mitcham Road, Tooting. He was an only child, and his father, Edward Morton, was",
"title": "J. B. Morton"
},
{
"id": "134290",
"text": "of continuing to write. He is known to have tried using the Hansen Writing Ball, a contemporary typewriter device. In the end, a past student of his, Heinrich Köselitz or Peter Gast, became a sort of private secretary to Nietzsche. In 1876, Gast transcribed the crabbed, nearly illegible handwriting of Nietzsche for the first time with Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work from then on. On at least one occasion on 23 February 1880, the usually poor Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée. Gast was",
"title": "Friedrich Nietzsche"
},
{
"id": "13960685",
"text": "Vincent King Rex Thomas Vinson (October 22, 1935 - May 2000) was an Art teacher, artist and science fiction author active in writing in the late 1960s and early 1970s, who wrote under the pen name of Vincent King. His most successful book was his novel \"Candy Man\" (1971), which went through a number of editions in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries, and was a selection of the UK Science Fiction Book Club in 1972. John Clute, writing in \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\", said that his later novels \"tend to combine elements of epic and",
"title": "Vincent King"
},
{
"id": "484096",
"text": "on the \"Peanuts\" comic strip, beginning with \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" in 1965. Over 30 holiday Peanuts specials (each for a specific holiday such as Halloween) were broadcast on CBS from that time until 2000, when the broadcast rights were acquired by ABC. CBS also aired several primetime animated specials based on the works of Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel), beginning with \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" in 1966, as well as several specials based on the \"Garfield\" comic strip during the 1980s (which led to Garfield getting his own Saturday morning cartoon on the network, \"Garfield and Friends\", which ran",
"title": "CBS"
},
{
"id": "7443812",
"text": "Krupp into putting the boys to detention, then he rips up and throws it away, and shouts at the boys that they should write about something besides poop. They can't think of anything, so Mr. Krupp gives them \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" since it was his favorite book as a kid. The book inspires the boys and, agreeing with Krupp as well, they make a sequel comic about pee, which infuriates Mr. Krupp into putting them to detention again and making them do busy work. The Hoskins and Diaper Dog set up picnic in the park, where Billy ends",
"title": "The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby"
},
{
"id": "2207472",
"text": "Jerry Siegel Jerome Siegel (; October 17, 1914 – January 28, 1996), who also used pseudonyms including Joe Carter and Jerry Ess, was an American comic book writer. His most famous creation was DC Comics character Superman, which he created in collaboration with his friend Joe Shuster. He was inducted (with Shuster posthumously) into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993. Jerry Siegel was born on October 17, 1914, in Cleveland, Ohio, to a Jewish family. His parents were both Jewish immigrants who arrived in",
"title": "Jerry Siegel"
},
{
"id": "12318775",
"text": "2001: \"\" – Peter King, Peter Owen, and Richard Taylor 2000: \"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" – Rick Baker, Toni G, Sylvia Nava, Gail Ryan, and Kazuhiro Tsuji 1999: \"Topsy-Turvy\" – Christine Blundell 1998: \"Elizabeth\" – Jenny Shircore 1997: \"The Wings of the Dove\" – Sallie Jaye and Jan Archibald 1996: \"The Nutty Professor\" – Rick Baker and David LeRoy Anderson 1995: \"The Madness of King George\" – Lisa Westcott 1994: \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" – Cassie Hanlon, Angela Conte, and Strykermeyer 1993: \"Orlando\" – Morag Ross 1992: \"The Last of the Mohicans\" –",
"title": "BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair"
},
{
"id": "12208549",
"text": "and they are unable to get rid of him. Following its broadcast, the episode received mixed reviews from critics. The Simpson family is enjoying “Krusty’s Kristmas on Ice” (in an indoor ice rink), starring Elvis Stojko. The main act features a reindeer, a candy cane, and a snowman who are all fretting over a green monster named Grumple, who advances upon the other Christmas characters, threatening to steal their Holiday Cheer (Grumple references the \"Grinch\" from Dr. Seuss' book), the characters mistakenly stumble backward over a wooden basketball court setup crew led by The Sarcastic Middle-Aged Clerk. All the Christmas",
"title": "Kill Gil, Volumes I & II"
},
{
"id": "2499421",
"text": "Dick King-Smith Ronald Gordon King-Smith OBE, Hon.MEd (27 March 1922 – 4 January 2011), was a prolific English writer of children's books, primarily using the pen name Dick King-Smith. He is best known for \"The Sheep-Pig\" (1983), or \"Babe the Gallant Pig\" in the US. It was adapted as the movie \"Babe\" (1995) and translations have been published in fifteen languages. He was awarded an Honorary Master of Education degree by the University of the West of England in 1999 and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours. Dick and Myrle",
"title": "Dick King-Smith"
},
{
"id": "19559650",
"text": "is puzzled to see that they are celebrating Christmas despite his theft. After heeding Cindy's advice and immersing himself to their singing, his small heart triples in size, causing him to double over in breathless joy and wonder. The sleigh almost falls off Mount Crumpit and the Grinch tries to save it. In the nick of time, Fred and his family come to his aid. After securing the sleigh, the Grinch and Max go to Whoville to return the stolen items and he admits his theft to the Whos and apologizes before going back to his cave. Feeling sorry for",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "135780",
"text": "society and often misunderstands the true intentions of others. The name \"Gregor Samsa\" appears to derive partly from literary works Kafka had read. A character in \"The Story of Young Renate Fuchs\", by German-Jewish novelist Jakob Wassermann (1873–1934), is named Gregor Samassa. The Viennese author Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, whose sexual imagination gave rise to the idea of masochism, is also an influence. Sacher-Masoch wrote \"Venus in Furs\" (1870), a novel whose hero assumes the name Gregor at one point. A \"Venus in furs\" literally recurs in \"The Metamorphosis\" in the picture that Gregor Samsa has hung on his bedroom wall.",
"title": "The Metamorphosis"
},
{
"id": "2439981",
"text": "has King Triton magically reverting into a merboy, which gives Ariel a glimpse of how her father used to be when he was younger, and that they aren't so different after all. In the episode \"Metal Fish\" Ariel saves a human, Hans Christian Andersen, who is loosely based on the real life author of the original \"The Little Mermaid\", and the encounter inspired the character to \"write\" the story of \"The Little Mermaid\". A voice-over at the end of the episode by Kenneth Mars, who voices King Triton, talks about the real Hans Christian Andersen, while the image on-screen is",
"title": "The Little Mermaid (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "13423884",
"text": "Whos' Christmas presents, the Christmas tree, and the log for their fire. He is briefly interrupted in his burglary by Cindy Lou, a little Who girl, but concocts a crafty lie to effect his escape from her home. After stealing from one house, he does the same thing to all the other houses in the village of Whoville. After spending all night stealing stuff from the houses of Whoville, the Grinch travels back to the top of Mount Crumpit, intending to dump all of the Christmas stuff into the abyss. As dawn arrives, the Grinch expects the people in Whoville",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"
},
{
"id": "20030713",
"text": "H. Taprell Dorling Captain Henry Taprell Dorling (1883-1968) was a British sailor, author, and journalist who served in the Royal Navy during both world wars, giving his marine fact and fiction a notable authenticity. His Pincher Martin, O.D. (1916) is widely referenced as the source for Pincher Martin (1956) by Nobel prizewinner William Golding. He wrote under the name Taffrail. Dorling was born in Berwick, the second son of Colonel Francis Dorling, and named Taprell Henry, but later changed the order of his names. He entered the HMS \"Britannia\" in August 1897, his 1113 marks placing him fifty-eighth in merit",
"title": "H. Taprell Dorling"
},
{
"id": "1526115",
"text": "John le Carré David John Moore Cornwell (born 19 October 1931), better known by the pen name John le Carré (), is a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and 1960s, he worked for both the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). His third novel, \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\" (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works. Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author. Several of his books have been adapted for film and television. In 2011, he was awarded",
"title": "John le Carré"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! context: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve. The story was published as a book by Random House in 1957, and at approximately the same time in an issue of \"Redbook\". The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named\n\nHow the Grinch Stole Christmas was written by who?",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: How the Grinch Stole! context: moral and humor. Charlotte Jackson of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" called the book \"wonderful fantasy, in the true Dr. Seuss manner, with pictures in the Christmas colors.\" Some writers, including Dr. Seuss himself, have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss. In the story, the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos' celebration of Christmas for 53 years. As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note, Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book. Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of \"Redbook\":\n\ntitle:oville context: sn and toes In live-action film, the fur missing from Whos. Just north Whoville, atop a high mountain Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Gr lives with his dog Max. Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" In the 2000 action film, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas she is played by actress Taylor Momsen. The Grinch is a fict, colored creature with a cat-like face and cynical personality. He lives in isolation upon Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max.\ntitle: How the Grinch Stole! ( context does not depend on things. The Gr begins understand the true meaning of though barely time toolen tre from going theiff and while he tries stop sle from falling his heart grows threegring him \" strength Grches plus!\", which needsigh. to the Wh and participates the hol fe He given theving the roast beast, while gets the first for all troubles.\n: Howinchle: Neil Morgan, \"It the easiest to,uss, \"I got the of mess gotrateacher or somealu... without any whatever showedinch and theos at the made a pun ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices, and then after three months it came out like that.\" By mid-May 1957,\n\nHow the Grinch Stole Christmas was written by who?",
"compressed_tokens": 487,
"origin_tokens": 15218,
"ratio": "31.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,752 | If Misogyny is the hatred of women, what is the hatred of men? | [
"Hatred of men",
"Misandric",
"Anti-male",
"Misandrist",
"Misander",
"misandry",
"Misandrous",
"Misandristic",
"Misandry",
"Adrophobia",
"Man hater"
] | misandry | [
{
"id": "258053",
"text": "as \"hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women\". In 2012, primarily in response to events occurring in the Australian Parliament, the Macquarie Dictionary (which documents Australian English and New Zealand English) expanded the definition to include not only hatred of women but also \"entrenched prejudices against women\". The counterpart of misogyny is misandry, the hatred or dislike of men; the antonym of misogyny is philogyny, the love or fondness of women. In his book \"City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens\", J.W. Roberts argues that older than tragedy and comedy was a misogynistic tradition in Greek literature, reaching back at",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "11167823",
"text": "Gynophobia Gynophobia or gynephobia is an abnormal fear of women, a type of specific social phobia. In the past, the Latin term horror feminae was used. Gynophobia should not be confused with misogyny, the hatred, contempt for and prejudice against women, although some may use the terms interchangeably, in reference to the social, rather than pathological aspect of negative attitudes towards women. The antonym of misogyny is philogyny, the love, respect for and admiration of women. This term is analogous with androphobia, the abnormal or irrational fear of men. The term \"gynophobia\" comes from the Greek γυνή - \"gunē\", meaning",
"title": "Gynophobia"
},
{
"id": "8185601",
"text": "from \"philo-\" (loving) and Greek \"gynē\" (woman). The parallel Greek-based terms with respect to men (males) are philandry for \"fondness towards men\" and misandry for \"hatred of men\". Parallel terms for humanity generally are philanthropy and misanthropy. Philogyny Philogyny is fondness, love, or admiration towards women. Its antonym is \"misogyny\". Philogyny is not be confused with gynephilia, which is sexual attraction to women or femininity (and whose antonym is \"gynophobia\"). Cicero reports the word could be used in Greek philosophy to denote being overly fond of women, which was considered a disease along with misogyny. Christian Groes-Green has argued that",
"title": "Philogyny"
},
{
"id": "16914314",
"text": "parameters of acceptable cultural norms that promote unrealistic and constricting ideas about what it means to be a man or a woman in modern society. One of the most common consequences of internalized heterosexism is intense depression fueled by self-loathing and sexual repression. Most dictionaries define misogyny as the hatred of women, and as \"hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women\". which can lead to the interpretation that it is a male trait. However, the sociologist Michael Flood at the University of Wollongong notes the following: Women who experience internalized misogyny may express it through minimizing the value of women, mistrusting",
"title": "Internalized sexism"
},
{
"id": "277314",
"text": "to the German \"\"Männerhass\"\" (Hatred of Men) is recorded in 1803. Misandry is parallel in form to 'misogyny'. Activist Warren Farrell has written of his views on how men are uniquely marginalized in what he calls their \"disposability\", the manner in which the most dangerous occupations, notably soldiering and mining, were historically performed exclusively by men and remain so today. In his book, \"The Myth of Male Power\", Farrell argues that patriarchal societies do not make rules to benefit men at the expense of women. Farrell contends that nothing is more telling about who has benefited from \"men's rules\" than",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "258086",
"text": "to its opposite which he terms philogyny. Criticizing R. W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinities, he shows how philogynous masculinities play out among youth in Maputo, Mozambique. Misogyny Misogyny () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls. Misogyny is manifest in numerous ways, including social exclusion, sex discrimination, hostility, androcentrism, patriarchy, male privilege, belittling of women, violence against women, and sexual objectification. Misogyny can be found within sacred texts of religions, mythologies, and Western philosophies. According to sociologist Allan G. Johnson, \"misogyny is a cultural attitude of hatred for females because they are female\". Johnson",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "16914316",
"text": "she found herself much more critical of scripts directed by women. When speaking about the director Lone Scherfig, whom she worked with on the film \"One Day\", she said, “I’m so scared that I treated her with internalized misogyny.\" Misandry is the hatred of, violence against, or discrimination of men and masculinity. Internalized misandry, then, is the act of identifying as a man and discriminating against oneself and one's masculinity. Raewyn Connell notes in her 1987 book \"Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics\", different masculinities retain different authorities across performance so that one version of being a",
"title": "Internalized sexism"
},
{
"id": "1806048",
"text": "manliness, 3) not aggressive when it comes to romance, 4) viewing women as equals, and 5) hating emotional pain. Herbivore men are severely criticized by men who love masculinity. In Chinese and Taiwanese popular culture, phrases such as \"\" (), \"\" (), and \"\" () are used as pejoratives referring to men exhibiting misogyny, dominance, and homophobia. Bibliographic Other Masculinity Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. As a social construct, it is distinct from the definition of the male biological sex. Standards of manliness or masculinity vary",
"title": "Masculinity"
},
{
"id": "258052",
"text": "Misogyny Misogyny () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls. Misogyny is manifest in numerous ways, including social exclusion, sex discrimination, hostility, androcentrism, patriarchy, male privilege, belittling of women, violence against women, and sexual objectification. Misogyny can be found within sacred texts of religions, mythologies, and Western philosophies. According to sociologist Allan G. Johnson, \"misogyny is a cultural attitude of hatred for females because they are female\". Johnson argues that: Sociologist Michael Flood at the University of Wollongong defines misogyny as the hatred of women, and notes: Dictionaries define misogyny as \"hatred of women\" and",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "277324",
"text": "culture offers no comparable anti-male ideology to misogyny and that \"people often confuse men as individuals with men as a dominant and privileged category of people\" and that \"[given the] reality of women's oppression, male privilege, and men's enforcement of both, it's hardly surprising that \"every\" woman should have moments where she resents or even hates 'men'\". Marc A. Ouellette argues in \"International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities\" that \"misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny\"; in his view, assuming a parallel between misogyny and misandry overly simplifies relations of gender and power. Anthropologist David D.",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "258058",
"text": "Stobaeus that relate to marriage. A Greek play with a similar name, \"Misogunos\" (Μισόγυνος) or \"Woman-hater\", is reported by Marcus Tullius Cicero (in Latin) and attributed to the poet Marcus Atilius. Cicero reports that Greek philosophers considered misogyny to be caused by gynophobia, a fear of women. In summary, Greek literature considered misogyny to be a disease—an anti-social condition—in that it ran contrary to their perceptions of the value of women as wives and of the family as the foundation of society. These points are widely noted in the secondary literature. In \"Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice\", Jack Holland argues",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "277325",
"text": "Gilmore also argues that misogyny is a \"near-universal phenomenon\" and that there is no male equivalent to misogyny, further defending manifestations of perceived misandry as not \"hatred of men's traditional male role\" and a \"culture of machismo\". He argues, misandry is \"different from the intensely \"ad feminam\" aspect of misogyny that targets women no matter what they believe or do\". Classics professor Froma Zeitlin of Princeton University discussed misandry in her article titled \"Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy\". She writes: Literary critic Harold Bloom argued that even though the word misandry is",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "14461617",
"text": "status. Hostile sexism reflects misogyny (i.e., the hatred of women by men) and is expressed through blatant negative evaluations of women. Examples of hostile sexism include beliefs about women as incompetent, unintelligent, overly emotional, and sexually manipulative. Benevolent sexism reflects evaluations of women that are seemingly positive. Examples of benevolently sexist attitudes include the reverence of women in wife, mother, and child caretaker roles, the romanticizing of women as objects of heterosexual affection, and the belief that men have a duty to protect women. While benevolent sexism may not appear to be harmful to women on the surface, these beliefs",
"title": "Ambivalent sexism"
},
{
"id": "277328",
"text": "in 1908, in his theory of female sexual development. Nancy Kang has discussed \"the misandric impulse\" in relation to the works of Toni Morrison. In his book, \"Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition\", Harry Brod, a Professor of Philosophy and Humanities in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Northern Iowa, writes: Misandry Misandry () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against men or boys. \"Misandrous\" or \"misandrist\" can be used as adjectival forms of the word. Misandry can manifest itself in numerous ways, including sexual discrimination, denigration of men, violence against men, sexual",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "11167826",
"text": "The Psychology of Hatred and Cruelty\", Wilhelm Stekel discusses \"horror feminae\" of a male masochist. In \"The Dread of Woman\" (1932), Karen Horney traced the male dread of woman to the boy's fear that his genital is inadequate in relation to the mother. Professor Eva Keuls argues that violent Amazons are the evidence of the obsessive fear of women in Classical Athens. Gynophobia Gynophobia or gynephobia is an abnormal fear of women, a type of specific social phobia. In the past, the Latin term horror feminae was used. Gynophobia should not be confused with misogyny, the hatred, contempt for and",
"title": "Gynophobia"
},
{
"id": "258056",
"text": "hatred of women with hatred of humanity generally, and even hatred of wine. \"It was the prevailing medical opinion of his day that wine strengthens body and soul alike.\" So Chrysippus, like his fellow stoic Antipater, views misogyny negatively, as a disease; a dislike of something that is good. It is this issue of conflicted or alternating emotions that was philosophically contentious to the ancient writers. Ricardo Salles suggests that the general stoic view was that \"[a] man may not only alternate between philogyny and misogyny, philanthropy and misanthropy, but be prompted to each by the other.\" Aristotle has also",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "18555996",
"text": "be men but also not to be women (California Institute of Integral Studies). In other words, he meant that coaches ensure that young males gain enough strength to face their opponents and discourage these players to fear, which is a character trait associated with femininity. In sporting activities, to be masculine means to possess skills, energy, and toughness in order to become the victor in many tournaments. Misogyny in sports is a significant factor that contributes to shaming, objectifying, and degrading women, regardless of their performance on the playing field. Misogyny refers to hatred or prejudice towards women. It is",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "277326",
"text": "relatively unheard of in literature it is not hard to find implicit, even explicit, misandry. In reference to the works of Shakespeare Bloom argued \"I cannot think of one instance of misogyny whereas I would argue that misandry is a strong element. Shakespeare makes perfectly clear that women in general have to marry down and that men are narcissistic and not to be trusted and so forth. On the whole, he gives us a darker vision of human males than human females.\" Racialized misandry occurs in both \"high\" and \"low\" culture and literature. For instance, African-American men have often been",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "20886339",
"text": "all men against marriage, and another more limited form advising wise men against marriage. The literature of misogamy has been surveyed by Katharina Wilson and Elizabeth Makowski in their book \"Wykked Wyves and the Woes of Marriage: Misogamous Literature from Juvenal to Chaucer\", published by the State University of New York in 1990. Misogamy Misogamy is an aversion or hatred of marriage. The word dates from the mid-17th century and combines the Greek \"misos\" (hatred) with \"gamos\" (marriage). Merriam-Webster date the first use of the word to around 1656. The idea of misogamy was important in the Christian church during",
"title": "Misogamy"
},
{
"id": "4845973",
"text": "of the scientific literature. Feminist author Diana Russell narrows the definition of femicide to \"the killing of females by males because they are female\". Russell places emphasis on the idea that males commit femicide with sexist motives. She also chooses to replace the word woman with female to show that femicide can occur to both girls and infants as well. Russell believes her definition of femicide applies to all forms of sexist killing, whether they be motivated by misogyny (the hatred of females), by a sense of superiority over females, by sexual pleasure, or by assumption of ownership over women.",
"title": "Femicide"
},
{
"id": "277313",
"text": "Misandry Misandry () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against men or boys. \"Misandrous\" or \"misandrist\" can be used as adjectival forms of the word. Misandry can manifest itself in numerous ways, including sexual discrimination, denigration of men, violence against men, sexual objectification of men. Misandry is formed from the Greek \"misos\" (μῖσος, \"hatred\") and \"anēr\", \"andros\" (ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός; \"man\"). Use of the word can be found as far back as the nineteenth century, including an 1871 use in \"The Spectator\" magazine. It appeared in \"Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary\" (11th ed.) in 1952. Translation of the French \"\"misandrie\"\"",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "258069",
"text": "the female for the male and the ugly for the beautiful'; that women have fewer teeth than men; that a female is an incomplete male or 'as it were, a deformity'. Aristotle believed that men and women naturally differed both physically and mentally. He claimed that women are \"more mischievous, less simple, more impulsive ... more compassionate[,] ... more easily moved to tears[,] ... more jealous, more querulous, more apt to scold and to strike[,] ... more prone to despondency and less hopeful[,] ... more void of shame or self-respect, more false of speech, more deceptive, of more retentive memory",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "9195783",
"text": "Fear of commitment In self-help literature, fear of commitment is the avoidance of long-term partnership or marriage. The concept is often much more pervasive, affecting school, work, and home life as well. The term \"commitmentphobia\" was coined in the popular self-help book \"Men Who Can't Love\" in 1987. Following criticism of the perceived sexist idea that only men were commitmentphobic, the authors provided a more gender balanced model of commitmentphobia in a later work, \" He's Scared, She's Scared\" (1995). When aversion to marriage involves fear it's called gamophobia. A hatred of marriage is called \"misogamy\". Besides the common criticisms",
"title": "Fear of commitment"
},
{
"id": "18039478",
"text": "created to refer to the intersection between transmisogyny and misogynoir, meaning the oppression of black trans women. In it, it composes transphobia, misogyny, and antiblackness. It was coined by Trudy of Gradient Lair. Though misogynoir can be perpetrated by anyone, the term most often refers to the misogyny experienced by black women at the hands of black men. As the plight of the black man in America remains at the forefront of society, black feminist work as well as the issues similarly facing black women are erased and ignored. The Black Lives Matter movement, created in 2012, was founded by",
"title": "Misogynoir"
},
{
"id": "258085",
"text": "incidents which are not crimes. Thornton said that \"treating misogyny as a hate crime is a concern for some well-organised campaigning organisations\", but that police forces \"do not have the resources to do everything\". Camille Paglia, a self-described \"dissident feminist\" who has often been at odds with other academic feminists, argues that there are serious flaws in the Marxism-inspired interpretation of misogyny that is prevalent in second-wave feminism. In contrast, Paglia argues that a close reading of historical texts reveals that men do not \"hate\" women but \"fear\" them. Christian Groes-Green has argued that misogyny must be seen in relation",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "575027",
"text": "does not like the tyrannical Nurse Ratched, says, \"Well, I don't want to break up the meeting or nothing, but she's something of a cunt, ain't she, Doc?\" In American slang, the term can be used to refer to \"a fellow male homosexual one dislikes\". Australian scholar Emma Alice Jane describes how the term as used on social media is an example of what she calls \"gendered vitriol,\" and an example of misogynistic e-bile. It can also be used to refer to something very difficult or unpleasant (as in \"a cunt of a job\"), or (in British, Irish, New Zealand,",
"title": "Cunt"
},
{
"id": "703897",
"text": "a lower median of lifetime sex partners than straight male users: four for gay men and five for straight men. A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found \"the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women.\" The words 'womanizer', 'playboy', 'stud', 'player', 'ladies' man', 'lady killer', and 'rake' may be used in reference to a man who has romantic affairs or sexual relations, or both, with women, and who will not be monogamous. The names of real and fictional seducers have become eponymous for such promiscuous men. The",
"title": "Promiscuity"
},
{
"id": "258068",
"text": "Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Otto Weininger, Oswald Spengler, and John Lucas. Because of the influence of these thinkers, feminist scholars trace misogyny in western culture to these philosophers and their ideas. Aristotle believed women were inferior and described them as \"deformed males\". In his work \"Politics\", he states as regards the sexes, the male is by nature superior and the female inferior, the male ruler and the female subject 4 (1254b13-14). Another example is \"Cynthia's catalog\" where Cynthia states \"Aristotle says that the courage of a man lies in commanding, a woman's lies in obeying; that 'matter yearns for form, as",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "18069155",
"text": "Twitter user created the hashtag #YesAllWomen, to express that all women are affected by sexism and misogyny, even though not all men are sexist. This newly created hashtag quickly became used by women throughout social media to share their experiences of sexual discrimination and attacks. Following the killing spree, the attacker’s Internet activity was described as misogynistic, and hatred of women was cited as a factor in the killing spree. In the wake of the killings, some Twitter users pointed out the fact that \"not all men\" are like this, or would commit such crimes. After reports of a mass",
"title": "NotAllMen"
},
{
"id": "17492407",
"text": "Many single mothers interviewed by Anwen Crawford for Meanjin were similarly critical of the speech's timing. After Gillard's speech went viral, the Macquarie Dictionary updated its definition of the term \"misogyny\". Previously defined as a \"hatred of women\" by the Australian dictionary, misogyny now encompasses \"entrenched prejudices of women\". Director of The Australian National Dictionary Centre in Canberra, Dr Laugesen said the broader definition has a long history, with the original Oxford English Dictionary defining misogyny as \"hatred or dislike or prejudice against women\" and examples dating back to the 19th century. Misogyny Speech The Misogyny Speech was a parliamentary",
"title": "Misogyny Speech"
},
{
"id": "18555992",
"text": "Michael Messner found that women were described using words like \"girls\" and \"young women\", while men were described using words like \"young man\" and \"men\" but never as \"boys.\" The same study also found instances of women's successes and failures being described as \"her little jump hook\", adding to the notion that women are less talented or skilled than their male counterparts. Recent examples of domestic violence against women in various sports have highlighted the deeply rooted misogyny present in most sports. Similarly, the masculinity that is involved in many sporting activities, allows men to assume that they have \"the",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "258082",
"text": "model say that some misogyny results from the Madonna–whore complex, which is the inability to see women as anything other than \"mothers\" or \"whores\"; people with this complex place each encountered woman into one of these categories. Another variant model alleges that one cause of misogyny is some men thinking in terms of a virgin/whore dichotomy, which results in them considering as \"whores\" any women who do not adhere to an Abrahamic standard of moral purity. In the late 20th century, second-wave feminist theorists argued that misogyny is both a cause and a result of patriarchal social structures. Sociologist Michael",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "258055",
"text": "μισογυνίαν). He then offers an example of this, quoting from a lost play of Euripides in which the merits of a dutiful wife are praised. The other surviving use of the original Greek word is by Chrysippus, in a fragment from \"On affections\", quoted by Galen in \"Hippocrates on Affections\". Here, \"misogyny\" is the first in a short list of three \"disaffections\"—women (\"misogunia\"), wine (\"misoinia\", μισοινία) and humanity (\"misanthrōpia\", μισανθρωπία). Chrysippus' point is more abstract than Antipater's, and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own. What is clear, however, is that he groups",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "8185600",
"text": "Philogyny Philogyny is fondness, love, or admiration towards women. Its antonym is \"misogyny\". Philogyny is not be confused with gynephilia, which is sexual attraction to women or femininity (and whose antonym is \"gynophobia\"). Cicero reports the word could be used in Greek philosophy to denote being overly fond of women, which was considered a disease along with misogyny. Christian Groes-Green has argued that the conceptual content of philogyny must be developed as an alternative to the concept of misogyny. Criticizing R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinities he shows how philogynous masculinities play out among youth in Maputo, Mozambique. \"Philogyny\" comes",
"title": "Philogyny"
},
{
"id": "17608236",
"text": "\"Works and Days\", made out of earth and water, with the soul of a dog and who is a \"beautiful evil\", in Semonides there is a dog-woman, an earth-woman, a water-woman, and a beautiful mare-woman, all separate but listed one after the other. The poem also has similarities to a passage from Hesiod's \"Theogony\" in which men are compared to worker bees and women to drones. This passage is the earliest example of Greek misogynistic poetry, explaining how \"the deadly female race and tribe of wives\" bring harm to the men they live with. In contrast to Hesiod, who portrays",
"title": "Types of Women"
},
{
"id": "578020",
"text": "Misanthropy Misanthropy is the general hatred, dislike, distrust or contempt of the human species or human nature. A misanthrope or misanthropist is someone who holds such views or feelings. The word's origin is from the Greek words μῖσος (\"misos\", \"hatred\") and ἄνθρωπος (\"anthrōpos\", \"man, human\"). The condition is often confused with asociality. Gustave Flaubert once declared that he would \"die of suppressed rage at the folly of [his] fellow men.\" Misanthropy has also been ascribed to a number of writers of satire, such as William S. Gilbert (\"I hate my fellow-man\") and William Shakespeare (\"Timon of Athens\"). Jonathan Swift is",
"title": "Misanthropy"
},
{
"id": "258078",
"text": "not forget the whip!\" In \"Twilight of the Idols\", Nietzsche writes \"Women are considered profound. Why? Because we never fathom their depths. But women aren't even shallow.\" There is controversy over the questions of whether or not this amounts to misogyny, whether his polemic against women is meant to be taken literally, and the exact nature of his opinions of women. Hegel's view of women can be characterized as misogynistic. Passages from Hegel's \"Elements of the Philosophy of Right\" illustrate the criticism: Misogynistic rhetoric is prevalent online and has grown rhetorically more aggressive. The public debate over gender-based attacks has",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "2281963",
"text": "backlash against feminism. Claims and activities associated with the men's rights movement have been criticized and labeled hateful and violent by the Southern Poverty Law Center and Political Research Associates. In 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men's rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of patriarchy and male supremacy. The movement and sectors of the movement have been described as misogynistic, and the perceived disadvantage some men feel is argued as often being due to loss of entitlement and privilege. The term \"men's rights\" was used at least as early as February",
"title": "Men's rights movement"
},
{
"id": "10993024",
"text": "of his senior courtier, Nicanor. Nicanor quickly reveals himself to be both the play's villain and its senex: though an old man himself, he wants to marry Leonida and so become king after Atticus. The second scene introduces Swetnam and his servant Swash, the play's clown. The conceit is that Swetnam has been driven out of England by the public's righteous indignation over his anti-female slanders; he has moved to Sicily and taken to calling himself Misogynos. (The play provides the earliest known use in English of the term \"misogynist.\") Once in Sicily, however, he has fallen back into his",
"title": "Swetnam the Woman-Hater"
},
{
"id": "277327",
"text": "disparagingly portrayed as either infantile or as eroticized and hyper-masculine, depending on prevailing cultural stereotypes. Critic of mainstream feminism Christina Hoff Sommers has described Eve Ensler's play \"The Vagina Monologues\" as misandric in that \"there are no admirable males ... the play presents a rogues’ gallery of male brutes, sadists, child-molesters, genital mutilators, gang rapists and hateful little boys\" which she finds out of step with the reality that \"most men are not brutes. They are not oppressors\". Julie M. Thompson, a feminist author, connects misandry with envy of men, in particular \"penis envy\", a term coined by Sigmund Freud",
"title": "Misandry"
},
{
"id": "91857",
"text": "is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism. In modern English, the word has come to be used in some quarters as shorthand for \"male chauvinism\", a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, which, as of 2018, begins its first example of use of the term \"chauvinism\" with \"an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex\". In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus: Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women. The first documented use of the phrase \"male chauvinism\" is in the 1935 Clifford Odets play \"Till the Day I Die\". The balance of",
"title": "Chauvinism"
},
{
"id": "8787517",
"text": "A poem which gave him a reputation as a misogynist is \"Men and Women,\" where he describes two people, a man and a woman, whom he does not know but to whom he takes a violent dislike. The first part, subtitled \"In the Backs\" (The Backs is a riverside area of Cambridge), concludes <poem>...I do not want to see that girl again: I did not like her: and I should not mind If she were done away with, killed, or ploughed. She did not seem to serve a useful end: And certainly she was not beautiful.</poem> Stephen was a member",
"title": "James Kenneth Stephen"
},
{
"id": "14782151",
"text": "Virginity fraud Virginity fraud (also known as chastity fraud, or the virginity lie) is held to occur when someone lies about his or her virginity in order to obtain something of value. The concept is controversial, especially in view of fundamental societal disagreement over the definition and importance of virginity and gender roles (including the sexual double standard). The archetypal case is of a woman who falsely claims to be a virgin for the sake of marriage to a man whom she suspects of insisting on, or at least valuing, virginity in his bride. (Other situations – such as two",
"title": "Virginity fraud"
},
{
"id": "5382942",
"text": "other hand, many people feel some level of anxiety when their head hair is being cut. Sigmund Freud stated that cutting woman's long hair by men may represent a fear and/or concept of castration, meaning that a woman's long hair represents a figurative penis and that by cutting off her hair a man may feel dominance as castrator, not the castrated one (while paradoxically also being reassured by the fact that the hair will grow again). Trichophilia may present with different excitation sources, the most common, but not the only one, being human head hair. Trichophilia may also involve facial",
"title": "Hair fetishism"
},
{
"id": "258064",
"text": "mutual submission\" which is actually specified in Christian doctrine, where \"[l]ove is based on a deep, mutual respect as the guiding principle behind all decisions, actions, and plans\". Similarly, Catholic scholar Christopher West argues that \"male domination violates God's plan and is the specific result of sin\". The fourth chapter (or \"sura\") of the Quran is called \"Women\" (An-Nisa). The 34th verse is a key verse in feminist criticism of Islam. The verse reads: \"Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "578027",
"text": "good job suppressing them and coming off as an arrogant misanthrope.\" Misanthropy Misanthropy is the general hatred, dislike, distrust or contempt of the human species or human nature. A misanthrope or misanthropist is someone who holds such views or feelings. The word's origin is from the Greek words μῖσος (\"misos\", \"hatred\") and ἄνθρωπος (\"anthrōpos\", \"man, human\"). The condition is often confused with asociality. Gustave Flaubert once declared that he would \"die of suppressed rage at the folly of [his] fellow men.\" Misanthropy has also been ascribed to a number of writers of satire, such as William S. Gilbert (\"I hate",
"title": "Misanthropy"
},
{
"id": "18061262",
"text": "Rodger's mental health issues. Chris Ferguson, a psychologist writing in \"Time\", argued that laying the blame on misogynistic culture glosses over how Rodger was one particular mentally disturbed man (see above). Some writers used the #NotAllMen hashtag on Twitter to express the fact that not all men are misogynistic and not all men commit murder. Others criticized use of this hashtag, as it was considered to derail from discussion of the issue of violence against women. Someone created the Twitter hashtag #YesAllWomen on to express that all women experience misogyny and sexism, although not all men are sexist. The United",
"title": "2014 Isla Vista killings"
},
{
"id": "2282011",
"text": "lethal methods. The men's rights movement has been criticized for exhibiting misogynistic tendencies. The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement \"voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many\". After further research into the movement, the SPLC elaborated: \"A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview.\" Other studies have pointed",
"title": "Men's rights movement"
},
{
"id": "258077",
"text": "die Weiber), in which he expressed his opposition to what he called \"Teutonico-Christian stupidity\" on female affairs. He argued that women are \"by nature meant to obey\" as they are \"childish, frivolous, and short sighted\". He claimed that no woman had ever produced great art or \"any work of permanent value\". He also argued that women did not possess any real beauty: In \"Beyond Good and Evil\", Friedrich Nietzsche stated that stricter controls on women was a condition of \"every elevation of culture\". In his \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\", he has a female character say \"You are going to women? Do",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "16320156",
"text": "Transmisogyny Transmisogyny (sometimes trans-misogyny) is the intersection of transphobia and misogyny. Transphobia is defined as \"the irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against transgender or transgender people\". Misogyny is defined as \"a hatred of women\". Therefore, transmisogyny includes negative attitudes, hate, and discrimination of transgender individuals who fall on the feminine side of the gender spectrum, particularly transgender women. The term was coined by Julia Serano in her 2007 book \"Whipping Girl\" and used to describe the unique discrimination faced by trans women because of \"the assumption that femaleness and femininity are inferior to, and exist primarily for the",
"title": "Transmisogyny"
},
{
"id": "6037657",
"text": "also in 1617, was \"Worming of a Mad Dogge\", by a writer under the pseudonym Constantia Munda. This tract deployed both invective and learning. Another reply to Swetnam was the comic play, \"Swetnam the Woman-Hater Arraigned by Women\" (1620), anonymously written. In it, Swetnam, under the name \"Misogynos\", is made uncomfortable at the hands of the women he despises. The play reflects the popularity of Swetnam's tract with the \"common people\": it was performed at London's Red Bull Theatre, which had a populist reputation. In his 1617 fencing treatise, \"The Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence\", Joseph",
"title": "Joseph Swetnam"
},
{
"id": "18556002",
"text": "literacy. A 1990 study concluded that two thirds of photos in reading primers were of men, often shown leading more action-packed, and significant lives than the women depicted in the photographs. Several studies have shown that women are often framed as sexual objects and lesser competitors, as well as displaying more emotion than men, in many sports photographs. Many media studies suggest that they continue to \"reinforce the hegemonic image that sport is a right of passage for men.\" Studies suggest that in Sports Illustrated, which has been labeled the most influential sports publication, men are the preeminent figures featured",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "9845208",
"text": "emotional range primarily to expressions of anger. Terry Kupers defines toxic masculinity as \"the constellation of socially regressive male traits that serve to foster domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia and wanton violence\". According to Kupers, toxic masculinity serves to outline aspects of hegemonic masculinity that are socially destructive, \"such as misogyny, homophobia, greed, and violent domination\". These traits are contrasted with more positive aspects of hegemonic masculinity such as \"pride in [one's] ability to win at sports, to maintain solidarity with a friend, to succeed at work, or to provide for [one's] family\". Toxic masculine norms are a feature",
"title": "Hegemonic masculinity"
},
{
"id": "12355303",
"text": "as an \"eligible bachelor\" chooses to be a bachelor, whereas an \"eligible spinster\" does not have a choice. Lakoff believes this use of language fosters, and grows from, sexual discrimination. Lakoff states \"women are given their identity in our society by virtue of their relationship with men, and not vice versa.\" Another set of criteria that purports to determine a man's desirability to women is the \"666 dating rule\" or \"rule of sixes\", which are a set of minimum male qualities centred around the number six, namely a six feet height, a six-hundred horsepower car, six-pack abs, a six-inch penis,",
"title": "Eligible bachelor"
},
{
"id": "7931484",
"text": "is a force of chaos and destruction, which is the overpowering and alluring chaotic state of wild nature. Rejection of – or combat with – Chthonianism by socially constructed Apollonian virtues accounts for the historical dominance of men (including asexual and homosexual men; and childless and/or lesbian-leaning women) in science, literature, arts, technology and politics. As an example, Paglia states: \"The male orientation of classical Athens was inseparable from its genius. Athens became great not despite but because of its misogyny.\" Apollonian and Dionysian The Apollonian and Dionysian is a philosophical and literary concept, or also a dichotomy, based on",
"title": "Apollonian and Dionysian"
},
{
"id": "16762628",
"text": "Them\" (1997) arguing against certain political correct opinions. \"Women In Trousers\" was a photo-essay on women's fashion which aroused much controversy when it was published, and received critical coverage in several newspapers. Liz Hoggard in \"The Observer\" describing it as \"offensive, outdated, misogynistic claptrap.\" He wrote: \"Women know that men don't like trousers, yet they deliberately wear them\". According to him: \"This is hostile behaviour - they are deliberately dressing in a way that is opposite to what men would like. It is behaviour that flies against common sense, and also flies against the normal human desire to please.\" A",
"title": "Demetri Marchessini"
},
{
"id": "578024",
"text": "follows a more ontological route: the misanthrope, as an essentially solitary man, is not a man at all: he must be a beast or a god, a view reflected in the Renaissance view of misanthropy as a \"beast-like state\". There is a difference between philosophical pessimism and misanthropy. Immanuel Kant said that \"Of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing can ever be made\", and yet this was not an expression of the uselessness of mankind itself. Kant further stated that hatred of mankind can take two distinctive forms: aversion from men (Anthropophobia) and enmity towards them. The condition",
"title": "Misanthropy"
},
{
"id": "6372969",
"text": "is a powerful, elementary factor in the psychological insecurity suffered by many men. He coined the term \"non-menstrual syndrome\" (NMS), denoting a man's possible insecurity before the biologic and reproductive traits of woman; thus, womb envy may impel men to define their identities in opposition to women. Hence, men who are envious of women's reproductive traits insist that a \"real man\" must be \"not-a-woman\", thus they may seek to socially dominate women—what they may or may not do in life—as psychological compensation for what men cannot do biologically. \"Vagina envy\" denotes the envy males may feel towards females for having",
"title": "Womb and vagina envy"
},
{
"id": "18556084",
"text": "away in horror films. Once a woman is related to sex, her sexuality is punished. Klaus Reiser argues, \"It is not so much the girls' sexuality per se...but the fact that they have sex with other boys\". Sex is considered to be a masculine trait because it is a form of power over someone, and if a woman tries to take control of this power, she will instantly be punished. Her sexual freedom is not within gender-norms, and the patriarchal society does not accept it. Only \"male domination is natural and follows inevitable from evolutionary...or social pressures\". The Chase often",
"title": "Misogyny in horror films"
},
{
"id": "18068210",
"text": "with a fat wife on a sitcom.\" YesAllWomen Following a killing spree in Isla Vista, California that left six people dead and fourteen others wounded, the killer's Internet activity was described as misogynistic, and hatred of women was cited as a factor in his crimes. In the wake of the killings, some Twitter users made the argument that \"not all men\" are like this, or would commit such crimes. Others responded by satirizing those arguments and deeming them defensive and an attempt to deflect from uncomfortable topics such as violence and sexism. In reaction to the hashtag \"#NotAllMen,\" an anonymous",
"title": "YesAllWomen"
},
{
"id": "9065831",
"text": "violence, recklessness, and misogyny. Accordingly, they link these expressions as contributing to a lack of interest in academics as well as behavioural struggles in schools for Latino male youth. Throughout popular literature, the term has continued to be associated with negative characteristics, such as sexism, misogyny, chauvinism, hypermasculinity, and hegemonic masculinity. Scholars characterize macho men as violent, rude, womanizing, and prone to alcoholism. Authors from a various disciplines typified macho men as domineering through intimidation, seducing and controlling women and children through violence and intimidation. For example, in American literature, an example of machismo comes from Tennessee Williams' character Stanley",
"title": "Machismo"
},
{
"id": "13676845",
"text": "stating, \"In practice, attempts to sort out good erotica from bad porn inevitably comes down to 'What turns me on is erotica; what turns you on is pornographic.'\" Some feminists make an analogous distinction between mainstream pornography and feminist pornography, viewing mainstream pornography as problematic or even wholly misogynistic, while praising feminist pornography. The work of feminist pornography includes studying women, children and men in the industry. Some feminists argue against pornography because it can be viewed as demeaning and degrading to women and men. Some argue that pornography is used by men as a guide to hate, abuse, and",
"title": "Feminist views on pornography"
},
{
"id": "13722407",
"text": "Gender differences in suicide Gender differences in suicide rates have been shown to be significant. There are different rates of completed suicides and suicidal behavior between males and females. While women more often have suicidal thoughts, men die by suicide more frequently. This is also known as the gender paradox in suicide. Globally, death by suicide occurred about 1.8 times more often among males than among females in 2008, and 1.7 times in 2015. In the western world, males die by suicide three to four times more often than do females. This greater male frequency is increased in those over",
"title": "Gender differences in suicide"
},
{
"id": "7737355",
"text": "than eight years younger than they are, and to women over the age of 40 who aggressively pursue sexual relations with men in their 20s or 30s. However, the term can also refer to any female who has a male partner much younger than herself, regardless of their ages. A 2010 British psychological study published in \"Evolution and Human Behavior\" asserted that men and women, in general, continue to follow traditional gender roles when searching for mates, and thus concluded that the posited \"cougar phenomenon\" does not exist, or more precisely, exists but is rare. The study found that most",
"title": "Cougar (slang)"
},
{
"id": "12642158",
"text": "soldier, firefighter, coal miner, and so on - to men: almost all of the most hazardous professions are all-male, and segments within professions have higher percentages of men as their level of hazard increases. Other statistics, in conjunction with the lack of public outcry or mobilization around them, point in the same direction of male expendability. Men are victims of violent crime twice as often as women and are \"three times more likely to be murder victims\". Suicide rates are much higher for men than for women. While the death rates for breast cancer and prostate cancer are comparable, the",
"title": "The Myth of Male Power"
},
{
"id": "18556007",
"text": "are held by women. On the other hand, tennis remains as the one sport that has the most comparable and fair pay between men and women. Tennis receives the most media coverage than any other women’s sport, and through social media, is continuing to experience growth in popularity. According to Forbes, eight of the top ten best paid women athletes are tennis players. A 2009 research conducted by three professors from Brigham Young University found that male and female tennis players have the same employers at 21 events, including the four grand-slam tournaments (Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open).",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "12804756",
"text": "from a high socioeconomic status could buy beauty products and afford body shaping surgeries, she would be able to change her body capital. In 2017, Hakim was accused of misogyny after publishing an article which suggested women are to blame for sexual assault. The article bases its argument on a research paper published in 2015 which evaluated 30 sex surveys globally and claimed that, since the 1960s sexual revolution, women’s sexual motivation and interest has decreased, causing what Hakim calls a “male sexual deficit”. This, it is argued, can help explain why sexual harassment, sexual violence, rape, rising demand for",
"title": "Catherine Hakim"
},
{
"id": "258072",
"text": "the senile white\" had the mental traits of a \"grown up Negro\", that the female is similar in intellectual capacity and personality traits to both infants and the \"lower races\" such as blacks while drawing conclusion that women are closely related to lower animals than men and \"hence we should discover a greater apelike resemblance if we were to take a female as our standard\". Darwin's beliefs about women were also reflective of his attitudes towards women in general for example his views towards marriage as a young man in which he was quoted \"\"how should I manage all my",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "18556089",
"text": "live in patriarchal society, where men dictate the rules and women have to abide by them. Clover looks at the notion that men might \"elect to betray their sex and identify with screen females.\" In slasher films, male characters are often killed quickly and easily leaving the audience to resonate with the strong female character left to kill the monster. Clover seeks to suggest that masochistic impulses is seen within the male spectator who finds a \"vicarious stake in\" the \"fear and pain\" the final girl endures by the monster's torturous actions. The \"male gaze,\" a term coined by Laura",
"title": "Misogyny in horror films"
},
{
"id": "11354915",
"text": "of power... So while patriarchy is not the sole explanation for violence against women, we would expect that male headship would be distorted by insecure, unhealthy men to justify their domination and abuse of women.\" Few empirical studies have examined the relationship between religion and domestic violence, According to Dutton, no single factor explanation for wife assault was sufficient to explain the available data. A study by Dutton and Browning in the same year found that misogyny is correlated with only a minority of abusive male partners. Campbell's study in 1992 found no evidence of greater violence towards women in",
"title": "Christianity and domestic violence"
},
{
"id": "16320158",
"text": "feminists, who claim that trans women are not female. Transmisogyny is generally understood to be caused by the social belief that men are superior to women. In \"Whipping Girl\", Julia Serano writes that the existence of trans women is seen as a threat to a \"male-centered gender hierarchy, where it is assumed that men are better than women and that masculinity is superior to femininity\". Gender theorist Judith Butler echoes this assumption, stating that the murder of transgender women is \"an act of power, a way of re-asserting domination... killing establishes the killer as sovereign in the moment that he",
"title": "Transmisogyny"
},
{
"id": "374608",
"text": "that individuals compartmentalize the stereotypes they hold into hostile sexism or benevolent sexism. Feminist author bell hooks defines sexism as a system of oppression that results in disadvantages for women. Feminist philosopher Marilyn Frye defines sexism as an \"attitudinal-conceptual-cognitive-orientational complex\" of male supremacy, male chauvinism, and misogyny. The status of women in ancient Egypt depended on their fathers or husbands, but they had property rights and were allowed to attend court, including as plaintiffs. Women of the Anglo-Saxon era were commonly afforded equal status. Evidence, however, is lacking to support the idea that many pre-agricultural societies afforded women a higher",
"title": "Sexism"
},
{
"id": "11603320",
"text": "Fratire Fratire is a type of 21st-century fiction literature written for and marketed to young men in a politically incorrect and overtly masculine fashion. The term was coined following the popularity of works by George Ouzounian (writing under the pen name Maddox) and Tucker Max. Described as a satirical celebration of traditional masculinity, the genre has been criticized for allegedly promoting sexism and misogyny. Fratire generally features male protagonists, usually in their twenties and thirties. It is characterized by masculine themes and could be considered the male equivalent of chick lit. The genre was popularized by Tucker Max's \"I Hope",
"title": "Fratire"
},
{
"id": "258071",
"text": "husbands like that of the church\". Charles Darwin wrote on the subject female inferiority through the lens of human evolution. He noted in his book \"The Descent of Men\": \"young of both sexes resembled the adult female in most species\" which he extrapolated and further reasoned \"males were more evolutionarily advanced than females\". Darwin believed all savages, children and women had smaller brains and therefore led more by instinct and less by reason. Such ideas quickly spread to other scientists such as Professor Carl Vogt of natural sciences at the University of Geneva who argued \"the child, the female, and",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "18556015",
"text": "soccer team make about 40% of what their male counterparts do. Female athletes across all sports may win more trophies and medals, but more often than not, this does not translate to equal payment. Toughness of competition, more lenient rules, and difference in skill levels are just a couple excuses made to disregard this very real social issue. The U. S. Men's National Team (USMNT) and U.S. Women's National Team (USWNT) have both had success in their own ways. Many believe that the men's and women's national soccer teams are similar, but when looking at pay and field conditions over",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "17818170",
"text": "their sexual partners and disregard for the rest of their bodies, as well as the narcissism of homosexual men, and their tendency to remember histories of feminine identification, expressed in behavior such as playing with dolls and wearing girls' clothes. Bergler maintains that homosexual men unconsciously fear and hate women, and that their sexual attraction to men is due only to these negative attitudes toward women. He writes that homosexual men are typically sexually promiscuous and have contempt for their male sexual partners. Bergler argues that while homosexual men attribute their sexual promiscuity to their desire for variety and their",
"title": "Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life?"
},
{
"id": "258067",
"text": "towards women. However, Baylor University professor J. Gordon Melton has written that Hubbard later disregarded and abrogated much of his earlier views about women, which Melton views as merely echoes of common prejudices at the time. Melton has also stated that the Church of Scientology welcomes both genders equally at all levels—from leadership positions to auditing and so on—since Scientologists view people as spiritual beings. Numerous influential Western philosophers have been expressed ideas that can be characterized as misogynistic, including Aristotle, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, G. W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "4828846",
"text": "between men and women, but successive interpretations have differed. Some see Xenophon's attitude toward women as misogynist and patriarchal, while others maintain that he was a proto-feminist in certain ways. Some have taken Xenophon's use of Ischomachus as a supposed expert in the education of a wife as an instance of anachronistic irony, a device used by Plato in his Socratic dialogues. This ironic line of interpretation sees Ischomachus as a target of satire rather than a stand-in for Xenophon. Some have suggested that the Ischomachus of the dialogue is the same man whose family became the subject of ridicule",
"title": "Oeconomicus"
},
{
"id": "578023",
"text": "describes a misanthrope in relation to his fellow man: \"Misanthropy develops when without art one puts complete trust in somebody thinking the man absolutely true and sound and reliable and then a little later \"discovers\" him to be bad and unreliable ... and when it happens to someone often ... he ends up ... hating everyone.\" Misanthropy, then, is presented as a potential result of thwarted expectations or even excessively naïve optimism, since Plato argues that \"art\" would have allowed the potential misanthrope to recognize that the majority of men are to be found in between good and evil. Aristotle",
"title": "Misanthropy"
},
{
"id": "258060",
"text": "disregards Prometheus' warnings about her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it she unleashes into the world all evil; labour, sickness, old age, and death. In his book \"The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender\", professor Bernard Faure of Columbia University argued generally that \"Buddhism is paradoxically neither as sexist nor as egalitarian as is usually thought.\" He remarked, \"Many feminist scholars have emphasized the misogynistic (or at least androcentric) nature of Buddhism\" and stated that Buddhism morally exalts its male monks while the mothers and wives of the monks also have",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "3877718",
"text": "to be successful. Penny Jordan, an author writing for Mills & Boon, puts this as \"[the rules] are not written down, but if you diverge from reader expectations, they won't read your second book.\" One critic claimed that the genre promotes misogyny and the sexual submission of women to men. Julie Bindel writes \"I would go so far as to say it is misogynistic hate speech.\" She describes a typical Mills & Boon novel as a rape fantasy structured around \"the 'gender dance'—man chases woman, woman resists, and, finally, woman submits in a blaze of passion.\" Bindel further condemns Mills",
"title": "Mills & Boon"
},
{
"id": "8101597",
"text": "by anti-pornography groups was that sexuality is about creating a compassionate bond and a lasting relation with another person, contrary to the belief of the purely physical nature of sex. In her book, \"Pornography: Men Possessing Women\", Andrea Dworkin argued that the theme of pornography is male dominance and as a result it is intrinsically harmful to women and their well-being. Dworkin believed that pornography is not only damaging in its production but also in its consumption, since the viewer will mentally internalize pornography's misogynistic portrayal of women. Robin Morgan summarized the view of anti-pornography feminists that pornography and violence",
"title": "Feminist sex wars"
},
{
"id": "18039480",
"text": "prey on and assault upwards of 13 black women. On a broader scale, misogynoir is also characterized by the tropes projected onto black women. Some of these common stereotypes are the \"Strong Black Woman\" or the \"HyperSexual Jezebel\". In her article \"4 Tired Tropes That Perfectly Explain What Misogynoir Is – And How You Can Stop It\", Kisiena Boom describes common tropes and why they are damaging. For example, while the \"Strong Black Woman\" stereotype seems to be a compliment, it ignores the racialized physical and mental trauma that black women have had to endure. Perpetuating the idea that black",
"title": "Misogynoir"
},
{
"id": "20886338",
"text": "Misogamy Misogamy is an aversion or hatred of marriage. The word dates from the mid-17th century and combines the Greek \"misos\" (hatred) with \"gamos\" (marriage). Merriam-Webster date the first use of the word to around 1656. The idea of misogamy was important in the Christian church during the medieval period as a prerequisite for the celibacy required to occupy the highest positions in the church. It was developed in the philosophy of Theophrastus who became the \"canonical authority on philosophic misogamy throughout the Middle Ages\". Sara E. Diaz writes that two types of misogamy existed during the period, one advising",
"title": "Misogamy"
},
{
"id": "1813315",
"text": "or masculine of center. Often using the phrase \"women and femmes\", adherents to this definition of femme believe that misogyny is used not only against women to inflict theoretical and physical violence but primarily against all feminine people. Connecting cisgendered male violence to toxic masculinity, they believe that patriarchy not only negatively affects female-identified people but men as well. Constrained by character limitations on gay hookup apps such as Grindr and Scruff, \"fem\", \"femm\", and \"femme\" are used as an abbreviation for feminine. The ubiquitous phrase “No Fats, No Fems”, indicating that a user does not want to be contacted",
"title": "Femme"
},
{
"id": "6019724",
"text": "women as sinful, untrustful, deceiving and desiring to seduce and incite men into sexual sin. Katharine M. Rogers argues that Christianity is misogynistic and that the \"dread of female seduction\" can be found in St. Paul's epistles. K. K. Ruthven argues that the \"legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called 'Fathers' of the Church, like Tertullian, who thought a woman was not only 'the gateway of the devil' but also 'a temple built over a sewer'\". Jack Holland argues the concept of fall of man is misogynistic as \"a myth that blames woman for the ills and sufferings",
"title": "Criticism of religion"
},
{
"id": "258075",
"text": "is equipped with the power to seduce and \"capture\" men. He goes on to state that women's cheerfulness is chaotic and disruptive which is why it is crucial to exercise obedience to those with rationality. For her to function beyond her rational subjugator is a threat against men as well as other women, he notes. Schopenhauer also thought women's cheerfulness is an expression of her lack of morality and incapability to understand abstract or objective meaning such as art. This is followed up by his quote \"have never been able to produce a single, really great, genuine and original achievement",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "18556082",
"text": "remarkably like the woman in the eyes of the traumatized male: a biological freak with impossible and threatening appetites that suggest a frightening potency precisely where the normal male would perceive a lack.\" Men only stay on the screen long enough to show their incompetence, unless they are seen to be a true form of patriarchy. The repressive patriarch is often dressed as a female and because he does not exemplify patriarchy at its finest, the final girl is his \"homoerotic stand-in\". The \"masochistic monster\" revels in acts of self-mutilation before the audience sees the harming of others being done.",
"title": "Misogyny in horror films"
},
{
"id": "8060740",
"text": "her pearls.'\" Janovitz concludes by noting that \"It is certainly not misogynist to look at a personal relationship from the point of view of one of those involved, be it man or woman. There is nothing in the text to suggest that Dylan has a disrespect for, much less an irrational hatred of, women in general.\" Similarly, Christopher Ricks asks, \"could there ever be any challenging art about men and women where the accusation just didn't arise?\" Ricks has written that the speaker in the song seems to be referring to a woman who occasionally plays the \"little girl card\":",
"title": "Just Like a Woman"
},
{
"id": "258054",
"text": "least as far as Hesiod. The term \"misogyny\" itself comes directly into English from the Ancient Greek word \"misogunia\" (), which survives in several passages. The earlier, longer, and more complete passage comes from a moral tract known as \"On Marriage\" (\"c\". 150 BC) by the stoic philosopher Antipater of Tarsus. Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine (polytheistic) decree. He uses \"misogunia\" to describe the sort of writing the tragedian Euripides eschews, stating that he \"reject[s] the hatred of women in his writing\" (ἀποθέμενος τὴν ἐν τῷ γράφειν",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "5720569",
"text": "because he could be cuckolded into raising children that are not his own. For women they can lose their relationship and all the benefits that entails to another. Research has shown that men are impacted more by sexual infidelity, while women are more impacted by emotional infidelity. An alternative explanation is from a \"social-cognitive perspective\". Typically men will place a lot of importance on their masculinity and sexual dominance. When the male's partner commits infidelity, these two components of his ego become severely threatened which is why men are more upset when a partner has sex with someone else. In",
"title": "Sexual jealousy"
},
{
"id": "1806046",
"text": "and rights granted to men solely on the basis of sex following the feminist movement. British sociologist John MacInnes wrote that \"masculinity has always been in one crisis or another\", suggesting that the crises arise from the \"fundamental incompatibility between the core principle of modernity that all human beings are essentially equal (regardless of their sex) and the core tenet of patriarchy that men are naturally superior to women and thus destined to rule over them\". According to John Beynon, masculinity and men are often conflated and it is unclear whether masculinity, men or both are in crisis. He writes",
"title": "Masculinity"
},
{
"id": "14023592",
"text": "up to 15 words or phrases. The most common responses were: \"Pretty boys afraid to soil themselves with honest labor\", \"Snobs!\", \"secretive\", \"neurotic\", \"narcissistic\", \"soft\", \"vain\", \"frail\", \"homosexual\", \"Momma's Boy\", “irresponsible\", \"probably hard workers\", \"creatures of the night\", \"flighty\", \"afraid of intimacy\", \"use people\", \"cold\", and \"fancy\". In a 2003 sociological study, male ballet dancers reported several stereotypes they had been confronted with including \"feminine, homosexual, wimp, spoiled, gay, dainty, fragile, weak, fluffy, woosy, prissy, artsy and sissy\". In preparation for their 2009 anthology on masculinity and dance, Jennifer Fisher and Anthony Shay interviewed several male dancers from different age",
"title": "Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer"
},
{
"id": "762297",
"text": "studies that claim to show such sex differences (including the possibility that fear of being alleged to be inappropriately sexually aroused may deter more men than women from taking part in sexual arousal studies) as a remedy. The transgender author and critic Jody Norton believes that transphobia is an extension of homophobia and misogyny. She argues that transgender people, like gays and lesbians, are hated and feared for challenging and undermining gender norms and the gender binary. Norton writes that the \"male-to-female transgender incites transphobia through her implicit challenge to the binary division of gender upon which male cultural and",
"title": "Transphobia"
},
{
"id": "17329055",
"text": "women, and overly sexualizing trans women. Similar concepts are \"sissyphobia\" and \"femmephobia\". \"Effemimania\" is also the title of a song by the Maryland punk band War on Women. Effemimania Effemimania (from effeminacy) is a term coined by American transsexual writer and biologist Julia Serano to describe what she calls a cultural obsession with male femininity. Serano describes effemimania as \"first and foremost an expression of traditional sexism\", and uses as an example of it researchers who believe femininity is inferior to masculinity, and who therefore pathologize boys and men who appear to them to be inexplicably relinquishing the latter in",
"title": "Effemimania"
},
{
"id": "258081",
"text": "their own sex. On a larger scale, internalized sexism falls under the broad topic of internalized oppression, which \"consists of oppressive practices that continue to make the rounds even when members of the oppressor group are not present\". Women who experience internalized misogyny may express it through minimizing the value of women, mistrusting women, and believing gender bias in favor of men. Women, after hearing men demean the value and skills of women repeatedly, eventually internalize their beliefs and apply the misogynistic beliefs to themselves and other women. A common manifestation of internalized misogyny is lateral violence. Subscribers to one",
"title": "Misogyny"
},
{
"id": "1830280",
"text": "Androcles (\"man of glory\"), Andronikos (\"man of victory\"). The same root ἀνδρ-, andr- denoting the male gender is found e.g. in misandry (the hatred of the male sex), andrology (male physiology), androgens (male hormones) and polyandry (the practice of taking more than one husband at the same time). In the year 2006, it was the third most popular name in Italy with 3.1% of newborns. It is one of the Italian male names ending in \"a\", with others being Elia (Elias), Enea (Aeneas), Luca (Lucas), Mattia (Matthias), Nicola (Nicholas), Tobia (Tobias). In recent and past times it has been used",
"title": "Andrea"
},
{
"id": "6785307",
"text": "of heterosexual mate selection in dozens of countries around the world have found men and women report prioritizing different traits when it comes to choosing a mate, with men tending to prefer women who are young and attractive and women tending to prefer men who are rich, well-educated, ambitious, and attractive. Evolutionary psychologists contend this is an inherent sex difference arising out of sexual selection, with men driven to seek women who will give birth to healthy babies and women driven to seek men who will be able to provide the necessary resources for the family's survival. Social learning theorists,",
"title": "Hypergamy"
},
{
"id": "2281986",
"text": "educated about women's violence against men. In response to such claims, family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled \"Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field\" and accused the men's rights movement of distorting his research findings on men's and women's violence to promote a misogynistic agenda. Domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the flawed research cited by men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical, suggesting that their focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men's violence against women and children and",
"title": "Men's rights movement"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Misogyny context: as \"hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women\". In 2012, primarily in response to events occurring in the Australian Parliament, the Macquarie Dictionary (which documents Australian English and New Zealand English) expanded the definition to include not only hatred of women but also \"entrenched prejudices against women\". The counterpart of misogyny is misandry, the hatred or dislike of men; the antonym of misogyny is philogyny, the love or fondness of women. In his book \"City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens\", J.W. Roberts argues that older than tragedy and comedy was a misogynistic tradition in Greek literature, reaching back at\n\nIf Misogyny is the hatred of women, what is the hatred of men?",
"compressed_tokens": 199,
"origin_tokens": 199,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Misandry context: Misandry Misandry () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against men or boys. \"Misandrous\" or \"misandrist\" can be used as adjectival forms of the word. Misandry can manifest itself in numerous ways, including sexual discrimination, denigration of men, violence against men, sexual objectification of. Misandry is formed from the Greek \"misos\" (μῖσος, \"hatred\") and \"anēr\", \"andros\" (ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός; \"man\"). Use of the word can be found as far back as the nineteenth century, including an 1871 use in \"The Spectator\" magazine. It appeared in \"Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary\" (11th ed.) in 1952. Translation of the French \"\"misandrie\"\"\n\ntitle: Femicide context of literature.ist author Diana Russells the definition of femicide to \" killing of by males because they are female emphasis on the idea males commit femicide with sexist motives. She also chooses to replace the woman female to show that femic can occur to both girls infants as well. Russell bel her definition of femicide applies to all forms ofist killing, whether they motivated by misogyny (the hatred females), sense superiority over females, by sexual pleasure, or by assumption of ownership over women.\n\ntitley in sports context: also womenCal Institute Integral Studies). In, hees ensure that gain enough their oppon discou these to fear which is a character trait associated with femininity In sport, mascul possess skills and tough order the victor tournaments. Misogyny in contaming, object deing women, regardless playing field.yn to hatred or prejud women is\n Mis: in9, of female development Nancy K discussedthe misand imp of T In, \" and ofition of at the University of Northern Iowa, writes: Misandry Misandry () is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against men or boys. \"Misandrous\" or \"misandrist\" can be used as adjectival forms of the word. Misandry can manifest itself in numerous ways, including sexual discrimination, denigration of men, violence against men, sexual\n\nIf Misogyny is the hatred of women, what is the hatred of men?",
"compressed_tokens": 539,
"origin_tokens": 14703,
"ratio": "27.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,753 | Dec 18, 1620 is the official landing date of the Mayflower. At what Massachusetts location did they make land? | [
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] | Plymouth | [
{
"id": "507230",
"text": "1620, the Pilgrims aboard the \"Mayflower\" sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the strong winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor, and set anchor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed. They agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End. Though the Pilgrims chose to settle across the bay in Plymouth, Cape Cod enjoyed an early reputation for its valuable fishing grounds, and for its",
"title": "Provincetown, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "103955",
"text": "freighters were needed to carry the treasure to London. Henry Hudson put into Dartmouth on his return from North America, and was arrested for sailing under a foreign flag. The Pilgrim Fathers put into Dartmouth's Bayard's Cove, en route from Southampton to America. They rested a while before setting off on their journey in the \"Mayflower\" and the \"Speedwell\" on 20 August 1620. About 300 miles west of Land's End, upon realising that the \"Speedwell\" was unseaworthy, it returned to Plymouth. The \"Mayflower\" departed alone to complete the crossing to Cape Cod. Dartmouth's sister city is Dartmouth, Massachusetts. The town",
"title": "Dartmouth, Devon"
},
{
"id": "6748163",
"text": "the harsh treatment from King James for rejecting England's official church. Although they were allowed some religious liberties in Holland, the liberalism and openness of the Dutch to all styles of life horrified them. They approached the Virginia Company and asked to settle \"as a distinct body of themselves\" in America. In the fall of 1620, they sailed to North America on the \"Mayflower\", first landing near the tip of Cape Cod (modern-day Provincetown, Massachusetts). Blown north off its course, the Mayflower landed at a site that had been named Plymouth. Since the area was not land that lay within",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "19525934",
"text": "had stayed in England, as well as a scattering of others. Some would-be pioneers had to be left behind because of the problems with the \"Speedwell\". The \"Mayflower\" sailed from Plymouth, in South West England, on September 6, 1620, with 102 passengers and a crew of 47. The expedition sighted Cape Cod on November 9, 1620, and landed at what is now Provincetown, Massachusetts. Two days later, the men signed the \"Mayflower\" Compact, wherein all agreed to submit themselves to the will of the majority—one of the foundation documents of American democracy. They established a settlement at Plymouth Colony (today",
"title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar"
},
{
"id": "1094136",
"text": "Eastham, Massachusetts Eastham () is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. The population was 4,956 at the 2010 census. For geographic and demographic information about the village of North Eastham, please see North Eastham, Massachusetts. Originally settled by the Nauset tribe, Eastham was the site where in 1620 a hunting expedition landed, comprised from the crew of the sailing vessel \"Mayflower\", which had stopped in Provincetown harbor on Cape Cod Bay after a rough crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, which led to the first encounter of the Pilgrims and the local",
"title": "Eastham, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "1718925",
"text": "caught in a deer trap made by Indians and hauled nearly upside down. The third exploration departed from the \"Mayflower\" on December 6, 1620 when a group of men (including Bradford) located Plymouth Bay. A winter storm nearly sank their boat as they approached the bay, but they managed to land on Clark's Island, suffering from severe exposure to the cold and waves. During the ensuing days, they explored the bay and found a suitable place for settlement, now the site of downtown Plymouth, Massachusetts. The location featured a prominent hill ideal for a defensive fort. There were numerous brooks",
"title": "William Bradford (governor)"
},
{
"id": "10004973",
"text": "in times of low tide. The largest of these such flats is Ichabod's Flat in Kingston Bay. The mud flats of Kingston Bay are used for shellfishing and clamming and have flourished due to Plymouth Bay's ability to isolate itself from red tide, which occasionally impacts the Massachusetts coastline. Plymouth Bay Plymouth Bay is a small, well-protected bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the western shore of larger Cape Cod Bay along the coastline of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Plymouth Bay retains historical significance for the landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620 by the Pilgrims aboard the \"Mayflower\" who proceeded",
"title": "Plymouth Bay"
},
{
"id": "10004969",
"text": "Plymouth Bay Plymouth Bay is a small, well-protected bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the western shore of larger Cape Cod Bay along the coastline of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Plymouth Bay retains historical significance for the landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620 by the Pilgrims aboard the \"Mayflower\" who proceeded to establish the first permanent Northern European settlement in North America at Plymouth Colony. Plymouth Bay is an offshoot of the larger Cape Cod Bay and is sometimes considered part of Massachusetts Bay, which is defined by Cape Ann to the north and Cape Cod to the south. Plymouth",
"title": "Plymouth Bay"
},
{
"id": "3627904",
"text": "gales. The caulking of its planks was failing to keep out sea water, and the passengers' berths were not always dry. On the journey there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger. After being blown off course by gales, the \"Mayflower\" made a landing at Cape Cod. Finding the area near Provincetown occupied by indigenous people, the ship's company decided to continue exploring along the nearby coast. The group arrived in the area near present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 21, 1620. In the space of several months almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh New England",
"title": "William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "1063494",
"text": "Baptists before coming to what is now Marshall County. As a result of this heritage, some place names in Marshall County are named after places in New England, such as Plymouth, which is named after Plymouth, Massachusetts, the site where the \"Mayflower\" landed in 1620. When these settlers arrived, there was nothing but a dense virgin forest and wild marshland, which would need to be cleared and drained before it could be farmed. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized forcible removal if necessary. The United States government purchased this area under the Treaty of Tippecanoe in 1832. Although many",
"title": "Plymouth, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "1885751",
"text": "Plymouth was established in December 1620 by English separatist Puritans who had broken away from the Church of England, believing that the Church had not completed the work of the Protestant Reformation. Today, these settlers are much better known as the \"Pilgrims\", a term coined by William Bradford. The Mayflower first anchored in the harbor of Provincetown, Massachusetts on November 11, 1620. The ship was headed for the mouth of the Hudson River near Manhattan, which was part of the Colony of Virginia at the time, but it did not go beyond Cape Cod. The Pilgrim settlers realized that they",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "1094151",
"text": "the Dill Beach Shack, all on Route 6, adjacent to the Eastham Post Office. The museums are opened in July and August. Eastham, Massachusetts Eastham () is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. The population was 4,956 at the 2010 census. For geographic and demographic information about the village of North Eastham, please see North Eastham, Massachusetts. Originally settled by the Nauset tribe, Eastham was the site where in 1620 a hunting expedition landed, comprised from the crew of the sailing vessel \"Mayflower\", which had stopped in Provincetown harbor on Cape",
"title": "Eastham, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "5042548",
"text": "to the region's daily newspaper. The Pilgrim Monument at Provincetown, Massachusetts, designed by Willard T. Sears is patterned nearly identically after the Torre del Mangia, except it is made entirely of granite. It was built from 1907 to 1910, to commemorate the first landing of the Mayflower Pilgrims in Provincetown on November 21, 1620. Provincetown's monument is the tallest all-granite structure in the United States. The tower at the Pine Street Inn in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts, formerly a fire station and fire watch tower, is also modeled after the Torre del Mangia. Boston's tower, which is tall,",
"title": "Torre del Mangia"
},
{
"id": "11980331",
"text": "paths and plantings were added. Cole's Hill was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Cole's Hill Cole's Hill is a National Historic Landmark containing the first cemetery used by the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. The hill is located on Carver Street near the foot of Leyden Street and across the street from Plymouth Rock. Owned since 1820 by the preservationist Pilgrim Society, it is now a public park. Cole's Hill rises steeply from the shore of Plymouth Bay, near Plymouth Rock, the traditional landing",
"title": "Cole's Hill"
},
{
"id": "11980321",
"text": "Cole's Hill Cole's Hill is a National Historic Landmark containing the first cemetery used by the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. The hill is located on Carver Street near the foot of Leyden Street and across the street from Plymouth Rock. Owned since 1820 by the preservationist Pilgrim Society, it is now a public park. Cole's Hill rises steeply from the shore of Plymouth Bay, near Plymouth Rock, the traditional landing site of the Pilgrims in 1620. It is now bounded by Water, North, Carver, and Leyden Streets. The hill is landscaped with grassy areas, low shrubs, and",
"title": "Cole's Hill"
},
{
"id": "1885750",
"text": "was a leader of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, and he explored parts of Cape Cod Bay and is credited with naming the region \"New Plimouth.\" Two plagues afflicted coastal New England in 1614 and 1617, killing between 90% and 95% of the local Wampanoag inhabitants. The near disappearance of the tribe from the site left their cornfields and cleared areas vacant for the Pilgrims to occupy. Plymouth played a very important role in American colonial history. It was the final landing site of the first voyage of the \"Mayflower\" and the location of the original settlement of Plymouth Colony.",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "947073",
"text": "Marshall County. As a result of this heritage, some place names in Marshall County are named after places in New England, such as Plymouth, which is named after Plymouth, Massachusetts, the site where the \"Mayflower\" landed in 1620. When these settlers arrived, there was nothing but a dense virgin forest and wild marshland, which would need to be cleared and drained before it could be farmed. According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 98.64%) is land and (or 1.36%) is water. The Yellow River flows through northern, central, and western portions",
"title": "Marshall County, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "9701575",
"text": "Pilgrim Monument The Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, Massachusetts, was built between 1907 and 1910 to commemorate the first landfall of the Pilgrims in 1620 and the signing of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor. This campanile is the tallest all-granite structure in the United States and is part of the Provincetown Historic District. In 1620, the Pilgrims spent five weeks exploring Cape Cod before they sailed to Plymouth, Massachusetts. After spending weeks at sea, the Pilgrims resolved not to set foot on land until the Mayflower Compact was written and signed. A contest was held to design a structure to",
"title": "Pilgrim Monument"
},
{
"id": "1885752",
"text": "did not have a patent to settle in the region, so they signed the Mayflower Compact prior to disembarking. They explored various parts of Cape Cod and eventually sought a suitable location for a permanent settlement to the westward in Cape Cod Bay. They discovered the sheltered waters of Plymouth Harbor on December 17, and the protected bay led to a site for the new settlement after three days of surveying. The settlers officially disembarked on December 21, 1620. It is traditionally said that the Pilgrims first set foot in America at the site of Plymouth Rock, though no historical",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "1712769",
"text": "a skirmish with local Native Americans known as the \"First Encounter\" near modern-day Eastham, Massachusetts. The colonists decided to look elsewhere, having failed to secure a proper site for their settlement, and fearing that they had angered the local Native Americans by robbing their corn stores and firing upon them. The \"Mayflower\" left Provincetown Harbor and set sail for Plymouth Harbor. The \"Mayflower\" dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor on December 16 and spent three days looking for a settlement site. They rejected several sites, including one on Clark's Island and another at the mouth of the Jones River, in favor",
"title": "Plymouth Colony"
},
{
"id": "14823316",
"text": "Haunted places in Plymouth, Massachusetts Plymouth, Massachusetts, called \"America's Hometown\" on its welcome billboards and a tourist train, is home to both Plymouth Rock and the \"Mayflower\". It is where the pilgrims first set foot when they came to America in 1620, and where the first Thanksgiving took place. Over the past 400 years, Plymouth has grown from a small colony to a large community. With this much history in a town come stories of abandoned hospitals and old places that are now believed to be haunted. Myles Standish was a soldier hired by the Separatists who came to be",
"title": "Haunted places in Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "12880536",
"text": "Myles Standish Burial Ground The Myles Standish Burial Ground (also known as Old Burying Ground or Standish Cemetery) in Duxbury, Massachusetts is, according to the American Cemetery Association, the oldest maintained cemetery in the United States. The burying ground is the final resting place of several well-known Pilgrims who arrived on the \"Mayflower\" in 1620, including Captain Myles Standish. The site was the location of Duxbury's first meeting house. It was in use from approximately 1638 until 1789 at which point the cemetery was abandoned. It was reclaimed in 1887 by the Duxbury Rural Society, generating a widespread interest in",
"title": "Myles Standish Burial Ground"
},
{
"id": "1885786",
"text": "1960. The \"Mayflower II\" is a full-size replica of the \"Mayflower\", the ship which brought the Pilgrims to Plymouth in 1620. It is located at the State Pier in Plymouth Center. The ship is open as a museum about the Pilgrims' historic voyage from Plymouth, England, and is considered a faithful replica of the original \"Mayflower\". It is officially a part of Plimoth Plantation. The ship was built in Brixham, England in 1956, and sailed to Plymouth across the Atlantic Ocean in 1957 by famous mariner Alan Villiers. The ship is still seaworthy, and routinely takes voyages around Plymouth Harbor.",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "1885747",
"text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts Plymouth (; historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. The town holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore, and culture, and is known as \"America's Hometown.\" Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims, where New England was first established. It is the oldest municipality in New England and one of the oldest in the United States. The town has served as the location of several prominent events, one of the more notable being the First Thanksgiving feast. Plymouth served as the capital",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "957151",
"text": "nights ashore surrounded by makeshift barricades of tree branches. The settlers were attacked one night by a group of about 30 Native Americans. At first, the Englishmen panicked, but Standish calmed them, urging the settlers not to fire their matchlock muskets unnecessarily. The incident took place in present-day Eastham, Massachusetts and came to be known as the \"First Encounter\". After further exploration, the Pilgrims chose a location in present-day Plymouth Bay in late December 1620 as the site for their settlement. Standish provided important counsel on the placement of a small fort in which cannon were mounted, and on the",
"title": "Myles Standish"
},
{
"id": "1569630",
"text": "William Berkeley captured the old warrior in 1646, variously thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. In October, while a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed by a soldier (shot in the back) assigned to guard him. In 1620, a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the \"Mayflower\". Known as Pilgrims, they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts. The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England, according to books written by Captain John Smith, who had made a voyage there. In 1624, the",
"title": "Colony of Virginia"
},
{
"id": "14084889",
"text": "Leyden Street Leyden Street (Originally named First Street, afterward in the Records called Great and Broad Street; named Leyden Street in 1823, also known as Leiden Street or The Street), is a street in Plymouth, Massachusetts that was created in 1620 by the Pilgrims, and claims to be the oldest continuously inhabited street in the thirteen colonies of British North America. The Pilgrims first began laying out the street before Christmas in 1620 after disembarking from the \"Mayflower\", allegedly on nearby Plymouth Rock. The original settlers built their houses along the street from the shore up to the base of",
"title": "Leyden Street"
},
{
"id": "6144574",
"text": "the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas and a damaged ship forced them to return to the Cape Cod Hook where they anchored on November 11/21. Since there were no established laws where they landed they wrote the Mayflower",
"title": "James Chilton"
},
{
"id": "320422",
"text": "42nd in the second tier of English football. The team set the record for most championships won in the third tier, having finished first in the Third Division South twice, the Third Division once and the Second Division once. The club takes its nickname, \"The Pilgrims\", from an English religious group that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620. The club crest features the \"Mayflower\", the ship that carried the pilgrims to Massachusetts. The club have predominantly played in green and white throughout their history, with a few exceptions in the late 1960s and early 1970s when white was",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle F.C."
},
{
"id": "4574956",
"text": "to the Maritime Administration on 8 November 1989 and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 24 February 1992 and she was sold for scrapping, 25 August 1995, to Peck Recycling, Richmond, Virginia, for $268,707. USS Plymouth Rock (LSD-29) USS \"Plymouth Rock\" (LSD-29) was a of the United States Navy, named for Plymouth Rock, the legendary landing site of the Pilgrims in 1620. \"Plymouth Rock\" was laid down by Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Mississippi on 4 May 1953; launched on 7 May 1954; sponsored by Mrs. Francis C. Denebrink; and",
"title": "USS Plymouth Rock (LSD-29)"
},
{
"id": "1885782",
"text": "Traditionally, the rock is said to be the disembarkation site of the Pilgrims. The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landing site was made in 1741 by 94-year-old Thomas Faunce, whose father had arrived in Plymouth in 1623, three years after the arrival of the \"Mayflower\". The rock is located roughly from where the initial settlement was thought to be built. Plymouth Rock became very famous after its identification as the supposed landing site of the Pilgrims, and was subsequently moved to a location in Plymouth Center. During the process, the rock split in two. It was later",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "13032226",
"text": "charter for the Virginia Company, which comprised the London Company and the Plymouth Company. These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England, to conduct trade, and to return a profit. In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the \"Mayflower\" and established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, beginning the history of permanent European settlement in New England. In 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region \"New England\". The name was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620 when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England,",
"title": "New England"
},
{
"id": "12032615",
"text": "Town Brook Historic and Archeological District The Town Brook Historic and Archeological District is a historic district encompassing much of the length of Town Brook in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its surrounding landscape. This area has an industrial history that extends to 1620, when the Pilgrims arrived on the \"Mayflower\" and established Plymouth Colony. It extends roughly from the crossing of Billington Street (near where it crosses Massachusetts Route 3), to the mouth of the brook in Plymouth Harbor. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The district includes historical and archaeological resources that span",
"title": "Town Brook Historic and Archeological District"
},
{
"id": "8220105",
"text": "to William Vaughan who initially sent settlers to Aquaforte. Around 1617, Governor Richard Whitbourne moved six remaining colonists to Renews, but they had left by 1619. Vaughan soon sold land that crossed the Avalon Peninsula, including Renews harbour to Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland who named the territory South Falkland. According to a popular local legend (and shown to be completely unsubstantiated by all the eye-witness source materials of the 17th century ), the \"Mayflower\" landed at Renews in 1620, where it picked up water and supplies before sailing on to Plymouth Rock. A battery was established there in 1755",
"title": "Renews-Cappahayden"
},
{
"id": "8445433",
"text": "in both celebrations. In adjusting the date to the Gregorian calendar, the anniversary was erroneously established on December 22 instead of December 21. Forefathers' Day Forefathers' Day is a holiday celebrated in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 22. It is a commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1620. It was introduced in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1769. Forefathers Day' is celebrated every year by the Old Colony Club, established in 1769 \"to honor the forefathers\". The celebration begins at 6:00 AM with a march by members to the top of Cole's Hill next to",
"title": "Forefathers' Day"
},
{
"id": "10005016",
"text": "Clark's Island Clark's Island is the name of a small island located in Duxbury Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It was named for John Clark, the first mate of the \"Mayflower\", the ship that brought the Pilgrims to New England. The island was initially considered for the location of the Pilgrim's settlement, but was rejected in favor of a site to the south, which became known as Plymouth, Massachusetts. Today Clark's Island is a part of the town of Plymouth. Clark's Island is located in Duxbury Bay. Although physically closer to the town of Duxbury, the island is",
"title": "Clark's Island"
},
{
"id": "2698752",
"text": "shrubby pines, hurts, and such trash, but an excellent harbor for all weathers. This Cape is made by the main sea on the one side, and a great bay on the other, in form of a sickle...\" Provincetown Harbor was the initial anchoring place of the Pilgrims traveling on the \"Mayflower\" in 1620, before they proceeded to Plymouth, Massachusetts. Thoreau later observed that Smith's description of the harbor may have been less colored by the hardships of transoceanic troubles than the Pilgrims'. Mourt's Relation describes the harbor as: The \"Mayflower\" held several different passengers in addition to the Pilgrims on",
"title": "Provincetown Harbor"
},
{
"id": "14189448",
"text": "this, there was a major influx of 'new planters' that continued over a decade. The early expansions centered around Plymouth and what is now Essex County, Massachusetts but eventually spawned the westward movements. Two early areas of settlement were Plymouth (c 1620) and Nantasket (c 1621). The Plymouth Colony began with the Mayflower's landing and is a well-known story. The Nantasket settlement followed soon after that of Plymouth. Roger Conant was at these two settlements before going north to Cape Ann. The Essex colony started at Cape Ann in 1623 with a party led by Thomas Gardner and John Tylly.",
"title": "Old Planters (Massachusetts)"
},
{
"id": "2650323",
"text": "for this purpose (the 1619 voyage being the first), with the tobacco brides promised free passage and trousseaus for their trouble. On November 21, 1620, the Mayflower arrived in what is today Provincetown, Massachusetts), bringing the Pilgrims. There were 102 people aboard – 18 married women traveling with their husbands, seven unmarried women traveling with their parents, three young unmarried women, one girl, and 73 men. Three fourths of the women died in the first few months; while the men were building housing and drinking fresh water the women were confined to the damp and crowded quarters of the ship.",
"title": "History of women in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2126256",
"text": "was a prisoner of the Pokanoket. And there is no other account of what Squanto did from the time he left Dermer to the time he met the new settlers at Patuxet/Plymouth. Having been delayed two months beyond its intended departure, the \"Mayflower\", its crew and 102 passengers sighted land very late in the year on November 9, 1620 o.s. at Cape Cod. This being well north of the land their patent entitled them to settle, they spent a day attempting to track southward to the mouth of \"Hudson's river\" (their intended destination), but dangerous shoals and breakers caused them",
"title": "Squanto"
},
{
"id": "1885748",
"text": "of Plymouth Colony from its founding in 1620 until the colony's merger with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. It is named after Plymouth, England where the \"Mayflower\" set sail for America. Plymouth is located approximately south of Boston, Massachusetts in a region known as the South Shore. Throughout the 19th century, the town thrived as a center of rope making, fishing, and shipping, and was home to the Plymouth Cordage Company, formerly the world's largest rope making company. It continues to be an active port, but today its major industry is tourism. The town is served by Plymouth Municipal",
"title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "4789739",
"text": "and perhaps leptospirosis. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans. The first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the \"Mayflower\" at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The event known as the \"First Thanksgiving\" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days. The Pilgrims were soon followed by other Puritans, who",
"title": "Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "4789731",
"text": "Massachusetts's population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the \"Mayflower\". In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of",
"title": "Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "6616337",
"text": "Company was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region. In December 1620, the permanent settlement of Plymouth Colony was established by the Pilgrims, English Puritan separatists who arrived on the \"Mayflower\". They held a feast of gratitude which became part of the American tradition of Thanksgiving. Plymouth Colony had a small population and size, and it was absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. Puritans began to immigrate from England in large numbers, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400",
"title": "History of New England"
},
{
"id": "2119036",
"text": "the Popham Colony along the Kennebec River in present-day Maine. However, it was abandoned after about a year and the Plymouth Company became inactive. A successor company eventually established a permanent settlement in 1620 when the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts aboard the \"Mayflower\". By the terms of the charter, the London Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles square between the 34th and 41st parallels, approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound. It also owned a large portion of Atlantic Ocean and inland Canada. On 14 May 1607, the London Company established the Jamestown Settlement",
"title": "Virginia Company"
},
{
"id": "4574952",
"text": "USS Plymouth Rock (LSD-29) USS \"Plymouth Rock\" (LSD-29) was a of the United States Navy, named for Plymouth Rock, the legendary landing site of the Pilgrims in 1620. \"Plymouth Rock\" was laid down by Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Mississippi on 4 May 1953; launched on 7 May 1954; sponsored by Mrs. Francis C. Denebrink; and commissioned on 29 November 1954, Commander D. Bontecou in command. After sailing in January 1955 to Norfolk, her homeport, \"Plymouth Rock\" conducted shakedown off the East Coast and in the Caribbean. In the summer of 1955 she transported men and equipment to early warning sites",
"title": "USS Plymouth Rock (LSD-29)"
},
{
"id": "12032618",
"text": "park is the Jenney Grist Mill, a 1970 reconstruction of an early grist mill which burned in 1837. Town Brook Historic and Archeological District The Town Brook Historic and Archeological District is a historic district encompassing much of the length of Town Brook in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its surrounding landscape. This area has an industrial history that extends to 1620, when the Pilgrims arrived on the \"Mayflower\" and established Plymouth Colony. It extends roughly from the crossing of Billington Street (near where it crosses Massachusetts Route 3), to the mouth of the brook in Plymouth Harbor. The district was listed",
"title": "Town Brook Historic and Archeological District"
},
{
"id": "285931",
"text": "first recorded non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City. The territory of New Netherland was originally a private, profit-making commercial enterprise focused on cementing alliances and conducting trade with the diverse Native American ethnic groups. Surveying and exploration of the region was conducted as a prelude to an anticipated official settlement by the Dutch Republic, which occurred in 1624. In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England. However, the \"Mayflower\" reached Cape Cod (now part of Massachusetts) on November 9, 1620, after a voyage of 64 days. For a variety of",
"title": "New Amsterdam"
},
{
"id": "15092086",
"text": "partly to eliminate confusion between this Hampton (in the kingdom of Wessex) and another Hamtun/Hampton (in the kingdom of Mercia); the latter became Northampton. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers (also known as Pilgrims or English Separatists) departed from Southampton for North America on the \"Mayflower\" and \"Speedwell\". The \"Speedwell\" had come from Holland to meet the \"Mayflower\" before crossing together. However, she was leaky and put into Dartmouth and Plymouth for repairs. There are reports that crew members who did not want to make the voyage sabotaged her. She was deemed too unreliable to attempt the crossing; personnel and stores",
"title": "History of the Port of Southampton"
},
{
"id": "13992609",
"text": "own: \"DON'T eat at Joe's.\" Jerky Turkey Jerky Turkey is a 1945 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon directed by Tex Avery. In 1620, Pilgrims, riding a caricatured \"Mayflower\" with a number of World War II-era anachronisms (such as a navy gunnery deck, a Henry J. Kaiser nameplate and a fuel rationing card) land at Plymouth Rock and establish a colony, where they quickly separate into \"Ye Democrats\" and \"Ye Republicans.\" The Pilgrims all stand in line for cigarettes (some are caricatures of Avery's animation crew), while the town crier bemoans that he has been made eligible for the draft {\"1-A\"}. A pear-shaped Pilgrim,",
"title": "Jerky Turkey"
},
{
"id": "495698",
"text": "Portuguese explorer Estêvão Gomes called it Cabo de la Arenas while sailing under the Spanish crown. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold named the tip Cape Cod, the surviving term and the ninth oldest English place-name in the U.S. Samuel de Champlain charted its sand-silted harbors in 1606, and Henry Hudson landed there in 1609. Captain John Smith noted it on his map of 1614, and at last the Pilgrims entered the \"Cape Harbor\" and – contrary to the popular myth of Plymouth Rock – made their first landing near present-day Provincetown on November 11, 1620. Nearby, in what is now Eastham,",
"title": "Cape Cod"
},
{
"id": "13171303",
"text": "and Grigory Flecnam. An early resident of the town was Peregrine White, the first English child born in New England. Peregrine was born on November 20, 1620 on the Mayflower, while the ship was anchored near Provincetown on Cape Cod. This is where the Pilgrims moored for several weeks prior to selecting a location in Plymouth for permanent settlement. Peregrine was born to Pilgrim Susanna (Unknown) White and her husband Pilgrim William White. William died during the first winter. Half of the Pilgrims died that winter due to sickness, cold and starvation. The name \"Peregrine\" means \"wanderer\", \"foreign traveler\", or",
"title": "History of Marshfield, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "13992606",
"text": "Jerky Turkey Jerky Turkey is a 1945 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon directed by Tex Avery. In 1620, Pilgrims, riding a caricatured \"Mayflower\" with a number of World War II-era anachronisms (such as a navy gunnery deck, a Henry J. Kaiser nameplate and a fuel rationing card) land at Plymouth Rock and establish a colony, where they quickly separate into \"Ye Democrats\" and \"Ye Republicans.\" The Pilgrims all stand in line for cigarettes (some are caricatures of Avery's animation crew), while the town crier bemoans that he has been made eligible for the draft {\"1-A\"}. A pear-shaped Pilgrim, who speaks with the milquetoast",
"title": "Jerky Turkey"
},
{
"id": "12261845",
"text": "November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "12031527",
"text": "with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. A few years later, Plymouth was also the departure point of the \"Mayflower\" in 1620, aboard which the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World, establishing the second permanent English colony in the United States of America. They eventually landed at a site which Captain John Smith had already named New Plymouth in a map published in his 1616 work \"A Description of New England\" and the Pilgrims accepted this name. Twin flags of the US and UK now fly at the Mayflower Steps to commemorate the",
"title": "History of Plymouth"
},
{
"id": "12261867",
"text": "to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England. Mayflower The Mayflower was an English ship that transported the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England, to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown. The ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States. The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact prior to leaving the ship and establishing Plymouth Colony, a document which established a rudimentary form of democracy with each member contributing to",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "5922606",
"text": "the Pennsylvania and its lower Delaware Bay counties remained proprietary colonies under a charter originally granted to William Penn and his heirs. The Province of Connecticut and the Province of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations continued as corporation colonies under charters, and Massachusetts was governed as a royal province while operating under a charter after the unifying of the older \"Massachusetts Bay\" colony at Boston and the \"first landing\" colony, Plymouth Colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, with its famous \"Mayflower Compact\" from 1620. Further south, the Provinces of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to the undefined border with Spanish",
"title": "Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "4059232",
"text": "Mayflower Steps The Mayflower Steps are close to the site in the Barbican area of Plymouth, south-west England, from which the Pilgrim Fathers are believed to have finally left England aboard the \"Mayflower\" on 6 September 1620, before crossing the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America. The traditional site of their disembarkation in North America is Plymouth Rock. The passengers who came predominantly from East Anglia sought religious and other freedoms. They had no links with Plymouth, but because of bad weather in the English Channel they were forced to put in at Plymouth seeking shelter and essential repairs.",
"title": "Mayflower Steps"
},
{
"id": "10005017",
"text": "officially part of the town of Plymouth, as are the outermost points of Duxbury Beach, Saquish Neck and Gurnet Point. The island is located north of the Duxbury Pier Light (locally known as \"Bug Light\") and Saquish Neck, and west of Saquish Head. Clark's Island Clark's Island is the name of a small island located in Duxbury Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It was named for John Clark, the first mate of the \"Mayflower\", the ship that brought the Pilgrims to New England. The island was initially considered for the location of the Pilgrim's settlement, but was rejected",
"title": "Clark's Island"
},
{
"id": "14650669",
"text": "dissenting congregation in Scrooby led by William Brewster, Richard Clyfton and John Robinson. This congregation was subject to ecclesiastical investigation, and its members faced social hostility from conforming church members. Fearing increasing persecution, the group left England and settled in the Dutch city of Leiden. In 1620, after receiving a patent from the London Company, the Pilgrims left for New England on board the \"Mayflower\", landing at Plymouth Rock. Two of the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Colony - Robert Cushman and Edward Winslow - believed that Cape Ann would be a profitable location for a settlement. They therefore organized a",
"title": "History of the Puritans in North America"
},
{
"id": "8445431",
"text": "Forefathers' Day Forefathers' Day is a holiday celebrated in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 22. It is a commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1620. It was introduced in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1769. Forefathers Day' is celebrated every year by the Old Colony Club, established in 1769 \"to honor the forefathers\". The celebration begins at 6:00 AM with a march by members to the top of Cole's Hill next to Massasoit's statue, followed by a reading of a proclamation honoring the forefathers and a ritual firing of the club's cannon. The Old Colony",
"title": "Forefathers' Day"
},
{
"id": "1087044",
"text": "whose main village was upriver at Pequawket (now Fryeburg), once hunted and fished in the area. The first European to settle at Biddeford was physician Richard Vines in the winter of 1616-17 at Winter Harbor, as he called Biddeford Pool. This 1616 landing by a European predates the Mayflower landing in Plymouth, Massachusetts, (located 100 miles to the south) by approximately four years, a fact that is overlooked in much of New England lore. In 1630, the Plymouth Company granted the land south of the River Swanckadocke to Dr. Vines and John Oldham. In 1653, the town included both sides",
"title": "Biddeford, Maine"
},
{
"id": "4342762",
"text": "She was sold to the Green Star Steamship Company in 1920. She was scrapped in Wilmington, Delaware in 1948. USS Plymouth (SP-3308) USS \"Plymouth\" (SP-3308), a screw steamer, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Plymouth, Massachusetts, a town on Plymouth Bay, about 35 miles southeast of Boston, founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. \"Plymouth\"'s keel was laid down in 1915 by the New York Shipbuilding Company of Camden, New Jersey, was taken over from the Italian-American Steamship Company by the United States Shipping Board (USSB) and simultaneously transferred to the United States Navy",
"title": "USS Plymouth (SP-3308)"
},
{
"id": "6748154",
"text": "History of Massachusetts Massachusetts was first colonized by principally English Europeans in the early 17th century, and became the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the 18th century. Prior to English colonization of the area, it was inhabited by a variety of mainly Algonquian language indigenous tribes. The first permanent English settlement in New England came in 1620 with the founding of Plymouth Colony by the Pilgrims who sailed on the \"Mayflower\". It set precedents but never grew large. A large-scale Puritan migration began in 1630 with the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and spawned the settlement of other New England",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "4351177",
"text": "USS Plymouth (PG-57) USS \"Plymouth\" (PG-57), a patrol gunboat, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for Plymouth, Massachusetts, a town founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 on Plymouth Bay, about 35 miles southeast of Boston. \"Plymouth\"s keel was laid down in 1931, by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel, Germany, as \"Alva\". She was originally built as a yacht for William Kissam Vanderbilt II and was named after his mother, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont. She was given to the United States Navy on 4 November 1941, by her owner and was placed in reduced commission",
"title": "USS Plymouth (PG-57)"
},
{
"id": "5870398",
"text": "learned of the planned \"Mayflower\" voyage to northern Virginia to establish a colony, he signed on to go to America along with his family. Stephen Hopkins and his family, consisting of his wife Elizabeth and his children Constance, Giles and Damaris, as well as two servants, departed Plymouth, England, on the \"Mayflower\" on 6/16 September 1620. The small, ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken, with caulking failing to keep out",
"title": "Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "12782753",
"text": "leaving England. Although very few knew one another, they agreed to emigrate as a body to Massachusetts, where White had sent other groups over the prior six years. White has been called \"the father of the Massachusetts Colony,\" despite remaining in England his entire life, because of his influence in establishing this settlement. From their first arrival aboard the Mayflower in 1620, until 1629, only about 300 Puritans had survived in New England, scattered in small and isolated settlements. The group fasted, prayed and prepared themselves for their perilous long voyage. White preached sermons in the morning and afternoon; then,",
"title": "William Phelps (colonist)"
},
{
"id": "15935115",
"text": "On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to",
"title": "Richard More (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "2956411",
"text": "is geologically classified as a Dedham Granite boulder and a glacial erratic. The two most significant primary sources on the founding of Plymouth Colony are Edward Winslow's \"Mourt's Relation\" and Bradford's history \"Of Plymouth Plantation\", and neither refers to Plymouth Rock. The rock first attracted public attention in 1741 when the residents of Plymouth began plans to build a wharf which would bury it. Before construction began, a 94-year-old elder of the church named Thomas Faunce declared that the boulder was the landing place of the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims. He asked to be brought to the rock to say a farewell.",
"title": "Plymouth Rock"
},
{
"id": "12759695",
"text": "was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity. Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the \"Mayflower\", eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November. Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the \"Mayflower Compact\" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland,",
"title": "English Americans"
},
{
"id": "4217998",
"text": "others are Narragansett Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Massachusetts Bay. In 1524 the great Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to discover Cape Cod Bay, his claim proved by a map of 1529 which clearly outlined Cape Cod. In 1620, the Pilgrims first sheltered in Provincetown Harbor where they signed the Mayflower Compact, the first democratic document signed in the New World. Most of Cape Cod is composed of glacially derived rocks, sands, and gravels. The last glacial period ended about 12,000 years ago. During the end of the last glaciation, Cape Cod Bay was probably a large",
"title": "Cape Cod Bay"
},
{
"id": "12219001",
"text": "when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was Cape Cod. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at the Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on 11/21 November. Realizing they were not at the intended destination they determined to bind themselves as a democratically governed and",
"title": "Peter Browne (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "6679788",
"text": "England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on 11/21 November. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Richard Warren's name appears 12th in the list. He participated in some of the early explorations of Cape Cod, when a suitable settlement location",
"title": "Richard Warren"
},
{
"id": "17584932",
"text": "Stratton. He came from London as a servant of Stephen Hopkins, completed his apprenticeship, and then moved to Virginia Colony. Mayflower Compact signatories The Mayflower Compact was the iconic document in the earliest history of America. It was ratified by forty-one men on board the Pilgrim ship \"Mayflower\" on November 11, 1620 while anchored at Cape Cod, now Provincetown Harbor in Massachusetts. The Compact was originally drafted as an instrument to maintain unity and discipline in this new land called Plymouth Colony but, over time, it has become one of the most historic documents in American History. It was later",
"title": "Mayflower Compact signatories"
},
{
"id": "12261848",
"text": "with the locals. Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went. He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620. However, the only contemporary account of events, William Bradford's \"History of Plymouth Plantation\", records only that the pilgrims took \"some\" of the corn, to show to others back at the",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "12261842",
"text": "been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in the cramped spaces of a small ship. But the \"Mayflower\" sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called \"a prosperous wind\". Aboard the \"Mayflower\" were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "2956409",
"text": "Plymouth Rock Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. The Pilgrims did not refer to Plymouth Rock in any of their writings; the first known written reference to the rock dates to 1715 when it was described in the town boundary records as \"a great rock.\" The first documented claim that Plymouth Rock was the landing place of the Pilgrims was made by Elder Thomas Faunce in 1741, 121 years after the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth. From that time to the present, Plymouth Rock has occupied",
"title": "Plymouth Rock"
},
{
"id": "16388710",
"text": "passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The",
"title": "William White (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "3627945",
"text": "Peregrine White Peregrine White ( November 20, 1620July 20, 1704) was the first baby boy born on the Mayflower in the harbor of Massachusetts, the second baby born on the \"Mayflower\"s historic voyage, and the first known English child born to the Pilgrims in America. His parents, William White and his pregnant wife Susanna, with their son Resolved White and two servants, came on the Pilgrim ship \"Mayflower\" in 1620. Peregrine White was born while the \"Mayflower\" lay at anchor in the harbor at Cape Cod. In later life he became a person of note in Plymouth Colony, active in",
"title": "Peregrine White"
},
{
"id": "503291",
"text": "defeated the Spanish Armada. It departed Delfshaven in July 1620 with the Leiden colonists, after a canal ride from Leyden of about seven hours. It reached Southampton, Hampshire and met with the \"Mayflower\" and the additional colonists hired by the investors. With final arrangements made, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (New Style). Soon thereafter, the \"Speedwell\" crew reported that their ship was taking in water, so both were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. There it was inspected for leaks and sealed, but a second attempt to depart also failed, bringing them only as far as",
"title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)"
},
{
"id": "2956413",
"text": "given that he was not an eyewitness to the event. Journalist Bill Bryson, for example, wrote, \"The one thing the Pilgrims certainly did not do was step ashore on Plymouth Rock,\" arguing that the boulder would have made an impractical landing spot. Others have taken issue with the significance of the rock based on the fact that the Pilgrims first disembarked from the \"Mayflower\" at Provincetown, Massachusetts to explore Cape Cod, more than a month prior to arriving in Plymouth harbor. In 1851, a group of Cape Cod residents formed the Cape Cod Association for the purpose of promoting Provincetown",
"title": "Plymouth Rock"
},
{
"id": "2932394",
"text": "realm of the Pokanoket was extensive and known to the Pilgrims before they arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts on the \"Mayflower\" in 1620. William Bradford wrote that he had received before the Pilgrims sailed: The area in Rhode Island consisting of Bristol, Barrington, and Warren was named Sowams and was the main settlement of the Pokanoket when the Pilgrims arrived. Bradford had been told that the land of the Pokanoket had \"the richest soil, and much open ground fit for English grain\". Giovanni de Verrazano sailed into Narragansett Bay in 1524, and people appeared on the shores, most likely Pokanokets. The",
"title": "Pokanoket"
},
{
"id": "6517576",
"text": "see, stick fast where they were left by that great man of God, who yet saw not all things. This is a misery much to be lamented.\" The \"Mayflower\" reached the coast of what is now Massachusetts on 21 November 1620. For the next several years, the Pilgrims awaited the arrival of Robinson and the rest of the congregation. The departure for most of the rest of the congregation was delayed for several years. Robinson became ill on 22 February 1625 but recovered enough to preach twice the next day, which was Sunday. By the next Sunday, Reverend John Robinson",
"title": "John Robinson (pastor)"
},
{
"id": "7047918",
"text": "Mourt's Relation The booklet Mourt's Relation (full title: A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plimoth in New England) was written primarily by Edward Winslow, although William Bradford appears to have written most of the first section. It was written between November 1620 and November 1621 and describes in detail what happened from the landing of the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims on Cape Cod in Provincetown Harbor through their exploring and eventual settling of Plymouth Colony. The book describes their relations with the surrounding Native Americans, up to what is commonly called the first",
"title": "Mourt's Relation"
},
{
"id": "18981131",
"text": "Saints & Strangers Saints & Strangers is an American drama television two-part miniseries. It tells the story of the \"Mayflower\" voyage and chronicles the Pilgrims' first year in America and the first Thanksgiving in 1621. The program aired on the National Geographic Channel and premiered on November 22, 2015. The miniseries chronicles the real story of the Pilgrims: their harrowing voyage from England to America aboard the \"Mayflower\" and settling in Plymouth, Massachusetts; vying to survive in the harsh climate; their struggles with the local tribes, and celebrating their first Thanksgiving with the natives, the Pokanoket people, in 1621. The",
"title": "Saints & Strangers"
},
{
"id": "9132906",
"text": "buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The friary was dissolved in 1538 but its ruins remained until they were swept away in the 1940s. The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard \"Mayflower\" in 1620. In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"id": "2956419",
"text": "been ceremoniously buried twice by Indian rights activists, once in 1970 and again in 1995, as part of National Day of Mourning protests. Today, Plymouth Rock is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as part of Pilgrim Memorial State Park. From the end of May to Thanksgiving Day, Pilgrim Memorial is staffed by park interpreters who inform visitors of the history of Plymouth Rock and answer questions. Plymouth Rock Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. The Pilgrims did",
"title": "Plymouth Rock"
},
{
"id": "14057972",
"text": "because the job required the officer to swear to levy and collect rates for the Church of England, and he had, by then, become a Quaker. Founded by a group of Separatists and Anglicans, who together later came to be known as the Pilgrims, Plymouth Colony (in Massachusetts) was founded in 1620 by those who sailed aboard the Mayflower. The colony was one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in North America, and the first sizeable permanent English settlement in what is now the New England region. Soon other colonies were established in New England.",
"title": "Thomas Powell (1641–1722)"
},
{
"id": "12261825",
"text": "Mayflower The Mayflower was an English ship that transported the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England, to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown. The ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States. The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact prior to leaving the ship and establishing Plymouth Colony, a document which established a rudimentary form of democracy with each member contributing to the welfare of the community. There was a second ship",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "1712771",
"text": "often hailed as the point where the colonists first set foot on their new homeland. The area where the colonists settled had been identified as \"New Plymouth\" in maps by John Smith published in 1614. The colonists elected to retain the name for their own settlement, in honor of their final point of departure from England: Plymouth, Devon. On December 21, 1620, the first landing party arrived at the site of Plymouth. Plans to build houses, however, were delayed by bad weather until December 23. As the building progressed, 20 men always remained ashore for security purposes while the rest",
"title": "Plymouth Colony"
},
{
"id": "1094266",
"text": "gathering shellfish. They also cultivated maize to supplement their diets and to store for winter eating. The English Pilgrims stopped in Truro and Provincetown in 1620 as their original choice for a landing before later deciding the area to be unsuitable. While there, they discovered fresh water and corn stored by the Wampanoag. Historians debate the accuracy of the account about the latter discovery, but in popular lore it led to the place being called Corn Hill. Truro was settled by English immigrant colonists in the 1690s as the northernmost portion of the town of Eastham. The town was officially",
"title": "Truro, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "15000457",
"text": "America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade The America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade is an annual parade held in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The parade, which began in 1996, is traditionally held the weekend before Thanksgiving and draws its name from the fact that Plymouth Colony was the landing point of the Pilgrims involved in the traditional \"First Thanksgiving\" in the early 1620s. Unlike most Thanksgiving parades, which include giant balloons of popular characters, the \"America's Hometown\" parade has a strict theme. Each element in the parade is based on the history of the United States and arranged in chronological order, with five divisions separated by",
"title": "America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade"
},
{
"id": "11348789",
"text": "TV series \"Salem\". Endnotes Texts John Alden (sailor) Capt. John Alden Jr. (ca. 1626 or 1627 – ) was a 17th-century American soldier, politician, merchant, and sailor. He was a well-known public figure in his time but is now chiefly remembered as a survivor of the Salem witch trials, of which he wrote a much quoted and studied account. John Alden Jr. was the son of Capt. John Alden Sr. and Priscilla Alden (née Mullins), who settled in Plymouth Colony (present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts) in 1620, arriving on the Pilgrim ship \"Mayflower\". He was born in Plymouth in about 1626 or",
"title": "John Alden (sailor)"
},
{
"id": "24280",
"text": "to be put to death until the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, saved him. From this the legend of Pocahontas sprang forth, becoming part of American folklore, children's books, and movies. Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, and an important symbol in American history. There are no contemporary references to the Pilgrims' landing on a rock at Plymouth. The first written reference to the Pilgrims landing on a rock is found 121 years after they landed. The Rock, or one traditionally identified as it, has long been",
"title": "Folklore of the United States"
},
{
"id": "1718924",
"text": "anchored on November 11/21, 1620. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, Bradford being one of the first to sign. Bradford had yet to assume any significant leadership role in the colony by the time that he was 30. The \"Mayflower\" anchored in Provincetown Harbor and he volunteered to be a member of the exploration parties searching for a place for settlement. In November and December, these parties made three separate ventures from the \"Mayflower\" on foot and by boat, finally locating Plymouth Harbor in mid-December and selecting that site for settlement. During the first expedition on foot, Bradford got",
"title": "William Bradford (governor)"
},
{
"id": "12261826",
"text": "named \"Mayflower\", which made the London to Plymouth, Massachusetts, voyage several times. The \"Mayflower\" was a square rig with a beakhead bow and high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620; the voyage from England to America took",
"title": "Mayflower"
},
{
"id": "2623714",
"text": "transatlantic crossing. She was commanded on her maiden voyage by Alan Villiers, and among the crew was Peter Padfield, who went on to become a naval historian. Since 1957, \"Mayflower II\" has been a pier side tourist attraction, moored at Long Wharf near the site of Plymouth Rock. The ship has been a popular attraction near Boston; it has become the site of national and state celebrations. On Thanksgiving 1970 (the 350th anniversary of \"Mayflower\" landing), members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) led by Russell Means seized \"Mayflower II\" in protest of the United States government's failure to abide",
"title": "Mayflower II"
},
{
"id": "6679786",
"text": "the time of the \"Mayflower's\" voyage in 1620, Richard and his wife had five daughters: Mary, Ann, Sarah, Elizabeth and Abigail. But Richard came on the \"Mayflower\" alone, deciding to wait until conditions in the New World were satisfactory before bringing over his family. Bradford's recollection of that time: \"Mr. Richard Warren, but his wife and children were lefte behind, and came afterwards.\" The \"Mayflower\" departed Plymouth, England on 6/16 September 1620. The small, ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong",
"title": "Richard Warren"
},
{
"id": "9213143",
"text": "the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter",
"title": "Francis Eaton (Mayflower passenger)"
},
{
"id": "6431574",
"text": "almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Issac Allerton was one of the signers. Of Isaac Allerton and his first",
"title": "Isaac Allerton"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Provincetown, Massachusetts context: 1620, the Pilgrims aboard the \"Mayflower\" sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the strong winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor, and set anchor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed. They agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End. Though the Pilgrims chose to settle across the bay in Plymouth, Cape Cod enjoyed an early reputation for its valuable fishing grounds, and for its\n\nDec 18, 1620 is the official landing date of the Mayflower. At what Massachusetts location did they make land?",
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Plymouth, Massachusetts context was a leader of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, and he explored parts of Cape Cod Bay and is credited with naming the region \"New Plimouth.\" Two plagues afflicted coastal New England in 1614 and 1617, killing between 90% and 95% of the local Wampanoag inhabitants. The near disappearance of the tribe from the site left their cornfields and cleared areas vacant for the Pilgrims to occupy. Plymouth played a very important role in American colonial history. It was the final landing site of the first voyage of the \"Mayflower\" and the location of the original settlement of Plymouth Colony.\n\ntitle: Plymouth Rock context is geologically classified ased Granite bould and a glacial erratic. The most significant primary sources on the founding of Plymouth Colony Edward Winslow'sMourt's Relation\" Bradford's history \"Of Plymouth Plantation\", and neither refers to Plymouth Rock. The rock attracted public attention in 1741 when the residents of Plymouth began plans to build a wharf whichury it. Before construction began, a 94-year-old of the church Thomas Faun declared that the boulder was the landing place of \"Mayflower\" Pilgrims. He asked to be brought to the rock say a farewell.\n\ntitle: Mayflower 12, sighted present-day C spent several days trying sail south to their destination of the Colony of Virginia where they had permission sett from Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winteras forced to return thebor at Cape hook, north of the intended area where they anchored 11 sett wrote signed the Mayflower Compact the ship dropped anchorod, in whatetownbor, order to legal qu increasing strife within the\n\n women the States for this purpose (1619 voyage first), the toaccoides promised free and trse trouble.,6er is today the. There people 18 married their traveling with their parents, three young unmarried women, one girl, and 73 men. Three fourths of the women died in the first few months; while the men were building housing and drinking fresh water the women were confined to the damp and crowded quarters of the ship.\n\nDec 18, 1620 is the official landing date of the Mayflower. At what Massachusetts location did they make land?",
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78,754 | In the Transformer universe, who do the Autobots battle? | [
"Spy Streak",
"Cycle Drones",
"Vehicon",
"Mayhem Attack Squad",
"Ultracons",
"Obliterators (Transformers)",
"The Decepticons",
"Deceptacon",
"Dark Nova",
"Decepticons",
"Blastcharge",
"Decepticon",
"Vehicons",
"Diagnostic Drone"
] | The Decepticons | [
{
"id": "10467498",
"text": "Bringer, the Autobots are forced to contend with the threat of his Predacon-Terrorcon army marching towards the Well of All Sparks to destroy Primus. After Starscream frees several captive Vehicons and Knock Out and attempts to reclaim the \"Nemesis\" only to be betrayed by Knock Out, the Autobots-minus Ratchet and Ultra Magnus and now accompanied by Knock Out-take the \"Nemesis\" into battle. They are quickly joined by Predaking and the other Predacon clones, who are now loyal to him, but the sheer numbers and power of the enemy army soon take their toll. Optimus and Wheeljack then return with the",
"title": "Bulkhead (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "3290751",
"text": "Cade and the Autobots must confront the \"T.R.F.\" (Transformers Reaction Force), an organization reformed from the remnants of the disbanded CIA unit Cemetery Wind, whose purpose is to wipe out all Transformers on Earth, regardless of faction, and also must protect a girl named Izabella, a street-smart tomboy who was orphaned during the battle of Chicago. The Autobots and the TRF battle against Quintessa and Megatron and their defense forces, in which they must find and retrieve his staff to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cybertron. Not much has been revealed about the Autobots in the \"Transformers Animated\"",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "8696557",
"text": "the Decepticons take the form of jets, weapons or in the case of Soundwave, a cassette deck with tapes. The Decepticons wreak havoc, steal energy and build a fortress. The Autobots, seen here as very weak underdogs, unsuited for war, fight valiantly to stop their foes. Ultimately, it's the humans that the Autobots befriend that save the day. Buster Witwicky's father, captured by the Decepticons to formulate a fuel for them, secretly poisons his captors. In the final battle, five Autobots take on the entire Decepticon army. With the Autobots on the cusp of defeat, the tainted fuel concocted by",
"title": "The Transformers (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"id": "4981828",
"text": "Prime sacrifices his life to allow the Autobots to return to their home universe, and the five planet leaders confront Galvatron within the black hole and defeat him. With all the Cyber Planet Keys now in his possession, Primus uses their power to finally seal the black hole, ending its threat. As the planet's various civilizations attempt to return to life as normal, Galvatron attacks the Autobots for one final time. Without any troops to call his own, Galvatron engages Optimus Prime in a one-on-one duel, and is finally destroyed for good. As Galvatron is dying, he places his fist",
"title": "Transformers: Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "4963525",
"text": "of Cybertron, war rages between the two factions known as the Autobots and the Decepticons over the race of smaller, power-enhancing Transformers called Mini-Cons. Seeking to flee the conflict that surrounds them, the Mini-Cons escape Cybertron with the aid of the Autobots, but an attack by the Decepticons cripples the ship as it flees through a spacebridge. The ship materializes in the Solar system and impacts with the moon of Earth, breaking in two. One portion of the ship stays embedded on the Moon, while the other plummets to the planet below. The Mini-Cons, all locked in pentagonal stasis panels,",
"title": "Transformers: Armada"
},
{
"id": "10594242",
"text": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Transformers\", as well as the second installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. Taking place two years after its predecessor, the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, led by Megatron. Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols, and being hunted by the Decepticons under",
"title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen"
},
{
"id": "3290695",
"text": "Autobot Autobots are a team of sentient mechanical self-configuring modular robotic lifeforms from the planet Cybertron led by Optimus Prime, and the main protagonists in the universe of the Transformers, a collection of various toys, cartoons, movies, graphic novels, and paperback books first introduced in 1984. The \"Heroic Autobots\" are opposed by the Evil Decepticons. Both Autobots and Decepticons are humanoid robots that can transform into machines, vehicles and other familiar mechanical objects, as well as mimic organic lifeforms (Dinobots). Autobots typically transform into regular cars, trucks, or other road vehicles (\"auto\"mobiles) but some few are aircraft, military vehicles, communication",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "8761608",
"text": "is building to get off Earth. In the battle that follows, Swindle betrays Rodimus and reveals his new creation, Menasor, but the day is saved thanks to Skywatch, with whom Optimus Prime has brokered an alliance, and some timely side-switching from the disillusioned Thundercracker. The disgraced Rodimus flees Earth alone, and the Autobots rally under Bumblebee. Working with Skywatch, the Autobots begin helping them deal with Transformer-related crises around Earth, finding themselves caught between the Combaticons, allied with North Korea, and the Predacons, working for China. Disenchanted Skywatch operative Sandra broadcasts footage of his battle to the world, exposing Skywatch's",
"title": "The Transformers (IDW Publishing)"
},
{
"id": "15967432",
"text": "their home world, Cybertron. The events of the previous game have left the planet unable to sustain life, and the Autobots, desperate to ensure the continued existence of the Transformer race, seek to flee the planet. The Decepticons, still bent on domination, will stop at nothing to ensure that the Autobots either submit to the Decepticons or are eliminated. \"Fall of Cybertron\" depicts the final battle between the two robot factions, which results in the desolation of their home world, forcing the Autobots to seek refuge in our galaxy, the Milky Way. The developer, High Moon Studios, hoped to show",
"title": "Transformers: Fall of Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "5547756",
"text": "Transformers (film) Transformers is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name. The film, which combines computer animation with live-action filming, was directed by Michael Bay, with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer. It was produced by Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto, and is the first installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. The film stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky, a teenager who gets caught up in a war between the heroic Autobots and the villainous Decepticons, two factions of alien robots who can disguise themselves by transforming into everyday machinery,",
"title": "Transformers (film)"
},
{
"id": "1770249",
"text": "\"Transform and roll out!\" The Decepticons are from a race called Transformers - robots that can change into vehicles, mechanical devices and even animal forms. They waged war for eons on their home planet of Cybertron against the heroic Autobots. Both factions needed supplies, and select numbers from each side intended to get them. The Autobots weren't looking for a fight with the Decepticons, but they get one out in space anyway. When the Decepticons board the Autobots' ship it takes a beating and crashes onto Primitive Earth and knocks everyone unconscious. Millions of years later, in 1984 a volcano",
"title": "Decepticon"
},
{
"id": "15043626",
"text": "taken to Unicron. Tap-Out, \"\" Megatron, Brawn, \"War Within\" Grimlock, and \"Beast Machines\" Snarl are also abducted from various timelines. Silverbolt, Blackarachnia, Sideswipe, and Sunstreaker are forcibly reformatted by Unicron into their \"Universe\" forms. Taken captive by \"Universe\" Razorclaw, Reptilion, Obsidian, Tankor and Striker, the Autobots are forced to fight one another. They witness \"Armada\" Smokescreen kill \"Generation 1\" Smokescreen, whose spark is absorbed by Unicron. Sensing the need for a champion, Primus and Alpha Trion bring Optimus Primal back to life. Transformers Universe #2 contains the story \"Escape\". Optimus Primal is able to use his spark telepathy to free",
"title": "Transformers Universe (comic book)"
},
{
"id": "14621054",
"text": "Transformers: Prime Transformers: Prime is an American computer-animated superhero television series based on the \"Transformers\" toy franchise by Hasbro that aired on Hub Network from November 29, 2010 to July 26, 2013. \"Transformers: Prime\" focuses on the superheroic Autobots of \"Team Prime\", which consists of Optimus Prime, Ratchet, Arcee, Bumblebee and Bulkhead. Throughout their battles, the Autobots are aided by three human children and with their help attempt to protect the Earth from the villainous Decepticons and their leader Megatron. Development of the series began in early 2010 with the announcement that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, screenwriters of the",
"title": "Transformers: Prime"
},
{
"id": "3290732",
"text": "the All Spark in an effort to restore a destroyed Cybertron. The beginning of the movie, narrated by Optimus Prime, indicates that all life on Cybertron came from \"the Cube\". In the beginning, Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together. However, Megatron soon began to desire the power of the AllSpark. To counter Megatron, Optimus formed the Autobots, a group of civilian Transformers sworn to protect the AllSpark. Throughout the evolution of the Transformers, wars brought on the demise of their planet. Although the Autobots initially make a poor first impression with the authorities, the U.S. government is eventually convinced",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "8304969",
"text": "time by \"Total Film Magazine\". The character of Optimus Prime first appears in the 2007 \"Transformers\" film as the leader of the Autobots in the search for the Allspark. He intends to destroy it, even if it means sacrificing himself, before the Decepticons can use it to create a new army to conquer the universe. After arriving and scanning a Peterbilt truck, Optimus greets Sam Witwicky and Mikaela Banes, introducing his men and explaining why they have come to Earth. During the final battle, Optimus slays the hate-filled Decepticon Bonecrusher and faces his ancient enemy, Megatron. Unable to match Megatron",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "8761581",
"text": "friends Hunter and Jimmy home. Ironhide and Sunstreaker are given this task, but the Machination strikes and seemingly destroy Sunstreaker and Hunter. Ratchet realizes that Sunstreaker's corpse is a fake and that he and Hunter have simply been kidnapped. Megatron uses the Ore-13 to give him the rare ability of mass-displacement to transform into an earthen pistol, and decides to stay on Earth to escalate tensions, using a human facsimile to stir up a war between the United States and El Jira. The Autobots, with newly arrived allies, battle the Decepticons in the Russian breakaway state of Brasnya where the",
"title": "The Transformers (IDW Publishing)"
},
{
"id": "7679546",
"text": "with the Autobots now in control of Cybertron once more, working to restore their homeworld and serving as peacemakers for worlds all across the galaxy. The Decepticons, meanwhile, are in exile on the ruined world of Chaar, led now by Galvatron, the rebuilt, upgraded version of Megatron recreated by Unicron. Interconnected episodes, running plot threads and small story arcs became more common in the series, including the return of Starscream (following his death in the movie) as a ghost, frequent battles between the giant Autobot and Decepticon cities of Metroplex and Trypticon and the threat to both sides posed by",
"title": "The Transformers (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1538811",
"text": "space for possession of the Allspark, crash-landed onto a futuristic Earth and resume their battle after laying dormant for years. In addition to the Decepticons, the Autobots have to face the human villains as well. Classic characters such as Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Prowl, Starscream, Megatron, Jazz and Ultra Magnus appear in this series. Originally, Transformers: Animated was to be called \"Transformers: Heroes\", but its name was changed to avoid confusion with the Transformers live-action film. The line was released alongside a sub-series of the \"\" line for its Legends size figures. This line features robot versions of various \"Star Wars\"",
"title": "Transformers (toy line)"
},
{
"id": "3420134",
"text": "years earlier), when robots and humans live side-by-side. The Autobots come to Earth and assume superhero roles, battling evil humans with the Decepticons having a smaller role until Megatron resurfaces. Main characters include Autobots Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Bulkhead, Prowl, and Ratchet; Decepticons Megatron, Starscream, Blitzwing, Lugnut, and Blackarachnia; and humans Professor Sumdac and Sari Sumdac. Several characters that were in the original Transformers cartoon and 1986 animated movie, as well as characters only seen in comics and such, make special appearances and cameos throughout the show. In 2010, Hasbro released a toy line expansion to the film universe. This line",
"title": "Transformers"
},
{
"id": "8304975",
"text": "with a small band of Autobots, Optimus faces Lockdown, a ruthless bounty hunter allied with the humans, and KSI, an organization that produces man-made Transformers. Optimus is captured by Lockdown, but the Autobots rescue him. Optimus is quickly losing faith in humanity, but at the urging of Cade, chooses to stay and fight a resurrected Megatron and his new army. Prime awakens the ancient Dinobots, and rides a newly tamed Grimlock into battle through Hong Kong. He kills Lockdown and Harold Attinger at the film's climax as revenge for killing many of his friends, including Ratchet and Leadfoot. At the",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "14073207",
"text": "while, the Aerialbots witness the damaged Trypticon plunge into Cybertron, and the Autobots band together to narrowly defeat him in one final battle. In the aftermath of the battle Optimus commissions a massive vessel known as the \"Ark\" to transport the remaining Autobots into space. Optimus and a small band of remaining Autobots stay to defend Cybertron from Megatron for as long as possible. \"War for Cybertron\" is played from a third person perspective. Transformers are classified into four main categories, Leader, Soldier, Scientist, and Scout. Each character in the campaign is classified as one of these types, and their",
"title": "Transformers: War for Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "5547805",
"text": "box office successes. Transformers (film) Transformers is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name. The film, which combines computer animation with live-action filming, was directed by Michael Bay, with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer. It was produced by Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto, and is the first installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. The film stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky, a teenager who gets caught up in a war between the heroic Autobots and the villainous Decepticons, two factions of alien robots who can disguise themselves by transforming",
"title": "Transformers (film)"
},
{
"id": "6556977",
"text": "Reverse Convoy, a Transformer hailing from the planet Vehicon, who, in reality, was a rebuilt Megatron having been transformed into \"Rebirth Megatron\". They would all eventually be defeated, however, and the various Transformers returned to their own time. Transformers: Robot Masters \"Robot Masters\" is set after season two of the original Transformers series. In it, the original Megatron has been lost in some undisclosed accident, and the Autobots (Cybertrons) are in development of technology that would allow them to harness the power of a new energy source called \"\"Solitarium\"\". Through some unknown event, Transformers from all over time and space",
"title": "Transformers: Robot Masters"
},
{
"id": "3290776",
"text": "the rest of Bumblebee's team decides to establish a new, permanent Autobot base on Earth. Autobot Autobots are a team of sentient mechanical self-configuring modular robotic lifeforms from the planet Cybertron led by Optimus Prime, and the main protagonists in the universe of the Transformers, a collection of various toys, cartoons, movies, graphic novels, and paperback books first introduced in 1984. The \"Heroic Autobots\" are opposed by the Evil Decepticons. Both Autobots and Decepticons are humanoid robots that can transform into machines, vehicles and other familiar mechanical objects, as well as mimic organic lifeforms (Dinobots). Autobots typically transform into regular",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "15741653",
"text": "refuge in an abandoned gas station. Later, Optimus scans a passing truck and turns into a Western Star 5700 Phantom Custom truck with the original red and blue paint with flames, and summons the surviving Autobots – Bumblebee, who has assumed an alternate form, Hound, Drift, and Crosshairs – who have come to distrust humans due to Cemetery Wind constantly hunting them down. Using a CIA drone which he stole during the home invasion, Cade discovers K.S.I.'s involvement in the attacks on the Autobots. Optimus vows to personally kill Attinger for his actions against his brethren. Infiltrating K.S.I.'s headquarters in",
"title": "Transformers: Age of Extinction"
},
{
"id": "11182693",
"text": "of Unicron. The heroically reborn Optimus, now known as Nova Prime, engaged his usurper in battle and defeated Rodimus, sending him plummeting into Cybertron's depths. However, Rodimus then encountered the malevolent Primus, who enlisted his aid and that of other \"true Autobots\" in ridding his surface of those he considered vermin-namely, all Decepticons and Autobots not loyal to the same cause. This would lead to an epic battle between Primus' minions and the heroic Transformers of their universe: Galvatron's Decepticons, Nova Prime's Autobots, and a group of Maximals created from \"Classics\" Autobots. Rodimus Prime/Minor is a character who appeared in",
"title": "Rodimus"
},
{
"id": "15741658",
"text": "follows in Hong Kong's streets between Cade's group, the Autobots, Cemetery Wind, Galvatron, and his drones. During the fight, Optimus gains the alliance of the Dinobots, who become essential to the Autobots' victory while Bumblebee kills Stinger. Lockdown returns to capture Optimus and the Dinobots, using a large magnet in his ship that picks up and drops metal objects, causing destruction to the city. After disabling the magnet, Optimus fights Lockdown at an abandoned factory. In the ensuing duel, Optimus kills Attinger (who still angrily deems all Cybertronians aside from Lockdown as a threat) to save Cade, and avenging the",
"title": "Transformers: Age of Extinction"
},
{
"id": "15963512",
"text": "Clocker, Mainspring, and Chaindrive, along with the Junkions Cannonspring and Pinion, reveal their true identity and combine into Nexus Prime, another member of the original Thirteen. Nexus gives Optimus a legendary sword called the Cyber Caliber, which he uses to duel with Megatron. Optimus wins the fight, but has a vision of the AllSpark's location and retreats to the \"Ark\" with the rest of the crew. The Autobots and Decepticons leave Junkion, and the search for the AllSpark continues. Throughout the story, a crew of space pirate Transformers called the Star Seekers (who have a vendetta against the people of",
"title": "Transformers: Exiles"
},
{
"id": "3290724",
"text": "Unicron Trilogy, the Autobots switched motives after each major conflict. At first, they were attempting to liberate smaller robots, called Mini-Cons, from the tyrannical control of Megatron, who saw them as tools to be used and disposed of when no longer needed. The Autobots followed the Mini-Cons' ship to Earth, where they crashed and eventually continued their battle against the Decepticons. These two sides would unite to fight the Chaos Bringer, Unicron, when he threatened to devour Cybertron. With Megatron sacrificing himself to save the rest of the Universe, Unicron shut down and was destroyed. The remaining Transformers united as",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "9758965",
"text": "However, Megatron secretly desires the Allspark's power for himself and has formed a like-minded army of separatists - the Decepticons - with Starscream at his side. He then plunges Cybertron into civil war, killing millions. During the Battle of Tyger Pax, Autobot Bumblebee leads a team to hold back overwhelming odds of Dreadwing, Payload and Swindle Drones while Prime attempts to launch the Allspark into space, making a last-ditch attempt to prevent Megatron from claiming it. The Decepticons capture Bumblebee and torture him. Bumblebee keeps Megatron distracted long enough for the Allspark to be launched into space. A determined Megatron",
"title": "Transformers: Movie Prequel"
},
{
"id": "8616890",
"text": "ready for Jazz and Wheeljack. Optimus Prime stops the truck with Sunstreaker's corpse, and they discover it is a fake. While this has been going on, Megatron has begun his campaign, sending his troops to escalate tensions in trouble spots (with Skywarp and Thundercracker bombing a Middle Eastern power station) and activating facsimiles (loyal clones) to see that tensions rise accordingly. Megatron, having taken the form of a pistol, personally journeys to the disputed Soviet state of Brasnya, attacking both sides. The Autobots mount a response, trying to capture the facsimile and a battle breaks out, with Prowl and Hot",
"title": "The Transformers: Escalation"
},
{
"id": "8304891",
"text": "humans, the protection of life and liberty of all sentient species. As the current Matrix of Leadership bearer, Optimus Prime is the de facto leader of the Autobots, a faction of a transforming species of synthetic intelligence from the planet Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly waging civil war against a rival faction of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil was responsible for his name. Optimus Prime is usually depicted as being a member of an ancient Transformers race called the Dynasty of Primes, often receiving the title \"The Last Prime\" in",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "5133186",
"text": "Transformers to present-day Cybertron. Bumblebee takes center stage in the third crossover series, as he, Grimlock, Arcee, and Perceptor are sent to Earth to aid G.I. Joe in removing the influence of Cybertronian technology on the planet. Sporting his original alternate mode again, he is shown to have something of a crush on Arcee. When Cobra attacks the base, the Autobots help repel the Cobra Battle Android Trooper armies. Journeying to Cybertron to stop Serpentor, the mismatched group is ambushed first by Cannibalizers, then by Serpentor, Piranacon, Predaking and the Stunticons, with Bumblebee being badly injured as he runs right",
"title": "Bumblebee (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "5584738",
"text": "Transformers found inside, adapting them into Cobra assault vehicles. G.I. Joe is formed to stop Cobra and receives unexpected help from Wheeljack and Bumblebee. When the Transformers eventually break free, G.I Joe are forced to battle the Autobots, Decepticons and Cobra in order to stop a malfunctioning satellite weapons system and prevent the detonation of a nuclear device reacting with Energon. The second four-issue mini-series was written by Dan Jolley and drawn by Tim Seeley and E. J. Su. Cobra was shattered in the first series, but Cobra Commander survived and recruited Destro to help steal Teletran-3. An accident occurs,",
"title": "Transformers (comics)"
},
{
"id": "12275313",
"text": "takes down the colossal Decepticon known as Devastator, and retrieves a piece of Cybertronian technology unearthed by Devastator. Optimus and Ironhide find that Bumblebee is missing, and they learn that he has been taken by Starscream. Megatron reveals himself to the Autobots, and challenges Optimus to one final fight. Meanwhile, Bumblebee is released by Jetfire, who has been taken captive by the Decepticons. Optimus and Megatron battle, ending with Optimus close to death. Jetfire places Optimus's body in an escape pod, where Optimus's eyes light up, revealing that he is still clinging to life. Starscream and Megatron take the last",
"title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)"
},
{
"id": "16762084",
"text": "Spike Witwicky Spike Witwicky is a regular character in the \"Transformers\" comics and television series in the Transformers robot superhero franchise. Spike and the rest of the Witwicky family members are the closest human allies of the Autobots. Their motto is \"No sacrifice, no victory\". They appeared in the original television and comic book series and later in the live action films. Contrary to popular belief, Witwicky is a real name, but a vanishingly rare one. The U.S. Social Security Death Index records the passing of only two people with that name in the United States in the last 50",
"title": "Spike Witwicky"
},
{
"id": "8761609",
"text": "secret alliance with the Autobots; when Bumblebee tries to hold a press conference in response, he is grievously injured by a human agent of anti-Transformer movement Earth's Children, wielding Cybertronian weaponry surreptitiously supplied by the Decepticons. This heralds the return of the rebuilt Megatron, who launches a devastating attack on Skywatch and the Autobots but is eventually defeated by Optimus Prime and surrenders to his custody. Meanwhile, on his sojourn in space, Rodimus manages to recover the Matrix of Leadership from Starscream (right before Megatron's restoration and reclamation of the Decepticons). Gathering allies Wheelie and Garnak on the planet LV-117",
"title": "The Transformers (IDW Publishing)"
},
{
"id": "17345789",
"text": "Autobots left Earth to pursue the Decepticons into space. Daniel appeared in the 1986 story and coloring book \"The Lost Treasure of Cybertron\" by Marvel Books. In this continuity, his father was Buster Witwicky. In the Japanese manga \"Big War\" #2 the Autobots Rodimus Prime, Grimlock, Kup and Wheelie, along with their human allies Spike Witwicky and Daniel Witwicky send Computron into battle against Galvatron's new warrior combiner Abominus. The Terrorcons spit \"corrosive control liquid\" against Computron, taking control of him and turning him into a Decepticon. Spike luckily uses his new Exosuit to free Computron with \"defense spray\". Defeated,",
"title": "Sparkplug (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "15043631",
"text": "in an Autobot shuttle from the past piloted by Bumblebee, Tracks, and Cosmos. Sunstorm attacks the Maximal ship, but they are saved by being transported to the Autobot shuttle. The Autobots and Maximals then go to the planet, where they save the victims from the Decepticons. On the planet are two groups of Autobots. One is from the \"Robots in Disguise\" story, with Landfill (Walmart recolor), \"Universe\" Side Burn and \"Universe\" Prowl. The other is from another parallel world with Spy Changer Optimus Prime, Ultra Magnus, Prowl and Ironhide. They successfully fight off the Decepticons. The Autobot shuttle is sent",
"title": "Transformers Universe (comic book)"
},
{
"id": "9950540",
"text": "with \"Ghost-1\", pretending to be benevolent. Scanning their computers, he learns of the existence of the Allspark and Megatron and decides to string them along by telling them of the war. He hopes to provoke them into firing on the \"evil\" Autobots, who will destroy them. Optimus Prime arrives, having fought off Blackout's attack in orbit, saving Bumblebee from giant rock-chewing worms. They encounter Starscream and \"Ghost-1\", who fire on them, burying them in the cave with more worms. The humans, meanwhile, have become suspicious of Starscream's intentions, noting differences in the behaviors of his and Prime's. When their ship",
"title": "Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday"
},
{
"id": "2879955",
"text": "the victims from the Decepticons. On the planet are two groups of Autobots. One is from the \"Robots in Disguise\" story, with Landfill (Walmart recolor), \"Universe\" Side Burn, and \"Universe\" Prowl. The other is from another parallel world with Spy Changer Optimus Prime, Ultra Magnus, Prowl, and Ironhide. They all fight off the Decepticons. The Autobot shuttle is sent back to its own time. Another alternate-universe incarnation of Grimlock entered the fray in the Transformers: Energon line. Grimlock's toy – packaged with the similarly-redesigned Swoop – was a modern updating of his original figure. It still transformed into a \"Tyrannosaurus",
"title": "Grimlock"
},
{
"id": "3290745",
"text": "reverse engineering of Transformer technology. Upon discovering that Ratchet has been slain and his head is being melted down, Bumblebee and Drift rescue Cade of the Attinger´s interrogation, Optimus, Crosshairs and Hound storm into the headquarters to destroy the laboratory and rescue Brains, but Joshua convinces them that their actions are futile and they are no longer relevant to this planet. As the Autobots leave the premises, Attinger convinces Joshua to activate KSI's prototype Transformer soldiers Galvatron and Stinger to chase the Autobots with the humans. Optimus and Galvatron engage in a grueling battle where Optimus realizes that Galvatron is",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "18115588",
"text": "Angry Birds Transformers Angry Birds Transformers is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up video game. The tenth installment in the \"Angry Birds\" series, the game is a crossover between \"Angry Birds\" and \"Transformers\", featuring battles between the Autobirds and Deceptihogs, \"Angry Birds\" versions of the Autobots and Decepticons. It is published by Rovio Entertainment with collaboration from Hasbro. The game was released on October 15, 2014, for iOS, released on October 30, 2014, for Android. The release includes related licensed merchandise and a toy line from Hasbro. The game's catchphrase is \"Birds Disguised as Robots in Disguise\". The EggSpark has crashed",
"title": "Angry Birds Transformers"
},
{
"id": "14621066",
"text": "the first season, the Autobots encounter Wheeljack (James Horan), one of Bulkhead's fellow Wreckers. While initially appearing for one episode in season one, the character played a more important role and joined the team in the latter half of season two. During the same season, Smokescreen (Nolan North) also joins the team. In the final season Ultra Magnus (Michael Ironside), who is Optimus' second-in-command, comes to Earth to help him and the Autobots defeat the Decepticons. The Decepticons are led by Megatron (Frank Welker), who is the main antagonist throughout the series. Initially, he is assisted by his loyal follower",
"title": "Transformers: Prime"
},
{
"id": "4556608",
"text": "explains that the Binaltech universe, although originally a corruption of the timeline, must be allowed to continue as it will lead to an evolution of the Transformers species, and eventually to \"the great \". When Unicron arrives, the Autobots prevail, but per Ravage's plan, the Decepticons are released from the rift to conquer the battle-weary Autobots. In order to put an end to all Transformer fighting across the universe, the Autobots resort to activating an ancient device to freeze all Transformers across the universe, but it has the unexpected effect of only freezing the non-Binaltech Transformers. Since Binaltech Autobots outnumber",
"title": "Transformers: Alternators"
},
{
"id": "8410314",
"text": "\"Giant\". Quickmix serves a role similar to what Ironhide was to Optimus Prime in the original Transformers series, as Metroplex's right-hand man and long time friend. In their first battle with the Decepticons he bested Menasor then Scourge in combat. Reluctant at first to trust the newly arrived Autobots, after the Decepticons attack in their attempt to get to the lower levels of the planet, he agrees with his leader that they need to set aside the old rules for the greater good of the universe, and joins the Autobots. His big moment came when Starscream tried to attack with",
"title": "Quickmix (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "20828495",
"text": "\"Enterprise\" that forced the Klingons to crash land near Trypticon. Megatron is scornful as to why the Decepticons should require their assistance, so Kuri offers his new allies the use of a Klingon cloaking device. The first contact between Kirk's away team and the unusually aggressive Autobots deteriorates into an all-out brawl. Kirk tries to negotiate a truce to the hostilities, insisting that Optimus Prime is being tended to by Starfleet personnel. Bumblebee explains that when the humans commenced World War III, the abandoned Autobots left 20th Century Earth in Fortress Maximus to search for Energon deposits. The Decepticons ambushed",
"title": "Star Trek vs Transformers"
},
{
"id": "18856227",
"text": "but it ruptures and becomes inaccessible, leaving the Ferrotaxis, now in Megatron's possession, as the only way to stop the cyberforming process. The group head for the \"Proudstar\"s control room, fighting off the Decepticon forces as they ascend. Megatron escapes, ordering Devastator and Menasor to finish them, but the Autobots defeat them and follow Megatron, fighting him for the computer. As he is defeated, Megatron fires the Ferrotaxis from his cannon into orbit, and Optimus rides an Insecticon into space after it, with Megatron in pursuit. The two engage in a final battle above the Earth, with Optimus emerging victorious,",
"title": "Transformers: Devastation"
},
{
"id": "8689972",
"text": "virus Megatron unleashes Devastator on San Francisco in a mass slaughter. Prime and some of the other Autobots arrive in time to halt them, but when Superion is gunned down by Starscream, Skywarp and Thundercracker the Autobots are decimated by Devastator's strength. Prime takes out the giant combiner in a full-frontal assault, and Megatron takes the chance to cajole his greatest enemy into joining him. Meanwhile, Wheeljack and the rest of the reactivated Autobots try in vain to stop the spread of the virus, which is now fuelling itself, but are hindered by the Canadian military. Spike has been imprisoned",
"title": "Transformers: Generation One (Dreamwave)"
},
{
"id": "3290754",
"text": "from the classic Autobot image. In the \"Transtech\" storyline, the Autobots and Decepticons are merely political factions on a Cybertron which never broke out into war. Lines between good and evil are more blurred. In the \"Shattered Glass\" storyline, a group of Autobots, led by Optimus Prime, are the mirror images of the personalities of most Autobots. In this world the Autobot logo is purple, and worn by evil Transformers who seek to destroy the universe, and are opposed to the heroic Decepticons. A group of Autobots (referred to as Team Prime) appear in the 2010 computer animated series \"\",",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "5133184",
"text": "a story called \"By their Blasters you shall know them ...!\" from \"Transformers Comic-Magazin\" issue #12 by German comic publisher Condor Verlag Optimus Prime instructs Backstreet, Bumblebee and Ruckus on how to identify Autobots from Decepticons in battle using the Ark's computer. Pretender Bumblebee is one of those he displays to the Autobots. In Devil's Due's first \"G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers\" crossover, the evil terrorist organization Cobra are the first to uncover the \"Ark\" and the Transformers slumbering within it, capturing and reformatting a large number of them to use them as war machines. Bumblebee and Wheeljack are able",
"title": "Bumblebee (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "9097876",
"text": "and reformatted by Primus, and became the Cybertron Defense Team (\"Vanguard Team\"), with Red Alert (Now known as \"First Gunner\" in Japan) now transforming into a missile truck. They went on to battle Soundwave, the now giant-sized Starscream and Galvatron (Megatron's powered up form). In the episode \"Unfinished\", when the Autobots attempted to use a gigantic rocket to move the Animatros back into its orbit, Galvatron attacked and damaged the rocket. The jungle planet threatened to crash into Cybertron. Scourge, the Autobots, the former Decepticons, and their allies from the various planets were able to combine their strength and move",
"title": "Red Alert (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "12275314",
"text": "piece of Cybertronian technology. Jetfire then goes to the desert and finds a weakened Optimus, who flew his escape pod to Egypt. Shortly after arriving Jetfire becomes mortally wounded by Starscream and sacrifices himself to give Optimus power to defeat The Fallen. Ironhide destroys the security around the Sun Harvester, and Optimus defeats Megatron. With the security down, Optimus battles The Fallen, destroying both him and the Sun Harvester. Megatron and Starscream get sucked into a space bridge, which transports them to The Fallen's throne room. At the end of the game, the Autobots rebuild the destroyed pyramid, and Megatron",
"title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)"
},
{
"id": "3733459",
"text": "as a clone), which he brainwashed into doing his bidding in order to pit him against Galvatron. When he was visited by the other future Decepticons, Cyclonus and Scourge and learned that in their future, they would kill him, he unleashed Megatron upon them, who killed Cyclonus. Shockwave then turned Megatron upon Galvatron, but rather than destroy him, he saw a potential partner in Galvatron, and they teamed up to battle Autobots and Decepticons from both the present and future in the \"Time Wars\", as a rift in the space-time continuum bore down on them. Shockwave, however, had become a",
"title": "Shockwave (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "4981827",
"text": "that Jetfire has Trypanophobia and while the Autobots are able to reach the planet, the Decepticons are led there by the enigmatic Soundwave. Bested by the planet's leader Metroplex, Megatron taps the key's power to become Galvatron, and Sideways and Soundwave reveal themselves to be inhabitants of Planet X, a world destroyed by the Gigantions, upon whom they seek revenge. Galvatron blasts them and Starscream into another dimension and acquires the Lock and Keys for himself, intending to use their power to accelerate the universal degeneration caused by the black hole and remake the cosmos in his own image. Vector",
"title": "Transformers: Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "9950541",
"text": "sinks into a sinkhole, Starscream betrays them and leaves them for dead. When Prime and Bumblebee cross paths with the ship underground, the Autobots communicate with the humans, who tell them of the in-stasis Megatron. Knowing that Megatron would decimate their people if he reactivated, Prime vowed to see the humans return to Earth to warn it. They eventually free themselves and head back into orbit, where a full-scale assault by the Decepticons is under way. Despite the Autobots' courage, they are outnumbered. Captain Walker of \"Ghost-1\" makes the decision that they cannot flee, since doing so would lead the",
"title": "Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday"
},
{
"id": "14073197",
"text": "form a splinter group separate from the main faction. Known as Decepticons, they follow Megatron, their powerful and ruthless leader. The main faction, known as the Autobots, follow the command of Zeta Prime. However, Zeta Prime is killed, leaving behind an inexperienced leader, Optimus, who must lead the Autobot forces to prevent Megatron from corrupting the planet, itself a Transformer, with Dark Energon. The Decepticon story is told in the first five chapters of the game, with the Autobot story directly following it. Players may choose to start either campaign first regardless of chronological order. In the Decepticon campaign, Megatron",
"title": "Transformers: War for Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "4969477",
"text": "him into Galvatron. Two of the Super Energon's guardians, Bruticus Maximus and Constructicon Maximus, awake from stasis and side with him, but the third, Superion Maximus, sides with the Autobots. In the ensuing battle, the rupture of several Energon Towers sees a blanket of damaging Energon gas coat Cybertron's surface, keeping the Autobots trapped off the planet, forcing them to send in Kicker and the Omnicons to stop the gas flow while Galvatron seizes control of the planet and directs its movement back to Alpha Q's region of space. In a multi-pronged attack, the Autobots turn the tables, but Galvatron",
"title": "Transformers: Energon"
},
{
"id": "18406693",
"text": "remains collide with Earth to begin draining energy from it, devastating the planet and killing millions. The Autobots, Dragonstorm, and human military forces converge on Stonehenge and Cybertron, attacking the Decepticons and Quintessa's minions, who either flee or are killed while Quintessa is defeated by Optimus and Bumblebee. The worlds are then saved upon Viviane removing the staff and the Autobots leave Earth to rebuild what is left of Cybertron. In a mid-credits scene, Quintessa, who has survived by using a space bridge to escape and is disguised as a human, approaches a group of scientists inspecting one of Unicron's",
"title": "Transformers: The Last Knight"
},
{
"id": "4963533",
"text": "leading into a battle that sees them use their full power to resurrect Optimus. A black hole transports a small number of Autobots and Decepticons to a barren world where they are ravaged by Nemesis Prime, a twisted clone of Optimus, and have their power and armor enhanced by the Mini-Cons and with Megatron renaming himself Galvatron. Subsequently, the Decepticons return to Cybertron and quickly overthrow most of the planet through the powers of the Mini-Con weapons. Hot Shot assaults the Decepticon base solo, resulting in the revelation of Thrust's treachery. Thrust escapes with the Skyboom Shield and Requiem Blaster,",
"title": "Transformers: Armada"
},
{
"id": "8639824",
"text": "to create names and profiles for the characters. When the toy line was released, it was supported by the Marvel Comics series, an animated television series, and a gamut of other merchandising tie-ins. In 1986 a was released, generating $5,706,456 in the United States. The setup for \"Transformers\" is two factions of sentient alien robots: the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons. Both sides are from a race called Transformers - robots that can change into vehicles, mechanical devices and even animal forms. They have waged civil war for eons on their home planet of Cybertron, a war that had",
"title": "Transformers: Generation 1"
},
{
"id": "13329065",
"text": "Ironhide, and Ratchet as well as new arrivals: Salvage and Beachbreak. The Autobots soon engage Dropkick, Macerator, and Payload in battle in the Zambezi River. This is all part of Starscream’s brilliant plan, however, as the Autobots soon discover that the current is pushing them towards Victoria Falls. Everyone but Prime and Macerator gets out in time, as the dueling pair going over the side. Starscream swoops in to save Macerator while Prime dangles helplessly. Eventually the NEST team manages to haul Prime up using Beachbreak’s tow-cable, but the celebration is short lived as Starscream swoops in and knocks the",
"title": "Transformers: The Veiled Threat"
},
{
"id": "8304910",
"text": "Machines\", one of them a holographic statue in Iacon that Megatron took control of in order to trick Primal. Optimus Prime is the fictional protagonist of the \"\" (\"Fire Convoy\" in the original Japanese version) branch of the Transformers universe. Based on the character of the same name, Prime once again leads the Autobots against the Decepticons. His voice actor, Neil Kaplan, does his voice in a style reminiscent of that of Peter Cullen, the voice of the original Optimus Prime. Wired Magazine nominated Fire Convoy as one 12 most ridiculous Transformers ideas of all time. Hidden on Earth as",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "11109924",
"text": "Autobots to join them on Earth before driving off into the sunset with Bumblebee and Ironhide. The game received \"average\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Transformers Autobots Transformers Autobots is a video game based on fictional alien robots, Transformers. This version follows the plot of the 2007 live action film \"Transformers\". Most prominently, while the \"Autobots\" version has missions in the Arctic, the \"Decepticons\" version contains desert missions taking place in a Qatar military base. The game consists of four large virtual locations, semi-destructible environments and enemies in the form of local law enforcement and opposing Transformers.",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "6265471",
"text": "Transformers (2004 video game) Transformers (also known as Transformers Armada: Prelude to Energon) is a PlayStation 2 video game based on the \"\" animated series. The game diverges from the anime and comic in terms of storyline. In the opening sequence Megatron, in a final assault against the Autobot Headquarters on Cybertron, surprises Optimus Prime with his \"Decepticlones\", a massive powerful drone army. With numbers on his side, Megatron is able to overcome the resistance and fight Optimus Prime one-on-one. Megatron is about to kill Optimus Prime, and in an homage to the , he says: \"I would have waited",
"title": "Transformers (2004 video game)"
},
{
"id": "3290718",
"text": "of it. They leave Cybertron and are never seen again. The war eventually devastates the planet, and a Decepticon scientist named Thunderwing suggests to graft Transformers with protective organic shells, which Megatron rejects. Thunderwing experiments on himself, becoming a beast who devastates Cybertron. The Decepticons recover more quickly and stage a new offensive against the Autobots, who suffer the loss of the charismatic Blaster, the voice of the Autobot resistance: he is shot and set adrift in space by a traitor. With their home world dead, the Transformers continue their war on other planets. The Decepticons escalate tensions on planets",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "8304956",
"text": "\"Transformers Animated\" video game for the Nintendo DS. A younger version of \"Prime\" Optimus Prime is one of the playable Autobot characters in the 2010 video game \"\". In the Autobot campaign, he starts off as Optimus, a warrior who rallies his fellow autobots against the Decepticons following the reported death of their leader Zeta Prime. He succeeds in defending the Autobots' home city of Iacon from and his forces. Optimus then receives a distress call from Zeta Prime. Knowing that this is most likely a trap set by Megatron, he proceeds anyway with a rescue mission. He lets himself,",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "826748",
"text": "attack Autobot City, slaughtering many Autobots and leaving only a small group alive including Hot Rod, Kup, Ultra Magnus, Arcee, Springer, Blurr, Perceptor, Blaster, and the human Daniel Witwicky. The next day, Optimus and the Dinobots arrive as reinforcements. Optimus single-handedly defeats the Decepticons and engages Megatron in a climactic battle that leaves both of them mortally wounded. On his deathbed, Optimus passes the Matrix of Leadership to Ultra Magnus, informing him that its power will light the Autobots' darkest hour, and dies. Elsewhere, the Decepticons jettison their wounded from Astrotrain, including Megatron at the hands of his treacherous second-in-command",
"title": "The Transformers: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "3290739",
"text": "led by Sam and Robert Epps. The Autobots battle an army of Decepticons and Decepticon ships to reach Sentinel and stop his plan to bring Cybertron to Earth; in the process, with human help, they manage to eliminate most of the army, including Laserbeak, the Driller, Starscream, Soundwave, Shockwave, (Barricade survives the battle) although Que is killed in the process. Optimus confronts Sentinel after shooting down the Control Pillar and stopping the Space Bridge temporarily. The Autobots and humans outmatch Sentinel, who flees before engaging Optimus one on one, while Sam kills his human aide Dylan Gould, who reactivates the",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "15741655",
"text": "they are no longer needed. Attinger forces Joshua to deploy Galvatron and Stinger to attack the Autobots. During the battle, Galvatron's behavior becomes slightly erratic when it starts destroying vehicles, and when it fights Optimus it speaks to him. Lockdown then arrives and abducts Optimus while Galvatron and Stinger retreat; Tessa is inadvertently captured alongside Optimus in the midst of the chaos, leaving Cade and Shane devastated. While Lockdown's large prison spacecraft hovers over Chicago to hand over the Seed, Cade, Shane, and the Autobots use the opportunity to sneak on board and rescue Optimus and Tessa, hijacking a smaller",
"title": "Transformers: Age of Extinction"
},
{
"id": "5133170",
"text": "the Transformers aboard the \"Ark\" as it set off searching for new worlds and new energy sources, which crashed on Earth, causing the Transformers within to be trapped in stasis for four million years. Awakening in 1984, Bumblebee helps Ironhide quell a raging river and uses his small size to help the human Autobot ally Sparkplug Witwicky plant explosives in the midst of a Decepticon mining operation. He later befriends Sparkplug's son Spike, but on their first adventure together they are both kidnapped by the Decepticons, and Bumblebees memory chip were altered as he unintentionally lured the other Autobots into",
"title": "Bumblebee (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "12275306",
"text": "the outskirts of Cairo, the Autobots search for Sam while evading Decepticon troops. After locating Sam, Optimus Prime takes him to the Tomb of the Ancients. While Sam is in the tomb, Optimus and Jetfire defend it from Megatron and Starscream. Optimus defeats them, but they escape after Megatron impales Jetfire. The Fallen reveals himself and the Sun Harvester, powering its systems up and begging the harvesting of the Earth's sun. A dying Jetfire lends his wings and parts to Optimus in order to help Optimus defeat The Fallen. Elsewhere, Bumblebee ends up fighting and defeating Devastator. Optimus battles The",
"title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)"
},
{
"id": "8639825",
"text": "started several million years B.C., before humans even existed on Earth. Their planet of Cybertron had become decimated and both factions have been reduced to scavenging for needed supplies, primarily energy. The Autobots leave their planet on a space ship, and the Decepticons follow them in their own vessel. When the Decepticons board the Autobot ship, a battle breaks out, and with nobody controlling the ship it crashes onto prehistoric Earth and knocks everyone unconscious. Millions of years later, in 1984, the dormant volcano the Autobot ship had crashed on becomes active. The eruption re-sets the ship's computer, which deploys",
"title": "Transformers: Generation 1"
},
{
"id": "4969474",
"text": "head, which has now become an Energon sun. The Autobots set about establishing Energon Towers on the new planets to protect them, while Megatron sees the new worlds as a source of more Energon to reactivate Unicron. Having brainwashed Scorponok to become fully loyal to him, Megatron attempts to do the same to Inferno, but he fights the process. A rescue team consisting of Cliffjumper, Downshift, and Bulkhead is dispatched from Cybertron and Earth and teams up with the Autobots to protect the new worlds, but Inferno is then destroyed when he falls into the Energon sun, defeating the Decepticon",
"title": "Transformers: Energon"
},
{
"id": "4556609",
"text": "Binaltech Decepticons, the Autobots once again triumph. As the Autobots adjust to life in Binaltech bodies, experiments with Binaltech technology lead to a showdown between Optimus Prime and an evil twin in which the Protector's spark merges with Prime's to ensure his victory over the doppelganger, and to the discovery of an element called \"Alternium\" which, unbeknownst to the Autobots, will be key to the prophesied \"Alternity\". When Galvatron was defeated by Rodimus Prime and tossed out of Unicron, instead of crashing on Thrull, as seen in the , he crashed on Earth, decimating Tokyo. Out of guilt, Rodimus Prime",
"title": "Transformers: Alternators"
},
{
"id": "3419412",
"text": "Megatron's rebuilding of the Omega lock and his death at Bumblebee's hands, the Autobots are able to use it to reactivate Cybertron, restoring life to their home world. In the television film finale to the series, \"Predacons Rising\", Cybertron is once again threatened by Unicron, who possesses and enslaves Megaton to eradicate the world. At the same time, Optimus leaves Cybertron for the Theta Scorpia star system to retrieve the Allspark, the key to regenerating new life on Cybertron and Shockwave and Starscream clone Predacons to raise an army against the Autobots. When Unicron arrives, he duels the Autobots and",
"title": "Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "9883737",
"text": "a GMC Topkick, a Hummer H2 Search and Rescue vehicle, and a Pontiac Solstice) and meet with Bumblebee, Sam and Mikaela. Sam gives them the artifact, which turns out to be his grandfather's glasses, to Optimus, who explains to Sam and Mikaela the mission of the Autobots in Earth: they are in the search of the AllSpark, a powerful artifact which is the source of life of all Transformers, so they can use it to revitalize Cybertron, the homeworld of the Transformers. Ratchet reveals Sam's grandfather discovered their enemy, the Decepticon leader Megatron, trapped in the Arctic. Megatron burned the",
"title": "Transformers: The Game"
},
{
"id": "11109917",
"text": "Starscream, in the Decepticons version. Both can be obtained by earning 2500 tokens through Wi-Fi play. The game opens with the Create-A-Bot landing on Earth and Ironhide running him through a basic systems check. After taking on some Decepticons, the Create-A-Bot scans a vehicle form and takes on some more Decepticons attacking a nearby tower to draw him out, including the Create-A-Bot from \"Transformers Decepticons\". After they are defeated, Ironhide then sends the Create-A-Bot to Tranquility where Optimus Prime teaches him to value the lives of the humans the Autobots are sworn to protect. The Create-A-Bot is then assigned to",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "11109913",
"text": "Transformers Autobots Transformers Autobots is a video game based on fictional alien robots, Transformers. This version follows the plot of the 2007 live action film \"Transformers\". Most prominently, while the \"Autobots\" version has missions in the Arctic, the \"Decepticons\" version contains desert missions taking place in a Qatar military base. The game consists of four large virtual locations, semi-destructible environments and enemies in the form of local law enforcement and opposing Transformers. \"Hazard levels\" denote the extent of attack the player character comes under based on how much destruction they perpetrate. Glowing spots on the map denote mission markers, which",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "8304954",
"text": "the process. Create-A-Bot also dies, but not before telling Optimus his final request to make Earth the new home of the Autobots and to protect the humans. The game ends with Optimus sending a message to all surviving Autobots taking refuge among the stars. In \"Transformers: Decepticons\", Optimus Prime lands on Earth along with the other Autobots to stop the Decepticons. Optimus does not appear until Megatron is released and Starscream escapes with the Allspark. Optimus fights Megatron, but is defeated and is killed while Megatron gives chase to his traitorous second-in-command. In the 2009 \"Revenge of the Fallen\" video",
"title": "Optimus Prime"
},
{
"id": "13970485",
"text": "resources to rebuild their world. Sam teams up with former USAF Chief Robert Epps and several ex-NEST soldiers to go into Chicago to save Carly and arrest Dylan, but they are nearly killed by Decepticon forces before the Autobots intervene, revealing they concealed themselves during the launch of their ship to convince the Decepticons they were destroyed. Working together, the Autobots, along with several ex-Rangers and Navy SEALs, manage to rescue Carly and kill Laserbeak, the Driller, Starscream, Soundwave, and Shockwave, with Optimus using Shockwave's arm-cannon to blast the Control Pillar, disabling the Space Bridge. During the battle, the Autobot",
"title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon"
},
{
"id": "18115593",
"text": "that the game appeals to Transformers fans, while also providing more proof that the Angry Birds can fit neatly into new stories and game genres, while the downside there are timers of multiple hours to upgrade a character, however gems to upgrade instantly (slowly earned or purchased with real money) make the upgrade happen instantly. Angry Birds Transformers Angry Birds Transformers is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up video game. The tenth installment in the \"Angry Birds\" series, the game is a crossover between \"Angry Birds\" and \"Transformers\", featuring battles between the Autobirds and Deceptihogs, \"Angry Birds\" versions of the Autobots",
"title": "Angry Birds Transformers"
},
{
"id": "5547760",
"text": "December 21, 2018. Several thousand years ago, the planet Cybertron was consumed by a civil war between the two Transformer factions, the Autobots led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons led by Megatron. Optimus jettisoned the AllSpark, a mystical artifact that brings life to the planet, into space, but Megatron pursued it. Megatron crashed onto Earth, landing in the Arctic Circle and froze, and was discovered in 1895 by explorer Archibald Witwicky. Witwicky inadvertently activated Megatron's navigational system, which etched the AllSpark's coordinates into his glasses. The glasses end up in the possession of his great-great-grandson Sam Witwicky. In the",
"title": "Transformers (film)"
},
{
"id": "13329071",
"text": "begin ripping through the streets of Rome causing general chaos and trying to draw the Autobots out. After an extended chase where Knockout proves he has what it takes, and Starscream challenges Prime to single combat inside Rome's Colosseum. Prime and the Autobots enter the ancient structure, and Prime promptly falls through a trap door to a subway tunnel extension and into a strong set of restraints arranged by Carrera. Starscream then proceeds to attack the remaining Autobots while a helpless Prime is confronted by a vengeful Barricade. Before the Decepticon can dispatch Prime, the humans attack Barricade and Prime",
"title": "Transformers: The Veiled Threat"
},
{
"id": "9782089",
"text": "until 2014. The series began with a three-part pilot called \"Transform and Roll Out!\". Stellar-cycles (years) after the Autobots won the great war for Cybertron against the Decepticons, an Autobot maintenance crew led by Optimus Prime and consisting of Ratchet, Bulkhead, Prowl, and Bumblebee discover the legendary Allspark buried on an asteroid. The Autobots take the Allspark back to their ship, but are soon confronted by a crew of Decepticons led by the notorious warlord Megatron and consisting of Blitzwing, Lugnut, Blackarachnia, and Starscream. Megatron attacks the Autobot ship and tries to retrieve the Allspark, but when an explosive planted",
"title": "Transformers: Animated"
},
{
"id": "14621058",
"text": "and Starscream. \"Transformers Prime\" is set in the \"Aligned\" continuity, taking place after the video games and books – \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", and \"\". The Autobots, led by Optimus Prime, operate from a former American military missile silo near Jasper, Nevada. The team, also known as Team Prime, initially consists of Optimus, Arcee, Bumblebee, Bulkhead, Ratchet, and Cliffjumper, who is killed in the five-part pilot “Darkness Rises”. Later characters include Wheeljack, Smokescreen, and Ultra Magnus. , the Decepticons’ medical officer, later defects in the television movie finale \"Predacons Rising\". The Autobots also have several human allies: Jack Darby, and",
"title": "Transformers: Prime"
},
{
"id": "11109918",
"text": "meet with Bumblebee, who has him scan additional vehicle forms before scanning the internet to find information on a pair of glasses with a Decepticon code imprinted onto them. Afterwards, Bumblebee informs him afterwards about Megatron and the AllSpark both potentially being on Earth. Optimus sends Bumblebee to the house where the glasses are located, only for Barricade to get them first. After a chase through the city streets, Bumblebee fights Barricade on a bridge, defeats him, and retrieves the glasses from him along with an old human news article about a ship's captain discovering a \"giant metal man\" frozen",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "3757860",
"text": "this is unknown, save for a brief cameo in \"Beast Machines\". Soundwave as depicted in the Marvel Universe tends to be the most intellectual and philosophical of the Decepticons. He is appalled by the barbarity of Megatron and Shockwave battling in hand to hand combat for leadership of the Decepticons, especially as the entire spectacle is being broadcast on live television for human entertainment by Robo-Master. When the future Autobots and Decepticons join forces and repel an alien invasion of Cybertron he begins to propose a lasting truce to Ultra Magnus but stops himself, observing that too much has occurred",
"title": "Soundwave (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "10467499",
"text": "AllSpark, and enact a daring plan that results in Unicron's removal from Megatron, his imprisonment, and the destruction of his army. Megatron then departs on his own, dissolving the Decepticons, while a power-hungry Starscream is pursued by the vengeful Predacons. Optimus then reveals to his team the cost of Unicron's defeat: he has taken the AllSpark into his own body, and must sacrifice it-and his own life-in order to return it to Cybertron's core. Vowing to keep the peace in his memory, the Autobots watch as their leader enters the Well of All Sparks, and then as a mass of",
"title": "Bulkhead (Transformers)"
},
{
"id": "826747",
"text": "of synth-based incidental music composed by Vince DiCola and hard-driving metal music performed by various groups. The film features several grand battles in which a handful of major characters meet their end. In 2005, the war between the Autobots and Decepticons has culminated in the Decepticons conquering their home planet Cybertron, while the Autobots operate from its two moons preparing a counter-offensive. Optimus Prime sends an Autobot shuttle to Earth's Autobot City for Energon supplies, but the Decepticons, led by Megatron, commandeer the ship and kill the crew, consisting of Ironhide, Ratchet, Prowl and Brawn. Travelling to Earth, the Decepticons",
"title": "The Transformers: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "11109922",
"text": "intercepted by Barricade. Optimus fights Barricade and kills him, but Barricade reveals that he was merely a diversion so that the other Decepticons could free Megatron before he dies. Ironhide and the Create-A-Bot eavesdrop on the Decepticons and learn that they've placed bombs on the dam as a distraction. Ironhide successfully disarms all of them while Optimus goes after Megatron, only to be intercepted by Brawl. After a short fight, Optimus manages to kill him. The Autobots head back to Tranquility with the AllSpark, pursued by the Decepticons. Blackout goes after Bumblebee, but is killed by Ratchet. Megatron soon shows",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "11109923",
"text": "up and takes the AllSpark, wounding Bumblebee in the process. Optimus then attempts to take him on alone, but Megatron uses the AllSpark to create drones that attack him. The Create-A-Bot arrives and manages to get the AllSpark away from Megatron, shoving it into his chest and dealing fatal damage to himself. Optimus then deals with the heavily damaged Megatron, ultimately killing him and destroying the AllSpark. Before he dies, the Create-A-Bot tells Optimus to make Earth the Autobots' new home. Optimus mourns his death and later honors his last wish by sending a message into space for any surviving",
"title": "Transformers Autobots"
},
{
"id": "15741654",
"text": "Chicago, Cade discovers the remains of Autobots and Decepticons are being melted down to make the drones. Joshua Joyce, the ambitious company CEO, is in league with Attinger to revolutionize global defenses and improve human society using the Seed. He has captured Brains and used him and data from Megatron's head to create the drones and prototype Transformer soldiers Galvatron and Stinger. In a fit of rage, the Autobots storm the building, during which Bumblebee regains his original form by scanning a passing car, where they rescue Brains and destroy the laboratory, but they soon leave after Joshua announces that",
"title": "Transformers: Age of Extinction"
},
{
"id": "18109422",
"text": "trio of bounty hunters (Shadelock, RoughEdge, and Razorhorn). Starscream seeks the Dark Star Saber and the Weaponizer Mini-Cons in a plot to rebuild the Decepticon Empire and kill Megatron as revenge for all of the abuse he inflicted upon him. Upon learning the truth from the Mini-Con Sawtooth, the Weaponizers then abandon the Scavengers and later ally themselves with the Autobots. The Autobots are successful in defeating the Scavengers and the bounty hunters, and eventually Starscream as well. With the day saved, Optimus Prime loads all of the Decepticons onto his ship along with the Dark Star Saber before leaving",
"title": "Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "19446340",
"text": "severely damaged by the combined efforts of Optimus Prime and the humans. The captive Hunter is euthanized by Sideswipe. The Transformers: All Hail Megatron \"All Hail Megatron\" was a story arc in \"The Transformers\" from IDW Publishing. One year after the events of \"Maximum Dinobots\", the Decepticons have the means to defeat the Autobots, win the war, and do as they will on the unprotected planet Earth. The Decepticons conquer New York City and hold the population hostage, and the United States military proves unable to stop them. The attack spreads to other cities around the world as well. Meanwhile,",
"title": "The Transformers: All Hail Megatron"
},
{
"id": "3290750",
"text": "Cemetery Wind dissolved by their crimes and branded as terrorist organization, Optimus sets the Dinobots free and request his fellow Autobots to protect the Yeager family before flying into space with the Seed, sending a message to the Creators to leave Earth alone, because he is coming for them. In \"\", in the absence of Optimus Prime, a battle for survival has commenced between the human race and the Transformers. Cade Yeager forms an alliance with Bumblebee, an English lord as Sir Edmund Burton, and an Oxford professor Viviane Wembley, to learn why the Transformers keep coming back to Earth.",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"id": "4957263",
"text": "lava flow, Galvatron then recalls his bats, but finds that his foes are still alive, leading to a final confrontation with Omega Prime at the Earth's core. The children of the world re-energize Fortress Maximus, who transmits his energy to Optimus Prime, forming the gigantic Matrix Blade, with which Prime finally defeats Galvatron. At the end, the Predacons and Decepticons—all but Sky-Byte—are imprisoned aboard Fortress Maximus and escorted by Ultra Magnus to Cybertronian space, and the remaining Autobots prepare to leave Earth for good after some rest and relaxation. The three clip shows of \"Robots in Disguise\" differ between the",
"title": "Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2001 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "7679539",
"text": "homeworld of Cybertron to search for new sources of energy to revitalize their war efforts, only to crash-land on Earth, where they remain entombed and offline for four million years. Awakening in the year of 1984, the Decepticons set about pillaging the energy sources of Earth, while the Autobots—aided by human father and son Sparkplug and Spike Witwicky—attempt to protect the new world on which they find themselves. The miniseries concludes with the Decepticons believed dead after their space cruiser is sent plunging into the ocean depths, while the Autobots prepare to return to Cybertron. The thirteen-episode first season, commissioned",
"title": "The Transformers (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "4981825",
"text": "and using them to grow in size and power. Their forces bolstered by the ancient Autobots from Earth and the arrival of Wing Saber, who combines with Optimus Prime, the Autobots fight their way through a vengeful Megatron and defeat Starscream – but the battle is not without casualties, as Hot Shot, Red Alert and Scattershot are gravely wounded and rebuilt into the even more powerful \"Cybertron Defense Team\". Upon returning to Cybertron, the Autobots use the Omega Lock and Cyber Planet Keys, which awakens the spirit of Primus, the deity who is creator of the Transformers, and Cybertron itself",
"title": "Transformers: Cybertron"
},
{
"id": "7490956",
"text": "travelling warrior who wanted to challenge Ginrai (who is the Godmaster of the body of Optimus Prime) to a battle, but soon decided for himself to fight for the Autobots cause. The story basically tells the efforts of the heroic Autobot forces as they protect the Earth from the Decepticons. Only this time round, human characters played a more important role then in other Transformers series. With the conclusion of the US \"Transformers\" cartoon series in 1987, Japan produced their first exclusive anime series, \"\", to replace the fourth and final US season and to carry out the story concepts",
"title": "Transformers: Super-God Masterforce"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bulkhead (Transformers) context: Bringer, the Autobots are forced to contend with the threat of his Predacon-Terrorcon army marching towards the Well of All Sparks to destroy Primus. After Starscream frees several captive Vehicons and Knock Out and attempts to reclaim the \"Nemesis\" only to be betrayed by Knock Out, the Autobots-minus Ratchet and Ultra Magnus and now accompanied by Knock Out-take the \"Nemesis\" into battle. They are quickly joined by Predaking and the other Predacon clones, who are now loyal to him, but the sheer numbers and power of the enemy army soon take their toll. Optimus and Wheeljack then return with the\n\nIn the Transformer universe, who do the Autobots battle?",
"compressed_tokens": 197,
"origin_tokens": 197,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Autob context: Cemetery Wind dissolved by their crimes and branded as terrorist organization, Optimus sets the Dinobots free and request his fellow Autobots to protect the Yeager family before flying into space with the Seed, sending a message to the Creators to leave Earth alone, because he is coming for them. In \"\", in the absence of Optimus Prime, a battle for survival has commenced between the human race and the Transformers. Cade Yeager forms an alliance with Bumblebee, an English lord as Sir Edmund Burton, and an Oxford professor Viviane Wembley, to learn why the Transformers keep coming back to Earth.\n\ntitle:formers Autobots context Autobots join Earth before driving off into the sunset with Bumblebee Ironhide. Theaverage\" according to video game review aggregator Metacrit. Transformers Autob Transformers Autobots is a video game based on fictional alien robots Transformers. This version follows the plot of the 2007 live action filmTransformers\". Most prominently, while the \"Autobots\" version missions in the Arctic, the \"Decepticons\" version desert miss taking place in a Qatar military base. The game consists of four large virtual locations, semi-destructible environments and enemies in the form of local law enforcement and opposing Transformers.\n\ntitle: Aut: Autots must \"R.Fersaction Force reformed remnants the disbandedIA unit Cemetery, whose purpose is wipe out all Transformers Earth, regardless fa, and also protect a girl namedla, a streetsm tomboy who orphan the of Chicago Theots and the TRF Quint Megatron and, they retrieve to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cyberon. has been revealed the Aut in theTransformers Anim\"\n\n:obot: the classicob image In \"ranline merely never into.ines.S, by mirror the of mostots. world the Autobot logo is purple, and worn by evil Transformers who seek to destroy the universe, and are opposed to the heroic Decepticons. A group of Autobots (referred to as Team Prime) appear in the 2010 computer animated series \"\",\n\nIn the Transformer universe, who do the Autobots battle?",
"compressed_tokens": 481,
"origin_tokens": 15050,
"ratio": "31.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,755 | For a point each, name the 3 largest cities (by population) in Africa | [
"Cairo, Egypt (14.8), Lagos, Nigeria (11.4), and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (8.6)"
] | Cairo, Egypt (14.8), Lagos, Nigeria (11.4), and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (8.6) | [
{
"id": "357936",
"text": "and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "105037",
"text": "increase of 5.6 percent per year from 2002 to 2012, it is the third-fastest-growing city in Africa, after Bamako and Lagos, and the ninth-fastest-growing in the world. The metro population is expected to reach 5.12 million by 2020 and predicted to be as high as 76 million by the year 2100, making it the third largest city on earth (after Lagos and Kinshasa), by 2100. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 4,364,541, which was much higher than the pre-census projection of 3,270,255. For 2002–2012, the region's 5.6 percent average annual population growth rate was",
"title": "Dar es Salaam"
},
{
"id": "357937",
"text": "the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the Swahili coast. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is the provincial capital and largest city in Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "283632",
"text": "Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. , Nigeria has eight cities with a population of over 1 million people (from largest to smallest): Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City and Port Harcourt. Lagos is the largest city in Africa, with a population of over 12 million in its urban area. Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market. It has reached lower middle income status according to the World Bank, with",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "3245174",
"text": "1994 it was expected that Lagos would become the world's third biggest city with 24.4 million inhabitants by 2015 (Todaro, 1997), but in 2001 this was adjusted to the world's eleventh biggest city with 'only' 16 million inhabitants (UN, 2002). This shows how uncertain the numbers are, and how unpredictable the African population development is. It is evident that like in the rest of the world, the African urbanization process has mainly been influenced by economy. The colonial powers placed ports, railways and mines to economically strategic places. The cities have both in colonial and post-colonial times been economically prioritized.",
"title": "Urbanization in Africa"
},
{
"id": "3245155",
"text": "Johannesburg, had a population of one million;...in 2009, there were fifty-two cities with such large populations.\" The Nigerian city of Lagos that in 1963 had 665,000 inhabitants (Rakodi, 1997) and 8.7 million in 2000 is expected to become the worlds 11th biggest city by 2015 with 16 million inhabitants (UN, 2002). The earliest known cities of Africa emerged around the Nile Valley. Alexandria was founded in Egypt in 331 and is famous for the lighthouse Pharos, for a legendary library, and for the martyrdom of Hypatia of Alexandria. While more Greek papyri were preserved in the sands of Egypt than",
"title": "Urbanization in Africa"
},
{
"id": "9194772",
"text": "year. Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East, and the third most populous on the African continent, with about 95 million inhabitants . Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity enabled by the Green Revolution. Egypt's population was estimated at 3 million when Napoleon invaded the country in 1798. Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the fellahin,",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "2254253",
"text": "event and people in Ibadan and Oyo State as a whole. Ibadan is twinned with: Ibadan Ibadan () is the capital and most populous city of Oyo State, Nigeria. With a population of over 3 million, it is the third most populous city in Nigeria after Lagos and Kano; it is the country's largest city by geographical area after Gusau. At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country, and the second most populous in Africa after Cairo. Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos",
"title": "Ibadan"
},
{
"id": "12984549",
"text": "Abidjan Abidjan () is the economic capital of Ivory Coast and one of the most populous French-speaking cities in Africa. According to the 2014 census, Abidjan's population was 4.7 million, which is 20 percent of the overall population of the country, and this also makes it the sixth most populous city proper in Africa, after Lagos, Cairo, Kinshasa, Dar es Salaam, and Johannesburg. A cultural crossroads of West Africa, Abidjan is characterised by a high level of industrialisation and urbanisation. The city expanded quickly after the construction of a new wharf in 1931, followed by its designation as the capital",
"title": "Abidjan"
},
{
"id": "16988051",
"text": "Hot Cities Hot Cities is an environmental documentary series broadcast in Autumn 2009 by BBC World News. It highlighted the effects of global warming and climate change on the world's most populous cities. Episode 1 : Bursting at the Seams- Lagos, Nigeria<br> Lagos is one of the fastest growing mega cities in the world. Large areas of the Lagos could be drowned by rising sea level. It is the largest city in the Western Africa which attracts millions of migratory people due to affect of climate change. Episode 2 : Water, water everywhere- Dhaka, Bangladesh<br> Bangladesh is the most affected",
"title": "Hot Cities"
},
{
"id": "5201556",
"text": "Diseases native to Africa, such as sleeping sickness, also resist attempts at elimination too. Clean potable water is rare in most of Africa (even those parts outside the sub-Saharan region) despite the fact that the continent is crossed by several major rivers and contains some of the largest freshwater lakes in the world. However, many of the major population centres are coastal, and few major cities have adequate sewage treatment systems. Although boiling water is a possibility, fuel for boiling is scarce as well. The problem is worst in Africa's rapidly growing cities, such as Cairo, Lagos and Kinshasa. Colonialism",
"title": "Poverty in Africa"
},
{
"id": "2254217",
"text": "Ibadan Ibadan () is the capital and most populous city of Oyo State, Nigeria. With a population of over 3 million, it is the third most populous city in Nigeria after Lagos and Kano; it is the country's largest city by geographical area after Gusau. At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country, and the second most populous in Africa after Cairo. Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 530 km southwest of Abuja, the federal capital, and is a prominent transit point",
"title": "Ibadan"
},
{
"id": "91740",
"text": "Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: \"Kaẓa\"), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers on the continent. According to the 2014 population estimate, the city has a population of about 3.35 million in the urban area and over 6.8 million in the Casablanca-Settat region. Casablanca is considered the economic",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "9601463",
"text": "Greater Cairo The Greater Cairo Area (GCA) ( \"\") is the largest metropolitan area in Egypt and the largest urban area in Africa. It is the third largest urban area in the Muslim world after Jakarta and Karachi, and the world's 16th largest metropolitan area, consisting of all cities in the Cairo Governorate as well as Giza, 6th of October, Sheikh Zayed City in the Giza Governorate and Shubra El Kheima and Obour in the Qalyubia Governorate, with a total population estimated at 20,500,000 (as of 2012); area: 1,709 km; density: 10,400/km. The Greater Cairo Area and its surrounding region",
"title": "Greater Cairo"
},
{
"id": "283826",
"text": "Demographics of Nigeria Nigeria is one of the most densely populated country in Africa with approximately 196 million people in a million km2 area, and is also the country with the largest population in Africa, and is the country with the seventh largest population in the world. Approximately 50% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the rate of urbanization being estimated at 4.3%. Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with over 500 languages, and the variety of customs, and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa/Fulani 29% of",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "4725578",
"text": "has devastated much of the natural rainforest in countries such as Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia, and farmers without land have been pushed onto land with soil very marginal for agriculture by population growth, which, despite frequent warfare, continues to be among the highest in the world. The eastern part of the forest zone is one of the most heavily populated parts of Africa, largely owing to its abundant and highly reliable rainfall and the fertile alluvial soils. Whilst this region contains numerous large cities, the most important being Lagos, Ibadan and Port Harcourt, both of which have grown into mega-cities",
"title": "Forest zone"
},
{
"id": "85776",
"text": "setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. , it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and home to 64% of the Western Cape's population. It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design. In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both \"The New York Times\" and \"The",
"title": "Cape Town"
},
{
"id": "7919039",
"text": "Africa Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With /1e9 round 1 billion people as of , it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "120224",
"text": "Demographics of Egypt Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab World and the third-most populous on the African continent (after Nigeria and Ethiopia). About 95% of the country's 97 million people (2017) live along the banks of the Nile and in the Nile Delta, which fans out north of Cairo; and along the Suez Canal. These regions are among the world's most densely populated, containing an average of over 1,540 per km², as compared to 96 persons per km² for the country as a whole. Small communities spread throughout the desert regions of Egypt are clustered around historic",
"title": "Demographics of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "2109209",
"text": "Durban Durban (, from \"itheku\" meaning \"bay/lagoon\") is the third most populous city in South Africa—after Johannesburg and Cape Town—and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Located on the east coast of South Africa, Durban is famous for being the busiest port in the country. It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the city's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, which includes neighboring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million, making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities",
"title": "Durban"
},
{
"id": "675262",
"text": "the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria. According to the United Nations, Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world. , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world. As at 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons, placing it behind only Lagos, as the most populous metro area in Nigeria.",
"title": "Abuja"
},
{
"id": "695395",
"text": "Johannesburg Johannesburg (; ; also known as Jozi, Joburg, and eGoli) is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and",
"title": "Johannesburg"
},
{
"id": "4218862",
"text": "visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative. A single East African Tourist Visa for the EAC countries of Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda has been available since 2014. As of July 2015, the combined population of all five EAC member states was 169,519,847. The EAC would have the ninth largest population in the world, if considered a single entity. The EAC contains 5 cities with populations of over one million, the largest being Dar es Salaam. Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake",
"title": "East African Community"
},
{
"id": "6512546",
"text": "the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy, and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. The UNSC \"power of veto\" is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN. By wielding their veto power (established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter),",
"title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"id": "302907",
"text": "in Nairobi include the Rahimtulla Museum of Modern Art (Ramoma), the Mizizi Arts Centre, and the Nairobi National Museum. Population of Nairobi between 1906 and 2009. Nairobi has experienced one of the highest growth rates of any city in Africa. Since its foundation in 1899, Nairobi has grown to become the second largest city in the African Great Lakes, despite being one of youngest cities in the region. The growth rate of Nairobi is currently 4.1% a year. It is estimated that Nairobi's population will reach 5 million in 2025. These data fit remarkably closely (r^2 = 0.9994) to a",
"title": "Nairobi"
},
{
"id": "6270426",
"text": "Casablanca Stock Exchange The Casablanca Stock Exchange (; ) is a stock exchange in Casablanca, Morocco. The Casablanca Stock Exchange (CSE), which achieves one of the best performances in the region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is Africa's third largest Bourse after Johannesburg Stock Exchange (South Africa) and Nigerian Stock Exchange in Lagos. It was established in 1929 and currently has 19 members and 81 listed securities with a total market capitalisation of $71.1 billion in 2018. The exchange is relatively modern, having experienced reform in 1993. The CSE installed an electronic trading system, and is now",
"title": "Casablanca Stock Exchange"
},
{
"id": "15725",
"text": "Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"id": "12629348",
"text": "ancient times, most of these cities were fortresses, with high walls and gates. Yoruba cities have always been among the most populous in Africa. Archaeological findings indicate that Òyó-Ilé or Katunga, capital of the Yoruba empire of Oyo (fl. between the 11th and 19th centuries CE), had a population of over 100,000 people (the largest single population of any African settlement at that time in history). For a long time also, Ibadan, one of the major Yoruba cities, was the largest city in the whole of Sub Saharan Africa. Today, Lagos (), another major Yoruba city, with a population of",
"title": "Yoruba people"
},
{
"id": "357938",
"text": "Maasai phrase \"Enkare Nyrobi\", which translates to \"cool water\", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun. Other major cities in Sub-Saharan Africa include Abidjan, Cape Town, Kinshasa, Luanda, Mogadishu, Addis Ababa. In the mid-2010s, private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa primarily from the BRICs, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances began to exceed official development assistance. As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "2399673",
"text": "105 international and 20 domestic passenger destinations and 44 cargo destinations. Ethiopian serves more destinations in Africa than any other airline. , the carrier's five densest routes were Addis Ababa–Dubai, Addis Ababa–Johannesburg, Addis Ababa–Guangzhou, Addis Ababa–Nairobi and Addis Ababa–Beijing. In late , the airline said it planned to start serving the Latin American market but no firm dates were disclosed. In that year, Abuja, Accra, Douala, Dubai, Entebbe, Frankfurt, Johannesburg, Harare, Kilimanjaro, Lagos, Lomé, London, Luanda, Lusaka, Malabo, Maputo, Mombasa, Mumbai, Nairobi and Rome would be served on an rotational basis with the first Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and that upon",
"title": "Ethiopian Airlines"
},
{
"id": "3884728",
"text": "thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "78237",
"text": "over 9 million spread over , Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in close proximity to the city. Cairo, like many other megacities, suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic. Cairo's metro, one of two in Africa (the other being in Algiers, Algeria), ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world, with over 1 billion annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005, and 43rd globally on \"Foreign Policy\" 2010 Global Cities Index. Egyptians often refer to Cairo as ' (; ),",
"title": "Cairo"
},
{
"id": "2957564",
"text": "more Rolls-Royces per capita than any other city in the world. It flourished because of the many Boyoman who prospered during a boom in coffee, cotton and rubber production late in the colonial era, when those commodities still fetched high prices. Strategically positioned and central on a geographical map of the continent of Africa, at the confluence of the Lualaba River and Congo River, Kisangani is the inception and terminus point of river traffic between east and west of DR Congo, playing a major economic role in the '5 Chantiers' economic recovery and redevelopment of the Democratic Republic of the",
"title": "Kisangani"
},
{
"id": "302869",
"text": "Nairobi is the 10th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs. Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organisations, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africa's fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day. Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists",
"title": "Nairobi"
},
{
"id": "676105",
"text": "widespread poaching Environment - international agreements: \"party to:\" \"signed, but not ratified:\" Geography - note: Uganda is one of six African states that lies on the equator. Most of Uganda is north of the equator. Uganda's population density is 172.44 person/km2. Uganda's mostly populated cities are located in the Central and Eastern regions of the country. Kampala is Uganda's most populated city, also it's national and commercial capital. It's population is around 1,353,189. Uganda Top 10 Cities (By Population) Uganda climate is a warm tropical place with temperatures around 25-29°C (77- 84°F). With the hottest days in December to February,",
"title": "Geography of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "3245154",
"text": "Urbanization in Africa The urbanization of most of Africa is moving fast forward, especially south of the Sahara. It is estimated that in 1900, about 89% of inhabitants lived from the primary occupations of farming, hunting & gathering, cattle nomadism, and fishing (Aase, 2003:1) meaning that 11% or less were urban. At the start of the independence period in 1957, 14.7% of Africa's inhabitants were urban, in 2000 had it risen to 37.2% and it is expected to rise to 49.3% in 2015, in effect 3.76% to 3.35% per year (UN, 2002). In sub-Saharan Africa in 1960 \"only one city,",
"title": "Urbanization in Africa"
},
{
"id": "561991",
"text": "the DRC's 26 provinces. Because the administrative boundaries of the city-province cover a vast area, over 90 percent of the city-province's land is rural in nature, and the urban area occupies a small but expanding section on the western side. Kinshasa is Africa's third-largest urban area after Cairo and Lagos. It is also the world's largest Francophone urban area (recently surpassing Paris in population), with French being the language of government, schools, newspapers, public services, and high-end commerce in the city, while Lingala is used as a \"lingua franca\" in the street. Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October",
"title": "Kinshasa"
},
{
"id": "14731755",
"text": "ranking 4th in the world behind New York City (60 billionaires), Moscow (50 billionaires), and London (32 billionaires). In 2012, Istanbul ranked 5th in the world with 30 billionaires, behind Moscow (78 billionaires), New York City (57 billionaires), London (39 billionaires), and Hong Kong (38 billionaires). Turkey's major cities and its Aegean coastline attract millions of visitors every year. The CIA classifies Turkey as a developed country. It is often classified as a newly industrialized country by economists and political scientists. South Africa is Africa's second largest economy and represents 25% of its GDP, making it important to the development",
"title": "CIVETS"
},
{
"id": "9194681",
"text": "populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about , where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. The sovereign state of Egypt is a transcontinental country considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world,",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "3202852",
"text": "will be approximately , most of which in bored tunnel, and will be implemented in four phases. Phase 1 from Attaba station to Abbassia station opened on 21 February 2012, with five stations and a total length of . Phase 2 to Al Ahram Station was opened on May 7, 2014 by Adly Mansour, with four additional stations and an added length of , for a total length of . As the biggest and most densely populated city in Africa, and the Arab World, the case for a metro in Greater Cairo was strong. In 1987 that population stood at",
"title": "Cairo Metro"
},
{
"id": "695479",
"text": "Gauteng\" also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rare white lion. To the south, from the city centre, is the Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve home to large mammals and hiking trails. Johannesburg is twinned with: Johannesburg Johannesburg (; ; also known as Jozi, Joburg, and eGoli) is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital",
"title": "Johannesburg"
},
{
"id": "9601464",
"text": "is classified as hot desert climate (BWh) in Köppen-Geiger classification, as all of Egypt. Cairo and its surrounding region have very similar day to day temperatures; however, the less populated parts at the east and the west do not have the urban heat, which makes them more prone to have soft hail. 60% of all informal houses in Egypt are located in the Greater Cairo area. Greater Cairo The Greater Cairo Area (GCA) ( \"\") is the largest metropolitan area in Egypt and the largest urban area in Africa. It is the third largest urban area in the Muslim world",
"title": "Greater Cairo"
},
{
"id": "219261",
"text": "and a 'Great African Dustbowl' has formed in the north-west; but a large number of nation states have survived, whereof Simba City (Gabon), New Jerusalem (Ethiopia), Zambian Metropolitan, and Dar es Salaam are the largest cities. Nuclear fallout and pollution appear to have missed Antarctica and the Arctic, allowing one mega-city (Antarctic City) to be constructed there. The high levels of pollution have created instances of mutation in humans and animals. The mega-cities largely operate on a system of genetic apartheid, making expulsion from the cities the worst punishment possible. Mega-City One ended apartheid in the 2130s, but encourages mutants",
"title": "Judge Dredd"
},
{
"id": "14920532",
"text": "and KwaZulu, where they are very small in number. English-speaking whites are generally concentrated in Natal, Johannesburg and major settlements in the Cape. Other white groups (such as Portuguese and Germans) live mostly in Johannesburg or Cape Town. In the former homelands, the white populations are so tiny, that even the slightest population can affect how Afrikaans or English speaking they are. Of the largest cities in the country, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, East London and Pietermaritzburg are largely English speaking in the core, while Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Polokwane, Nelspruit, Witbank and Rustenburg are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. Port Elizabeth is",
"title": "Distribution of white South Africans"
},
{
"id": "15676451",
"text": "3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa",
"title": "Emigration from Africa"
},
{
"id": "283831",
"text": "and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "7919092",
"text": "within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "337087",
"text": "extent of the area understood to constitute \"Pretoria\", the population ranges from 700,000 to 2.95 million. The main languages spoken in Pretoria are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, Xitsonga, Afrikaans and English. The city of Pretoria has the largest white population in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since its founding it has been a major Afrikaner population centre, and currently there are roughly 1 million Afrikaners living in or around the city. Even since the end of Apartheid, Pretoria itself has had a white majority, albeit with an ever-increasing black middle-class. However, in the townships of Soshanguve and Atteridgeville black people make up close to",
"title": "Pretoria"
},
{
"id": "3663568",
"text": "N3 (South Africa) The N3 is a national route in South Africa that connects Johannesburg and Durban, respectively South Africa's largest and third-largest cities. Johannesburg is the financial and commercial heartland of South Africa, while Durban is South Africa's key port and one of the busiest ports in the Southern Hemisphere and is also a holiday destination. Durban is the port through which Johannesburg imports and exports most of its goods. As a result, the N3 is a very busy highway and has a high volume of traffic. The N3 is divided into 12 sections, starting with section 1 in",
"title": "N3 (South Africa)"
},
{
"id": "283582",
"text": "Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "627008",
"text": "and lack of basic health care. By 2030, over 2 billion people in the world will be living in slums. Over 90% of the urban population of Ethiopia, Malawi and Uganda, three of the world's most rural countries, already live in slums. By 2025, Asia alone will have at least 30 megacities, including Mumbai, India (2015 population of 20.75 million people), Shanghai, China (2015 population of 35.5 million people), Delhi, India (2015 population of 21.8 million people), Tokyo, Japan (2015 population of 38.8 million people) and Seoul, South Korea (2015 population of 25.6 million people). In Africa, Lagos, Nigeria has",
"title": "Megacity"
},
{
"id": "20310143",
"text": "governmental policies such as salary enhancement and social security. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country at 186 million people and sporting an urban vs. rural distribution of 48.3% to 51.7% respectively. Despite its large supply of natural resources and being the second largest oil producer in the world, the Gross domestic product of Nigeria is 1,400 USD per person. Bribery and embezzlement of governmental funds from previous Nigerian leaders cost the Nigerian people the ability to afford access to the latest educational achievements. One-third of Nigeria's populace lack basic literacy, with the proportion of literate to illiterate Nigerians largely dependent",
"title": "Digital divide in Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "8305180",
"text": "Demographics of Africa The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries. Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. , the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "12531417",
"text": "Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo. The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural",
"title": "Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "2241300",
"text": "tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with",
"title": "HIV/AIDS in Africa"
},
{
"id": "17089520",
"text": "to the World Bank, secondary Cities make up almost 40% of the world cities population. Nearly two-thirds of these are located in Africa and Asia: \"They form an important part of an emerging global system of cities.\" While the large cities play a significant role in shaping the new economic geography of cities in fostering global trade, travel and investment, it is secondary cities which will have a much stronger influence in the future upon the economic development of countries.\" Secondary cities fall into three categories or typologies: \"While the industrial revolution and 20th century national self-sufficiency industrialization policies, were",
"title": "Secondary city"
},
{
"id": "255140",
"text": "new port Tanger-Med. It's the largest port in Africa and on the Mediterranean. The city is undergoing an economic boom. This increased the need for a commercial district, Tangier City Center, which was inaugurated in 2016. Since 2012, the City has made it clear that it wants to invested in automobile industry by creating Tangier Automotive city. Today, it is home to the largest Renault car plant in North Africa. Morocco plans to invest more than $15 billion to upgrade its basic infrastructure, including roads, ports, airports for the 2002–2015 period to bolster its economic competitiveness amid efforts to turn",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "2150908",
"text": "Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the",
"title": "Dromedary"
},
{
"id": "9649372",
"text": "Body and Culture\" explored the move away from the traditional dominance of five key cities (London, Milan, New York, Paris, Tokyo), with co-editor Lise Skov suggesting what she described as a \"poly-centric\" fashion industry developing in the 21st century. An annual ranking of the leading fashion capitals is produced by Global Language Monitor, a US-based company that tracks trends through language use worldwide. The 2018 top-sixty three fashion capitals, according to its rankings, are listed below. The current 2017 rankings now include 63 fashion capitals. There are three new fashion capitals from West Africa: Accra, Ghana; Dakar, Senegal; and Lagos,",
"title": "Fashion capital"
},
{
"id": "5403132",
"text": "the most populous city in Africa, and one of the most populous and fastest growing cities in the world can be missing from lists of cities proper. A similar situation exists in Australia, where large cities are divided into much smaller Local Government Areas. City proper A city proper is the area contained within city limits. A city proper is not limited to a city; it can describe the complete area of any locality that fits the definition. The United Nations defines the term as \"\"the single political jurisdiction which contains the historical city centre.\"\" City proper is one of",
"title": "City proper"
},
{
"id": "64805",
"text": "after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. The most popular religion of Chad is Islam (at 55%), followed by Christianity (at 40%). Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the",
"title": "Chad"
},
{
"id": "67532",
"text": "a strong West African history. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. French and English are the official languages of Cameroon. The country is often referred to as \"Africa in miniature\" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point at almost is Mount Cameroon in the Southwest Region of the country, and the largest cities in population-terms are Douala on the Wouri river, its economic capital and main seaport, Yaoundé,",
"title": "Cameroon"
},
{
"id": "258514",
"text": "was 637,032 compared to a male population of 624,176. The population on the island of Mauritius is 1,219,265, and that of Rodrigues island is 41,669; Agalega and Saint Brandon had an estimated total population of 274. Mauritius has the highest population density in Africa. Subsequent to a Constitutional amendment in 1982, there is no need for Mauritians to reveal their ethnic identities for the purpose of population census. Official statistics on ethnicity are not available. The 1972 census was the last one to measure ethnicity. Mauritius is a multiethnic society, drawn from Indian (mostly of Biharis and a significant minority",
"title": "Mauritius"
},
{
"id": "8305182",
"text": "corresponding reduction in fertility rate, due to a very limited use of contraceptives. Uncontrolled population growth threatens to overwhelm infrastructure development and crippling economic development. Kenya and Zambia are pursuing programs to promote family planning in an attempt to curb growth rates. The extreme population growth in Africa is driven by East Africa, Middle Africa and West Africa, which regions are projected to more than quintuple their populations over the 21st century. The most extreme of these is Middle Africa, with an estimated population increase by 680%, from less than 100 million in 2000 to more than 750 million in",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "283835",
"text": "vital events is in Nigeria not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Life expectancy from 1950 to 2015 (\"UN World Population Prospects\"): Structure of the population (DHS 2013) (males 87 034, females 89 529 = 176 574): The following demographic statistics of Nigeria are from the World Population Review. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. Population:<br> 190,632,261 (July 2018 est.) <br>178.5 million (2014 est.) <br>174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution<br> Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "553848",
"text": "Bloemfontein Bloemfontein (; ; Afrikaans and Dutch \"fountain of flowers\" or \"blooming fountain\"; also known as Bloem) is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa; and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africa's three national capitals (the other two being Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Pretoria, the administrative capital) and is the seventh largest city in South Africa. Situated at an altitude of above sea level, the city is home to approximately 520,000 residents and forms part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality which has a population of 747,431. The city",
"title": "Bloemfontein"
},
{
"id": "695396",
"text": "World Cities Research Network. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, making it the most populous city in South Africa. In the same year, the population of Johannesburg's urban agglomeration was put at 7,860,781. The land area of the municipal city () is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm. The city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found",
"title": "Johannesburg"
},
{
"id": "670494",
"text": "on 21 May 2006 and in Manhattan by New Yorker Films on 14 February 2007 and was the recipient of the first Film Award of the Council of Europe given at the Istanbul International Film Festival in April 2007. Bamako Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali, with a population of 2,009,109. In 2006, it was estimated to be the fastest-growing city in Africa and sixth-fastest in the world. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the upper and middle Niger valleys in the southwestern part of the country. Bamako is the nation's",
"title": "Bamako"
},
{
"id": "1566265",
"text": "Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "873520",
"text": "other clubs mushroomed in cities like Port Harcourt and Abuja. Some of these clubs aim to promote cycling as a lifestyle and create awareness through social initiatives in their communities. Considering the traffic congestion in the big cities, it is a welcome sight, environmentally, to see Nigerians ply the streets on two wheels. Lagos, subsequent to the re-modernization project achieved by the previous administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, is gradually becoming a major tourist destination, being one of the largest cities in Africa and in the world. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a global city. The 2009",
"title": "Lagos"
},
{
"id": "13298254",
"text": "Ogunpa River The Ogunpa River river system is a third-order stream with a channel length of and a drainage basin covering draining the densely populated eastern part of Ibadan, Nigeria. The city of Ibadan in southwestern Nigeria (7º23’ N, 3º5’ E) is the largest urban centre in Africa south of the Sahara. Ogunpa River is known to contain 49 species of zooplankton. Household waste is known to be dumped along the path of the Ogunpa. This sometimes results in disastrous consequences. In 1960, more than 1,000 residents were rendered homeless when the Ogunpa River exceeded its banks. More than 500",
"title": "Ogunpa River"
},
{
"id": "678069",
"text": "host the 2019 African Games. The local football teams are: The local basketball teams are: Rabat is twinned with: Rabat Rabat (, ; ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. Once a reputed corsair haven, Rabat served as one of the many ports in North Africa for the Barbary pirates, who were particularly active from the 16th through the 18th centuries.T he city is located on the",
"title": "Rabat"
},
{
"id": "1179158",
"text": "been increasing in population and infrastructure growth at a fast pace. Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo and Lagos in Africa also fall into this category. City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on the definition of \"urban area\" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the central city area than when suburban settlements and the intervening rural areas are included, as in",
"title": "Population density"
},
{
"id": "91773",
"text": "all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station. Casablanca is twinned with: Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: \"Kaẓa\"), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "7919040",
"text": "and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "3245169",
"text": "the planned city of Brasília in Brazil. This happened in Malawi (Lilongwe), Côte d'Ivoire (Yamoussoukro) and Nigeria (Abuja) (Stock, 1995). The new capitals were meant to give the nation a 'fresh start', they were supposed to be the beginning of a new golden future promised by the liberation politicians. As none of the new capitals have grown to more than about half a million inhabitants, they have probably not had much influence on the growth of the already established cities. Tema could be said to be a success as it is the most important port today, and together with Accra",
"title": "Urbanization in Africa"
},
{
"id": "7259028",
"text": "Context, The Education of Lagosians, The Musical Culture, The Religious Culture, Lagos and Hinterland Politics, Conclusion<br> Appendices: Native Literature and the Native Language, European Civilization and the West African Native<br> Index Link search History of Lagos Lagos is the largest city and former capital of Nigeria and the largest megacity on the African continent in terms of population \" Approx. 21m (2016 est), It is also the 4th largest economy in Africa. Modern-day Lagos is now a state in South-Western Nigeria. It is bounded on the west by the Republic of Benin, to the north and east by Ogun State",
"title": "History of Lagos"
},
{
"id": "12236150",
"text": "A metropolis that is also a global city is a global metropolis. Cairo and Alexandria are considered Egypt's biggest metropolises. Lagos is the most populous metropolis in Nigeria as well as in Africa. In South Africa, a metropolitan municipality or \"Category A municipality\" is a municipality which executes all the functions of local government for a conurbation. This is by contrast to areas which are primarily rural, where the local government is divided into district municipalities (comparable to a \"county\" in the US) and local municipalities. There are eight metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. In Morocco there are five metropolitan",
"title": "Metropolis"
},
{
"id": "827966",
"text": "size in Africa — a total of , of which only is in good condition (see below). To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more than (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, by road). The figure of converts to of paved road per 1,000,000 of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are and respectively. Three routes in the Trans-African Highway network pass through DR Congo: The Democratic Republic of Congo has thousands of kilometres of navigable waterways. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "3517839",
"text": "Chad, the Central African Republic, Benin, Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In Abidjan, this is how the sentence \"The girl stole my money.\" is constructed depending on the register: With more than 10 million inhabitants, Kinshasa is the second largest francophone city in the world after Paris. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where an estimated 24 million people (40% of the total",
"title": "African French"
},
{
"id": "2220191",
"text": "Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as Northwest Africa or Northern Africa, Greater Arab Maghreb (), Arab Maghreb () or Greater Maghreb (), or by some sources the Berber world, Barbary and Berbery, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania. It additionally includes the disputed territories of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco) and the cities of Melilla and Ceuta (both controlled by Spain and claimed by Morocco). As of 2018, the region has a population of over 100 million people. In historical English and European literature,",
"title": "Maghreb"
},
{
"id": "244002",
"text": "report called Luanda the \"Paris of Africa\". Throughout Portugal's Estado Novo period, Luanda grew from a town of 61,208 with 14.6% of those inhabitants being white in 1940, to a wealthy cosmopolitan major city of 475,328 in 1970 with 124,814 Europeans (26.3%) and around 50,000 mixed race inhabitants. Luanda has also become one of the world's most expensive cities. By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city. The majority of its population was African, but it was dominated by a strong minority of white Portuguese origin. After the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon on April 25,",
"title": "Luanda"
},
{
"id": "3884758",
"text": "Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "4218858",
"text": "the Bagamoyo port under construction in Tanzania will be the largest in Africa, with a capacity to handle 20 million cargo containers a year. Many of the EAC's largest firms are headquartered in Nairobi, including Kenya Airways, the Nation Media Group, and the Kenya Commercial Bank Group. The multinational firms with their regional headquarters in Nairobi include Google, Coca-Cola, and Toyota. The city is also home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange. According to a 2007 published report, it is Africa's fourth largest in terms of trading volumes and fifth largest in terms of market capitalization as a percentage of gross",
"title": "East African Community"
},
{
"id": "283651",
"text": "national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "7259011",
"text": "History of Lagos Lagos is the largest city and former capital of Nigeria and the largest megacity on the African continent in terms of population \" Approx. 21m (2016 est), It is also the 4th largest economy in Africa. Modern-day Lagos is now a state in South-Western Nigeria. It is bounded on the west by the Republic of Benin, to the north and east by Ogun State with the Atlantic Ocean providing a coastline on the south. Lagos is made up of a collection of islands surrounded by creeks that fringe the mouth of the Lagos lagoon on the southwest.",
"title": "History of Lagos"
},
{
"id": "283344",
"text": "Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in",
"title": "Niger"
},
{
"id": "8305199",
"text": "Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "7309275",
"text": "expel more than 2 million illegal workers (mostly from Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad) in early 1983 and May 1985. Nigeria has one of the largest populations in Africa with over 200 million citizens. Its economy was booming from the oil industry in the Niger Delta, and was said to become the leading economy in Africa by 2020. Although their economy was doing well, 35 percent live in absolute poverty. Approximately 90 million Nigerians are believed to live on less than one US dollar a day. With economic insecurity, high unemployment rates, and poverty the Boko Haram was able to",
"title": "Economic history of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "8305181",
"text": "population of Africa may reach 2.5 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and nearly 4.5 billion by 2100 (about 40% of the world's total). The population of Africa first surpassed one billion in 2009, with a doubling time of 27 years (growth rate 2.6% p.a.). Population growth has continued at almost the same pace, and total population is expected to surpass 2 billion by 2038 (doubling time 29 years, 2.4% p.a.). The reason for the uncontrolled population growth since the mid 20th century is the decrease of infant mortality and general increase of life expectancy without a",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "1566870",
"text": "largest exporter of cut flowers. Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated around Lake Naivasha, 90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi. To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables. Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"id": "17799533",
"text": "The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "66357",
"text": "countrydwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa. Megacities, cities with population in the multi-millions, have proliferated into the dozens, arising especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Economic globalization fuels the growth of these cities, as new torrents of foreign capital arrange for rapid industrialization, as well as relocation of major businesses from Europe and North America, attracting immigrants from near and far. A deep gulf divides rich and poor in these cities, with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in gated communities and large masses of people living in substandard housing",
"title": "City"
},
{
"id": "678050",
"text": "Rabat Rabat (, ; ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. Once a reputed corsair haven, Rabat served as one of the many ports in North Africa for the Barbary pirates, who were particularly active from the 16th through the 18th centuries.T he city is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg. On the facing shore of the river lies Salé,",
"title": "Rabat"
},
{
"id": "19302758",
"text": "Autonomous Port of Dakar The Autonomous Port of Dakar (French: \"Port autonome de Dakar\", abbreviation: \"PAD\") is a Senegalese public enterprise which is headquartered in Dakar, located in the east of city. Thanks to the strategic position that gives it a sheltered harbor, it is now the third largest port in West Africa after the Autonomous Port of Abidjan and the Port of Lagos It is also the ninth-largest port on the African continent. The port has one of the largest deep-water seaports along the West African coast. Its deep-draft structure and access channel allows round-the-clock access to the port.",
"title": "Autonomous Port of Dakar"
},
{
"id": "3884729",
"text": "17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "3671589",
"text": "6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009, further straining its resources. Vietnam, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the DRC are witnessing a similar growth in population. The following table gives some example countries: Population growth rates vary by world region, with the highest growth rates in Sub-Saharan Africa and the lowest in Europe. For example, from 1950 to 2010, Sub-Saharan African grew over three and a half times, from about 186 million to 856 million. On the other hand, Europe only increased by 35%, from 547 million in 1950 to 738 million in 2010. As a result of these varying",
"title": "Population growth"
},
{
"id": "827883",
"text": "second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "5272748",
"text": "Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth or The Bay (; ) is one of the major cities in South Africa; it is situated in the Eastern Cape Province, east of Cape Town. The city, often shortened to PE and nicknamed \"The Friendly City\" or \"The Windy City\", stretches for 16 km along Algoa Bay, and is one of the major seaports in South Africa. Port Elizabeth is the southernmost large city on the African continent, just farther south than Cape Town. Port Elizabeth was founded as a town in 1820 to house British settlers as a way of strengthening the border region",
"title": "Port Elizabeth"
},
{
"id": "1963309",
"text": "were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports into the city were destined for further transit to the Suez, Africa, or Europe. Many goods passing through Jeddah could not even be found in the city or even in Arabia. All of the capitals of the Middle East and North Africa are within two hours flying distance of Jeddah, making it the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai. Also, Jeddah's industrial district is the fourth largest industrial city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, Jubail and Yanbu. King Abdullah Street is one of the most important",
"title": "Jeddah"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sub-Saharan Africa context: and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as\n\nFor a point each, name the 3 largest cities (by population) in Africa",
"compressed_tokens": 181,
"origin_tokens": 181,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Poverty in Africa context: Diseases native to Africa, such as sleeping sickness, also resist attempts at elimination too. Clean potable water is rare in most of Africa (even those parts outside the sub-Saharan region) despite the fact that the continent is crossed by several major rivers and contains some of the largest freshwater lakes in the world. However, many of the major population centres are coastal, and few major cities have adequate sewage treatment systems. Although boiling water is a possibility, fuel for boiling is scarce as well. The problem is worst in Africa's rapidly growing cities, such as Cairo, Lagos and Kinshasa. Colonialism\n\ntitle: Africa context: within the Africa the US. Africa's has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. some African states more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of the population of Africa estimated at /1e9 round billion . Africa's total population surpass contin is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the\ntitle: Africa Africa is the world's second largest most-populous continent (behind Asia in both At about 3.3 km11. miles) including adjacent islands, it covers % of' total surface area 20% land area With /e 1 billion people as , accounts about1% of's human continent is by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Isthmus of Suez and the Red to northeast, the Indian Ocean to sout and the Atlantic Ocean to The continent includes Madagascar\ntitle: Abu theja had a population78,ia the Nations, grew3%010 it the growing world. , the city is annual of asesting city continent andesting As 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons, placing it behind only Lagos, as the most populous metro area in Nigeria.\n\nFor a point each, name the 3 largest cities (by population) in Africa",
"compressed_tokens": 470,
"origin_tokens": 14330,
"ratio": "30.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
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78,756 | For a point each, name the characters in the game of Clue | [
"Miss Scarlet, Colonel Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr.(Rev) Green, Mrs. Peacock, Professor Plum"
] | Miss Scarlet, Colonel Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr.(Rev) Green, Mrs. Peacock, Professor Plum | [
{
"id": "545874",
"text": "Cluedo Cluedo (), known as Clue in North America, is a murder mystery game for three to six players that was devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham, England. The game was first manufactured by Waddingtons in the UK in 1949. Since then, it has been relaunched and updated several times, and it is currently owned and published by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim (\"Dr. Black\" in the UK version and \"Mr. Boddy\" in North American versions), where the crime took place, and which weapon",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "11149090",
"text": "dealt a number of cards. Each card eliminates a suspect, weapon, or room. Each player can view their own cards during their turn. A die is rolled, and the six players (represented by the six suspects Miss Scarlet, Col. Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr. Green, Mrs. Peacock, and Prof. Plum) move around the board. Upon entering one of the nine rooms on the board, the player must make a suggestion, choosing a suspect and a weapon (the room the player is in is automatically chosen.) The suspect is summoned to that room, a vignette is shown, showing who or what was",
"title": "Clue (1992 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444058",
"text": "board game it is based on: to find the murderer, the room which housed Mr. Boddy/Dr. Black's demise, and the weapon used In addition to play by the original rules, \"Clue\" has an additional mode that allows movement via \"points.\" Each turn begins with nine points and every action the player takes costs points. The player can only do as many things as he has points. For example, moving from square to square costs one point, making a suggestion costs three points. Many players prefer this mode of play as it makes the game more balanced since each player gets",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "545909",
"text": "the same. The Clue and Cluedo brands are well merchandised through umbrellas, books, toys, clothing and other miscellaneous items. Cluedo Cluedo (), known as Clue in North America, is a murder mystery game for three to six players that was devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham, England. The game was first manufactured by Waddingtons in the UK in 1949. Since then, it has been relaunched and updated several times, and it is currently owned and published by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim (\"Dr. Black\"",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "545878",
"text": "in 1949, In particular, Pratt's original design calls for ten characters, one of whom was to be designated the victim by random drawing prior to the start of the game. These ten included the eliminated Mr. Brown, Mr. Gold, Miss Grey, and Mrs. Silver. The characters of Nurse White and Colonel Yellow were renamed Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard for the actual release. The game allowed for play of up to eight remaining characters, providing for nine suspects in total. Originally there were eleven rooms, including the eliminated \"gun room\" and cellar. In addition there were nine weapons including the",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "14811183",
"text": "Clue (miniseries) Clue is an American five-part mystery television miniseries based on the Parker Brothers board game of the same name, which aired on The Hub from November 14, 2011 to November 17, 2011. The series features a youthful, ensemble cast working together, uncovering clues to unravel a mystery. The series was created by Raven Metzner and stars Sterling Beaumon as Seamus, Sarah Desjardins as Whitney, Kendall Amyre Ferguson as Agnes, Ana Golja as Liz, Stephan James as Dmitri, and Zach Mills as Lucas. The series follows six very different young sleuths nicknamed after the characters from the game of",
"title": "Clue (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "1444067",
"text": "human figure prepares to strike the victim when the video cuts to the game's title. Mr. Boddy/Dr. Black's spirit has returned to shuffle the cards and hand them out the players, in order for them to discover how he was murdered then puts the three cards representing the game's murderer, room and weapon in a briefcase. \"Clue\" is a direct conversion of the original game as a video game. Every possible suspect and method of killing the victim is represented via a custom cutscene when a suggestion is made. These cutscenes are played through Mr. Boddy/Dr. Black's perspective. For example:",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444046",
"text": "Clue (1998 video game) Clue (known as \"Cluedo\" outside of North America) is a 1998 video game based on the board game of the same name. Its formal name is \"Clue: Murder at Boddy Mansion\" or \"Cluedo: Murder at Blackwell Grange\" (depending of whether the country uses American or British English). It runs on Microsoft Windows. It was developed in 1998 for Hasbro Interactive by EAI. Infogrames (now Atari) took over publishing rights for the game in 2000 when Hasbro Interactive went out of business. The game, just like the board game, is meant for 3-6 players due to the",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "14742446",
"text": "DVD as a special feature. As with other \"Fringe\" episodes, Fox and Science Olympiad released a lesson plan for grade school children based upon the science depicted in \"Olivia. In the Lab. With the Revolver.\"; the lesson's intention was for \"students [to] learn about the science behind cancer, with a focus on the causes and prevention of skin cancer.\" The title of this episode references the board game \"Clue\", in which players state who they think the murderer is by saying, for example, \"Colonel Mustard. In the Billiard Room. With the screwdriver\". During the episode's first sequence, lawyer Miranda Greene's",
"title": "Olivia. In the Lab. With the Revolver."
},
{
"id": "7933109",
"text": "and continue playing \"The Game\". \"Note: The characters' costume colors match their names.\" The musical simplifies the setting by including only six rooms rather than nine. The Hall, Dining Room and Library are eliminated. The role of Mr. Boddy is expanded, and much of the action centers on motive rather than exclusively who, how and where the murder happened. A new character, the Detective, drives much of the action of the second half of the show. The characters, particularly Col. Mustard and Mr. Green, hew closer to the North American game versions of the characters rather than the British version.",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "20381554",
"text": "Legacy game A legacy game is a mechanic of some tabletop board games through which the game is designed to change permanently over the course of a series of sessions. Game designer Rob Daviau came up with the idea at a work meeting after jokingly asking why the murderous characters in \"Clue\" are always invited back to dinner. Realizing that each new game resets, Daviau thought about what it would be like if everyone would remember who the murderer was and pitched the idea of a \"Clue\" legacy game to Hasbro. While that idea was rejected, Daviau was later asked",
"title": "Legacy game"
},
{
"id": "545883",
"text": "encircle the outer perimeter which correspond to each player's suspect token. Each character starts at the corresponding coloured space. † ‡ \"denote secret passages to opposite corner\" At the beginning of play, three cards—one suspect, one room, and one weapon—are chosen at random and put into a special envelope, so that no one can see them. These cards represent the facts of the case. The remainder of the cards are distributed among the players. Players are instructed to assume the token/suspect nearest them. In older versions, play begins with Miss Scarlett and proceeds clockwise. In modern versions, all players roll",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "545884",
"text": "the die/dice and the highest total starts the game, with play proceeding clockwise; this is the high roll rule. Players roll the die/dice and move along the board's corridor spaces, or into the rooms accordingly. The object is to deduce the details of the murder; that is, the cards in the envelope. There are six characters, six murder weapons and nine rooms, leaving the players with 324 possibilities. As soon as a player enters a room, they may make a suggestion as to the details, naming a suspect, room, and weapon. For example: \"I suggest it was Professor Plum, in",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "1444056",
"text": "or the lounge cards. Thus, if on a subsequent turn, Player A makes the suggestion of Mr. Green, \"the pipe\" in the lounge and Player B \"can\" disprove it, the AI knows that Player B has to have the pipe. In this manner the AI is able to determine which players have which cards without ever having to ask about them. The game allows three difficulty levels for the AI. The easier AI's use a shorter history of game turns and the hardest one uses the entire game history. The AI was programmed by Mike Reed based on a design",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "3654041",
"text": "about\". Leslie Grantham, series four's Colonel Mustard, said \"I'm the last person you'd expect to play [him]. That's why I was so flattered to be offered the role\", and added that \"Cluedo is great fun to do. It's fascinating to watch these asexual, inanimate characters brought to life\". Despite the notion that the Colonel's prior occupation would make him the obvious suspect for every murder, it is stressed that \"everyone has equally good reasons for bumping off the victim\". The gameshow was imported in various countries, most notably to Australia where it ran for two seasons (1992-3). The German version",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "545765",
"text": "Kill Doctor Lucky Kill Doctor Lucky is a humorous board game designed by James Ernest and released in 1996 by Cheapass Games. In 1998, \"Kill Doctor Lucky\" won the Origins Award for \"Best Abstract Board Game of 1997\". \"Kill Doctor Lucky\" is, in concept, a sort of inversion and perhaps a parody of \"Cluedo\" (\"Clue\" in North America). Both games are set in a sprawling mansion full of colorfully named rooms, feature a variety of dangerous weapons, and deal with the murder of the mansion's owner. \"Cluedo\" begins after the murder has been committed, and players compete to solve it;",
"title": "Kill Doctor Lucky"
},
{
"id": "20754182",
"text": "were used. On August 6, 2010, The Hub announced that an original five-part miniseries based on \"Clue\" was in pre-production. The miniseries premiered on November 14, 2011 and featured a youthful, ensemble cast loosely based on the characters of the board game, working together to unravel a mystery. The short mini-series draws similarities to the original board game and mostly to the 2012 spin-off Clue: The Classic Mystery Game which both featured the characters belonging or having ties to secret societies/houses and fitting closely with the character descriptions. The \"Clue\" title and theme were used in the 1986 US documentary",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "3654047",
"text": "that was written by the family of one Felix Reese. Felix Reese was a taxi driver who was shot in the head by Leslie Grantham (The actor playing Col. Mustard) while Grantham was a soldier stationed in Germany. The Reeses found it distasteful that someone who performed an illegal killing as a soldier would be cast as someone who performed an illegal killing as a soldier. Cluedo (UK game show) Cluedo is a British game show based on the board game of the same name. Each week, a reenactment of the murder at the stately home Arlington Grange of a",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "11149089",
"text": "Clue (1992 video game) Clue: Parker Brothers' Classic Detective Game is a North American-exclusive video game published for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis video game consoles. It is based on the popular board game of the same name. It was first announced for preview at the Summer CES in May 1992 with plans of distribution for that fall at a MSRP US$49.99 . Up to six players can play, using any controller. The object of the game, as in the board game, is to find out who killed Mr. Boddy where and with what. Each player is",
"title": "Clue (1992 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444070",
"text": "their best effect, there aren't really many faults with the game\". \"Christian Spotlight\" gave the game a rating of 4.5 out 5 stars. \"Gamezebo\" gave the game a 4 out of 5 star rating. The game was named \"Video Game of the Week\" on 1999-02-06 in the \"Fresno Bee\". Clue (1998 video game) Clue (known as \"Cluedo\" outside of North America) is a 1998 video game based on the board game of the same name. Its formal name is \"Clue: Murder at Boddy Mansion\" or \"Cluedo: Murder at Blackwell Grange\" (depending of whether the country uses American or British English).",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444066",
"text": "are not needed. In Clue, \"the idea is that of starting a new game each time. This particular game places a new puzzle to the player every new game so that the game is new to him/her every time\" - having a different 3-card solution - despite using exactly the same game mechanics. The video opens on a view outside Blackwell Grange/Boddy Manor. The view cuts to the inside hall with the game's murderer, holding a lit candlestick, walking down the hall and entering one of the rooms. The candle is extinguished and silhouetted via a lightning flash, an indeterminate",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "18677777",
"text": "brothers with a love for puzzles: Gabor, Peter, Gergely and Zoltan. The creators of clueQuest wanted to bring to the British live escape game market a concept similar to Parapark - an escape room highly regarded in the competitive market in Hungary. Initially based in Tottenham Hale, then near Liverpool Street station, clueQuest now operates from a new location near King's Cross St. Pancras . In August 2014, the brand caught the media’s attention when it ranked as a top attraction in London on TripAdvisor with 583 ‘excellent’ ratings. clueQuest revolves around the spy-world of Mr Q, who is also",
"title": "ClueQuest"
},
{
"id": "545900",
"text": "license \"The Great New Sherlock Holmes Game\" from the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle estate. Advertising at the time suggested players would take on the guise of \"Sherlock Holmes following the path of the criminal\", however no depictions of Holmes appears in the advertising or on the box. By 1950 the game was simply marketed as \"The Great Detective Game\" until the 1960s, at which time it became: \"Parker Brothers Detective Game\". But the association with Sherlock Holmes was far from over. With the launch of the US 1972 edition, a television commercial showed Holmes and Watson engaged in a particularly",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "18263352",
"text": "which the player moves their character through a mansion and makes suggestions about the murder, and uses logic to deduce who killed the victim, with which weapon, and in which room. The mansion and character tokens are represented in 3D during the dice rolling phase, but during the suggestion phase there is a transition to a 2D room scene with representational character art, with several different poses for each character. The game features a virtual Clue Sheet. When suggestions are made and answered, ticks and crosses are automatically added to show which characters do or do not have particular cards.",
"title": "Clue (mobile games)"
},
{
"id": "3676965",
"text": "Cluemaster The Cluemaster is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. Cluemaster first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #351 (May 1966) and was created by Gardner Fox and Carmine Infantino. A failed game show host, the character became a criminal who leaves clues to his crimes, but unlike the Riddler's clues, they are not in the form of riddles. Cluemaster first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #351 (May 1966) and was created by Gardner Fox and Carmine Infantino. The Cluemaster starts his criminal campaign by a daring but unsuccessful",
"title": "Cluemaster"
},
{
"id": "3676978",
"text": "a poster Arthur Brown's game show \"Price Change\" in the entrance of Panessa Film Studios. His villain alter ego is mentioned during a conversation amongst thugs where they compared him to Riddler. Cluemaster The Cluemaster is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. Cluemaster first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #351 (May 1966) and was created by Gardner Fox and Carmine Infantino. A failed game show host, the character became a criminal who leaves clues to his crimes, but unlike the Riddler's clues, they are not in the",
"title": "Cluemaster"
},
{
"id": "7933107",
"text": "a Clue\". She returns with six possible weapons – the wrench, candlestick, pipe, knife, revolver and rope – found in six rooms: lounge, kitchen, ballroom, conservatory, billiard room, and study. All of these have the suspects' fingerprints on them, which were made between 9pm and midnight, the later of which is the time of Boddy's murder. The suspects tell of their use of the \"Everyday Devices\". The Detective questions Prof. Plum, who tries to seduce her (\"Seduction Deduction\"). After his attempts fail, she in turn interrogates Col Mustard, Mr. Green, and the three ladies, as each speculates that she is",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "3654046",
"text": "dimensional character \"when the only source material they have to work on comes out of a small cardboard box\". One magazine noted the \"high level of talent the show can attract\", putting it down to Cluedo being a game that most households (including those of celebrities) grew up with. Cluedo fansite Cluedofan deemed it \" an absolutely brilliant TV gameshow\". In the second episode of the fourth season, Col. Mike Mustard murders former comrade and property developer Sir Nigel Hussey (Ian McNeice) with a G-string in the kitchen. A short time after the episode aired, the producers received a letter",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "4088843",
"text": "of the \"Mysteries, Inc.\" block) in the 1990s and Boomerang in the 2000s. Similar in format to Hanna-Barbera's successful \"Scooby-Doo\", the show centers around four adolescent friends who open the title's private investigation agency out of Larry's suburban residence. They are Larry (19), Pepper (18), D.D. (16) and Dottie (13). They solve mysteries with the help of their two talking hounds, Woofer and Whimper. The dogs only talked to each other and the camera, they were not understood by the human characters. \"Clue Club\" mysteries usually involved investigating bizarre crimes such as a movie director vanishing or a two-ton statue",
"title": "Clue Club"
},
{
"id": "545906",
"text": "website. However, they do continue to sell a version of it as part of their \"Grab & Go\" travel series. Notably, it plays identically to standard classic rules, but visually continues to use the new Discover the Secrets room layout, and 2 of the new weapons, as well as other design artwork. However, the Intrigue cards are no longer a part of the game. Besides some rule differences listed above, some versions label differently the names of characters, weapons, rooms and in some instances the actual game itself. In Canada and the U.S., the game is known as \"Clue.\" It",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "14811186",
"text": "short, Hub is replicating some of the old razzle-dazzle of local kids' TV, for better or worse, around a production that ought to possess some multigenerational appeal.\" Clue (miniseries) Clue is an American five-part mystery television miniseries based on the Parker Brothers board game of the same name, which aired on The Hub from November 14, 2011 to November 17, 2011. The series features a youthful, ensemble cast working together, uncovering clues to unravel a mystery. The series was created by Raven Metzner and stars Sterling Beaumon as Seamus, Sarah Desjardins as Whitney, Kendall Amyre Ferguson as Agnes, Ana Golja",
"title": "Clue (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "7408349",
"text": "Clue (book series) The Clue series is a book series of 18 children's books published throughout the 1990s based on the board game \"Clue\". The books are compilations of mini-mysteries that the reader must solve involving various crimes committed at the home of Reginald Boddy by six of his closest \"friends\". Each book begins with a small chapter where Mr Boddy introduces himself to the reader. He explains the situation and introduces the six suspects. This ends with some kind of cliffhanger that leads into the first chapter. Except for the first book, which contains thirteen, all the books contain",
"title": "Clue (book series)"
},
{
"id": "545907",
"text": "was retitled because the traditional British board game \"Ludo\", on which the name is based, was less well known there than its American variant \"Parcheesi.\" The North American versions of \"Clue\" also replace the character \"Reverend Green\" from the original \"Cluedo\" with \"Mr. Green.\" This is the only region to continue to make such a change. Minor changes include \"Miss Scarlett\" with her name being spelt with one 't', the spanner being called a wrench, and the dagger renamed a knife. In the 2016 U.S. edition, the knife was changed to a dagger. And until 2003, the lead piping was",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "16155025",
"text": "setting was a country house with its many sprawling rooms, with guests gathered for an evening's dining and socialising, but a body was found murdered and all the guests fell under suspicion. By putting clues together, the hotel guests must solve the mystery. These were very popular games at the time, and given this along with Pratt's love of detective fiction including that of his favourites Raymond Chandler and Agatha Christie, the spark for Cluedo was created. At the time books like \"And Then There Were None\" and \"The Body in the Library\" were also enormously popular. Hence, in 1943,",
"title": "Anthony E. Pratt"
},
{
"id": "12822260",
"text": "considering the following ambiguous example: The question could be a yes–no question or could be a choice question (also called alternative question). It could be asking the yes–no question of \"whether\" John played \"either\" of the games, to which the answer is yes or no; or it could be asking the choice question (which does not have a yes–no response) of \"which\" of the two games John played (with the presupposition that he played one or the other), to which the answer is the name of the game. Another such ambiguous question is \"Would you like an apple or an",
"title": "Yes–no question"
},
{
"id": "4407975",
"text": "(1984), as the inept salesman Denis Ailing. He also appeared on ITV's television game show \"Cluedo\" (1990), based on the board game. During the 1990s Lavender continued to appear occasionally in television comedy roles including a bit-part as a burglar alarm salesman in the BBC sitcom \"Keeping Up Appearances\". He made an appearance in \"Goodnight Sweetheart\" as two different parallel universe versions of the time-travelling lead character's son Michael. He also provided the lead voice of BBC children's animation \"PC Pinkerton\" in 1988. In 2001 Lavender joined the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", playing the role of Derek Harkinson, a gay",
"title": "Ian Lavender"
},
{
"id": "7408350",
"text": "ten mini-mysteries similar to the \"Encyclopedia Brown\" books. Each mystery ends with a question to answer, and a picture of the checklist from the game is provided to assist with solving. The answer is printed upside-down on the next page, providing an explanation of how the criminal was foiled, or how the victim (if there was one) survived. The first nine mysteries typically involve some sort of competition between the guests (in which case readers must deduce who won), a guest attempting to murder another guest, or some sort of rare treasure of Mr Boddy's that has been stolen. Deduction",
"title": "Clue (book series)"
},
{
"id": "545876",
"text": "In 2008, \"\" was created (with changes to board, gameplay and characters) as a modern spinoff, but it was criticised in the media and by fans of the original game. \"Cluedo: The Classic Mystery Game\" was then introduced in 2012, returning to Pratt's classic formula but also adding several variations. By 2016 Hasbro launched the current standard version of the game with the first new original character in over 67 years: Dr. Orchid. In 1944, Anthony E. Pratt, an English musician, applied for a patent of his invention of a murder/mystery-themed game, originally named \"Murder!\". Shortly thereafter, Pratt and his",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "545875",
"text": "was used. Each player assumes the role of one of the six suspects, and attempts to deduce the correct answer by strategically moving around a game board representing the rooms of a mansion and collecting clues about the circumstances of the murder from the other players. Numerous games, books, a film (\"Clue\"), and a musical have been released as part of the \"Cluedo\" franchise. Several spinoffs have been released featuring various extra characters, weapons and rooms, or different game play. The original game is marketed as the \"Classic Detective Game\", and the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans.",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "545902",
"text": "US editions, there was no acknowledgement that the character was actually the famous detective. In the 1980s, as in the US, Sherlock Holmes also appeared in TV advertising of the time, along with other classic detectives such as Sam Spade. The board game spawned a franchise, which since 1985, has expanded to include a feature film, mini-series, a musical, and numerous books. The following games are licensed thematic variations of the game, which follow the basic rules and configuration of the original Classic Detective Game or its spinoffs. On August 8, 2008, Hasbro redesigned and updated the board, characters, weapons,",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "20754190",
"text": "is doing or his own name, and Mr. Green is notoriously greedy. Mrs. Peacock is highly proper and will not stand for any lack of manners, the maid Mrs. White hates her employer and all the guests, and Miss Scarlet is beautiful and seductive. The traits all help the reader identify the guests. For example, if a mystery thief suddenly forgets what he is doing, and another guest scolds him for his bad manners, the reader can safely assume the two guests are Plum and Peacock. Mr. Boddy himself is ludicrously naive, to the point where he accepts any attempt",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "7408354",
"text": "fictional mansion Tudor Hall in Hampshire, Britain in 1926. The stories are formatted to be more like the game, with each mystery being about the murder of Boddy and featuring one guest conducting the entire investigation before accusing another guest of the crime. In 2008, a book called \"CLUE\" code breaking puzzles\", was released. Clue (book series) The Clue series is a book series of 18 children's books published throughout the 1990s based on the board game \"Clue\". The books are compilations of mini-mysteries that the reader must solve involving various crimes committed at the home of Reginald Boddy by",
"title": "Clue (book series)"
},
{
"id": "3654043",
"text": "Pervenche), André Pousse as Colonel Mustard (Colonel Moutarde), Marie-Pierre Casey as Mrs White (Madame Leblanc), David Brécourt as Professor Plum (Professeur Violet), and Carole Fantony as Miss Scarlett (Mademoiselle Rose). With just two episodes in each season, the titles were Dindes au Marron (Chestnut Turkeys), Le Dîner est Servi (Dinner is Served), La Chute d'une Petite Reine (The Little Queen's Fall), and La Tactique du Critique (Tactics of the Critic). The Portuguese version lasted for one season in 1995. The Swedish version lasted for one season in 1996. The murders occurred at the Döinge hus (Dead House), while the storylines",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "11149091",
"text": "in that room, or who held the weapon. This would result in a clue given, such as \"Miss Scarlet was in the Lounge\" or \"No one had the wrench.\" On the highest difficulty, the clues given are less broad, like in the board game, with clues only given that the chosen suspect or weapon was or wasn't in the room. A player can, on their turn, make an interrogation, wherein they can choose a suspect, a weapon, and a room. A longer vignette is shown, playing out the scenario as the player chose. Example: \"The lounge was warm. It was",
"title": "Clue (1992 video game)"
},
{
"id": "7933103",
"text": "that only a genius or a fool would undertake. And there is no sign of genius here. ... the songs are a dull pastiche of 1930s musicals\". Mr. Boddy acts as host. He invites the audience to play \"The Game\" while introducing each of the other characters. He then brings three audience members onstage to choose one card each from one of three stacks, representing six suspects, six rooms and six weapons. These selected cards, unseen by the selectors, cast or the audience, are placed in an oversized envelope marked \"Confidential\", which is displayed on stage for the duration of",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "2188280",
"text": "and the show introduced a lateral thinking puzzle (which the host could \"give clues to\"). \"Give us a Clue\" returned for a special Comic Relief episode in March 2011 with Sara Cox, Christopher Biggins, Lionel Blair, Una Stubbs, Holly Walsh, Jenni Falconer and David Walliams. The game was based on charades, a party game where players used mime rather than speaking to demonstrate a name, phrase, book, play, film or TV programme. Each player was given roughly two minutes to act out their given subject in front of his/her team, and if the others were unsuccessful in guessing correctly, the",
"title": "Give Us a Clue"
},
{
"id": "545898",
"text": "Plum, or removed in error. All these differences in the 2016 edition are favourable to feminine game characters. While the suspects' appearance and interior design of Dr. Black's/Mr. Boddy's mansion changed with each edition, the weapons underwent relatively minor changes, with the only major redesign occurring in the fourth 1972 US edition, which was adopted by the second 1996 UK edition and remains the standard configuration across all Classic Detective Game versions since. The artwork for the previous US editions tended to reflect the current popular style at the time they were released. The earlier UK editions were more artistically",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "12346842",
"text": "website. However, they do continue to sell a version of it as part of their \"Grab & Go\" travel series. Several modifications and updates have been made to the original game's equipment and rules. The six suspects from the original crime have been updated to include first names and more modern-day lifestyles. Each character has a special ability or \"power\" which can be used once during a game. The lead pipe, spanner/wrench, and revolver have all been dropped from the original list of possible weapons used and replaced with the baseball bat, dumbbell, and pistol. Likewise, the knife officially replaces",
"title": "Cluedo: Discover the Secrets"
},
{
"id": "20754181",
"text": "that in fact shows some similarity to the North American movie), and there have been other versions in Germany (\"Cluedo - Das Mörderspiel\"), France (), Italy, Australia (\"Cluedo\"), Portugal (\"Cluedo\") and Scandinavia (\"Cluedo - en mordgåta\"). The format for each puts two teams (each usually containing one celebrity and one person with law enforcement/research experience) against six in-character actors as the famed colour-coded suspects. There is a new murder victim every episode, who usually has it coming to them for one reason or another. Each episode uses different weapons. In the Christmas episode in the UK the six original weapons",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1444053",
"text": "she is\". He also refers to an unconfirmed rumour that \"Miss Scarlet was modeled after our producer, Virginia\". The game does not include credits, however dozens of people were involved in \"Clue's\" development. Some of the more notable contributors: The same 3D characterisations in this game would later appear in the \"Cluedo\"-inspired title \"Fatal Illusion\". \"Clue\" enjoyed an unusually long shelf life for a video game. It went on sale late in 1998 and, as of 2007 was still for sale, available at many retail stores and via the Internet. The original game came in a box with holographic images.",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444055",
"text": "The AI is so good at deriving solutions that many customers complained that the computer cheated. In fact, this is not the case: the computer-controlled characters are just much better than the average human player. The AI works by keeping track of all players' suggestions. It even keeps track of information which most human players ignore. For example, if Player A suggests that Mr. Green did it with the rope in the lounge and Player B could not disprove it, most players would ignore this fact. But the computer records that Player B \"does not\" have Mr. Green, the rope",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "14811184",
"text": "the same American name as they witness a terrible crime and embark on a mysterious adventure they could never have imagined. Along the way, they find they have more in common than they thought, as they uncover hidden treasures and decipher cryptic knowledge to reveal a dark and secret society. On August 6, 2010, The Hub announced that an original half-hour program based on the board game, Clue would air as an original miniseries on the network. The miniseries was shot on Location in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada under Hasbro Studios. On November 14, 2011 creator and executive producer Raven",
"title": "Clue (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "12785143",
"text": "Forever\"; or simply evil, like Professor Moriarty, archenemy of British detective Sherlock Holmes. The modern animated series \"Futurama\" has Professor Hubert Farnsworth, a typical absent-minded but genius-level professor. A related stereotype is the mad scientist. Vladimir Nabokov, author and professor of English at Cornell, frequently used professors as the protagonists in his novels. Professor Henry Higgins is a main character in George Bernard Shaw's play \"Pygmalion\". In the \"Harry Potter\" series, set at the wizard school Hogwarts, the teachers are known as professors, many of whom play important roles, notably Professors Dumbledore, McGonagall and Snape. In the board game \"Cluedo\",",
"title": "Professor"
},
{
"id": "11149093",
"text": "unless if the player is incorrect, they are eliminated from the game. If they are correct, the actual suspect is seen killing Mr. Boddy in an addition to the vignette and is then seen being arrested. The accusing player is the winner. Clue (1992 video game) Clue: Parker Brothers' Classic Detective Game is a North American-exclusive video game published for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis video game consoles. It is based on the popular board game of the same name. It was first announced for preview at the Summer CES in May 1992 with plans of distribution",
"title": "Clue (1992 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1444068",
"text": "When the game is solved, the game's true killer walks into a jail cell and the door closes. The character's actions in the scene are as follows: \"Allgame\" gave the game 3 out of 5, commenting that \"the game's graphics and sound are excellent and add to the escalating feel of suspense\", while adding that \"so much is happening in the visually stunning backgrounds, or the deep, sinister soundtrack\" that the sometimes-slow pace of the board game is unnoticeable. In a 1999 \"MABM\" review, Helen Ubinas said \"Whoever thought of moving this classic to disc had a clue\". \"Computer Gaming",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1542880",
"text": "Employment Agency. A high school journalist named Willie Wheeler and his girlfriend Dooley solve crimes with the help of his shape-shifting superhero motorcycle, Wonder Wheels; whenever Willie goes into action, his beat-up motorcycle transforms itself into a pimped out version with a mind of its own. A shortened and re-titled version of \"Clue Club\" featuring two talking bloodhounds – Woofer & Whimper – who help solve mysteries with the Clue Club detectives: Larry, Pepper, D.D. and Dottie. The original half-hour episodes of \"Clue Club\" were cut-down to 10 minutes to showcase both dogs as the show's main characters. The adventures",
"title": "The Skatebirds"
},
{
"id": "20754186",
"text": "vignettes and asked the reader to follow along and solve a crime at the end of each. The answers are printed \"upside down\" with an explanation on the following page following each chapter to see if the reader was able to guess correctly or not. The crime would usually be the murder of another guest besides Mr. Boddy, a robbery of some sort, or a simple contest, in which case they must figure out who won. The tenth and final vignette would always be the murder of Mr. Boddy. Somehow, Mr. Boddy would always manage to cheat death, such as",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "18263346",
"text": "December 26, 2016. Game designer Elijah Renard explained: Rather than being a board game, Clue played out more like a simple point-and-click game where the player traveled around the rooms from the mansion to collect clues from the 6 suspects to decipher whodunnit. Each case was time limited, and every action taken used up a set amount of time. Successfully making a correct suggestion within the allotted time gave the player the maximum 4-star score for the level. The player played a reporter who has to get the top story to solve a case, and get a promotion. 148apps gave",
"title": "Clue (mobile games)"
},
{
"id": "2298440",
"text": "On the show he revealed that he currently owns earth moving machines as well as an Abbott 433 self propelled gun, which he calls his \"Tank\". He did a lap around the Top Gear track in 1.43.5, beating Tom Cruise and placing him in second place behind John Bishop. In 2012 he was a regular panelist on \"That Sunday Night Show\" on ITV. In April 2012 he featured on Triple J for a day where he co-hosted some shows, and played an imaginative game of Cluedo, where they found people from around Melbourne that matched the Cluedo characters names to",
"title": "Ross Noble"
},
{
"id": "9821913",
"text": "Clue Mysteries (book series) Clue (or Cluedo) Mysteries (sometimes called Clue Mysteries, 15 whodunits to solve in minutes) are two books released in 2003 and 2004 based upon the Clue board game. Both were written by Canadian author, Vicki Cameron. Cameron currently lives in Ontario. Each book contains fifteen mysteries, set up in a similar fashion to the 1990s book series, but meant for a more mature audience. However, the Clue Mysteries have some comic absurdity like the 1990s series. The characters take on names similar to the North American version but more often than not have backstories nearer to",
"title": "Clue Mysteries (book series)"
},
{
"id": "7408353",
"text": "the back cover of each book, with three randomly selected to appear in an illustration created especially for the cover of each book. Books 1-4 feature the characters as they appeared in the 1986 edition of the board game. From Book 5 onwards, the character redesigns from the 1992 edition were used. In 2003, Canadian mystery writer Vicki Cameron wrote a new set of mini-mysteries, the \"Clue Mysteries\" books, after the original author, Nigel Tappin, backed out of the project. Only two were published. Both books feature more complex storylines and vocabulary, fifteen mysteries apiece. The setting is at the",
"title": "Clue (book series)"
},
{
"id": "3654038",
"text": "Cluedo (UK game show) Cluedo is a British game show based on the board game of the same name. Each week, a reenactment of the murder at the stately home Arlington Grange of a visiting guest was played and, through a combination of interrogating the suspects (of whom only the murderer could lie) and deduction, celebrity guests had to discover who committed the murder, which of six weapons (not usually the original six from the board game) and in which room it was committed, whilst viewers were invited to play along at home. \"Encyclopedia of Television\" suggests the Australian version",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "20754188",
"text": "while still retaining some comic absurdity as did the 1990s series. Only two were published. Both books feature more complex storylines and vocabulary, as well as fifteen mysteries apiece. The first book contains the more modern looking clue game cover by Drew Struzan. Another book called \"CLUE Code-Breaking Puzzles\" was released in December 2008 written by Helene Hovanec. The book contains 60 mysteries. A similar series of books featuring the \"Clue Jr.\" characters was also published. The first book, unlike the others, features thirteen mysteries, not ten, and is titled simply enough \"Who Killed Mr. Boddy?\". The name of the",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1444064",
"text": "the game. These were particularly disturbing as they would take place in first-person from Mr. Boddy's point of view as you witnessed the suspect in question carrying out the murder.\" Spong says \"A multi-player option over LAN offers something new to Cluedo that only a video game can accomplish. Whether your playing head to head or co-operatively, the experience makes the game much more sociable and enjoyable. And it’s quite possible that this gameplay addition alone makes Cluedo: Murder at Blackwell Grange a thoroughly playable experience\". In the game, if one wished to play online, he or she was linked",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "10654745",
"text": "or more of the 8 suspects on the train. The suspects are handily named so that the first letter of each forms a successive list of the first eight letters of the alphabet: the actress, the baroness, the count, the diplomat, the entrepreneur, the fortuneteller, the gambler, and the heiress. It is up to the players to solve the mystery before the train reaches Istanbul and the murderer gets away. Prejudices such as gamblers aren't law abiding, fortunetellers lie, colonels are armed with guns etc. must be set aside. It is possible that more than one suspect is guilty. Another",
"title": "Orient Express (board game)"
},
{
"id": "545877",
"text": "wife, Elva Pratt (1913-1990), who had helped in designing the game, presented it to Waddingtons' executive, Norman Watson, who immediately purchased it and provided its trademark name of \"Cluedo\" (a play on \"clue\" and \"Ludo\"; \"ludo\" is Latin for \"I play\"). Although the patent was granted in 1947, due to post-war shortages in the UK the game was not officially launched by Waddingtons until 1949. It was simultaneously licensed to Parker Brothers in the US for publication, where it was renamed \"Clue\" along with other minor changes. There were several differences between the original game concept and that initially published",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "18263531",
"text": "Clue Classic Clue Classic is a video game based on Hasbro's Cluedo franchise. It was developed by Games Cafe and published by Reflexive Entertainment on June 3, 2008. The single-player interactive game was inspired by the artwork in the 2002/2003 Classic Detective Game version, featuring the original six characters, weapons and nine original rooms. Producer was Rob Adams, designer was Rob Adams, programmer was Chad Sterling, lead Artist was Erin Miller, and Music & Sound was by Staffan Melin and David Chan. Mobygames explains the gameplay: BoardGameBeast rated the game 4 out of 5 stars, describing it as a truly",
"title": "Clue Classic"
},
{
"id": "8033748",
"text": "\"Dual Spires\" is an almost shot-for-shot recreation of the title sequence of \"Twin Peaks\". The episode \"100 Clues\" featured an entirely new main title sequence based on the board game Clue. The actor names and title were shown on game cards similar to those of the cards of suspects in Clue. In the episode \"Pilot\", James Roday improvised by picking up a pineapple and saying, \"Should I slice this up for the road?\" Since then, pineapples have appeared in almost every episode as a running gag. The pineapple is a major marketing point for items related to the show on",
"title": "Psych"
},
{
"id": "9821916",
"text": "different version of the main plot, Mr. Boddy's murder, unlike the original series. The murderer and motive changes for each story. Compared to the 1990 series, these stories are more complex, filled with more dialogue and Britishisms, such as \"post\". Only two books were made. Clue Mysteries (book series) Clue (or Cluedo) Mysteries (sometimes called Clue Mysteries, 15 whodunits to solve in minutes) are two books released in 2003 and 2004 based upon the Clue board game. Both were written by Canadian author, Vicki Cameron. Cameron currently lives in Ontario. Each book contains fifteen mysteries, set up in a similar",
"title": "Clue Mysteries (book series)"
},
{
"id": "545896",
"text": "constitute the current shared game design. International versions occasionally developed their own unique designs for specific editions. However, most drew on the designs and art from either the US or UK editions, and in some cases mixing elements from both, while localizing others – specifically suspect portraits. In July 2008, Hasbro released a revamped look for Clue in a Reinvention called Clue: Discover the Secrets. This new version of the game offered major changes to the game play and to the characters and their back stories. In July 2016 Hasbro replaced Mrs White with a new, one-time character Dr. Orchid",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "20754189",
"text": "book is usually the name of the tenth mystery in which Boddy is killed. The books notably depart from the film. Mr Boddy is a trillionaire, and the guests are his friends. But since Boddy has his will made out to his friends, they each try to kill him at one point with the intent on cashing in on his will. The guests are all given some sort of defining characteristic for comic effect, as well as to help the reader discern the culprit. Colonel Mustard constantly challenges other guests to duels, Professor Plum often forgets things, even what he",
"title": "Cluedo (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1444059",
"text": "the same number of \"moves\" each turn. A few features of \"Clue\": The game is highly notable for its very dark tone. It has rather vivid suggestion scenes which are from the perspective of the host being murdered by the guests. The animations are all characters based (for example Mrs. Peacock physically struggles with some of the weapons, and Professor Plum seems unwilling to commit murder. The cut scenes also utilise the many imaginative ways one can murder someone with each of the weapons). The Providence Journal described the game as having a \"film-noir environment (like a murder-mystery movie of",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "2096084",
"text": "word games. The character frequently delights in over-stating his \"intellectual superiority\" and on forewarning both Batman and the police of his capers by sending them complex clues. His name is a pun itself, Enigma (Edward Nygma) which means a person or thing that is mysterious or difficult to understand. With this self-conscious use of a gimmick, Riddler's crimes are flamboyant and ostentatious. The character is depicted as wearing a domino mask either with a green suit and bowler hat, or a green unitard with question mark prints. A black, green, or purple question mark serves as his visual motif. The",
"title": "Riddler"
},
{
"id": "7933099",
"text": "Clue (musical) Clue The Musical is a musical with a book by Peter DePietro, music by Galen Blum, Wayne Barker and Vinnie Martucci, and lyrics by Tom Chiodo, based on the board game Clue. The plot concerns a murder at a mansion, occupied by several suspects, that is solved by a detective; the ending is determined by cards drawn by audience members that select the murderer, murder weapon and location of the murder. The piece has an interactive feature in which audience members randomly select cards that determine which suspect committed the murder, which weapon was used, and in what",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "767346",
"text": "is locked in the lounge. Wadsworth then throws the key out onto the blacktop. Colonel Mustard proposes they split into pairs and search the house to make sure no one else is there. While they are searching, the motorist is killed with the wrench by a figure that is presumed to be his former employer. Mustard and Scarlet find his corpse in the locked lounge and Yvette uses the revolver from the now-open cupboard to break the keyhole. A police officer investigating the motorist's abandoned car arrives and comes inside to use the phone. The guests resume their search of",
"title": "Clue (film)"
},
{
"id": "1444063",
"text": "follows, \"After navigating to one of the rooms in the mansion players may make suggestions as to who they believe is the murderer, which weapon was used, and where it took place. The suggestion may be disproved if any of the other players are holding cards that depict one of the three aspects of the accusation. The game continues and, through analysis and process of elimination, is won by the player who makes a suggestion that cannot be refuted.\" It adds that \"cutscenes were also introduced, which would play out the various murder suggestion scenes made over the course of",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "10740446",
"text": "are drawn at random. Notable members of this category include \"Black Box\" and \"Master Mind\". Investigation games are board games in which the players generally play as police, detectives or other investigators. The best known game of this type is \"Cluedo\". In fact, many of games in this category utilize a mechanic known as \"The Missing Card,\" which was developed by Anthony E. Pratt for \"Cluedo\" (\"Clue\" in the United States). \"The Missing Card\" takes a known set of cards (or other token) and removes one or more of them. By gathering information and using deduction and logic, the players",
"title": "Deduction board game"
},
{
"id": "1444052",
"text": "some broad guidelines and let us go. Of course they had the final say on everything, but I don’t think we bumped heads on too many things\". When asked if any of the characters were originally designed differently from how they turned out, Nash said \"In an early design document, which was never used, it was mentioned that Miss Scarlet should be from “indeterminate Asian origin\". However, he adds \"I don’t think any of the rest of the team envisioned her that way. I think the only guidelines we were given was that she be drop-dead gorgeous, which of course",
"title": "Clue (1998 video game)"
},
{
"id": "545880",
"text": "updated by the game's initial release and remain essentially unchanged in the standard Classic Detective Game editions of the game. The game consists of a board which shows the rooms, corridors and secret-passages of an English country house called \"Tudor Mansion\" (named \"Tudor Close\", \"Tudor Hall\", \"Boddy Manor\" or \"Boddy Mansion\" in some editions) in Hampshire, England in 1926. The game box also includes several coloured playing pieces to represent characters, miniature murder weapon props, one or two six-sided dice, three sets of cards (describing the aforementioned rooms, characters or weapons), \"Solution Cards\" envelope to contain one card from each",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "7408351",
"text": "of the guilty party is done by tracking particular oddities given specific to the mystery, such as the guests all trying on specific scents of perfume or a note that some are wearing a particular style or color of clothing. The guests also have very distinct, exaggerated personalities that betray their identities to the reader when they are not directly named. Someone attempts to murder Mr Boddy in the final chapter of each book. In the solution, no explanation is given, and it is suggested that Mr Boddy actually dies. In the introduction of subsequent books, however, Mr Boddy explains",
"title": "Clue (book series)"
},
{
"id": "18258980",
"text": "menu accesses suspect biographies and game options, saving and loading. Inventory can be manipulated (or inspected) at the bottom of the screen, and a clue option gives novice players hints. Puzzles include riddles and abstract challenges to obtain gems, a maze, and limited inventory-based puzzles. The game requires the player to interview suspects to gain insight into solving puzzles, which reveal vital objects or clues. The game is set on New Year's Eve 1938, when the player is invited aboard the \"Rhine Maiden\" yacht for a trip to the mountaintop retreat of eccentric and mysterious German millionaire Ian Masque to",
"title": "Clue Chronicles: Fatal Illusion"
},
{
"id": "16155022",
"text": "Anthony E. Pratt Anthony Ernest Pratt (10 August 1903 – 9 April 1994) was a musician and the inventor of the English detective themed board game Cluedo, currently owned and marketed by American entertainment company Hasbro. Pratt was born at 13 Brighton Road in the Balsall Heath area of Birmingham, England. He received his secondary education at St. Philip's School in Edgbaston. His favourite subject was chemistry, but he suffered from poor eyesight, which affected his education. Pratt was a gifted musician and a proficient pianist from an early age. When he left school at 15, he wanted to pursue",
"title": "Anthony E. Pratt"
},
{
"id": "16155030",
"text": "Anthony E. Pratt Anthony Ernest Pratt (10 August 1903 – 9 April 1994) was a musician and the inventor of the English detective themed board game Cluedo, currently owned and marketed by American entertainment company Hasbro. Pratt was born at 13 Brighton Road in the Balsall Heath area of Birmingham, England. He received his secondary education at St. Philip's School in Edgbaston. His favourite subject was chemistry, but he suffered from poor eyesight, which affected his education. Pratt was a gifted musician and a proficient pianist from an early age. When he left school at 15, he wanted to pursue",
"title": "Anthony E. Pratt"
},
{
"id": "10550846",
"text": "Jørn Lier Horst Jørn Lier Horst (born 27 February 1970, in Bamble, Telemark) is a Norwegian author of crime fiction and a former Senior Investigating Officer at Vestfold Police district. He made his debut in 2004 with the crime novel \"Key Witness\", based on a true murder story. The detective character in his novels is William Wisting. He has also written children books, including a series named \"Clue\". Horst was the youngest of two brothers. He was born in Porsgrunn on 27 February 1970. His parents were Oddvar and Hildur Lier Olsen. In 1995 he married Beate Horst, and now",
"title": "Jørn Lier Horst"
},
{
"id": "2536326",
"text": "Jurors have to make the decision as to who is guilty and then a real solution is read out. Cluedo or 'Clue' in North America, the first murder mystery board game was released some time later in 1948, and has continued to be popular. However, Cluedo is again, a vastly different game to the modern role playing dinner party mysteries. The earliest mention of role playing murder mystery games in their present How to Host boxed format is in the 1980s when they were thought to be a bit of a one-year wonder in the game shops. Back then the",
"title": "Murder mystery game"
},
{
"id": "767347",
"text": "the mansion. The electricity is then turned off. Yvette, the cop, and a singing telegram girl are subsequently murdered with the rope, lead pipe, and revolver, respectively. Wadsworth and the others regroup after he turns the electricity back on, and he reveals he knows who the murderer is. He proceeds to recreate the events of the night so far as to explain how the murders occurred. He reveals that the other five people who died with Mr. Boddy were his accomplices, who gave him vital information about the different guests. After an evangelist interrupts them, Wadsworth continues and shuts off",
"title": "Clue (film)"
},
{
"id": "3654040",
"text": "Whodunnit? as \"an earlier version of Cluedo\". David McCallum, who played Professor Plum in series 2, said \"This is not the Royal Shakespeare Company but it still requires technique. It's not overacting and it's not underacting. it's just \"slightly\" over the top\". Series three's Colonel Mustard Lewis Collins said in an interview with This Morning: \"Cluedo is the most nerve-racking thing I've ever done...\", despite one magazine saying he was \"tailor-made\" for the role. Lysette Anthony, who played Miss Scarlett in series 3, said \"Cluedo is fun to play because it's camp and it's the complete opposite of what I'm",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "7933106",
"text": "flirt with him. In the conservatory, Mrs. Peacock plans to add Mr. Boddy to her growing list of dead husbands (\"Once a Widow\"). After dinner, Mr. Boddy invites his guests and staff to fulfill their destiny—to murder him. They search through \"Corridor and Halls\" for the right combination of suspect, room and weapon. Mr. Boddy is found dead (\"The Murder\"). The cause of Mr. Boddy's death is unknown (\"After the Murder\"). Mr. Boddy miraculously revives as host and introduces a new character, a hard-nosed, attractive Detective. As she searches the mansion for clues, the suspects nervously speculate \"She Hasn't Got",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "10346643",
"text": "foreshadowed. For example, it is implied that secret British-American government co-operation has produced a highly advanced aircraft similar to an airship, and Crabtree and Murdoch allude to the building of a secret government facility in Nevada and New Mexico \"at Concession 51\" (an allusion to Area 51). Characters also refer to actual inventions of the 19th century and extrapolate from them to future inventions such as microwave ovens, night-vision goggles, computers, the games \"Cluedo\" (marketed as \"Clue\" in the U.S.) and \"Hangman\", the toy Silly Putty, and a silencer for small arms. Another underlying theme of the series involves the",
"title": "Murdoch Mysteries"
},
{
"id": "18258981",
"text": "see his collection of Egyptian artifacts. Masque meets his fate from a poisoned puzzle box, and the player is tasked with finding the murderer. The game's plot includes an Egyptian curse and Nazi spy rings. The storyline plays out in four acts in three settings (in a castle, aboard the \"Rhine Maiden\" and on a cable car). New characters join the original cast of six characters. The game has a cliffhanger ending, which led players to expect a sequel. The German magazine \"PC Player\" gave \"Clue Chronicles: Fatal Illusion\" a score of 62 out of 100, praising the reproduction of",
"title": "Clue Chronicles: Fatal Illusion"
},
{
"id": "12108024",
"text": "dealers in order to earn money. Each dealer is specialized in different commodities and will not accept or will pay less for other types of merchandise. Essential part of the gameplay are skills such as driving, lockpicking or electronics, which affects the time needed to complete specific tasks. Some actions and tools depend on particular skill level of person doing it (for example using stethoscope for opening a safe lock requies higher skill level than using a welding torch for the same job). Participants of a successful burglary also improve their skills. In addition to skills, each character has various",
"title": "The Clue!"
},
{
"id": "8943540",
"text": "the Sundance Kid\". The name of Rimmer's video game character likely references the 1907 poem \"The Shooting of Dan McGrew\", in which the title character is repeatedly referred to as \"Dangerous Dan McGrew\". Lister's name, Philip, is likely a reference to fictional detective Philip Marlowe. The game itself is named \"Streets Of Laredo\", after the famous cowboy ballad. Howard Goodall's soundtrack for this episode is inspired by Ennio Morricone's distinctive style of music in the \"Dollars Trilogy\". The episode was first broadcast on the British television channel BBC2 on 21 October 1993 in the 9:00pm time slot. The episode was",
"title": "Gunmen of the Apocalypse"
},
{
"id": "545901",
"text": "competitive game. Adjusting with the times, in 1979 US TV commercials a detective, resembling a bumbling Inspector Clouseau from the popular \"Pink Panther\" film franchise, looks for clues. In 1986, the marketing slogan added \"Classic Detective Game\" which persists through the last 2002/2003 edition. In the UK, Cluedo did not start using \"The Great Detective Game\" marketing slogan until the mid-1950s, which it continued using until the 2000 edition when it adopted the \"Classic Detective Game\" slogan. However, in the mid-1950s Waddingtons also adopted a Sherlock Holmes-type detective to adorn their box covers for a brief time, though unlike the",
"title": "Cluedo"
},
{
"id": "15213482",
"text": "It all starts with the discussion of Cynthia on the lights of the stage, when she left the stage did not come back and have two suspects Mrs. Buhr and Tony, they find the murder weapon. George, his wife, and his limo driver are found shot in the limo off the road. Their kids Rory & Tory are interrogated, and suspicion is raised when CSI team uncovers that they tried hacking into their dad's computer to find out how much money he has lost. Then, a clue leads them to Ralph, gun shop owner, where the murder weapon, a .38",
"title": "CSI: Crime City"
},
{
"id": "5528310",
"text": "of them and they would be up in arms.\" Hilda and Stan Ogden were voted Britain's top romantic TV couple in 2002, in a poll of more than 5,000 people carried out by NTL:Home. They beat off competition from \"Friends\"' couple Monica Geller and Chandler Bing and Dot and Jim Branning from \"EastEnders\". In 2005 the couple topped another poll. The Ogdens were voted ITV's favourite TV characters in a survey by \"Broadcast\" magazine, which took place to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the network. They beat \"Minder's\" Arthur Daley and \"Prime Suspect's\" DCI Jane Tennison, who took second",
"title": "Hilda Ogden"
},
{
"id": "7933108",
"text": "a \"Foul-weather Friend\". As the Detective prepares to make her accusation, the Suspects cry \"Don't Blame Me\" and panic at \"The Final Clue\". She reveals the random killer, location and weapon as per the three cards drawn earlier, and the killer confesses. Then, it is revealed that the previously stated murderer was only an accomplice, and that the true murderer is Professor Plum. Plum is then revealed to be an imposter, the true Plum being disguised as a piano player in the orchestra. The Suspects ponder life beyond the mansion, but are compelled by Mr. Boddy to repeat their fate",
"title": "Clue (musical)"
},
{
"id": "3654045",
"text": "studio sleuths cross-examining the characters to uncover further information. When one team succeeds, a spotlight shines on the culprit as they explain how and why they committed the crime. \"Understanding the Global TV Format\" likened the show to \"Voce Decide\", describing them both as \"a hybrid, an amalgamation of a gameshow with a fictional situation and story\". Similarly, \"The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television\" deemed the Australian version a \"hybrid gameshow/whodunnit\". One magazine said the show \"promise[s] to keep us guessing till the very end\". One magazine noted the difficulties involved in giving life to a one",
"title": "Cluedo (UK game show)"
},
{
"id": "767351",
"text": "the key from Wadsworth's pocket), Mrs. White killed Yvette in the billiard room with the rope, and Miss Scarlet killed the cop in the library with the lead pipe. Mr. Green is therefore accused of killing the singing telegram girl, but Wadsworth reveals he killed her in the hall with the revolver, and that he is, in fact, the real Mr. Boddy (the man Professor Plum killed was his butler). With the witnesses to each of their secret activities dead and the evidence destroyed, Mr. Boddy now plans on continuing to blackmail them all. Mr. Green suddenly pulls out a",
"title": "Clue (film)"
},
{
"id": "12346847",
"text": "the faux-Edwardiana of the original, in which the vicar and the doctor and the local spinster gathered at the manor, was an accurate reflection of late-1940s society?\" and suggests that \"the appeal of these games is not that they reflect the real world, but that they take you away from it.\" Though Hasbro no longer sells Discover the Secrets, a variation of the game still exists in their \"Grab & Go\" travel series. Notably, it plays identically to standard classic rules, but visually continues to use the new Discover the Secrets room layout, and 3 of the new weapons (poison,",
"title": "Cluedo: Discover the Secrets"
},
{
"id": "12108026",
"text": "wanna-be getting immersed into the world of London underworld. He can make social contacts with other characters in various pubs and bars. Most of the NPCs can be hired to assist in burglary. The story begins with Matt Stuvysant arriving to London Victoria station. Shortly after he is settled in the Ugly dog hotel on Holland street, he is contacted by his father's old friend Herbert Briggs, a well-renowned burglar. The Clue! The Clue! (known as \"Der Clou!\" in German-speaking regions) is a remake of the 1986 game \"They Stole a Million\". It would form a two-game series, with a",
"title": "The Clue!"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cluedo context: Cluedo Cluedo (), known as Clue in North America, is a murder mystery game for three to six players that was devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham, England. The game was first manufactured by Waddingtons in the UK in 1949. Since then, it has been relaunched and updated several times, and it is currently owned and published by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim (\"Dr. Black\" in the UK version and \"Mr. Boddy\" in North American versions), where the crime took place, and which weapon\n\nFor a point each, name the characters in the game of Clue",
"compressed_tokens": 189,
"origin_tokens": 189,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Clue (book series) context: ten minimysteries similar to the \"Encyclopedia Brown\" books. Each mystery ends with a question to answer, and a picture of the checklist from the game is provided to assist with solving. The answer is printed upside-down on the next page, providing an explanation of how the criminal was foiled, or how the victim (if there was one) survived. The first nine mysteries typically involve some sort of competition between the guests (in which case readers must deduce who won), a guest attempting to murder another guest, or some sort of rare treasure of Mr Boddy's that has been stolen. Deduction\n\ntitle: Clue (19 video game) context: their effect, there aren' really many faults with the game\". \"Christian Spotlight\" gave the game a rating of 4.5 out 5 stars.Gameebo\" gave the game a 4 out of 5 star rating. The game was named \"Video Game of the Week\" on 1999-02-06 in the \"Fresno Bee Cl1998 video game Clueknown as \"Cluedo\" outside of North America) is a 1998 video game based on the board game of the same name. Its formal name is \"Clue: Murder at Boddy Mansion\" or \"Cluedo: Murder at Blackwell Grange\" (depending of whether the country uses American or British English).\ntitle: Clue (musical context and continue playing \"The \"Note: The characters cost colors their names.\" simplifies including rather nine Hall, Dining Room Library are eliminated The role of Mr. Bod, and much of the action centers on motive rather than exclusively how where murder happened new character Detective, drives much of action of of the show The characters particularly Col. Must and Mr Green, closer North American characters rather than the British.\n:o: was used Each assumes the of of the andce the correct answer byically moving around a board theansioningues about the, film (\" and as Several various extra, different play. The original game is marketed as the \"Classic Detective Game\", and the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans.\n\nFor a point each, name the characters in the game of Clue",
"compressed_tokens": 496,
"origin_tokens": 14252,
"ratio": "28.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,757 | Name the only US president who has won the medal of honor. | [
"T Ros",
"Feddy Roosevelt",
"26th President of the United States",
"Trust Buster",
"The Cowboy President",
"Teddy roosevelt",
"Theodore Roosavelt",
"President Theodore Roosevelt",
"Theodor roosevelt",
"Teddy Rose",
"Teddy Roosevelt",
"Theodore roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt",
"Teodoro Roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt Administration",
"Teddy Roosvelt",
"Teddy Rosevelt",
"Roosevelt, Theodore",
"Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy",
"T Roosevelt",
"Cowboy of the Dakotas",
"Teddy Roose",
"Theodore Roosevelt"
] | Teddy Roosevelt | [
{
"id": "413903",
"text": "President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "14651739",
"text": "he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa",
"title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "844102",
"text": "and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. He married a",
"title": "Ellsworth Bunker"
},
{
"id": "1288309",
"text": "of Freedom with Distinction during a farewell press conference at the White House honoring Biden and his wife. Obama said he was awarding the Medal of Freedom to Biden for \"faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations.\" It was the first and only time Obama awarded the Medal of Freedom with the additional honor of distinction, an honor which his three predecessors had reserved only for President Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II, respectively. On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed",
"title": "Joe Biden"
},
{
"id": "342940",
"text": "Reagan\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded",
"title": "Ronald Reagan"
},
{
"id": "5062390",
"text": "Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United",
"title": "Presidential Citizens Medal"
},
{
"id": "3075994",
"text": "his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was",
"title": "Arthur MacArthur Jr."
},
{
"id": "307171",
"text": "chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "307169",
"text": "is the Presidential Medal of Freedom. President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through , with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U.S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U.S. sash and star decoration (the Chief Commander degree of the Legion of Merit—which may only be awarded to foreign heads of state—is a star decoration, but without a sash). The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "284119",
"text": "for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Reagan and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002, at the United States Capitol building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on",
"title": "Nancy Reagan"
},
{
"id": "17503650",
"text": "and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor: Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz. Since 1979, 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "2737484",
"text": "duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 12-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006. U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations U.S. President Barack Obama – 0 presentations U.S. President Donald Trump – 0 presentations Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for",
"title": "Congressional Space Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "6580669",
"text": "1930, #33 Harry Truman 1950, #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1946, #36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1964, #37 Richard Nixon 1971, #38 Gerald Ford 1975 (also a Distinguished Eagle Scout), #39 Jimmy Carter 1978, #40 Ronald Reagan 1982, #41 George H.W. Bush 1990, #42 Bill Clinton 1997, #43 George W. Bush 2002, and #44 Barack Obama 2013. Eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #7 Heber J. Grant 1938, #8 George Albert Smith 1934, #9 David O. McKay 1953, #11 Harold B. Lee 1963, #12 Spencer W. Kimball 1984, #13 Ezra Taft",
"title": "Silver Buffalo Award"
},
{
"id": "17503640",
"text": "two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars, emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, who was presented the flag posthumously. President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4, 2005. A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the in",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "20136268",
"text": "Honor from President Harry S. Truman. This medal is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force. By helping to support and maintain the war, Desmond was the first non-combatant to receive the Medal of Honor. A dramatized account of Doss's life and war experience, as well as testimony from his peers, is portrayed in Mel Gibson's 2016 film \"Hacksaw Ridge\", starring Andrew Garfield as Doss. Other conscientious objectors who have been awarded the Medal of Honor are Thomas W. Bennett and Joseph G. LaPointe, both medics who served during the Vietnam War. Both Bennett and LaPointe",
"title": "Conscientious objection in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1986635",
"text": "taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102. In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read, Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come. Douglas donated her medal",
"title": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas"
},
{
"id": "13876939",
"text": "In a 36-minute speech, he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a \"just war\" saying, \"perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars.\" Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have won the Nobel Peace Prize (after Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter, with Carter's honor happening after leaving office). The winner is selected by the Nobel Committee from nominations submitted by committee members and others. Nominations for",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "11523700",
"text": "well as the 1991 filming of the made-for-TV movie, Crash Landing: The Rescue of Flight 232). Nearly every U.S. presidential candidate finds their way to the KSCJ airwaves to be interviewed in the months leading up to the Iowa caucuses. State, regional, and local candidates are always frequent guests on the station's various local programs. In the early 1990's, Col. Bud Day appeared live in-studio during an episode of \"Open Line with Randy Renshaw\". Day, a native of Sioux City and a retired United States Air Force colonel, is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor",
"title": "KSCJ"
},
{
"id": "14469871",
"text": "difference between them was that one served as a spy while the other disguised herself as a male and fought in various battles. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed by the President in the name of Congress on members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or her life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States.\". The 39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also",
"title": "Hispanics in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "1825008",
"text": "January 2009 US President George W. Bush awarded President Uribe, along with former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard, the highest civilian award; the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Dana Perino, the White House Press Secretary explained that he received this award \"for (his) work to improve the lives of (his) citizens and for (his) efforts to promote democracy, human rights and peace abroad.\" She said (speaking of the three leaders who received the reward on this day): \"All three leaders have been staunch allies of the United States, particularly in",
"title": "Álvaro Uribe"
},
{
"id": "7626535",
"text": "Harold E. Wilson Chief Warrant Officer Harold Edward Wilson (December 5, 1921 – March 29, 1998) was a United States Marine who earned the United States' military highest award, the Medal of Honor, for heroism as a platoon sergeant of a rifle platoon in Korea on the night of April 23–24, 1951. He received the award from President Harry S. Truman during ceremonies at the White House on April 11, 1952. Wounded four times during the night-long battle, he refused medical treatment to rally his men against overwhelming Communist forces. With both arms virtually disabled, he continued to pass ammunition",
"title": "Harold E. Wilson"
},
{
"id": "13876943",
"text": "committee feared being labeled naïve for accepting a young politician's promises at face value\", stating that \"no one could deny that 'the international climate' had suddenly improved, and that Mr. Obama was the main reason...'We want to embrace the message that he stands for.\" Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "19683875",
"text": "was a commissioned in 1949 and decommissioned in 1977. USS John Basilone USS \"John Basilone\" (DDG-122) is a planned United States Navy Flight IIA guided missile destroyer, the 72nd overall for the class. The ship will be named for United States Marine Corps Gunnery sergeant John Basilone, who received the nation's highest military award for valor, the Medal of Honor, for heroism during the Guadalcanal Campaign in World War II. Basilone was the only enlisted Marine to receive both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross in World War II. This is the second United States Navy vessel to",
"title": "USS John Basilone"
},
{
"id": "14121324",
"text": "club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and",
"title": "Philadelphia Club"
},
{
"id": "2162622",
"text": "of survivor guilt, asks his wife \"Did I live a good life?\" After his work on \"Rough Riders\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \"The Wind and the Lion\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \"Rough Riders (miniseries)\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \"American Graffiti\" was inspired by Milius, who was a",
"title": "John Milius"
},
{
"id": "4841228",
"text": "on 16 February 1968, his recon patrol were met by enemy soldiers. At the end of a fierce fight with the enemy, he was killed in action when the helicopter he had boarded crashed after being hit by enemy fire. Graves's military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to<br> SECOND LIEUTENANT TERRENCE C. GRAVES<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: \"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and",
"title": "Terrence C. Graves"
},
{
"id": "6580667",
"text": "Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the",
"title": "Silver Buffalo Award"
},
{
"id": "1602415",
"text": "2007, ceremony inducting four members into the Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee declined an invitation to address the audience, saying: \"Well, it's better to be silent than to be a fool.\" On November 5, 2007, George W. Bush presented Lee with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest civilian award in the United States and recognizes individuals who have made \"an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors\". In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Medal of Arts, the highest",
"title": "Harper Lee"
},
{
"id": "652065",
"text": "by official flight records. Other airplanes that continued to the target came under fire near the target at about the same time that Johnson's plane was recorded as having landed back at the original airbase. MacArthur recommended Johnson for the Silver Star for gallantry in action: the only member of the crew to receive a decoration. After it was approved by the Army, he personally presented the medal to Johnson, with the following citation: Johnson, who had used a movie camera to record conditions, reported to Roosevelt, to Navy leaders, and to Congress that conditions were deplorable and unacceptable: some",
"title": "Lyndon B. Johnson"
},
{
"id": "438958",
"text": "to 10 and 171 to 100, respectively. Lenczowski further states: \"It seems Johnson was more interested in avoiding a possible confrontation with the Soviet Union, ... than in restraining Israel.\" McGonagle received the Medal of Honor, the highest U.S. medal, for his actions. The Medal of Honor is generally presented by the President of the United States in the White House, but this time it was awarded at the Washington Navy Yard by the Secretary of the Navy in an unpublicized ceremony, breaking with established tradition. Other \"Liberty\" sailors received decorations for their actions during and after the attack, but",
"title": "USS Liberty incident"
},
{
"id": "1402726",
"text": "than 2,000 honors and awards, including 54 honorary university doctorates. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal for service to his country. President Lyndon Johnson bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his service to the armed forces through the USO. In 1982, he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an honor given annually by Jefferson Awards. He was presented with the National Medal of Arts in 1995 and received the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award in 1997. On June 10, 1980, he became the 64th—and",
"title": "Bob Hope"
},
{
"id": "7507902",
"text": "the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty\" for his actions in the Solomon Islands on January 31, 1943. In addition to the Medal of Honor, DeBlanc holds the Distinguished Flying Cross; the Purple Heart; the Air Medal with four gold stars in lieu of second through fifth award; Presidential Unit Citation with one bronze star; Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three bronze stars; American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to FIRST LIEUTENANT JEFFERSON J. DEBLANC UNITED STATES MARINE",
"title": "Jefferson J. DeBlanc"
},
{
"id": "5071736",
"text": "Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "18094818",
"text": "of History and also serves on the board of the Augusta Warrior Project. Smith is frequently an op-ed contributor to the \"Augusta Chronicle\". Smith is married to Connor Cleckley Dyess. Dyess is the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Jimmie Dyess. Jimmie Dyess, a United States Marine, was the only person to earn America’s two highest awards for heroism, the Medal of Honor and the Carnegie Medal. Smith and his wife have two children and three grandchildren. A good deal of Smith's time is spent teaching and mentoring corporate executives, MBA scholars, government and military leaders, church groups and non-profit organizations. Topics",
"title": "Perry M. Smith"
},
{
"id": "7507361",
"text": "Garza yelled \"Grenade\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while",
"title": "Emilio A. De La Garza"
},
{
"id": "13876944",
"text": "former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Obama was the first U.S. president to receive the award during his first year in office (at eight and a half months, after being nominated less than two weeks in office), although several other world leaders were awarded in the year following their election to national office, including Óscar Arias (1987) and Aung San Suu Kyi (1991). Obama said he was \"surprised\" and \"deeply humbled\" by the award. In remarks given at the White House Rose Garden on the day of the announcement,",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "307167",
"text": "Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. It recognizes those people who have made \"an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors\". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. It was established in 1963 by President",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "8234174",
"text": "heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor",
"title": "Bud Day"
},
{
"id": "342941",
"text": "the WPPAC's Top Honor Prize because he signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with H.E. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (then President of Russia), ending the cold war. On January 18, 1993, Reagan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom (awarded with distinction), the highest honor that the United States can bestow, from President George H. W. Bush, his Vice President and successor. Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate. On Reagan's 87th birthday, in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed",
"title": "Ronald Reagan"
},
{
"id": "12287551",
"text": "to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms. Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought",
"title": "United States dollar"
},
{
"id": "19683874",
"text": "USS John Basilone USS \"John Basilone\" (DDG-122) is a planned United States Navy Flight IIA guided missile destroyer, the 72nd overall for the class. The ship will be named for United States Marine Corps Gunnery sergeant John Basilone, who received the nation's highest military award for valor, the Medal of Honor, for heroism during the Guadalcanal Campaign in World War II. Basilone was the only enlisted Marine to receive both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross in World War II. This is the second United States Navy vessel to be named after Basilone. The first, USS \"Basilone\" (DD-824),",
"title": "USS John Basilone"
},
{
"id": "307174",
"text": "a service ribbon for wear on military service uniform, a miniature medal pendant for wear on mess dress or civilian formal wear, and a lapel badge for wear on civilian clothes (all shown in the accompanying photograph of the full presentation set). Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. It recognizes those people who have made \"an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "15254725",
"text": "May 1976. Crain's father had designed the presidential medals for President Woodrow Wilson (1917), President Warren G. Harding (1921), and President Calvin Coolidge (1925). In addition, Crain served on the Official Inaugural Medal Committee for five presidents. Presidential Inaugural Medals Presidential Inaugural Medals have a long history in the United States. The tradition can be traced back to the first president, George Washington, and continues on today with President Donald Trump. Samuel Brooks created the first presidential medal for President George Washington—the medal produce had a crude profile of Washington on one side and is known as the \"Manly medal\".",
"title": "Presidential Inaugural Medals"
},
{
"id": "8568230",
"text": "Ellis Island Medal of Honor The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is an American award founded by the Ellis Island Honors Society (EIHS) (formerly known as National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO) until Fall of 2017) which are presented annually to American citizens whose accomplishments in their field and inspired service to the United States are cause for celebration. Past medalists include seven U.S. presidents, several world leaders, two Nobel Prize winners and countless leaders of industry, education, the arts, sports and government, along with everyday Americans who have made freedom, liberty and compassion a part of their life's work.",
"title": "Ellis Island Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "8181026",
"text": "list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL WILLIAM DAVID MORGAN<br> United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad",
"title": "William D. Morgan"
},
{
"id": "2853933",
"text": "\"The Economist\" stated explicitly that while Yunus was doing excellent work to fight poverty, it was not appropriate to award him the Peace Prize, stating: \"... the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all.\" He is one of only seven persons to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal. Other notable awards include the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1984, the World Food Prize, the International Simon Bolivar Prize (1996), the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord and the Sydney",
"title": "Muhammad Yunus"
},
{
"id": "3731668",
"text": "science and medicine, athletes, humanitarians, public servants, and foreign recipients. The medal is normally awarded to persons, but in 1979 the American Red Cross became the first organization to be honored with a gold medal. The Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are generally considered to carry the same level of prestige (though significantly fewer Gold Medals have been awarded). The chief difference between the two is that the Freedom Medal is personally awarded by the President of the United States, and Congressional Gold Medals are awarded by Acts of Congress (Congress may authorize the President to present",
"title": "Congressional Gold Medal"
},
{
"id": "3221296",
"text": "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Theodore \"Ted\" Roosevelt III (September 13, 1887 – July 12, 1944), known as Theodore Roosevelt Jr., was an American government, business, and military leader. He was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Roosevelt is known for his World War II service, including the directing of troops at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Roosevelt was educated at private academies and Harvard University; after his 1909 graduation from college, he began a successful career in business and investment banking. Having gained pre-World War I",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt Jr."
},
{
"id": "7723136",
"text": "Mausert has been awarded the Purple Heart with a gold star in lieu of a second award, Good Conduct Medal, Korean Service Medal with one bronze star, and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SERGEANT FREDERICK W. MAUSERT, III<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a Squad Leader in Company B,",
"title": "Frederick W. Mausert III"
},
{
"id": "10669466",
"text": "decoration in the United States bestowed \"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine",
"title": "Hispanic Americans in World War II"
},
{
"id": "151001",
"text": "and experience a wave of enthusiasm. On January 10, 2009, George H. W. and George W. Bush were both present at the commissioning of (CVN-77), the tenth and last supercarrier of the United States Navy. Bush paid a visit to the carrier again on May 26, 2009. In October 2009, Bush joined President Barack Obama onstage at Texas A&M University for a promotion of volunteering. On February 15, 2011, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom—the highest civilian honor in the United States—by President Barack Obama. Later that year, Bush, an avid golfer, was inducted in the World Golf",
"title": "George H. W. Bush"
},
{
"id": "6580668",
"text": "Silver Buffalo, Ronald Reagan 1982 and Nancy Reagan 1988, Wayne M. Perry 2006 and Christine Perry 2016, Edward Arnold 2011 and Jeanne Arnold 2013, George F. Francis, III 2001 Elaine Smith Francis 2013,and Justin D. (Dan) McCarthy 2012 and Carol McCarthy 2017. Three Chief Justices of the Supreme Court have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #10 William Howard Taft 1927, #11 Charles Evans Hughes 1944, and #15 Warren E. Burger 1988. Fifteen Presidents of the United States have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #27 William Howard Taft 1927, #30 Calvin Coolidge 1929, #31 Herbert Hoover 1930, #32 Franklin Delano Roosevelt",
"title": "Silver Buffalo Award"
},
{
"id": "7543520",
"text": "Dixon (Oregon, 2007). Non-sporting former recipients include Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated actor Mark Harmon (UCLA), NASA astronaut and USAF flight test engineer Michael S. Hopkins (Illinois), former USAF pilot and incumbent Hampden–Sydney College President Christopher B. Howard (U.S. Air Force Academy) and NBC anchor Stone Phillips (Yale). The Gold Medal, the NFF’s highest honor, has been presented to seven U.S. Presidents, four U.S. Generals, three U.S. Admirals, one U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 25 Corporate CEOs and Chairmen. Presented on special occasions when a truly deserving individual emerges, the award honors someone who has applied the character building attributes learned from",
"title": "National Football Foundation"
},
{
"id": "7626541",
"text": "forth in the following CITATION: Harold E. Wilson Chief Warrant Officer Harold Edward Wilson (December 5, 1921 – March 29, 1998) was a United States Marine who earned the United States' military highest award, the Medal of Honor, for heroism as a platoon sergeant of a rifle platoon in Korea on the night of April 23–24, 1951. He received the award from President Harry S. Truman during ceremonies at the White House on April 11, 1952. Wounded four times during the night-long battle, he refused medical treatment to rally his men against overwhelming Communist forces. With both arms virtually disabled,",
"title": "Harold E. Wilson"
},
{
"id": "8070651",
"text": "the Medal of Honor. He was also posthumously awarded two Purple Heart Medals. His body was returned to the United States for burial. His remains are buried in Washington Colony Cemetery, Fresno, California. Pfc Kelso's military awards include: Pfc Kelso's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE JACK W. KELSO UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call",
"title": "Jack W. Kelso"
},
{
"id": "6429217",
"text": "of every president since Dwight D. Eisenhower, excepting that of Lyndon B. Johnson, who didn't invite any Medal of Honor recipient. He is not related to either President Bush. Robert and Wanda Bush were the parents of three sons and a daughter. He died from kidney cancer on November 8, 2005, in Olympia, Washington, aged 79. His wife predeceased him in 1999, and a son, Larry, died in 1986. At the time of his death he was survived by three children, eight grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. He was buried in Fern Hill Cemetery, Menlo, Washington. Bush's citation reads: The President",
"title": "Robert Eugene Bush"
},
{
"id": "5071750",
"text": "attained eighth place overall). In 2012, \"Newsweek\" magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best Presidents since 1900. The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama as the best since that year. A 2013 History News Network poll of 203 American historians, when asked to rate Obama's presidency on an A–F scale, gave him a B- grade. Obama, whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade, was rated most highly",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "705811",
"text": "who flew to the Moon), more than from any other undergraduate institution in the U.S. Over 990 noted scholars in a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 46 Rhodes Scholars and 24 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include one President of the United States (Jimmy Carter) who is also a Nobel laureate, one other Nobel Prize recipient (the first American scientist to win a Nobel Prize) and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. \"\"Shipmate\"\", the official magazine of the USNA Alumni Association, is distributed worldwide to members of the Association and to midshipmen, parents, faculty, administrators, donors, legislators, and",
"title": "United States Naval Academy"
},
{
"id": "2719480",
"text": "to award a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor to President Theodore Roosevelt for his charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War. Congress eventually passed legislation asking the president to grant the honor, and President Clinton awarded the medal in January 2001. Lazio also sponsored the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act, which, after being passed and signed into law in 2000, directed the U.S. Attorney General to review the government's internment of Italian nationals during World War II. In addition to his position on the Financial Services Committee, Lazio also served on the House's Energy and",
"title": "Rick Lazio"
},
{
"id": "2368008",
"text": "détente was ended. In 1989 President George H. W. Bush awarded Kennan the Medal of Freedom, the nation's greatest civilian honor. Yet he remained a realist critic of recent U.S. presidents, urging the U.S. government to \"withdraw from its public advocacy of democracy and human rights\", saying that the \"tendency to see ourselves as the center of political enlightenment and as teachers to a great part of the rest of the world strikes me as unthought-through, vainglorious and undesirable\". These ideas were particularly applicable to U.S. relations with China and Russia. Kennan opposed the Clinton administration's war in Kosovo and",
"title": "George F. Kennan"
},
{
"id": "14994016",
"text": "that Yunus was a poor choice for the award, stating: \"...the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all.\" He is one of only seven persons to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal. Other notable awards include the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1984, the World Food Prize, the International Simon Bolivar Prize (1996), the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord and the Sydney Peace Prize in 1998, and the Seoul Peace Prize in 2006. Additionally, Yunus has been awarded",
"title": "2006 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "8134146",
"text": "the action for which he earned the Medal of Honor. Larry Smedley was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 31, lot 6486. Cpl Smedley's awards include: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL LARRY E. SMEDLEY<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad",
"title": "Larry E. Smedley"
},
{
"id": "2837075",
"text": "and personally close to President Richard Nixon's family. In 1968 he officiated at the wedding of Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower. He continued calling at the White House throughout the Watergate crisis, saying \"Christ didn't shy away from people in trouble.\" Peale was a 33° Scottish Rite Freemason. President Ronald Reagan awarded Peale, for his contributions to the field of theology, the Presidential Medal of Freedom (the highest civilian honor in the United States) on March 26, 1984. Peale died of a stroke on December 24, 1993 at age 95 in Pawling, New York. Peale's works came under criticism from",
"title": "Norman Vincent Peale"
},
{
"id": "16956482",
"text": "7, 2012, at an assisted living facility in New Braunfels, Texas. He was 88. He was buried with full military honors at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Col. Parr is the only person ever awarded both the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Force Cross. His personal awards are: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Title 10, Section 8742, United States Code, takes pleasure in presenting the Air Force Cross to Colonel Ralph Sherman Par, United States Air Force, for extraordinary heroism in military operations against an opposing force as an F-4C Phantom Aircraft Commander and",
"title": "Ralph Parr"
},
{
"id": "7760564",
"text": "1993. He directed the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East. In 1991, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bush. Later that year, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. Cheney has said his time at the Pentagon was the most rewarding period of his public service career, calling it \"the one that stands out.\" In 2014, Cheney recounted that when he met with President George H. W. Bush to accept the",
"title": "Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "7459155",
"text": "saving his comrades lives. He survived the blast with severe wounds, losing several fingers and the sight in one eye. On October 4, 1945, President Harry S. Truman, in a White House ceremony, presented Cpl. Bush with the Medal of Honor for \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.\" He was also awarded a second Purple Heart Medal (gold 5/16 inch star) for wounds received on Okinawa. In the years following the war, Bush worked for the Veterans Administration until 1972 as a counselor helping veterans file claims and earned",
"title": "Richard E. Bush"
},
{
"id": "11525889",
"text": "of Santa Barbara, California and as an executive with the Santa Barbara Bank & Trust until 1979, when his health deteriorated. Hamilton was admitted to the VA Wadsworth Medical Center in Los Angeles and died at age 83. Hamilton was buried in Santa Barbara Cemetery, Santa Barbara, California. Reserve Military Aviator The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Major (Air Corps) Pierpont Morgan Hamilton, United States Army Air Forces, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty while serving",
"title": "Pierpont M. Hamilton"
},
{
"id": "9456070",
"text": "Living presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number",
"title": "Living presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "7654524",
"text": "posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above",
"title": "William D. Halyburton Jr."
},
{
"id": "8194407",
"text": "1969, while participating in action against the enemy during Operation Dewey Canyon south of Vandegrift Combat Base in Quang Tri Province. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL THOMAS P. NOONAN, JR.<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous",
"title": "Thomas P. Noonan Jr."
},
{
"id": "34330",
"text": "Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\". U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20, 2013. Bill Clinton is one of the narrators on a 2003 recording of Sergei Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\", on Pentatone, together with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren.",
"title": "Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "12258502",
"text": "of 2009\". The bill asked the president to present Congress's highest civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal, to Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr., and Michael Collins, as well as John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. Only about 200 medals have ever been awarded in the country's history. The New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2009 passed the House unanimously on July 20, 2009. Known in his first term for making incendiary comments about Republicans, Grayson focused on working with Republicans to pass amendments that \"appeal to the libertarian streak in the GOP\".",
"title": "Alan Grayson"
},
{
"id": "5798043",
"text": "Sioux Gateway Airport Sioux Gateway Airport , also known as Colonel Bud Day Field, is a public and military use airport in Woodbury County, Iowa, United States. It is located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) south of the central business district of Sioux City, just west of Sergeant Bluff. On May 25, 2002 the airport was named in honor of United States Air Force Colonel George Everette \"Bud\" Day, a Sioux City, Iowa native who is the only person ever awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems",
"title": "Sioux Gateway Airport"
},
{
"id": "425769",
"text": "on to Chavez. Although Chavez appears in \"\" as Rainbow commander, no mention is made of Clark. John Clark has been awarded the Navy Cross, Silver Star with an oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star with Valor devices with 3 oak leaf clusters, three Purple Hearts and four Intelligence Stars. He is also a recipient of the Medal of Honor, awarded and presented to him by Jack Ryan (then President of the U.S.) for the rescue of a downed fighter pilot during his time in Vietnam (see \"Without Remorse\"). He is a simulated major general in the \"Rainbow Six\" book, though",
"title": "John Clark (Tom Clancy character)"
},
{
"id": "11228851",
"text": "Presidency of Richard Nixon The presidency of Richard Nixon began on January 20, 1969, when Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States, and ended on August 9, 1974 when he resigned from office, the first (and to date only) U.S. president ever to do so. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, the then–incumbent Vice President. Four years later, in 1972, he won reelection in a landslide victory over U.S. Senator George McGovern. Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched",
"title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon"
},
{
"id": "8189375",
"text": "in a ceremony at Camp Lejeune. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself \"... conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States ...\". The following table contains the names of the men who were recipients of the Medal of Honor while serving in 2/9. They are listed in accordance to the \"Date of Action\"",
"title": "2nd Battalion, 9th Marines"
},
{
"id": "527369",
"text": "In recognition of his wartime service, he was invested as an Honorary Commander of the Military Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1946 by King George VI. Admiral Rickover was twice awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for exceptional public service; the first in 1958, and the second 25 years later in 1983, becoming one of only three persons to be awarded more than one. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter presented Admiral Rickover with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest non-military honor, for his contributions to world peace. He also received 61 civilian",
"title": "Hyman G. Rickover"
},
{
"id": "6286561",
"text": "the following organizations: Charette died at his home in Lake Wales, Florida, on March 18, 2012 due to complications from heart surgery. He was interred at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. He was married for 57 years with four children. Charette's military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to Hospital Corpsman Third Class William R. Charette UNITED STATES NAVY for service as set forth in the following<br> CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above",
"title": "William R. Charette"
},
{
"id": "8034222",
"text": "Lee was presented the Medal of Honor by President Lyndon Johnson in a ceremony at the White House. He was promoted in July 1972 to lieutenant colonel and retired in 1975 from the Marine Corps. Lee's awards include: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to MAJOR HOWARD V. LEE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer, Company E, Fourth",
"title": "Howard V. Lee"
},
{
"id": "3356080",
"text": "of Homeland Security, upon recommendation of the Military Assistant to the President\". It is accompanied by a certificate and miniature lapel version. The PSB is recorded in the individual's military service records and is authorized for wear as a permanent decoration. Recipients are, other than the President and uniformed members of the U.S. Secret Service, the only Americans authorized to wear the \"Presidential Seal or Coat of Arms\" on their uniforms and civilian clothes. Since 1964, with the enactment of Presidential , over 20,000 U.S. armed services members and veterans have received the Presidential Service Badge for honorable service in",
"title": "Presidential Service Badge"
},
{
"id": "1738213",
"text": "Times\" Editorial board have called for the prosecution of Tenet \"for conspiracy to torture as well as other crimes.\" On December 14, 2004, President George W. Bush awarded Tenet the Presidential Medal of Freedom, along with Tommy Franks and Paul Bremer. Bush said that Tenet \"was one of the first to recognize and address the growing threat to America from radical terrorist networks.\" However, Bush's decision was met with some criticism: Democratic Senator Carl Levin said, \"I don't think [he] served the president or the nation well.\" \"My hunch is that George Bush wasn't using the same standard when honoring",
"title": "George Tenet"
},
{
"id": "7170868",
"text": "Vernon Baker Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States Government for his valorous actions during World War II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5–6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy. Baker was the only living black American World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997. He died in 2010 at the age of 90. Baker was",
"title": "Vernon Baker"
},
{
"id": "14880179",
"text": "honor. The Medal of Honor was presented to Etchberger's sons by President Obama at a White House ceremony on September 21, 2010. The text of Etchberger's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States of America, authorized by act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded, in the name of the Congress, the Medal of Honor to Chief Master Sgt. Richard L. Etchberger, United States Air Force, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty. Chief Master Sgt. Richard L. Etchberger distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism on March",
"title": "Richard Etchberger"
},
{
"id": "2707722",
"text": "handed out, for a recording released in the previous year. Winners are indicated in boldface. Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album The Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album has been awarded since 1959. The award had several minor name changes: The category now also includes audio books, poetry readings and story telling. Three US Presidents have won the award: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, along with spoken recordings of John F. Kennedy and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Four U.S. Senators have won: Barack Obama, Everett Dirksen, Al Franken (won prior to his election), and Hillary Clinton (won",
"title": "Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"
},
{
"id": "5071751",
"text": "in the categories of communication ability, integrity and crisis management; and most poorly for his relationship with Congress, transparency and accountability. A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10. APSA conducted a repeat of this poll in 2018, with Donald Trump appearing for the first time, in last position. Within each column: Note: click the",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "5780575",
"text": "them, he built them up, he sold them – almost as a brand.\" Cleckley was born in Augusta, Georgia, in the Southeastern United States. His parents were Dr. William Cleckley and Cora Cleckley. His younger sister, Connor Cleckley, was schooled for some time in England (e.g. Headington School, Oxford) and would later marry and be widowed by Aquilla J. Dyess, the only person ever to be granted America's highest awards for both civilian and military heroism (the Carnegie medal and, posthumously after World War II, the Medal of Honor). Cleckley graduated from the Academy of Richmond County high school in",
"title": "Hervey M. Cleckley"
},
{
"id": "1659021",
"text": "they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941). In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year. Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include \"The Whistleblowers\" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley,",
"title": "Time Person of the Year"
},
{
"id": "3696391",
"text": "Arlington National Cemetery with members of his USS \"Liberty\" crew in attendance. His grave can be found in section 34, lot 208 map grid U/V 11 near the common gravesite of six other members of the USS \"Liberty\" crew. The President of the United States of America, authorized by an Act of Congress, June 11, 1968, has awarded, in the name of Congress, the Medal of Honor to A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to McGonagle for Veterans Day in 1999, recognizing him as one of five Medal of Honor recipients from the",
"title": "William McGonagle"
},
{
"id": "14406676",
"text": "of lasers, with \"preserving the sight of adults with common conditions that cause blindness.\" U.S. President George W. Bush awarded Patz the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in 2004. Patz was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom \"for his lifetime contributions to the field of ophthalmology, including his discovery of the most common cause of childhood blindness in the early 1950s.\" At the time of the award, Bush called Patz \"the man who has given to uncounted men, women and children the gift of sight.\" Patz also served as president of the American Academy of Ophthalmology",
"title": "Arnall Patz"
},
{
"id": "17503660",
"text": "involved black recipients. The following decorations, in one degree or another, bear similar names to the Medal of Honor, but are entirely separate awards with different criteria for issuance: Footnotes Citations Works cited Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress. Because the medal is presented \"in the name of Congress\",",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "17503613",
"text": "continuously issued combat decoration of the United States armed forces. The President normally presents the Medal of Honor in Washington, D.C. at a formal ceremony that is intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people, with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin. According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States, there have been 3522 Medals of Honor awarded to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen since the decoration's creation, with just less than half of them awarded for actions during the four years of the American Civil War. In",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "13876968",
"text": "global level and global peace make him the appropriate recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize,\" said Siamak Hirai, a spokesman for Karzai. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the decision was ridiculous, saying, \"The Nobel prize for peace? Obama should have won the 'Nobel Prize for escalating violence and killing civilians.\" Indonesia's, Masdar Mas'udi, deputy head of the Islamic organisation Nahdlatul Ulama, praised Obama's policy towards his country as confirmation of his worthiness as a Nobel laureate. \"I think it's appropriate because he is the only American president who has reached out to us in peace,\" he said. \"On the issues",
"title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"
},
{
"id": "15263862",
"text": "of UA 232. Sioux City Air National Guard Base Sioux City Air National Guard Base is a United States Air Force base, located at Sioux Gateway Airport It is located south-southeast of Sioux City, Iowa. On 25 May 2002, the airport was named \"Colonel Bud Day Field\" in honor of United States Air Force Colonel George Everette \"Bud\" Day, a Sioux City, Iowa native and is the only person ever awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross. Sioux Gateway Regional Airport is home for the Iowa Air National Guard's 185th Air Refueling Wing. The wings main",
"title": "Sioux City Air National Guard Base"
},
{
"id": "7583588",
"text": "Air Medal (with three Gold Stars; the Combat Action Ribbon; the Purple Heart; the Presidential Unit Citation; the Good Conduct Medal; the National Defense Service Medal; the Vietnam Service Medal with one silver star and one bronze star; the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm; the Vietnam Campaign Medal with device; and the Rifle Sharpshooter Badge. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS RAYMOND M. CLAUSEN, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: /S/",
"title": "Raymond M. Clausen Jr."
},
{
"id": "7642553",
"text": "receive the Medal of Honor in Korea. In December 2009, the post office in Nampa, Idaho, was renamed in his honor. In addition to the Medal of Honor, PFC Littleton was awarded the Purple Heart; Korean Service Medal with three bronze stars; the United Nations Service Medal and the National Defense medal. PRIVATE FIRST CLASS HERBERT A. LITTLETON UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor (Posthumously) to Private First Class Herbert A Littleton (MCSN: 1084704),United States Marine Corps Reserve, For service",
"title": "Herbert A. Littleton"
},
{
"id": "15263845",
"text": "Sioux City Air National Guard Base Sioux City Air National Guard Base is a United States Air Force base, located at Sioux Gateway Airport It is located south-southeast of Sioux City, Iowa. On 25 May 2002, the airport was named \"Colonel Bud Day Field\" in honor of United States Air Force Colonel George Everette \"Bud\" Day, a Sioux City, Iowa native and is the only person ever awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross. Sioux Gateway Regional Airport is home for the Iowa Air National Guard's 185th Air Refueling Wing. The wings main mission is to",
"title": "Sioux City Air National Guard Base"
},
{
"id": "17503611",
"text": "Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress. Because the medal is presented \"in the name of Congress\", it is often referred to informally as the \"Congressional Medal of Honor\". However, the official name of the current award is \"Medal of Honor.\" Within the United States Code the medal is referred",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "2772613",
"text": "Shortly after his return to the U.S., as a lieutenant colonel, Boyington was ordered to Washington to receive the nation's highest honor — the Medal of Honor — from the President. The medal had been awarded by the late president, Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1944 and held in the capital until such time as he could receive it. On October 4, 1945, Boyington received the Navy Cross from the Commandant of the Marine Corps for the Rabaul raid. On October 5, \"Nimitz Day,\" he and some other sailors and Marines who were also awarded the Medal of Honor, were",
"title": "Pappy Boyington"
},
{
"id": "9784972",
"text": "name to honor navy hospital corpsmen. Pierce's military decorations and awards include: Pierce's Medal of Citation reads: The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to PHARMACIST MATE FIRST CLASS FRANCIS J. PIERCE UNITED STATES NAVY for service as set forth in the following CITATION: Francis Junior Pierce Francis Junior Pierce (December 7, 1924–December 21, 1986) was a United States Navy hospital corpsman in World War II who received the nation's highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. He was awarded the medal for heroic actions \"above and beyond the call of",
"title": "Francis Junior Pierce"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\n\nName the only US president who has won the medal of honor.",
"compressed_tokens": 188,
"origin_tokens": 188,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ellis Island Medal of Honor context: Ellis Island Medal of Honor The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is an American award founded by the Ellis Island Honors Society (EIHS) (formerly known as National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO) until Fall of 2017) which are presented annually to American citizens whose accomplishments in their field and inspired service to the United States are cause for celebration. Past medalists include seven U.S. presidents, several world leaders, two Nobel Prize winners and countless leaders of industry, education, the arts, sports and government, along with everyday Americans who have made freedom, liberty and compassion a part of their life's work.\n\n: Theodore Roosevelt context: Calvin Cool For his gallantry San Juan Roosevelt'sers recommended him for the Medal of Honor. the late 1990s Roosevelt's suppor recommended the award. On January16, 2001, President Bill Clinton Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthum for charge on San Juan Cuba, during the–American War. He is the only president to have received Medal of Honor The United States Navy two ships for Roosevel: the submarine that was in commission from 191 to 192, and the , aircraft carrier that has on active\ntitle: 209ared labeled accepting politician at\", statingno den suddenly and that. the...We want to forama was the President awarded the Prize Theodore (90) and Wilson (9—both whom theand Carter who the award2 years. addition thenitting Vicees-inner withlain1\n.. Theodore \"\"t III (7), asodore Jr was, business and leader of Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Roosevelt is known for his World War II service, including the directing of troops at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Roosevelt was educated at private academies and Harvard University; after his 1909 graduation from college, he began a successful career in business and investment banking. Having gained pre-World War I\n\nName the only US president who has won the medal of honor.",
"compressed_tokens": 455,
"origin_tokens": 14285,
"ratio": "31.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,758 | Name the song and artist of this 2005 top ten hit: “I’m gonna sing those songs That offend the censors Gonna pop my pills from a pez dispenser I’ll get washed-up singers writing all my songs lip sync ’em every night so I don’t get ’em wrong” | [
"Rockstar by Nickleback"
] | Rockstar by Nickleback | [
{
"id": "11028502",
"text": "number one. \"Hey Jude\" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release. In July 2005, McCartney's performance of \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest-released single in history. Available within forty-five minutes of its recording, hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart. He was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music. Paul McCartney Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist,",
"title": "Paul McCartney"
},
{
"id": "9411758",
"text": "2005. The R&B track We Belong Together by American singer Mariah Carey was named the number 1 song of 2005 and it spent the longest time at number 1 for the year, 14 weeks. This is also the joint-second longest time at number 1 for a single in the 57-year history of the Hot 100 post-1958 inception, after Mariah Carey's own collaboration with Boyz II Men, One Sweet Day, which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100 from 1995 to 1996. Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2005 The \"Billboard\" Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles",
"title": "Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2005"
},
{
"id": "5811693",
"text": "and Winky Wright. Released in 2005, the single peaked at #6 in the U.S., where it became 50 Cent's seventh solo top-ten single and tenth overall. It also reached #7 in the UK and #6 in Canada. The original version, despite not being released as a single, peaked at #92 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Outta Control (50 Cent song) \"Outta Control\" is a song by American hip-hop artist 50 Cent, recorded for his second studio album, \"The Massacre\" (2005). The song features production from Dr. Dre and Mike Elizondo. A remixed version of the song (although it bears",
"title": "Outta Control (50 Cent song)"
},
{
"id": "8292757",
"text": "Chart, becoming Lady Sovereign's first UK top 10 hit and The Ordinary Boys' second. The song was featured on the \"St. Trinian's Soundtrack\" in 2007. CD single 1 7\" single 1 - The Re-Match 7\" single 2 9 to 5 (Lady Sovereign song) \"9 to 5\" is the third single from UK hip hop artist Lady Sovereign's debut album \"Public Warning\", following the release of her first UK top 75 single \"Random\". It was her debut single for Def Jam Recordings and was released on 8 August 2005. It contains a sample from the British movie \"Time Bandits\". Lady Sovereign's",
"title": "9 to 5 (Lady Sovereign song)"
},
{
"id": "13388027",
"text": "four times. The Chemical Brothers topped the album and download charts with \"Push the Button\" and \"Galvanize\", respectively, with the single reaching the top ten. Keane returned to the top of the chart in the second week of February due to their success at the BRIT Awards, while on 6 February, Eminem got his sixth number one with \"Like Toy Soldiers\", making him the most successful rap artist in the UK singles chart. On 6 March, Stereophonics earned their first number-one single with \"Dakota\", the first single to be taken from their new album, \"Language. Sex. Violence. Other?\", which topped",
"title": "2005 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "6040723",
"text": "Heard 'Em Say \"Heard 'Em Say\" is a song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West. It was released on November 8, 2005 as the third single for his second studio album, \"Late Registration\". The song features Maroon 5 lead singer Adam Levine, who sings the chorus and bridge. West co-produced the track with Jon Brion, and it contains excerpts from \"Someone That I Used to Love\" as performed by Natalie Cole. The song was met by acclaim from contemporary music critics and is often seen as one of West's best. The refrain of \"Heard 'Em Say\" was later recycled for",
"title": "Heard 'Em Say"
},
{
"id": "7624648",
"text": "I'm 'n Luv (wit a Stripper) \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)\" (censored as \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Dancer)\") is a single performed by American singer T-Pain featuring rapper Mike Jones. Released in late 2005 (though the music video was not released until the week of January 16, 2006), it peaked at #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, making it T-Pain's second top 10 single, and Mike Jones' first. This is T-Pain's third most successful single to date, tying with his other \"Bartender\", but Mike Jones's most successful single to date. The official remix is with Twista, Akon,",
"title": "I'm 'n Luv (wit a Stripper)"
},
{
"id": "6122923",
"text": "T-Pain Faheem Rashad Najm (born September 30, 1985), better known by his stage name T-Pain, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. His debut album, \"Rappa Ternt Sanga\", was released in 2005. In 2007, T-Pain released his second album \"Epiphany\", which reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. His third album, \"Thr33 Ringz\", was released in 2008. T-Pain has also released a string of hit singles, including \"I'm Sprung\", \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)\", \"Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')\", \"Bartender\", \"Can't Believe It\", \"5 O'Clock\" and more. T-Pain has earned two Grammy Awards, alongside",
"title": "T-Pain"
},
{
"id": "7213011",
"text": "Come a Little Closer (Dierks Bentley song) \"Come a Little Closer\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in July 2005 as the second single from his 2005 album \"Modern Day Drifter\". The song went to number one on the U.S. Country chart and held that position for the chart weeks of December 3 and December 10, 2005. On the chart for December 17, the song fell to number two when Joe Nichols' \"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off\" replaced it at the top spot. The song then returned to number",
"title": "Come a Little Closer (Dierks Bentley song)"
},
{
"id": "14404809",
"text": "climbing to #12 a week later. MacColl's collaboration with the Pogues, \"Fairytale of New York\", remains a perennial Christmas favourite. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, it was voted favourite Christmas song in a poll by music video channel VH1. The song was re-released in the UK in December 2005, with proceeds being split between the Justice for Kirsty Campaign and charities for the homeless. The re-release reached number 3 on the UK charts, and spent five weeks in the top 75 over the Christmas and New Year period. It reached the top 10 for the third time in its history",
"title": "Kirsty MacColl"
},
{
"id": "3093116",
"text": "that were rockier than had been anticipated by the fans, as can be heard on the hit singles \"Since U Been Gone\" (2004) and \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\" (2005). \"Since U Been Gone\" became a huge hit, and it remained one of the biggest hits of Clarkson's career, and one of the biggest hits of 2005. The next single, \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\", reached the top 10 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 while the single \"Since U Been Gone\" was still on the charts. In 2009, he also co-wrote Clarkson's single \"My Life Would Suck Without You\", which established the",
"title": "Max Martin"
},
{
"id": "6759728",
"text": "week. \"X&Y\" entered on June 26, and remained at number one until August 7 – A seven-week run not bettered at any time in 2005. Akon lost the number one spot after his third week at number one, dropping it to the second chart-topping novelty act of the year, the Crazy Frog. Unlike Schnappi, the Crazy Frog had already been made well-known (but not necessarily popular) by its being sold as a ringtone. The single, \"Axel F\" (a cover of Harold Faltermeyer's 1985 hit), was the debut of the frog and easily passed Akon on July 3. This overtaking move",
"title": "2005 in Swiss music"
},
{
"id": "4882689",
"text": "Wake Me Up When September Ends \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on August 31, 2005, as the fourth single from the group's seventh studio album, \"American Idiot\" (2004). The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father of esophageal cancer on September 1, 1982 when the singer was just 10 years old. The song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, New Zealand, and was",
"title": "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
},
{
"id": "4839257",
"text": "The song spent twenty consecutive weeks at number one on the chart before being dethroned by Michael Bublé's \"Home\". However, the song returned to top the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary for the twenty-first week on the week ending August 6, 2005. With this achievement, \"Breakaway\" tied the record with Celine Dion's \"A New Day Has Come\" as the longest-running Adult Contemporary chart-topper by a female artist. \"Breakaway\" is also the longest-running chart-topper to come from a film in \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary history, surpassing the nineteen-week record held jointly by Phil Collins's \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\" and Celine Dion's",
"title": "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson song)"
},
{
"id": "9247875",
"text": "Pimpin' All Over the World \"Pimpin' All Over the World\" is a song by American rapper Ludacris featuring singer Bobby V. It was released in June 2005 as the fourth and final single from the album \"The Red Light District\" and was produced by Polow da Don and Donnie Scantz. The song eventually became the most successful single from \"The Red Light District\". The song features Ludacris rapping the verses throughout the song, and then accompanying Valentino on the chorus. \"Pimpin' All Over the World\" was well received on the Billboard charts, reaching #9 on the Hot 100 singles chart,",
"title": "Pimpin' All Over the World"
},
{
"id": "13388025",
"text": "one of the year, displacing Band Aid 20's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\", was Steve Brookstein with his cover version of Phil Collins' \"Against All Odds\". To celebrate the 70th anniversary of his birth, one of Elvis Presley's eighteen Number One singles were released each week from January until May. The first, \"Jailhouse Rock\", entered at Number One in early January. The second, \"One Night\", was the 1000th number-one single in the UK charts, and also set the record for being the lowest-selling weekly sale ever to reach the top spot. The run did not extend to a third week",
"title": "2005 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "2214127",
"text": "and included Bob Dylan's \"All Along the Watchtower\" as well as covers of songs by Gil Scott-Heron, Rose Royce and Gordon Lightfoot, amongst others. Weller's 2005 album \"As Is Now\" featured the singles \"From The Floorboards Up\", \"Come On/Let's Go\" and \"Here's The Good News\". The album was well-received, though critics noted that he was not moving his music forward stylistically, and it became his lowest-charting album since his 1992 debut. In February 2006 it was announced that Weller would be the latest recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BRIT Awards. Despite a tendency to shun such occasions,",
"title": "Paul Weller"
},
{
"id": "6122955",
"text": "without bail but was released three hours later. | rowspan=\"4\"| 2008 T-Pain Faheem Rashad Najm (born September 30, 1985), better known by his stage name T-Pain, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. His debut album, \"Rappa Ternt Sanga\", was released in 2005. In 2007, T-Pain released his second album \"Epiphany\", which reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. His third album, \"Thr33 Ringz\", was released in 2008. T-Pain has also released a string of hit singles, including \"I'm Sprung\", \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)\", \"Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')\", \"Bartender\", \"Can't Believe It\",",
"title": "T-Pain"
},
{
"id": "16979902",
"text": "twerk that thang\". The first mainstream artist to use the word in a song occurred in 2005, when American recording artist Beyoncé sings \"Dip it, pop it, twerk it, stop it, check on me tonight\" in the song Check on It. The single reached number-one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, following its release. \"Twerk\" was also sung in the Destiny's Child's single \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\". In 2006, the song \"Pop, Lock & Drop It\", by American rapper Huey, reached number six on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Also in 2006, the hit single \"SexyBack\", by American pop singer Justin Timberlake,",
"title": "Twerking"
},
{
"id": "3884013",
"text": "and Dawson embarked on solo careers. Green released several albums on Rough Trade Records. Among his better known songs are \"Jessica\" (about singer Jessica Simpson), \"Novotel\", \"Friends of Mine\", \"Dance with Me\", \"Carolina\" and \"Emily\", and in the UK, his cover of The Libertines track \"What a Waster\". \"Jessica\" (#63, 2004) and \"Emily\" (#53, 2005) both appeared in the UK Singles Chart. Prior to \"Jacket Full of Danger\" in 2006, all of Green's albums had been released on the 22nd of the month. In January 2008, The Moldy Peaches began having a resurgence in popularity, due to their music being",
"title": "Adam Green (musician)"
},
{
"id": "4661680",
"text": "million dollars, use of a private jet for a year, and a Ford Mustang convertible. Underwood's music career began with the release of her first single, \"Inside Your Heaven\", on June 14, 2005. The song debuted at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, with Underwood becoming only the third artist to bow in the top slot since chart policy changed in 1998. She also broke \"Billboard\" chart history as the first country music artist ever to debut at No. 1 on the Hot 100 and the song became the first song from a country artist to go to No.",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "6290826",
"text": "City of Blinding Lights \"City of Blinding Lights\" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the fifth track on their eleventh studio album, \"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb\" (2004), and was released as the album's fourth single on 6 June 2005. The song reached number one in Spain, and peaked in the top ten in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and several other countries. The music video was shot at the General Motors Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The earliest incarnation of the song was developed during sessions for the band's 1997 album, \"Pop\". The",
"title": "City of Blinding Lights"
},
{
"id": "6701571",
"text": "by Arctic Monkeys' \"When the Sun Goes Down\". \"That's My Goal\" was the second biggest-selling single of 2005 in the UK, beaten only by \"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\" by Tony Christie and Peter Kay. With first-week sales of over 742,000 copies, it is also the fastest-selling \"X Factor\" winner's single. As of 2015, it also is the third biggest selling winner's single, having sold 1,103,351 copies. In the Republic of Ireland, the song debuted at number three on the Irish Singles Chart on 22 December 2005, behind a novelty version of \"Leave Right Now\" by Mario Rosenstock (a",
"title": "That's My Goal"
},
{
"id": "6282992",
"text": "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor \"I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor\" is a song by English rock band Arctic Monkeys. The song was released through Domino Recording Company as the band's first single from their debut studio album, \"Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not\" (2006). It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 23 October 2005, and remains one of the band's best-known songs. Arctic Monkeys performed the track at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The song was ranked at number 7 on \"NME\"s list of",
"title": "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor"
},
{
"id": "9885639",
"text": "rapper, Mac appears on the track \"Camouflage & Murder\" Produced by Donald XL Robertson. Mac was doing time for murder, when the song was recorded. The track \"Won't Let Me Out\" is a remix of Akon's hit single \"Locked Up\". The album achieved moderate success due to its lead single \"My Life\", which was also made into a video and the surprisingly successful hit \"Y'all Heard of Me\" with fellow New Orleans rapper B.G. The Truest Shit I Ever Said The Truest Shit I Ever Said is the fifth studio album by American rapper C-Murder, released on March 22, 2005,",
"title": "The Truest Shit I Ever Said"
},
{
"id": "8944245",
"text": "in the lingerie section of a department store.\" \"Don't Cha Wanna Ride\" debuted and peaked at number twenty on the UK Singles Chart the week of 16 July 2005, spending four weeks on the chart and becoming \"Mind, Body & Soul\"'s second highest-charting single after \"You Had Me\". Internationally the single underperformed the charts in Germany and Switzerland, but proved to be somewhat successful in the Netherlands, where it reached number twenty-four (as did its predecessor, \"Spoiled\"), and Italy, where it reached number thirty-eight. The music video for \"Don't Cha Wanna Ride\", directed by Wayne Isham, was shot in Santa",
"title": "Don't Cha Wanna Ride"
},
{
"id": "11503411",
"text": "All the Way (Craig David song) \"All the Way\" is a song recorded by the British singer Craig David. It was released on 8 August 2005 as the lead single from his third studio album \"The Story Goes...\" (2005). The song is written by Craig David and Mark Hill. It was the first single he released with new label Warner Bros. Records after Wildstar Records went bankrupt. After missing the top ten with previous singles \"World Filled with Love\" and \"You Don't Miss Your Water ('Til the Well Runs Dry)\", \"All The Way\" returned David to the top three. It",
"title": "All the Way (Craig David song)"
},
{
"id": "8477366",
"text": "discarding the polka-dots and writing more sexually charged lyrics, in contrast to his previously playful, intellectual persona. The title track was a minor hit but the album quickly fell from the charts. His fourth album, 1994's \"Incognito\" failed to chart. In 2000, Kwamé reemerged as a music producer, sometimes working under the name K-1 Million. He has produced for many artists, such as LL Cool J, Mary J. Blige, Keyshia Cole, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera. In 2004, he had a major success as the co-producer (with Eminem) of Lloyd Banks' smash hit song \"On Fire.\" In 2005, he had",
"title": "Kwamé"
},
{
"id": "7011634",
"text": "Real Fine Place Real Fine Place is the fifth studio album by singer/songwriter Sara Evans, released in 2005. It is the follow-up album to the platinum \"Restless.\" The album has been certified platinum for U.S. shipments of a million copies. It features Evans's fourth number one hit, \"A Real Fine Place to Start\", the top ten hit \"Cheatin'\", the top fifteen hit \"You'll Always Be My Baby\" and the top forty single \"Coalmine.\" The album debuted at number 3 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 124,720 copies in its first week. The track \"A Real Fine Place to Start\" was co-written",
"title": "Real Fine Place"
},
{
"id": "6701569",
"text": "ready when Ward was announced as the winner on Saturday 17 December, and delaying the song's release until the next week would mean the song would not be a contender for the Christmas number one. The song sold 313,000 copies in its first two days on sale, making it the third fastest-selling single of all time in the UK (behind Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\" and Will Young's \"Evergreen\"). On 25 December 2005, after selling more than 742,000 that week, it debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became the 2005 Christmas number one. This",
"title": "That's My Goal"
},
{
"id": "6668042",
"text": "be a one hit wonder for the band. JCB (song) \"JCB\" (or \"JCB Song\") is the second single from Nizlopi's first album \"Half These Songs Are About You\". It peaked at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 2005. The song is a reminiscence of childhood, based on singer Luke Concannon's memories; it is sung from the point of view of a young boy, travelling with his father on his JCB digger, listening to Christy Moore's song \"Don't Forget Your Shovel\". The song's lyrics refer to Luke's dyslexia; the resulting bullying; and characters such as B. A. Baracus,",
"title": "JCB (song)"
},
{
"id": "7089240",
"text": "features the number-one singles \"In da Club\" and \"21 Questions\" and also includes the singles \"P.I.M.P.\" and \"If I Can't\". 50 Cent collaborated with American rapper Lil' Kim on \"Magic Stick\", which peaked at number two in the US. In 2005, he released his second studio album, \"The Massacre\". The album charted at number one in the US, as well as reaching the top ten on many album charts worldwide, and sold 4.83 million copies in the United States in 2005, the second highest sales count by any album that year. \"The Massacre\" includes the US top-three hits \"Disco Inferno\"",
"title": "50 Cent albums discography"
},
{
"id": "4613427",
"text": "is the Crazy Frog.\" and the removal of some sounds and a third edit was made for the Crazy Hits album with the frog saying \"I am the Crazy Frog.\" Released across Europe in May 2005, \"Axel F\" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, with some of the best weekly sales of the year (out-selling rivals such as Coldplay by four copies to one), and remained at top of the UK Singles Chart for four weeks and becoming Britain's third best-selling single of 2005. In other European countries the popularity has differed, with the song failing to make the",
"title": "Axel F"
},
{
"id": "10516751",
"text": "The One I Love (David Gray song) \"The One I Love\" is a song by David Gray. It was released in August 2005 as the first single from \"Life in Slow Motion\". The song was produced by famed producer Marius de Vries and is Gray's second-highest achievement on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 8. Worldwide, the song reached number 6 in Ireland, number 31 in New Zealand, and became a minor hit in certain European countries. The single was released as a two CD single and 7\" vinyl set. \"Everybody's Leaving Town,\" the B-side on CD1 and the",
"title": "The One I Love (David Gray song)"
},
{
"id": "10776803",
"text": "The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA. Compiled from liner notes. Delicious Surprise Delicious Surprise is the fourth album by American country music artist Jo Dee Messina, released in 2005. Her first studio album since \"Burn\" almost five years previous, it produced a Number One single on the \"Billboard\" country music charts in \"My Give a Damn's Busted\", a song co-written by country singer Joe Diffie and originally recorded on his 2001 album \"In Another World\". Additional singles released from \"Delicious Surprise\" include \"Delicious Surprise (I Believe It)\", \"Not Going Down\", and \"It's Too Late to Worry\", all",
"title": "Delicious Surprise"
},
{
"id": "7419224",
"text": "in the United States. T-Pain's album had 2 US \"Billboard\" top 10 hits with \"I'm Sprung\" and \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)\". \"Rappa Ternt Sanga\" debuted at #40 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling well over 50,000 copies in the 1st week, and fell fifty places to #91 next week; over the following weeks it eventually climbed to #33. Rappa Ternt Sanga Rappa Ternt Sanga is the debut studio album by American R&B recording artist T-Pain, it was released on December 6, 2005. The title is a dialectal pronunciation of the phrase \"rapper turned singer.\" One of the",
"title": "Rappa Ternt Sanga"
},
{
"id": "4380580",
"text": "2005 in British music This is a summary of 2005 in music in the United Kingdom. On 14 January pop band Busted announced that they were to split. The band had released two albums and topped the singles chart four times. Other British artists who did well in the charts included The Chemical Brothers, James Blunt, McFly, Sugababes, Arctic Monkeys, Damon Albarn's Gorillaz, Oasis and Robbie Williams. Stereophonics earned their first number-one single with \"Dakota\". Kate Bush returned to the music world after a 12-year absence with the single \"King of the Mountain\", which became her biggest UK hit in",
"title": "2005 in British music"
},
{
"id": "8091191",
"text": "1,650,000 digital copies in the US as of February 2016. Only five years after Lonestar's \"Amazed\" topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 did another country song top the chart, as Carrie Underwood's \"Inside Your Heaven\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100 in 2005. \"Amazed\" and \"Inside Your Heaven\" are the only country songs in the 2000s decade to hit number one on the Hot 100. Since the release of the original, the song has been covered by Bonnie Tyler, Duncan James, and Fady Maalouf, all of whom have released their respective versions as singles. Ben Mills, Boyz II Men",
"title": "Amazed"
},
{
"id": "6567032",
"text": "the song titled '#mood'. The remix \"addresses the peskiest of haters: those from the Internet.\" \"Window Shopper\" samples \"Burnin' and Lootin'\" by Bob Marley Window Shopper \"Window Shopper\" is a single by rapper 50 Cent. It was released in November 2005 as the second single (in the U.S.) and first single (in the UK and Australia) from the \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\" soundtrack released in 2005, as well as the film's theme song. It was later included on his 2005 album, \"The Massacre\" as a bonus track. It peaked at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and had",
"title": "Window Shopper"
},
{
"id": "7471190",
"text": "the main line in the song, \"You're never going to survive/Unless you get a little crazy\", \"one of the simplest, yet most profound statements.\" Released in the US in mid-October 2005 (see 2005 in music), Morissette's cover was less successful than Seal's original; it failed to chart on the Hot 100, instead debuting and peaking at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart (which comprises the most popular songs yet to enter the Hot 100) in late November. It was another top ten hit for Morissette on the Adult Top 40 chart and was popular in nightclubs,",
"title": "Crazy (Seal song)"
},
{
"id": "13388035",
"text": "a million copies by early 2006. Mariah Carey also had success with her Greatest Hits album. Madonna also launched another successful comeback, spending three weeks at number one with her single \"Hung Up\". The coveted Christmas number one spot was taken by The X Factor winner Shayne Ward, who comfortably beat surprise contenders Nizlopi and the charity re-release of \"Fairytale of New York\". His single, \"That's My Goal\", became one of the quickest selling songs ever, with over 742,180 copies sold in just four days. Eminem continues to dominate in the albums chart with \"Curtain Call: The Hits\" reaching #1",
"title": "2005 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "10427906",
"text": "8 concert in Philadelphia in 2005 and the Live Earth concert in New Jersey in 2007. On the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, the song reached number one and spent four consecutive weeks at that position until it was knocked off by \"Suds in the Bucket\" by Sara Evans. Days Go By (Keith Urban song) \"Days Go By\" is a song co-written and recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released in June 2004 as the first single from his 2004 album \"Be Here\". It became Urban's fifth number one single on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot",
"title": "Days Go By (Keith Urban song)"
},
{
"id": "6383442",
"text": "Goodbye My Lover \"Goodbye My Lover\" is a song by the English singer-songwriter James Blunt, written by Blunt and British songwriter Sacha Skarbek, for Blunt's debut album \"Back to Bedlam\" (2004). The song was produced by Tom Rothrock and Jimmy Hogarth and recorded in the home of actress Carrie Fisher. The single received a positive reception from music critics. It was released as the fourth single in November 2005 and reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, where it became Blunt's second top ten single. It also reached the top ten in Sweden, Australia and France. In the United",
"title": "Goodbye My Lover"
},
{
"id": "6008290",
"text": "Huff's suggestion, it made their album \"Me and My Gang\". Wills' rendition of the song, though never a single, peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Hot Digital Songs charts in 2006 in the wake of Rascal Flatts' success with it. British singer Jo O'Meara, who was originally the leader of the pop music band S Club 7, released the song in 2005 as her first solo single, becoming the first artist to release it as a single. It was the lead single from her debut album \"Relentless\". O'Meara's version peaked at number thirteen in the UK Singles Chart. CD",
"title": "What Hurts the Most"
},
{
"id": "1371036",
"text": "on a ringtone itself. The Crazy Frog ringtone, which was a cult hit in Europe in 2004, was released as a mashup with \"Axel F\" in June 2005 amid a massive publicity campaign and subsequently hit #1 on the UK charts. The term \"single\" is sometimes regarded as a misnomer, since one record usually contains two songs: the A-side and B-side. In 1982, CBS marketed one-sided singles at a lower price than two-sided singles. On 17 April 2005, Official UK Singles Chart added the download format to the existing physical CD singles. Gnarls Barkley was the first act to reach",
"title": "Single (music)"
},
{
"id": "8157893",
"text": "Thug Matrimony: Married to the Streets Thug Matrimony: Married to the Streets is the sixth studio album (and first number 1 album) by Miami rapper Trick Daddy. The album debuted at #2 on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 145,000 copies sold in the 1st week released. J.O.D.D. was used in the 2005 film The 40-Year-Old Virgin. \"Let's Go\" was the single that rocketed the albums success. \"Sugar (Gimme Some)\" contains an interpolation of \"Sugar On My Tongue\" written by David Byrne of Talking Heads and was produced by Mike Caren. \"Down Wit Da South\" contains an interpolation of Midnight Star's song",
"title": "Thug Matrimony: Married to the Streets"
},
{
"id": "8301278",
"text": "Headlock (song) \"Headlock\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Imogen Heap, from her 2005 album \"Speak for Yourself\". It was the third single from \"Speak for Yourself\", following \"Hide and Seek\" and \"Goodnight and Go\". Remixed for radio as 'Immi's Radio mix' and accompanied by a new all-vocal B-side, entitled \"Mic Check\". The video was filmed on 11 July 2006. The video premiered on Manchester-centric TV station, Channel M, in early September, before being sent to other music television channels for rotation. The drum and bass artist High Contrast remixed the song. The artist Clams Casino also sampled the song",
"title": "Headlock (song)"
},
{
"id": "6759723",
"text": "The MusicStars, a collaboration of participants from the reality television series of the same name, achieved the first of two number ones on January 30 with \"Friends Forever\". Meanwhile, in the album chart, Green Day made number one with \"American Idiot\". February 6 saw Schnappi's \"Schnappi, das kleine Krokodil\" climb to number one. The single featured a young German child singing about a small crocodile. The music video accompanying the song also featured a small crocodile on an adventure around the world. The single was immensely popular through its novelty value, and after making it to number one would stay",
"title": "2005 in Swiss music"
},
{
"id": "5320927",
"text": "\"Heathen Chemistry\". The piano used on the pre-chorus sections was bought by bassist Andy Bell from the auction website eBay. Most reviewers acclaimed the track as one of the highlights of \"Don't Believe the Truth\", which itself was widely praised as a marked return to form. The band mentioned in interviews in June 2005 that it would become the second single. The B-sides are Liam Gallagher's \"Pass Me Down the Wine\" and Gem Archer's \"The Quiet Ones\". The song debuted at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, but was knocked off the spot the following week by Gorillaz's new",
"title": "The Importance of Being Idle (song)"
},
{
"id": "9432117",
"text": "songs: in 2005, he appeared on the singles \"Baby I'm Back\" by Baby Bash and \"Soul Survivor\" by Young Jeezy, which charted at number 19 and number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 respectively. His second studio album, \"Konvicted\", was released the following November to further commercial success, reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 and the top twenty of many international albums charts, as well as subsequently being certified triple Platinum by the RIAA. The singles \"Smack That\", \"I Wanna Love You\" and \"Don't Matter\" all achieved commercial success worldwide, with the former reaching number two on the \"Billboard\"",
"title": "Akon discography"
},
{
"id": "5811688",
"text": "Outta Control (50 Cent song) \"Outta Control\" is a song by American hip-hop artist 50 Cent, recorded for his second studio album, \"The Massacre\" (2005). The song features production from Dr. Dre and Mike Elizondo. A remixed version of the song (although it bears no resemblance to the original) was released as the fourth and final single from \"The Massacre\", although it is only included on the re-released version and replaces the original version. The remix is also produced by Dr. Dre and Elizondo and features a guest appearance from hip-hop group Mobb Deep. It also appears as a bonus",
"title": "Outta Control (50 Cent song)"
},
{
"id": "6170925",
"text": "number-seven and went on to sell over 35,000 copies, being certified Gold by the ARIA. Tripping (song) \"Tripping\" is a song by British pop singer Robbie Williams, it was the first single from his 2005 album \"Intensive Care\". The single was backed with the track \"Make Me Pure\", also from the same album, it was sent to radio stations around the world. Williams himself calls the song \"something like a mini gangster opera\" and \"kind of cabaret act reggae\". The rolling rhythm of the song owes much to the early work of The Clash. During the chorus Williams reaches an",
"title": "Tripping (song)"
},
{
"id": "10117523",
"text": "studio album, \"Born to Roll\". The charted in the 20 of the Canadian country charts. \"Born to Roll\" was released on March 15, 2005, via Open Road Recordings, and peaked at No. 5 on the Canadian Top Country Albums chart. A second single, \"Sixty to Zero\", charted to No. 19, however it was the album's third single to get Reid into the Top 10 of the charts. \"Missing an Angel\" eventually reached No. 6 on the charts, giving him his first Top 10 single of his career. A fourth single, \"Time Flies\", also managed to chart in the Top 10,",
"title": "Johnny Reid"
},
{
"id": "7089241",
"text": "and \"Just a Lil Bit\", and the US number-one hit \"Candy Shop\", which peaked in the top ten of many charts worldwide. A reissue of \"The Massacre\" produced the single \"Outta Control\", which peaked at number six in the US. In November 2005, 50 Cent starred in the movie \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\", and recorded four singles for the film's soundtrack: the international hits \"Hustler's Ambition\" and \"Window Shopper\", and also \"Best Friend\" and \"I'll Whip Ya Head Boy\". In 2007, 50 Cent's third studio album, \"Curtis\", debuted at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, behind Kanye West's album",
"title": "50 Cent albums discography"
},
{
"id": "1425605",
"text": "new drummer Javier Weyler. The band achieved their first number one hit in the UK singles charts with the album's first single, \"Dakota\". The second single from the album was \"Superman\". However, that song did not repeat the success of \"Dakota\", peaking at number thirteen. After \"Superman\" came \"Devil\", featuring a controversial video and reaching number eleven in the charts. The album was nominated for a Pop Factory award at the end of the year, losing out to Feeder's \"Pushing the Senses\". On 2 July 2005, the group appeared at the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park, London, playing to",
"title": "Stereophonics"
},
{
"id": "2778236",
"text": "Womack's work, covered \"If You Think You're Lonely Now\" in 1994. Hailey again covered Womack in 2006 with his rendition of \"A Woman's Gotta Have It\". The song is referenced in Mariah Carey's song \"We Belong Together\", a number one hit in June 2005. Carey sings \"I can't sleep at night / When you are on my mind / Bobby Womack's on the radio / Singing to me: 'If you think you're lonely now.' \" In 2007, R&B singer Jaheim interpolated the song as \"Lonely\" on his album \"The Makings of a Man\". Neo soul singer Calvin Richardson also covered",
"title": "Bobby Womack"
},
{
"id": "11316634",
"text": "broadcast it every 30 minutes, preceded by a medley of Farmer's previous hits. The song was announced with the comment: \"This is the new sound of Mylène Farmer\". It was also the singer's first song to be available as a digital download in February 2005, and was also released as a single other two times: first, the CD single on 14 March 2005, then the CD maxi and the vinyl, which contain the remixes, on 18 April 2005. There were three official remix versions: 'mother f... vocal mix' and 'mother f... dub mix', by Joachim Garraud, as well as 'the",
"title": "Fuck Them All"
},
{
"id": "3218737",
"text": "\"Crazy Frog sound\" by Daniel Malmedahl. The single was a hit in various countries, particularly in France, where it enjoyed its greatest success. Replacing Crazy Frog's own song \"Axel F\" at No. 1 on 24 September 2005, the track remained at the top spot for 7 weeks (with its best weekly sales of 71,777 copies in its second week). Being certified Diamond status just three months after its release by the SNEP, as of August 2014, this version of \"Popcorn\" is the 40th best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 458,000 copies sold. The track also topped the",
"title": "Popcorn (instrumental)"
},
{
"id": "5781099",
"text": "I'll Be OK \"I'll Be OK\" is a song by English pop rock band McFly. It was released on 15 August 2005 as the second single from their second studio album, \"Wonderland\" (2005). The single became the group's fourth UK number one. Despite its initial popularity, it plunged to number 8 in its second week on the chart - and spent only a month in the Top 40 section of the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by band members Tom Fletcher, Dougie Poynter and Danny Jones. The single started its life out as two tracks, one written by",
"title": "I'll Be OK"
},
{
"id": "6444763",
"text": "Perfect Situation \"Perfect Situation\" is a song by American alternative rock band Weezer. It was released as the third single from the band's fifth album, \"Make Believe\", following \"Beverly Hills\" and \"We Are All on Drugs.\" \"Perfect Situation\" was released to radio on October 11, 2005. The song is also one of the band's most successful songs to date as well, topping the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks for four weeks, outlasting the first single from \"Make Believe\", \"Beverly Hills\", although it didn't gain the massive pop success of Beverly Hills where it hit #10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 while",
"title": "Perfect Situation"
},
{
"id": "8213566",
"text": "also incorporates the use of horns similar to those used by Beyoncé in her single \"Work It Out\" (2002). Mike Joseph of PopMatters compared the song to Gwen Stefani's \"Hollaback Girl\", Nelly Furtado's \"Promiscuous\", and the Black Eyed Peas' \"My Humps\". Joseph also notes that the song is a mixture of Stefani's schoolgirl sass and \"a bit of ambiguous sleaze\". Upon its release, \"London Bridge\" received extremely polarized reviews from music critics. \"Rolling Stone\" called the song a \"total ripoff of Hollaback Girl\", Gwen Stefani's number one single of 2005. A reviewer of About.com described the song as being \"Hollaback",
"title": "London Bridge (Fergie song)"
},
{
"id": "19099275",
"text": "did in 2005. Also, he was the first living act to do so since The Beatles did in December 1963. \"Sorry\" and \"Love Yourself\" remained at the same place for two more consecutive weeks, making Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers 1 and 2 consecutively, breaking the record previously held by The Beatles, who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers 1 and 2 in 1967–68. \"Sorry\" was the tenth best-selling song in the UK with sales of 934,000 in combined units including streams. On June 10, 2016, it was revealed that \"Sorry\" had become the",
"title": "Sorry (Justin Bieber song)"
},
{
"id": "11922693",
"text": "of \"Voodoo People\" originally by The Prodigy having reached number twenty on 2 October 2005. This achievement was later surpassed by their next single \"Propane Nightmares\" which peaked in the charts at number nine. \"Granite\" remained in the chart for a total of six weeks. The track was criticized by veteran jungle and drum and bass producer, Goldie. These are the major formats and associated track listings of single releases of \"Granite\". 12\" single CD single Limited edition 12\" single Promo CD single The following people contributed to \"Granite\". Granite (song) \"Granite\" is the first single from Australian drum and",
"title": "Granite (song)"
},
{
"id": "260697",
"text": "top of music charts with \"The Emancipation of Mimi\" (2005). It became the world's second best-selling album of 2005 and produced \"We Belong Together\", which made her the only artist to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Decade-End chart twice. With the release of \"Touch My Body\" (2008), Carey gained her 18th number-one single in the United States, more than any other solo artist. Throughout her career, Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. According to the RIAA, she is the third-best-selling female artist in the United States,",
"title": "Mariah Carey"
},
{
"id": "5647569",
"text": "\"Come Home Soon\" bracelets, the proceeds of which went to the American Red Cross. \"Don't Worry 'Bout a Thing\", the third single from \"Sweet Right Here\", became SHeDAISY's first Top Ten hit in 5 years, as well as their most recent, peaking at number seven. Country music artist LeAnn Rimes recorded a song co-written by Kristyn Osborn, titled \"I Dare You\", for her 2005 album \"This Woman\". SHeDAISY included their version of the song on \"Sweet Right Here\". \"Fortuneteller's Melody\" was SHeDAISY's fourth studio album, and sixth in total. Kristyn co-wrote songs with Sheryl Crow and the album's producer John",
"title": "SHeDAISY"
},
{
"id": "1417782",
"text": "the UK and Erasure were invited to perform on \"Top of the Pops\" for the first time since March 1997. In 2003 a new 'best of' compilation was released, called \"Hits! The Very Best of Erasure\". Included was a new version of the 1986 song \"Oh L'amour\" — originally a commercial flop in the UK, this new version charted in the Top 15. Erasure's 2005 album \"Nightbird\"'s first single, \"Breathe\", reached number 4 in the UK charts (their first Top 5 hit in more than a decade) and achieved the number 1 position on the U.S. Dance Chart, 18 years",
"title": "Erasure"
},
{
"id": "10776802",
"text": "Delicious Surprise Delicious Surprise is the fourth album by American country music artist Jo Dee Messina, released in 2005. Her first studio album since \"Burn\" almost five years previous, it produced a Number One single on the \"Billboard\" country music charts in \"My Give a Damn's Busted\", a song co-written by country singer Joe Diffie and originally recorded on his 2001 album \"In Another World\". Additional singles released from \"Delicious Surprise\" include \"Delicious Surprise (I Believe It)\", \"Not Going Down\", and \"It's Too Late to Worry\", all of which charted in the Top 40 on the country charts as well.",
"title": "Delicious Surprise"
},
{
"id": "8292754",
"text": "9 to 5 (Lady Sovereign song) \"9 to 5\" is the third single from UK hip hop artist Lady Sovereign's debut album \"Public Warning\", following the release of her first UK top 75 single \"Random\". It was her debut single for Def Jam Recordings and was released on 8 August 2005. It contains a sample from the British movie \"Time Bandits\". Lady Sovereign's #33 hit paid off with the unofficial charts. In its first week of sale, it topped 70 unofficial charts including the Playwax Chart, the Crazy Chart, the Channel U Airplay Chart, the White Rappers Chart and the",
"title": "9 to 5 (Lady Sovereign song)"
},
{
"id": "11058060",
"text": "the Hot 100 chart. It's B-Side song \"Motivation\" peaked at number 62 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States. ASAP (T.I. song) \"ASAP\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist T.I., released on May 24, 2005, as the third single from his third album, \"Urban Legend\" (2004). The song was featured on the to the 2005 video game, \"\". The song was officially remixed, featuring guest verses from T.I's Pimp Squad Click cohorts, Big Kuntry King",
"title": "ASAP (T.I. song)"
},
{
"id": "5811672",
"text": "Just a Lil Bit \"Just a Lil Bit\" is the third single from 50 Cent's second album, \"The Massacre\". The song is produced by Scott Storch. Released in 2005, the single reached number #3 in the United States, becoming 50 Cent's sixth solo top-ten single, and ninth overall. It also reached #10 in the United Kingdom. The B-side is a live recording of Disco Inferno for AOL Sessions. \"Just a Lil Bit\" debuted at #69 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and peaked at #3 on the chart. The song was eventually certified Platinum by the RIAA. The official remix features",
"title": "Just a Lil Bit"
},
{
"id": "13894700",
"text": "and her millennium hit single \"Waiting for Tonight\". It is the first single from \"Love?\" to receive recognition on the US \"Billboard\" charts, after the Epic Records' buzz single, \"Fresh Out the Oven\" (also featuring Pitbull), and previous lead single, \"Louboutins\", both failed to receive any airplay. The single reached the top five in most countries around the world, including reaching number one in eighteen countries. In the UK, it reached number one, giving Lopez her third number one single in the UK and first since 2005's \"Get Right\". During an online chat with fans in March 2011, Lopez revealed",
"title": "Love?"
},
{
"id": "7608397",
"text": "Crazy Chick \"Crazy Chick\" is a song written by Sarah Buras, Wirlie Morris, Fitzgerald Scott, produced by Tore Johannson for Charlotte Church's fifth studio album \"Tissues and Issues\" (2005). It was released as the album's first single in the United Kingdom on 27 June 2005 as a CD single. The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Church's second top-three hit on that chart after \"The Opera Song (Brave New World)\". The song also reached number 10 in Ireland and the top 40 in Australia and New Zealand. The single was originally written for Alex Parks, who",
"title": "Crazy Chick"
},
{
"id": "6296718",
"text": "States as of January 2011. \"I Don't Care\" peaked at number six in Italy and number ten in Finland. Other peaks include number eleven in the United Kingdom, number sixteen in France, number twenty-one in Germany, and number twenty-five in Australia. I Don't Care (Ricky Martin song) \"I Don't Care\" is a song by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin from his eighth studio album, \"Life\" (2005). It was released on September 13, 2005, as the album's lead single. The original English version of the song features rapper Fat Joe and R&B singer Amerie, while its Spanish version, \"Qué Más Da\"",
"title": "I Don't Care (Ricky Martin song)"
},
{
"id": "13388028",
"text": "the album chart two weeks later. The Comic Relief single of the year, the double A-side of \"All About You\" and \"You've Got a Friend\" by McFly, reached the top of the chart on 13 March. It was knocked off by a second Comic Relief single – a reissue of Tony Christie's \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" with the associated video seeing comedian Peter Kay mime alongside various guest stars. Tony Christie topped the singles, album and download chart. The song spent seven weeks at the top of the singles charts, the longest stay at number 1 since Cher's",
"title": "2005 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "6634042",
"text": "3\". Also failing to match the popularity of his previous singles, and failing to chart on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the song peaked at number 96 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was placed 44th on About.com's Best Hip-Hop Songs of 2005. The Game refers to a number of artists, songs and albums in \"Put You on The Game\", including \"The Chronic\", N.W.A, Makaveli, The Notorious B.I.G., Public Enemy, Flavor Flav, G-Unit, 50 Cent, Dr. Dre and his song \"Let Me Ride\", Eve, and Snoop Dogg. During the DVD \"Stop Snitchin, Stop Lyin\" The Game watches the video",
"title": "Put You on the Game"
},
{
"id": "6104519",
"text": "nearly two years, \"Get Right\" allowed Lopez to re-enter the media spotlight immediately upon its release. In the United Kingdom, \"Get Right\" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on February 20, 2005 – for the week ending date February 26, 2005 – selling 49,928 copies in its first week of release and dethroning U2's \"Sometimes You Can't Make It On Your Own\" to become her twelfth top-ten hit in Britain, as well as her second number one song in the country after \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\" in January 2001. The following week, \"Get Right\" fell a",
"title": "Get Right"
},
{
"id": "5809752",
"text": "\"[it] conjures up none of the erotic discomfiture that gave \"Milkshake\" and \"Cameltoe\" their bite.\" \"Rolling Stone\" called it \"an irresistible, butt-stupid ode to Fergie's ass.\" \"My Humps\" is regarded by multiple critics as the single worst song ever written. \"Rolling Stone\" readers voted the track number one in the \"20 Most Annoying Songs\" list. Ryan Schreiber of \"Pitchfork Media\" listed \"My Humps\" at number three on \"The 15 Worst Releases of 2005\" list, writing \"Like \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" before it, \"My Humps\" is so monumentally vacuous, slapped together and tossed-off that it truly tests the definition of",
"title": "My Humps"
},
{
"id": "5570376",
"text": "ten for the week of July 23, 2005 at number 8. It reached its peak at number 4 and spent a total of twenty-four weeks on the chart. With the release of \"Let Me Hold You\", Bow Wow achieved his first top ten hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, surpassing his 2003 hit \"Let's Get Down\" which peaked at number 14. The song was also Omarion's first top ten hit as a solo artist, although he previously had a number-one hit with \"Bump, Bump, Bump\" as a member of B2K. Similar to its airplay success, sales peaked lower at number",
"title": "Let Me Hold You"
},
{
"id": "11044320",
"text": "Greatest Hits (David Gray album) Greatest Hits is a compilation album by English singer-songwriter David Gray, released on 12 November 2007 in the UK and a day later in the US. \"Greatest Hits\" contains songs from his first album \"A Century Ends\" in 1993 through his 2005 album \"Life in Slow Motion\", and includes two new songs: the first single \"You're the World to Me\" and \"Destroyer.\" In interviews, Gray has described the new single \"You're the World to Me\" as \"joyous\" and \"unselfconscious,\" and called his \"Greatest Hits\" album: \"a bag of happy shit.\" All tracks are the original",
"title": "Greatest Hits (David Gray album)"
},
{
"id": "5219460",
"text": "the popular hit \"Axel F\" from Beverly Hills Cop. This was a song credited to Crazy Frog, which peaked at number 1 in the UK on 31 May 2005. In 1992 they also produced some songs for \"Cadavrexquis\" 's album of Amanda Lear. Their own tracks, \"The Music's Got Me\" (1992) and \"Runnin'\" (1993) were minor hits in the UK Singles Chart. In 2015, the group released \"The Music's Got Me\" with new mixes from North2South, La Chord, and Taito Tikaro. Bass Bumpers Bass Bumpers are a German DJ and record production team, known for their dance/techno music. They are",
"title": "Bass Bumpers"
},
{
"id": "5951915",
"text": "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) \"Made Like That\" uses sample from Bill Conti's \"Going the Distance\" \"Keep On Moving\" samples Steely Dan's \"Midnite Cruiser\" \"Take You There\" uses a sample from Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show's \"In Over My Head\". Dilly Bars Generation (Audio Bullys album) Generation is the second studio album by the electronic music group Audio Bullys, released on 31 October 2005. It features the singles \"Shot You Down\", which reached #3 in the UK Singles Chart, and \"I'm in Love\" (released 24 October 2005). Two Promo versions of the album were released on CD",
"title": "Generation (Audio Bullys album)"
},
{
"id": "9663878",
"text": "\"Living to Love You\" was the thirty-ninth best-selling single of 2004 and the thirty-fifth best-selling single of 2005. Living to Love You \"Living to Love You\" is a song by German singer–songwriter Sarah Connor from her fourth studio album, \"Naughty but Nice\" (2005). Written and produced by Sarah Connor, Rob Tyger and Kay Denar, it was released as the album's lead single on 8 November 2004. The song samples Céline Dion's 1997 hit single \"My Heart Will Go On\". The single reached number one in Germany and Switzerland, becoming Connor's third consecutive chart-topper on the German Singles Chart and fourth",
"title": "Living to Love You"
},
{
"id": "7624651",
"text": "features Keak da Sneak titled \"I'm 'n Luv wit a Ripper\". The song is parodied by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic with \"I'm 'n Luv wit the Skipper\" during his \"Straight Outta Lynwood\" Tour. Jeremy Jordan and Jonathan Groff sang this song in the movie \"Joyful Noise\". I'm 'n Luv (wit a Stripper) \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)\" (censored as \"I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Dancer)\") is a single performed by American singer T-Pain featuring rapper Mike Jones. Released in late 2005 (though the music video was not released until the week of January 16, 2006), it peaked at #5 on",
"title": "I'm 'n Luv (wit a Stripper)"
},
{
"id": "11051945",
"text": "1234 (Feist song) \"1234\" is a song from Feist's third studio album, \"The Reminder\". The song was co-written by Feist and Sally Seltmann, an Australian singer-songwriter who also recorded under the stage name New Buffalo. It remains Feist's biggest hit single in the US to date, and her only song to chart on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and UK Top 40. In an interview with Songfacts, Sally Seltmann said: On 14 December 2005, Feist played the song live at The Trabendo in Paris, France in a show broadcast on Europe2 TV, with the title \"Sally's Song\" and with somewhat different",
"title": "1234 (Feist song)"
},
{
"id": "4661786",
"text": "prior to their victory over the Winnipeg Jets in Game 2 of the second round of the 2018 Stanley Cup Playoffs. Headlining Co-headlining Carrie Underwood Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of \"American Idol\", in 2005. Her debut single, \"Inside Your Heaven\", was the first country music single in history to debut at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Her debut album, \"Some Hearts\", was released in 2005. Bolstered by the huge crossover success of the singles \"Jesus, Take",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "17208525",
"text": "record for radio audience previously held by Mariah Carey's \"We Belong Together\" in 2005. A press release from Interscope said as of the last week in July 2013, the track reached more than 242.65 million listeners. \"Blurred Lines\" is Thicke's most successful song, being his first to reach number one on the Hot 100 (he previously peaked at number 14 in 2007 with \"Lost Without U\"). It also marks Pharrell's third Hot 100 number one, after \"Drop It Like It's Hot\" with Snoop Dogg in 2004 and \"Money Maker\" with Ludacris in 2006, and T.I.'s fourth Hot 100 number one",
"title": "Blurred Lines"
},
{
"id": "2462301",
"text": "album of 2005 and went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide. Clarkson supported \"Breakaway\" with the Breakaway World Tour—consisting of three sub-tours from 2005 to 2006. Five singles were released to promote \"Breakaway\". Its title track, \"Breakaway\", was originally released in July 2004, as the soundtrack for Disney film \"\" and was later re-released as the album's fifth single in May 2006. It became Clarkson's third top-ten single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with a peak of number six. It was a major success on adult contemporary radio, topping the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary for 21 weeks and the",
"title": "Kelly Clarkson"
},
{
"id": "5781102",
"text": "on. The video also features the band on the rooftop playing their instruments even though it was shot in front of a green screen. The video is said to have taken inspiration from the 2004 song \"The Love of Richard Nixon\" by Manic Street Preachers. I'll Be OK \"I'll Be OK\" is a song by English pop rock band McFly. It was released on 15 August 2005 as the second single from their second studio album, \"Wonderland\" (2005). The single became the group's fourth UK number one. Despite its initial popularity, it plunged to number 8 in its second week",
"title": "I'll Be OK"
},
{
"id": "8039580",
"text": "West African-styled vocals mixed with East Coast and Southern beats. Most of Akon's songs begin with the sound of the clank of a jail cell's door with him uttering the word \"Konvict\". In 2005, he released the single \"Lonely\" (which samples Bobby Vinton's \"Mr. Lonely\"). The song reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and topped the charts in Australia, the UK and Germany. His album also climbed to number one in the UK in April 2005. When music channel The Box had a top ten weekly chart, which was calculated by the amount of video requests, Akon's",
"title": "Akon"
},
{
"id": "4613429",
"text": "for two weeks before climbing to the summit, where it remained for thirteen weeks. It fell off the first position being dethroned by its 2nd single, \"Popcorn\" (it was only the second time that an artist dethroned himself in that country). The song remained in the top 10 for 21 weeks, 30 weeks in the top 50 and 36 weeks in the chart. Its best weekly sales were 103,564 on its 6th week. On December 1, 2005, it was certified Diamond disc 7 months after its release by SNEP, the French certifier. The song is the third best-selling single of",
"title": "Axel F"
},
{
"id": "8366046",
"text": "Bill Padley Bill Padley is a Scottish born March 1961, award winning Record Producer and Songwriter. He won an Ivor Novello Award on 25 May 2006, for the Christmas Number 1 Record and best selling single of 2005, \"That's My Goal\", by The X-Factor's Shayne Ward. Shayne Ward's first single, \"That's My Goal\", was released in the UK on 21 December 2005. After selling 742,000 copies in the first week (including 313,000 on its first day), it became the Christmas number one single of 2005, held the top spot for four weeks and stayed in the UK Singles Chart until",
"title": "Bill Padley"
},
{
"id": "1425592",
"text": "a Part That's New\") in 1999 and have achieved a total of ten top-ten singles as well as one number one: \"Dakota\" (2005). Having sold around 10 million copies worldwide, Stereophonics are one of the most successful Welsh rock acts. Upon their release of \"Pull the Pin\", they achieved five consecutive UK number one albums. The band have also been praised for their live performances, which have landed them headlining slots at many of the UK and Ireland's most high-profile music festivals, including Reading and Leeds in 2000, Glastonbury in 2002, V festival in 2002, the Isle of Wight in",
"title": "Stereophonics"
},
{
"id": "10463398",
"text": "Machel Montano, Bunji Garlin, Maximus Dan, Destra Garcia, Denise Belfon, and Jungle. KMC is known for songs like \"Doh Want to Know\", \"Carnival Rags\", \"Rough Wine\", \"First Experience\", \"Flopping Up\", \"Cyah X Me Out\" and \"Animal\". In April 2005, KMC was signed to the American music label Sequence Records. His debut album on the label was entitled \"Soul on Fire\" after the album's first single. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 84 and has sold approximately 285,000 copies worldwide. \"Soul on Fire\", the single, was the first track released from the album in June 2005. The song's remix,",
"title": "KMC (musician)"
},
{
"id": "6082262",
"text": "and \"What's a Guy Gotta Do\", at No. 10 and No. 4 respectively. Later that same year, he also issued an album of Christmas music, entitled \"A Traditional Christmas\". Four of the tracks from this album received enough airplay to enter the country charts. \"III\" was Nichols' fourth album and was released in October 2005. Its lead-off single, \"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off,\" became his second \"Billboard\" Number One hit, and both the single and the album receiving Gold certifications from the RIAA. The album also produced the Top Ten hits \"Size Matters (Someday)\" and \"I'll Wait for You\",",
"title": "Joe Nichols"
},
{
"id": "4975860",
"text": "Holiday (Green Day song) \"Holiday\" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. It was released as the third single from the group's seventh studio album \"American Idiot\". The song is in the key of F minor. Though the song is a prelude to \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\", \"Holiday\" was released as a single later on, in the spring of 2005. The song achieved considerable popularity across the world and performed moderately well on the charts. In the US, it reached number nineteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks and",
"title": "Holiday (Green Day song)"
},
{
"id": "6097698",
"text": "\"Blender\" ranked \"1 Thing\" number 191 on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\". It praised the song's \"cascading drums…and Amerie's frantic, top-of-her-range vocals\". Calling it \"a pretty fucking smart move to wrap perfect pop around a question that stays open all night\", Pitchfork listed the song as the second best single of 2005, behind Antony and the Johnsons' \"Hope There's Someone\". The song was ranked 32nd on Pitchfork's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and the publication included \"1 Thing\" in its collection of \"The Pitchfork 500\". Christgau named it the twenty-fifth best song of",
"title": "1 Thing"
},
{
"id": "4709505",
"text": "many other countries around the world, it reached the top five on both the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 charts. In 2007, the Proclaimers re-recorded the song with English comedians Peter Kay and Matt Lucas for the UK's Comic Relief charity telethon, scoring a number one hit in the UK, outperforming their original UK singles performance. \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\" has become a live staple at the Proclaimers' concerts. The duo played it at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push at Murrayfield Stadium on 6 July 2005, the final concert of Live 8, to symbolise the",
"title": "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)"
},
{
"id": "6250750",
"text": "Kendrick Lamar and many others. Some of their hits consist of The Game and 50 Cent's 2005 hit \"Hate It Or Love It\", Juvenile's \"Rodeo\", Ja Rule \"New York\", Fat Joe's \"All The Way Up\", Lil Wayne's \"On Fire\" to name a few. To date their work has sold over 75 million records worldwide. Cool & Dre started their record company Epidemic Music in 2004. The artists currently signed to Epidemic Music are Kent Jones, Eric Leon, Tom G and Govayles. In 2016 Epidemic Music released Kent Jones's debut single \"Don't Mind\" which peaked on the Hot 100 charts at",
"title": "Cool & Dre"
},
{
"id": "7901266",
"text": "Jem Godfrey Jeremy \"Jem\" Godfrey (born 6 October 1971) is a British music producer, keyboardist and songwriter. Godfrey was responsible, with Bill Padley at Wisebuddah music, for many UK number one hits including Atomic Kitten's platinum-selling single, \"Whole Again\", which earned the pair two Ivor Novello Award nominations (shared with the other writers including Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw of Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark), and the production and remixing of the international hit version of \"Kiss Kiss\" by Holly Valance. He won an Ivor Novello on 25 May 2006 for the best selling single of 2005, \"That's My Goal\",",
"title": "Jem Godfrey"
},
{
"id": "10985213",
"text": "Lance Jordan Lance Jordan is an American DJ/Producer/Musician/Songwriter. He is best known for his original productions, remixes and collaborations with the likes of such artists as Rosko, Tom Geiger, Nadia Ali, Marta C., and John Creamer & Stephane K. In 2003 Jordan with Creamer & K created the indie house music label NY Love Records, which produced a string of dance hits, most notably Rosko's 2005 anthem \"Love Is A Drug\" which went to #1 on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart, and \"Last Night I Was Dreaming\" which rose to #2 on European Dance Radio. Jordan grew up in New",
"title": "Lance Jordan"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Paul McCartney context: number one.Hey Jude\" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release. In July 2005, McCartney's performance of \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest-released single in history. Available within forty-five minutes of its recording, hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart. He was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music. Paul McCartney Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist,\n\nName the song and artist of this 2005 top ten hit: “I’m gonna sing those songs That offend the censors Gonna pop my pills from a pez dispenser I’ll get washed-up singers writing all my songs lip sync ’em every night so I don’t get ’em wrong”",
"compressed_tokens": 246,
"origin_tokens": 247,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) context: many other countries around the world, it reached the top five on both the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 charts. In 2007, the Proclaimers re-recorded the song with English comedians Peter Kay and Matt Lucas for the UK's Comic Relief charity telethon, scoring a number one hit in the UK, outperforming their original UK singles performance. \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\" has become a live staple at the Proclaimers' concerts. The duo played it at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push at Murrayfield Stadium on 6 July 2005, the final concert of Live 8, to symbolise\n\ntitle J (song) context be a one hit for J \"JCB\"or \" Song\") is the second singleizlopi's firstH Songs Are It peaked No. in the UK Singles Chart in December 2005. The is aiscence childhood, based on singer Luke Concannon' mem it sung from the point of view of a young, travelling with his father on his JCB digger, listening to Christy's song \"Don't Forget Your Shovel\". The's lyr refer to Luke'syslex; bullying; and characters such as B. A. Baracus,\ntitle: 200 British a million copies by . Mariah Carey also with herest H alsoending at her \"H Up\".eted Christmas one taken The winner,ably contenders Nizloity-release \"airytale, \"s My Goal\", became one quick selling songs with740 copies days Emin toateits reaching #1\n: Max Martin thatierated on \"\" (0Be (2005). \"Since U Been Gone\" became a huge hit, and it remained one of the biggest hits of Clarkson's career, and one of the biggest hits of 2005. The next single, \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\", reached the top 10 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 while the single \"Since U Been Gone\" was still on the charts. In 2009, he also co-wrote Clarkson's single \"My Life Would Suck Without You\", which established the\n\nName the song and artist of this 2005 top ten hit: “I’m gonna sing those songs That offend the censors Gonna pop my pills from a pez dispenser I’ll get washed-up singers writing all my songs lip sync ’em every night so I don’t get ’em wrong”",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,759 | Dec 18, 2008 marked the death of Mark Felt. What prominent role in the watergate scandals did he play? | [
"Deep Throat (disambiguation)",
"Deepthroat",
"Deep Throat",
"Deep-throat",
"Deep throat"
] | Deep Throat | [
{
"id": "5220856",
"text": "Mark Felt William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and Associate Director, the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post, from May 1972 until his retirement from the FBI in June 1973. During his time as Associate Director, Felt served as an anonymous informant, nicknamed \"Deep Throat\", to reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of \"The Washington Post\". He provided them with critical information about the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Though Felt's identity as Deep Throat was strongly suspected by some",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "5220925",
"text": "wanted to create the perception that Gray \"could not control the FBI\". This could result in Nixon's firing Gray, leaving Felt as the obvious choice to run the agency. Holland said this plan (if it was one) backfired as Nixon and his team found out that Felt was the leaker. Felt died at home, in his sleep, on December 18, 2008. He was 95 years old and his death was attributed to heart failure. Mark Felt William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and Associate Director, the",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "2622264",
"text": "Deep Throat (Watergate) Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information in 1972 to Bob Woodward, who shared it with Carl Bernstein. Woodward and Bernstein were reporters for \"The Washington Post\", and Deep Throat provided key details about the involvement of U.S. President Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal. In 2005, 31 years after Nixon's resignation and 11 years after Nixon's death, a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat. Felt was suffering from dementia at the time and",
"title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)"
},
{
"id": "2617247",
"text": "1972, 11 days after the Watergate burglary, that had come from convicted Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt's safe, given to him by White House counsel John Dean. Gray remained publicly silent about the Watergate scandal for 32 years, speaking to the press only once, near the end of his life; this was shortly after Gray's direct subordinate at the FBI, FBI Deputy Director Mark Felt, unexpectedly proclaimed himself to have been the secret source to \"The Washington Post\" known as \"Deep Throat\". Gray was born on July 18, 1916 in St. Louis, Missouri, the eldest son of Louis Patrick Gray,",
"title": "L. Patrick Gray"
},
{
"id": "10238791",
"text": "Deep Throat, that he had never leaked information to the Woodward-Bernstein team or anyone else. The book was published and bombed.\" The FBI Pyramid The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside is a 1979 non-fiction book by, W. Mark Felt. Mark Felt was the Associate Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the effective second in command to J. Edgar Hoover and subsequently L. Patrick Gray III. The book chronicles the FBI bureaucracy during the 1960s and 1970s. The book gained interest in 2005, with the revelation that Felt was \"Deep Throat\", the Watergate scandal whistleblower who assisted",
"title": "The FBI Pyramid"
},
{
"id": "1553726",
"text": "treason and spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 years in solitary confinement. At the awards ceremony for the 200 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City John Carlos, Tommie Smith and Peter Norman ignored death threats and official warnings to take part in an anti-racism protest that destroyed their respective careers. W. Mark Felt an agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation who retired in 1973 as the Bureau's Associate Director, acted on conscience to provide reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information that resulted in the Watergate scandal. Conscience was a",
"title": "Conscience"
},
{
"id": "14928139",
"text": "chief. At the time of his retirement in 1983, he was president of the National Conference of State Liquor Administrators. Nuzum was also a valued member of the \"Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI.\" In 2008, Nuzum suffered an accidental fall. He was hospitalized at Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, where he died on August 2. Charles Nuzum Charles \"Charlie\" A. Nuzum (1923 – 2 August 2008) was in the FBI and in charge of an investigation involving the Watergate scandal. Nuzum was chief of the FBI's bankruptcy, antitrust and wiretapping unit at the time of the break-in at the",
"title": "Charles Nuzum"
},
{
"id": "10238789",
"text": "The FBI Pyramid The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside is a 1979 non-fiction book by, W. Mark Felt. Mark Felt was the Associate Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the effective second in command to J. Edgar Hoover and subsequently L. Patrick Gray III. The book chronicles the FBI bureaucracy during the 1960s and 1970s. The book gained interest in 2005, with the revelation that Felt was \"Deep Throat\", the Watergate scandal whistleblower who assisted \"Washington Post\" reporter Bob Woodward in his and Carl Bernstein's investigation. By 2005, Felt was in declining health and unable or",
"title": "The FBI Pyramid"
},
{
"id": "4828832",
"text": "many articles pointing to him as the possible identity of Deep Throat, Bob Woodward's confidential source in the Executive Branch. Woodward's source was conclusively identified in 2005 as being Mark Felt, the second-in-command at the Federal Bureau of Investigation during the investigation into the Watergate scandal. Clawson died in New Orleans at the age of 63 on December 18, 1999. He was survived by his wife Carol, three living children, his mother and sister, along with six grandchildren. He had suffered from poor health following a stroke in 1975, the year after he left the White House. Ken W. Clawson",
"title": "Ken W. Clawson"
},
{
"id": "12789886",
"text": "in 1960 which eventually grew into Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities. He served as its chairman until his arrest on December 11, 2008. The firm was one of the top market maker businesses on Wall Street, which bypassed \"specialist\" firms by directly executing orders over the counter from retail brokers. At the firm, he employed his brother Peter Madoff as senior managing director and chief compliance officer, Peter's daughter Shana Madoff as the firm's rules and compliance officer and attorney, and his now deceased sons Andrew and Mark. Peter has since been sentenced to 10 years in prison and Mark",
"title": "Bernard Madoff"
},
{
"id": "627894",
"text": "Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, \"Post\" reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department, FBI, CIA, and the White House. Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller, the bookkeeper for Nixon, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed. Chief among the \"Post's\" anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat; 33 years later, in 2005, the informant was identified as William Mark Felt, Sr., deputy director",
"title": "Watergate scandal"
},
{
"id": "3669849",
"text": "all his appearances. After the character was killed, Steven Williams was introduced in the second season episode \"The Host\" to portray his successor, X. The creation of Deep Throat was inspired by the historical Deep Throat, Mark Felt, who leaked information on the Watergate scandal, and by Donald Sutherland's character X in the film \"JFK\". Series creator Chris Carter has stated that the character of Deep Throat was \"of course\" inspired by the historical Deep Throat. The real Deep Throat was an informant leaking information on the FBI's investigation of the Watergate scandal to journalists Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward.",
"title": "Deep Throat (The X-Files)"
},
{
"id": "5231207",
"text": "modern U.S. Politics. He came to the conclusion that Fred F. Fielding, a former senior partner at Wiley Rein LLP (then Wiley Rein & Fielding), a Washington, D.C. law firm, was Deep Throat. At the time of the Watergate scandal, Fielding was Associate Counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1970 to 1972, where he was the deputy to John Dean during the Watergate scandal. On May 31, 2005, the actual Deep Throat, W. Mark Felt, acknowledged his identity in an article in \"Vanity Fair\", exonerating Fielding. On his website, Deep Throat Uncovered, Gaines has written about a confrontation with John",
"title": "William Gaines (professor)"
},
{
"id": "6747492",
"text": "Lawrence Higby Lawrence M. Higby is an American businessman and political activist. Higby was assistant to White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman during the Nixon Administration. He later went on to become CEO of home medical equipment company Apria. Until 2005, Higby led a group of wealthy Republicans called the New Majority PAC. Higby was the recipient of a 1971 memo from John Dean that contained Nixon's Enemies List. Higby's boss Haldeman eventually served 18 months in prison for conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury in the Watergate scandal. Watergate informant \"Deep Throat\" (W. Mark Felt) once referred",
"title": "Lawrence Higby"
},
{
"id": "12520783",
"text": "combine named the Madagascar Institute. His involvement with the group led him to participate in the Burning Man festival. Chamberlain was found dead in his New York apartment in late July 2008. Based on the level of his body's decomposition, the coroner estimated that he had died on July 25. It took several weeks to find his relatives, who, aside from occasional phone calls or emails, had not seen him for more than 20 years. No official cause of death has been listed. Cal Chamberlain Cal Chamberlain (April 21, 1968 – c. July 25, 2008), born Mark Chamberlain, was an",
"title": "Cal Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "2410698",
"text": "of 49. Herkimer's home, in what is now Little Falls, New York, is preserved as the Herkimer Home State Historic Site. Herkimer County, New York was named in his honor. His nephew, John Herkimer, later became a U.S. Congressman. FBI Associate Director Mark Felt, who was the Watergate scandal informant known as \"Deep Throat,\" was a descendant of Herkimer. Notes Further reading Nicholas Herkimer Nicholas Herkimer (Herchheimer; c. 1728 – August 16, 1777) was an American patriot militia brigadier general during the American Revolutionary War. He died of wounds after the Battle of Oriskany. Herkimer was the son of Palatine",
"title": "Nicholas Herkimer"
},
{
"id": "2622276",
"text": "reasons. Other commentators, however, have speculated that Felt may have had more personal reasons for leaking information to Woodward. In his book \"The Secret Man\", Woodward describes Felt as a loyalist and admirer of J. Edgar Hoover. After Hoover's death, Felt became angry and disgusted when L. Patrick Gray, a career naval officer and lawyer from the Civil Division of the Department of Justice, with no prior law enforcement experience, was appointed Director of the FBI over Felt, a 30-year veteran of the Bureau. Felt was particularly unhappy with Gray's management style at the FBI, which was markedly different from",
"title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)"
},
{
"id": "12789887",
"text": "committed suicide by hanging exactly two years after his father's arrest. Andrew died of lymphoma on September 3, 2014. On December 10, 2008, Madoff's sons told authorities that their father had confessed to them that the asset management unit of his firm was a massive Ponzi scheme, and quoted him as saying that it was \"one big lie\". The following day, FBI agents arrested Madoff and charged him with one count of securities fraud. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had previously conducted multiple investigations into his business practices but had not uncovered the massive fraud. On March 12,",
"title": "Bernard Madoff"
},
{
"id": "5220923",
"text": "Felt and his actions has varied widely since these revelations. In the immediate aftermath, Felt's family called him an \"American hero\", suggesting that he leaked information for moral or patriotic reasons. G. Gordon Liddy, who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the grand jury rather than leak. Speculation about Felt's motives for leaking has varied widely. Some suggested that it was revenge for Nixon's choosing Gray over Felt to replace Hoover as FBI Director. Others suggest Felt acted out of institutional loyalty to the FBI. Political scientist George Friedman argued: The \"Washington",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "7805767",
"text": "line train. He was reported missing the following day by family and friends, and his mother and the mother of Natasha Collins made a public appeal in which they urged him to make contact. Speight's father also appealed for him to get in touch. On 13 April 2008, Speight's body was discovered hanging from the roof of MacMillan House, adjacent to London's Paddington Station, hidden from public view, six days after he died. The discovery was made by railway workers at 10:00 am, and British Transport Police confirmed that the body was Speight's on 14 April 2008. An inquest into",
"title": "Mark Speight"
},
{
"id": "14365532",
"text": "DeVan L. Shumway DeVan L. \"Van\" Shumway (22 September 1930 – 23 April 2008) was an American publisher and aide to President Richard M. Nixon. He served as spokesperson for Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the President and was a staunch defender of Nixon through the Watergate scandal. Shumway was a native of Blanding, Utah. He attended the University of Utah and served in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He then took a position at United Press International. Following his work on the unsuccessful re-election campaign of George Murphy, he went to work for Nixon, becoming the",
"title": "DeVan L. Shumway"
},
{
"id": "1982255",
"text": "also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\". The article was later adapted into a movie \"The Insider\" (1999), which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. Most famously, after more than thirty years of mystery, an article in the May 2005 edition revealed the identity of Deep Throat (W. Mark Felt), one of the sources for \"The Washington Post\" articles on Watergate, which led to the 1974 resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon. The magazine also features candid interviews with celebrities,",
"title": "Vanity Fair (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "12359425",
"text": "the Justice Department, Rehnquist was mentioned for many years as a possibility for the source known as Deep Throat during the Watergate scandal. Once Bob Woodward revealed on May 31, 2005, that W. Mark Felt was Deep Throat, this speculation ended. It was William Rehnquist who determined that Government National Mortgage Association guarantees constituted a full faith and credit promise of the United States. In fall 1971, Nixon received the resignations of two Supreme Court justices, Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II. After compiling an initial list of possible appointees that ran afoul of Chief Justice Burger and the",
"title": "William Rehnquist"
},
{
"id": "12337316",
"text": "in the fund to lose as much as three to five percent of their investment. After his retirement from the financial industry, he joined with partner Chris Gerow in competing in the annual Punkin Chunkin event held in Delaware. Brown died at age 82 of an abdominal aneurysm on August 11, 2008, at his home in Leesburg, Virginia. His residence had been owned by members of his family for more than 200 years. Brown's grandfather was United States federal judge Addison Brown, who was also a botanist and one of the founders of the New York Botanical Garden. An earlier",
"title": "Henry B. R. Brown"
},
{
"id": "12657932",
"text": "Underboss is in his old hideout in the sewers, so after calling an ambulance for Jimmy, that is where Nite Owl and Rorschach go. They don't find him, but they do find a missing FBI associate director, Mark Felt, tied up and bleeding heavily, seemingly tortured. He tells them that someone (who the heroes presume to be Underboss) means to kill two reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the would-be informers of the Watergate scandal. Upon leaving the sewers, Nite Owl and Rorschach are ambushed by the police, Rorschach chiming in that they have been set up. They fight their",
"title": "Watchmen: The End Is Nigh"
},
{
"id": "7029398",
"text": "Manuel Benitez Manuel Benitez (September 28, 1969 – December 23, 2008), who went by the stage name Mark Everett, was an American child actor in Hollywood films and a fugitive wanted by the FBI for the murder of his girlfriend in 2004. On December 23, 2008, he was shot and killed by police officers responding to a hostage situation in El Monte, California. Manuel Benitez was the illegitimate son of the internationally famous bullfighter Manuel Benitez, known as \"El Cordobés\" (not to be confused with the younger bullfighter with the same name who claimed to be El Cordobés' illegitimate son-known",
"title": "Manuel Benitez"
},
{
"id": "14928136",
"text": "Charles Nuzum Charles \"Charlie\" A. Nuzum (1923 – 2 August 2008) was in the FBI and in charge of an investigation involving the Watergate scandal. Nuzum was chief of the FBI's bankruptcy, antitrust and wiretapping unit at the time of the break-in at the Watergate office. Charles Nuzum was born in Bourbon County, Kansas in 1923. When Nuzum was a child, his family moved to St. Petersburg, Florida. When World War II started Nuzum was attending St. Petersburg Junior College, later serving as a pilot flying a B-24 in the Army Air forces. Charles won some awards including Distinguished Flying",
"title": "Charles Nuzum"
},
{
"id": "4222896",
"text": "J. R. Simplot John Richard (\"Jack\" or \"J.R.\") Simplot (; January 4, 1909 – May 25, 2008) was an American entrepreneur and businessman best known as the founder of the J. R. Simplot Company, a Boise, Idaho based agricultural supplier specializing in potato products. In 2007, he was estimated to be the 89th-richest person in the United States, at $3.6 billion. At the time of his death at age 99 in May 2008, he was the oldest billionaire on the Forbes 400. Born in Dubuque, Iowa, he was the third of six children of Charles R. and Dorothy (Haxby) Simplot.",
"title": "J. R. Simplot"
},
{
"id": "19134714",
"text": "Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House is a 2017 American biographical political thriller film directed and written by Peter Landesman, and based on the 2006 autobiography of FBI agent Mark Felt, written with John O'Connor. The film depicts how Felt became an anonymous source (\"Deep Throat\") for reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, and helped them in the investigation which led them to the Watergate scandal. The film stars Liam Neeson, Diane Lane, Tony Goldwyn, and Maika Monroe. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival",
"title": "Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"
},
{
"id": "11895496",
"text": "death. While working on the film in London, Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their \"New York Times\" interview that he viewed \"The Dark Knight\"s Joker as a \"psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy\". For his work on \"The Dark Knight\", Ledger posthumously won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, which his family accepted on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Christopher Nolan accepted for him. At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for",
"title": "Heath Ledger"
},
{
"id": "12789890",
"text": "Tau Chapter of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity, then transferred to and graduated from Hofstra University in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. Madoff briefly attended Brooklyn Law School, but founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC and remained working for his own company. At the time of his arrest on December 11, 2008, Madoff was the chairman of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. The firm started in 1960 as a penny stock trader with $5,000 ($ today) that Madoff earned from working as a lifeguard and sprinkler installer. He further secured",
"title": "Bernard Madoff"
},
{
"id": "20793057",
"text": "by Penney's conclusion that the steps taken had been \"prompt and efficient\" and had \"displayed considerable devotion to duty\". Some considered that the determination and courage shown by Tuohy, and the critical role he played in the aversion of complete disaster, had not been properly recognised. Tuohy died on 12 March 2008; he had never received any kind of public recognition for his decisive actions. The Board of Inquiry's report concluded officially that the fire had been caused by \"an error of judgement\" by the same people who then risked their lives to contain the blaze. The news of the",
"title": "Windscale Piles"
},
{
"id": "5220857",
"text": "in Washington, D.C., including Nixon himself, it generally remained a secret for 30 years. In 2005, Felt finally acknowledged that he was Deep Throat, after being persuaded by his daughter to reveal his identity. Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's headquarters. In 1980, he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground, by ordering FBI agents to break into their homes and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine,",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "12751612",
"text": "city ordinance. (\"The New York Times\" commented that “If this all sounds a little unusual, Mr. Spitznagel has never been one to bend to convention.”) Mark Spitznagel Mark Spitznagel (; born March 5, 1971) is an American hedge fund manager, stocks and commodities trader, and author. Spitznagel is known for his pioneering “tail-hedging” (or “safe haven investing”), his hugely profitable billion dollar derivatives bet on the stock market crash of 2008, and for allegedly moving global markets with his trading. Spitznagel “gained credibility in the investment world by predicting two market routs in the past decade, first in 2000 and",
"title": "Mark Spitznagel"
},
{
"id": "5220869",
"text": "William C. Ibershof, claims that Mark Felt and Attorney General John N. Mitchell initiated these illegal activities that tainted the investigation. Hoover died in his sleep and was found on the morning of May 2, 1972. Tolson was nominally in charge until the next day, when Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray III as Acting FBI Director. Tolson submitted his resignation, which Gray accepted. Felt succeeded to Tolson's post as Associate Director, the number-two job in the Bureau. Felt served as an honorary pallbearer at Hoover's funeral. On the day of Hoover's death, Hoover's secretary for five decades, Helen Gandy, began",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "1301851",
"text": "or a combination of both. Contemporary media has the capacity to spread knowledge of a scandal further than in previous centuries and public interest has encouraged many cases of confected scandals relating to well-known people as well as genuine scandals relating to politics and business. Some scandals are revealed by whistleblowers who discover wrongdoing within organizations or groups, such as Deep Throat (William Mark Felt) during the Watergate scandal in the 1970s in the United States. Whistleblowers may be protected by laws which are used to obtain information of misdeeds and acts detrimental to their establishments. However, the possibility of",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"id": "11682563",
"text": "Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal On March 10, 2008, \"The New York Times\" reported that Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer had patronized an elite escort service run by Emperors Club VIP. The ensuing scandal led to him receiving criticism and ridicule in the media, and eventually Spitzer resigned as Governor a week later on March 17. The investigation of Spitzer was initiated after North Fork Bank reported the suspicious transactions to the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network as required by the Bank Secrecy Act, which was enhanced by Patriot Act provisions, enacted to combat terrorist activity such as money",
"title": "Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal"
},
{
"id": "4723612",
"text": "Watergate source known as \"Deep Throat,\" some believed that Mardian had been the informant. When Felt was revealed to have been the source, Mardian told the \"Arizona Republic\" that Felt \"betrayed his position\" by leaking to the \"Washington Post\". Mardian died of complications from lung cancer on July 17, 2006, at his vacation home in San Clemente, California. Robert Mardian Robert Charles Mardian (October 23, 1923 – July 17, 2006) was a United States Republican party official who served in the administration of Richard Nixon, and was embroiled in the Watergate scandal as one of the Watergate Seven who were",
"title": "Robert Mardian"
},
{
"id": "2448126",
"text": "Felt was Deep Throat. Colson expressed disapproval in Felt's role in the Watergate scandal, first in the context of Felt being an FBI employee who should have known better than to disclose the results of a government investigation to the press (violating a fundamental tenet of FBI culture), and second in the context of the trust placed in him (which demanded a more active response, such as a face-to-face confrontation with the FBI director or Nixon or, had that failed, public resignation). His criticism of Felt provoked a harsh response from former \"Washington Post\" executive editor Benjamin Bradlee, one of",
"title": "Charles Colson"
},
{
"id": "19134721",
"text": "part of an \"extended cut\" on the home video release of the film. Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House is a 2017 American biographical political thriller film directed and written by Peter Landesman, and based on the 2006 autobiography of FBI agent Mark Felt, written with John O'Connor. The film depicts how Felt became an anonymous source (\"Deep Throat\") for reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, and helped them in the investigation which led them to the Watergate scandal. The film stars Liam Neeson, Diane Lane,",
"title": "Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"
},
{
"id": "1451000",
"text": "and burn the White House tapes. Buchanan remained as a special assistant to Nixon through the final days of the Watergate scandal. He was not accused of wrongdoing, though some mistakenly suspected him of being Deep Throat. In 2005 when the actual identity of the press leak was revealed as Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt, Buchanan called him \"sneaky,\" \"dishonest\" and \"criminal.\" Because of his role in the Nixon campaign's \"attack group,\" Buchanan appeared before the Senate Watergate Committee on September 26, 1973. He told the panel: \"The mandate that the American people gave to this president",
"title": "Pat Buchanan"
},
{
"id": "2617256",
"text": "encounter at a hotel swimming pool and quotes their entire Watergate-related conversation: \"The Watergate thing is a hell of a thing,\" he said. \"You bet it is, Fred,\" I answered. \"We're going to investigate the hell out of it.\" That was all either of us said about it. For the first six months of the investigation, Gray remained heavily involved. It was only when it became apparent that the White House was involved that Gray recused himself from the investigation and handed control over to Mark Felt. On June 23, 1972, White House Chief of Staff Bob Haldeman and President",
"title": "L. Patrick Gray"
},
{
"id": "2617253",
"text": "Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division in the Department of Justice. In 1972, Gray was nominated to be Deputy Attorney General, but before he could be confirmed by the full United States Senate his nomination was withdrawn. Instead, President Nixon designated him as Acting Director of the FBI after the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Gray served for less than a year. Day-to-day operational command of the Bureau remained with Associate Director Mark Felt. On June 17, 1972, just six weeks after Gray took office at the FBI, five men were arrested after breaking into the Democratic National Committee",
"title": "L. Patrick Gray"
},
{
"id": "12338439",
"text": "Murder of Michael Causer Michael Causer (9 October 1989 – 2 August 2008) was a gay teenager living in Liverpool who came to national attention in the United Kingdom when he was seriously assaulted because of his sexual orientation in the early hours on the morning of 25 July 2008 after a small house party. He later died in the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery after undergoing extensive emergency surgery to his brain. He was 18 years old at the time of his death. Causer's funeral was held on 2 October 2008 in a local church in Whiston where",
"title": "Murder of Michael Causer"
},
{
"id": "11031877",
"text": "Maheu confirmed his role in the assassination plot against Castro, saying that he thought the United States \"was involved in a just war.\" CIA documents released in 2007 provided additional details of the plot. In 1992, Maheu published his autobiography, entitled \"Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by His Closest Advisor\". Maheu died in 2008 at the age of 90 in Las Vegas. The official cause of death was heart failure. Robert Maheu Robert Aime Maheu (October 30, 1917 – August 4, 2008) was an American businessman and lawyer, who worked for the FBI",
"title": "Robert Maheu"
},
{
"id": "3023093",
"text": "G. David Low George David Low (February 19, 1956 – March 15, 2008) was an American aerospace executive and a NASA astronaut. He was born in 1956 to Dr. George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office. With undergraduate degrees in physics and mechanical engineering and a master's degree in aeronautics and astronautics, he worked in the JPL at the California Institute of Technology in the early 80's, before being picked as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1984. In addition to holding some technical assignments, he logged more than 700 hours in space (including stints on the",
"title": "G. David Low"
},
{
"id": "5220904",
"text": "from the Watergate scandal. Over the years, the stress of following her husband's career as well as from the separation from her daughter, combined with Felt's prosecution had taken their toll on Audrey. During Felt's time in Seattle in 1954, Audrey suffered a nervous breakdown. She developed a dependency on alcohol and had been taking antidepressants for years. She had also been hospitalized several times for various ailments. When Felt was put on trial in 1980, she attended the first day, but did not return because she was unable to bear it. In 1984, she committed suicide using Felt's revolver.",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "1635579",
"text": "medication overdose following a lifelong battle with depression. On December 25, 2008, Lark Previn died at the age of 35, also after a long illness. Moses claimed that Lark's death was due to AIDS-related illness, following a long battle with addiction. On September 21, 2016, Thaddeus Farrow was found dead at the age of 27 after an apparent car crash in Connecticut, though it was subsequently ruled he had committed suicide by shooting himself in the torso while inside his car. Farrow said that on August 4, 1992, Dylan Farrow, then aged seven, told Farrow that she had been sexually",
"title": "Mia Farrow"
},
{
"id": "12126102",
"text": "the paper he supplied steroids to NFL quarterback Michael Vick while Vick played for the Atlanta Falcons. When questioned by federal agents and prosecutors, Vick denied the allegations. On June 5, 2008, police discovered Jacobs, along with his \"on-again, off-again\" girlfriend, prominent fitness model Amanda Earhart-Savell, both dead of multiple gunshot wounds from a .40 caliber Glock handgun. Police shortly thereafter began characterizing their investigation as consistent with a murder-suicide. Police had been alerted to possible foul play after friends of Savell had reported she had been missing for several days, and officers were sent to check on their welfare",
"title": "David Jacobs (steroid dealer)"
},
{
"id": "12751576",
"text": "Mark Spitznagel Mark Spitznagel (; born March 5, 1971) is an American hedge fund manager, stocks and commodities trader, and author. Spitznagel is known for his pioneering “tail-hedging” (or “safe haven investing”), his hugely profitable billion dollar derivatives bet on the stock market crash of 2008, and for allegedly moving global markets with his trading. Spitznagel “gained credibility in the investment world by predicting two market routs in the past decade, first in 2000 and then in 2008,” as well as predicting the “2000s commodities boom.” Despite his reputation as a “financial guru” and “one of Wall Street’s most bearish”",
"title": "Mark Spitznagel"
},
{
"id": "5736930",
"text": "Richard S. Fuld Jr. Richard \"Dick\" Severin Fuld Jr. (born April 26, 1946) is an American banker best known as the final Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lehman Brothers. Fuld had held this position since the firm's 1994 spinoff from American Express until 2008. Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 on September 15, 2008, and subsequently announced a sale of major operations to parties including Barclays Bank and Nomura Securities. Fuld was nicknamed the \"Gorilla\" on Wall Street for his competitiveness. Condé Nast Portfolio ranked Fuld number one on their \"Worst American CEOs of All Time\"",
"title": "Richard S. Fuld Jr."
},
{
"id": "1741785",
"text": "identity of Deep Throat, the source for news articles written by her ex-husband Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward during the Watergate scandal. Ephron claimed she had guessed the identity of Deep Throat after reading Bernstein's notes, which referred to the unnamed person as \"MF\". Bernstein claimed \"MF\" was short for \"My Friend,\" but Ephron guessed correctly that the initials stood for Mark Felt, the former associate director of the FBI. Ephron's marriage with Bernstein ended acrimoniously, and after the breakup Ephron was open about the identity of Deep Throat. She revealed his identity to her son Jacob and anyone else",
"title": "Nora Ephron"
},
{
"id": "7023762",
"text": "and how the scandal unfolded, going behind the scenes of the film. It explores how the Watergate scandal would be covered in the present day, whether such a scandal could happen again, and who Richard Nixon was as a man. W. Mark Felt, Deputy Director of the FBI during the early 1970s, revealed in 2005 his role as Deep Throat during the investigation; this is also covered. Footage from the film is used, as well as interviews with central characters and actors such as Woodward, Bernstein, Redford, Hoffman, Bradlee and John Dean and also with contemporary media figures such as",
"title": "All the President's Men (film)"
},
{
"id": "20626752",
"text": "and that its \"CEO Lloyd Blankfein has visited the White House 10 times.\" Stephen Friedman, a former director of Goldman Sachs, was named Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in January 2008. Although he had retired from Goldman in 1994, Friedman continued to own stock in the firm. Goldman's conversion from a securities firm to a bank holding company in September 2008 meant it was now regulated by the Fed and not the SEC. When it became apparent that Timothy Geithner, then president of the New York Fed, would leave his role there to become Treasury Secretary,",
"title": "Goldman Sachs controversies"
},
{
"id": "13137472",
"text": "trade group. The Madoff family has long-standing, high-level ties to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the primary securities industry organization. Bernard Madoff sat on the board of directors of the Securities Industry Association, which merged with the Bond Market Association in 2006 to form SIFMA. Madoff's brother Peter then served two terms as a member of SIFMA's board of directors. Peter's resignation as the scandal broke in December 2008 came amid growing criticism of the Madoff firm's links to Washington, and how those relationships may have contributed to the Madoff fraud. Over the years 2000–08, the two",
"title": "Madoff investment scandal"
},
{
"id": "9807567",
"text": "September 29, 2008 the Justice Department's Inspector General (IG) released a report on the matter that found most of the firings were politically motivated and improper. The next day Attorney General Michael Mukasey appointed a special prosecutor Nora Dannehy to decide whether criminal charges should be brought against Gonzales and other officials involved in the firings. The IG's report contained \"substantial evidence\" that party politics drove a number of the firings, and IG Glenn Fine said in a statement that Gonzales had \"abdicated his responsibility to safeguard the integrity and independence of the department.\" The report itself stopped short of",
"title": "Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy"
},
{
"id": "2003959",
"text": "\"almost every constituency in Alaska.\" Gruening lost the general election to Republican Frank Murkowski. Gravel was the last Democrat to represent Alaska in Congress for 28 years, until Anchorage Mayor Mark Begich defeated Stevens, by now an aged, iconic figure who had just been convicted of seven felonies for taking unreported gifts, in a very close and protracted election result in mid-November 2008. (The charges against Stevens were subsequently dropped due to prosecutorial misconduct.) Gravel took the 1980 defeat hard, recalling years later: \"I had lost my career. I lost my marriage. I was in the doldrums for ten years",
"title": "Mike Gravel"
},
{
"id": "7805756",
"text": "In April that year, Speight was reported missing and was later discovered to have taken his own life by hanging himself near Paddington station. Two suicide notes were discovered, describing how he could no longer live his life without Collins. Speight was born in Seisdon, Staffordshire, and grew up in Tettenhall, Wolverhampton. Speight had two siblings, Tina-Louise Richmond (née Speight), and Jason Speight. His father, Oliver Warwick Speight, is a property developer, and his mother, Jacqueline Fordham Speight (née Parker), was an art teacher. Jacqueline died on 5 September 2008, aged 62. Speight attended the independent school Tettenhall College for",
"title": "Mark Speight"
},
{
"id": "12215912",
"text": "Steve Peterson (racing executive) Steve Peterson (1950 – July 15, 2008) was an American technical director for NASCAR. He joined NASCAR in 1995 and worked with them up until his death. During his time he worked as a technical director and a safety adviser. He led to the improvement of safety barriers, neck and head restraints as well as seatbelts. In 1982 he worked as crew chief for driver Mark Martin. In 2006 he was awarded Society of Automotive Engineers Motorsports Achievement Award. Peterson died of natural causes at his home in Concord, North Carolina. The \"NASCAR Confidential\" episode on",
"title": "Steve Peterson (racing executive)"
},
{
"id": "8360211",
"text": "responds that \"they have been here for a long, long time\". This episode marked Hardin's first appearance as Deep Throat. Series creator Chris Carter stated that the character was inspired by the historical Deep Throat, an informant who leaked information about the FBI's investigation of the Watergate scandal to journalists Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. This Deep Throat was later revealed to be FBI Associate Director Mark Felt. Also cited as an influence was X, the character portrayed by Donald Sutherland in the 1991 Oliver Stone film \"JFK\". Carter created the character to bridge the gap between Mulder and Scully",
"title": "Deep Throat (The X-Files episode)"
},
{
"id": "17097651",
"text": "Shana Madoff Shana Diane Madoff, sometimes referred to as Shana Madoff Skoller Swanson, (born December 8, 1967) is an American attorney who is now a yoga teacher. She is the daughter of Peter Madoff, and a niece of Bernard Madoff, who employed her as a compliance officer and attorney at Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS) from 1995 until 2008. In December 2008 BLMIS was discovered to be a $65 billion Ponzi scheme, and closed as part of the Madoff investment scandal. Her uncle Bernard Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison for the scheme, and her father, who",
"title": "Shana Madoff"
},
{
"id": "20061063",
"text": "\"long national nightmare\" to describe the Watergate scandal and resignation of Nixon. After Ford left office, Hartmann served as a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution at his alma mater Stanford, and a trustee of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation. In 1980, he wrote his autobiography, \"Palace Politics\", focusing on his time at the White House. Robert T. Hartmann Robert Trowbridge Hartmann (April 8, 1917 – April 11, 2008) was an American political advisor, speechwriter and reporter, who served as Chief of Staff for Vice President Gerald Ford and Counselor to the President when Ford was elevated to the",
"title": "Robert T. Hartmann"
},
{
"id": "10528656",
"text": "as British television broadcaster David Frost and Frank Langella as former United States President Richard Nixon. It was released in the United States on December 5, 2008 and in the United Kingdom on January 23, 2009. After the Watergate scandal of 1972 and his subsequent resignation in 1974, 400 million people worldwide watched Nixon leave the White House. Among them is British journalist David Frost, currently recording a talk show in Australia, who decides to interview Nixon. Nixon's literary agent, Irving Lazar, believes the interview would be an opportunity for Nixon to salvage his reputation, and to make some money.",
"title": "Frost/Nixon (film)"
},
{
"id": "11895517",
"text": "months after Ledger's death, on 23 December 2008, Jake Coyle, writing for the Associated Press, announced that \"Heath Ledger's death was voted 2008's top entertainment story by U.S. newspaper and broadcast editors surveyed by The Associated Press\". He claimed that this was partially a result of the \"shock and confusion\" surrounding the circumstances of Ledger's death, as well as due to Ledger's \"legacy [...] in a roundly acclaimed performance as the Joker in the year's biggest box office hit \"The Dark Knight\".\" After Ledger's death, in response to some press reports about his will, filed in New York City on",
"title": "Heath Ledger"
},
{
"id": "4445188",
"text": "had \"displayed considerable devotion to duty\". Some considered that the determination and courage shown by Thomas Tuohy, and the critical role he played in the aversion of complete disaster, had not been properly recognised. Tuohy died on 12 March 2008, having never received any kind of public recognition for his decisive actions. The Board of Inquiry's report concluded officially that the fire had been caused by \"an error of judgment\" by the same people who then risked their lives to contain the blaze. It was later suggested by the grandson of Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister at the time of the",
"title": "Windscale fire"
},
{
"id": "5220919",
"text": "issue of the magazine) on its website by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf. Felt said, \"I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat.\" After the \"Vanity Fair\" story broke, Benjamin C. Bradlee, the editor of the \"Washington Post\" during Watergate, confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat. According to the \"Vanity Fair\" article, Felt was persuaded to come out by his family. They hoped to capitalize on the book deals and other lucrative opportunities which Felt would be offered in order to help pay for his grandchildren's education. His family was unaware that he was Deep",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "5350746",
"text": "Jeopardy\", which became a bestseller and provoked widespread interest in the case. MSNBC and CourtTV also produced television documentaries on the case. Brenda Sue Schaefer is buried in her family's plot in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville. On September 1, 2008, Ignatow was found dead in his home. He was 70 years old. An autopsy determined that Ignatow died from an accidental fall that lacerated his head or his arm, and that he had eventually bled to death. The neighbor who found his body stated that \"It just looked like he had fell... and he tried to go to the",
"title": "Mel Ignatow"
},
{
"id": "10379967",
"text": "chief Washington bureau correspondent and the host of \"Meet the Press\", was a Buffalo native and noted Buffalo Bills fan. He died of a heart attack in June 2008. The league honored National Football League Players Association leader Gene Upshaw, who died suddenly at age 63 on August 20 just three days after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. For the entire season, the Oakland Raiders wore a patch on the left chest of the jerseys with the initials \"GU\" and his number 63, his jersey number with the Raiders. All NFL teams also honored Upshaw with a video tribute and",
"title": "2008 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "627940",
"text": "would be an easy interviewer and was taken aback by Frost's incisive questions. The interview displayed the entire scandal to the American people, and Nixon formally apologized, but his legacy remained tarnished. In the aftermath of Watergate, \"follow the money\" became part of the American lexicon and is widely believed to have been uttered by Mark Felt to Woodward and Bernstein. The phrase was never used in the 1974 book \"All the President's Men\" and did not become associated with it until the movie of the same name was released in 1976. The parking garage where Woodward and Felt met",
"title": "Watergate scandal"
},
{
"id": "12720696",
"text": "the jury trial in order to consider issues of ethics and excellence in advocacy and the role of litigation in society. As of 2016, the university has created no publicized initiatives in conjunction with the reported 1 million dollars donated. Andrew L. Jefferson Jr. Andrew Leon Thomas Jefferson Jr. (August 19, 1934—December 8, 2008) was an American lawyer, a federal prosecutor, a Texas judge and a federal judicial nominee to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. \"The Judge\", as he was affectionately known in the Houston community long after his tenure on the bench, was the",
"title": "Andrew L. Jefferson Jr."
},
{
"id": "5088033",
"text": "Depardieu crashed on his motorcycle when he overran a suitcase that had fallen off a car and onto the roadway. He underwent surgery to repair damage to his knee. The wound developed a \"Staphylococcus aureus\" infection. Seventeen subsequent operations were conducted in an attempt to clear the infection and save the leg, however these were unsuccessful and in June 2003 he underwent an above the knee amputation of the leg. Guillaume Depardieu contracted a severe viral pneumonia while filming \"The Childhood of Icarus\" (\"L'Enfance d'Icare\"). He was unable to clear the infection, and on 13 October 2008, he died at",
"title": "Guillaume Depardieu"
},
{
"id": "2415386",
"text": "go to charity. Wilsdorf died in 1960; since then, the trust has owned and run the company. In December 2008, following the abrupt departure of Chief Executive Patrick Heiniger for \"personal reasons\", the company denied that it had lost 1 billion Swiss francs (approx £574 million, $900 million) invested with Bernard Madoff, the American asset manager who pleaded guilty to an approximately £30 billion worldwide Ponzi scheme fraud. Rolex SA announced Heiniger's death on 5 March 2013. Among the company's innovations are: The first self-winding Rolex wristwatch was offered to the public in 1931 (so-called the \"bubbleback\" due to the",
"title": "Rolex"
},
{
"id": "2622280",
"text": "Navy lieutenant in his mid-20s who was dispatched to deliver a package to the White House's West Wing. Felt arrived soon after, for a separate appointment and sat next to Woodward in the waiting room. Woodward struck up a conversation, eventually learning of Felt's position in the upper echelon of the FBI. Woodward, who was about to get out of the Navy at the time and was unsure about his future direction in life, became determined to use Felt as a mentor and career advisor, and so he got Felt's phone number and kept in touch with him. After deciding",
"title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)"
},
{
"id": "3768931",
"text": "1990 and Senate in 1997. He was released from jail in 2004 and went into self-exile to Dubai, but returned when Bhutto was assassinated on 27 December 2007. As the new Co-Chairman of the PPP, he led his party to victory in the 2008 general elections. He spearheaded a coalition that forced military ruler Pervez Musharraf to resign, and was elected President on 6 September 2008. He was acquitted of various criminal charges the same year. As president, Zardari remained a strong U.S. ally in the war in Afghanistan, despite prevalent public disapproval of the United States following the Raymond",
"title": "Asif Ali Zardari"
},
{
"id": "9912270",
"text": "August 22, 2000, after missing a practice because he overslept. Mims was the fifth member of the 1994 San Diego Chargers AFC championship team to die young, the others being David Griggs, Rodney Culver, Doug Miller, and Curtis Whitley. During his final years, Mims was unable to take care of himself and he lived on disability payments and avoided bill collectors. On October 15, 2008, Mims was found dead in his Los Angeles apartment by police officers conducting a welfare check. The cause of death was determined to be an enlarged heart. He weighed at the time of his death.",
"title": "Chris Mims"
},
{
"id": "266306",
"text": "Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Anthony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire. Antony was a supporter of Julius Caesar, and served as one of his generals during the conquest of Gaul and the Civil War. Antony was appointed administrator of Italy while Caesar eliminated political opponents in Greece, North Africa, and Spain. After Caesar's death in 44 BC, Antony joined forces with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, another of",
"title": "Mark Antony"
},
{
"id": "8254845",
"text": "on July 28, 1998. Among those in attendance were President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore. The coffins of Gibson and Chestnut were displayed in the United States Capitol rotunda, an honor usually reserved for former Presidents, members of Congress, or military heroes. Gibson was buried in Arlington National Cemetery and posthumously awarded the Law Enforcement Purple Heart. His name is engraved in the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial's west wall. On July 24, 2008, members of Congress paused for a moment of silence to mark the shooting's ten-year anniversary. On the east lawn of the Capitol, Democratic and",
"title": "John Gibson (police officer)"
},
{
"id": "10992292",
"text": "Bradlee called the publication of the book \"completely irresponsible\" and then listed 39 errors where his name appeared. The suit was settled out of court for $100,000. This biography of Katharine Graham, including details of the death of her husband Philip Graham in 1963, advances some theories that have been met with considerable controversy. For example, Davis claimed that the source behind the Watergate scandal, popularly known as Deep Throat, was a CIA officer named Richard Ober (in fact, it was later revealed that Deep Throat had been FBI Associate Director Mark Felt). She also claims that the Washington Post's",
"title": "Katharine the Great"
},
{
"id": "5220875",
"text": "methods were an unnecessary distraction from the work of the FBI and showed a lack of leadership. He believed that he was not the only career manager at the FBI who disapproved of Gray's methods, particularly among those who had served under Hoover. As Associate Director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it was given to Gray. The Agent in Charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division Head Robert Gebhardt, who passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "2159478",
"text": "Boy Scouts of America, and was honored by the National Conference for Community and Justice for his contributions to tolerance and understanding in the world. On January 27, 2008, Hinckley died at the age of 97 while surrounded by family in his Salt Lake City apartment. According to a church spokesman, the death was due to \"causes incident to age.\" The \"Deseret Morning News\" reported that Hinckley had just gone through a treatment of chemotherapy a few days earlier, and had \"worked until the very end.\" The day following Hinckley's death, thousands of LDS youth in six states organized a",
"title": "Gordon B. Hinckley"
},
{
"id": "13625592",
"text": "Jörg Haider Jörg Haider (; 26 January 1950 – 11 October 2008) was an Austrian politician. He was Governor of Carinthia on two occasions, the long-time leader of the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) and later Chairman of the Alliance for the Future of Austria (Bündnis Zukunft Österreich, BZÖ), a breakaway party from the FPÖ. Haider was a controversial figure within Austria and abroad. Several countries imposed mild diplomatic sanctions against his party's participation in government alongside Wolfgang Schüssel's Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), starting from 2000. Haider died in a car accident shortly after leading the BZÖ in the 2008 Austrian",
"title": "Jörg Haider"
},
{
"id": "13137454",
"text": "Madoff investment scandal The Madoff investment scandal was a major case of stock and securities fraud discovered in late 2008. In December of that year, Bernard Madoff, the former NASDAQ Chairman and founder of the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, admitted that the wealth management arm of his business was an elaborate Ponzi scheme. Madoff founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960, and was its chairman until his arrest. The firm employed Madoff's brother Peter as senior managing director and chief compliance officer, Peter's daughter Shana Madoff as rules and",
"title": "Madoff investment scandal"
},
{
"id": "2617272",
"text": "practice in Connecticut. After his time in Washington, Gray returned to practicing law at the firm of Suisman, Shapiro, Wool, Brennan, Gray & Greenberg (SSWBGG) in New London, Connecticut. Deputy Director Mark Felt claimed to be Deep Throat in a 2005 \"Vanity Fair\" article, the infamous source of leaks to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. Woodward, Bernstein, and \"Post\" executive editor Benjamin C. Bradlee confirmed the claim. Gray spoke about the Watergate scandal for the first time in 32 years on June 26, 2005, mere days before his death from pancreatic cancer. He told ABC's \"This Week\" that he was",
"title": "L. Patrick Gray"
},
{
"id": "11895486",
"text": "In the film, Ledger portrayed a fictional actor named Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects of Dylan's life and persona. Ledger died on 22 January 2008 from an accidental intoxication from prescription drugs. A few months before his death, Ledger had finished filming his performance as the Joker in \"The Dark Knight\". His death occurred during editing of \"The Dark Knight\" and in the midst of filming his last role as Tony in \"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus\". His untimely death cast a shadow over the subsequent promotion of the $185 million Batman production. Ledger received numerous posthumous",
"title": "Heath Ledger"
},
{
"id": "10452450",
"text": "number of those present had represented their countries during the famous 1974 World Food Security Summit (Rome) where Butz had led the US delegation. Butz died in his sleep on February 2, 2008, in Kensington, Maryland. He is buried at the Tippecanoe Memory Gardens in West Lafayette, Indiana. At his death, Butz was the oldest living former Cabinet member from any administration. Earl Butz Earl Lauer Butz (July 3, 1909 – February 2, 2008) was a United States government official who served as Secretary of Agriculture under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. His policies favored large-scale corporate farming and",
"title": "Earl Butz"
},
{
"id": "7617440",
"text": "was doing important work representing the U.S. globally while America was the target of criticism. He also said that he and Scaife had never suggested Clinton was involved in Foster's death, nor had they spread allegations about Bill Clinton's sex scandals, although their work may have encouraged others. Ruddy and Scaife again met Clinton for lunch at his office in September 2008. \"We had a great time with him,\" Ruddy said of the meeting. He added, \"We consider Bill Clinton a friend and he considers us friends.\" Forbes indicated the relationship between Ruddy and Clinton has continued and described them",
"title": "Christopher Ruddy"
},
{
"id": "7805763",
"text": "body in the bath at their St John's Wood flat, in north-west London. Speight told police that he and Collins had spent the previous evening \"partying\", drinking wine and vodka, and taking cocaine and sleeping pills. Speight was questioned by police and was subsequently arrested on suspicion of murder and of supplying class A drugs, but was released on bail until the first week of February. Because of this, the BBC cancelled the Saturday repeat edition of \"SMart\". An inquest, which opened on 8 January 2008, heard that the death was not thought to be suspicious but should be \"subject",
"title": "Mark Speight"
},
{
"id": "3557434",
"text": "Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) suspended Lehman's Australian subsidiary as a market participant after clearing-houses terminated contracts with the firm. Lehman shares tumbled over 90% on September 15, 2008. The Dow Jones closed down just over 500 points on September 15, 2008, which was at the time the largest drop in a single day since the days following the attacks on September 11, 2001. In the United Kingdom, the investment bank went into administration with PricewaterhouseCoopers appointed as administrators. In Japan, the Japanese branch, Lehman Brothers Japan Inc., and its holding company filed for civil reorganization on September 16, 2008, in",
"title": "Lehman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "14336935",
"text": "the firm's Boston office. Davis said that after leaving her hedge fund job (she has variously claimed to have been \"unfairly fired\" and to have quit voluntarily), she started her business as a madam after her mother suffered serious health problems and could no longer work. Davis was arrested in March 2008 during a string of arrests surrounding the then-current Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer. (Davis was not, however, involved with the Emperors Club VIP, the prostitution ring at the center of the scandal that led to Spitzer's resignation.) Another of Davis's alleged clients was baseball player Alex Rodriguez,",
"title": "Kristin M. Davis"
},
{
"id": "12789885",
"text": "Bernard Madoff Bernard Lawrence Madoff (; born April 29, 1938) is an American former market maker, investment advisor, financier, fraudster, and convicted felon, who is currently serving a federal prison sentence for offences related to a massive Ponzi scheme. He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market, the confessed operator of the largest Ponzi scheme in world history, and the largest financial fraud in U.S. history. Prosecutors estimated the fraud to be worth $64.8 billion based on the amounts in the accounts of Madoff's 4,800 clients as of November 30, 2008. Madoff founded a penny stock brokerage",
"title": "Bernard Madoff"
},
{
"id": "12283384",
"text": "condition was assessed as 'extremely critical' upon his arrival and he was induced into a pharmacological coma by doctors in an attempt to stabilise his condition. This intervention was unsuccessful and Jones was pronounced dead by doctors shortly after 00.30 local time on 4 August 2008. As Jones was running second in the race at the time of the race stoppage, he moved up to fifth in the championship. Fellow racers Tommy Hill and James Toseland were at his bedside as he died. Four-time world champion and former team boss of Jones, Carl Fogarty, said that \"Craig was one of",
"title": "Craig Jones (motorcyclist)"
},
{
"id": "4690200",
"text": "not from FBI agents but from a journalist, Ronald Kessler [who uncovered the abuses while writing a book about the FBI, leading to Sessions' dismissal by President Clinton]...\" \"The New York Times\" said Kessler's FBI book \"did indeed trigger bureau and Justice Department investigations into alleged travel and expense abuses [by FBI Director William Sessions, leading to his departure]... In his book \"The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI,\" Kessler presented the first credible evidence that Bob Woodward’s and Carl Bernstein’s Watergate source dubbed Deep Throat was FBI official W. Mark Felt. The book said that Woodward paid a",
"title": "Ronald Kessler"
},
{
"id": "13137550",
"text": "wish to subject themselves to the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts. In September 2017 in a case before the Irish High Court, Thema International Fund agreed to pay $687 million to resolve a trustee lawsuit brought on behalf of the fraud victims resulting from Madoff's frauds. Madoff investment scandal The Madoff investment scandal was a major case of stock and securities fraud discovered in late 2008. In December of that year, Bernard Madoff, the former NASDAQ Chairman and founder of the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, admitted that the wealth management arm of his business was",
"title": "Madoff investment scandal"
},
{
"id": "2159443",
"text": "Gordon B. Hinckley Gordon Bitner Hinckley (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author who served as the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995, until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members, Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history. Hinckley's presidency was noted for the building of temples, with more than half of existing temples being built under his leadership. He also oversaw the reconstruction of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple and the building",
"title": "Gordon B. Hinckley"
},
{
"id": "5232681",
"text": "book \"In Search of Deep Throat\". Sears then requested that Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein (who unmasked Watergate with the help of Deep Throat) publicly deny it was him, and Bernstein complied. (Later it was revealed that W. Mark Felt, former Deputy FBI Director, was \"Deep Throat\".) Sears served as a political analyst for NBC Today from 1984-85. He resides in McLean, Virginia. John Sears (political strategist) John Patrick Sears (born 1940) is an American attorney and a Republican political strategist. Sears was born in July 1940 in Syracuse, New York, the son of James L. Sears and Helen M.",
"title": "John Sears (political strategist)"
},
{
"id": "3540319",
"text": "whole book is a flashback. But even while vacationing, bad memories of the House of God haunt Basch. He is convinced that he could not have gotten through the year without Berry, and he asks her to marry him. Shem added four more \"Laws\" in his reflection of \"The House of God\" 34 years later. The book takes place during the Watergate scandal, and follows such events as the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew and the stepping-down of Richard Nixon. The book is very likely autobiographical, as the BMS is a thinly veiled Harvard Medical School (commonly called HMS), and",
"title": "The House of God"
},
{
"id": "3557394",
"text": "Lehman Brothers Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. () was a global financial services firm. Before filing for bankruptcy in 2008, Lehman was the fourth-largest investment bank in the United States (behind Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, and Merrill Lynch), doing business in investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales and trading (especially U.S. Treasury securities), research, investment management, private equity, and private banking. Lehman was operational for 158 years from its founding in 1850 until 2008. On September 15, 2008, the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection following the massive exodus of most of its clients, drastic losses in its stock, and",
"title": "Lehman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "5220879",
"text": "about Arthur Bremer, who shot George Wallace. When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on Felt. The senior manager advised Woodward on June 19 that E. Howard Hunt, who had ties to Nixon, was involved; the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the \"Post\" as \"My Friend\". \"Post\" editor Howard Simons tagged him as \"Deep Throat\", after the widely known porno film \"Deep Throat\". According to Woodward, Simons thought of the term because Felt had been providing information on a deep",
"title": "Mark Felt"
},
{
"id": "11730941",
"text": "Chuck Adamson Charles Fredrick \"Chuck\" Adamson (June 11, 1936 – February 22, 2008) was an American police officer who became a television producer and screenwriter. Adamson was best known for creating the television crime drama \"Crime Story\", for which he won a People's Choice Award, and for writing episodes of \"Miami Vice\". The 1995 film \"Heat\", starring Robert De Niro and Al Pacino and directed by Michael Mann, is based on one of Adamson's more famous cases in Chicago from the 1960s. He died in 2008 at age 71. Michael Mann's 2009 film \"Public Enemies\" stated in its end credits",
"title": "Chuck Adamson"
},
{
"id": "12441701",
"text": "with various breaks, since 1961. He lived in Manhattan and Spring Lake, New Jersey. He died on September 4, 2008. in Manhattan, of cancer. Paul J. Curran Paul Jerome Curran (February 21, 1933 – September 4, 2008) was an American Republican politician who served in the New York State Assembly and fought corruption as a federal prosecutor and as the state's commissioner of investigation. Curran was born on February 21, 1933, in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Secretary of State of New York Thomas J. Curran (1898–1958). He attended Xavier High School. He graduated from Georgetown University in",
"title": "Paul J. Curran"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mark F context: Mark Felt William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and Associate Director, the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post, from May 1972 until his retirement from the FBI in June 1973. During his time as Associate Director, Felt served as an anonymous informant, nicknamed \"Deep Throat\", to reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of \"The Washington Post\". He provided them with critical information about the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Though Felt's identity as Deep Throat was strongly suspected by some\n\nDec 18, 2008 marked the death of Mark Felt. What prominent role in the watergate scandals did he play?",
"compressed_tokens": 214,
"origin_tokens": 215,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mark Felt context: Mark Felt William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and Associate Director, the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post, from May 1972 until his retirement from the FBI in June 1973. During his time as Associate Director, Felt served as an anonymous informant, nicknamed \"Deep Throat\", to reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of \"The Washington Post\". He provided them with critical information about the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Though Felt's identity as Deep Throat was strongly suspected by some\n\ntitle Mark F context: wanted the per \"could not control the FBI This could result in N's leaving Felt as obvious to run agency Holland this it was one) backf as Nixon his team found out that Felt was the leaker. Felt died at home in his sleep, on December 18, 200. He was 95 years his death attributed heart failure Felt William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and Associate Director, the\ntitle: Mark Felt context:gate the the stress her husband as well as from separation from daughter, combined with Feltssec had taken their to Audrey. During Felt' Seattle in4rey suffered She a dependency onhol antants years. beenized several times for various ailments When F trial in 980, attended the first day, but did not because she was unable to bear it In 194, she committed suicide Felt's revolver.title Felt: in Washington,Cixon himself, it generally remained secret for . In 0elt wasat, being his daughter toal worked severalBI offices to his thes headquarters. In 1980, he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground, by ordering FBI agents to break into their homes and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine,\n\nDec 18, 2008 marked the death of Mark Felt. What prominent role in the watergate scandals did he play?",
"compressed_tokens": 520,
"origin_tokens": 14349,
"ratio": "27.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,760 | What is the name of the Christmas Poo, who emerges from the toilet bowl on Christmas Eve and brings presents to good boys and girls whose diets have been high in fiber, who appears on TVs South Park? | [
"Ned Gerblansky",
"Priest Maxi",
"Chef's Parents",
"Terrance Henry Stoot",
"Dr. Alphonse Mephesto and Kevin",
"List of Recurring Characters in South Park",
"Minor Characters in South Park",
"List of other South Park residents",
"Big Gay Al",
"Terrence and Phillip",
"Towlie",
"Jesus and Pals",
"Shitty Wok",
"Phillip Niles Argyle",
"Lu Kim",
"Chef's parents",
"Stephen McTowelie",
"Terrence and Philip",
"Terrance and phillip",
"Terrence and philip",
"Terence and Philip",
"Mr Hankey",
"Terrance & Philip",
"Towlie (South Park episode)",
"Recurring South Park characters",
"Mr. Kitty",
"Terrance & Phillip",
"Dr. Alphonse Mephisto",
"Terrance and Philip",
"Mayor McDaniels",
"Sergeant Yates",
"Mayor McDaniels (South Park)",
"RG-400 Smart Towel",
"Mr. Hankey",
"RG-400",
"Tarrance and Phillip",
"Chris (South Park)",
"Skeeter (South Park)",
"Towelie (character)",
"Dr. Mephisto",
"Dr. Mephesto",
"Mr.hanky",
"List of supporting characters in South Park",
"Al (South Park)",
"Daryl Weathers",
"Tuong Lu Kim",
"Terrance and philip",
"Jc and pals",
"Don't forget to bring a towel",
"Santa Claus (South Park)",
"Darryl Weathers",
"Dr. Doctor",
"Scott (South Park)",
"Saddam Hussein (South Park)",
"Sparky The Dog",
"Jesus (South Park)",
"Ugly Bob",
"Towelyey",
"Mr Hanky",
"Barbrady",
"Tarrance And Phhilp",
"God (South Park)",
"Satan (South Park)",
"Mr Kitty",
"Terrence and phillip",
"List of recurring South Park characters",
"Officer Barbrady",
"Dr Mephisto",
"Terrance and Phillip",
"List of recurring characters in South Park",
"Scott the Dick",
"Alphonse Mephisto",
"Mr. Hanky",
"List of minor characters on South Park",
"Towely",
"List of supporting characters on South Park",
"Father Maxi"
] | Mr Hankey | [
{
"id": "5937125",
"text": "aspects of Christmas from South Park to remain politically correct and inoffensive. The episode was written and directed by the series' co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone. The Mr. Hankey character was based on an idea from Parker's childhood; when Parker and Stone conceived the \"South Park\" series, they wanted to make Mr. Hankey the lead character. Heavily influenced by the \"Peanuts\" Christmas special \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" from 1965, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was the first Christmas-themed \"South Park\" episode, the first musical episode, and the only episode in season one (and therefore the first time in the",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937124",
"text": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on December 17, 1997. In the episode, the Jewish character Kyle feels excluded from the town's celebrations during Christmas, and is comforted by Mr. Hankey, a talking and singing lump of feces wearing a red hat. Mr. Hankey does not come alive in the presence of other characters, so they think that Kyle is delusional. In another plot strand, the townspeople remove all religious",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937136",
"text": "Mr. Hankey as the show's main protagonist; they planned to call it \"The Mr. Hankey Show\". They pitched the idea to friend Brian Graden, then a television executive with the Fox Broadcasting Company, but he rejected it and said, according to Matt Stone, \"I'm not putting poo on my network\". Parker and Stone adapted their original idea into a show revolving around the South Park town and four children without Mr. Hankey as a protagonist, but they planned to revive the character as a minor supporting role in a future episode. Later, when Comedy Central expressed interest in the series,",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937168",
"text": "creators: \"He wrote a letter back saying, 'Oh, OK, I see how it could just be a coincidence, but you should just admit to the press that you're a big \"Ren and Stimpy\" fan.' — I'm not a \"Ren and Stimpy\" fan.\" Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on December 17, 1997. In the episode, the Jewish character Kyle feels excluded from the town's celebrations during Christmas, and is comforted",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253160",
"text": "episode, \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\", with helping to raise the ratings during the early part of the season. They felt that the show's first official Christmas special, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", brought \"South Park\" to a new level of popularity, and Parker said this episode \"just vaulted everything.\" \"South Park\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first season was a ratings success for Comedy Central. \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\" earned a Nielsen rating of 1.3, translating to 980,000 viewers, which was considered high for a cable program in the United States at the time. It increased slightly by the third episode,",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "5937166",
"text": "at #1. \"South Park Studios\", the official \"South Park\" website, listed \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" at number four on its list of the Five Most Notorious Episodes. John Kricfalusi, the creator of \"The Ren & Stimpy Show\", claimed the Mr. Hankey concept was stolen from his cartoon short, \"Nutty the Friendly Dump\", which was part of a cartoon book series viewable online. Kricfalusi said after the show aired, \"I got nine or 10 messages from friends screaming, 'I can't believe this! They totally stole your story!' ... This idea of [feces] singing or dancing and being friends, well, that",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937159",
"text": "Smith in \"Mecha-Streisand\". Stone said although \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" has become less shocking with time, viewers at the time of the episode's original broadcast were shocked, and some were horrified, at the idea of a living and speaking Christmas stool. \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was the fourth-highest overall basic cable entertainment program of 1997. In its original American broadcast, the episode received a Nielsen Rating of 5.4, meaning the episode was seen by about 4.5 million households. The rating was the highest yet for \"South Park\", and was more than seven times the Comedy Central prime-time average.",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253161",
"text": "\"Volcano\", and by the sixth episode, \"Death\", the show had reached a rating of 1.7. The ratings continued to rise rapidly from then on, to 3.8 (\"Pinkeye\"), 4.8 (\"Starvin' Marvin'\"), 5.4 (\"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\"), 6.4 (\"Damien\"), and 6.9 (\"Mecha-Streisand\") respectively. This corresponded to an increase to 5.4 million viewers in 3.2 million households. The season finale, \"Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut\", received a Nielsen rating in the 8.0 range and gained over 300,000 viewers when first aired in Canada in August 1998. \"South Park\" became one of the first television series to be bootlegged via the Internet,",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "4917160",
"text": "leave. Meanwhile, Cartman has continued his party even after kicking everyone out and having eaten all the food himself. \"Damien\" was written by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, with additional dialogue by Dave Polsky, and was directed by Parker. \"Damien\" first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 4, 1998. It was highly anticipated in part because it was the first new episode of \"South Park\" in about two months, since the extremely popular Christmas special \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" aired on December 17, 1997. Before \"Damien\" even ran, Mike Duffy of \"Detroit Free",
"title": "Damien (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "9253165",
"text": "4000\" was a significant improvement over \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\" and felt that it went in a much more satirical direction. Several media outlets described the fifth episode of the season, \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\", as one of the most popular early episodes. Tom Carson of \"Newsday\" said it was the most outrageous \"South Park\" episode until \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" aired three months later. Many reviewers also said this mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of \"South Park\". Due to its impact, \"South Park\" made the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" in February 1998,",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "4917153",
"text": "thus winning everybody's money. The episode was written by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, with additional dialogue by Dave Polsky, and directed by Parker. The episode serves as a satire on religion, faith and the nature of good and evil, as well as a commentary on commercialism, the cult of celebrity in America and the nature of children. It was originally conceptualized as a Christmas special, but the original broadcast was pushed forward when Parker and Stone decided instead to make \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" the season's holiday episode. \"Damien\" received generally positive reviews and was viewed",
"title": "Damien (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "5937132",
"text": "Kenny is excited and relieved that he has survived the entire episode without getting killed in spite of being involved in dangerous and life-threatening situations throughout. During the end credits, Jesus dejectedly sings, \"Happy Birthday\" to himself alone in his television studio. The Mr. Hankey character was based on an idea Trey Parker's father created when he was toilet-training Trey as a child. Parker said he refused to flush the toilet as a child, so his father told him if he did not flush down his stool, which he called \"Mr. Hankey\", it would come to life and kill him.",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253158",
"text": "to write another script before signing off on at least six episodes, the executives agreed to commit to a series. Comedy Central originally ordered only these six episodes, but when the show proved successful, they requested an additional seven, which Parker and Stone had to produce quickly. \"Pinkeye\", the first of these new episodes, would air on October 29, 1997, only two and a half months after the show's premiere. There were three holiday episodes—\"Pinkeye\", \"Starvin' Marvin\" and \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\"—which aired at intervals of three weeks, while the remaining four aired later in February 1998. \"Cartman Gets",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "5937126",
"text": "series) in which Kenny does not die. It was a satire of political correctness and religious sensitivity. The episode received generally positive reviews and has been described as one of the classic \"South Park\" episodes. It was viewed in about 4.5 million households during its original broadcast, the highest Nielsen rating to that date for \"South Park\" and the fourth-highest overall for a basic cable entertainment program of 1997. In addition to Mr. Hankey himself, the episode introduced the popular \"South Park\" songs \"A Lonely Jew on Christmas\" and \"Kyle's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch\". John Kricfalusi, the creator",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937139",
"text": "to sing her own Hanukkah song while everybody else sang Christmas songs; although the idea was to make the student feel special, Parker said it only made her feel more lonely and isolated. \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was written and directed by Parker and Stone, and first aired in the United States on Comedy Central on December 17, 1997. It was the first official \"South Park\" Christmas episode. Television journalists said the \"Spirit of Christmas\" shorts were precursors to Mr. Hankey and that they shared some common traits, but that the television episode was considered tamer and more tasteful.",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253175",
"text": "CableACE Awards. Trey Parker and Matt Stone produced commentaries for each episode but requested they be pulled off altogether when they found out the commentaries would be edited. Instead, the commentaries were released unedited by Comedy Central on a set of five CDs. In October 2005, \"South Park: Complete Series 1\" was released in Australia and with a 15 rating in region 2. \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was released again on November 13, 2005 on the compilation DVD \"Christmas Time in South Park\". The distribution licenses for six episodes of the \"South Park\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first season (\"Volcano\", \"An Elephant Makes",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "5136854",
"text": "by \"South Park\" co-creator Trey Parker. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 11, 1998. It is considered the show's first Valentine's Day episode, since it came out three days before Valentine's Day and involved semi-romantic plot-lines. Natasha Henstridge makes a guest appearance as substitute teacher Ms. Ellen. Following the success of \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in \"South Park\" episodes, allowing Parker and fellow co-creator Matt Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars. Parker asked for",
"title": "Tom's Rhinoplasty"
},
{
"id": "5594375",
"text": "guest appearance as himself, marking only the second time a celebrity guest played a major role in an episode, after Natasha Henstridge in \"Tom's Rhinoplasty\". Following the success of \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in \"South Park\" episodes, allowing Parker and Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars. Parker, a fan of The Cure, said it was his lifelong dream to meet Smith, and he was one of the few celebrities Parker specifically requested to make an appearance. Smith performed all of",
"title": "Mecha-Streisand"
},
{
"id": "5937142",
"text": "classic Christmas specials with their own irreverent \"South Park\" twist, and so they watched the famous 1965 \"Peanuts\" special, \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", repeatedly during the production process. Parker said, \"At this point, we just sort of wanted to do a Charlie Brown Christmas \"South Park\" version. That [special] was definitely a huge part of my life growing up.\" The episode was considered the first \"South Park\" musical episode, and included such songs as \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", \"A Lonely Jew on Christmas\" and \"Kyle's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch\". Parker and Stone were initially concerned about making",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "4917013",
"text": "offending readers, and instead called the episode \"Big Al's Boat Ride\". The episode was written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, and was directed by Parker. Parker and Stone considered \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\" their favorite episode of the first season, and they credit it with helping elevate the credibility and relevance of \"South Park\" during the early days of the series. Although the first season of \"South Park\" received a lot of criticism from commentators who felt the show was disgusting and offensive, Parker specifically defended the episodes \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" and \"Big Gay",
"title": "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride"
},
{
"id": "5937135",
"text": "Parker and Stone never made the short film, but practically all of its elements were included in the future \"South Park\" episode \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", with the notable exception of the ending. Although the Mr. Hankey short film was never made, Parker and Stone made two Christmas-related animated short films called \"The Spirit of Christmas\", which served as precursors to the \"South Park\" series. When the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series, Parker and Stone originally conceived the idea of a \"South Park\"-like show with four children characters, but with a talking stool named",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937152",
"text": "cool\" as well as Christmas. M. Keith Booker, author of \"Drawn to Television: Prime-Time Animation from The Flintstones to Family Guy\", said although the episode is irreverent in its treatment of Christmas, \"even if spearheaded by a singing turd, [it] is about as close as \"South Park\" ever comes to being sentimental and nostalgic\". Literary critic Mark Caldwell said the fact that Kenny survived the episode demonstrates the episode's \"strong, albeit dutifully ironic, undercurrent of conventional holiday decency.\" Alison Halsall said \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" is the strongest example of a history of scatology, the study of excrement, throughout",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937165",
"text": "Kyle's song and some of Kenny's antics, but said the episode was not as funny as \"The Spirit of Christmas\" shorts. Rohan said \"South Park\" \"can be brilliantly over the edge, but often tonight, it sorely needs a comic bungee cord\". In 2003, the Chicago-based \"RedEye\" ranked \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" the greatest \"South Park\" episode. In October 2004, the Comedy Central website held a poll to determine the top 27 \"South Park\" episodes for a television marathon; \"Mr Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" came third, just behind \"Good Times with Weapons\" at #2 and \"Fat Butt and Pancake Head\"",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "4917054",
"text": "is identical to the opening line of the Charles Dickens novel \"Great Expectations\", which is narrated by its protagonist, Pip. The fourth season episode \"Pip\" is a parody and comedic retelling of the novel, and stars Pip, who assumes the role of his namesake. Several media outlets described \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" as one of the most popular early \"South Park\" episodes. Tom Carson of \"Newsday\" said it was the most outrageous \"South Park\" episode until \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" aired three months later. Many reviewers said the mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of",
"title": "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig"
},
{
"id": "5937164",
"text": "Mr. Hankey was so popular, he half-jokingly suggested Matt Stone and Trey Parker pursue a spin-off revolving around the character. The music in \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was also praised. \"A Lonely Jew on Christmas\" has been described as a \"classic song\", and \"Kyle's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch\", which reviewers described as one of Cartman's trademarks, was included in the 1999 \"South Park\" film, \"\". Not all reviews of \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" were positive. Rick Marin of \"Newsweek\" described the episode as \"simply one long potty joke\". Virginia Rohan of \"The Record\" said he liked",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937158",
"text": "Parker and Stone credit \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\" as helping elevate the series, they felt \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" elevated \"South Park\" to a new level of popularity and relevance. Parker said of it, \"This was the episode that just vaulted everything.\" Following the success of \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in \"South Park\" episodes. This allowed Parker and Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars, and led to appearances by Natasha Henstridge in \"Tom's Rhinoplasty\" and Robert",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937133",
"text": "The concept stayed with Parker throughout his childhood; starting in elementary school and throughout his entire education, he would often draw the character in class, wearing a sailor's hat instead of the Santa Claus hat he would later wear in \"South Park\". Parker shared the concept with future \"South Park\" co-creator Matt Stone when the two met at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and the duo immediately knew they wanted to create a film or production involving Mr. Hankey. The two discussed filming a three-minute short film involving a boy who befriended the talking stool, but Mr. Hankey would",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937160",
"text": "The episode also earned a 51 share of the male demographic aged between 18 and 24; a share represents the percentage of households using a television at the time the program is airing. \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" has been described as one of the classic episodes of \"South Park\". Chris Vognar of \"The Dallas Morning News\" described Mr. Hankey himself as \"the most outrageous character yet on TV's most outrageous show\". Charlie Patton of \"The Florida Times-Union\" said the episode was \"crude, nasty, irreverent and generally offensive—also extremely funny\". He also said of the Mr. Hankey character, \"If you're",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "4917141",
"text": "and \"Damien\". \"Pinkeye\" was also one of six episodes included on a 1998 VHS called \"South Park Festival Special\", which included \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", \"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!\", \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\", \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\", and \"Starvin' Marvin\". The episode, along with the other twelve from the first season, was also included in the DVD release \"South Park: The Complete First Season\", which was released on November 12, 2002. Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode, but they were not included with the DVDs due to \"standards\" issues with some of the statements; Parker",
"title": "Pinkeye (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "5937153",
"text": "the \"South Park\" series. Halsall said the use of fecal matter as a character, and especially its tendency to smear parts of itself around as it moved, directly confronts the viewer with \"the inherent dirtiness of the human body, no matter how much we try to aestheticize it, Mr. Hankey's stains systematically mess up the cleanliness of the social order. [...] \"South Park\" refuses sanitization through the gross-out factor.\" Some writers consider Mr. Hankey one of the most easily recognizable and popular of the non-regular \"South Park\" characters. His high-pitched greeting, \"Howdy-ho\", was equally recognizable and became one of the",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937167",
"text": "is my idea.\" Kricfalusi said he felt other elements of \"South Park\" were lifted from his work, and he told media outlets his company Spümcø was contemplating taking legal action against Parker and Stone. Comedy Central spokesman Tony Fox said Stone and Parker were not familiar with \"Nutty the Friendly Dump\" and that the claim was \"ludicrous\". Parker said he had never seen more than half an episode of \"Ren & Stimpy\", which he said he did not enjoy because the characters were too over-the-top and the voice acting was too annoying. Parker said Kricfalusi eventually contacted the \"South Park\"",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253155",
"text": "develop a show for his network. During the negotiations, Parker and Stone brought up the idea of a Mr. Hankey episode, with Parker claiming to have asked \"one thing we have to know before we really go any further: how do you feel about talking poo?\" The network's executives were receptive to the idea, which would be one of the main reasons Parker and Stone decided to sign on with the channel. The first episode of the series, \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\", debuted on Comedy Central on August 13, 1997, while Mr. Hankey debuted a few months later in",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "6126716",
"text": "for \"The Vancouver Sun\", Brian Lowry and Alex Strachan defined \"Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut\", as well as \"Damien\", \"Mecha Streisand\" and \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", as season one's \"classic episodes\", commenting that \"Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut\" was \"a heart-warming, tender episode\". Carson also praised the episode for its \"hilarious sex-jokes\". In a top ten list of \"South Park\"s best episodes, compiled by \"Chicago Tribune\" reporter Allan Johnson, \"Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut\" was ranked third, behind \"Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants\" and \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\". On April 27, 1999, \"Cartman's Mom",
"title": "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut"
},
{
"id": "5937137",
"text": "Parker and Stone brought up the idea of a Mr. Hankey episode during negotiations with the network executives. Parker claimed during a meeting, he said, \"One thing we have to know before we really go any further: how do you feel about talking poo?\" The executives were receptive to the idea, which Parker said was one of the main reasons he and Stone decided to sign on with the channel. The elements of the episode involving Kyle's loneliness as a Jew during Christmas were inspired by Parker and Stone's perceptions of Jews growing up in Colorado during their childhood. Although",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937162",
"text": "the episode, \"It's gross. It's yucky. It's probably offensive. It's also possibly the funniest holiday episode anybody's airing this year.\" Werts particularly praised the song \"A Lonely Jew on Christmas\". Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, author of \"Taking South Park Seriously\", said, \"This episode arguably pushes the boundaries of what is acceptable, both for Christmas specials and television in general, farther than any previous one.\" Weinstock said this was particularly true of the episode's fake live-action commercial. Before the episode was released, Debbie Liebling, then-Comedy Central vice president of development and production, herself described the episode as \"adorably offensive\". Alan Sepinwall of",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253154",
"text": "a talking stool named Mr. Hankey as the main protagonist. They pitched the idea, but Brian Graden rejected it and said, according to Stone, \"I'm not putting poo on my network.\" Parker and Stone adapted their original idea into a show revolving around four children in the South Park town, dropping Mr. Hankey as a protagonist but planning to use the character in the future in a minor supporting role. Later, Doug Herzog from Comedy Central saw the \"Jesus vs. Santa\" short and considered it to be \"literally the funniest thing [he]'d ever seen,\" and requested Parker and Stone to",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "5937140",
"text": "Parker and Stone originally conceived the episode \"Damien\", which involves a boxing match between Jesus and Satan, as the first season's Christmas episode. Although they had long planned to feature Mr. Hankey in the show, they did not decide to make him a Christmas character until halfway through the filming of \"Damien\". Once they made the decision, they decided to make \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" the holiday episode instead; although it would not air until after the \"Mr. Hankey\" episode, Parker and Stone finished production of \"Damien\" before working on \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\". At the time they",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "20592437",
"text": "dolls. Comedy Central entered into an agreement with Frito-Lay to sell 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, Cartman's favorite snack from the show, at Walmart until the premiere of the second half of the fifteenth season on October 5, 2011. South Park (franchise) South Park is an American multimedia comedy franchise created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone. It is based on the television series of the same name, originally developed by Brian Graden for the Comedy Central television network. \"South Park\" is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone and developed by Brian Graden",
"title": "South Park (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "5937127",
"text": "of \"The Ren & Stimpy Show\", accused Parker and Stone of stealing the idea for Mr. Hankey from him, which the duo vehemently denied. Kyle is playing Saint Joseph in the South Park Elementary School's Christmas nativity play, but he is forced to quit when his mother hears of the play and expresses outrage that her Jewish son is being forced to participate in a Christian production. She demands that the religious elements be taken out of the public school, and threatens to take her case to the mayor. Kyle suggests he could sing the \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\"",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937154",
"text": "most quoted lines from the show's first season. Several fan websites were made about the character within months of the episode's broadcast. In January 1998, \"Entertainment Weekly\" reported that Comedy Central executives had plans to produce a Mr. Hankey chocolate bar. Larry Lieberman, the channel's vice president of strategic planning and new business development, said a sketch of a Mr. Hankey candy bar was drawn and circulated, but mainly as a joke; he said no serious discussions were held about producing such an item. A stuffed Mr. Hankey became one of the most popular \"South Park\" tie-in products of the",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "6563286",
"text": "would call \"The Spirit of Christmas\". With backing from Mayor McDaniels, worried about South Park's economic state, the boys set about using cut-out animation to create their cartoon. Meanwhile, Cornwallis, who has sunk further into depression, reveals his feelings to his father, who comforts him by singing \"The Circle of Poo\". This shows how poo is the lifeblood of the whole planet, and the song even finishes with Mr. Hankey holding up Cornwallis atop a cliff. Rejuvenated, Cornwallis and the others begin preparing the dilapidated drive-in for the screening. After Cartman accidentally destroys a frame of the cartoon and quits",
"title": "A Very Crappy Christmas"
},
{
"id": "5937147",
"text": "Garrison was portrayed as an anti-semite and racist, particularly when he asks Mayor McDaniels if she can get rid of all the Mexicans in \"South Park\". Parker said this decision was made because, \"Garrison at that point had already shown himself to be the most messed up person in the entire town, and there's obviously so much wrong with him mentally. A person that disturbed being a racist is funny to us.\" \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was released, along with 11 other episodes, in a three-DVD set in November 1998. It was included in the third volume, which also",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937148",
"text": "included the episodes \"Starvin' Marvin\", \"Mecha-Streisand\" and \"Tom's Rhinoplasty\". \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was also one of six episodes included on a 1998 VHS called \"South Park Festival Special\", which included \"Starvin' Marvin\", \"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!\", \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\", \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\" and \"Pinkeye\". It was later released in the November 2007 DVD release \"Christmas Time in South Park\", which also included the episodes, \"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!\", \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\", \"A Very Crappy Christmas\", \"Red Sleigh Down\", \"It's Christmas in Canada\" and \"Woodland Critter Christmas\". The episode, along with the other 12 from",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5571053",
"text": "festival for his fudge cookie recipes. At night, as Kyle uses the restroom, he hears Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo calling to him from the toilet. Kyle persuades Stan, Cartman, and Kenny to help him find Mr. Hankey; they enter the sewer system to look for him. They soon find Mr. Hankey, who tells Kyle that the influx of all the Hollywood tourists, with their health-food diets, has disrupted the ecosystem of the sewer, which has made him deathly ill. Kyle and the others appear before a film's showing, and Kyle pleads with the Hollywood visitors to understand that their",
"title": "Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls"
},
{
"id": "5937145",
"text": "\"South Park\" to the press. Although Comedy Central did not object to most aspects of the episode, they did require some edits to material they deemed potentially offensive. During rehearsal for a Nativity play, a baby Jesus resembling a fetus pops out of Wendy, who is playing the Virgin Mary, and is caught by Kyle, who is portraying Joseph of Nazareth. Although the scene was ultimately kept in the episode, Comedy Central executives had problems with it and Parker said they had to handle its animation \"very carefully\". Additionally, during filming of the live-action Mr. Hankey commercial, the baby originally",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937163",
"text": "\"The Star-Ledger\" called the episode \"a brilliant skewering\" of political correctness and over-sensitivity, and called it \"at once hilariously satiric and extraordinarily foul.\" Sepinwall also added Mr. Hankey to his 1997 list of most memorable TV moments, describing the character as the year's \"most disturbing cartoon image\" and as \"a mythical holiday creature so bizarre and offensive it literally cannot be described in a family newspaper\". Matt Roush of \"USA Today\" praised the episode, which he described as \"ribald, raunchy and riotous\". A.J. Jacobs of \"Entertainment Weekly\" said in January 1998 that the episode was \"already infamous\". Jacobs also said",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937129",
"text": "parents for believing in Mr. Hankey. While Kyle is brushing his teeth, Mr. Hankey comes out of the toilet, spreading feces stains everywhere he goes, prompting Kyle's parents to blame Kyle for the mess. Kyle decides he will bring Mr. Hankey to school to prove he is real, but this only causes more problems as Mr. Hankey disguises himself as an unadorned, dried-out piece of feces when he is around people who do not believe in him, leading Cartman to ask if carrying around boxes with feces in them is some kind of Jewish tradition. Mr. Hankey leaps at Cartman's",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "378749",
"text": "The companies Fun 4 All, Mezco Toyz, and Mirage have produced various South Park action figures, collectibles, and plush dolls. Comedy Central entered into an agreement with Frito-Lay to sell 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, Cartman's favorite snack from the show, at Walmart until the premiere of the second half of the fifteenth season on October 5, 2011. South Park South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone and developed by Brian Graden for the Comedy Central television network. The show revolves around four boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny",
"title": "South Park"
},
{
"id": "4917224",
"text": "the Christmas Poo\", \"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!\", \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\", \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\" and \"Pinkeye\". The episode, along with the other twelve from the first season, was also included in the DVD release \"South Park: The Complete First Season\", which was released on November 12, 2002. Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode, but they were not included with the DVDs due to \"standards\" issues with some of the statements; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored, so they were released in a CD separate from the DVDs. In",
"title": "Starvin' Marvin"
},
{
"id": "5937149",
"text": "the first season, was also included in the DVD release \"South Park: The Complete First Season\", which was released on November 12, 2002. Parker and Stone recorded commentary track for each episode, but they were not included with the DVDs due to \"standards\" issues with some of the statements; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored, so they were released in a CD completely separately from the DVDs. Songs from \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" were featured in the October 2007 CD soundtrack release called \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\". \"The Birmingham News\" said the",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "4917223",
"text": "were positive; \"Boston Globe\" writer Matthew Gilbert, who described \"South Park\" as immature and low-brow, called \"Starvin' Marvin\" a particularly \"uncuddly episode\". Brian Boyd of \"The Irish Times\" criticized the episode for making jokes at the expense of starving African children. \"Starvin' Marvin\" was released, along with eleven other episodes, in a three-DVD set in November 1998. It was included in the third volume, which also included the episodes \"Mecha-Streisand\", \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" and \"Tom's Rhinoplasty\". \"Starvin' Marvin\" was also one of six episodes included on a 1998 VHS called \"South Park Festival Special\", which included \"Mr. Hankey,",
"title": "Starvin' Marvin"
},
{
"id": "5937150",
"text": "album \"gleefully tramples on one of America's most cherished holidays [and] will likely make even cynical listeners gasp\". \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" is a satire on political correctness and religious sensitivity, particularly in its portrayal of the characters organizing \"The Happy, Non-Offensive, Non-Denominational Christmas Play\" to avoid offending anyone of any religious backgrounds. While many Christmas specials focus on the religious, spiritual and moral values of the Christmas holiday rather than the commercial aspects, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" actually embraces commercialism in Christmas, suggesting viewers should enjoy those elements of the holiday without taking religion too seriously. York",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937157",
"text": "the non-denominational Christmas play. Stone and Parker both strongly dislike Glass; Parker, who was a music major in college, said, \"I really thought you could basically tell a third grader to sit down at a keyboard and mess around and sell it as a Philip Glass album, and no one would know the difference.\" The do-it-yourself kit in the live action commercial, in which families can make their own Mr. Hankey, is similar to the Mr. Potato Head toy set. Slack, the popular messaging software, also uses the word \"hankey\" as a shortcut for the Pile of Poo emoji. Although",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937155",
"text": "1998 Christmas season. In addition to the title character, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" included the first appearances of characters Father Maxi and Mr. Mackey. Both characters appeared in \"Damien\", which was produced before \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", but the Christmas episode aired first. Mr. Mackey was inspired by Parker's real-life school guidance counselor; Parker, who provides the voice for Mackey, said the real-life counselor was similarly thin and wiry and that Parker's voice for Mr. Mackey is an exact, unexaggerated version of how his counselor spoke. \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" includes several references to the \"Peanuts\" holiday",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "9253156",
"text": "the ninth episode, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\". The pilot episode received poor results from test audiences. Parker later conceded that regarding the language, he and Stone felt pressure to live up to their previous two shorts and \"tried to push things ... maybe further than we should [have].\" In contrast, they allowed subsequent episodes to \"be more natural\", focusing more on making fun of topics considered taboo \"without just throwing a bunch of dirty words in there.\" After the poor results from the test audience, Comedy Central executives were unsure whether they wanted to order additional episodes after \"Cartman",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "20919386",
"text": "Problem with Apu\", the cancellation of \"Roseanne\" after controversial tweets by the show's eponymous actress, and the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh. At a South Park City Council meeting, Mr. Hankey, a sentient piece of feces and the director of the town's Christmas pageant, is told that the budget for his show has been cut in half. Despite the fact that many in town like him, he is told that many others are offended by him due to his scatological nature. After taking his anger out on South Park Elementary's music students, both during class and with",
"title": "The Problem with a Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937161",
"text": "the sort of person who didn't care for that scene in \"Trainspotting\" where the Ewan McGregor character dove down the toilet and into the sewer in pursuit of his lost suppository, the whole Mr. Hankey subplot is going to be deeply disturbing.\" Doug Pratt, a DVD reviewer and \"Rolling Stone\" contributor, said, \"Technically, the Christmas episode might well be the show's best effort, artistically, because it tackles the PC-ification of Christmas head-on, and also has an interesting psychological subtext: does the hero actually see Mr. Hankey, or does he have some serious psychological problems?\" Diane Werts of \"Newsday\" said of",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "6117435",
"text": "14 contains samples from the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film \"A Clockwork Orange\", as well as the 1986 David Lynch film \"Blue Velvet\". When the Kite String Pops When the Kite String Pops is the debut album of American sludge metal band Acid Bath. Released on August 8, 1994, it is considered an underground classic. The album's artwork is a painting made by notorious serial killer John Wayne Gacy while in prison awaiting execution. The balloons on the lower part contain both his nickname, \"Pogo the clown\", and his name, J. W. Gacy. On the Double Live Bootleg! DVD (2002), Dax",
"title": "When the Kite String Pops"
},
{
"id": "5937156",
"text": "special, \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\". A Christmas pageant features the same biblical quote spoken by Linus in that special; additionally, the music featured in the pageant is very similar to the \"Peanuts\" special's musical score by Vince Guaraldi, and the South Park kids go outside to catch falling snowflakes on their tongues in the same way as in the special. A doctor prescribes Prozac, a real life antidepressant, to Kyle for his apparent love for feces, which he describes as \"fecalphilia\", a condition perhaps better known by the medical term coprophilia. Composer Philip Glass composes the avant-garde musical score for",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5594387",
"text": "the Christmas Poo\" and \"Tom's Rhinoplasty\". \"Mecha-Streisand\", along with the other twelve episodes from the first season, was also included in the DVD release \"South Park: The Complete First Season\", which was released on November 12, 2002. Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode, but they were not included with the DVDs due to \"standards\" issues with some of the statements; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored, so they were released in a CD separate from the DVDs. In 2008, Parker and Stone made \"Mecha-Streisand\" and all \"South Park\" episodes available",
"title": "Mecha-Streisand"
},
{
"id": "378674",
"text": "show's male characters. Since 2000, each episode has typically been written and produced in the week preceding its broadcast, with Parker serving as the primary writer and director. There have been a total of episodes over the course of the show's 22 seasons. The show's twenty-second season premiered on September 26, 2018. \"South Park\" has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications' lists of greatest television shows. The show's popularity resulted in a feature-length theatrical film, \"\" which was released in June 1999, less than two years after the show's",
"title": "South Park"
},
{
"id": "6117433",
"text": "When the Kite String Pops When the Kite String Pops is the debut album of American sludge metal band Acid Bath. Released on August 8, 1994, it is considered an underground classic. The album's artwork is a painting made by notorious serial killer John Wayne Gacy while in prison awaiting execution. The balloons on the lower part contain both his nickname, \"Pogo the clown\", and his name, J. W. Gacy. On the Double Live Bootleg! DVD (2002), Dax Riggs introduced the song \"Tranquilized\" by saying, \"This song is about getting high any way you do it, and kicking the earth",
"title": "When the Kite String Pops"
},
{
"id": "1862620",
"text": "are \"reactionary\", and susceptible to irritability and impatience. In some instances, Kyle is the only child in his class to not initially indulge in a fad or fall victim to a ploy. This has resulted in both his eagerness to fit in, and his resentment and frustration. As a Jew, Kyle often defends and shows pride in his religion and ancestry. He is nevertheless lonely in this regard, particularly around Christmas time, though he takes solace in anticipating the annual appearance of Mr. Hankey, an anthropomorphic piece of feces who emerges from the sewer to spread Christmas cheer. A recurring",
"title": "Kyle Broflovski"
},
{
"id": "5937134",
"text": "not come alive for anybody else, prompting others to believe the boy was crazy. They planned for the boy's parents to find him holding a stool in the bathroom and blame the child for smearing feces along the walls when it was actually Mr. Hankey's fault; they also planned to have him visit a school counselor, where Mr. Hankey would leap into the counselor's coffee mug and the boy would be blamed. At the end, it would turn out that the boy was indeed crazy and Mr. Hankey was not real at all, but a figment of the boy's imagination.",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "1348646",
"text": "Kenny McCormick Kenneth \"Kenny\" McCormick is a main character in the animated adult television series \"South Park\", along with Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Eric Cartman. His oft-muffled and indiscernible speech—the result of his parka hood covering his mouth—is provided by co-creator Matt Stone. He debuted on television when \"South Park\" first aired on August 13, 1997, after having first appeared in \"The Spirit of Christmas\" shorts created by Stone and long-time collaborator Trey Parker in 1992 (\"Jesus vs. Frosty\") and 1995 (\"Jesus vs. Santa\"). Kenny is a third, later fourth-grade student who commonly has extraordinary experiences not typical of",
"title": "Kenny McCormick"
},
{
"id": "6563290",
"text": "song his face changes to that of Joshua Trundle, one of the main characters from the special. \"The Circle of Poo\", based on the songs \"Circle of Life\" from \"The Lion King\". Cornwallis' singing voice is provided by former Temptation Louis Price (whose name was misspelled \"Lewis\" in the credits). Amber is voiced by Pam Brady, a member of the writing staff. \"A Very Crappy Christmas\", along with the sixteen other episodes from \"South Park's\" fourth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on June 29, 2004. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker",
"title": "A Very Crappy Christmas"
},
{
"id": "5937128",
"text": "song as a non-religious substitute, but his suggestion is rejected because nobody else believes in Mr. Hankey, a living and talking \"Christmas poo\". Kyle leaves the school feeling lonely and excluded because he cannot celebrate Christmas with everyone else. Mayor McDaniels decides that anything offensive to anyone will be removed from the Christmas celebrations, including Santa Claus, Christmas trees, wreaths, fairy lights, candy canes, mistletoe and the Star of Bethlehem. Kyle once again tries to suggest that they use Mr. Hankey as a non-religious Christmas icon since he does not discriminate against anyone. At home, Kyle is scolded by his",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "1588394",
"text": "chicken photographer named Hypo, wearing a jaunty fedora with a Press tag in the hat band, and carrying a box camera with an extremely droopy accordion bellows. By the time the 1968 presidential campaign rolled around, it seemed the entire swamp was populated by P. T. Bridgeport's \"wind-up candidates\", including representations of George Romney, Richard Nixon, Hubert Humphrey, Robert F. Kennedy and George Wallace as wind-up toys. Wallace also appeared as The Prince of Pompadoodle, a puffed-up, diminutive rooster chick. Eugene McCarthy was a white knight tied backwards on his horse, spouting poetry. Retiring President Lyndon B. Johnson was portrayed",
"title": "Pogo (comic strip)"
},
{
"id": "5937131",
"text": "out, begin blaming one another for destroying Christmas and a fight breaks out. When Chef finds out where Kyle is, he reveals to the children that Mr. Hankey does actually exist. When all the children start believing, Mr. Hankey finally reveals himself to everyone and scolds them for losing sight of the good things of Christmas and focusing on the bad. The townspeople release Kyle from the asylum and apologize, then they all sing Christmas songs and watch Mr. Hankey fly away with Santa Claus. Cartman, Stan, and Kyle feel that something is still missing. \"THE END\" then appears, and",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937141",
"text": "were writing the episode, Parker and Stone had seen a large number of news reports about government buildings refusing to allow the display of models of the nativity scene and other Christian holiday symbols, in an effort not to offend other religions. Parker and Stone, as two agnostics who still appreciated the Christmas holiday, said they felt the idea was \"ridiculous\" and, according to Stone, \"We just wanted Mr. Hankey to say Christmas was about good and about presents, and it doesn't have to be this religious [controversy].\" The two sought to write an episode in the tradition of old",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "5937151",
"text": "University Professor Alison Halsall said of this aspect of the episode, \"Again, Parker and Stone blur the sacred and the profane, in this instance, to gut holidays of their traditional meanings.\" The episode has also been described as simultaneously embracing and parodying animated Christmas specials like \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", \"Frosty the Snowman\" and \"It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown\". It has also been described as a commentary on the way Jewish children are overlooked during the Christmas holiday; this theme is overtly stated by Stan, who says at the end of the episode that Jews and Hanukkah \"can be",
"title": "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo"
},
{
"id": "11074408",
"text": "Nicola Davies (author) Nicola Davies (born 3 May 1958) is an English zoologist and writer. She was one of the original presenters of the BBC children's wildlife programme \"The Really Wild Show\". More recently, she has made her name as a children's author. Her books include \"Home\", which was shortlisted for the Branford Boase Award, and \"Poo\" (2004), which was illustrated by Neal Layton, and was shortlisted for a Blue Peter Book Award in 2006; in the United States, the book is published as \"\". She has also written several novels for adults under the pseudonym Stevie Morgan. \"Gaia Warriors\"",
"title": "Nicola Davies (author)"
},
{
"id": "4243480",
"text": "appearance yet by Katharine Lee Bates in her poem \"Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride\" (1889). \"Goody\" is short for \"Goodwife\", i.e., \"Mrs.\" In Bates' poem, Mrs. Claus wheedles a Christmas Eve sleigh-ride from a reluctant Santa in recompense for tending their toy and bonbon laden Christmas trees, their Thanksgiving turkeys, and their \"rainbow chickens\" that lay Easter eggs. Once away, Mrs. Claus steadies the reindeer while Santa goes about his work descending chimneys to deliver gifts. She begs Santa to permit her to descend a chimney. Santa grudingly grants her request and she descends a chimney to mend",
"title": "Mrs. Claus"
},
{
"id": "20919389",
"text": "to stay away from his children, proposes that they tell others that he is the children's male nanny, or \"manny\". Feeling that people have forgotten what the spirit of Christmas is about, Mr. Hankey enlists Kyle to help him put on a musical performance in the park, but when politically incorrect humor offends PC Principal's and Strong Woman's PC babies, they begin crying. Their distress continues even after Mr. Hankey ceases his politically incorrect material, because it is explained to him that \"sometimes PC babies don't know what they're crying about.\" Mr. Hankey angrily excoriates the townsfolk for this, and",
"title": "The Problem with a Poo"
},
{
"id": "5075025",
"text": "into a pan to fry. Finally, he, very enthusiastically, eats the omelette he has just made. One of Dave's skits (Poo Diaper) almost didn't make it to TV. This skit involves Dave reaching into a garbage can and eating out of a baby's diaper, which contains chocolate pudding. Johnny Knoxville told MTV to keep the skit, and after many debates MTV let \"Jackass\" keep \"Poo Diaper\". Dave England David England (born December 30, 1969) is an American stunt performer and former professional snowboarder. He is best known as one of the stars of the MTV reality stunt show \"Jackass\". Johnny",
"title": "Dave England"
},
{
"id": "4917168",
"text": "first appearance of Satan, who would become a commonly recurring character throughout the series. Although Satan displays an evil and unscrupulous personality in \"Damien\", he is portrayed in later episodes as a thoughtful, sensitive and often deeply conflicted character. \"Damien\" was the first episode Parker and Stone wrote that included school counselor Mr. Mackey and local religious leader Priest Maxi, but they were also included in \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", which aired before \"Damien\" even though it was produced afterward. Although Jesus had been introduced as a \"South Park\" character in previous episodes, \"Damien\" marked the first time he",
"title": "Damien (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "11344231",
"text": "and Bert, Count von Count, Grover, Prairie Dawn, Baby Bear, Telly Monster, Rosita, Zoe, and Cookie Monster. Santa Claus then takes his leave as he quotes \"Merry Christmas to All and to All a Good Night.\" After the story is over, Stiller the Elf and Stan the Snowball wish everybody a Merry Christmas. \"Elmo's Christmas Countdown\" marks the ninth time the \"Sesame Street\" characters have crossed over into broadcast television. All other \"Sesame Street\" material have aired on PBS, a public television network. 25th and 30th anniversary specials, as well as \"Elmopalooza\", have also aired on ABC, while NBC aired",
"title": "Elmo's Christmas Countdown"
},
{
"id": "12908972",
"text": "as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "11278828",
"text": "Cyriak Cyriak Harris is an English freelance animator known by the mononym Cyriak () and his B3ta username Mutated Monty. He is known for his surreal and bizarre short web animations. Cyriak has been a regular contributor to the British website B3ta since 2004. Cyriak's YouTube account features a compilation of his animations, which have been popular throughout the blogosphere and noted by \"Wired's\" Eliot Van Buskirk. Cyriak's animation \"MOO\" has featured on the front page of \"Wired\". His 2009 video \"poo pants\" features an animated sample of broadcaster Alan Titchmarsh singing a repeated refrain from the bowls of a",
"title": "Cyriak"
},
{
"id": "3340415",
"text": "Vol 3\". All seven episodes from series four were released under the banner of \"A Bear's Tail\". All seven episodes from series five were released under the banner of \"Bo! in the USA\". The two Christmas specials from series two were issued under the banner of \"Ho! Ho! Selecta!\", \"Cha'mone Mo Fo Selecta\" was issued under the same title as a separate volume, and \"Avid Merrion's Christmas Premiere\" was issued on the DVD wingle of his 2004 Christmas single, \"I Got You Babe / Soda Pop\". This leaves only the pilot episode, both parts of \"Proper Bo' Selecta!\" and \"The",
"title": "Bo' Selecta!"
},
{
"id": "1588403",
"text": "Incorporated, the corporation formed by the Kelly family to administer all things \"Pogo\") dedicated a plaque in Waycross, Georgia, commemorating the quote. Perhaps the second best-known Walt Kelly quotation is one of Porky Pine's philosophical observations: \"Don't take life so serious, son. It ain't \"nohow\" permanent.\" Kelly's widow Selby re-used the line as a tribute, in a poignant daily strip that ran on Christmas Day, 1973 — two months after Kelly's death. Walt Kelly frequently had his characters poling around the swamp in a flat-bottomed skiff. Invariably, it had a name on the side that was a personal reference of",
"title": "Pogo (comic strip)"
},
{
"id": "2012248",
"text": "racist (\"at least we got rid of all those damn ni...\" [transition to credits]). In the season one episode \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" he quotes: \"Genetic engineering erases all of God's mistakes, like German people\". In the season 1 episode \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" and the season 7 episode \"It's Christmas in Canada\", he suggests that the town get rid of all the Mexicans, but Mayor McDaniels repeatedly declines to do so. Exactly why he wishes to do this has not yet been explained. These are too examples of the many instances throughout the show's history",
"title": "Mr. Garrison"
},
{
"id": "19929710",
"text": "William J. Abbott William J. \"Bill\" Abbott (born April 25, 1962) is the President and CEO of Crown Media Family Networks, the parent of Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. His career in the entertainment industry has focused on family television for over 25 years. He piloted \"Countdown to the Holidays\", Hallmark’s signature marketing and programming initiative, including its “Countdown to Christmas” campaign. Since becoming CEO in 2009, he spearheaded the addition of scripted series for primetime, including \"Cedar Cove\" and \"When Calls the Heart\", as well as the launch of the yearly special \"Kitten Bowl\". Abbott has been",
"title": "William J. Abbott"
},
{
"id": "4917185",
"text": "Hankey, the Christmas Poo\", much of the direct feedback he received for \"Damien\" was negative. Parker described it as the \"first sort of backlash\" he had experienced with \"South Park\", with fans claiming the show was losing its edge and that Parker and Stone had \"sold out\". Parker said, \"We kept hearing that word so much. We were like, 'What does that mean, sold out? What did we get and what did we do?' We just kept doing what we thought was funny, we didn't go start making commercials or anything. But everybody was saying we sold out.\" Nevertheless, the",
"title": "Damien (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "14367325",
"text": "for a potion to make him handsome (\"Sprites of earth and air\") and makes a grab for the Secret, but it falls through the window into the basket of Little Buttercup (Miriam Karlin), a buxom seller of ribbons, laces and marine supplies. Poo steals the basket, and everyone chases him, including three policemen (\"A policeman's lot is not a happy one\"), but they mistake Nanki for Poo and arrest him. The Judge at his trial (Barry Cryer, \"All hail great Judge\"; \"Now, Jurymen, hear my advice\") flirts with Little Buttercup (\"I'm called Little Buttercup\"), ignores Nanki's evidence (\"A wandering minstrel",
"title": "Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done"
},
{
"id": "217501",
"text": "\"McCarthyism\" appeared less than two months after the senator's now famous February 1950 speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1953, the popular daily comic strip \"Pogo\" introduced the character Simple J. Malarkey, a pugnacious and conniving wildcat with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy. After a worried Rhode Island newspaper editor protested to the syndicate that provided the strip, creator Walt Kelly began depicting the Malarkey character with a bag over his head, concealing his features. The explanation was that Malarkey was hiding from a Rhode Island Red hen, a clear reference to the controversy over the Malarkey character. As",
"title": "Joseph McCarthy"
},
{
"id": "8703628",
"text": "Jerry\", \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\", \"Wabbit\", \"The Garfield Show\", \"Inspector Gadget\", \"Masha and the Bear\", \"Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!\" and \"Casper's Scare School\". Boomerang (Latin America) Boomerang is a 24-hour cable television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System. Initially it was focused an older audience, airing classical Hanna-Barbera cartoons, emulating the US variant of the channel. However, in 2006 it was rebranded as the Latin American version of POGO, an Indian children-oriented channel. Two years later, in 2008 it was rebranded again with its own original graphics and programming, appealing to a teen-oriented audience, featuring original and syndicated series and movies. It",
"title": "Boomerang (Latin America)"
},
{
"id": "10513937",
"text": "as sung by Mr. Garrison, \"ridiculously offensive\". The episode is styled as a variety show and features Mr. Hankey as the host; he sits by the fire in his sewer home and introduces shorts featuring unusual holiday songs. In a similar fashion to \"Starvin' Marvin in Space\", the episode was dedicated to Mary Kay Bergman, the original voice of most of the female characters on the show up to that point, who had committed suicide less than a month earlier. Since the episode features audio from the \"Christmas Classics\" album, which had been recorded months earlier, it marks the final",
"title": "Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics"
},
{
"id": "4855875",
"text": "made animation featured prototypes for the main characters of \"South Park\". Fox Broadcasting Company executive Brian Graden saw the film and in 1995 commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short that he could send to his friends as a video Christmas card. Titled \"The Spirit of Christmas\", also known as \"Jesus vs. Santa\", the short more closely resembled the style of the later series. The video was popular and widely shared, both by duplication and over the Internet. After the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series, Parker and Stone developed a concept based on",
"title": "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe"
},
{
"id": "17815776",
"text": "Poo-Pourri Poo-Pourri (also written Poo~Pourri) is a company that devises and sells fragrant sprays for toilets. These are made of essential oils and other natural compounds, which coat the surface of the water and, the manufacturer claims, hold in bad odors. Poo-Pourri is best known for its viral YouTube advertisement, \"Girls Don't Poop\". In 2007, after nine months of trying sprays, Suzy Batiz and her husband, Hector, founded the company and spent $25,000 of their own to begin making Poo-Pourri. The company was advertised by word of mouth for the first six years. In 2013, the company's advertisement video, \"Girls",
"title": "Poo-Pourri"
},
{
"id": "4319476",
"text": "becoming an \"icon of comedy\" that entered into the British imagination and the English language. The \"grandfather\" of the modern pantomime horse was the Blondin Donkey, introduced at the Royal Holborn theatre in 1885 by the acrobatic Griffiths brothers, Fred and Joe, and named after the tightrope walker who was famous for crossing Niagara Falls naked. A different horse known as Pogo the Performing Horse and worn by a father-and-son team became a popular panto feature and appeared at the London Coliseum in 1923. Panto horse costumes range from low-cost, \"ready-to-wear\" fabric versions to more complex puppet suits that have",
"title": "Pantomime horse"
},
{
"id": "9253174",
"text": "Is a Dirty Slut\" was released on the \"South Park, Volume 4\" on December 14, 1999. \"South Park – The Complete First Season\" was originally released by Warner Home Video as a three-disc region 1 DVD box set in the U.S. on November 12, 2002 and received an MA rating. The season was re-released on June 29, 2005 by Paramount Home Entertainment. The DVD releases featured bonus material such as introductions for each episode, two Christmas carols by Eric Cartman and Ned, a short clip featuring Jay Leno and another clip in which the four boys present at the 1997",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "8023892",
"text": "series \"\". The following year, Renegade made its first foray into television series production with the \"Captain Sturdy\" shorts for Cartoon Network. Other series followed, including \"Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi\" and \"The Mr. Men Show\", as well as the direct-to-DVD full-length animated film \"Christmas Is Here Again\". Van Citters has written his first book, about the first ever prime time animated television Christmas special, \"Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol\". The publication is a behind-the-scenes look of how United Productions of America made the special. Darrell Van Citters Darrell Van Citters (born October 29, 1956) is an American director, animator, and author,",
"title": "Darrell Van Citters"
},
{
"id": "14304495",
"text": "the abdomen and four times in the legs. James' nickname, \"Po\", comes from the title character in the comic strip \"Pogo\", Pogo Possum. When asked how he got the nickname, he would often joke \"because growing up, that's what we were - po!\" He now resides in Delaware, where he enjoys fishing and recording with different artist from Philly. Po has 1 daughter, Danielle, who lives in Delaware who he loves to spend time with and he also has a son Todd D. Land who currently resides in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Po James Ronald \"Po\" James (born March 19, 1949",
"title": "Po James"
},
{
"id": "715792",
"text": "1978. Through his work with the parade, Gacy met and was photographed with First Lady Rosalynn Carter on May 6, 1978. Through his membership in a local Moose Club, Gacy became aware of a \"Jolly Joker\" clown club whose members would regularly perform at fund-raising events and parades in addition to voluntarily entertaining hospitalized children. By late 1975, Gacy had joined the Jolly Jokers and created his own performance characters: \"Pogo the Clown\" and \"Patches the Clown\". Gacy designed his own costumes and taught himself how to apply clown makeup, although some professional clowns noted the sharp corners Gacy painted",
"title": "John Wayne Gacy"
},
{
"id": "9253153",
"text": "of Christmas\" won the Los Angeles Films Critics Association award for \"Best Animation\", thus further bringing the two filmmakers to the attention of industry representatives. The \"Jesus vs. Santa\" video was widely copied and shared over the Internet. George Clooney was reported to have made 300 copies for his friends, and the short was subsequently regarded as likely the first viral video. When the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series, Parker and Stone conceived the idea of a \"South Park\"-like show with four child characters but planned to call it \"The Mr. Hankey Show\" by featuring",
"title": "South Park (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "10386054",
"text": "Integration System), a portable toilet which is bigger on the inside than the outside. One of the series' villains was Dr Poo's nemesis Dr Wee — a fellow Time and Toilet Lord with a heavy Chinese accent. Dr Poo's catchphrases included \"Holy Harpic!\", \"Dunnies above!\", \"Great bogs in Heaven!\", and \"Leaping lavatories!\" The serial's tagline was \"It's all cisterns go, with the amazing man who dares to go anywhere, Doctor Pooo!\". Dr Poo was as much in the debt of The Goons as Doctor Who and also reminiscent of Douglas Adams' \"Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\". The voice of the",
"title": "Doctor Poo (radio series)"
},
{
"id": "9769666",
"text": "in Arkansas called Eagle-Ho, refers to \"young Hagen,\" advocates caddy flogging, sells by mail order a clanking, cumbersome line of golf paraphernalia, and conducts a large correspondence. When one correspondent writes,\"I am in my 65th year and I have been seized by golflike a mouse in the claws of a golden eagle,\"Doctor Golf congratulates him: Walt Kelly (creator of Pogo-- on Fox's Moonshine Light/Moonshine Bright): \"He has put down a modern generation of gasoline crazy kids in its true, bittersweet, hilarious best and, thank God, worst ... As we understand the 1850s ... because of a couple of histories of",
"title": "William Price Fox"
},
{
"id": "12936556",
"text": "Remembers\" (2003), covering Diamond Joe Esposito's 20 years with Elvis, for Universal Studios, and \"A Brief History of Winnie The Pooh\" (1999), an award-winning short documentary film chronicling the cinematic origin of the Pooh Bear for the Walt Disney Studios. He directed the 2004 feature film, \"Alabama Love Story\" (2003), and was a staff director on the PAX-TV series \"Chicken Soup for the Soul\" (1999). Terry Moloney (filmmaker) Terry Moloney (born April 7, 1969) is an American writer, producer, director and film editor. He has won numerous awards for his work in film and television. Moloney graduated from the University",
"title": "Terry Moloney (filmmaker)"
},
{
"id": "15115159",
"text": "The Elf on the Shelf The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children's picture book, written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell, and illustrated by Coë Steinwart. The book tells a Christmas-themed story, written in rhyme, that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and nice. It describes elves visiting children from Thanksgiving to Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season. \"The Elf on the Shelf\" comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small scout elf. The authors say",
"title": "The Elf on the Shelf"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo context: aspects of Christmas from South Park to remain politically correct and inoffensive. The episode was written and directed by the series' co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone. The Mr. Hankey character was based on an idea from Parker's childhood; when Parker and Stone conceived theSouth Park\" series, they wanted to make Mr. Hankey the lead character. Heavily influenced by the \"Peanuts\" Christmas special \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" from 1965, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" was the first Christmas-themed \"South Park\" episode, the first musical episode, and the only episode in season one (and therefore the first time in the\n\nWhat is the name of the Christmas Poo, who emerges from the toilet bowl on Christmas Eve and brings presents to good boys and girls whose diets have been high in fiber, who appears on TVs South Park?",
"compressed_tokens": 233,
"origin_tokens": 234,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo context: album \"gleefully tramples on one of America's most cherished holidays [and] will likely make even cynical listeners gasp\". \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" is a satire on political correctness and religious sensitivity, particularly in its portrayal of the characters organizing \"The Happy, Non-Offensive, Non-Denominational Christmas Play\" to avoid offending anyone of any religious backgrounds. While many Christmas specials focus on the religious, spiritual and moral values of the Christmas holiday rather than the commercial aspects, \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" actually embraces commercialism in Christmas, suggesting viewers should enjoy those elements of the holiday without taking religion too seriously. York\n\ntitle: Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo context: not come anybody else prompting others to believe the boy was crazy. planned for the boy's parents to find him holding stool the bath and blame child forearing fec along the walls when it was actually Mr. Han' fault; they also to have him a school counselor, where Mr. Hankey would le into the counselor's coffee mug the boy would blamed. At, it would turn out the boy was crazy and Mr. Hankey was not at all, but a figment of the boy's imagination.\n\ntitle:. Hankey, the Christmas P: \"South\" seriesall use ofecal as a and itsear parts itself ass viewer \" inherent dirtiness of the, no matter how much try aize, Han'atically cleanliness of the social [...] \"South\" refusesit through-out.\" writers consider Hankey the and popularregularS Park. highpitchedeting, \"How\", equally and one the\n:keyoo \"aand Stone lessing original broadcasted, at the of a living and Poo\" was the fourth-highest overall basic cable entertainment program of 1997. In its original American broadcast, the episode received a Nielsen Rating of 5.4, meaning the episode was seen by about 4.5 million households. The rating was the highest yet for \"South Park\", and was more than seven times the Comedy Central prime-time average.\n\nWhat is the name of the Christmas Poo, who emerges from the toilet bowl on Christmas Eve and brings presents to good boys and girls whose diets have been high in fiber, who appears on TVs South Park?",
"compressed_tokens": 520,
"origin_tokens": 14933,
"ratio": "28.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,761 | What is the name of the King of Halloween Town who tries to take over Christmas in the Disney movie The Nightmare Before Christmas? | [
"Jack Skellington",
"Jack Skeleton",
"Jack Skelington",
"Jack skellington"
] | Jack Skellington | [
{
"id": "8095296",
"text": "Another recent devious mall Santa was played by Billy Bob Thornton in \"Bad Santa\" (2003), a film which gained normally family-friendly Disney \"bad press\". Tim Burton's stop-action animated musical film, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993), depicts Jack Skellington, the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town, wanting to become Santa Claus after an accidental visit to Christmas Town. After the mostly well-meaning but clueless Halloween citizens capture Santa, they try to take over Christmas with disastrous results; the real Santa is almost killed by the Oogie Boogie Man. Santa is voiced here by Ed Ivory, and in the video game spin-offs, Corey",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"id": "2418779",
"text": "red lobster-like king who flies at night named \"Sandy Claws\". Jack sequesters himself in his tower to study Christmas and find a way to rationally explain it, but cannot. He ultimately decides that it's unfair for Christmas Town alone to enjoy the holiday and announces that he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over Christmas this year. Jack assigns the citizens of Halloween Town Christmas-themed jobs, including singing carols, making presents, and building a sleigh to be pulled by skeletal reindeer. Sally, a beautiful rag doll woman that is secretly in love with Jack, feels that their efforts",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "5249911",
"text": "to look for new frights. After Jack leaves, Lock, Shock, and Barrel bring Oogie Boogie back to life by sewing him together again. He seizes control of Halloween Town, tricking its citizens into making traps, brainwashes Dr. Finkelstein, imprisons Sally in a crypt, and captures five of the seven Holiday World leaders. Oogie plans to become the \"Seven-Holidays King\" once he takes control of Christmas Town. But on December 23, Sally manages to send a magical paper airplane to find Jack to warn him of what has happened. Jack returns to Halloween Town on Christmas Eve, just to find Oogie's",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "2418780",
"text": "will end in disaster, but Jack dismisses this and assigns her the task of sewing him a red coat to wear. He also tasks Lock, Shock and Barrel, a trio of mischievous trick-or-treating children, to abduct Santa Claus and bring him back to Halloween Town. Jack tells Santa he will be bringing Christmas to the world in his place this year. Jack orders the trio to keep Santa safe, but the children instead deliver Santa to Oogie Boogie, a gambling-addicted bogeyman, who plots to play a game with Santa's life at stake. Sally attempts to rescue Santa so he can",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "3903219",
"text": "Jack Skellington Jack Skellington is a character and the main protagonist of the 1993 film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Jack is the \"Pumpkin King\" of Halloween Town, a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday. Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon. Danny Elfman provided Jack's singing voice in the film, although Sarandon has sung as Jack in subsequent productions. His overall appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin-striped suit and a bow tie that strongly resembles a black bat. Originally, his suit was meant to be completely black, but it blended with the background too well, so",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "2418775",
"text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas The Nightmare Before Christmas (marketed as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy Halloween-Christmas film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory. \"The",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "5358959",
"text": "that he lived under the treehouse on the edge of town. When he faced Oogie Jack learned that he was behind the whole mess and that he wanted to turn Halloween into Crawloween. Jack and Oogie had a battle to decide who ruled the town. Oogie was certain he would win saying that the town would be reborn as Bug Town. Lock, Shock and Barrel helped him saying that when Oogie took over the town would be theirs to play with. When Jack defeated him he ordered Oogie to fear him and not to leave the lair. Jack met Sally",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King"
},
{
"id": "3903237",
"text": "six feet tall and sold exclusively at Spirit Halloween. In the \"Disney Infinity\" toys-to-life series, Jack appears as part of the second wave of playable figurines. Jamie Frater adds, \"Jack is perfectly realized as the 'town hero' who seeks more in his life (or death, as it may be), a place we all find ourselves time to time.\" UGO Networks listed Jack as one of their best heroes of all time. Jack Skellington Jack Skellington is a character and the main protagonist of the 1993 film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Jack is the \"Pumpkin King\" of Halloween Town, a fantasy",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "2418777",
"text": "dark and scary for kids\". The film was met with both critical and financial success, grossing over $76 million during its initial run. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, a first for an animated film. The film has since been reissued by Walt Disney Pictures, and was re-released annually in Disney Digital 3-D from 2006 until 2009, making it the first stop-motion animated feature to be entirely converted to 3D. Halloween Town is a fantasy world filled with monsters, ghosts, ghouls, goblins, zombies, demons, mummies, vampires, werewolves, and witches. Jack Skellington, the \"Pumpkin King\" and",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2418781",
"text": "stop Jack, but Oogie captures her as well. Jack departs to deliver presents to the world, but the Halloween-styled gifts terrify and attack the populace. As concerns over \"Santa's\" behavior grows, the military takes action and shoots down Jack, causing him to crash in a cemetery. As Jack bemoans the disaster he has made of Christmas, he finds he enjoyed the experience nonetheless, reigniting his love of Halloween. Jack returns to Halloween Town and finds Oogie's lair. Oogie tries to kill Jack, but Jack pulls apart the thread holding his cloth form together, revealing a massive pile of bugs that",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2418811",
"text": "of the normal rectangular box. A 168-card \"Munchkin Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas\"-themed \"Munchkin\" was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington, Oogie Boogie, Doctor Finklestein, and Lock, Shock and Barrel. The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film. A live concert, produced by Disney Concerts, was held at the Hollywood Bowl in October 2015, and was followed by subsequent performances in 2016 and 2018. The shows featured Elfman, O'Hara, and Page reprising their roles from the film. The Nightmare Before Christmas The",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "4686419",
"text": "Glenn Shadix William Glenn Shadix Scott (April 15, 1952 – September 7, 2010) was an American actor and voice actor known for his role as Otho in Tim Burton's horror comedy film \"Beetlejuice\" and as the voice of the Mayor of Halloween Town in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Shadix was born in Bessemer, Alabama. He added the surname \"Scott\" when his mother, Annie Ruth (Livingston), remarried a few years after his birth. He attended Birmingham-Southern College for two years, studying with absurdist playwright-director Arnold Powell. He lived in Manhattan, New York City prior to moving to Hollywood in the late",
"title": "Glenn Shadix"
},
{
"id": "2418778",
"text": "leader of the town, leads them in organizing the annual Halloween celebrations. However, privately Jack has grown weary of the same routine year after year and wants something new. Wandering in the woods the morning after Halloween, he stumbles across seven trees containing doors leading to towns representing various holidays, and opens a portal to Christmas Town. Awed by the unfamiliar holiday, Jack returns to Halloween Town to show the residents his findings, but they fail to grasp the idea of Christmas and compare everything to their ideas of Halloween, although they do relate to one Christmas Town character; a",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2418782",
"text": "fall into Oogie's cauldron and are killed. Jack apologizes to Santa for his actions, and Santa assures Jack that he can fix things and returns to Christmas Town. As Santa replaces the Halloween-style presents with genuine ones, the townspeople of Halloween Town celebrate Jack's return. Santa then visits Halloween Town and brings them a snowfall for the residents to play with. In the graveyard, Jack and Sally declare their love for each other. The cast also features Kerry Katz, Carmen Twillie, Randy Crenshaw, Debi Durst, Glenn Walters, Sherwood Ball, and Greg Proops voicing various characters. Patrick Stewart recorded narration for",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "3903228",
"text": "In combat, Jack uses some of his scary powers with demonstrations of some magic, making him a formidable sorcerer. Chris Sarandon reprises his role for the English version, and Masachika Ichimura provides Jack's Japanese voice. Jack Skellington introduces himself to Sora, Goofy, and Donald Duck as the ruler of Halloween Town. Jack plans to use the heart that Finklestein created to control the seemingly docile Heartless to make a festival called \"Heartless Halloween\" so that Halloween can be frightening, but the idea fails when not only the first experiment cause the Heartless to go berserk, but Oogie Boogie steals the",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "5358958",
"text": "that Jack was scarier than him and sent the henchmen to kidnap Jack. They however bring Sally, a rag doll-like creature who was Dr. Finkelstein's new assistant with a crush on Jack, back instead. Jack found the Town deserted on Halloween of all days and heard from the mayor that everyone was hiding from a bug infestation. Lock, Shock and Barrel wreaked havoc around the town while Jack was determined to get to the bottom of it. Along the way Jack helped the townspeople and in return collected weapons, upgrades and information. Jack heard from them about Oogie Boogie and",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King"
},
{
"id": "3903221",
"text": "Easter Bunny within his own holiday. As a living skeleton, he is supernatural and can remove parts of his body without harm, as is often demonstrated for comic relief. He is the most important of many Halloween spirits, with the implication that their job is to scare people in the real world on Halloween night. Jack, as the \"Pumpkin King\" and Master of ceremonies, is in charge of Halloween Town's Halloween celebration. He is respected and even idolized by the other residents for his role, but he has grown weary of celebrating the same holiday endlessly and is depressed about",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "3903227",
"text": "The downloadable content can be bought from console stores (e.g. the PlayStation Store). The package included the costumes of which some could be found in the downloaded level. Unlike the worlds originally in the game which all had 3 chapters, the Nightmare Before Christmas world only had 1 chapter called 'Halloween Graveyard'. Jack Skellington appears in four installments of the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series. He inhabits the world of Halloween Town, where the evil Heartless threatens its denizens. The games' main protagonists, Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy, befriend Jack and together they battle the Heartless, and also Oogie Boogie.",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "5358961",
"text": "'zing' that the unique license could have afforded.\" The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , is a game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2005. The events of the game take place before those of the movie, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". The story tells of Jack's first encounter with his , Oogie Boogie, and how he claimed the title of \"The Pumpkin King\". This game was released at the same time in North America as \"\". The game starts with Jack Skellington preparing for Halloween, approximately one year before the events of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Unfortunately, Oogie",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King"
},
{
"id": "5358957",
"text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , is a game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2005. The events of the game take place before those of the movie, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". The story tells of Jack's first encounter with his , Oogie Boogie, and how he claimed the title of \"The Pumpkin King\". This game was released at the same time in North America as \"\". The game starts with Jack Skellington preparing for Halloween, approximately one year before the events of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Unfortunately, Oogie heard from his henchmen, Lock, Shock, and Barrel",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King"
},
{
"id": "11856284",
"text": "obtain the necessary ingredientsthe hair of a werewolf, the sweat of a ghost, and a vampire's fangto make the talisman regain its power. They then realize they must install the talisman in the large jack-o'-lantern in the center of the town. When they arrive to install it, the demon suddenly appears and reveals himself to be Kalabar. He starts talking to the townspeople and tries to persuade them to join him and take over the mortal world. With the help of Luke, Marnie slips past Kalabar long enough to climb up onto the jack-o'-lantern and try to place the talisman",
"title": "Halloweentown (film)"
},
{
"id": "5249914",
"text": "to Christmas Town. Jack rescues Santa from a train-contraption, but Oogie, having become enraged by Jack constantly foiling his plans, leaves in Santa's sleigh full of Christmas presents. Luckily, Sally brings Jack's sleigh to help, and Jack and Santa chase after Oogie. Oogie falls out of the sleigh into a world of garbage after being frightened by one of Jack's jack-in-the-boxes that was dropped in the sleigh by an elf. There, he absorbs the waste and insects in the environment in a fit of rage and becomes a giant version of himself to beat Jack. Jack faces Oogie one-on-one. Everyone",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "3903232",
"text": "terrifying scarecrowish version of Roxas as his centerpiece for that Halloween. Following the film loosely to some degree, out of reference, Jack tries to take Santa Claus's place again. To that end, Jack asks Sora and gang to help him be Santa's bodyguards. But after fighting the Heartless and Oogie Boogie, who has been resurrected by Maleficent, Santa explains to Jack that they each have a job to do with their respective holidays. Despite this, he begins to wear a Santa suit Sally sewed together for him. In the second trip to Halloween Town, Jack still wears the Santa suit,",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "12312110",
"text": "Halloween\" 4. \"Jack's Lament\" 5. \"Doctor Finkelstein/In the Forest\" 6. \"What's This?\" 7. \"Town Meeting Song\" 8. \"Jack and Sally Montage\" 9. \"Jack's Obsession\" 10. \"Kidnap the Sandy Claws\" 11. \"Making Christmas\" 12. \"Nabbed\" 13. \"Oogie Boogie's Song\" 14. \"Sally's Song\" 15. \"Christmas Eve Montage\" 16. \"Poor Jack\" 17. \"To the Rescue\" 18. \"Finale/Reprise\" 19. \"Closing\" 20. \"End Title\" \"Nightmare Revisited\" was released on October 27, 2008 in the UK and failed to chart. Nightmare Revisited Nightmare Revisited is a cover album of songs and score from the 1993 Disney animated film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". It was released on",
"title": "Nightmare Revisited"
},
{
"id": "2418789",
"text": "20 individual stages were simultaneously being used for filming. In total, there were 109,440 frames taken for the film. The work of Ray Harryhausen, Ladislas Starevich, Edward Gorey, Étienne Delessert, Gahan Wilson, Charles Addams, Jan Lenica, Francis Bacon, and Wassily Kandinsky influenced the filmmakers. Selick described the production design as akin to a pop-up book. In addition, Selick stated, \"When we reach Halloween Town, it's entirely German Expressionism. When Jack enters Christmas Town, it's an outrageous Dr. Seuss-esque setpiece. Finally, when Jack is delivering presents in the 'Real World', everything is plain, simple and perfectly aligned.\" Vincent Price, Don Ameche,",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "427541",
"text": "predecessor. Burton produced, but did not direct, due to schedule constraints on \"Batman Returns\", \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993) for Disney, originally meant to be a children's book in rhyme. The film was directed by Henry Selick and written by Caroline Thompson, based on Burton's original story, world and characters. The film received positive reviews for the stop motion animation, musical score and original storyline. It was a box office success, grossing $50 million.Because of the ruling nature of the film, it was not produced under Disney's name, but rather Disney owned Touchstone Pictures. Disney also fought for the protagonist",
"title": "Tim Burton"
},
{
"id": "5249910",
"text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge This game was released at the same time in North America as \"\". A year after the events of the movie, a town meeting announcing awards gives Jack Skellington an award \"for most spines tingled by a non-corporeal being\". After the curtains close Jack reveals that, once again, he feels disappointed with this year's Halloween. However, having learned his lesson from before, he talks with Dr. Finkelstein about a \"new Halloween\", with new scares and discoveries. The doctor gives Jack the \"Soul Robber\", a green, whip-like weapon. He then leaves Halloween Town and goes",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "5358960",
"text": "for the first time when he rescued her and Halloween went ahead as planned. Oogie Boogie vowed to get his revenge after biding his time. In the movie however it seems like Jack has forgiven the three minions. The game so far has a score of 69.43% from GameRankings and 71 out of 100 from Metacritic. IGN gave it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying, \"\"Nightmare Before Christmas\" might not be all that amazing visually, and audio-wise it's the absolute pits. But it does give kids a solid \"Nightmare Before Christmas\"-based adventure, even if it lacks that special",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King"
},
{
"id": "3903222",
"text": "it. The only one who understands Jack's feelings is a lonely ragdoll named Sally. She overhears his singing monologue and feels she can relate to his situation. Jack discovers Christmas Town and decides that this new experience is what his life was missing. He makes preparations for his own Christmas celebration in Halloween Town and wants to impersonate Santa Claus in the real world. While his intentions are not malicious, Jack does not understand the true spirit of Christmas. Halloween Town plans to give the holidays a macabre make-over. Sally reveals to Jack a bad premonition, but Jack's basic nature",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "9383501",
"text": "has yet to own. However, when Santa Claus notices the massive compilation of toys listed, he concludes that the Christmas list actually was intended for multiple people, and soon makes the discovery of an impoverished swamp town coincidentally named \"Jeremy Creek\" that he had previously forgotten. On Christmas morning, the selfish Jeremy is crestfallen upon the total absence of gifts intended for him beneath his family's Christmas tree, and catches sight of a news broadcast detailing the joy of the penniless and bedraggled children of the town Jeremy Creek upon receiving the countless presents from Santa Claus. Surprisingly, Jeremy himself",
"title": "The Town Santa Forgot"
},
{
"id": "3903224",
"text": "his impulsiveness proves to be. He tends to be enthusiastic and inclusive, and his charisma is enough to sway every member of Halloween Town except Sally. His selfish decisions lead to the near destruction of Christmas and himself. The strength of Jack's character is demonstrated by his will to correct his own mistakes. The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film, stating that \"many years later\" Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack, where he discovered that Jack had \"four or five skeleton children at hand\" who play together in a xylophone band. Jack Skellington",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "2418795",
"text": "list, however, is the soundtrack for the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday ride. Disney decided to release the film under its adult film label Touchstone Pictures because they thought the film would be \"too dark and scary for kids\", Selick remembered. \"Their biggest fear, and why it was kind of a stepchild project, [was] they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming.\" To convey Burton's involvement and attract a wider audience, Disney marketed the film as \"Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas.\" Burton explained that,\"…it turned more into more of a brand-name thing, it turned into",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "12794193",
"text": "\"de facto\" ruler of the town through her regency over her seven-year-old nephew, King Bruce the Frail (James Spies). Bruce complains about wanting to be a normal child, despite his aunt's objections. Saddened by this, Sunny heads back to Kidville and explains the problem. Hallelujah and the children dip the eggs in various bowls of paint as a way of tricking Gadzooks. He lies to the bear, saying he is on his way to sell colored stones as paperweights. Gadzooks, befuddled by Sunny's lie, lets him go, demanding he bring him eggs. Sunny makes it into Town again, passing out",
"title": "The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town"
},
{
"id": "5249915",
"text": "sees the battle through the fountain, except for Sally, not wanting to see the battle. Oogie spills out his bugs, becoming nothing more than an empty husk, ending his threat for good. Afterward, Jack apologizes to Santa for almost ruining Christmas again, but having a change of heart about the skeleton, Santa thanks him for saving his life. Afterwards, Jack realizes that his home and loved ones are something more important than new discoveries. The story ends in much the same way as the film does, with Jack and Sally embracing on top of Spiral Hill. Gameplay in the game",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "5249912",
"text": "shadow. After defeating the shadow, he is given the Halloween Holiday Door and finds everyone was deceived by Oogie into making dangerous traps. Jack manages to defeat Oogie's minions created by Dr. Finklestein and goes to the graveyard to save Sally. Once inside a crypt, he finds Sally when a giant spider clings her to the ceiling and attacks Jack. Jack defeats the spider, saves Sally and receives the Valentine's Holiday Door. When Jack and Sally walk out of the crypt, she gives Jack an idea to use his Pumpkin King powers to defeat Oogie's monsters. Sally then says she's",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "4335950",
"text": "Albert confirms his suspicions, repeating the letter verbatim to him. Father Mouse and the Trundle Family devise a plan to appease Santa by building a singing clock tower for him, built with a special recording to play a song to coax him not to bypass Junctionville on Christmas Eve. Unfortunately, Albert enters the clock to explore it without permission, and inadvertently causes it to malfunction in front of the whole town, seriously damaging Trundle's professional reputation. Furthermore, the Mayor, publicly embarrassed at the clock tower's failure, refuses to give Joshua access to it for repairs. Confessing his mistake, Albert volunteers",
"title": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)"
},
{
"id": "2418791",
"text": "asked on Burton's involvement, Selick claimed, \"I don't want to take away from Tim, but he was not in San Francisco when we made it. He came up five times over two years, and spent no more than eight or ten days in total.\" Walt Disney Feature Animation contributed with some use of second-layering traditional animation. Burton found production somewhat difficult because he was directing \"Batman Returns\" and in pre-production of \"Ed Wood\". The filmmakers constructed 227 puppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having \"around four hundred heads\", allowing the expression of every possible emotion.",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "3903226",
"text": "shape. Jack decided to leave Halloween Town to get new ideas for Halloween frights. When Jack comes back to town, he finds that Oogie Boogie has been resurrected. Now Jack has to set things right again. Jack dances, fights, and sings in this game to attack Oogie Boogie's minions. Jack is portrayed as inept to some degree in this game. Chris Sarandon did both the speaking and singing voice for Jack in this game. Jack Skellington features in the Nightmare Before Christmas downloadable expansion pack which includes Jack Skellington, Sally, Oogie-Boogie, Dr. Finklestein and the Mayor as in-game playable costumes.",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "3903229",
"text": "finished heart, and plans to use it to take over Halloween Town. At Oogie's manor, Jack, Sora, and the gang confront him. After Oogie is defeated, Jack finds out that Oogie uses dark orbs as his source of life, which Oogie combines himself with his manor to become a giant boss. Once the gang defeats Oogie once again, and his manor crumbles, revealing Halloween Town's keyhole. Jack is considerably shorter in this game than as he appeared in the movie, though he is still rather tall when compared to the game's main protagonists. \"Created\" from Sora's memories of Halloween Town,",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "5249913",
"text": "worried about Dr. Finklestein and Jack goes to find him. Inside the doctor's laboratory, Jack finds the brainwashed doctor, who attacks him. Jack returns the doctor to normal by switching his brain back. Jack then goes to the Mayor's courtyard to save the Vampire Brothers. Each vampire gives Jack a key to the mayor's house. Jack finds the mayor and stops Lock, Shock, and Barrel; however, they drop him into a huge maze filled with booby traps. Jack escapes the maze and asks the mayor to release the holiday leaders. Jack soon realizes Oogie wants to kill Santa, and travels",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "6977872",
"text": "\"Bat Forest\" float was removed from the parade in response to budget cuts and guest feedback. As the only villain float with no character or transformation effects, the float was no longer seen as an important part of the parade. However, the \"Bat Forest\" float returned every Halloween night, carrying Jack Skellington and Sally from The Nightmare Before Christmas. Disney's Christmas season in 2005 brought a further change to the parade, with the parade now running from Fantasyland to Town Square. While this brought with it a huge amount of technical troubles in the days after the switch, it allowed",
"title": "Disney's Fantillusion"
},
{
"id": "13860737",
"text": "of \"Shrek or Treat\". After Fiona and their three children scare away some teenage trick or treaters, Shrek, Donkey, Puss in Boots, the Three Little Pigs, the Big Bad Wolf, Gingy, and Pinocchio decide to tell scary stories. Shrek claims that whoever can tell the scariest story will be crowned King of Halloween. They go to the run down kingdom of Duloc where Lord Farquaad once reigned and get settled inside his abandoned castle and each take turns telling their story. Gingy goes to see the Muffin Man and tells him that his girlfriend dumped him because he only thought",
"title": "Scared Shrekless"
},
{
"id": "12198452",
"text": "only three were ultimately used in the film. Tim Rice ultimately joined the project and completed the score and songs with Alan Menken. Rice later went on to collaborate with Elton John and Hans Zimmer for \"The Lion King\" after ABBA had turned down the offer to write songs for the film. Between the two in-house productions, Disney diversified in animation methods and produced \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993) with former Disney animator Tim Burton. Thanks to the success of the early films of the Renaissance era, Disney management was able to allocate sufficient money to bring Feature Animation back",
"title": "Disney Renaissance"
},
{
"id": "2418786",
"text": "own success in live-action films piqued the interest of Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, who saw the film as an opportunity of continuing the studio's streak of recent success in feature animation. Disney was looking forward to \"Nightmare\" \"to show capabilities of technical and storytelling achievements that were present in \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\".\" Walt Disney Pictures president David Hoberman, believed the film would prove to be a creative achievement for Disney's image, elaborating \"we can think outside the envelope. We can do different and unusual things.\" \"Nightmare\" marked Burton's third film in a row to have a Christmas",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "12501962",
"text": "renamed the studio to Selick Projects. In September 1992, Tim Burton returned to Selick's studio, renamed it Skellington Productions, and sold it to Disney. The first film produced by Skellington Productions (which gave the company its namesake), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", was released theatrically in 1993 under Disney's Touchstone Pictures banner to a positive reception and a successful box office, becoming a sleeper hit. Since 2006, \"Nightmare\" has been released by Walt Disney Pictures and in Disney Digital 3-D format. The second and final film, \"James and the Giant Peach\", released to theaters in 1996. It was met with positive",
"title": "Skellington Productions"
},
{
"id": "9264750",
"text": "letters to Santa. The story begins in the gloomy city of Sombertown, ruled by the ill-tempered Burgermeister Meisterburger (voiced by Paul Frees). A baby arrives on his doorstep with a name tag reading \"Claus\" and note requesting that Burgermeister raise the child. He instead orders his lawkeeper Grimsley (also voiced by Paul Frees) to take the baby to the \"Orphan Asylum\". On the way there, a gust of wind blows both sled and baby to the Mountain of the Whispering Winds, where the animals hide him from the evil Winter Warlock (voiced by Keenan Wynn) and convey him to an",
"title": "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (film)"
},
{
"id": "7832721",
"text": "This Is Halloween \"This Is Halloween\" is a song from the 1993 film, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", with music and lyrics written by Danny Elfman. In the film it is performed by the residents of the fictional \"Halloween Town\", which is the film's main setting, and introduces the town's Halloween-centered lifestyle. The song is featured in both \"HalloWishes\" at the Magic Kingdom and at Disneyland's \"Halloween Screams\". In Calaway Park, it is featured in the haunted mansion. It is also used as the background music for the Halloween Town world in the video game \"Kingdom Hearts\". The song is featured",
"title": "This Is Halloween"
},
{
"id": "18937610",
"text": "The Trolls and the Christmas Express The Trolls and the Christmas Express is a 1981 animated Christmas television special produced by the Canadian-based Atkinson Film-Arts. It was originally broadcast on HBO on December 9, 1981. Six troublesome trolls, whose leader is called Troglo (voiced by Hans Conried), use their mischievous magic to sabotage Christmas by infiltrating Santa's village disguised as elves. After a week of wreaking havoc but still not completely ruining Christmas, the trolls get a devilishly clever idea: on the day before Christmas Eve, they get the reindeer dancing and singing all night long. The next day, the",
"title": "The Trolls and the Christmas Express"
},
{
"id": "18204963",
"text": "and a Musical Too\" is a 2009 direct-to-video film based on the hit Playhouse Disney series \"My Friends Tigger & Pooh\". It is the second film of the series. It was released on DVD on April 7, 2009. It premiered on Playhouse Disney less than a week later on April 11. Unlike the \"Super Sleuth Christmas Movie\", it is treated more like a regular film than as part of the series. Rabbit creates many new rules as the Mayor of the Hundred Acre Wood, leading Tigger to challenge him for mayorship and causing a Big White Line to be drawn,",
"title": "Winnie the Pooh (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "6613401",
"text": "its sister show, \"Halloween Screams\" at Disneyland, the Haunted Mansion Holiday (also at Disneyland), the \"Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular\" (at Magic Kingdom) and subsequent video games including \"\", \"\" and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. Ken Page Kenneth Page (born January 20, 1954) is an American cabaret singer and actor. Page is best known as the voice of Oogie Boogie, the main antagonist of Tim Burton's \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", creating the eponymous role of \"Ken\" in the original Broadway production of \"Ain't Misbehavin'\", King Gator from Don Bluth's All Dogs Go To Heaven, and playing the role of \"Old Deuteronomy\"",
"title": "Ken Page"
},
{
"id": "3903231",
"text": "Roxas arrives at Halloween Town while Jack is in the middle of a brainstorming for Halloween. Jack is having trouble with thinking of things but gets inspiration when he sees Roxas leaving through a Dark Corridor. Time after time, Roxas' adventures through Halloween Town inspire Jack to create such things as balloons filled with spiders, exploding frost pumpkins, and Halloween lanterns. When Roxas is sent to find the source of a terrible drop in heartless population, he finds the town overrun with monsters called Tentaclaws. After seeing Roxas defeating the source of the Tentaclaws, the cannibalistic Leechgrave, Jack invents a",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "13565029",
"text": "no avail. Nonetheless, the anticipated Bikini Bottomites enthusiastically prepare for the upcoming holiday; however, their faith is shattered after Santa fails to arrive on Christmas Eve (This is mostly because all the townspeople stay up all night waiting for him.) Furious with SpongeBob, they reject him, and when Santa Claus still fails to deliver presents to the people of town even SpongeBob's excitement is soiled. Seeing the error of his ways after being presented with an exquisite homemade gift from SpongeBob, Squidward tries to compensate for his rudeness by masquerading as Santa Claus to uplift his neighbor's spirits; however, he",
"title": "Christmas Who?"
},
{
"id": "2418785",
"text": "started to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute holiday television special. However, the project's development eventually stalled, as its tone seemed \"too weird\" to the company. As Disney was unable to \"offer his nocturnal loners enough scope\", Burton was fired from the studio in 1984, and went on to direct the commercially successful films, \"Beetlejuice\" and \"Batman\". Over the years, Burton regularly thought about the project. In 1990, Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights. He and Selick committed to produce a full-length film with the latter as director. Burton's",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2418799",
"text": "undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. Since 2001, Disneyland has held a seasonal \"Nightmare Before Christmas\" theme for its Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction. The attraction, an overlay of the park's Haunted Mansion, features characters, decorations and music from the film. In addition to Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party and Mickey's Halloween Party featuring the film's characters, Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack, and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures, while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art. Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume. A Jack Skellington figurine",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "18204961",
"text": "comedy-drama film, featuring the characters from Disney's \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" franchise. It is a very loose adaptation of Charles Dickens' classic story \"A Christmas Carol\", although Christmas has been replaced by Easter. The film consist of all new material, unlike several other Pooh productions. Roo gets excited about Easter, however, Rabbit instead declares the day \"Spring Cleaning Day\", hurt over when Tigger usurped him as leader of Easter the previous year. \"Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie\" is a 2005 American direct-to-video animated mystery adventure film, featuring the characters from the Winnie the Pooh franchise. This was the last time that John Fiedler provided",
"title": "Winnie the Pooh (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "2418808",
"text": "\"Top 25 Best Christmas Movies\" list. In 2001, Disney began to consider producing a sequel, but rather than using stop motion, Disney wanted to use computer animation. Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea. \"I was always very protective of \"Nightmare\" not to do sequels or things of that kind,\" Burton explained. \"You know, 'Jack visits Thanksgiving world' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it… Because it's a mass-market kind of thing, it was important to kind of keep that purity of it.\" The 2004",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "5249916",
"text": "is very similar to Hideki Kamiya's \"Devil May Cry\", with the exception of it being easier for younger and less experienced players. Both titles were developed by Capcom. Jack can transform into Santa Jack and the Pumpkin King later in the game. Santa Jack can lay down three types of presents to thwart his enemies, while the Pumpkin King form can set them aflame or lay down a bomb. The gameplay consists of 24 Chapters (excluding two secret chapters). Players must fight numerous enemies, perform platforming tasks, and occasionally solve puzzles to progress through the story. The player's performance in",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "4335949",
"text": "of view of Father Mouse, with Moore's poem read by Grey as a secondary plot. The program is set in the fictional town of Junctionville, New York around the turn of the 20th century. Santa Claus is offended by an anonymous letter printed in the town's newspaper (and signed \"all of us\") claiming that he doesn't exist. In response, Santa returns the entire town's letters to them unopened. Upon reading the anonymous letter printed in the newspaper, Father Mouse — a mouse assistant to the human clockmaker Joshua Trundle — immediately suspects that his brainy son Albert is its author.",
"title": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)"
},
{
"id": "7902442",
"text": "attempt to persuade the townspeople to rethink their hatred of snow. Singing about the joy of winter, Frosty is unanimously declared king of the carnival. Out of revenge for ruining his business, Mr. Twitchell tries to run over Frosty with his delivery truck but misses and falls in a frozen lake. In the end, Frosty and Holly make amends with a humbled Mr. Twitchell, letting him wear the crown and cape as they all ride in the sled of the carnival king. Later Frosty must leave Beansboro, but he assures Holly that he will be back again someday (as alluded",
"title": "Frosty Returns"
},
{
"id": "3903233",
"text": "as he still longs to deliver Christmas presents and feels that it would be rude not to wear the suit Sally worked so hard on. Along with Sora and the gang, he helps defeat Doctor Finkelstein's experiment, who stole Christmas presents from Santa in search of a heart. As a reward for all his hard work and assistance, Santa brings Jack on a ride-along with him in his sleigh for a while. After Santa drops Jack off at Halloween Town, Jack learns the true meaning of Christmas by understanding the act of giving. He dances with Sally in the end,",
"title": "Jack Skellington"
},
{
"id": "8039960",
"text": "The story takes place in the town of Scamboville, a futuristic city constantly under development under the reign of its namesake, Scamboli. An old inventor named Geppetto creates a robot, named Pinocchio, as his son. Meanwhile, an evil mayor named Scamboli is building a technological city called \"Scamboville\" to get rid of nature. He also hates all children, except for his beloved daughter, Marlene. When Marlene expresses concerns to Scamboli about there being no space for children to have fun, he sets out to make a kids-only theme park called \"Scamboland\". That night, Geppetto and Spencer the Penguin are preparing",
"title": "Pinocchio 3000"
},
{
"id": "15052755",
"text": "film with screenwriter Eric Roth, with Carrey still attached. In 2001, The Walt Disney Company began to consider producing a sequel to \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", but rather than using stop motion, Disney wanted to use computer animation. Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea. \"I was always very protective of \"Nightmare\" not to do sequels or things of that kind,\" Burton explained. \"You know, 'Jack visits Thanksgiving world' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it... Because it's a mass-market kind of thing, it was",
"title": "Tim Burton's unrealized projects"
},
{
"id": "19559645",
"text": "Cameron Seely and Angela Lansbury, and is narrated by Pharrell Williams. The plot follows the Grinch as he plans to ruin Whoville's Christmas celebration by stealing all the town's decorations and gifts. \"The Grinch\" was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on November 9, 2018, in RealD 3D and select IMAX theaters. It has grossed over $377 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the animation but said the film added little to nothing new to the source material. In the town of Whoville, human-like creatures called Whos are filled with excitement about celebrating Christmas.",
"title": "The Grinch (film)"
},
{
"id": "4180674",
"text": "Vincent (1982 film) Vincent is a 1982 stop motion short horror film written, designed and directed by Tim Burton, and produced by Rick Heinrichs. It is the second Disney horror film, the first being \"The Watcher in the Woods\". At approximately six minutes in length, there is currently no individual release of the film except for a few bootleg releases. It can be found on the 2008 Special Edition and Collector's Edition DVDs of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as a bonus feature and on the Cinema16 DVD \"\". The film is narrated by actor Vincent Price, a lifelong idol and",
"title": "Vincent (1982 film)"
},
{
"id": "17015561",
"text": "to Warner Bros. Cartoons' Looney Tunes cartoon \"Knighty Knight Bugs\". It was also included on the 2002 DVD release \"Disney's American Legends\" DTV set clips of the short to Annette Funicello's \"Tall Paul\" and was featured in an episode of Sing Me a Story with Belle. Following a violent windstorm on the coast of Maine, lumberjack Cal McNab spots a giant cradle on the beach containing a giant baby boy. The lumbering-town adopts and raises the boy, giving him the name Paul Bunyan. One Christmas, the town gives Paul a double-bladed axe to help chop down timber. Paul's work clears",
"title": "Paul Bunyan (film)"
},
{
"id": "6613397",
"text": "Ken Page Kenneth Page (born January 20, 1954) is an American cabaret singer and actor. Page is best known as the voice of Oogie Boogie, the main antagonist of Tim Burton's \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", creating the eponymous role of \"Ken\" in the original Broadway production of \"Ain't Misbehavin'\", King Gator from Don Bluth's All Dogs Go To Heaven, and playing the role of \"Old Deuteronomy\" in both the original Broadway and filmed stage productions of \"Cats, the Musical. Page was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Bishop DuBourg High School and Fontbonne College. In a 2015",
"title": "Ken Page"
},
{
"id": "16516494",
"text": "Maleficent's daughter and Emma's childhood friend Lily. After Emma returns to town, with the encouragement from Hook, she chooses to forgive her parents and let go of her anger. In moments before the finale, Emma is able to finally let her walls down and tells Hook she loves him. Emma then chooses to sacrifice herself for the town of Storybrooke, asking her parents and Hook to save her, she voluntarily plunges the dagger into the Darkness, transforming into the new Dark One. Emma searches for Merlin and is helped by a manifestation of Rumplestiltskin, who wants to teach her to",
"title": "Emma Swan"
},
{
"id": "16975513",
"text": "Cartoon!\" in 1996. Alvarez has received 6 Primetime Emmy Awards, 9 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and 1 Daytime Emmy Award nomination. His first nomination came in 1994 in the category Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or Less) for directing \"The Town Santa Forgot\". In 2000 and 2001, he received two more nominations for his work on \"The Powerpuff Girls\", also receiving one in 2004 for the \"Powerpuff Girls\" special \"'Twas the Fight Before Christmas\". Alvarez won two Primetime Emmys for his work on the Genndy Tartakovsky series \"\" and a third for \"Samurai Jack\". In 2006, he garnered",
"title": "Robert Alvarez"
},
{
"id": "11856282",
"text": "what she is talking about: in her cauldron, a vision of a hooded demon appears, laughing maniacally. She says she must activate Merlin's talisman with a spell and potion to defeat the demon. In town, the family is introduced to Luke (Phillip Van Dyke), a goblin who was made handsome by a shadow demon. He makes a clumsy pass at Marnie, which she turns down on the spot. Gwen arrives in Halloweentown with plans to bring her children home, much to Marnie's objections. Gwen cannot find another bus back to the mortal world and decides to see if the mayor",
"title": "Halloweentown (film)"
},
{
"id": "6885570",
"text": "Witch foretells that the first person, be it man or woman, to enter the town gates when the bells toll noon the following day must be their next king. \"Though he be clad like a clown, he is worthy to wear the crown.\" Happy with this prophecy, the Broom-maker and Woodcutter return to town. The Fiddler, however, has glimpsed the Goose-Girl through the window, and stays behind. As the sun sets, the Fiddler confronts the Witch about the Goose-Girl. The Goose-Girl complains to the Fiddler that she is prisoner to the Witch's magic, and even tells him about the prince",
"title": "Königskinder"
},
{
"id": "2811668",
"text": "in the Special Edition, Collector's Edition, and Blu-ray 3D releases of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" and on the Blu-ray release of its remake. Burton was fired by Disney after the film was completed; the studio claimed that he had been wasting company resources, and felt the film was not suitable for the target young audiences. The short was originally planned to be released alongside the summer re-release of The Jungle Book, its release was rescheduled with the Christmas re-release of Pinocchio on December 21, 1984. Although the film was subsequently shelved, the film played in UK cinemas in 1985 in",
"title": "Frankenweenie (1984 film)"
},
{
"id": "18285215",
"text": "Principal photography began on May 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. \"The Magnificent Seven\" premiered on September 8, 2016, at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on September 23, 2016, in conventional and IMAX theatres. The film received mixed reviews from critics, although the cast and action sequences were praised, and grossed $162 million worldwide. In 1879, robber baron and gold-mining tycoon Bartholomew Bogue assumes control of the American frontier town of Rose Creek, and subjects its residents to forced labor in his mines. After a town church assembly denounces",
"title": "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "9309138",
"text": "the music, which is all but gone. Only the iconic \"Miser\" songs are retained (though they are mixed together and instead of being sung when the Misers are approached, the song is sung during their feud). The remake also includes two subplots which do not appear in the original: The commercial coup of Santa's toy-making operation by the ambitious elf Sparky, who wants a more modern and lucrative approach; and the family troubles of Iggy. His father (here, the mayor) is too busy to focus on his family, even at Christmas. Mayor Thistlewhite is a foil both for Santa, in",
"title": "The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "9976904",
"text": "her mutilated corpse on display. Charlie, an obese vandal who smashes jack-o'-lanterns, encounters his school principal, Steven Wilkins. Wilkins lectures Charlie on how the rules and traditions of Halloween must be obeyed. Charlie suddenly vomits up poisoned candy, Wilkins’ chocolate spiked with cyanide. Wilkins tries burying Charlie and another child in his backyard, but is repeatedly interrupted by his son Billy, and neighbour, Mr. Kreeg, an elderly, scarred recluse. Wilkins later takes Charlie’s head indoors so he and Billy can carve a jack o’lantern out of it. Elsewhere, a group of trick-or-treaters – Macy, Sara, Chip, and Schrader – meet",
"title": "Trick 'r Treat"
},
{
"id": "7902440",
"text": "an aerosol spray called \"Summer Wheeze.\" Summer Wheeze's inventor, Mr. Twitchell, hopes to use the product to win over the people of Beansboro so that he will be crowned King of the Beansboro Winter Carnival, apparently believing that the title will give him actual dominion over the townspeople (at least once, Twitchell also indicates he is waging war against Mother Nature, implying he is actually seeking world domination and that Beansboro is simply his first step). At a presentation before the town council, one of the trustees voices concern about the environmental impact of the untested product, to which Mr.",
"title": "Frosty Returns"
},
{
"id": "427521",
"text": "Tim Burton Timothy Walter Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American film director, producer, artist, writer, and animator. He is known for his dark, gothic, and eccentric horror and fantasy films such as \"Beetlejuice\" (1988), \"Edward Scissorhands\" (1990), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993), \"Ed Wood\" (1994), \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), \"Corpse Bride\" (2005), \"\" (2007), \"Dark Shadows\" (2012), and \"Frankenweenie\" (2012). He is also known for blockbusters such as the adventure comedy \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\" (1985), the superhero films \"Batman\" (1989) and its first sequel \"Batman Returns\" (1992), the sci-fi film \"Planet of the Apes\" (2001), the fantasy drama \"Big",
"title": "Tim Burton"
},
{
"id": "2418776",
"text": "Nightmare Before Christmas\" originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation. With the success of \"Vincent\" in the same year, Burton began to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute television special to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project, and in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be \"too",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1821307",
"text": "investigate his murder, leading them to the small town of Santa Mira, California. The motel manager explains that Conal Cochran and his company, Silver Shamrock Novelties, which produces wildly popular latex jack-o-lantern, witch and skeleton masks for Halloween, are responsible for the town's prosperity. While signing the motel register, Challis learns that Grimbridge stayed at the same motel. Other motel guests include shop owners Marge Guttman and Buddy Kupfer, Buddy's wife, Betty, and their son, Little Buddy, who all have business at the company's factory. Guttman finds a microchip on the back of a Silver Shamrock button, and is electrocuted",
"title": "Halloween III: Season of the Witch"
},
{
"id": "8839069",
"text": "Santa prepares for his yearly journey at his Toyland castle in space. He plays the organ while his children helpers from all over the world sing. Meanwhile, in Hell, Lucifer instructs his chief demon Pitch to travel to Earth and turn the children of the world against Santa. In a busy marketplace, Pitch attempts to convince five children to \"make Santa Claus angry\": Lupita, a poor girl; Billy, the son of wealthy but negligent parents; and three troublemaking brothers. Pitch fails at convincing Lupita to steal a doll from a vendor but succeeds in convincing the brothers to break a",
"title": "Santa Claus (1959 film)"
},
{
"id": "9391088",
"text": "Santa's Workshop (film) Santa's Workshop is a Disney short film directed by Wilfred Jackson, first released on December 10, 1932 in the \"Silly Symphonies\" series. The film features Santa Claus and his elves preparing for Christmas in Santa's workshop. A sequel, \"The Night Before Christmas\", partially based on A Visit from St. Nicholas, was made the year after, portraying Santa leaving the toys in a house with nine children. In Sweden and Norway, \"Santa's Workshop\" is part of the Christmas television special \"From All of Us to All of You\", traditionally shown at Christmas Eve. Various stereotypes in the film",
"title": "Santa's Workshop (film)"
},
{
"id": "2418800",
"text": "is available for the \"Disney Infinity\" video game, allowing the character to be playable in the game's \"Toy Box Mode\". Jack is also the titular character in the short story \"\"Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas\": Jack's Story\", and also appeared in HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks at Magic Kingdom (where the host is Ghost Host) and Disneyland (where the host is Jack himself). \"Nightmare\" has inspired video game spin-offs, including \"\" and \"\", and is among the many Disney-owned franchises that contribute to the mythology of the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. A trading card game is also available. Around the",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "4489365",
"text": "Burton's previous stop-motion film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993). In a village in Victorian England, Victor Van Dort, the son of nouveau riche fish merchants, and Victoria Everglot, the neglected daughter of snobbish yet impoverished aristocrats, are preparing for their arranged marriage, which will simultaneously raise the social class of Victor's parents and restore the wealth of Victoria's penniless family. Both have concerns about marrying someone they do not know, but upon meeting for the first time, they fall for each other. After the shy Victor ruins the wedding rehearsal by forgetting his vows, he flees and practices his wedding",
"title": "Corpse Bride"
},
{
"id": "18937613",
"text": "On August 12, 2008, it was released as a manufacture-on-demand DVD-R as part of the \"Holiday Classics\" series by Phoenix Learning Group, Inc. The Trolls and the Christmas Express The Trolls and the Christmas Express is a 1981 animated Christmas television special produced by the Canadian-based Atkinson Film-Arts. It was originally broadcast on HBO on December 9, 1981. Six troublesome trolls, whose leader is called Troglo (voiced by Hans Conried), use their mischievous magic to sabotage Christmas by infiltrating Santa's village disguised as elves. After a week of wreaking havoc but still not completely ruining Christmas, the trolls get a",
"title": "The Trolls and the Christmas Express"
},
{
"id": "14929512",
"text": "Frankenweenie (2012 film) Frankenweenie is a 2012 American 3D stop-motion-animated fantasy horror comedy film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a remake of Burton's 1984 short film of the same name and is a parody of and a homage to the 1931 film \"Frankenstein\" based on Mary Shelley's book of the same name. The voice cast includes four actors who worked with Burton on previous films: Winona Ryder (\"Beetlejuice\" and \"Edward Scissorhands\"); Martin Short (\"Mars Attacks!\"); Catherine O'Hara (\"Beetlejuice\" and \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\"); and Martin Landau (\"Ed Wood\" and \"Sleepy Hollow\"), along with",
"title": "Frankenweenie (2012 film)"
},
{
"id": "17690576",
"text": "small village in Tuscany, the poor carpenter Geppetto decides to fabricate a wooden puppet with socket because he feels himself alone. The puppet is called Pinocchio, and that magically comes to life and begins to make jokes of all kinds to Geppetto and the villagers. Soon Pinocchio escapes, although his father wants him to go to study in school like a normal child; the puppet is captured by the puppeter Mangiafoco, who wants to roast him, but Pinocchio moves him, and manages to save his life. Pinocchio runs into other adventures, encountering swindlers: the Cat and the Fox, then the",
"title": "Pinocchio (2012 film)"
},
{
"id": "3244521",
"text": "to purchase Pinocchio, but Geppetto refuses to sell his son. Pinocchio climbs out of a window and wanders into town, joining a group of boys in school. He gets into a fight with the rowdy Lampwick, and when he lies about it, his nose grows longer, and he is kicked out of the class. In bitterness, Pinocchio ends up causing damage to a local bakery, and Geppetto is arrested as a result. Pinocchio flees home, meeting a talking cricket, Pepe, who tells Pinocchio to behave, and stay out of trouble in order to become a real boy. The next day,",
"title": "The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996 film)"
},
{
"id": "8095287",
"text": "which Santa Claus rescues Joe (Christian Fitzpatric) from his best friend Cornelia's (Carrie Kei Heim) evil step-uncle B. Z. (John Lithgow). Santa is a hero in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", held captive by Oogie Boogie, although he is spiteful and enraged at Jack when freed. The latest films to depict Santa Claus in such a manner are \"\" (2005), and the Dreamworks film \"Rise of the Guardians\". In the Chronicles of Narnia film, Father Christmas (James Cosmo) supplies the Pevensie children with the weapons and tools they need to battle the White Witch (Tilda Swinton). In \"Rise of the Guardians\",",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"id": "13890213",
"text": "uses portions of the show's audio. The Anaheim version differs in that it is hosted by Jack Skellington from Tim Burton’s \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". The show ran from September 25, 2009 to November 1, 2009 (the duration of Halloween Time at the Disneyland Resort) and since 2010, it now runs exclusively for Mickey's Halloween Party. On non-party nights, the current Disney fireworks show runs unless \"Halloween Screams\" was cancelled due to winds or other issues the night before and must be presented as the fireworks can't be removed from their tubes in the event of a cancellation. The show",
"title": "Halloween Screams"
},
{
"id": "5249918",
"text": "Jack (which is obtained once Doctor Finklestein is defeated) can throw out presents to stun enemies or freeze enemies in ice, and the Pumpkin King (which you get after saving Sally from a large spider) can burn enemies, open doors by burning them etc. Additionally, there are several unlockable costumes, however, they do not grant any additional abilities. Reception to the game was mostly mixed. GameRankings gave \"The Nightmare Before Christmas: Boogie's Revenge\" a score of 66.46% for Xbox and 64.95% for PlayStation 2, while Metacritic gave it a score of 65 out of 100 for both console versions. IGN",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge"
},
{
"id": "4310793",
"text": "a traditionally animated film, earning millions more in merchandising, promotions, and record sales for its soundtrack. \"Aladdin\" and \"The Lion King\" had been the highest-grossing films worldwide in each of their respective release years. Between these in-house productions, Disney diversified in animation methods and produced \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" with former Disney animator Tim Burton. With animation becoming again an increasingly important and lucrative part of Disney's business, the company began to expand its operations. The flagship California studio was split into two units and expanded, and ground was broken on a new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the",
"title": "Walt Disney Animation Studios"
},
{
"id": "10919075",
"text": "were developed so that the missions could be completed without the need to connect with other players, instead utilising AI-controlled partners. \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\" begins concurrently with the events of the original game and \"Chain of Memories\". Like the other games in the series, the player progresses through a collection of various worlds, based on various locales from the Disney animated features canon: Agrabah from \"Aladdin\"; the Beast's Castle from \"Beauty and the Beast\"; Olympus Coliseum from \"Hercules\"; Halloween Town from \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\"; Wonderland from \"Alice in Wonderland\"; and Never Land from \"Peter Pan\" (featuring a string",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days"
},
{
"id": "14457779",
"text": "Express, driven by Otto Mann, lands in front of the house and flies him to the North Pole. Bart meets Santa (Krusty the Clown) only to find out that he has run out of money, since giving out presents in return for cookies every year is not a sustainable business model. Feeling pity, Bart decides that Santa no longer has to give him a dirt bike and leaves with Santa throwing a party in his office after revealing how stupid kids are. Lisa dreams that it is December 1944 and that Marge is a soldier in World War II. Due",
"title": "The Fight Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2418807",
"text": "most inventive moments in cartoon history, in no way racist, even though he was sometimes a villain. We went with Ken Page, who is a black singer, and he had no problem with it\". The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. \"Nightmare\" won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while Elfman won Best Music. Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work. Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score\". Most recently, the film ranked #1 on Rotten Tomatoes'",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9383500",
"text": "narrates a poetic fable with the intentions of educating them in the true nature of the holidays. The tale details the life of an outrageously overindulged, bratty 5-year old little boy named Jeremy Creek, spoiled ridiculously by his mild and intimidated parents, flinging himself into destructive, earsplitting, and violent temper tantrums when his requests are not met. After his parents have decided to stand their ground by refusing to dote on their child any longer, an infuriated Jeremy, recalling the upcoming Christmas season, decides to devise a humongously lengthy and demanding wish list consisting of all the presents that he",
"title": "The Town Santa Forgot"
},
{
"id": "7902057",
"text": "(alternatively titled \"The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched\"), aired on ABC in 1982. Though credited to DePatie-Freleng, it was produced by Marvel Productions, which had taken over DePatie-Freleng in 1981. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special) How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the",
"title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "15740523",
"text": "the buzz saw after he had a scuffle with some other workers who were attempting to set the building on fire. The circumstances leading up to his death were covered up by the town with the legend stating that Jack tried to burn down the sawmill and slipped into the path of the buzz saw. The sawmill has remained closed since with many people claiming encounters with the ghost of Jack on nights similar to that of his death. The entrance to BuzzSaw is located in the Town of Gold Rush where the \"Helicopter Joy Flights\" used to operate, opposite",
"title": "BuzzSaw (roller coaster)"
},
{
"id": "2293754",
"text": "Tip has been under the guardianship of a cruel Wicked Witch named Mombi (who is the main antagonist) and lives in the northern quadrant of Oz called Gillikin Country. Mombi has always been extremely mean and abusive to Tip. As Mombi is returning home one day, Tip plans to get revenge and frighten her with a wooden man he has made, with a large Jack-o'-lantern he carves for a head, thus naming him Jack Pumpkinhead. To Tip's dismay, Mombi is not fooled by this trick, and she takes this opportunity to demonstrate the new magic \"Powder of Life\" that she",
"title": "The Marvelous Land of Oz"
},
{
"id": "14038743",
"text": "Like Father, Like Santa Like Father, Like Santa (also known as The Christmas Takeover) is a TV movie starring Harry Hamlin and William Hootkins. It premiered on Fox Family in 1998 on their 25 Days of Christmas programming block. The script was written by Mark Valenti. The story revolves around a toy tycoon named Tyler Madison who is greedy, ruthless, and neglectful of his family. He wants a monopoly of the toys industry and is determined to erase all his competitors including his father, Santa Claus. He had a bitter childhood which motivates him to put Santa Claus out of",
"title": "Like Father, Like Santa"
},
{
"id": "1819707",
"text": "rulers (six incumbents) styled \"wazir\"; when, in 1762, Jafarabad and Janjira states entered into personal union, both titles were maintained until (after 1825) the higher style of Nawab was assumed. In contemporary literature and pantomime, the \"Grand Vizier\" is a character stereotype and is usually portrayed as a scheming backroom plotter and the clear power behind the throne of a usually bumbling or incompetent monarch. A well-known example of this is the sinister character of Jafar in the Disney animated film \"Aladdin\", who plots and uses magic to take over the entire Kingdom of Agrabah under the nose of the",
"title": "Vizier"
},
{
"id": "4130183",
"text": "Little into a male because as Dindal recalled, \"if you're a boy and you're short, you get picked on.\" In January 2003, when David Stainton became Disney's new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, he decided the story needed a different approach, and told the director the script had to be revised, and during the next three months, it was rewritten into a tale of a boy, trying to save his town from space aliens. During the rewriting process, Dindal, along with three credited writers and nine others, threw out twenty-five scenes to improve the character development and add more",
"title": "Chicken Little (2005 film)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Santa Claus in film context: Another recent devious mall Santa was played by Billy Bob Thornton in \"Bad Santa\" (2003), a film which gained normally family-friendly Disneybad press\". Tim Burton's stop-action animated musical film, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993), depicts Jack Skellington, the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town, wanting to become Santa Claus after an accidental visit to Christmas Town. After the mostly well-meaning but clueless Halloween citizens capture Santa, they try to take over Christmas with disastrous results; the real Santa is almost killed by the Oogie Boogie Man. Santa is voiced here by Ed Ivory, and in the video game spin-offs, Corey\n\nWhat is the name of the King of Halloween Town who tries to take over Christmas in the Disney movie The Nightmare Before Christmas?",
"compressed_tokens": 203,
"origin_tokens": 204,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jack Skellington context: his impulsiveness proves to. He tends to be enthusiastic and inclusive, and his charisma is enough to sway every member of Halloween Town except Sally. His selfish decisions lead to the near destruction of Christmas and himself. The strength of Jack's character is demonstrated by his will to correct his own mistakes. The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film, stating that \"many years later\" Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack, where he discovered that Jack had \"four or five skeleton children at hand\" who play together in a xylophone band. Jack Skellington\n\ntitle: Jack Skellington context Theable content can be bought from console stores (e.g. the PlayStation Store). package included costumes of some could be found in the level. Unlike the worlds originally in the game which all had 3 chapters, the Nightmare Before Christmas world only had 1 called 'Halloween Graveyard Jack Skellington appears four installments of \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series. He inhabits the world of Halloween Town, where the Heartless threatens its denizens. The' main protagonists, Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy befriend Jack and together they battle the Heartless, and also Oogie Boogie.\n\n The Nightmare Before Christmasb- king who f at \"Sandy Claws\". Jack sequesters himself in tower to study Christmas and a way to r it, but. He ultimately dec's unfair for Town alone to enjoy the hol and announces he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over this year. Jack assigns the citizens Halloween Town Christmas-th, carols, making presents, a sleigh to be pulled skeletal reinde Sally, beautiful rag is secret in love with Jack, feels that their efforts\n Theare: asked,t want to take away, he Francisco it up times days.\" W Disneyimation some second-ington difficulting \"\". Theppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having \"around four hundred heads\", allowing the expression of every possible emotion.\n\nWhat is the name of the King of Halloween Town who tries to take over Christmas in the Disney movie The Nightmare Before Christmas?",
"compressed_tokens": 482,
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"ratio": "29.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,762 | Immortalized in an 1851 painting by Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, which river did George Washington cross on Christmas night in 1776 before attacking the Hessian forces during the Battle of Trenton? | [
"Religion in Delaware",
"Alcohol law of Delaware",
"Delaware alcohol law",
"The Delaware",
"Delaware",
"Three lower counties",
"Alcohol laws of Delaware",
"The Small Wonder",
"Delaware (State)",
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"Delaware trivia",
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] | The Delaware | [
{
"id": "4048527",
"text": "Washington Crossing the Delaware Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze. It commemorates General George Washington during his famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack against the German Hessian allied mercenary forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26. The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, and was destroyed in a bombing raid",
"title": "Washington Crossing the Delaware"
},
{
"id": "5062184",
"text": "George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, which occurred on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a surprise attack organized by George Washington against the Hessian forces in Trenton, New Jersey, on the morning of December 26. Planned in partial secrecy, Washington led a column of Continental Army troops across the icy Delaware River in a logistically challenging and dangerous operation. Other planned crossings in support of the operation were either called off or ineffective, but this did not prevent Washington from surprising",
"title": "George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River"
},
{
"id": "4577889",
"text": "Delaware during the American Revolution. In 1831, the ferry was replaced by the Washington Crossing Bridge, linking it with Washington Crossing in Pennsylvania. Each year on Christmas Day, General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River is commemorated at Washington Crossing just south of Titusville. The annual reenactment depicts General Washington's December 25, 1776 nighttime river crossing and the attack on the morning of December 26 on the Hessian troops in Trenton, which was one of the key battles of the American Revolutionary War. Re-enactors assemble on the Pennsylvania side of the river, where their commander reads Thomas Paine's pamphlet,",
"title": "Titusville, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "5936247",
"text": "because the British and Continental armies fought several crucial battles there. Throughout the war hundreds of engagements occurred in New Jersey, more than in any other colony. Five major battles were fought at Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, Union and Springfield. The Battles of Trenton and Princeton are collectively referred to as the Ten Crucial Days because these desperately needed victories bolstered the morale of the nation. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, made the famous crossing of the Delaware River. The scene was immortalized in Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's painting \"Washington Crossing the",
"title": "History of New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "293425",
"text": "25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, he surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, Washington made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\" became an icon of the Revolution. American forces under Washington met the forces under General Henry Clinton",
"title": "New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "5834858",
"text": "that night and attacked Mawhood at Princeton the next day. That defeat prompted the British to withdraw from most of New Jersey for the winter. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, crossed the Delaware River with his army, and attacked the Hessian garrison at Trenton on the morning of December 26. The Hessian garrison was surrounded and quickly defeated. Washington crossed the river again and returned to his camp in Pennsylvania that afternoon. On December 30, Washington moved his army back to Trenton and stationed his men on the south side of",
"title": "Battle of the Assunpink Creek"
},
{
"id": "631473",
"text": "Perhaps the most famous \"Delaware Crossing\" involved the improvised boat crossing undertaken by George Washington's army during the American Revolution's Battle of Trenton on the night of December 25–26, 1776, as part of a successful surprise attack on Hessian troops occupying Trenton, New Jersey. The magnitude of the commerce of Philadelphia has made the improvements of the river below that port of great importance. Small improvements were attempted by Pennsylvania as early as 1771. Commerce was once important on the upper river, primarily prior to railway competition (1857). In the \"project of 1885\" the U.S. government undertook systematically the formation",
"title": "Delaware River"
},
{
"id": "925268",
"text": "known as Drumthwacket, is located in Princeton, and is listed on both the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places. Founded February 22, 1838, from portions of surrounding counties, Mercer County has a historical impact that reaches back to the pivotal battles of the American Revolutionary War. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, General George Washington led American forces across the Delaware River to attack the Hessian barracks in Trenton on the morning of December 26, also known as the First Battle of Trenton. Following the battle, Washington crossed back to Pennsylvania.",
"title": "Mercer County, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "1714484",
"text": "The battle (while considered minor by British standards) was the last major action of Washington's winter New Jersey campaign. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, General George Washington, Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, led 2,400 men across the Delaware River. After a nine-mile march, they seized the town of Trenton on the morning of the 26th, killing or wounding over 100 Hessians and capturing 900 more. Soon after capturing the town, Washington led the army back across the Delaware into Pennsylvania. On the 29th, Washington once again led the army across the river, and established a defensive position at",
"title": "Battle of Princeton"
},
{
"id": "10479426",
"text": "Washington needed a victory for the Revolution to survive. Washington's made a hazardous nighttime crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776. He marched his tattered force of about two thousand four hundred men over the snow-covered ground to Trenton, many of his soldiers shod only with bleeding rags for shoes. General Washington attacked the Hessians in the morning and completely overwhelmed them at the cost of only light casualties to his own forces. Samuel Brady, therefore, was very much a part of this very crucial battle that gave the Americans their much needed victory and",
"title": "Samuel Brady"
},
{
"id": "1759127",
"text": "Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal battle during the American Revolutionary War which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey. After General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian mercenaries garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, almost two-thirds of the Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments. The Continental Army had previously suffered several defeats",
"title": "Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "1759164",
"text": "ball, which severed an artery. Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death. The hours before the battle served as the inspiration for the painting \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\" by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. The image in the painting, in which Washington stands majestic in his boat as it crosses the Delaware River, is generally believed to be more symbolic than historically accurate. The waters of the river were icy and treacherous, and the flag Monroe holds was not created until six months after the battle. In addition, contrary to the painting, the crossing occurred",
"title": "Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "5466676",
"text": "Island, and figured prominently in the Battle of Trenton. On the night of December 25–26, 1776 General George Washington crossed the Delaware River with his troops on the way to Trenton, New Jersey. The Hessian regiments, camped in and around Trenton, were attacked and decisively defeated by the American Continental Army. The Hessians had supposedly let their guard down to celebrate the Christmas holiday, and (legend has it) Rall himself was misled by John Honeyman, a spy of Washington who convincingly posed as a loyalist. According to one account, Rall was busy playing cards/chess the night before the attack at",
"title": "Johann Rall"
},
{
"id": "4048538",
"text": "David Shulman. It refers to the scene in the painting, and is a 14-line rhyming sonnet of which every line is an anagram of the title. The movie poster of the 2011 film \"Winnie the Pooh\" features the characters of Winnie and his friends in a honeypot, floating in honey. Tigger is the rower, with Winnie stylized as Washington. Washington Crossing the Delaware Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze. It commemorates General George Washington during his famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December",
"title": "Washington Crossing the Delaware"
},
{
"id": "11842274",
"text": "Washington's Crossing Washington's Crossing is the location of Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 in the American Revolutionary War. This daring maneuver led to victory in the Battle of Trenton and altered the course of the war. The site, a National Historic Landmark, is composed of state parks in Washington Crossing, New Jersey, and Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, north of Trenton, New Jersey. The Washington's Crossing site is located north of Yardley, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey. The main commemorative sites are located north of a road bridge spanning the river. Each year on",
"title": "Washington's Crossing"
},
{
"id": "5062213",
"text": "made by character Sarah Phillips of Washington's follow-up attack, where the army delayed its retreat to capture the now ill-defended British garrison at Princeton, New Jersey. The episode makes one minor historical error: footage of the Hessians' Christmas celebration depicts soldiers dancing to \"Silent Night\", at least forty years before the carol was written. The event was drunkenly recounted by comedian Craig Anstett on a special Christmas episode of Comedy Central's \"Drunk History\". George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, which occurred on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary",
"title": "George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River"
},
{
"id": "205251",
"text": "nearly died. In the aftermath of the battle, George Washington cited Monroe and William Washington for their bravery, and promoted Monroe to the rank of captain. After his wounds healed, Monroe returned to Virginia to recruit his own company of soldiers. Monroe's participation in the battle was memorialized in John Trumbull's painting, \"The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776\", as well as Emanuel Leutze's \"Washington Crossing the Delaware.\" Lacking the wealth to induce soldiers to join his company, Monroe instead asked his uncle to return him to the front. Monroe was assigned to the staff of General",
"title": "James Monroe"
},
{
"id": "2773",
"text": "entered winter quarters and were in a good place to resume campaigning. On December 25, 1776, Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River, and his army overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey the following morning, taking 900 prisoners. The decisive victory rescued the army's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton, but his efforts were repulsed on January 2. Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night, and defeated his rearguard the following day. The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies, as well",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "5059161",
"text": "weather, Washington manages to lift his weary soldiers' spirits, allowing the army to cross the river on the night of December 25–26, 1776. The crossing is done in one night, allowing the troops to attack Trenton at eight o' clock in the morning on December 26, 1776, and achieve a stunning victory, capturing almost all the Hessian garrison. The film claims that none of Washington's men were killed or even wounded. However, the Army's standard military history textbook, ROTCM 145-20, \"American Military History 1607-1958,\" states on page 61 that in fact two were killed in action, two were wounded, and",
"title": "The Crossing (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "6779320",
"text": "of winning and thus boost morale. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington made their crossing of the Delaware River. They took the Hessians stationed in Trenton by surprise; the Hessians were not prepared for an attack during a bad storm. In the ensuing Battle of Trenton in the morning of December 26, the Continental Army defeated the Hessians. The Americans attacked in groups, one down the two main streets from the North east, the other along the river road. The American cannons denied the Hessians the ability to form",
"title": "New Jersey in the American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "7129787",
"text": "the night of December 25–26, 1776, with 2,400 troops, Washington made the well known crossing of the Delaware River from Pennsylvania to New Jersey north of Trenton. The next morning, the Continental forces surprised the Hessians in a rout, giving the Americans a much-needed victory at the Battle of Trenton. With Washington, Honeyman had arranged for his mission to be confined in New Jersey and since the British were driven from the colony in 1777 his services were little needed, if at all. It had further been agreed upon, however, that Honeyman would continue to maintain his cover as a",
"title": "John Honeyman"
},
{
"id": "7748209",
"text": "of \"Moonlight and Magnolias\" was sold out in three weeks after publication. By 2015, Künstler had painted more than 350 Civil War subjects. He painted his final Civil War painting in 2015, depicting the end of the war, titled \"LaGrange vs. LaGrange.\" Some of his paintings have revised opinions of many about the accuracy of earlier paintings by others. One of Kunstler's more recent paintings has, according to recent historians, corrected some obvious inaccuracies of one America's most famous, the 1851 painting by Emmanuel Leutze, \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\", depicting Washington's 1776 surprise attack on the 30,000 German soldiers who",
"title": "Mort Künstler"
},
{
"id": "19920049",
"text": "Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. Trumbull did not use the prelude to the capture, namely the crossing of the Delaware River, as a subject. Artists did not paint that until 1819 by Thomas Sully and then notably by Emanuel Leutze. Trumbull's work drew criticism from historian and painter William Dunlap after he viewed it in the Trumbull Gallery at Yale in 1834: The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 is the title of an oil painting by the American artist John Trumbull depicting the capture of the",
"title": "The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776"
},
{
"id": "5058966",
"text": "the picnic pavilions, are open to the public from dawn to dusk all year. This very historical site holds a reenactment of General Washington crossing the Delaware River every Christmas Day, plus other public programs on related themes throughout the year. The park was included in the Washington's Crossing National Historic Landmark designation in 1961, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, General George Washington and a small army of 2,400 men crossed the Delaware River at McConkey's Ferry, Pennsylvania on their way to attack a Hessian garrison",
"title": "Washington Crossing Historic Park"
},
{
"id": "1205065",
"text": "and men of the Continental Army and militia crossed the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 and marched to Trenton, New Jersey. There they attacked and defeated Hessian troops quartered in and around the village. This surprise attack and victory set the stage for Washington's subsequent victories at the Second Battle of Trenton and Princeton. The Crossing and the Trenton/Princeton campaign have become known as the Ten Crucial Days — a campaign that saved Washington's army from defeat, allowing them to fight another day and achieve ultimate victory. The township's recreational facilities include 92-acre Macclesfield Park, which",
"title": "Lower Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "916230",
"text": "named after the town of High Wycombe. Bucks County was originally much larger than it is today. Northampton County was formed in 1752 from part of Bucks County, and Lehigh County was formed in 1812 from part of Northampton County. General George Washington and his troops camped in Bucks County as they prepared to cross the Delaware River to take Trenton, New Jersey, by surprise on the morning of December 26, 1776. Their successful attack on Britain's Hessian forces was a turning point in the American War of Independence. The town of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania and Washington Crossing Historic Park",
"title": "Bucks County, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "9436115",
"text": "on an outpost of Hessians in Trenton. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington led his forces across the Delaware River and surprised the Hessian garrison, capturing 1,000 men. This action significantly boosted the army's morale, but it also brought Cornwallis out of New York. He reassembled an army of more than 6,000 men, and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton. Leaving a garrison of 1,200 at Princeton, Cornwallis then attacked Washington's position on January 2, 1777, and was three times repulsed before darkness set in. During the night Washington evacuated the",
"title": "George Washington in the American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "1714480",
"text": "Battle of Princeton The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought near Princeton, New Jersey on January 3, 1777. General Lord Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood in Princeton. Following a surprise attack at Trenton early in the morning of December 26, 1776, General George Washington of the Continental Army decided to attack the British in New Jersey before entering winter quarters. On December 30, he crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey. His troops followed on January 3, 1777. Washington advanced to Princeton by a",
"title": "Battle of Princeton"
},
{
"id": "10852437",
"text": "resistance, he took advantage of it to organize an attack on an outpost of Hessians in Trenton. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington led his forces across the Delaware River and surprised the Hessian garrison, capturing 1,000 Hessians. This action significantly boosted the army's morale, but it also brought Cornwallis out of New York. He reassembled an army of more than 6,000 men, and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton. Leaving a garrison of 1,200 at Princeton, Cornwallis then attacked Washington's position on January 2, 1777, and was three times repulsed",
"title": "Military career of George Washington"
},
{
"id": "20374",
"text": "The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington's intelligence network. The British also took New Jersey, pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania. Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton, thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey. The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging, and have become iconic events of the war. In 1777, the British sent Burgoyne's invasion force from Canada south to New York",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "2187487",
"text": "General George Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians on the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of 1,400 was wiped out by the Continentals, with about 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 1,000 captured. The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers. Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farm hands. By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of",
"title": "Hessian (soldier)"
},
{
"id": "1150807",
"text": "Pennington and Hopewell Borough in 1915. Hopewell Township includes the location (now known as Washington Crossing) along the east side of the Delaware River to which George Washington and the Continental Army crossed from Pennsylvania. Once in Hopewell Township, the army marched to Trenton on December 26, 1776. The Battle of Trenton followed. Today, Washington Crossing State Park commemorates this important milestone in American history. Hopewell Township was also the location where -- two months after being abducted from his home in neighboring East Amwell -- the body of Charles Lindbergh Jr. was discovered on May 12, 1932. According to",
"title": "Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "1759166",
"text": "Inf, 125th QM Co, 175th Inf, 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn) and one currently-active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1–5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Trenton. There are thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots. Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal battle during the American Revolutionary War which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey. After General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the",
"title": "Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "19920044",
"text": "The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 is the title of an oil painting by the American artist John Trumbull depicting the capture of the Hessian soldiers at the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. The focus is on General George Washington aiding the mortally wounded Hessian Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall. Nearly 900 Hessians were captured at the battle. It is one of Trumbull's series of historical paintings on the war, which also includes the \"Declaration of Independence\"",
"title": "The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776"
},
{
"id": "5058731",
"text": "Christmas Day the town performs a re-enactment of Washington Crossing the Delaware River. The town of Washington Crossing has an array of shops including a pizza restaurant, a bank and a jewelry store. As part of Washington's Crossing, the community was named a US National Historic Landmark in 1961. Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, is a small unincorporated village located in Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 18977. Formerly known as \"Taylorsville,\" it is most famous for Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 during the American Revolutionary",
"title": "Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "10064323",
"text": "he served as a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania militia. On July 4, 1776, Ewing was commissioned a brigadier general in the Pennsylvania militia. Characterized by historian David Hackett Fischer as a \"hard-driving Scotch-Irish border chieftain\", Ewing commanded a brigade of five regiments at the time of Washington's crossing of the Delaware on the night of December 25–26, 1776, in a surprise attack on the Hessian forces in Trenton, New Jersey. Ewing's force, positioned directly across from Trenton, was unable to cross the river because of the ice. Although Ewing has sometimes been criticized by historians for failing to join Washington",
"title": "James Ewing (Pennsylvania)"
},
{
"id": "5059608",
"text": "and it won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for History. Washington's Crossing (book) Washington's Crossing is a Pulitzer Prize-winning book written by David Hackett Fischer and part of the \"Pivotal Moments in American History\" series. It is primarily about George Washington's leadership during the 1776 campaign of the American Revolutionary War, culminating with the famous crossing of the Delaware River and the subsequent campaign, with the Battle of Trenton, the Second Battle of Trenton, and the Battle of Princeton. Fischer discusses the historical context of the crossing, including the crossing's precursors, the intensity of effort required to make the crossing itself,",
"title": "Washington's Crossing (book)"
},
{
"id": "5059605",
"text": "Washington's Crossing (book) Washington's Crossing is a Pulitzer Prize-winning book written by David Hackett Fischer and part of the \"Pivotal Moments in American History\" series. It is primarily about George Washington's leadership during the 1776 campaign of the American Revolutionary War, culminating with the famous crossing of the Delaware River and the subsequent campaign, with the Battle of Trenton, the Second Battle of Trenton, and the Battle of Princeton. Fischer discusses the historical context of the crossing, including the crossing's precursors, the intensity of effort required to make the crossing itself, and the effects upon the outcome of the American",
"title": "Washington's Crossing (book)"
},
{
"id": "681532",
"text": "city was the site of the Battle of Trenton, George Washington's first military victory. On December 25–26, 1776, Washington and his army, after crossing the icy Delaware River to Trenton, defeated the Hessian troops garrisoned there. After the war, the Confederation Congress briefly met in Trenton in November and December 1784. While the city was preferred by New England and other northern states as a permanent capital for the new country, the southern states ultimately prevailed in their choice of a location south of the Mason–Dixon line. Trenton became the state capital in 1790, but prior to that year the",
"title": "Trenton, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "7003625",
"text": "wounded casualties, and 2,838 men captured. Under the usual treatment of prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War, only 800 survived their captivity to be released 18 months later in a prisoner exchange; nearly three-quarters of the prisoners died. Three days after the fall of Fort Washington, the Patriots abandoned Fort Lee. Washington and the army retreated through New Jersey and crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania northwest of Trenton, pursued as far as New Brunswick, New Jersey by British forces. After about one month, on the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware and defeated the",
"title": "Battle of Fort Washington"
},
{
"id": "20857585",
"text": "battle while on Washington's staff. On December 25–26, 1776, during George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, Webb was in Washington's boat. He was shot off his horse later on December 26, while carrying orders across the battlefield at the Battle of Trenton. While he was recovering at home, Webb was promoted to the rank of regimental colonel by Washington in January 1777. He was given orders to recruit an additional Connecticut Regiment of the Continental Army. In December 1777, Colonel Webb was captured by a British warship. It was a custom of the day to offer parole to officers",
"title": "Samuel Blachley Webb"
},
{
"id": "3837188",
"text": "Middle School) and a high school (Hopewell Valley Central High School). Before regionalization of the school district in the 1950s, the high school was simply known as Central High School of Hopewell Township, and the moniker Central High School (sans the Hopewell Valley) still persists to some extent in the state of New Jersey as the school's (albeit incorrect) official name. General George Washington famously crossed the Delaware River from Pennsylvania to Titusville on the night of December 25–26, 1776, prior to the Battle of Trenton. Washington Crossing State Park in Titusville commemorates the location of the landing. The crossing",
"title": "Hopewell Valley, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "10479424",
"text": "last significant American presence in the area by capturing Fort Lee on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. After British General William Howe captured New York City from Washington in 1776 in the New York and New Jersey campaign, he began a slow advance south through New Jersey in the direction of the Continental Capital of Philadelphia. Samuel Brady was among those who handed General Howe an unpleasant setback, by crossing the Delaware River with General Washington to fight Howe's overconfident forces at the Battle of Trenton, which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776. Trenton,",
"title": "Samuel Brady"
},
{
"id": "5058960",
"text": "aides ate dinner and made plans prior to the crossing. Among the historic buildings is a 20th-century barn that houses 5 replica Durham Boats. Durham boats were large, open boats that were used to transport pig iron along the Delaware River at the time of the Revolution and these boats, along with the ferries and others, were used to transport soldiers, horses, and equipment across the river on the night of December 25–26, 1776. The replica boats are used each Christmas when the famous crossing is re-enacted in the park. Located 4.5 miles away in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania,",
"title": "Washington Crossing Historic Park"
},
{
"id": "16509793",
"text": "of Lords England and him and his descendants would suffer loss of title and property in the British Empire. To the right is a link to a picture of where Daniel Bray is buried. 8366.jpg Daniel Bray Daniel Bray (October 12, 1751 – December 5, 1819) was a Captain on General George Washington's staff during the American Revolutionary War. Captain Bray, along with members of the Hunterdon County Militia under his command, collected the boats necessary for crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 prior to the Battle of Trenton. After the war he became the",
"title": "Daniel Bray"
},
{
"id": "9793790",
"text": "force retreated, but Washington, alerted to the British movement, had by then retreated back into the hills. In March 1776 the British forces of Lieutenant General William Howe withdrew from Boston after Major General George Washington fortified high ground threatening the city and its harbor. With this army augmented by reinforcements from Europe, General Howe captured New York City, forcing Washington to retreat all the way across New Jersey. At the end of 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River and surprised German troops at Trenton, New Jersey, and eventually regained control of most of the state. The two armies then",
"title": "Battle of Short Hills"
},
{
"id": "12329796",
"text": "was unable to cross any of his troops (militia companies that had been assigned to the reserve force known as the Flying Camp earlier in the year) due to difficult icy conditions at the Trenton Ferry. Ewing's artillery did fire across the river during the battle. Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton was fought on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War campaign for New Jersey. In a surprise attack, the Continental Army led by George Washington attacked the winter quarters of a brigade composed primarily of German troops from Hesse-Kassel in Trenton,",
"title": "Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "5058730",
"text": "Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, is a small unincorporated village located in Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 18977. Formerly known as \"Taylorsville,\" it is most famous for Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. It is also the location of the headquarters of Washington Crossing Historic Park. It is directly across the river from Washington Crossing, New Jersey, to which it is connected by the Washington Crossing Bridge. One aspect of Washington Crossing that is special to this town is that every",
"title": "Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "1759128",
"text": "in New York and had been forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Morale in the army was low; to end the year on a positive note, George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army—devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26 and surround the Hessian garrison. Because the river was icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous. Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington with only 2,400 men under his command in the assault, 3,000 less than planned. The army marched south to Trenton. The Hessians had lowered their",
"title": "Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "10881770",
"text": "assigned base at Bordentown, New Jersey and in a position to assist Johann Rall's brigade in Trenton, New Jersey when it was attacked and defeated by George Washington after his troops crossed the Delaware on the night of December 25 1776. In July 1776 forces of Great Britain under the command of General William Howe landed on Staten Island. Over the next several months, Howe's forces, which were British Army regulars and auxiliary German troops usually referred to as Hessian, chased George Washington's Continental Army out of New York City and across New Jersey. Washington's army, which was shrinking in",
"title": "Battle of Iron Works Hill"
},
{
"id": "5363290",
"text": "off ice with an oar at Washington's knee in the painting \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\", painted 75 years after the event by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. Most historians doubt that there is any basis for this story. It is extremely unlikely that either General Whipple or Prince Whipple was present at the Battle of Trenton. At that time, General Whipple was serving in the Continental Congress, which had fled Philadelphia and reconvened in Baltimore, a distance of from Trenton. Moreover, Prince Whipple was not famous at the time the painting was commissioned, and it is unlikely that Leutze would",
"title": "Prince Whipple"
},
{
"id": "6786949",
"text": "(Hudson River). In the early morning hours of November 20, 1776, Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis led a British and Hessian army of about 2,500 soldiers across the Hudson to New Dock into New Jersey for an attack against Fort Lee, then defended by about 900 soldiers. Washington led his 2,000 troops in a retreat through present-day Fort Lee, Englewood and Teaneck across the Hackensack River at New Bridge. The hasty withdrawal of the American garrison across the Hackensack River at New Bridge preserved them from entrapment on the Bergen Neck, the narrow piece of land between the Hudson and Hackensack",
"title": "New Bridge Landing"
},
{
"id": "3949400",
"text": "Jersey became known as \"the Crisis of the Revolution\", because the enlistments of most of Washington's soldiers ended on New Year's Day 1777. There are rumors that Mercer exclusively originated Washington's plan to cross the Delaware River and surprise the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, and he was certainly a major contributor to its execution. Due to the victory at Trenton (and a small monetary bonus), Washington's men agreed to a ten-day extension to their enlistment. When Washington decided to face off with Cornwallis during the Second Battle of Trenton on January 2, 1777, Mercer",
"title": "Hugh Mercer"
},
{
"id": "12329792",
"text": "troops crossed. The divisions marched together for several miles before taking different roads into Trenton. Stephen's men led Major General Nathanael Greene's division southward along an inland road (which was accompanied by Washington and his entourage), while Major General John Sullivan's division followed a road along the river, intending to prevent the Hessians from retreating across the Assunpink Creek. Most of the figures in this listing are derived from a return prepared by George Washington on December 22, 1776, four days before the battle. Historian David Hackett Fischer includes estimates made by either himself or other historians for strength counts",
"title": "Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "8134210",
"text": "to a rise in Patriot militia enlistments. As early as mid-December, these militia companies were harassing British patrols, leading to incidents like Geary's ambush, in which a dragoon leader was killed, and increasing the level of tension in the British and German quarters. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware and surprised the Trenton outpost the following morning. Over the next two weeks, he went on to win two further battles at Assunpink Creek and Battle of Princeton, leading the British to retreat to northern New Jersey. General Washington established his headquarters at Morristown, separated from",
"title": "Forage War"
},
{
"id": "6575571",
"text": "the middle of the Hudson River for a strategy session with his senior officers in charge of New York, who rowed to meet him. On November 16, 1776 George Washington witnessed the battle for New York from across the river on the bluff of Fort Lee, above Burdett's Landing. Fort Lee was rendered defenseless after Continental Army troops holding Fort Washington were defeated and captured on November 16, 1776. The Royal Navy controlled the Hudson River. General William Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to \"clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement, and to do it quickly before",
"title": "Fort Lee Historic Park"
},
{
"id": "12329786",
"text": "Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton was fought on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War campaign for New Jersey. In a surprise attack, the Continental Army led by George Washington attacked the winter quarters of a brigade composed primarily of German troops from Hesse-Kassel in Trenton, New Jersey. The Hessian brigade was under the command of Colonel Johann Rall; he died of wounds sustained in the battle, and about two thirds of his men were taken prisoner. It was the first major victory after a long string of defeats that had resulted",
"title": "Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "16242653",
"text": "and 255 privates. The regiment saw action on Long Island and distinguished itself at the Battle of Throg's Neck and the Battle of Pell's Point, holding off a much larger British force to allow George Washington to withdraw from Manhattan to White Plains. The regiment then joined Washington in White Plains for that battle. The 26th Regiment also served at Trenton. On the night of December 25, 1776, in the face of a violent and extremely cold storm of snow and hail, General Washington and his army crossed the Delaware to the New Jersey side, and fought the Battle of",
"title": "26th Continental Regiment"
},
{
"id": "1722359",
"text": "his army. The British made the city their main political and military base of operations in North America, holding it until late 1783. Patriot evacuation and British military occupation made the city the destination for Loyalist refugees, and a focal point of Washington's intelligence network. The British soon seized New Jersey, and American fortunes looked dim; Thomas Paine proclaimed \"these are the times that try men's souls\". But Washington struck back in a surprise attack, crossing the icy Delaware River into New Jersey and defeated British armies at Trenton and Princeton, thereby regaining New Jersey. The victories gave an important",
"title": "History of the United States (1776–1789)"
},
{
"id": "1714354",
"text": "his troops for the winter. Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware, and Howe returned to New York, believing the campaign to be ended for the season. When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776, Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington. Cornwallis was frustrated in this, with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton. Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter. Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat",
"title": "William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe"
},
{
"id": "1143783",
"text": "The Mount in Mount Holly, where they engaged in a three-day-long artillery exchange, known as the Battle of Iron Works Hill or Battle of Mount Holly, with the Americans on Iron Works Hill. The Americans slipped away that night. After George Washington crossed the Delaware River on December 25, 1776, the fact that thousands of Hessian troops had been drawn to Mount Holly aided in the Continental Army's success in the Battle of Trenton the next day, a surprising American victory that helped turn the Army's fading morale after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington just weeks",
"title": "Mount Holly, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "5059157",
"text": "The Crossing (2000 film) The Crossing is a 2000 American made-for-television historical film about George Washington crossing the Delaware River and the Battle of Trenton, directed by Robert Harmon. Based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast, it stars Jeff Daniels as George Washington. Also appearing in the film are Roger Rees as Hugh Mercer, Sebastian Roche as John Glover and Steven McCarthy as Alexander Hamilton. The film opens with the retreat of the Continental Army across New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War, after repeated losses and defeats during the campaign of 1776. After the army",
"title": "The Crossing (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "20073459",
"text": "British managed to break the Continental's defenses at Chatterton Hill, now known as Battle Hill. Once the British managed to reach the top of the hill, Washington was forced to retreat. The main positive for Washington after this battle was that he managed to avoid being enveloped by the British Army. Washington ordered his men to retreat across the Hudson River, eventually reaching New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Because Washington was able to preserve what was left of his army, this retreat would eventually lead to the successful surprise attacks on Trenton, New Jersey and Princeton, New Jersey in December of",
"title": "History of the Hudson River"
},
{
"id": "17566783",
"text": "the capture of close to 3,000 Continental troops. Following the conquest of Manhattan, Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to \"clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement, and to do it quickly before the weather changed.\" Cornwallis' force drove Washington's army entirely from New Jersey and across the Delaware River. However, in the pre-dawn hours of December 26, Washington crossed back into New Jersey and captured a garrison of Hessians at Trenton. Several days later, Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis at Assunpink Creek and overwhelmed a British outpost at Princeton on January 3, 1777. Cornwallis rallied and again drove Washington",
"title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "1714481",
"text": "back road, where he pushed back a smaller British force but had to retreat before Cornwallis arrived with reinforcements. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were a boost to the morale of the Continental troops, leading many recruits to join the Continental Army in the spring. After defeating the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776, Washington withdrew back to Pennsylvania. He subsequently decided to attack the British forces before going into winter quarters. On December 29, he led his army back into Trenton. On the night of January 2, 1777, Washington repulsed a",
"title": "Battle of Princeton"
},
{
"id": "7824921",
"text": "next day. General John Burgoyne, in his capacity as colonel of the 16th, wrote to Admiral Geary: This ambush and similar militia attacks resulted in British troops reducing the range of their scouting forays, as the danger of going further than about from Trenton was significant. This was crucial when the Americans began massing boats along the Delaware River prior to Washington's crossing of the Delaware that culminated with the Battle of Trenton on 26 December 1776. Geary's troops were stationed only from the river and Malta Island, the staging area for the crossing. Hunterdon County traditions claim that Geary's",
"title": "Ambush of Geary"
},
{
"id": "5085270",
"text": "upon Colonel Gerrish's retirement in August 1775, he was placed in command of the regiment, and was soon commissioned colonel. Until the end of 1775, Baldwin and his men remained near Boston, but in April 1776, he was ordered with his command to New York City. He took part in the Battle of Pell's Point on October 18, 1776. On the night of December 25–26, in the face of a violent and extremely cold storm of snow and hail, General Washington and his army crossed the Delaware to the New Jersey side, and fought the Battle of Trenton on the",
"title": "Loammi Baldwin"
},
{
"id": "14763158",
"text": "with the land being acquired through an auction by William Keith in 1761. During the American Revolutionary War, the house was headquarters for General George Washington from December 14 to December 24, 1776. It was the location from which Washington planned the crossing of the Delaware River and subsequent Battle of Trenton. Legend has it that the Keith House's spring house was where double agent John Honeyman was imprisoned to inform Washington of the plans of the Hessian troops in Trenton. The house was kept in Keith family for 133 years. After the death of John Slack Keith, the house",
"title": "Keith House-Washington's Headquarters"
},
{
"id": "12144045",
"text": "across the ice-choked Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776. The other figure is modeled after a likeness of Private Blair McClenachan, of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop, a unit which also took part in the battle. The monument is located in an area of the city known as \"Five Points\". It was here, at the intersection of Warren (King) Street, North Broad (Queen) Street, Brunswick, Pennington and Princeton Avenues, that the American artillery was placed. From this high vantage point, they dominated the streets of Trenton, preventing the Hessian troops from organizing an effective counterattack. A movement",
"title": "Trenton Battle Monument"
},
{
"id": "19920048",
"text": "alone holds a sword in the painting. Next to him are Colonels Edward Wigglesworth and William Shepard. American Major General Nathanael Greene is shown on the right on a light-colored horse, facing Washington. Behind Greene are American Generals John Sullivan, Henry Knox, Philemon Dickinson, John Glover, and George Weedon. Standing to the right of Greene is Captain William Washington, who was wounded in his hand during the battle. In the foreground, a fallen Hessian flag is shown. Washington was later presented one as a war trophy. A large scale version ( × ), finished in 1831, is owned by the",
"title": "The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776"
},
{
"id": "2950529",
"text": "part of Washington Crossing State Park. The Washington Crossing Visitor Center Museum focuses on the American Revolution and the military campaign known as the \"Ten Crucial Days\" from December 25, 1776, through January 3, 1777. During this time the Continental Army crossed the Delaware River, and the Battle of Trenton, the Second Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Princeton occurred. The museum houses over 700 period objects. The Johnson Ferry House, an 18th-century farmhouse and tavern near the Delaware River, was owned by Garret Johnson, who operated a plantation and a ferry service across the Delaware. It was likely",
"title": "Washington Crossing State Park"
},
{
"id": "13123227",
"text": "In September 1968, Conway starred as a rancher in the \"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color\" two-part episode \"Boomerang, Dog of Many Talents\". Conway appeared in historical roles on CBS's \"You Are There\", narrated by Walter Cronkite and aired between 1953 and 1955. The episodes included \"The Boston Tea Party\", \"The Assassination of Julius Caesar\", \"The Resolve of Patrick Henry\", and \"Washington Crosses the Delaware\", with Conway portraying General George Washington in the December 25, 1776, crossing of the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into Trenton, New Jersey. In 1969, Conway played Maxy Parker, bewildered father of the rebellious 16-year-old George",
"title": "Russ Conway (actor)"
},
{
"id": "2609065",
"text": "the Jerseys, and our army being greatly reduced, I was ordered to march with three of the companies to be under the command of His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief.\" This was the first example of a battalion of Marines about to serve as an actual fighting unit under the direct command of Army authority. The Marines did not, however, engage in the attack on Trenton, on 26 December 1776 which followed General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River. They were attached to General John Cadwalader's division, which was ordered to cross the Delaware to Burlington, New Jersey, south of Trenton,",
"title": "Samuel Nicholas"
},
{
"id": "6961661",
"text": "Pennsylvania Route 32 Pennsylvania Route 32 (PA 32) is a scenic two-lane highway that runs along the side of the Delaware River in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It begins at U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Falls Township outside of Morrisville and ends at PA 611 in the village of Kintnersville in Nockamixon. PA 32 passes through Washington Crossing Historic Park, a Revolutionary War-themed historical park on the site of George Washington's crossing on the night of December 25–26, 1776. It also passes through the boroughs of Morrisville, Yardley, and New Hope. PA 32 was first designated in 1927 to run",
"title": "Pennsylvania Route 32"
},
{
"id": "5057536",
"text": "of New York City. Hazelwood was instrumental in preventing German troops from quartering in Burlington, New Jersey, a town sympathetic to the Loyalist cause, by bombarding it when troops were spotted there. This forced their commander, Carl von Donop, to quarter his troops much more widely, and may have contributed to Washington's successful battle at Trenton on December 26, 1776. The Pennsylvania State Navy was responsible for defense of the river when Philadelphia was occupied by British General Sir William Howe, and the Royal Navy wanted to resupply Howe's army. At first the combined Pennsylvania and Continental fleet was successful,",
"title": "Pennsylvania Navy"
},
{
"id": "7602500",
"text": "1934 within the Washington Crossing Historic Park at the site where George Washington's army camped during the American Revolutionary War. Just five miles south of the preserve, Washington and his men crossed the Delaware River to fight and win the Battle of Trenton in 1776. Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve (134 acres) is a nature preserve, botanical garden, and accredited museum located at 1635 River Road (Pennsylvania Route 32), New Hope, Pennsylvania. It is open daily except for major holidays; an admission fee is charged to nonmembers. A non-profit organization, Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve Association Inc., maintains",
"title": "Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve"
},
{
"id": "6786950",
"text": "Rivers. They continued westward, crossing the Passaic River on the Acquakanonk Bridge, which was dismantled. Washington continued his retreat through early December, passing through Princeton and Trenton on the way towards and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. According to tradition, Thomas Paine composed the first tract of \"The American Crisis\" - a series of essays intended to rally American resolve during the darkest hours of the war - at Newark using a drumhead for a desk and a campfire for illumination. Published on December 19, 1776, only six days before Washington's victory at Trenton reversed the declining fortunes of",
"title": "New Bridge Landing"
},
{
"id": "16509788",
"text": "Daniel Bray Daniel Bray (October 12, 1751 – December 5, 1819) was a Captain on General George Washington's staff during the American Revolutionary War. Captain Bray, along with members of the Hunterdon County Militia under his command, collected the boats necessary for crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776 prior to the Battle of Trenton. After the war he became the general in the New Jersey state Militia. He was married to Mary Wolverton. Children of Daniel Bray and Mary Wolverton are: Elizabeth Bray, b. January 24, 1775, d. date unknown. Delilah Bray, b. February 1,",
"title": "Daniel Bray"
},
{
"id": "6779319",
"text": "and supplies were captured by the British. Washington then led his 2,000 troops from Fort Lee in a retreat through present-day Englewood and Teaneck across the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing. Washington continued his retreat through early December, passing through Princeton on the way to the Delaware River. The Ten Crucial Days were ten days at the end of December 1776 and the first week of January 1777, where several decisive battles were fought between the Continental Army under George Washington and the British army, mostly under Charles Cornwallis. Washington badly needed a victory to prove his army's hope",
"title": "New Jersey in the American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "1143214",
"text": "Places. During November 1776, General George Washington passed through Teaneck in the aftermath of the Battle of Fort Lee, as part of the hasty retreat of ragtag Colonial forces from Fort Lee on the Hudson River in the wake of the successful British invasion and defeat of Continental Army forces in Manhattan on the opposite side of the river during the Battle of Fort Washington. Early on the morning of November 20, 1776, Washington rode by horseback from his headquarters in Hackensack through Teaneck and across Overpeck Creek to Fort Lee. There he watched as 6,000 British troops travel up",
"title": "Teaneck, New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "6575572",
"text": "the weather changed.\" The force included Hessian units commanded by Colonel Carl von Donop. The invasion of New Jersey began the night of November 19–20, when 5,000 British troops ferried across the Hudson on barges and began landing near New Dock Landing (present-day Alpine). George Washington and Nathanael Greene quickly ordered the evacuation of the fort on the morning of November 20, 1776. The soldiers then began a hasty retreat west, crossing the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing and the Passaic River at Acquackanonk Bridge It was during Washington's retreat (beginning along a road which is now Main Street)",
"title": "Fort Lee Historic Park"
},
{
"id": "9007164",
"text": "attack on German Hessian allied mercenaries at Trenton in New Jersey on Christmas night, the morning of December 26, 1776. The regiment was disbanded as enlistments expired at year's end. Glover went home to tend to his sick wife and look to business affairs. He turned down a promotion to brigadier general in February 1777, but rejoined the war and accepted the promotion after a personal appeal from General Washington. As commander of a brigade made up of four Massachusetts regiments, he served in the successful Saratoga campaign along the Hudson River in the summer and fall of 1777 and",
"title": "John Glover (general)"
},
{
"id": "4543986",
"text": "Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Matlack was one of the most powerful men in the new state during the war years. In 1780, his government passed an Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery. The Philadelphia and Pennsylvania militia crossed the Delaware River with Washington on December 27, 1776, and Colonel Matlack and his 5th Rifle Battalion were part of the expedition. Washington credited the Pennsylvania militia for their timely service in this campaign, and other officers commended the force for its manliness and spirit. Following the British occupation of Philadelphia, Washington assigned Benedict Arnold to the post of Commandant of",
"title": "Timothy Matlack"
},
{
"id": "17183883",
"text": "having as the surgeon of his fleet Benjamin Rush, and while holding this command he made a successful defence of the Delaware River. He was appointed, 7 June 1776, to the highest grade in the Continental Navy, and assigned to one of its four largest ships, the 32-gun frigate \"George Washington\", then being built on the Delaware River. While awaiting the completion of his ship he volunteered for land service, and was sent as captain by the committee of safety to join George Washington. He gave valuable assistance in the crossing of the Delaware, and at the Battle of Trenton",
"title": "Thomas Read (naval officer)"
},
{
"id": "18926860",
"text": "For Washington For Washington is a 1911 American silent short historical fiction drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company. The film is a fictional account of how a patriotic maid's home is taken over by Hessian officers in the American Revolutionary War. She hides her hatred of them and plies them with drink before delivering a message to George Washington. She leads them in crossing of the Delaware River and the historic capture. The film's crossing scene was inspired by Emmanuel Leutze's \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\". The film was praised by critics, but the notion that the film was purely",
"title": "For Washington"
},
{
"id": "1205289",
"text": "none of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over. George Washington and the Continental Army crossed the Delaware River here the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War in preparation for the Battle of Trenton. The Brownsburg Village Historic District, Buckmanville Historic District, John Burroughs Homestead, Dolington Village Historic District, John Chapman House, Eagle Tavern, Hayhurst Farm, Keith House-Washington's Headquarters, Makefield Meeting and Smith Family Farmstead are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania Upper Makefield Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United",
"title": "Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "2576609",
"text": "the hill, Washington was forced to retreat. The main positive for Washington after this battle was that he managed to avoid being enveloped by the British Army. Washington ordered his men to retreat across the Hudson River, eventually reaching New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Because Washington was able to preserve what was left of his army, this retreat would eventually lead to the successful surprise attacks on Trenton, New Jersey and Princeton, New Jersey in December of the same year. Fort Washington in Upper Manhattan later fell after this retreat. Once Washington retreated to Pennsylvania, New England militias had to fortify",
"title": "Hudson Valley"
},
{
"id": "3080188",
"text": "5,000 at the Closter Dock Landing on November 20, 1776. In an effort to ambush American General George Washington and crush the rebellion in the wake of the rebel's defeat in the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Fort Washington, Cornwallis marched his men up the steep Palisades and southward through the Northern Valley. Washington, stationed at Fort Lee, was alerted to the ambush effort by an unknown horseback patriot, remembered only as the Closter Rider, and successfully fled west through Englewood and over the Hackensack River, avoiding capture in what is remembered as Washington's Retreat. The Palisades were",
"title": "The Palisades (Hudson River)"
},
{
"id": "18926861",
"text": "a historical fiction was lost on some. The film is presumed lost. The film is a historical fiction of the events leading up to George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River. An official synopsis of the film states: \"We all know of Washington's remarkable feat in crossing the Delaware River at Trenton with half of his command, surprising the Hessians and making them his prisoners; but how advance word of helplessness of his enemy reached the great general has ever been a matter of much mystery.\" There is no historical basis for such a claim as critics would highlight. The",
"title": "For Washington"
},
{
"id": "6524411",
"text": "the station as being in neighboring Hackensack. The station was built in 1870, as part of the northern extension of the New Jersey and New York Railroad from Hackensack's station at Essex Street. The station depot was demolished in 1978 and replaced by a shelter. The station is named for the nearby tide mill hamlet New Bridge Landing, where George Washington and Thomas Paine crossed the narrows of the Hackensack River in his retreat after the loss of Fort Washington during the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776. This line runs north-south to Hoboken Terminal with connections via",
"title": "New Bridge Landing station"
},
{
"id": "77639",
"text": "settlers of Bethlehem, Nazareth and Lititz in Pennsylvania and the Wachovia Settlements in North Carolina, were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas. The Moravians in Bethlehem had the first Christmas trees in America as well as the first Nativity Scenes. Christmas fell out of favor in the United States after the American Revolution, when it was considered an English custom. George Washington attacked Hessian (German) mercenaries on the day after Christmas during the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, Christmas being much more popular in Germany than in America at this time. With the atheistic Cult of Reason in power during",
"title": "Christmas"
},
{
"id": "151210",
"text": "on Christmas Eve to devise a surprise attack on the Hessian garrison at Trenton. Code named \"Victory or Death\", the plan was for the army to make separate crossings of the Delaware in three divisions, one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500), all reaching the Hessians at Trenton. Washington's force would then be split, with him taking the Pennington Road, and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge. Washington first ordered a 60-mile search for barges to transport his army, particularly Durham boats, and ordered the",
"title": "George Washington"
},
{
"id": "5059606",
"text": "Revolutionary War made possible by the success of the crossing and the brilliant exploitation. He follows up with more than 180 pages, divided into appendices, source citations, and acknowledgements. Using as his starting point, the famous painting \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\" by Emmanuel Leutze, Fischer continues through the shift in momentum resulting from this campaign. He shows that before the crossing, the British were intent upon attacking and defeating the revolutionaries. After the crossing and subsequent campaign, the British focused on being attacked. Fischer proceeds through the aftermath and finishes with a discussion of how a new, American way of",
"title": "Washington's Crossing (book)"
},
{
"id": "205250",
"text": "As the fledgling army valued literacy in its officers, Monroe was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant, serving under Captain William Washington. After months of training, Monroe and seven hundred Virginia infantrymen were called north to serve in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Shortly after the Virginians arrived, George Washington led the army in a retreat from New York City into New Jersey and then across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. In December, Monroe took part in a surprise attack on a Hessian encampment. Though the attack was successful, Monroe suffered a severed artery in the battle and",
"title": "James Monroe"
},
{
"id": "5853948",
"text": "Richard Clough Anderson Jr. Richard Clough Anderson Jr. (August 4, 1788 – July 24, 1826) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat from Jefferson County, Kentucky. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky. Anderson was born at Soldier's Retreat near Louisville, Kentucky. His father was a Revolutionary War lt. colonel in the 5th Virginia continentals, who led the advance of the Americans at the battle of Trenton (24 December 1776), crossing the Delaware River in the first boat. Anderson attended private schools, later graduating from The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg,",
"title": "Richard Clough Anderson Jr."
},
{
"id": "1759134",
"text": "the week before the battle, American advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets. The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger to his men, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton. Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology. Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river. On December 17 and 18, 1776, they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses. Washington put constant watches",
"title": "Battle of Trenton"
},
{
"id": "6575570",
"text": "on November 20, 1776 marked the successful invasion of New Jersey by British and Hessian forces and the subsequent general retreat of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Peter Bourdette's sixteen-year-old son, also named Peter, provided assistance by direct use of the landing. During the week leading up to the evacuation of Fort Lee he rowed back and forth across the river gathering information for General Washington on the anticipated movements of the British forces. Well after dark on the night before the battle for New York at Fort Washington, George Washington was rowed from Burdett's Landing to",
"title": "Fort Lee Historic Park"
},
{
"id": "6930085",
"text": "the army on November 22. As the end of 1776 approached, Washington faced a desperate situation. Morale was low, and the enlistments for many of his regiments, including the 14th, were set to expire at the end of the year. Washington decided to get one more battle in before these troops left the service. Howe had pursued Washington through New Jersey, but as Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, his troops had collected all the boats they could find, effectively preventing Howe's further advance. Howe halted his campaign for the winter, moving most of his army back to New",
"title": "14th Continental Regiment"
},
{
"id": "12144048",
"text": "on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. An inoperable elevator makes visiting the vantage point impossible. Trenton Battle Monument The Trenton Battle Monument is a massive column-type structure in the Battle Monument section of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It commemorates the December 26, 1776, Battle of Trenton, a pivotal victory for the Continental forces during the American Revolutionary War. Designed by John H. Duncan, the architect of Grant's Tomb, the monument is an early example of Beaux-Arts architecture in America. The design is based on \"The Monument\", a 1671 structure built to commemorate the Great",
"title": "Trenton Battle Monument"
},
{
"id": "4167105",
"text": "Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States is a famous oil-on-canvas painting by Howard Chandler Christy, depicting the Constitutional Convention signing the U.S. Constitution at Independence Hall in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. Along with \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\" by Emanuel Leutze, the painting is one of the most famous depictions of the early days of the United States. Christy created the painting in April 1940; it is so large (20 × 30') that he painted it in a sail loft. It currently is displayed",
"title": "Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Washington Crossing the Delaware context: Washington Crossing the Delaware Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze. It commemorates General George during his famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack against the German Hessian allied mercenary forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26. The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, and was destroyed in a bombing raid\n\nImmortalized in an 1851 painting by Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, which river did George Washington cross on Christmas night in 1776 before attacking the Hessian forces during the Battle of Trenton?",
"compressed_tokens": 220,
"origin_tokens": 221,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hopewell Valley, New Jersey context: Middle School and a high school (Hopewell Valley Central High School). Before regionalization of the school district in the 1950s, the high school was simply known as Central High School of Hopewell Township, and the moniker Central High School (sans the Hopewell Valley) still persists to some extent in the state of New Jersey as the school's (albeit incorrect) official name. General George Washington famously crossed the Delaware River from Pennsylvania to Titusville on the night of December 25–26, 1776, prior to the Battle of Trenton. Washington Crossing State Park in Titusville commemorates the location of the landing. The crossing\n\ntitle Washingtoning the Delaware context Shman. It refers scene, is a line rhyming sonnet of every line is an anagram of the title. poster of the 2 film \"innie the Pooh\" the characters of Winnie and his inoneypot, floating honey. Tigger is the rower, with Winnylized as Washington Washington Crossing the Del Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German-American E Leutze. It commemorates General George during his famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December\n\ntitle: Mercer New Jersey as located Princeton and listed the US. National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Founded February 2, 8, from portions surrounding counties, Mercer has a historical reaches back to pivotal battles of the American Revolutionary. On the night of December 2–26, 1776 General George Washington led American across Delaware to attack theessracks Trent on the morning of December 2 also known as First Battle of Trent Following battle, Washington back to.\ntitle: Theing0)ing ()0 American madevision about George Washington Riveron., stars Washington are Roger Hugh Mercer, Sebastian Roche as John Glover and Steven McCarthy as Alexander Hamilton. The film opens with the retreat of the Continental Army across New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War, after repeated losses and defeats during the campaign of 1776. After the army\n\nImmortalized in an 1851 painting by Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, which river did George Washington cross on Christmas night in 1776 before attacking the Hessian forces during the Battle of Trenton?",
"compressed_tokens": 527,
"origin_tokens": 14027,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,763 | What product is advertised with the slogan "When you care enough to send the very best?" | [
"Hall-Mark",
"Hall-mark",
"Hallmark",
"Hallmarks",
"Hall mark"
] | Hallmark | [
{
"id": "9368073",
"text": "Harlan Hogan Harlan Hogan (born September 30, 1946) is a voice actor and author. He has provided the voice-overs for countless commercials, documentaries and films. Many famous advertising catch phrases such as: \"Strong enough for a man...\", \"You never get a second chance to make a first impression...\", \"When you care enough to send the very best...\" and \"Quaker Life, It's the cereal even Mikey likes...\", ranked 10th in TV Guides list of best commercials, have been performed by Harlan. He has also written several books on the subject of voice acting. Hogan worked his way through Illinois Wesleyan University",
"title": "Harlan Hogan"
},
{
"id": "12355593",
"text": "– their first international business venture. In 1944, it adopted its current slogan, \"When you care enough to send the very best.\" It was created by C. E. Goodman, a Hallmark marketing and sales executive, and written on a 3x5 card. The card is on display at the company headquarters. In 1951, Hall sponsored a television program for NBC that gave rise to the \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\", which has won 80 Emmy Awards. Hallmark now has its own cable television channel, the Hallmark Channel which was established in 2001. For a period of about 15 years, Hallmark owned a",
"title": "Hallmark Cards"
},
{
"id": "1804463",
"text": "are visible only when the chip package is opened and examined under magnification. The 1984 CVAX microchip implementation of the MicroVAX CPU contained in its etchings the Russian phrase in the Cyrillic alphabet \"VAX: When you care enough to steal the very best\", placed there because, \"knowing that some CVAXs would end up in the USSR, the team wanted the Russians to know that we were thinking of them\". American comic book artists are known to include hidden messages in their art: Easter eggs are found on films, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs, often as deleted scenes or bonus features. Klinger",
"title": "Easter egg (media)"
},
{
"id": "445390",
"text": "VAX models. This wide range of platforms (mainframe to workstation) using one architecture was unique in the computer industry at that time. Sundry graphics were etched onto the CVAX microprocessor die. The phrase \"CVAX... when you care enough to steal the very best\" was etched in broken Russian as a play on a Hallmark Cards slogan, intended as a message to Soviet engineers who were known to be both purloining DEC computers for military applications and reverse engineering their chip design. In DEC's product offerings, the VAX architecture was eventually superseded by RISC technology. In 1989 DEC introduced a range",
"title": "VAX"
},
{
"id": "9856021",
"text": "its new managing director Frank Lowe (later Sir Frank), and set the tone for what is now viewed as a golden creative period in British advertising. Clients included Harvey’s Bristol Cream, Bird’s Eye, Parker pens, Fiat, Ford, Acrilan, Pretty Polly and Ronson. Campaign slogans which entered the national consciousness include \"Happiness is a cigar called Hamlet\" and \"Land Rover. The best 4 x 4 x far.\" \"Heineken refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach\" (1974). ( 1979 ) Heineken Galley Slave commercial. These, and commercials for Hovis (by Ridley Scott, 1973) and Cinzano (Alan Parker, 1978), all appear in the",
"title": "Collett Dickenson Pearce"
},
{
"id": "8315157",
"text": "Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company The Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company (also known as Helme Tobacco Company) of Wheeling, West Virginia was a tobacco company. They were best known for their Mail Pouch chewing tobacco. Mail Pouch was a popular chew advertised on over 20,000 barns, most of which were located in the rural Ohio River Valley. Each barn had an end or side painted with the familiar Mail Pouch lettering and advertising, \"Treat yourself to the best.\" The brothers began manufacturing cigars in 1879 as a side-line to Samuel Bloch's wholesale grocery business. It was discovered that the left-over cigar clippings",
"title": "Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company"
},
{
"id": "8315158",
"text": "could be flavored and packaged in a paper bag, and then sold. Mail Pouch chewing tobacco is still produced by Swisher International Group. Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company The Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company (also known as Helme Tobacco Company) of Wheeling, West Virginia was a tobacco company. They were best known for their Mail Pouch chewing tobacco. Mail Pouch was a popular chew advertised on over 20,000 barns, most of which were located in the rural Ohio River Valley. Each barn had an end or side painted with the familiar Mail Pouch lettering and advertising, \"Treat yourself to the best.\" The",
"title": "Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company"
},
{
"id": "5928608",
"text": "Wagstaff's suave style led to his advertising Benson & Hedges cigarettes, with the tagline \"When only the best will do ... and isn't that all the time?\" In a 2003 interview published in \"The Age\", journalist Chris Beck commented: The Non Smokers' Movement of Australia website (issue 18, May–June 1997) wrote in \"Smoking Frontman Expresses Late Regrets\": After a three year stint in Hollywood, working in film and television, Wagstaff returned to Australia in 1975 and was immediately kept busy with TV appearances all over the country, including being a regular panellist on Channel 9's \"Celebrity Squares\", then two years",
"title": "Stuart Wagstaff"
},
{
"id": "14521667",
"text": "Wolf's Head (motor oil) Wolf's Head motor oil company manufactures various weights of motor oil, synthetic oil, and other automotive fluids. The company was founded in Pennsylvania as \"Pennsylvania Crude\" in 1879. Presently, its company headquarters is in Tampa, Florida. The company slogans are \"The Finest Of The Fine Since 1879\" and \"Run With The Wolf\". The oil is marketed as \"superior performance, but exceptional value\" and has been well respected in the muscle car community. The trademark was originally registered to Pennzoil (now owned by Shell) until at least 2009. The trademark is currently registered to Amalie Oil Company.",
"title": "Wolf's Head (motor oil)"
},
{
"id": "14521668",
"text": "Wolf's Head (motor oil) Wolf's Head motor oil company manufactures various weights of motor oil, synthetic oil, and other automotive fluids. The company was founded in Pennsylvania as \"Pennsylvania Crude\" in 1879. Presently, its company headquarters is in Tampa, Florida. The company slogans are \"The Finest Of The Fine Since 1879\" and \"Run With The Wolf\". The oil is marketed as \"superior performance, but exceptional value\" and has been well respected in the muscle car community. The trademark was originally registered to Pennzoil (now owned by Shell) until at least 2009. The trademark is currently registered to Amalie Oil Company.",
"title": "Wolf's Head (motor oil)"
},
{
"id": "6562224",
"text": "Fudge (chocolate bar) Fudge is a brand of chocolate bar manufactured by Cadbury. It is a bar of fudge in a semi-circular cross-section covered in a layer of milk chocolate. Produced in small bite size bars and in larger bars, the Fudge continues to be produced and sold in countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was launched in 1948, originally under the name \"Milk Fudge\" which later became simply Fudge. In the 1970s through to the early 1990s Fudge was advertised with the famous slogan \"A finger of fudge is just enough to give your kids a",
"title": "Fudge (chocolate bar)"
},
{
"id": "10957902",
"text": "In 1994, the agency rebranded the vehicle breakdown service The Automobile Association as \"The Fourth Emergency Service\", and was responsible for the line 'It does exactly what it says on the tin' for Ronseal. In October 1996, HHCL created the commercial St George for Blackcurrant Tango. The commercial was voted one of the 100 best commercials of all time. In 1997, HHCL and the brand consultancy, Wolff Olins jointly launched the airline, Go. In August 2000, Time UK handed its advertising account to HHCL, which saw the end of the adverts featuring Leonard Nimoy of \"Star Trek\". A campaign for",
"title": "HHCL"
},
{
"id": "104586",
"text": "over 23 million pounds in 1960 to over 35 million pounds in 1970. William Lutz's book \"The Rule of Parity\" illustrates how doublespeak is being employed in the advertising industry. Lutz uses the example of parity products: products in which most, if not all, brands in a class or category are of similar quality. To highlight the uniqueness of their product, advertisers may choose to market it differently from their competitors. Advertising is used to create the impression of superiority. This is shown in the first rule of parity, which involves the use of the words \"better\" and \"best\". In",
"title": "Doublespeak"
},
{
"id": "4096736",
"text": "During and after World War II, Simon focused on product visibility. Uncharacteristically for a food company at the time, he acquired full page advertisements in \"Vogue\" and \"Life\" magazines with full-color photos of Hunt's ketchup bottles and tomato sauce cans. His aggressive advertising ensured the company's slogan \"Hunt for the best\" was prominent. His marketing strategy worked, and by 1945 Hunt Foods became a household name and one of the largest food processing businesses on the West Coast. Hunt's is now part of ConAgra Foods, Inc.. With the growing profits from Hunt Foods, he began buying stock in other undervalued",
"title": "Norton Simon"
},
{
"id": "14290739",
"text": "of accessories, in September 2001, just a few months after being hired. Before embarking on a broader mission, he constituted the core values of Bottega Veneta, which he called “the four cornerstones”: fine-quality materials, extraordinary craftsmanship, contemporary functionality, and timeless design. The Cabat was introduced by Maier in his first collection and was designed to represent each of these core values, since becoming one of the label’s top selling items. Maier also affirmed that Bottega Veneta would return to its logo-less heritage, conveyed in the famous slogan, “When your own initials are enough.” Using those principles as a roadmap, Maier",
"title": "Tomas Maier"
},
{
"id": "387220",
"text": "and Creative director Peter Monkcom, the ads featured the slogan \"Stella's for the fellas who take their lager strong\". The images showed only a Stella-monogrammed half-pint glass (due to its strength) – in one advertisement with a muscular 'glass arm' for a handle, in the other a glass sitting beside a torn-in-half telephone directory. This was the same creative unit which was involved, at the time, in Whitbread's launch of Trophy Bitter \"The pint that thinks it's a quart\". In the 1980s and 1990s, the Stella Artois advertising slogan in the United Kingdom was \"Reassuringly Expensive\". The UK television advertising",
"title": "Stella Artois"
},
{
"id": "18192394",
"text": "such experiences for baby's development. The company has been using \"Best for the Baby – Best for You\" tagline since the early days. Some examples of such advertising can be spotted as early as 1913, when only Johnson's Baby Powder existed. Sometime in the beginning of 70s Johnson & Johnson started marketing baby products to families, promoting so-called \"family usage\". The strategy has been a success. By the 80s Johnson's Baby grew market share in the adult market due to the perception that \"baby products are milder than others\". In 1985, for instance, 70 percent of Johnson's Baby powder in",
"title": "Johnson's Baby"
},
{
"id": "2075184",
"text": "Almond Joy chocolate bars. Levine founded Crushing Enterprises in New York City in 1969, and continues to write music for commercials and television. Popular campaigns from the past include: “Pepsi – The Joy of Cola\", \"Gentlemen Prefer Hanes\", \"Just For the Taste of It – Diet Coke\", \"Orange you smart, (for drinking Orange Juice)\", \"Come See the Softer Side of Sears\", \"Heartbeat of America – Chevy\", \"Dr Pepper – You Make the World Taste Better\", \"You Asked For It, You Got It, Toyota,\" \"Who's that Kid With the Oreo Cookie,\" and \"This Bud's For You\" for Anheuser-Busch. Most recently he",
"title": "Joey Levine"
},
{
"id": "290119",
"text": "America and Europe. To counteract the possibility that gamers would grow impatient with the wait for the Nintendo 64 and purchase one of the several competing consoles already on the market, Nintendo ran ads for the system well in advance of its announced release dates, with slogans like \"Wait for it...\" and \"Is it worth the wait? Only if you want the best!\" \"Popular Electronics\" called the launch a \"much hyped, long-anticipated moment\". Several months before the launch, \"GamePro\" reported that many gamers, including a large percentage of their own editorial staff, were already saying they favored the Nintendo 64",
"title": "Nintendo 64"
},
{
"id": "331804",
"text": "syrup formula. On three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. During the Great Depression, Pepsi-Cola gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle \"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you\", arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard",
"title": "Pepsi"
},
{
"id": "19515062",
"text": "Bill Backer William Montague \"Bill\" Backer (June 9, 1926 – May 13, 2016) was an American advertising executive. He became an industry legend for creating the slogans \"Things go better with Coke\", further defining the product as \"the real thing\", and convinced the world that Miller Lite was \"everything you ever wanted in a beer, and less\", and should be consumed at \"Miller Time\". In 1971, Backer created the Coca-Cola campaign and accompanying song \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)\". His advertising career started in the mailroom of McCann Erickson in 1953, rising to creative",
"title": "Bill Backer"
},
{
"id": "17705867",
"text": "Thompson Agency, was one of the pioneers. In 1911, the Woodbury Soap Company became the first to use images of sexual contact to sell a product. Their ad slogan, created by Helen Lansdowne, claimed that women who used the soap would have \"Skin You Love To Touch\". Her copy promised the soap would increase the beauty of one's skin; it offered a color print and a week's supply of the soap for 10 cents. The slogan became so popular that Woodbury used it until the 1940s. Albert Lasker said the ad's use of sex appeal made it one of three",
"title": "History of advertising"
},
{
"id": "9865495",
"text": "Pillsbury began marketing their brands specifically to consumers. Washburn-Crosby branded their flour \"Gold Medal\", in recognition of a prize won in 1880, and advertised with the slogan \"Eventually – Why Not Now?\" Pillsbury countered with their slogan, \"Because Pillsbury's Best\", incorporating their brand name \"Pillsbury's Best\". Washburn-Crosby invented the character Betty Crocker to answer product questions. They also purchased a radio station in 1924 and renamed it WCCO, standing for \"Washburn Crosby Company\". Washburn-Crosby merged with several other regional milling companies in 1928 and renamed themselves General Mills. Both General Mills and Pillsbury sought to diversify beyond flour milling by",
"title": "History of Minneapolis"
},
{
"id": "7682609",
"text": "Scotland. Following its success, Alora was renamed Dolmio and rolled out across the UK in 1986, and subsequently renamed Dolmio globally in 1989. It was a sponsor of Britain's mid-morning magazine show \"This Morning\" from 2005 to 2010. In 2016, the company took the unprecedented step of advising some of its products should only be eaten once a week, due to high levels of salt, sugar and fat. By coincidence, the company's advertising slogan is \"When'sa your Dolmio day?\". Dolmio Dolmio is the brand name of a range of pasta sauces made by Mars, Incorporated. The range includes jars of",
"title": "Dolmio"
},
{
"id": "13835918",
"text": "by the principle that men and women may have different needs when it comes to odor protection, but women should never have to compromise on efficacy. The slogan “Strong Enough for a Man, Made for a Woman” was developed in the early 1970s and grew to become one of Secret’s most famous advertising tag lines. (Reference: P&G Corporate Archives) The 1980s During the 1980s, Secret adapted the solid antiperspirant/deodorant from a round stick to a wide stick in order to better fit under a woman’s arm. Secret also introduced three new scents: Powder Fresh, Spring Breeze and Sporty Clean, to",
"title": "Secret (deodorant brand)"
},
{
"id": "15342081",
"text": "“Mean” Joe Greene that USA Today's Ad Meter poll of readers ranked in 2016 as the No. 1 Super Bowl commercial of all time. In 1973, McCann New York launched the campaign for L’Oréal's hair coloring products featuring the line, “Because I’m Worth It.” It featured three female personalities beginning with Joanne Dusseau, Meredith Baxter Birney and Cybill Shepherd, explaining why they were willing to spend more for their hair. In 2012, McCann Melbourne launched the \"Dumb Ways to Die\" animated ad campaign for Metro Trains in Melbourne, Australia, that promoted safety through darkly amusing animation and a catchy song",
"title": "McCann (company)"
},
{
"id": "5172442",
"text": "subsidiary, Playtex Products Inc., in 1960, which produced baby products, tampons and other consumer goods. It introduced and patented the first plastic tampon applicator in 1973.<ref name=\"Lafley/Charan2010\"></ref> By 1975, the five largest tampon manufacturers began competing with multimillion-dollar advertising budgets and Playtex became the primary competitor to market-leader Tampax. Playtex introduced a scented tampon that was advertised with the slogan, \"When you're wearing a tampon you don't worry about odor. But should you?\" After complaints were raised by Planned Parenthood a warning label was added saying that some women may experience irritation from the chemicals. Tampon manufacturers, including Playtex, were",
"title": "Playtex"
},
{
"id": "13503109",
"text": "Philip Kives Philip Kives (12 February 1929 – 27 April 2016) was a Canadian business executive, entrepreneur and marketing expert from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is best known for founding K-tel, which sold household gadgets including the \"Miracle Brush\", \"Feather Touch Knife\", \"Veg-O-Matics\", as well as many compilation record albums. Kives reputedly coined the catchphrase \"As seen on TV\", which was included in may of the company's advertisements. Kives utilized low-budget television commercials to sell millions of products and build an international business empire. Kives was born, the third of four children, on a small farm, near the town of Oungre,",
"title": "Philip Kives"
},
{
"id": "408118",
"text": "their advertising. As a promotion for \"The Simpsons Movie\", twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold \"The Simpsons\" related products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008 consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to \"The Simpsons\", with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \"The Simpsons\"",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "9903578",
"text": "the puppy. In 1986, Bowater sold Bowater-Scott to Scott Paper, and in 1995, Kimberly-Clark purchased Scott Paper. Andrex says that it marketed the first moist toilet paper in 1992. In 2004, Andrex replaced its advertising slogan “Soft, Strong and very very Long”, with “Tuggable, Huggable softness”, and changed to “Be Kind To Your Behind” in 2008. By 2015, it was using the slogans “Andrex clean” and “How Andrex do you feel?” All Andrex mainstream is made in Northfleet. Factories in Flint and Barrow in Furness supplement production on the mainline product, along with the Puppies on a Roll, Aloe Vera",
"title": "Andrex"
},
{
"id": "6599324",
"text": "Mitchum Mitchum is a brand of antiperspirant-deodorant, later owned by Revlon. It was widely known for its marketing slogan, \"So effective you can skip a day,\" but that slogan hasn't been used since 2007. Mitchum is a brand that was purchased by the Revlon Corporation in the late sixties. Originally known as the Paris Toilet Company and then the Golden Peacock Company, the company carried a full line of cosmetics. Bill McNutt is credited with inventing the antiperspirant. Other products launched by Mitchum, include \"Esoterica\" which helped with removing age spots. Before the company was sold to Revlon, it had",
"title": "Mitchum"
},
{
"id": "2220772",
"text": "commercial name for the two-way radio transceiver to be transported in a bag, later in hands and so called (\"\"). A correct translation could be (\"\"). Germans used to cite the word (\"\") as an example of Denglisch. Advertising in the field of personal hygiene tends to use much English: The same applies to detergents: Larger national and international companies based in Germany also use English to describe their services. The television broadcaster ProSieben uses the slogan \"We love to entertain you\" while Zurich Financial Services advertise with the slogan \"Because change happens\". The fastest trains run by the German",
"title": "Denglisch"
},
{
"id": "4855334",
"text": "Head & Shoulders Head & Shoulders (H&S) is an American brand of anti dandruff and non dandruff shampoo produced by parent company Procter & Gamble that was introduced in 1961. By 1982, it was the \"number one brand\" of shampoo, and it was noted that \"[n]o one hair care brand gets so many ad dollars as Head & Shoulders, a twenty year old brand, and no other brand matches its sales\", despite it being a \"medicated\" shampoo. Since the 1980s, the brand has long been marketed under the tagline, \"You Never Get a Second Chance to Make a First Impression\",",
"title": "Head & Shoulders"
},
{
"id": "12489465",
"text": "due to greater Duty on high-alcohol content beverages in the United Kingdom) into a positive, assuring customers that by being more expensive, the premium lager was better than cheaper brands. Earlier pieces were primarily print campaigns, but in 1990, a chance viewing of \"Jean de Florette\" led one of Lowe's creative directors to pen a script based on a similar concept. The resulting television and cinema advertisement, \"Jacques de Florette\", proved immensely popular and formed the basis for a series of six award-winning adverts produced between 1991 and 2001. \"Good Doctor\" was announced in February 2002 as the seventh in",
"title": "Reassuringly Expensive"
},
{
"id": "274553",
"text": "gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel. Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI. Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the \"Air Jordan\", in 1984. One of Jordan's more popular commercials",
"title": "Michael Jordan"
},
{
"id": "7329204",
"text": "with a double \"Mercedes 60 hp\" engine at Daytona Beach, Florida. The brand stood out in the automobile market with \"Mercedes\" advertising stating: \"\"If you want the best, of course you want a foreign car... Mercedes is the car for speed, power and noiseless running. It is the acme of reliability.”\" The first DMFG unit was sold in 1906, painted red. On February 14, 1907, the DMFG factory was destroyed in a fire. The fire destroyed eight completed \"Mercedes\", plus 40 others under construction, as well as drawings and machinery. One of these vehicles belonged to Standard Oil co-founder William",
"title": "Daimler Manufacturing Company"
},
{
"id": "2084561",
"text": "suppliers. Testing covers reliability, performance, safety, energy efficiency and value-for-money, as relevant in different cases. Top-rated products are awarded the \"Which?\" 'Best Buy' status logo, an accreditation recognised by industry and consumers. \"Which?\" first used the phrase in its second magazine edition in 1958, to describe Boots 365 talcum powder. Conversely, the worst-performing products are labelled 'Don't Buys'. \"Which?\" awards The Which? Awards is an annual event to 'celebrate the UK's best products and services, from cars and restaurants to supermarkets and financial services'. Award winners are selected by Which? staff, based on test findings and feedback from Which? members",
"title": "Which?"
},
{
"id": "8424320",
"text": "James Jordan (publicist) James J. Jordan, Jr. (August 3, 1930 – February 4, 2004) was an American ad-man and sloganeer. He is best known for his work at the BBDO advertising agency, coining such slogans as \"Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!\", \"Wisk beats ring around the collar\", and \"Shaefer is the one beer to have when you're having more than one.\" As Creative Director at BBDO, he oversaw major campaigns for Pepsi, Burger King (\"Have it Your Way\"), Pillsbury and Campbell Soup. In 1976, he left BBDO to start his own agency, James Jordan, Inc. He later",
"title": "James Jordan (publicist)"
},
{
"id": "2645854",
"text": "situations (goalkeeping, potting a black ball, best man's speech) where those seen in the advert would be next seen drinking Strongbow having \"earnt it\" for accomplishing such situations. The latest advert depicts a duplex-style apple orchard divided between bitter and sweet reflecting Strongbow being \"bittersweet by nature\". In 2015, Strongbow began its \"Cider at its Bestest\" campaign in the US, featuring Patrick Stewart. Strongbow were official shirt sponsors of Edinburgh football club Heart of Midlothian from 1992–2002. Strongbow also sponsored Leeds United Football Club from 2000–2003. Strongbow reputedly paid £3 million a year for the rights. Strongbow (cider) Strongbow is",
"title": "Strongbow (cider)"
},
{
"id": "9434911",
"text": "210, Ceramic Slim 230, Pro ceramic Extra, Protect Sleek and Smooth Remington Products' product line include Lady Remingtons, electric shavers for women. The president of Remington shavers in 1978: \"When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company\". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: \"Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!\" Remington Products Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary",
"title": "Remington Products"
},
{
"id": "5094734",
"text": "on television and on their packets to be \"Britain's Noisiest Crisp\". In the 1990s, a popular series of television adverts with adult actors indulging in childish antics carried another famous slogan: \"You'll never grow old in Golden Wonderland!\". In 2009, the Golden Wonder brand started to be used by Symingtons Ltd, under licence, for the production of The Nation's Noodle and The Nation's Pasta. The new range of instant noodles is very similar to the Pot Noodle range, previously produced by Golden Wonder. Golden Wonder branding now features on snacks previously marketed by Red Mill, another snack manufacturer taken over",
"title": "Golden Wonder"
},
{
"id": "3227674",
"text": "2011, Durex began cross-industry advertising tie-ins with the antivirus software company Trend Micro, utilising the common themes of \"antivirus\" and \"security.\" Durex Durex is a registered trademark name for a range of condoms originally developed and produced in the United Kingdom by SSL International. SSL International was sold to the Anglo-Dutch company Reckitt Benckiser in 2010. It is one of the best-selling condom brands across the world, with 30% of the global market. In 2006, Durex condoms were the second best-selling brand of condoms in the United States, with Trojan condoms being the first. Durex's history dates back to 1915,",
"title": "Durex"
},
{
"id": "19047192",
"text": "1920, Hummert began working in his new field of interest, advertising. He was hired as chief copywriter for Albert Lasker's Lord & Thomas agency in New York. Hummert earned a starting salary of $50,000 a year. One of Hummert's first big breaks in advertising came when he coined the slogan \"For the skin you love to touch\" for soap manufacturer Procter & Gamble's Camay. While at Lord & Thomas, Hummert created ads and slogans for big name companies such as Ovaltine, Quaker Quick Macaroni, Gold Medal Flour and Palmolive soap. In 1927, Hummert left Lord & Thomas and accepted a",
"title": "Frank Hummert"
},
{
"id": "8772768",
"text": "Drama in a Soap Opera (\"Vietnam Rose\") also coming from the PMPC. A sought after celebrity endorser, she has endorsed a wide variety of products and is considered one of the most credible among the elite group of endorsers. She is reported to lend her name only with those products she believes in and uses it as well. Her appeal to consumers help catapult a number of products (and infomercial) to gain a sizable share of the market, most notably: Ever Gotesco Malls, Modess, Green Cross Alcohol & Soap, Whisper, Alaska, Globe, Swift Spaghetti & Corned Beef, Loviscol, McDonald's, Jollibee,",
"title": "Maricel Soriano"
},
{
"id": "376032",
"text": "of top-rated programs of all time, and three other Super Bowls, XII, XVII, and XX, made the top ten. Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser \"Bud Bowl\" campaign, the 1984 introduction of Apple's Macintosh computer, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads. As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years, prices have also increased every year, with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty-second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials. In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "10957903",
"text": "Pot Noodle in July 2002 saw the brand call itself \"the slag of all snacks\", which prompted 310 complaints and resulted in the advert being banned. May 2005 saw the first advert in another Pot Noodle campaign banned for being overtly sexual. HHCL HHCL (formally Howell Henry Chaldecott Lury and Partners) was an advertising agency based in London. The agency devised campaigns for Tango, including the \"Orange Man\" commercial in 1991, and \"St George\", for Blackcurrant Tango, in 1997. In 1994, it created the \"Does exactly what it says on the tin\" campaign for Ronseal. The firm had innovative working",
"title": "HHCL"
},
{
"id": "15342080",
"text": "Theodor (Dr. Seuss) Geisel; “You can be sure… if it’s Westinghouse” from 1954, which featured the actress and consumer advocate Betty Furness in the commercials; “Wouldn’t you really rather have a Buick,” from 1965; and “It’s Better in the Bahamas,” from 1976. The agency also introduced the line, “If you’ve got the time, we’ve got the beer” for Miller High Life in 1971, and then “Everything you’ve always wanted in a beer. And less.” in the 1973 introduction of Miller Lite beer. During Super Bowl XIV in 1980, the agency ran a Coca-Cola commercial starring the Pittsburgh Steelers defensive tackle",
"title": "McCann (company)"
},
{
"id": "5994387",
"text": "of the 1960s, advertised with an armed knight riding a white horse. At the end of the Doors song \"Touch Me\", Jim Morrison says the slogan \"Stronger Than Dirt\". A widely mocked commercial in the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s declared, \"Armed... with AJAX!\" American actor Eugene Roche gained household fame as AJAX man, \"Squeaky Clean\", in many television commercials of the 1970s. In the United Kingdom, character actress Ann Lancaster appeared on television advertisements featuring the slogan, \"It cleans like a white tornado\". Colgate ceased advertising in the United Kingdom for the brand in January",
"title": "Ajax (cleaning product)"
},
{
"id": "2141056",
"text": "the world\" was created in 1973 by Tony Bodinetz at KMP for the UK market. It began to appear in company corporate ads around the world from the 1980s onwards until it was replaced in 2011 in most regions by new tagline \"That calls for a Carlsberg\". The voice over for the original ad in 1983 was voiced by actor Orson Welles, his voice has been used repeatedly over the years. Welles was not expensive and he liked the advertisements, so he kept his fees to a minimum. In some countries the tagline has been adapted to \"Probably the best",
"title": "Carlsberg Group"
},
{
"id": "3019847",
"text": "created by Martin Solow for Vita Herring, featuring \"The Beloved Herring Maven.\" The “Beloved Herring Maven“ ran in radio ads from 1964 to 1968), and was brought back in 1983 with Allan Swift, the original voice of the Maven. Many sites credit Vita with popularizing the word. An example of a print advertisement including the Maven is: \"Get Vita at your favorite supermarket, grocery or delicatessen. Tell them the beloved \"Maven\" sent you. It won’t save you any money: but you’ll get the best herring\". The word is mainly confined to American English, but did not appear with the publication",
"title": "Maven"
},
{
"id": "1958878",
"text": "on the stage and in a movie version. Selleck has appeared in a number of commercials: for Right Guard deodorant in 1971, with Farrah Fawcett in 1972 for the aperitif Dubonnet, and another in 1977 for the toothpaste Close-Up. He was also in a Safeguard deodorant soap commercial (date not available). Selleck did the voice-over for the 1993 AT&T advertising campaigns titled \"You Will.\" These advertisements had a futuristic feel, and posed the question of, \"What if you had the technology to _____? Well, you will ... and the company that will bring it to you? AT&T.\" As of December",
"title": "Tom Selleck"
},
{
"id": "5303951",
"text": "Reckitt Benckiser Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB) () is a British multinational consumer goods company headquartered in Slough, England. It is a producer of health, hygiene and home products. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of the UK-based Reckitt & Colman plc and the Netherlands-based Benckiser NV. RB's brands include the antiseptic brand Dettol, the sore throat medicine Strepsils, the hair removal brand Veet, the immune support supplement Airborne, the indigestion remedy Gaviscon, the baby food brand Mead Johnson, the air freshener Air Wick, Calgon, Clearasil, Cillit Bang, Durex, Lysol, Mycil and Vanish. RB is listed on the",
"title": "Reckitt Benckiser"
},
{
"id": "3758326",
"text": "trisodium phosphate. Stenglein observed that testing in her house made it spotless, or \"spick and span\". They took the k off Spick and started selling the product in brown envelopes to local markets. From 1933 to 1944, both families helped run their \"Spic and Span Products Company\". On January 29, 1945, Procter & Gamble, a major international manufacturer of household and personal products based in Cincinnati, Ohio, bought Spic and Span for $1.9 million. On August 30, 1949, Procter & Gamble registered the \"Spic and Span\" trademark (soluble cleaner, cleanser, and detergent). The product was advertised in many soap operas,",
"title": "Spic and Span"
},
{
"id": "2879309",
"text": "by creating the teddy bear in 1902. By 1907, Steiff manufactured 974,000 bears, and has been increasing its output ever since. The Steiff company motto, as styled by Margarete Steiff, is \"Only the best is good enough for children\". Steiff products are subject to meticulous testing and inspection. They are required to be highly flame resistant and, among other things, smaller pieces such as eyes must be able to resist considerable tension, wear and tear, etc. The most common materials used in Steiff toys are alpaca, felt, mohair, and woven plush. Eyes are generally made of wood or glass, and",
"title": "Margarete Steiff GmbH"
},
{
"id": "12380130",
"text": "by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy (W+K), during the broadcast of the New York Marathon. The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive that honor twice. Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s. The first was for \"The Morning After,\" a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000 if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition. The second was for a",
"title": "Nike, Inc."
},
{
"id": "6478316",
"text": "Strawberry\" flavour - which counted 'black pepper flavoured sugar pieces' among its ingredients. Similarly, the packaging was altered in an attempt to appeal to 15- to 35-year-olds, and a new slogan was adopted - 'The manic munch that packs a punch'. Brandysnap, Cappuccino, Coconut, Christmas Orange Spice, Nutty, Coffee, Lemon and Irish Cream varieties have been produced – either through miscalculation or as anniversary special limited editions – and are not currently available. Brilliant Blackcurrant and Sizzling Strawberry have also been withdrawn. In 2008, Nestlé rebranded Matchmakers as 'Quality Street Matchmakers' - Quality Street also being a Nestlé brand. They",
"title": "Matchmakers"
},
{
"id": "2423407",
"text": "speed the check out process. Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced, custom-branded products (often very similar to and produced by major brands) with brand names including \"Grandessa\" and \"Fit & Active\". Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany, Knoppers in Belgium and France, Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia. In the United States, major brand-name products, such as Oscar Mayer bacon, sometimes are offered as a 'special purchase': name-brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price. Unlike most shops, Aldi does not",
"title": "Aldi"
},
{
"id": "8226816",
"text": "1970 and put together the Academy Award winning movie titled A Touch of Class in 1973 and other feature movies. Barrie launched the Babe fragrance in 1976, which in its first year became Fabergé's largest selling women's fragrance worldwide. Actress and model Margaux Hemingway received a $1 million contract to promote the perfume Babe by Fabergé in an advertising campaign making her the first super model. Babe received two awards from the Fragrance Foundation for its launch: Most Successful Introduction of a Women's Fragrance in Popular Distribution, and Best Advertising Campaign for Women's Fragrance. By 1984 the company had expanded",
"title": "House of Fabergé"
},
{
"id": "6357532",
"text": "433,000 tonnes. The brand names of biscuits include \"VitaMarieGold\", \"Tiger\", \"Nutrichoice Junior\", \"Good day\", \"50 50\", \"Treat\", \"Pure Magic\", \"Milk Bikis\", \"Good Morning\", \"Bourbon\", \"Thin Arrowroot\", \"Nice\", \"Little Hearts\" among others. \"Tiger\", the mass market brand, realised $150.75 million in sales including exports to countries including the U.S. and Australia, or 20% of Britannia revenues in 2006. In a separate dispute from the shareholder matters, the company alleged in 2006 that Danone had violated its intellectual property rights in the Tiger brand by registering and using \"Tiger\" in several countries without its consent. Britannia claimed the company found out that",
"title": "Britannia Industries"
},
{
"id": "10957895",
"text": "HHCL HHCL (formally Howell Henry Chaldecott Lury and Partners) was an advertising agency based in London. The agency devised campaigns for Tango, including the \"Orange Man\" commercial in 1991, and \"St George\", for Blackcurrant Tango, in 1997. In 1994, it created the \"Does exactly what it says on the tin\" campaign for Ronseal. The firm had innovative working practices, and was voted 'Agency of the Decade' by \"Campaign\" magazine in 2000. After mergers and a name change to United London, the agency was closed in the beginning of 2007. Howell Henry Chaldecott Lury & Partners was founded by Rupert Howell,",
"title": "HHCL"
},
{
"id": "20626968",
"text": "received 132 million views on YouTube. In February 2018, Fenty Beauty released an ad featuring Saweetie that showed a group of women getting ready to attend the Super Bowl. The spot drew enthusiasm for its send-up of the award-winning '90s Budweiser ad campaign \"Whassup\" (in which a group of men acknowledged one another only by repeating a slurred \"What's up?\" over and over), but the Fenty version also attracted some criticism as the women greeted each other in \"Whassup\"-style drawl with the word \"bitch\". As with the product line, Fenty Beauty also drew international acclaim for the diversity of its",
"title": "Fenty Beauty"
},
{
"id": "9457594",
"text": "Burger King advertising Since it was founded in 1954, international fast food chain Burger King has employed many advertising programs. During the 1970s, its advertisements included a memorable jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King and several well-known and parodied slogans, such as \"Have it your way\" and \"It takes two hands to hold a Whopper\". From the early 1980s until approximately 2002, Burger King engaged a series of advertising agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its least successful campaign, \"Where's Herb?\". In 2003, Burger King hired the Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter +",
"title": "Burger King advertising"
},
{
"id": "7131224",
"text": "Arts and Crafts). Maredsous Abbey is also known for the production of Maredsous cheese. It is a loaf-shaped cheese made from cow's milk. The cheese is lightly pressed, then washed in brine to create the firm, orange crust and pungent aroma. The abbey currently makes seven varieties: Maredsous Tradition, Mi-Vieux (half old), Fumé (smoked), Fondu (fondue), Frais (the fresh cheese), Light, and Fagotin. This semi-soft cheese is popular throughout continental Europe. Served in tubs and individually packaged triangles in cardboard wheels, it has been imitated in the United States by The Laughing Cow, a French branded cheese called La Vache",
"title": "Maredsous Abbey"
},
{
"id": "11576524",
"text": "A partnership was formed, and the company became known as Johnston & Murphy. In 1895, Murphy sold his interest in the company to Herbert P. Gleason, a former top salesman of the company. Gleason knew the value of a recognized brand name and decided to keep the Johnston & Murphy name as well as establish a national sales and marketing force. In the 1920s, Gleason's son, George Gleason, coined the company's first slogan, \"The best shoes anybody can buy.\" He also developed a series of \"handsome lifestyle\" advertisements and ran campaigns in high-profile magazines such as \"Vanity Fair\" and \"The",
"title": "Johnston & Murphy"
},
{
"id": "5111671",
"text": "Dairy Crest Dairy Crest Group plc is a leading British dairy products company. Its brands include Cathedral City Cheddar cheese, Country Life butter, Utterly Butterly, Vitalite and Clover. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. Until December 2015, the company used to process and sell milk—in wholesale and via doorstep deliveries—and owned the Frijj milkshake brand. These were sold to Germany's Müller for £80 million. Dairy Crest was established in 1981, as the milk processing arm of the Milk Marketing Board. In 1983 the company launched \"Clover\", its dairy spread.",
"title": "Dairy Crest"
},
{
"id": "4794298",
"text": "Romeo's Daughter. In 1989, Parr played the lead role in the soundtrack album for Paris, an epic rock opera written by Jon English and David Mackay. Parr performed with the London Symphony Orchestra alongside Harry Nilsson, Demis Roussos, Francis Rossi and Barry Humphries. Parr is also known for co-writing \"The Best (A Man Can Get)\", the theme used in a series of highly successful Gillette razor commercials from the 1980s onwards, also spawning the company's chief slogan. A solo acoustic version appears on the album \"Letter to America\". After ten years out of the music business Parr returned in 2006.",
"title": "John Parr"
},
{
"id": "13597670",
"text": "successful as an advertiser. Her collaboration with artist John Gilroy resulted in \"The Mustard Club\" for Colman's Mustard and the Guinness \"Zoo\" advertisements, variations of which still appear today. One famous example was the Toucan, his bill arching under a glass of Guinness, with Sayers's jingle: Sayers is also credited with coining the slogan \"It pays to advertise!\" She used the advertising industry as the setting of \"Murder Must Advertise\", where she describes the role of truth in advertising: Sayers began working out the plot of her first novel some time in 1920–21. The seeds of the plot for \"Whose",
"title": "Dorothy L. Sayers"
},
{
"id": "5358276",
"text": "U.S. Route 66. In late 2006, Best launched a men's fragrance called \"Calum\", stating \"I had all the input into the smell. I chose the smell, I chose the bottle, I chose the packaging, the whole thing\", the product is being made by Jigsaw ESL. Best went on to launch his second fragrance, called \"Best\". After that success, Jigsaw ESL also manufactured his third fragrance called \"Day and Night\". In 2008, Best appeared on RTÉ's \"Livin' With Lucy\". Later that year, he featured in MTV's \"Totally Calum Best\". The show detailed Best's attempts to remain celibate for fifty days. In",
"title": "Calum Best"
},
{
"id": "8253094",
"text": "with product branding trends of the post-war era. Early Bic advertisements in France referred to the Cristal as the \"Atomic pen\". Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the Bic Cristal's writing tip and ergonomic design helped shift the worldwide market for pens from fountain pens to ballpoints. In 1959 Bich brought the pen to the American market: the Bic pen was soon selling at 29 cents () with the slogan \"writes first time, every time.\" In 1965 the French ministry of education approved the Bic Cristal for use in classrooms. In September 2006 the Bic Cristal was declared the best selling",
"title": "Bic Cristal"
},
{
"id": "13930108",
"text": "Art & Copy Art & Copy is a 2009 documentary film, directed by Doug Pray, about the advertising industry in the U.S. The film follows the careers of advertisers, including Hal Riney, George Lois, Mary Wells Lawrence, Dan Wieden, and Lee Clow. The documentary covers advertising campaigns such as \"Just Do It\", \"I Love New York\", \"Where's the Beef?\", \"I Want My MTV\", \"Got Milk?\", and \"Think Different\". It premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival in the US Documentary Competition. The film won the 2011 News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Arts & Culture Programming. Although reviews were",
"title": "Art & Copy"
},
{
"id": "3227671",
"text": "Durex Durex is a registered trademark name for a range of condoms originally developed and produced in the United Kingdom by SSL International. SSL International was sold to the Anglo-Dutch company Reckitt Benckiser in 2010. It is one of the best-selling condom brands across the world, with 30% of the global market. In 2006, Durex condoms were the second best-selling brand of condoms in the United States, with Trojan condoms being the first. Durex's history dates back to 1915, when the \"London Rubber Company\" was formed. The brand name was launched in 1929, standing for \"Durability, reliability, and excellence.\" In",
"title": "Durex"
},
{
"id": "3735250",
"text": "was edged out in 1966 by Winston cigarettes, when Pall Mall found that it could no longer compete with the advertising campaign \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should.\" In the 1940s, Pall Mall had its own grammatically incorrect slogan which touted it as the cigarette which \"travels the smoke further\", referencing the longer 85mm length. Their famous slogan during the '50s and early '60s was \"OUTSTANDING...\"and\" they are MILD!\" In 1994, Pall Mall and Lucky Strike were purchased by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation as the former American Tobacco company shed its tobacco brands. In 2001, Pall Mall was",
"title": "Pall Mall (cigarette)"
},
{
"id": "636680",
"text": "Hayange). \"Terry's Chocolate Orange\", first made in 1932, are now made since 2005 by Kraft Foods Polska at Fabryka w Jankowicach in Jankowice, having been bought by Kraft in 1993; \"Smarties\", first made in York in 1937, since 2006 are made at Chocoladen-Werk Hamburg, with the brand being owned by Nestlé since 1988; the Nestlé Deutschland site also makes \"Kit Kat\", first made in 1935 and named in 1937, and \"After Eight\", first made in 1962. Mackintosh's of Halifax invented Quality Street in 1936, Rolo in 1937, Munchies in 1957, Caramac in 1959, and Toffee Crisp in 1963. Rowntree's invented",
"title": "Yorkshire and the Humber"
},
{
"id": "15054959",
"text": "to Australia he joined Rogers Holland and Everingham and then Mullins Clarke and Ralph, where he was creative director and had a shareholding. In the mid-1970s he took to freelancing and at one point was teamed with writer Allan Johnston at Hertz Walpole in Sydney. Together they had immediate success as a team working on campaigns for Hertz Walpole's clients Meadow Lea margarine (\"You oughta be congratulated\") and Tooheys beer (\"How do you feel?\"). In 1975 started their own consultancy and continuing to work on such accounts as they grew their business. In 1979 their creative consultancy became the full-service",
"title": "Alan Morris (advertiser)"
},
{
"id": "2248123",
"text": "new Remington Products Company. His line, \"I liked the shaver so much, I bought the company\" became one of the more memorable advertising slogans of the early 1980s. Remington Products was sold in 2003 to the battery manufacturer Rayovac. Rayovac is now Spectrum Brands. They also sold punched card systems, beginning with the 1928 acquisition of the Powers Accounting Machine Company and ending in the 1950s. The Remington Rand Co. and the Remington Rand Building are depicted as the Knox Co. and the Knox Building in Richard Yates' 1961 novel \"Revolutionary Road\". In 1921, Rand Kardex sponsored the Tonawanda Kardex",
"title": "Remington Rand"
},
{
"id": "19628427",
"text": "Fabien Moreau . Alexandre Sap has launched numerous marketing and PR initiatives for high-end brands such Estée Lauder, DKNY, Tommy Hilfiger, Michael Kors, Galeries Lafayette, Absolut Vodka, Chivas, Pernod Absinthe, LVMH and Harry Winston amongst others. In 2008, Alexandre Sap and Fabien Moreau signed Lady Gaga’s first-ever global advertising campaign with Michael Kors’ “Very Hollywood” new fragrance launch, before she topped the charts. Alexandre Sap develops reforestation programs with 2010 TIME 100 honored Tristan Lecomte and travels to the Amazon every year to follow the growth of the projects. When former UN General Secretary and Peace Nobel Prize laureate Kofi",
"title": "Alexandre Sap"
},
{
"id": "1360466",
"text": "history, it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money. When this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. Arguably, M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of 'British Quality Goods'. The uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan: \"The customer \"is\" always and completely right!\" Energy efficiency was improved by the addition of thermostatically controlled refrigerators in 1963. M&S began selling Christmas cakes and Christmas puddings in 1958. In an effort to improve the quality of their Swiss rolls, they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg, who made a major improvement across",
"title": "Marks & Spencer"
},
{
"id": "16928895",
"text": "when it was used. Since its creation, Big Red's \"Kiss a Little Longer\" campaign targeted teens and young adults. This age group consumed half the chewing gum in the United States at the time. Big Red's other major target had been consumers of competitor cinnamon gums, especially Dentyne. In 1979, three years after Big Red was introduced, the brand's marketing strategy was re-positioned on the concept of 'long lasting fresh breath.' The \"Little Longer\" campaign was developed to communicate Big Red's product superiority and the benefits it conferred on those who wanted to 'stay close longer.' The marketing situation and",
"title": "Kiss a Little Longer"
},
{
"id": "7087575",
"text": "in the ad. A 2014 ad entitled \"Puppy Love\" featured a similar reunion between an adopted dog and another Budweiser Clydesdale. Its most recent victory and its third in a row, 2015's \"Lost Dog\", featured a dog being rescued from a wolf by the Clydesdales. In 2017, Budweiser broadcast \"Born the Hard Way\", an ad which dramatized Anheuser-Busch co-founder Adolphus Busch's emigration to the United States from Germany to establish the company. The advertisement attracted controversy among supporters of U.S. president Donald Trump for being pro-immigration, in the wake of an executive order issued by Trump which briefly restricted entry",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "8636426",
"text": "other Lay's Canada brands. To prevent trademark dilution of the Hostess brand, Frito Lay continues to sell Hostess-branded potato chips in some lower-end grocery stores, such as Food Basics, FreshCo and Price Chopper, albeit limited to its early 1990s lineup of flavours. This line is unmentioned on the Frito Lay Canada website. During its existence, the slogan for Hostess chips was \"'Cause when you've got the munchies, nothing else will do. Hostess Potato Chips!\" Hostess Potato Chips Hostess is the name of a brand for a number of potato chip varieties that was formerly the leading brand in Canada for",
"title": "Hostess Potato Chips"
},
{
"id": "7241091",
"text": "and not the .45 caliber handgun ammunition round. The label has a long-time advertising association with actor Billy Dee Williams, who has been seen in print ads, on billboards and in television ads for Colt 45 starting in the 1980s. The product's slogan during that era, as stated by Williams in his television commercials, was, \"It works every time.\" Williams responded indifferently to criticism of his appearances in the liquor commercials. Colt 45 makers experimented briefly with a mint-flavored derivative, marketed under the name Cool Colt, in the early 1990s. Available in limited quantities, it was largely met with puzzlement",
"title": "Colt 45 (malt liquor)"
},
{
"id": "3248881",
"text": "Cady McClain Cady McClain (born Katie Jo McClain on October 13, 1969) is an American actress, singer, and author. McClain's professional acting career began in 1978 at the age of 9, when she was featured in a commercial for Band-Aid bandages. She went on to appear in over thirty commercials for products including McDonald's, Amtrak, Kenner's \"Strawberry Shortcake\" dolls, Burger King, Mattel, Barbie, Maybelline, Shout Detergent, Pillsbury Pop 'n Fresh Rolls, Apple Kool Aid, Prell, Texaco and McCain's Chicken. Among her notable early TV credits was a recurring role on \"St. Elsewhere\", and an appearance on \"Cheers\", when she was",
"title": "Cady McClain"
},
{
"id": "1669662",
"text": "Altoids Altoids are a brand of breath mints. The brand was created by the London-based Smith & Company in the 1780s, and later became part of the Callard & Bowser company in the 19th century. Their advertising slogan is \"The Original Celebrated Curiously Strong Mints\", referring to the high concentration of peppermint oil used in the original flavour lozenge. Altoids are less widely available in Britain—their country of origin—than in the US to which they are exported. The mints are stocked in Morrisons. Marks & Spencer produces a near identical product called \"Curiously Strong Mints\". Unlike their marketing in the",
"title": "Altoids"
},
{
"id": "4059903",
"text": "the brand. In the 1970s, the company began advertising with the tag line “When your own initials are enough\". By the early 1980s, Bottega Veneta was a favorite of the international jet set, with clients including Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and the empress Farah Pahlavi. Andy Warhol made a short film for the company in 1980. Zengiaro and Taddei retired from the company in the 1990s. During the 1980s, Bottega Veneta's fortunes began to decline. In a miscue, the company changed its image and began emblazoning a BV logo on its products. In February 2001, the struggling company was acquired by",
"title": "Bottega Veneta"
},
{
"id": "13930109",
"text": "generally favorable, some reviewers chastised the film for presenting an uncritical view of advertising. Art & Copy Art & Copy is a 2009 documentary film, directed by Doug Pray, about the advertising industry in the U.S. The film follows the careers of advertisers, including Hal Riney, George Lois, Mary Wells Lawrence, Dan Wieden, and Lee Clow. The documentary covers advertising campaigns such as \"Just Do It\", \"I Love New York\", \"Where's the Beef?\", \"I Want My MTV\", \"Got Milk?\", and \"Think Different\". It premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival in the US Documentary Competition. The film won the 2011",
"title": "Art & Copy"
},
{
"id": "6599326",
"text": "money donated for striking British miners, Mitchum used an image of the NUM leader, without his consent, under the slogan \"Mitchum, for when you're really sweating!\" Scargill complained to the UK's Advertising Standards Association who criticised the advertisement as \"highly distasteful\". Mitchum Mitchum is a brand of antiperspirant-deodorant, later owned by Revlon. It was widely known for its marketing slogan, \"So effective you can skip a day,\" but that slogan hasn't been used since 2007. Mitchum is a brand that was purchased by the Revlon Corporation in the late sixties. Originally known as the Paris Toilet Company and then the",
"title": "Mitchum"
},
{
"id": "15053978",
"text": "moving into the copy department writing jingles. He relocated to Sydney in 1968, joining an agency called Marketing and Advertising, later to be known as Hertz Walpole Advertising. In the mid 70s he was teamed with freelance writer Alan Morris and together they had immediate success as a team working on campaigns for Hertz Walpole's clients Meadow Lea margarine (\"You oughta be congratulated\") and Tooheys beer (\"How do you feel?\"). In 1973 they left the agency and in 1975 started their own consultancy and continuing to work on such accounts as they grew their business. In 1979 their creative consultancy",
"title": "Allan Johnston (advertiser)"
},
{
"id": "5790522",
"text": "their originals began to wane. They first launched in 1984-1985, and soon new flavours were introduced. Flavours include: Marmite, BBQ Beef, Branston Pickle, Cheese & Onion, Ham & Cheese and Mature Cheddar. In 2015, a range of crispier, crinkled Mini Cheddars called Crinklys was launched, with flavours such as Cheese & Onion, Salt & Vinegar, Prawn Cocktail and Sweet Chili. In 2017, three new cheese flavours were added to the range: Stilton, Red Leicester and Smoked Applewood. Baked Cheddar Cheese Biscuits, also known as Giant Cheddars, are a larger version of the biscuit snack. Cheddars Cheddars are a brand of",
"title": "Cheddars"
},
{
"id": "9810144",
"text": "Rays\". Brand slogans included \"\"Kensitas - that's good!\"\", \"\"Our Belief, the Finest Leaf\"\" and \"\"As good as really good cigarettes can be\"\". Unlike other brands, Kensitas Club is available in a king size and a super king size variety with no lighter or menthol substitutes. In August 2018, a hand-rolling format was added to the product range. Although lights were available at one time, they have since been discontinued. The brand built its popularity using gift coupons enclosed within cigarette packets which could be saved and redeemed at Kensitas Gift Centres in major UK cities. Kensitas Club cigarette packs and",
"title": "Club (cigarette)"
},
{
"id": "20726663",
"text": "of the most famous television jingles of the era came from an advertisement for Winston cigarettes. The slogan \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should!\" proved to be catchy. Another popular slogan from the 1960s was \"Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!,\" which was used to advertise Tareyton cigarettes. America's first regular television news program, \"Camel News Caravan\", was sponsored by Camel Cigarettes and featured an ashtray on the desk in front of the newscaster and the Camel logo behind him. The show ran from 1949 to 1956. Meanwhile, Phillip Morris sponsored the hit TV show I Love",
"title": "Regulation of nicotine marketing"
},
{
"id": "8144374",
"text": "Bartle Bogle Hegarty Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) is a Global advertising agency. Founded in 1982 by British ad men John Bartle, Nigel Bogle, and John Hegarty, BBH has offices in London, New York City, Singapore, Shanghai, Mumbai, Stockholm and Los Angeles and employs more than 1000 staff worldwide. The agency's first ad was for Levi's and it showed a black sheep going against the herd. It became the agency icon and spawned the phrase, \"when the world zigs, zag\". The Levi's black sheep poster was not an easy ad to buy because at the time all jeans ads had people",
"title": "Bartle Bogle Hegarty"
},
{
"id": "16143887",
"text": "named ″Run!Hanmeimei″, ″Four beauties are not happy″ among others., and these advertisements featured humorous content. In 2018, the company transformed its advertising style, using emotive lines to describe the charm of the brand thorough advertisements titled ″Time is the most beautiful gift″, and ″You should be proud of yourself″. In regard to the investment fees, from 2012 to 2015, Pechoin advertised during the Chinese reality television singing content Voice of China for a period of four years. In 2012, the company spent a total of ¥70 million for advertising, while this figure increased to ¥153 in 2013, ¥180 million in",
"title": "Pechoin"
},
{
"id": "15785593",
"text": "Bill Cosby in advertising American comedian Bill Cosby was a popular spokesperson for advertising from the 1960sbefore his first starring television roleuntil the early 2000s. He started with White Owl cigars, and later endorsed Jell-O pudding and gelatin, Coca-Cola (including New Coke), Texas Instruments, E. F. Hutton & Co., Kodak, and the 1990 United States Census. , Cosby held the record for being the longest-serving celebrity spokesperson for a product, through his work with Jell-O. In 2011, he won the President's Award for Contributions to Advertising from the Advertising Hall of Fame. Cosby was one of the first black people",
"title": "Bill Cosby in advertising"
},
{
"id": "9714759",
"text": "of Coronation Street actress Jean Alexander who played Hilda Ogden for nearly 25 years. Trevor Beattie Trevor Beattie (born 24 December 1959) is a British advertising executive. He is a founding partner, chairman and creative director of Beattie McGuinness Bungay (BMB), and was formerly the chairman and creative director of TBWA London. Considered one of the leading figures in advertising in Britain, Beattie has been responsible for a number of high-profile and sometimes controversial advertising campaigns, most notably the \"fcuk\" campaign for French Connection and the 1994 Playtex Wonderbra campaign featuring Eva Herzigová. He has managed campaigns for the Labour",
"title": "Trevor Beattie"
},
{
"id": "243499",
"text": "version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them \"Automatic Binding Bricks\". These bricks were based on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, which had been patented in the United Kingdom in 1939 and released in 1947. Lego had received a sample of the Kiddicraft bricks from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that it purchased. The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of the traditional stackable wooden blocks of the time. The Lego Group's motto is \"det bedste er ikke for godt\" which means roughly \"only the best is the best\" (more literally \"the best is never too",
"title": "Lego"
},
{
"id": "3221579",
"text": "shown in 1996 (animated by Aardman), which featured Quentin trying to catch a Quaver that had blown out of his bedroom window, ending with the slogan \"They're floaty light!\" Quavers Quavers are a British snack food, originally made by Smiths, and now produced by Walkers. Walkers, owned by PepsiCo, purchased the Quavers brand in 1997, when it became one of the Frito Lay International brand names. Quavers were launched in 1968 with the advertising slogan \"you get a lovely lot of Quavers in a bag\". Packaging described them as \"curly potato puffs\". In 2007, Walkers changed the packaging for all",
"title": "Quavers"
},
{
"id": "13002820",
"text": "Helmut Krone Helmut Krone (July 16, 1925 – April 12, 1996) was an art director and is considered to be a pioneer of modern advertising. Krone spent over 30 years at the advertising agency Doyle Dane Bernbach. He was the art director for the popular 1960s campaign for the Volkswagen Beetle, which featured a large unadorned photo of the car with the tiny word \"Lemon\" underneath it; the series of \"When you're only No. 2, you try harder\" advertisements for Avis, and the creation of Juan Valdez, who personified Colombian coffee. During his career, Krone won a number of awards",
"title": "Helmut Krone"
},
{
"id": "13600806",
"text": "endorses Beats By Dre, Elizabeth Arden and Best Buy. He has bandwagoned four fragrances as of 2014. He launched his debut fragrance, Someday, in 2011; it grossed more than three million US dollars in sales, at Macy's, in just under three weeks, which industry experts regard as a successful celebrity-led launch. On the heels of that 2011 best-seller, he launched his second fragrance, Girlfriend, in June 2012. His third fragrance, The Key, was launched in July 2013, and his latest fragrance, Justin Bieber Collector's Edition, launched in 2014. Usher commented that while he and Bieber were both signed at the",
"title": "Justin Bieber"
},
{
"id": "12995627",
"text": "in Canada,\"It's waaaay delicious. It's Wendy's.\" The company's slogan, \"you know when it's real,\" was introduced in 2010. In November 2010, a series of commercials aired featuring the company's namesake, Wendy Thomas, which marked the first time she had appeared in a Wendy's advertisement. In April 2012, Morgan Smith Goodwin began appearing as the redhead in ads with the slogan \"Now that's better.\" In 2013, social media advertising featuring Nick Lachey directed at millennials promoted the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger. A 2014 campaign to promote the Tuscan Chicken on Ciabatta sandwich entitled \"L'Estrella de la Toscana,\" or \"Star of Tuscany\" in",
"title": "Wendy's"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Harlan Hogan context: Harlan Hogan Harlan Hogan (born September 30, 1946) is a voice actor and author. He has provided the voice-overs for countless commercials, documentaries and films. Many famous advertising catch phrases such as: \"Strong enough for a man...\", \"You never get a second chance to make a first impression...\", \"When you care enough to send the very best...\" and \"Quaker Life, It's the cereal even Mikey likes...\", ranked 10th in TV Guides list of best commercials, have been performed by Harlan. He has also written several books on the subject of voice acting. Hogan worked his way through Illinois Wesleyan University\n\nWhat product is advertised with the slogan \"When you care enough to send the very best?\"",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Harlan Hogan context: Harlan Hogan Harlan Hogan (born September 30, 1946) is a voice actor and author. He has provided the voice-overs for countless commercials, documentaries and films. Many famous advertising catch phrases such as: \"Strong enough for a man...\", \"You never get a second chance to make a first impression...\", \"When you care enough to send the very best...\" and \"Quaker Life, It's the cereal even Mikey likes...\", ranked 10th in TV Guides list of best commercials, have been performed by Harlan. He has also written several books on the subject of voice acting. Hogan worked his way through Illinois Wesleyan University\n\ntitle: Hallmark C context: – their international business venture. In 194, adopted its current slogan, \"When you care enough to send the very.\" was created C E Goodman, a Hallmark marketing sales written on a x card. The card is on display at the company headquarters In151, sponsored television NBC that rise to the \"Hallmark Hall of\", which won 80 Emmy Awards. Hallmark now its cable television channel, the Hallmark Channel which was established in 2001 period about 5 years, Hallmark owned a\nm: 190 Humert began field interest,. He was as chiefwriter for Albert Lasker's Lord in New earned startingary of50, year. Humerts inising came when he co the slogan \" the skin you love for manufacturer Proer Gambles While at Lord Thomas created and slog for namevaltine, Qu Quick Macaroni Fl Palmolive In1 left Lord & and accepted\n: (: principle men women may have different needsor should never to on. Thean, developed inising (Reference: P&G Corporate Archives) The 1980s During the 1980s, Secret adapted the solid antiperspirant/deodorant from a round stick to a wide stick in order to better fit under a woman’s arm. Secret also introduced three new scents: Powder Fresh, Spring Breeze and Sporty Clean, to\n\nWhat product is advertised with the slogan \"When you care enough to send the very best?\"",
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78,764 | The American ad writer Robert L. May introduced what popular Christmas character when he designed a new coloring book for Montgomery Ward in 1939? | [
"Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph the red nose reindeer",
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolf the Red Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudulph the Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolf the red nose reindeer",
"Rudolf the Reindeer",
"Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer",
"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer",
"Rudolph the Red-Nose Reindeer",
"Rudolph, the red nosed Reindeer",
"Christmas Rudolf",
"Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer"
] | Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer | [
{
"id": "1375431",
"text": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, popularly known as \"Santa's ninth reindeer\", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives scrutiny for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather. Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store. The story is",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9309905",
"text": "the 1930s, May moved to Chicago and took a job as a low-paid in-house advertising copywriter for Montgomery Ward. In early 1939, May’s boss at Montgomery Ward asked him to write a “cheery” Christmas book for shoppers and suggested that an animal be the star of the book. Montgomery Ward had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money and be a nice good-will gesture. May’s wife, Evelyn, had contracted cancer in 1937 and was quite ill as he started on the book in early",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "15743594",
"text": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song) \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song by songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" published by the Montgomery Ward Company. Gene Autry's recording hit No. 1 on the U.S. charts the week of Christmas 1949. In 1939 Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May, created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song. The song had an added introduction, paraphrasing the poem \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" (public domain by the time the song was written), stating the",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"
},
{
"id": "3307574",
"text": "1930s, Montgomery Ward had become the country's largest retailer and Sewell Avery became the company's chief executive officer. In 1939, as part of a Christmas promotional campaign, staff copywriter Robert L. May created the character and illustrated poem of \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer.\" The store distributed six-million copies of the storybook in 1946 and actor and singer Gene Autry popularized the song nationally. In 1946, the Grolier Club, a society of bibliophiles in New York City, exhibited the Wards catalog alongside \"Webster's Dictionary\" as one of 100 American books chosen for their influence on life and culture of the people.",
"title": "Montgomery Ward"
},
{
"id": "15743598",
"text": "Rudolph's general acceptance in the mythology as the lead reindeer of Joulupukki, the Finnish Santa. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song) \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song by songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" published by the Montgomery Ward Company. Gene Autry's recording hit No. 1 on the U.S. charts the week of Christmas 1949. In 1939 Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May, created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song. The song had an added introduction, paraphrasing the poem \"A",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"
},
{
"id": "1375433",
"text": "had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. Robert May considered naming the reindeer \"Rollo\" or \"Reginald\" before deciding upon using the name \"Rudolph\". In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story. The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known as \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\"). Publication and reprint rights for the book \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" are controlled by Pearson PLC. While May",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "1375432",
"text": "owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song, the iconic 1964 television special and sequels, and and sequel. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character and the 50th anniversary of the television special. A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "14217281",
"text": "as president of each of those companies. While running Montgomery Ward, he was instrumental in choosing the Robert May's story of Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer as it first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store In 1953, President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Fogler as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and Fogler held this position from June 22, 1953 (the date of his Senate confirmation), to January 12, 1957 (effectively for Eisenhower's entire 1st term). Fogler was the last Assistant Secretary of the Navy, as the",
"title": "Raymond H. Fogler"
},
{
"id": "1375434",
"text": "was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. \"Suddenly I had it!\" he recalled. \"A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight.\" The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930s popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "19712261",
"text": "and removed the Montgomery Ward name. The 1951 reissue is widely available on public domain video tapes and DVDs, as well as on the Internet. The original version is stored at the Library of Congress, and it was posted online by them in 2014. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film) Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1948 animated short film produced and directed by Max Fleischer based on the 1939 Robert L. May poem \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", about a flying reindeer who helps Santa Claus. Rudolph is a reindeer, with an unusual red nose that shines (some would even",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)"
},
{
"id": "8124081",
"text": "version of the poem, including the German spelling of \"Donder and Blitzen,\" rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling, \"Dunder and Blixem\". Both phrases translate as \"Thunder and Lightning\" in English, though German for \"thunder\" is now spelled \"Donner\", and the Dutch words would now be spelled \"Donder\" and \"Bliksem\". Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time. According to this story, Rudolph's glowing red nose made him",
"title": "Santa Claus's reindeer"
},
{
"id": "19712260",
"text": "Red-Nosed Reindeer\" and the animated 1964 version. It was based on Robert L. May's 1939 story, rather than the song. The 1964 film more closely resembles the song rather than the original story. This short film was created to advertise Montgomery Ward department stores, the publisher of the original story. The original release included a credit for the company, and it lacked the \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" song, with the opening credits instead playing over an instrumental version of Silent Night, Holy Night. The 1951 re-release of the film added a choral version of the song to the credits",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)"
},
{
"id": "1375452",
"text": "nose, which is only red when lit up. Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of \"Over the Hedge\" comic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, popularly known as \"Santa's ninth reindeer\", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "12761624",
"text": "a hero's welcome when he returns. \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie\" received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 40% approval rating, based on 5 reviews. The audience gave a more positive score of 59%. In 1998, four books based on the film were released. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie is a 1998 American animated adventure musical film about the character of the same name, who first appeared in a 1939 story by Robert L. May. The film was the first theatrical feature from GoodTimes Entertainment, long known as a home",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "19712258",
"text": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film) Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1948 animated short film produced and directed by Max Fleischer based on the 1939 Robert L. May poem \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", about a flying reindeer who helps Santa Claus. Rudolph is a reindeer, with an unusual red nose that shines (some would even say that it glows). Because of this, he is laughed at and told to go home by his peers. Saddened, he goes home, hangs his stocking and goes to bed. Meanwhile, at the North Pole, Santa Claus notices that the coming fog will be",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)"
},
{
"id": "12761616",
"text": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie is a 1998 American animated adventure musical film about the character of the same name, who first appeared in a 1939 story by Robert L. May. The film was the first theatrical feature from GoodTimes Entertainment, long known as a home video company. It stars Kathleen Barr as the voice of the titular Rudolph, and also features celebrity talents including John Goodman, Eric Idle, Cathy Weseluck, Whoopi Goldberg, Debbie Reynolds, Richard Simmons and Bob Newhart. The film disappointed at the box-office, recouping only $113,484 of its $10 million",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "14469630",
"text": "the Works Progress Administration. Since its dedication in 1941, the Emma Willard Memorial has been maintained by the Daughters of the American Revolution and is presently administered by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Ethan Allen Chapter, Middlebury, Vermont. American artist/illustrator Marion Guild was employed by Pierre Zwick, a painter and director of arts for the state of Vermont under the Works Progress Administration, to create the memorial's design. Guild is perhaps best known for creating the pop-up illustrations for the 1939 edition of Robert L. May's Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Zwick was initially solely credited for the design of",
"title": "Emma Willard Memorial"
},
{
"id": "9309906",
"text": "1939. May \"drew on memories of his own painfully shy childhood when creating his Rudolph stories.\" He decided on making a reindeer the central character of the book because his then 4-year-old daughter, Barbara, loved the deer in the Chicago zoo. He ran verses and chapters of the Rudolph poem by Barbara to make sure they entertained children. The final version of the poem was first read to Barbara and his wife’s parents. Evelyn May died in July 1939. She is interred at Saint Joseph Cemetery, River Grove, Cook County, IL. His boss offered to take him off the book",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "11040895",
"text": "began to publish under his own imprint. In 1985, Applewood published \"The Way to Wealth\" by Benjamin Franklin which formed the basis for their \"Books of American Wisdom\" series, which still today remains a distinctive brand for the company. In 1987, the company entered into a joint venture with Affiliated Publications owners, at the time, of the Boston Globe and Globe Pequot Press. Globe Pequot began to distribute and finance Applewood titles. In 1990, the company did a reprint of the 1939 publication of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer by Robert L. May, and in 1992 they published the same author's",
"title": "Applewood Books"
},
{
"id": "9309910",
"text": "speaks in anapestic tetrameter), written in 1947 but only published posthumously as \"Rudolph's Second Christmas\" (1992), and subsequently with the title \"Rudolph to the Rescue\" (2006). The second sequel is entirely in anapaestic tetrameter like the original: \"Rudolph Shines Again\" (1954). May also published four other children's books: \"Benny the Bunny Liked Beans\" (1940), \"Winking Willie\" (1948), \"The Fighting Tenderfoot\" (1954), and \"Sam the Scared-est Scarecrow\" (1972). May told his story of the writing of \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" in his article \"Robert May Tells how Rudolph, The Red Nosed Reindeer Came into Being\" from the \"Gettysburg Times\" published on",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "4184673",
"text": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special) Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. (later known as Rankin/Bass Productions) and currently distributed by Universal Television. It first aired Sunday, December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States, and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of \"The General Electric Fantasy Hour\". The special was based on the Johnny Marks song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May.",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "12909003",
"text": "the song's composer Irving Berlin to have the song, and the entire album, banned from radio airplay. Berlin thought Elvis's rendition a \"profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard\". Most US radio stations ignored Berlin's request, though at least one DJ was fired for playing a tune from the album. As of 2007, \"Elvis' Christmas Album\" is the top-selling holiday release of all time with 9 million in sales, according to the RIAA. \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" was composed in 1948 by Johnny Marks after a 1939 poem by Robert L. May who created Rudolph as part of his employment",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "1375435",
"text": "Gillen, to draw \"cute reindeer\", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea. Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of \"Rudolph\" in 1947 and a sequel, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again\", in 1954. In 1992, Applewood Books published \"Rudolph's Second Christmas\", an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947. In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" with new artwork by Lisa Papp. Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, \"Rudolph Shines Again\" and \"Rudolph's Second Christmas\" (now retitled \"Rudolph to the Rescue\").",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9309907",
"text": "assignment in light of his wife’s death. May refused and completed the poem in August 1939. The Rudolph poem booklet was first distributed during the 1939 holiday season. Shoppers loved the poem and 2.4 million copies were distributed. War time restrictions on paper use prevented a re-issue until 1946. In that year, another 3.6 million copies were distributed to Montgomery Ward shoppers. In 1946, May received an offer from a company that wanted to do a spoken-word record of the poem. May could not give his approval (and be compensated) because Montgomery Ward held the rights to the poem. In",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "9309909",
"text": "adaptation of Rudolph. Though the song was turned down by such popular vocalists as Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore, it was recorded by the singing cowboy Gene Autry. \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" was released in 1949 and became a phenomenal success, selling more records than any other Christmas song, with the exception of \"White Christmas\". In 1941, May married another Ward employee, Virginia, and had five children with her. She was a devout Catholic, and he converted to Catholicism during the marriage. May wrote two sequels to \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". The first is mostly in prose (except that Rudolph",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "12909004",
"text": "with Montgomery Ward. The song tells the story of a reindeer whose shiny red nose guides Santa's sleigh through the fog on Christmas Eve. Gene Autry's 1949 recording remained at #1 for a week and brought the song widespread fame. Only \"White Christmas\" has sold more copies. Autry had another hit in 1950 with \"Frosty the Snowman\", written by Jack Rollins and Steve Nelson as a direct attempt to create a success in the vein of \"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer\". The song tells the story of a magical snowman who has playful adventures with children. In 1963, \"Frosty\" hit its",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "40466",
"text": "Jungian perspective to assert that Batman appeals to our own need to face our \"shadow selves\". Batman Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #27, in 1939. Originally named the \"Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the World's Greatest Detective. Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and owner of Wayne Enterprises. After witnessing the murder of his parents",
"title": "Batman"
},
{
"id": "40338",
"text": "Batman Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #27, in 1939. Originally named the \"Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the World's Greatest Detective. Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and owner of Wayne Enterprises. After witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child, he swore vengeance against criminals, an oath",
"title": "Batman"
},
{
"id": "2746206",
"text": "fished, hunted, and collected fruits before the advent of autumn mandated the return to their inland villages. The first European to catch a glimpse of Cape May was navigator Henry Hudson and 18 of his crew mates on the Halve Maen. On August 28, 1609, while searching for the Northwest Passage, Hudson decided to sail up the unexplored Delaware Bay. Several miles up the coast, strong tides pulled the Halve Maen to a sandbar, and the crew was stranded until thunderstorms and wind aided the ship around the Cape May peninsula. This event was recorded by Hudson's first mate, Robert",
"title": "Cape May"
},
{
"id": "3173433",
"text": "James Gordon appears in \"\" and \"\", voiced by Murphy Guyer. James Gordon (comics) James \"Jim\" Gordon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with the superhero Batman. The character debuted in the first panel of \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, where he is referred to simply as Commissioner Gordon. The character was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Commissioner Gordon made his debut as an ally of Batman, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced. As the police commissioner of Gotham",
"title": "James Gordon (comics)"
},
{
"id": "3173364",
"text": "James Gordon (comics) James \"Jim\" Gordon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with the superhero Batman. The character debuted in the first panel of \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, where he is referred to simply as Commissioner Gordon. The character was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Commissioner Gordon made his debut as an ally of Batman, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced. As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to ridding the city of",
"title": "James Gordon (comics)"
},
{
"id": "13292012",
"text": "the two exit the cabin, only to be greeted by the smallest squirrel, who asks them with a grin, \"\"Who's\" gonna be Robin Hood?\" Robin Hood Makes Good Robin Hood Makes Good is a 1939 Merrie Melodies cartoon short, directed by Chuck Jones and written by Dave Monahan, and released by Warner Bros. on February 11, 1939. Three little squirrels, after reading a book about Robin Hood, decide to act out the part of the legendary medieval outlaw. The smallest of the three declares that he will be Robin Hood, prompting the middle squirrel to breathe down his neck and",
"title": "Robin Hood Makes Good"
},
{
"id": "12909019",
"text": "animated Christmas special created specifically for television, \"Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol\". Based on Dickens' novelette, \"A Christmas Carol\", the animated special featured a score by Broadway duo Jule Styne and Bob Merrill. On December 6, 1964, NBC aired \"Rudolph the Red–Nosed Reindeer\", a stop motion animated special produced by Rankin/Bass. The special was based on a 1949 song by Johnny Marks, which was based in turn on a 1939 poem by Robert L. May. The program has aired every year since 1964, making it the longest-running Christmas television special. On December 9, 1965, CBS aired \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" then",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "13292009",
"text": "Robin Hood Makes Good Robin Hood Makes Good is a 1939 Merrie Melodies cartoon short, directed by Chuck Jones and written by Dave Monahan, and released by Warner Bros. on February 11, 1939. Three little squirrels, after reading a book about Robin Hood, decide to act out the part of the legendary medieval outlaw. The smallest of the three declares that he will be Robin Hood, prompting the middle squirrel to breathe down his neck and demand, \"\"Who's\" gonna be Robin Hood?\", prompting an intimidated reply of \"\"You're\" gonna be Robin Hood!\" In turn, the biggest squirrel bullies the middle",
"title": "Robin Hood Makes Good"
},
{
"id": "8116655",
"text": "Elephant, Male and Female Rhino, Male and Female Zebra, Goose, Gander, Hen, Rooster, Ram, Ewe, Lion, Lioness Laborador Retriever, Cat, Tropical Fish, Parrot, Kittens, Puppies, Pony, Rabbit, Turtle, Duck January - Snowman, February - Cupid, March - Leprechaun, April - Easter Bunny, May - Mother's Day Flowers, June - Graduation, July - Uncle Sam, August - Sandcastle, September - Scarecrow, October - Pumpkin Kitty, November - Turkey, December - Christmas Tree Compass, Conch Shell, Crab, Diver's Helmet, Lighthouse, Mermaid, Sail Boat, Seagull, Seahorse, Ship's Wheel, Starfish, Treasure Chest Arrowhead, Bison, Boston Tea Party Crates, Covered Wagon, Liberty Bell, Space Shuttle,",
"title": "Red Rose Tea"
},
{
"id": "8124077",
"text": "Santa Claus's reindeer In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The commonly cited names of the eight reindeer are Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner and Blitzen. They are based on those used in the 1823 poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (commonly called \"The Night Before Christmas\") by Clement Clarke Moore, arguably the basis of the reindeers' popularity. The enduring popularity of the Christmas song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" has led to Rudolph often joining the list, bringing the number",
"title": "Santa Claus's reindeer"
},
{
"id": "2170403",
"text": "Smokey Bear Smokey Bear is an American advertising icon created by the U.S. Forest Service with artist Albert Staehle, possibly in collaboration with writer and art critic Harold Rosenberg. In the longest-running public service advertising campaign in United States history, the Ad Council, the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the National Association of State Foresters (NASF) employ Smokey Bear to educate the public about the dangers of unplanned human-caused wildfires. A campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan \"Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires\" began in 1944. His later slogan, \"Remember... Only YOU Can",
"title": "Smokey Bear"
},
{
"id": "3325918",
"text": "Curious George Curious George is the protagonist of a series of popular children's books by the same name, written by H. A. Rey and Margret Rey with illustrations by Alan J. Shalleck. The books feature a chimp named George, who is brought from his home in Africa by \"The Man with The Yellow Hat\" as his best friend to live with him in a giant city. When the first story, \"Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys\" was published in France in 1939, George was named Fifi. In the United Kingdom, George was originally called \"Zozo\" in 1941, apparently to avoid",
"title": "Curious George"
},
{
"id": "9030340",
"text": "the character of Damian who would go on to co-star in two on-going monthly series for DC and appear in other comic books frequently. The character of Batman was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane. He was introduced in the anthology comic book series \"Detective Comics\" #27 in May 1939 published by National Allied Publications (later renamed DC Comics), though at the time was referred to as \"The Bat-Man.\" The character was quickly deemed a success, and followed Superman's lead with the debut of a second on-going self-named title. \"Batman\" #1 premiered in spring 1940. The two",
"title": "Batman and Son"
},
{
"id": "1281812",
"text": "and Blixem was later changed to Bliksem, then Blitzen (\"blitz\" being German for \"lightning\"). Some consider Rudolph as part of the group as well, though he was not part of the original named work referenced previously. Rudolph was added by Robert L. May in 1939 in his book \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". Among the Inuit, there is a story of the origin of the caribou, Inuit artists from the barren lands, incorporate depictions of caribou—and items made from caribou antlers and skin—in carvings, drawings, prints and sculpture. Contemporary Canadian artist Brian Jungen's, of Dunne-za First Nations ancestry, commissioned an installation",
"title": "Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "12997468",
"text": "The Bear That Couldn't Sleep The Bear That Couldn't Sleep is a 1939 animated short film, directed by Rudolf Ising for MGM as part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's \"Barney Bear\" series. Released with the movie \"6,000 Enemies\" by MGM on June 10, 1939, the short is notable for featuring the first appearance of Barney Bear. Ising created the character Barney Bear in the late 1930s for MGM at this time, basing the sleepy-eyed character partially on himself. As autumn draws to a close, and the first gentle blanket of snow covers the great brown forest, Barney Bear happily prepares for his nice",
"title": "The Bear That Couldn't Sleep"
},
{
"id": "5084897",
"text": "hosted \"Disney Time\" on Christmas Day at 4.30pm and introduced clips from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Perri, That Darn Cat, Smoke, Jungle Book, The Aristocats and Charlie the lonesome Cougar The Easter edition was introduced by Harry Secombe on April 12 from his home in Surrey. Clips include Swiss Family Robinson, Dumbo, The Wild Country, The Sword in the Stone, The Hunting Instinct (Donald Duck), The Barefoot Executive and The Aristocats The Whitsun Holiday was introduced by Lulu - Robin Hood, Alice in Wonderland, Pinocchio, Swiss Family Robinson, The Wild Country, One Hundred and One Dalmatians and",
"title": "Disney Time"
},
{
"id": "9288464",
"text": "return to normal size upon return to Earth. Santa is getting less and less Christmas letters. It turns out that a boy named Leon is persuading people to stop believing in Santa Claus! Santa and the elves discover that Leon’s letter got lost years ago, wanting his dog Lenny back who was given away to a lady who wanted to dye him pink, as she did for all her dogs, but he ran away. Since Santa didn’t give him his dog back, Leon started doing this, going as far as ripping his brother Humfrey's letter. Santa and co get Lenny",
"title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "4516371",
"text": "of All Time. Ward and his business partner Alex Anderson created Bullwinkle for \"The Frostbite Falls Review\", a storyboard idea which was never developed into a series. They gave him the name \"Bullwinkle Jay Moose, Berry\" after Clarence Bullwinkel, a car dealer, because they thought it was a funny name. Both Bullwinkle and Rocky were given the middle initial \"J\" in reference to Ward. From his debut along with Rocky, Bullwinkle's gloves were blue. Later in the second story arc and for the rest of the series, they become white. Also, in contemporary promotion art, Bullwinkle's antlers are a yellowish",
"title": "Bullwinkle J. Moose"
},
{
"id": "3240249",
"text": "is lit up with little fires. ... It was beautiful.\" The island was also plagued with rats, which at one point were so prevalent that after \"poison gas, poison bait, ferocious dogs and pigs\" failed to control them, one New Yorker tried to organize a hunting party to kill them off. It was the efforts of \"master builder\" Robert Moses, who didn't want the unsightly island to be the backdrop for his carefully landscaped 1939 World's Fair, to get the island cleaned up, and have the city's garbage sent elsewhere—ultimately to the Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island. During Mayor",
"title": "Rikers Island"
},
{
"id": "50381",
"text": "resided in his bear ears. The modern Latvian military award Order of Lāčplēsis, called for the hero, is also known as \"The Order of the Bear-Slayer\". Bears are popular in children's stories, including Winnie the Pooh, Paddington Bear, Gentle Ben and \"The Brown Bear of Norway\". An early version of \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\", was published as \"The Three Bears\" in 1837 by Robert Southey, many times retold, and illustrated in 1918 by Arthur Rackham. The cartoon character Yogi Bear has appeared in numerous comic books, animated television shows and films. The Care Bears began as greeting cards in",
"title": "Bear"
},
{
"id": "6935175",
"text": "name. In July 1939, Thrilling Publications (also known as Standard or Better) introduced a new Black Bat in a series called \"Black Book Detective\". Written mainly by Norman A. Daniels under the house name G. Wayman Jones, the stories describe the crime-fighting career of former District Attorney Anthony Quinn. In a clear departure from most pulp characters and heroes, this Black Bat actually has an origin story, describing how Quinn became the Black Bat after being blinded and disfigured by acid when trying to save evidence against Oliver Snate in court, an idea borrowed a few years later by DC",
"title": "Black Bat"
},
{
"id": "425951",
"text": "Thomas Nast Thomas Nast (; ; September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the \"Father of the American Cartoon\". He was the scourge of Democratic Representative \"Boss\" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus (based on the traditional German figures of Sankt Nikolaus and Weihnachtsmann) and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party (GOP). Contrary to popular belief, Nast did not create Uncle Sam (the male personification of the United",
"title": "Thomas Nast"
},
{
"id": "19438103",
"text": "— “leans in,” and does it all — much better than the big Jack Rabbits.\" Author Francis Itani also remembers it as a childhood favorite in which the Country Bunny, \"goes on a quest to prove that she (as much as the male bunnies) can be wisest, swiftest and kindest.\" The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes is a 1939 children's picture book written by DuBose Heyward and illustrated by Marjorie Flack. The book, which has never been out of print, has come to be regarded as a feminist and anti-racist",
"title": "The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes"
},
{
"id": "1950199",
"text": "deer Bambi (the titular character of the book \"Bambi, A Life in the Woods\" (1923) and its sequel \"Bambi's Children\" (1939), by Felix Salten) is originally a roe deer. When the story was adapted into the animated feature film \"Bambi\" (1942), by the Walt Disney Studios, Bambi was changed to a mule deer, and accordingly, the setting was changed to a North American wilderness. These changes made Bambi a deer species more familiar to mainstream US viewers. Roe deer The European roe deer (\"Capreolus capreolus\"), also known as the western roe deer, \"chevreuil\", or simply roe deer or roe, is",
"title": "Roe deer"
},
{
"id": "6836587",
"text": "Batman (comic book) Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist. The character first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (cover dated May 1939). Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940. It was first advertised in early April 1940, one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick, Robin, the Boy Wonder. Though the \"Batman\" comic book was initially launched as a quarterly publication, it later became a bimonthly series through the late 1950s, after",
"title": "Batman (comic book)"
},
{
"id": "4731280",
"text": "(1946). The mid-20th-century arrival of the baby boomers provided a growing market for children's music as a separate genre. Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger and Ella Jenkins were among a cadre of politically progressive and socially conscious performers who aimed albums to this group. During this time, such novelty recordings as \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (a Montgomery Ward jingle that became a book and later a classic children's movie) and the fictional music group, The Chipmunks, were among the most commercially successful music ventures of the time (\"The Chipmunk Song\" was a No. 1 hit single in 1958). TV personality Bob",
"title": "Children's music"
},
{
"id": "530571",
"text": "Milford, Pennsylvania, the home and estate of its first Chief, Gifford Pinchot. In August 1944, to reduce the number of forest fires, the Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council began distributing fire education posters featuring a black bear. The poster campaign was a success; the black bear would later be named \"Smokey Bear\", and would, for decades, be the \"spokesbear\" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in innumerable TV commercials; his popular catch phrase, \"Only YOU can prevent forest fires\", is one of the most widely recognized slogans in the United States. A recent study found that",
"title": "United States Forest Service"
},
{
"id": "13983906",
"text": "A Dennis the Menace Christmas A Dennis the Menace Christmas is a 2007 direct-to-video film starring Maxwell Perry Cotton and Robert Wagner, based on the comic strip by Hank Ketcham. It is a sequel to \"Dennis the Menace\" and \"Dennis the Menace Strikes Again\". The plot is based on Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\". Composer Peter Allen was nominated for a Leo Award for his score for the film. None of the cast from the first or second film appear in this film. Dennis attempts to inject his grinchy neighbor, Mr. Wilson, with the holiday spirit, but causes his usual",
"title": "A Dennis the Menace Christmas"
},
{
"id": "8095294",
"text": "what he will be if he isn't Santa. Several films have been created which explore the consequences should an impostor Santa take over. Probably one of the first films featuring a fake Santa Claus is the 1914 silent film, \"The Adventure of the Wrong Santa Claus\", written by Frederic Arnold Kummer. In this film, a bogus Santa steals all the Christmas presents and amateur detective Octavius (played by Herbert Yost) tries to recover them. Arguably the most notorious impostor appears in the 1966 cartoon based on Dr. Seuss's children's book, \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\", wherein the Grinch attempts to",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"id": "1267929",
"text": "recalled Kane: Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl instead of the domino mask, a cape instead of wings, adding gloves, and removing the red sections from the original costume. He later said his suggestions were influenced by Lee Falk's popular \"The Phantom\", a syndicated newspaper comic strip character with which Kane was also familiar, and that he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity. As Finger described, \"Bruce Wayne's first name came from Robert Bruce, the Scottish patriot. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that",
"title": "Bill Finger"
},
{
"id": "9309904",
"text": "Robert L. May Robert L. May (July 27, 1905 – August 10, 1976) was the creator of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Robert May grew up in an affluent, secular Jewish home in New Rochelle, New York. He had a brother and two sisters. One of the sisters, Evelyn May, is the grandmother of the well-known economist Steven D. Levitt, who wrote the book \"Freakonomics\". The other sister, Margaret, married songwriter Johnny Marks in 1947. May graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Dartmouth College in 1926. May’s parents were hard hit by the Great Depression (1929) and lost their wealth. Sometime in",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "5452030",
"text": "King and Du Barry (the title song: \"Du Barry Was A Lady\"). Eventually after various entanglements (including the Dauphin shooting the King in the posterior with a bow and arrow), Louis wakes up and realises that Alex is the man for May. He uses the last of his winnings to pay for Alex's divorce from Ann, and (with Charley having just quit his job) goes back to being a washroom attendant. The musical opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on December 6, 1939, transferred to the Royale Theatre on October 21, 1940 and closed December 12, 1940, after",
"title": "DuBarry Was a Lady"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "2387176",
"text": "Horton Hears a Who! Horton Hears a Who! is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and was published in 1954 by Random House. It is the second Dr. Seuss book to feature Horton the Elephant, the first being \"Horton Hatches the Egg\". The Whos would later reappear in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\". Miranda Richardson read the book as part of her second audio collection of Dr. Seuss books. The other three books she narrated were \"Oh, the Places You'll Go!\", \"Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You?\", and \"Happy Birthday",
"title": "Horton Hears a Who!"
},
{
"id": "12684342",
"text": "primarily for care of the mentally ill, it also provided care for alcoholics. In 1939, Tiebout received a pre-publication copy of the book, \"Alcoholics Anonymous\". After looking it over, he gave it to one of his patients, Marty Mann. She had been at Blythewood for over a year but seemed no closer to conquering her alcohol problem than when she arrived, so he considered her a good test of whether the book had value. At first she read the book eagerly, delighted to know for the first time that there was a name (alcoholism) for what ailed her. However, she",
"title": "Harry Tiebout"
},
{
"id": "2351085",
"text": "Wizard of Oz (character) Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs (also known as the Wizard of Oz and, during his reign, as Oz, the Great and Terrible) is a fictional character in the Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. The character was further popularized by a stage play and several movies, most famously the classic 1939 movie, as well as the 2013 prequel adaption. The Wizard is one of the characters in \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.\" Unseen for most of the novel, he is the ruler of the Land of Oz and",
"title": "Wizard of Oz (character)"
},
{
"id": "2872483",
"text": "his first adventure strip, \"Rusty and his Pals\". In early 1939, DC's success with the seminal superhero Superman in \"Action Comics\" prompted editors to scramble for more such heroes. In response, Bob Kane conceived \"the Bat-Man.\" Kane said his influences for the character included actor Douglas Fairbanks' film portrayal of the swashbuckler Zorro; Leonardo da Vinci's diagram of the ornithopter, a flying machine with huge bat-like wings; and the 1930 film \"The Bat Whispers\", based on Mary Rinehart's mystery novel \"The Circular Staircase\" (1908). Bill Finger joined Bob Kane's nascent studio in 1938. An aspiring writer and part-time shoe salesperson,",
"title": "Bob Kane"
},
{
"id": "9309911",
"text": "December 22, 1975. May died on August 10, 1976 two weeks after his 71st birthday. May is interred at Saint Joseph Cemetery, River Grove, Cook County, IL. Robert L. May Robert L. May (July 27, 1905 – August 10, 1976) was the creator of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Robert May grew up in an affluent, secular Jewish home in New Rochelle, New York. He had a brother and two sisters. One of the sisters, Evelyn May, is the grandmother of the well-known economist Steven D. Levitt, who wrote the book \"Freakonomics\". The other sister, Margaret, married songwriter Johnny Marks in",
"title": "Robert L. May"
},
{
"id": "6223419",
"text": "in the late 1930s. For content, Fox contracted with comics packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of companies creating comic books on demand for publishers entering the field. Writer-artist Will Eisner, at Victor Fox's request for a hero to mimic the newly created hit Superman, created the superhero Wonder Man for Fox's first publication, \"Wonder Comics\" #1 (May 1939), signing his work \"Willis\". Eisner said in interviews throughout his later life that he had protested the derivative nature of the character and story, and that when subpoenaed after National Periodical Publications, the company that would evolve into DC",
"title": "Fox Feature Syndicate"
},
{
"id": "8124082",
"text": "a social outcast among the other reindeer. Santa Claus's worldwide flight one year was imperiled by severe fog. Visiting Rudolph's house to deliver his presents, Santa observed Rudolph's glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided to use him as a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh. Rudolph accepted Santa's request to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night, and he returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus. Santa Claus's reindeer In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas",
"title": "Santa Claus's reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3325935",
"text": "languages: \"Others\" Curious George Curious George is the protagonist of a series of popular children's books by the same name, written by H. A. Rey and Margret Rey with illustrations by Alan J. Shalleck. The books feature a chimp named George, who is brought from his home in Africa by \"The Man with The Yellow Hat\" as his best friend to live with him in a giant city. When the first story, \"Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys\" was published in France in 1939, George was named Fifi. In the United Kingdom, George was originally called \"Zozo\" in 1941, apparently",
"title": "Curious George"
},
{
"id": "6284982",
"text": "When Patty bids farewell to Skinner, she says, \"Goodnight, sweet principal\", a reference to \"Goodnight, sweet prince\" from \"Hamlet\". When Skinner returns to school, he declares that \"Tomorrow is another school day!\", a reference to the line \"Tomorrow is another day!\" from the 1939 film \"Gone with the Wind\". In its original broadcast, \"Principal Charming\" finished thirty-second in the ratings for the week of February 11–17, 1991, with a Nielsen rating of 14.1, equivalent to approximately thirteen million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews",
"title": "Principal Charming"
},
{
"id": "12732546",
"text": "writer Douglas Wheeler's adaptation of some of the Brothers Grimm's fairytales for NBM in 1995. In 1998 Wenzel teamed with acclaimed comics writer Kurt Busiek on \"The Wizard’s Tale\", the story of Evernight, a land ruled by a consortium of evil wizards who discover that one of their kind harbors a \"dangerous\" glimmer of good. \"The Wizard’s Tale\" was designed to be a crossover book that blended children’s book elements with the format and readability of a graphic novel. Other notable projects Wenzel has done include Robert L. May's Christmas bestseller \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" (Grosset and Dunlap, 2001);",
"title": "David Wenzel"
},
{
"id": "5777112",
"text": "a hot bath after taking a sedative. Three weeks later, on January 13, 1961, he died in New York of complications from the resulting second- and third-degree burns. He is buried in Artists Cemetery, Woodstock, Ulster County, New York. His son, Anthony Robinson, is also a noted novelist. His best-known novel \"The Cardinal\" details the life of Stephen Fermoyle, a young American priest who eventually becomes a Prince of the Church. The story is based in part on the life of Francis Cardinal Spellman, Archbishop of New York (1939–1967). The novel was adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film in 1963,",
"title": "Henry Morton Robinson"
},
{
"id": "2306820",
"text": "Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\". The character was first introduced in \"Detective Comics\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \"Robin, The Boy Wonder\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \"winged\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.",
"title": "Dick Grayson"
},
{
"id": "1375437",
"text": "to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written. It was reissued in 1951 with the song added. May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s. DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled \"Rudolph the",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "4878348",
"text": "Harper's Department of Books for Boys and Girls. The story is that Nordstrom \"told him she was expecting a manuscript that he might illustrate. In a fortuitous coincidence, when the manuscript arrived the author had pinned a note to it: 'Try Garth Williams'. The author was E. B. White; the book was \"Stuart Little\".\" The Whites had wanted Robert Lawson to work on the project, but had burned through eight illustrators. The book became a success with adults as well as children. Williams later said that seeing grownups on buses and trains reading \"Stuart Little\" persuaded him to continue as",
"title": "Garth Williams"
},
{
"id": "495362",
"text": "his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia\", the baron encounters a stag while eating cherries and, without ammunition, fires the cherry-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a cherry tree growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year. In Christmas lore (such as in the narrative poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\"), reindeer are often depicted pulling the sleigh of Santa Claus. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1938 novel \"The Yearling\" was about a boy's relationship with a baby deer.",
"title": "Deer"
},
{
"id": "4484034",
"text": "human characters are given minimal dialogue, often nothing more than a repulsed \"Le pew!\"). Sometimes this formula is varied. In his initial cartoon, \"Odor-able Kitty\", Pepé (who was revealed to be an American skunk named Henry in this short) unwittingly pursues a \"male\" cat who has deliberately disguised himself as a skunk (complete with the scent of Limburger cheese) in order to scare off a bunch of characters who have mistreated him. \"Scent-imental Over You\" has Pepé pursuing a female \"dog\" who has donned a skunk pelt (mistaking it for a fur coat). In the end, she removes her pelt,",
"title": "Pepé Le Pew"
},
{
"id": "3193055",
"text": "campaigns. However, Bambi was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed, leading to the creation of Smokey Bear. Bambi and his mother also make a cameo appearance in the satirical 1955 Donald Duck short \"No Hunting\": drinking from a forest stream, the deer are startled by a sudden trickle of beer cans and other debris, and Bambi's mother tells him, \"Man is in the forest. Let's dig out.\" In 2006, the Ad Council, in partnership with the United States Forest Service, started a series of Public Service Announcements that feature footage from \"Bambi\"",
"title": "Bambi"
},
{
"id": "19007052",
"text": "too. A park ranger informs the Leslies that a pyromaniac is on the loose and to be careful. Soon they and others are threatened by a roaring blaze, but Robert's radio enables them to send for life-saving help, while a photo Tom takes of the fire ends up capturing the pyromaniac in the same frame. Everybody's Hobby Everybody's Hobby is a 1939 American comedy film directed by William C. McGann and written by Kenneth Gamet and William W. Brockway. The film stars Irene Rich, Henry O'Neill, Jackie Moran, Aldrich Bowker, Jean Sharon, John Ridgely and Peggy Stewart. The film was",
"title": "Everybody's Hobby"
},
{
"id": "3016832",
"text": "company produced a special for NBC and sponsor General Electric, later owner of NBC. It was a stop motion animated adaptation of the Robert L. May story \"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer\" and the song it inspired, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,\" written by May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks. It had been made into a cartoon by Max Fleischer, brother and former partner of Dave Fleischer, as a traditional animated short for the Jam Handy Film Company almost two decades earlier. This featured Billie Mae Richards as the voice of the main title character, Rudolph. With Burl Ives in the role of Sam",
"title": "Rankin/Bass Productions"
},
{
"id": "708462",
"text": "you two guys? You were here on my wedding night!\" Streaming audio It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet \"The Greatest Gift\", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George",
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life"
},
{
"id": "16183435",
"text": "where Benjamin (Morris Chestnut) is working as Santa in a shopping mall. The movie also stars Queen Latifah and Terrence Howard. The song appeared in \"A Dennis the Menace Christmas\" starring Robert Wagner and Maxwell Perry Cotton. The song is featured in a scene where Mr. Wilson (Robert Wagner) goes Christmas shopping with the kids. Santa U Are the One \"Santa U Are the One\" is a Christmas song written and composed by the Norwegian songwriter Ove Andre Brenna. It was first made popular by the Korean boy band Super Junior. \"Santa U Are the One\" is an uptempo and",
"title": "Santa U Are the One"
},
{
"id": "841826",
"text": "Phantom Blot The Phantom Blot is a fictional character featured in various media by The Walt Disney Company. He is an enemy of Mickey Mouse. He first appeared in the Mickey Mouse comic strip adventure \"Mickey Mouse Outwits the Phantom Blot\" by Floyd Gottfredson, which was published in the form of daily strips from May 20 to September 9, 1939. The Phantom Blot, or simply \"The Blot\", made his first appearance in \"Mickey Mouse Outwits the Phantom Blot\". In this story, Chief O'Hara hires Mickey to capture this new criminal who calls himself The Blot. According to O'Hara, he is",
"title": "Phantom Blot"
},
{
"id": "3459925",
"text": "Rocky the Flying Squirrel Rocket J. \"Rocky\" Squirrel is a plucky flying squirrel and one of the two protagonists of the 1959–1964 animated series \"Rocky and His Friends\" and \"The Bullwinkle Show\" (both shows often referred to collectively as \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\"), produced by Jay Ward. Rocky is the best friend and ally of the western moose, Bullwinkle. Both Rocky and Bullwinkle were given the middle initial \"J\" as a reference to Ward. Jay Ward and partner Alex Anderson originally created Rocky as part of \"The Frostbite Falls Review\", a proposed pilot that wasn't developed. The character was",
"title": "Rocky the Flying Squirrel"
},
{
"id": "6226463",
"text": "name \"Laraine Day\" to honor her previous playhouse manager Elias Day, from whom she had received much of her training. During that time, she was active in establishing a playhouse in Los Angeles for Mormon actors. Ray Bradbury joined for a period of time in 1939, and she let him do some stage prop work and publicity. In 1939, she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, becoming popular and well known (billed as Laraine Day) as Nurse Mary Lamont, the title character's love interest and eventual fiancée in a string of seven Dr. Kildare movies beginning with \"Calling Dr. Kildare\" (1939), with Lew",
"title": "Laraine Day"
},
{
"id": "16008204",
"text": "Robert Bright Robert Bright (August 5, 1902 – November 21, 1988) was an American author and illustrator of children's literature who wrote and illustrated over 20 books in his 40-year career. He is best known for \"Georgie\" (1944), a children's classic about a friendly and shy little ghost who lives in Mr. and Mrs. Whittaker's attic. Bright was born in Sandwich, Massachusetts to Edward Bright and Blanche Denio Wright of New York City. His father was a journalist and his mother was the daughter of Ebenezer Kellogg Wright, president of the National Park Bank in New York City. In 1903",
"title": "Robert Bright"
},
{
"id": "15203832",
"text": "Irwin, \"It makes no difference whether he committed three hundred murders, so far as the State is concerned. His psychopathic background shows he is insane.\" In late June 1937, a pantry maid in Cleveland's Statler Hotel saw a picture of Irwin in a pulp magazine and noticed a resemblance to a bar boy who been working at the hotel for less than two months, under the name of Bob Murray. He cleaned out his locker and disappeared soon after she asked him about his last name and whether he knew about Robert Irwin. Once again, the search for Irwin became",
"title": "Robert George Irwin"
},
{
"id": "1267930",
"text": "would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock ... then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne.\" Kane decades later in his autobiography described Finger as \"a contributing force on Batman right from the beginning... I made Batman a superhero-vigilante when I first created him. Bill turned him into a scientific detective.\" Finger biographer Marc Tyler Nobleman described, \"Bob [Kane] showed Bat-Man to [editor] Vin [Sullivan] — without Bill. Vin promptly wanted to run Bat-Man, and Bob negotiated a deal — without including Bill.\" Finger wrote both the initial script for Batman's debut in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939) and the character's",
"title": "Bill Finger"
},
{
"id": "12594978",
"text": "here--fascinates. However, the bland correspondence, if one can call it that, provides a weak premise for another book about Anne Frank\". A \"Publishers Weekly\" review says, \"Abundant visuals include photos, movie stills and ephemera. Like the text, however, the contrast between the illustrations of wartime Holland and those of homefront America suggests a chasm more than a link\". Searching for Anne Frank Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa is a book about Anne Frank and her pen pal, Juanita Wagner. It is written by Susan Goldman Rubin. In 1939, a ten-year-old girl named Juanita Wagner was the pen pal",
"title": "Searching for Anne Frank"
},
{
"id": "2807298",
"text": "story of Rudolph., He lived on West 11th Street in Greenwich Village and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Among Marks' many works is \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", which was based on a poem of the same name, written by Marks’s brother-in-law, Robert L. May, Rudolph's creator. A television film based on the story and song first aired in 1964, with Marks himself composing the score. In addition to his songwriting, he founded St. Nicholas Music in 1949, and served as director of ASCAP from 1957 to 1961. In 1981, he was inducted into the",
"title": "Johnny Marks"
},
{
"id": "4953359",
"text": "145) and \"Adventures into the Unknown\" (#153, 157). By 1967, the company had ended publication, except for its commercial comics division, Custom Comics, established in 1950, which lasted until the early 1980s doing work for a variety of clients such as the A. C. Gilbert toy company, Montgomery Ward, Tupperware, and the United States Air Force. Source: American Comics Group American Comics Group (ACG) was an American comic book publisher started in 1939 and existing under the ACG name form 1943 to 1967. It published the medium's first ongoing horror-comics title, \"Adventures into the Unknown\". ACG's best-known character was the",
"title": "American Comics Group"
},
{
"id": "52815",
"text": "the story: a hardcover, multiple trade paperback editions (one in standard comics paper with simpler coloring and one deluxe version with rich detailing in the colors — both colored by Richmond Lewis) and it has been included in \"The Complete Frank Miller Batman\" hardcover. The story arc was adapted into an in 2011. Batman (Bruce Wayne) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics who debuted in \"The Case of the Chemical Syndicate\", a story published in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939). He was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger to capitalize on",
"title": "Batman: Year One"
},
{
"id": "18990396",
"text": "in the finery of their Sunday best to shop in these huge stores that carried everything from clothing and jewelry to furniture and housewares. Though the idea of the largest tree in Cleveland is an attributed to Higbee's in A Christmas Story in 1983, the tradition was actually that of SLD, not Higbee's, which were in fact (along with May and Halle) huge rivals and constantly attempting to outdo each other in ever growing extravagance of merchandise and audacity of style. Sterling Lindner Davis was a conglomeration of three previously separate companies: Sterling & Welch, Lindner & Co., and W.",
"title": "Sterling-Lindner Co."
},
{
"id": "5288917",
"text": "feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned",
"title": "Prest-O Change-O"
},
{
"id": "100099",
"text": "Destry Rides Again Destry Rides Again is a 1939 western starring Marlene Dietrich and James Stewart, and directed by George Marshall. The supporting cast includes Mischa Auer, Charles Winninger, Brian Donlevy, Allen Jenkins, Irene Hervey, Billy Gilbert, Bill Cody, Jr., Lillian Yarbo, and Una Merkel. Although the title comes from Max Brand's popular novel, which inspired the earlier screenplay with Tom Mix, this version is almost entirely unrelated to either. In 1996, \"Destry Rides Again\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Saloon owner",
"title": "Destry Rides Again"
},
{
"id": "4019427",
"text": "Horton Hatches the Egg Horton Hatches the Egg is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and published in 1940 by Random House. The book tells the story of Horton the Elephant, who is tricked into sitting on a bird's egg while its mother, Mayzie, takes a permanent vacation to Palm Beach. Horton endures a number of hardships but persists, often stating, \"I meant what I said, and I said what I meant. An elephant's faithful, one hundred percent!\" Ultimately, the egg hatches, revealing an elephant-bird, a creature with a blend of",
"title": "Horton Hatches the Egg"
},
{
"id": "3459932",
"text": "as \"Shortstop\". Rocky the Flying Squirrel Rocket J. \"Rocky\" Squirrel is a plucky flying squirrel and one of the two protagonists of the 1959–1964 animated series \"Rocky and His Friends\" and \"The Bullwinkle Show\" (both shows often referred to collectively as \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\"), produced by Jay Ward. Rocky is the best friend and ally of the western moose, Bullwinkle. Both Rocky and Bullwinkle were given the middle initial \"J\" as a reference to Ward. Jay Ward and partner Alex Anderson originally created Rocky as part of \"The Frostbite Falls Review\", a proposed pilot that wasn't developed. The",
"title": "Rocky the Flying Squirrel"
},
{
"id": "2443087",
"text": "cartoons of Thomas Nast, who was recruited in 1862 and worked with the \"Weekly\" for more than 20 years. Nast was a feared caricaturist, and is often called the father of American political cartooning. He was the first to use an elephant as the symbol of the Republican Party. He also drew the legendary character of Santa Claus; his version became strongly associated with the figure, who was popularized as part of Christmas customs in the late nineteenth century. \"Harper's Weekly\" was the most widely read journal in the United States throughout the period of the Civil War. So as",
"title": "Harper's Weekly"
},
{
"id": "9439658",
"text": "of Santa in parts of the U.S. A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for 'a fabulous personage' whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called 'Krishkinkle' but in New York he is 'St. Nicholas' or 'Santa Claus'. The author quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too. As the years passed, Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large, heavyset person. One of the first artists to define Santa Claus's modern image was Thomas Nast, an",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "424452",
"text": "and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales. The books have profoundly influenced adult and children's fantasy literature since World War II. Lewis's exploration of themes not usually present in children's literature, such as religion, as well as the books' perceived treatment of issues including race and gender, has caused some controversy. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" in 1939 (the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914), he did not finish writing the first book \"The",
"title": "The Chronicles of Narnia"
},
{
"id": "4186027",
"text": "Nordic combined skier Bill Demong. Miniature figures of the Speedy mascot were shown with each. In 1951, the \"Speedy\" character was introduced. The character was originally conceived by creative director George Pal of the Wade Ad Agency and designed by illustrator Wally Wood. Originally named Sparky, the name was changed to Speedy by sales manager Perry L. Shupert to align with that year's promotional theme, \"Speedy Relief.\" Speedy appeared in over 200 TV commercials between 1954 and 1964. His body was one Alka-Seltzer tablet, while he wore another as a hat. Buster Keaton appeared along with the animated Speedy Alka-Seltzer",
"title": "Alka-Seltzer"
},
{
"id": "12908972",
"text": "as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer context: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,ly known as \"Santa's ninth reindeer\", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives scrutiny for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather. Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store. The story is\n\nThe American ad writer Robert L. May introduced what popular Christmas character when he designed a new coloring book for Montgomery Ward in 1939?",
"compressed_tokens": 215,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer context: Gillen, to draw \"cute reindeer\", using zoo deer as models. alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea. Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of \"Rudolph\" in 1947 and a sequel, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again\", in 1954. In 1992, Applewood Books published \"Rudolph's Second Christmas\", an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947. In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" with new artwork by Lisa Papp. Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, \"Rudolph Shines Again\" and \"Rudolph's Second Christmas\" (now retitled \"Rudolph to the Rescue\").\n\ntitle: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reinde context: had been bu and giving away coloring books every and it decided that creating their own book would save money. considered naming the reindeerRollo\" orReginald deciding upon using the \"Rud In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 4 copies of Rudolph' story. written as a poem inapestic tetrameter, the same meter as \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas Public and reprint rights for the \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" controlled Pearson P. While May\n: Robert L. May 939 Maydrewories his shyhood when He decided on a reinde the central of the book old,, the de in the Chicago. ranes chapters the Rudolph by Barbara to make theyained. final of poem was wife’ parentsely May died 9.redve County to take off the\ner: and Russiaating am,-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a cherry tree growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year. In Christmas lore (such as in the narrative poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\"), reindeer are often depicted pulling the sleigh of Santa Claus. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1938 novel \"The Yearling\" was about a boy's relationship with a baby deer.\n\nThe American ad writer Robert L. May introduced what popular Christmas character when he designed a new coloring book for Montgomery Ward in 1939?",
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} |
78,765 | In Tchaikovskys ballet The Nutcracker, who is the nutcrackers main enemy? | [
"Candy Cane (ballet)",
"Casse-Noisette",
"Nutcracker Suite",
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy",
"The Nutcracker Suite",
"Mouse King (ballet)",
"Dolls (ballet)",
"The nutcracker ballet",
"Nutcracker (Tchaikovsky)",
"Coffee (ballet)",
"Shchelkunchik",
"Der nussknacker",
"Frau Stahlbaum",
"Herr Drosselmeier",
"Dr. and Frau Stahlbaum",
"Mother Ginger",
"Marzipan (ballet)",
"Sugar Plum Fairy",
"Hot Chocolate (ballet)",
"Nutcracker Prince",
"Nutcracker suite",
"Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy",
"The Mouse King",
"Soldier (ballet)",
"The Nutcracker Ballet",
"Cavalier (ballet)",
"Dr. & Frau Stahlbaum",
"Waltz of the Flowers",
"Nutcracker (ballet)",
"Herr Drosselmeyer",
"Flowers (ballet)",
"Tea (ballet)",
"Sugarplum (ballet)",
"Dance of the Mirlitons",
"Mouse King",
"Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy",
"Dewdrop (ballet)",
"Dr. Stahlbaum",
"Nutcracker Ballet",
"The Nutcracker"
] | The Mouse King | [
{
"id": "8976280",
"text": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" () is a story written in 1816 by German author E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which young Marie Stahlbaum's favorite Christmas toy, the Nutcracker, comes alive and, after defeating the evil Mouse King in battle, whisks her away to a magical kingdom populated by dolls. In 1892, the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned Alexandre Dumas's adaptation of the story into the ballet \"The Nutcracker\". The story begins on Christmas Eve, at the Stahlbaum house. Marie, seven, and her brother, Fritz,",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "9954353",
"text": "for his injured tail and humiliation. Drosselmeier appears on the grandfather clock and brings the Nutcracker and all the dolls and soldiers in the room to life. The Nutcracker, who has no memories following being transformed, battles the Mouse King, while the soldiers fight the mice. Clara saves the Nutcracker from the Mouse King by throwing her slipper at him. The first battle comes to a halt, though, when she slips on a cannonball and crashes into the clock, losing consciousness for the rest of the night. The next morning, she awakens in her own bed and tries to tell",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "9954352",
"text": "him into a pile of splinters!\") before vanishing. Clara is upset by the story for its unhappy ending, but is consoled when Drosselmeier tells her that the spell can be broken if he defeats the Mouse King and wins the hand of a fair maiden. That night, when everyone has gone to sleep, Clara ventures into the sitting room to dance with her Nutcracker and introduces him to her dolls, Trudy, Marie and Pantaloon, an old general in Fritz's toy soldier army. Suddenly the Mouse King and his army of mice arrive, intent on getting his revenge on the Nutcracker",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "1972240",
"text": "tree begins to grow to dizzying heights. The nutcracker also grows to life size. Clara finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king. They begin to eat the soldiers. The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers, who are joined by tin ones and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded. As the Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Clara throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him. \"Scene 2: A Pine Forest\" The mice retreat and",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "9954346",
"text": "The Nutcracker Prince The Nutcracker Prince is a 1990 Canadian animated fantasy film made by Lacewood Productions and released by Warner Bros. Pictures and directed by Paul Schibli. The film was based on the story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" by E. T. A. Hoffmann and also influenced by its ballet adaptation \"The Nutcracker\". Tchaikovsky's music to that ballet is used as the main instrumental soundtrack. The film centers on a young man named Hans who is transformed into a nutcracker by mice, and can only break the spell if he slays the Mouse King and wins the heart",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "10535227",
"text": "he declares revenge on the Nutcracker. Eventually, the nutcracker came to be hanged as an ornament on the Christmas tree within this house. Just after the nutcracker has finished his story, mice soldiers begin to appear in the hall, followed by the king of mice. The soldiers try to get the nutcracker, but the girl stops them, leading the mouse king to shrink and capture her. The nutcracker brings the toys around the Christmas tree to life, and a war is fought between the toys and mice. The nutcracker is captured, bound and about to be whipped to pieces by",
"title": "The Nutcracker (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "10535226",
"text": "a poison against the mouse queen, but was locked in by the mouse prince. The mouse prince then started harassing the queen and the baby prince, and when the prince hit the mouse prince, its tail got stuck under the cradle and was hurt. In retaliation, the vengeful mouse queen had cursed the baby prince, turning him into a nutcracker, just before she was vanquished by the king. The king and queen were devastated, and the entire hall was petrified while the mouse prince escapes, taking his mother's crown with him. As he is now crowned as the Mouse King,",
"title": "The Nutcracker (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "7540834",
"text": "the Nutcracker and falls asleep near the Christmas tree. She awakens to see her Nutcracker suddenly alive and fighting the Mouse King and his mouse army. When Clara tries to help, the Mouse King shrinks her down to his size, though he is still unable to defeat them and temporarily retreats. The Nutcracker explains that he needs to find the Sugarplum Princess who is the only person who can stop the Mouse King from taking over his world. The wise owl of the grandfather clock advises Clara to follow the Nutcracker, since the Sugarplum Princess is the only one who",
"title": "Barbie in the Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "9954351",
"text": "Dolls (in other words, a Nutcracker). During the ruckus, she is killed by a falling statue, and her son's tail is caught and badly bent. He survives and declares himself the Mouse King, now free of his domineering mother. Drosselmeier is exiled from the kingdom for trying to pass a \"Nutcracker as a son-in-law\", while the King and Queen celebrate with their now-cured daughter. As Drosselmeier holds the Nutcracker that Hans has become, the Mouse King vows revenge upon Hans for ruining his tail (\"And if you think your beloved nephew Hans is ugly \"now\", ha! Wait 'till I turn",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "8976284",
"text": "into battle after putting Marie's ribbon on as a token. The battle goes to the dolls at first, but they are eventually overwhelmed by the mice. Marie, seeing the nutcracker about to be taken prisoner, takes off her slipper and throws it at the Mouse King. She then faints into the toy cabinet's glass door, cutting her arm badly. Marie wakes up in her bed the next morning with her arm bandaged and tries to tell her parents about the battle between the mice and the dolls, but they do not believe her, thinking that she has had a fever",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "8968767",
"text": "of visiting the Sugar Plum Fairy, to fit the company's theme of international and cultural unity. Masha is distraught and buries her face in a pillow until she eventually falls asleep. When she finally lifts her head, all is quiet and the house is empty. Out of the silent shadows the Rat King emerges, followed by a swarm of mice that threaten Masha. Without warning, the blazing red figure of the Nutcracker strides forth to defend her. The fight is fierce and the Nutcracker is wounded! Masha throws a slipper into the fray, knocking the Rat King unconscious. The mice",
"title": "Moscow Ballet (United States)"
},
{
"id": "14423885",
"text": "is amused by the nutcracker and dances happily around the room, but Fritz snatches it away and damages it with a toy sword. Drosselmeyer mends the nutcracker with a handkerchief. As the guests depart, Clara and Fritz are sent off to bed. Near midnight, Clara goes downstairs to find her nutcracker. As the clock strikes twelve, the Christmas tree gets bigger and all the toy soldiers, as well as the nutcracker, come to life and battle the mice. A seven-headed Mouse King appears through a hole in the floor and grows to giant size. When the mice overpower the soldiers",
"title": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "15926766",
"text": "(Drosselmeyer). Unlike Tchaikovsky's original story where a godfather gives his niece a \"nutcracker doll\" as a gift, this friend chooses to give Clara a vibrator to allow sexual self stimulation. After Clara is embarrassed by the new gift and Fritz feels threatened by it after unsuccessful intercourse, Fritz tries to damage the vibrator. The vibrator repairs itself and, through adamant and persistent action, is able to win Clara over. A battle then ensues in Clara's imagination between her staid, sexually-repressed friends and forces including such entities as batteries, bunnies, and hoopers who are all led by the anthropomorphized vibrator, now",
"title": "The Slutcracker"
},
{
"id": "9954355",
"text": "toys awaken once more. The Nutcracker tells Clara not to worry, but then is cut by the mouse king. This leads into a fearsome fight under the Christmas tree. The Mouse King is supposedly defeated when he is stabbed in the chest and falls off the tree to his death. The leaderless army of mice runs away amid the cheering toys. When everyone sees that Pantaloon has been injured in the fight, they have to return to the Land of the Dolls to revive him. Clara is then shrunken down to doll size thanks to Drosselmeier's magic (who also gives",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "1972227",
"text": "and a ballet. The opera would be \"Iolanta\". For the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on \"The Sleeping Beauty.\" The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", by Alexandre Dumas called \"The Story of a Nutcracker\". The plot of Hoffmann's story (and Dumas' adaptation) was greatly simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmann's tale contains a long flashback story within its main plot titled \"The Tale of the Hard Nut\", which explains how the Prince was turned into the Nutcracker. This",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "15041502",
"text": "\"Danses caracterisques\" of Act II. The only one able to do so is Drosselmeyer's nephew, who, after biting a hard nut, breaks the spell placed on Princess Pirlipat, but is turned into a Nutcracker. Princess Pirlipat promptly rejects him, whereupon Clara (here called Marie) declares her love for him and the spell on Drosselmeyer's nephew is broken. The Sugar Plum Fairy is eliminated as in the Baryshnikov \"Nutcracker\", and Marie performs all of her dances. Her relationship with Drosselmeyer's nephew becomes overtly romantic at the end, with the two of them French kissing all through the \"Final Waltz\" which, in",
"title": "The Hard Nut"
},
{
"id": "15041478",
"text": "included in the current cast list) Balanchine adds to Tchaikovsky's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for Act II of \"The Sleeping Beauty\", but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet. In Balanchine's \"Nutcracker\", it is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice. During this transition, the mother of Marie (as she is usually called in this version) appears in the living room and throws a blanket over the girl, who has crept downstairs and fallen asleep on the sofa; then Drosselmeyer appears, repairs the Nutcracker, and",
"title": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine)"
},
{
"id": "6745352",
"text": "the rats overthrew its Prince and captured his castle. To make sure the Vizier never got it, the Sugar Plum Fairy hid the Prince's ring away. The Nutcracker is determined to end the Vizier, despite the rats' barricade. En route, the train is attacked by the rats, who capture Peter, Hugs and Tugs. Upon reaching the castle by raft, the group secretly sneaks inside and frees the Sugar Plum Fairy. With her help, the Bears and Cousins discover a walnut ornament containing the ring, but the Vizier seizes it. However, the walnut can only be opened by the Nutcracker, who",
"title": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite"
},
{
"id": "15041501",
"text": "soldiers are an army of G.I. Joes), the overall plot of \"The Nutcracker\" was rather faithfully followed, to the point of including a pantomime version of \"The Story of the Hard Nut,\" the tale-within-a-tale of E.T.A. Hoffmann's \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" in Act II, to explain how Drosselmeyer's nephew was turned into the Nutcracker. This section is usually not included, not even in Tchaikovsky's original version. Princess Pirlipat is turned into a pig-snouted creature as a baby by the vengeful Mouse Queen, and Drosselmeyer searches the world for a way to break the spell, thus ushering the famous",
"title": "The Hard Nut"
},
{
"id": "1972225",
"text": "The Nutcracker The Nutcracker ( / \"Shchelkunchik, Balet-feyeriya\" ; ) is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Op. 71). The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\". Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete \"Nutcracker\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies, primarily during the Christmas season, especially in North America. Major American ballet companies generate around",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "14423886",
"text": "and the Nutcracker himself is threatened, Clara throws her slipper at the Mouse King, changing him into an ordinary mouse. What remains of the giant Mouse King is his coat and his crown. The Nutcracker crawls in the sleeve after the fleeing mouse and Clara follows him, becoming an adult as she wanders through the coat's passageways. She emerges from the coat onto a wintry pavilion, where she finds the Nutcracker transformed into a handsome prince. They dance romantically, and as they depart the snow falls and the snow fairies appear to dance the \"Waltz of the Snowflakes\". Clara and",
"title": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "14423889",
"text": "and the imagination. The cinematography, by making considerable use of closeups and medium shots, attempts to bring viewers closer to the psychology of the main characters. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's popular 1892 ballet \"The Nutcracker\" is derived from E. T. A. Hoffmann's 1816 story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\". The ballet's scenario, crafted by Ivan Vsevolozhsky and Marius Petipa after a French adaptation by Alexandre Dumas, is far simpler and less nuanced than Hoffmann's original story. Vsevolozhsky and Petipa entirely omitted the Nutcracker character's complex backstory, \"The Story of the Hard Nut,\" and expanded a short, satiric passage set in",
"title": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "129932",
"text": "E. T. A. Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (commonly abbreviated as E. T. A. Hoffmann; born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; 24 January 177625 June 1822) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror, a jurist, composer, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist. His stories form the basis of Jacques Offenbach's famous opera \"The Tales of Hoffmann\", in which Hoffmann appears (heavily fictionalized) as the hero. He is also the author of the novella \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", on which Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet \"The Nutcracker\" is based. The ballet \"Coppélia\" is based on two other stories that",
"title": "E. T. A. Hoffmann"
},
{
"id": "1972257",
"text": "music in the original orchestral arrangements. It was quite faithful to Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", on which the ballet is based, even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet, and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end. It also included a less gruesome version of \"The Tale of the Hard Nut\", the tale-within-a-tale in Hoffmann's story. It was released as part of the Tale Spinners for Children series. The Nutcracker The Nutcracker ( / \"Shchelkunchik, Balet-feyeriya\" ; ) is a two-act ballet,",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "9954354",
"text": "her mother about the battle, only to be told to rest. Drosselmeier visits with the repaired yet now lifeless Nutcracker, giving only vague answers to Clara's questions about the previous night. The next night, the Mouse King returns, angry about Clara's interference from before. Before he can go after the Nutcracker once more, Clara tricks him, briefly trapping him within her drawer in her bedside table in her room. However, when she retrieves the unawakened toy, the Mouse King has escaped and threatens to harm her kitten, Pavlova, if she doesn't hand the Nutcracker over. Suddenly, Drosselmeier reappears, and the",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "11064462",
"text": "halo and a harp, and a devil, with horns, a cape, a trident and a tail, to convince him not to harm Jerry. His cover is blown when he has his dress, wings, tail and trident at the same time, and ends up sticking the trident in Tom's eye, causing the tower of cats to fall off of a cliff (Tom screams the Wilhelm Scream). Tuffy continues on to Jerry, warning him of the cats. Tom and his friends, disguised as Christmas trees, surround Jerry, but Tom gets attacked by squirrels, and shredded in a tree shredder (Toy Flutes plays",
"title": "Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale"
},
{
"id": "10535228",
"text": "the mouse king when the girl throws her wooden clog at him, knocking off and smashing the iron crown, the source of the mouse king's powers. The mouse king's magic backfires, making him vanish in a puff of green smoke which also decimates his army the moment they inhale it and start sneezing. The clog transforms into a glittering shoe. When the nutcracker takes up the shoe, his nutcracker shell falls away and he is restored to his human (and now young adult) self. He puts the shoe on the girl's foot, and her maid's gown is transformed into a",
"title": "The Nutcracker (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "14423882",
"text": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture Nutcracker: The Motion Picture, also known as Pacific Northwest Ballet's Nutcracker or simply Nutcracker, is a 1986 American Christmas performing arts film produced by Pacific Northwest Ballet in association with Hyperion Pictures and Kushner/Locke, and released theatrically by Atlantic Releasing Corporation. It is a film adaptation of the ballet \"The Nutcracker\" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the short story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" by E. T. A. Hoffmann. Drosselmeyer, a clockmaker and toymaker, is in his workshop. Suddenly getting an idea, he begins building on an intricate mechanical project resembling a cross between a",
"title": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "15099658",
"text": "Nutcracker as a gift. Later that night, Mary dreams that the Nutcracker – called N.C. (Charlie Rowe) – comes to life and takes her on a wondrous journey. They discover that the Nazi-like Rat King (John Turturro) has usurped the Nutcracker's kingdom. When Mary and N.C. go to the top of the Christmas tree, they meet a fairy and, as she begins to sing, N.C. looks at his hand, as it begins to turn human. Worried about this he runs into the sleigh, but leaves his human hand revealed, and Mary sees this. Mary, seeing this, goes to N.C. and",
"title": "The Nutcracker in 3D"
},
{
"id": "11256330",
"text": "the lead male role. He is of age to take a wife and he finds Odette. Because he falls in love with her, Odile is sent by the evil sorcerer von Rothbart to seduce him so that he will be unfaithful to Odette. Odile is known as the \"Black Swan\" and only appears in the third act. Once she seduces the prince, Odette's bonds can never be broken and Odette can never become human again. Von Rothbart is the main antagonist, an evil sorcerer. He is mostly shown as an evil bird throughout the ballet and rarely in human form.",
"title": "Swan Lake (Martins)"
},
{
"id": "9954361",
"text": "Entertainment. Both releases have no extras besides animated menus and a theatrical trailer. The Nutcracker Prince The Nutcracker Prince is a 1990 Canadian animated fantasy film made by Lacewood Productions and released by Warner Bros. Pictures and directed by Paul Schibli. The film was based on the story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" by E. T. A. Hoffmann and also influenced by its ballet adaptation \"The Nutcracker\". Tchaikovsky's music to that ballet is used as the main instrumental soundtrack. The film centers on a young man named Hans who is transformed into a nutcracker by mice, and can only",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "15041467",
"text": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine) Choreographer George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker has become the most famous stage production of the ballet performed in the U.S. (Mikhail Baryshnikov's production is the most famous television version, although it too originated onstage.) It uses the plot of the Alexandre Dumas, \"père\", version of E.T.A. Hoffmann's tale, \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" (1816). Its premiere took place on February 2, 1954, at City Center, New York, with costumes by Karinska and sets by Horace Armistead. It has been staged in New York every year since 1954, and many other productions throughout the",
"title": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine)"
},
{
"id": "9954349",
"text": "the cheese drew out all the mice, who ate and destroyed the cake. The King was enraged and commanded his inventor, Elias Christian Drosselmeier, to capture all the mice. Drosselmeier and his nephew, Hans, were successful in capturing all the mice, except the Mouse Queen and her only son. In revenge, the Mouse Queen casts a spell on Pirlipat, causing her to become unusually ugly and grotesque. Drosselmeier was once again given the task of figuring out how to cure her. He eventually learned that the fabled Krakatooth Nut can cure her, on the condition that it is cracked open",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "15041469",
"text": "dancing in Act II is limited to the pantomime that he performs \"describing\" his defeat of the Mouse King. Instead, Marie and the Prince sit out nearly all of Act II watching other dancers perform for them, and unlike most other versions, neither one of them takes part in the ballet's \"Final Waltz\". Because Marie and the Nutcracker / Prince are played by children approximately ten years old in the Balanchine \"Nutcracker\", no adult romantic interest between them is even implied, although Marie and Drosselmeyer's nephew, who looks exactly like the Prince, are clearly drawn to each other during the",
"title": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine)"
},
{
"id": "7724747",
"text": "not happy with the revival, saying, \"[it] was ruined chiefly by some jugglers Diaghilev had borrowed from a circus.\" Stravinsky regretted Chagall's refusal of a commission to do the sets. This is a moralizing story, a farmyard fairy tale about Reynard the Fox, who deceives the Cock, the Cat and the Ram; but in the end they catch and punish him. The Cock is twice tricked and captured by the Fox, only to be rescued each time by the Cat and the Ram. After the Cock's second rescue, the Cat and the Ram strangle the Fox, and the three friends",
"title": "Renard (Stravinsky)"
},
{
"id": "9954357",
"text": "Nutcracker, who takes her by the hand and gets down on one knee. He then asks her to stay with him and be his princess. Clara is ready to embrace her childhood fantasies and her beloved companion, but is conflicted due to her desire to not abandon her family whom she loves and is thus unable to give a true answer. Drosselmeier's warning of the time proves true when the dolls start to turn back into inanimate toys, and the severely wounded Mouse King suddenly arrives for one last chance at revenge while mentally unstable due to his agony. The",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "7540832",
"text": "Barbie in the Nutcracker Barbie in the Nutcracker is a 2001 American - Canadian direct-to-DVD computer-animated film directed by Owen Hurley. It was the first Barbie film since the 1987 series, \".\" It is also the first in the CGI second-generation Barbie film series, all of which feature the voice of Kelly Sheridan as the Barbie protagonist. The film is loosely adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann's \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" and music based from Tchaikovsky's ballet \"The Nutcracker\". The film sold more than 3.4million units on DVD by 2002, and grossed in total sales. The frame story",
"title": "Barbie in the Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "15041480",
"text": "the \"Trepak\" and the \"Waltz of the Flowers\". The Nutcracker (Balanchine) Choreographer George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker has become the most famous stage production of the ballet performed in the U.S. (Mikhail Baryshnikov's production is the most famous television version, although it too originated onstage.) It uses the plot of the Alexandre Dumas, \"père\", version of E.T.A. Hoffmann's tale, \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" (1816). Its premiere took place on February 2, 1954, at City Center, New York, with costumes by Karinska and sets by Horace Armistead. It has been staged in New York every year",
"title": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine)"
},
{
"id": "6745353",
"text": "refuses. Furious, the Vizier turns the Bears and Cousins into firewood, one at a time. With only Anna left, the Nutcracker reluctantly agrees to open the walnut. Peter, Hugs and Tugs, having escaped from imprisonment, manage to take the walnut, resulting in the rats chasing them. Unfortunately, they are soon recaptured, but free the Sugar Plum Fairy just as the Nutcracker opens the walnut. Before the Vizier can claim it, the Fairy grabs the ring and places it on the Nutcracker's finger, turning him back into the Prince of Toyland and reviving his memory. Restoring the Bears and Cousins to",
"title": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite"
},
{
"id": "10197330",
"text": "can keep it. Clara awakens in the middle of the night to find her nutcracker gone. She sees a group of mice carrying it down the stairs and follows them into the living room. As she takes back the doll, she's confronted by the leader of the mice, a two-headed rat queen. The queen orders Clara to hand over the nutcracker, but she refuses. Clara is knocked out just as the nutcracker springs to life to defend her against the mice. The next morning, Clara finds herself back in her bedroom. She tells her aunt about the mice and her",
"title": "Nutcracker Fantasy"
},
{
"id": "8976289",
"text": "who swallowed it and immediately became beautiful again, but Drosselmeyer's nephew, on his seventh backward step, stepped on the Mouse Queen and stumbled, and the curse fell on him, giving him a large head, wide grinning mouth, and cottony beard; in short, making him a nutcracker. The ungrateful and unsympathetic Pirlipat, seeing how ugly he had become, refused to marry him and banished him from the castle. Marie, while she recuperates from her wound, hears the Mouse King, son of the deceased Madam Mouserinks, whispering to her in the middle of the night, threatening to bite the nutcracker to pieces",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "8976282",
"text": "she is so fond of him she will be his special caretaker. She, Fritz, and their sister, Louise, pass him among them, cracking nuts, until Fritz tries to crack one that is too big and hard, and the nutcracker's jaw breaks. Marie, upset, takes him away and bandages him with a ribbon from her dress. When it is time for bed, the children put their Christmas gifts away in the special cabinet where they keep their toys. Fritz and Louise go up to bed, but Marie begs to be allowed to stay with the nutcracker a while longer, and she",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "19637843",
"text": "after the Second World War, when numerous American soldiers stationed in Germany came home to the United States with German nutcrackers as souvenirs. Further popularization came from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's \"The Nutcracker\", a ballet adaptation of E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", which featured a toy soldier nutcracker. The ballet, introduced to America during the mid-20th century, became a favorite holiday tradition across the United States and helped make nutcracker dolls a Christmas decoration and a seasonal icon across Western culture. An average handcrafted nutcracker doll is made out of about 60 separate pieces. Nutcracker",
"title": "Nutcracker doll"
},
{
"id": "6745346",
"text": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite Care Bears Nutcracker Suite is the third and final television film to feature the Care Bears characters. Produced by the Canadian animation studio Nelvana, it is loosely based on the \"Nutcracker\" ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (adapted in turn from E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\"). It was directed by Joseph Sherman and Laura Shepherd, and produced by Nelvana's founders: Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert and Clive A. Smith. In this special, a schoolteacher tells some children a version of the \"Nutcracker\" story which features the Care Bear Family. While helping a",
"title": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite"
},
{
"id": "9954350",
"text": "in the teeth of a young man who has never worn boots. The King commanded all the princes and noblemen to apply, with the promise of marrying Pirlipat once she is cured. However, the Krakatooth is so hard that all the men's teeth shatter upon trying to crack it. Drosselmeier is about to be beheaded for being unable to cure Pirlipat when Hans steps in. He manages to crack the nut open between his teeth and gives it to Pirlipat, breaking the spell. Then the angered Mouse Queen casts a spell on Hans, turning him into the Prince of the",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "10197335",
"text": "as it seems the toy soldiers are losing, Franz destroys The Nut of Darkness and kills Morphia - but not before she places a curse on him, turning him into a nutcracker doll. Clara carries the Nutcracker back to the palace, where she finds the court and King Goodwin are celebrating Princess Mary's awakening. Seeing Franz's new state, the princess abandons the marriage promise and calls the Nutcracker ugly. Clara leaves the kingdom to wander in search of anyone who knows how to return Franz to human, unaware that Gaar survived the attack and is following her. She eventually comes",
"title": "Nutcracker Fantasy"
},
{
"id": "3127138",
"text": "An antagonist also may represent a threat or obstacle to the main character by its existence and not necessarily targeting him or her in a deliberate manner. Examples in both film and theatre include Sauron, the main antagonist in \"The Lord of the Rings,\" who constantly battles the series' protagonists, and Tybalt, an antagonist in \"Romeo and Juliet\", who slays Mercutio and whose later death results in the exiling of one of the play's protagonists, Romeo. In stories, a convention of antagonists is that their moral choices are less savory than those of protagonists. This is often used by an",
"title": "Antagonist"
},
{
"id": "12746928",
"text": "a cuckoo bird in order to live inside the clock and to upset the clockmaker's journey. After a time, Woody's trapped inside a bird catcher's net, and takes delight in tormenting the clockmaker. A big brown bear, peacefully sleeping in the forest, is rudely awakened by a club in Woody's hands, swung from within the net, resulting in the bear taking his vengeance out on the German. From then on, it is a battle of wits between Woody and the clockmaker trying to capture the elusive Woody. Calling All Cuckoos Calling All Cuckoos is the 70th animated cartoon short subject",
"title": "Calling All Cuckoos"
},
{
"id": "11331152",
"text": "The Nuttiest Nutcracker The Nuttiest Nutcracker is a 1999 direct-to-video Christmas film loosely based on \"The Nutcracker\", directed by Harold Harris, starring the voices of Jim Belushi, Cheech Marin, and Phyllis Diller. This film tells about a group of fruit and veggies trying to help the Nutcracker's army get a star up on a Christmas tree before midnight, and stop a rodent army from destroying Christmas. The film was released on home video by Columbia TriStar Home Video in 1999. The film aired on CBS December 4, 1999. The film was also shown on cable. A retelling of \"The Nutcracker\",",
"title": "The Nuttiest Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "8976286",
"text": "Mouse Queen for spoiling his supper and upsetting his wife, had his court inventor, whose name happens to be Drosselmeyer, create traps for the Mouse Queen and her children. The Mouse Queen, angered at the death of her children, swore that she would take revenge on Pirlipat. Pirlipat's mother surrounded her with cats which were supposed to be kept awake by being constantly stroked, however inevitably the nurses who did so fell asleep and the Mouse Queen magically turned Pirlipat ugly, giving her a huge head, a wide grinning mouth, and a cottony beard like a nutcracker. The King blamed",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "11032247",
"text": "shreds, or else completely give up composing. Not for anything in the world do I want to go on dirtying paper like Anton Grigorievich <nowiki>[</nowiki>Rubinstein<nowiki>]</nowiki> when everything has long since packed up\". The work is notable as Tchaikovsky's first use of the celesta. He is most famous for using this instrument in the ballet \"The Nutcracker\" (particularly, but not exclusively, in \"The Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy\"), which was written after the ballad. However, he was not the first composer to use it: Ernest Chausson had used the celesta in a work for small orchestra in 1888. Excerpts from the",
"title": "The Voyevoda (symphonic ballad)"
},
{
"id": "2090032",
"text": "off a string of ingenious heists, but the mob's leader and the \"be-monocled bird\" eventually fell out, leading Cobblepot to kill him with his umbrella gun. The Penguin became leader of the mob and attempted to neutralize Batman by framing him for theft. The Penguin's plans were eventually prevented, but the bandit himself escaped. The Penguin was a persistent nemesis for Batman and Robin throughout the Golden and Silver Ages, pulling off ploy after ploy, such as teaming up with the Joker, attempting to extort money from a shipping company by pretending to flash-freeze a member of its board of",
"title": "Penguin (character)"
},
{
"id": "12058171",
"text": "to an anchor and hurls him into the ocean. The rope snags on the pier, demolishing first the pier and then the entire marina. The cartoon ends with Woody swimming away toward the horizon, pursued by Wally, and both of them pursued by the other beachgoers. \"The Beach Nut\" marked the debut of Woody Woodpecker's first steady foil, Wally Walrus. Voiced by actor Jack Mather, Wally became Woody's primary arch enemy until 1948, before being more or less replaced with Buzz Buzzard in \"Wet Blanket Policy\". Wally would become the most steady foil for Woody as Woody would lose more",
"title": "The Beach Nut"
},
{
"id": "17548264",
"text": "working for Pan. She also apologizes about Neal, but Gold crushes her heart. He and Felix meet in a clearing, with Felix welcoming Gold but warning him that if he is in Neverland for Henry, that makes him Pan's enemy. Rumpelstiltskin remarks that nothing has changed, and scoffs at the idea of his survival, only wanting to take down as many Lost Boys as he can before he dies. Felix responds by leaving behind a doll of a child, which reduces Rumpelstiltskin to tears. Henry and the runaway attempt to find the Echo Caves, where the Lost Boys will not",
"title": "The Heart of the Truest Believer"
},
{
"id": "14423883",
"text": "model castle, a music box, and a toy theatre. After it is apparently completed, he falls asleep at his work table. The toy theatre stage opens; the rest of the film is implied to take place on this stage. Clara, a girl on the verge of adolescence, is asleep in her bedroom, dreaming of dancing with a prince before being interrupted by her younger brother Fritz, who summons a giant rat to bite her hand. She wakes up from the dream in terror. But when she goes to her family's Christmas party and sees Fritz playing with a hand puppet",
"title": "Nutcracker: The Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "3070938",
"text": "in productions of the Tchaikovsky ballet \"The Nutcracker\", based on the novella. The film \"The Nutcracker and the Four Realms\", based on the short story, similarly features a \"Mouse King\", a rat-king like creature formed from a teeming mass of small mice. The sixth episode of the first season of \"30 Rock,\" \"Jack Meets Dennis,\" Dennis Duffy claims to have seen a rat king. Later, Liz Lemon describes what her future with Dennis would be like, becoming \"more and more tangled up in each other's lives until [she] can't even get away,\" and realizes that he is a metaphorical rat",
"title": "Rat king"
},
{
"id": "1972226",
"text": "40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of \"The Nutcracker\". The ballet's score has been used in several film adaptations of Hoffmann's story. Tchaikovsky's score has become one of his most famous compositions, in particular the pieces featured in the suite. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta, an instrument that the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad \"The Voyevoda\". After the success of \"The Sleeping Beauty\" in 1890, Ivan Vsevolozhsky, the director of the Imperial Theatres, commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose a double-bill program featuring both an opera",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "1972241",
"text": "the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince. He leads Clara through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends. Act II \"Scene 1: The Land of Sweets\" Clara and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return. He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Clara and transformed back into himself. In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "1972243",
"text": "and leads them to a reindeer drawn sleigh. It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back. In the original libretto, the ballet's apotheosis \"represents a large beehive with flying bees, closely guarding their riches\". Just like \"Swan Lake\", there have been various alternative endings created in productions subsequent to the original. Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa's original scenario, as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1892. All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were",
"title": "The Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "750967",
"text": "the walking wheel, often used for wool spinning). Despite this, the narrative idea persists that Sleeping Beauty or Briar Rose or Dornrosen pricks her finger on the spindle—a device which she has never seen before, as they have been banned from the kingdom in a forlorn attempt to prevent the curse of the wicked godmother-fairy. Walt Disney included the Saxony or flax wheel in their animated film version of Perrault's tale and Rose pricks her finger on the distaff (which holds the plant fiber waiting to be spun). Whereas only a spindle is used in Tchaikovsky's ballet \"The Sleeping Beauty\"",
"title": "Spinning wheel"
},
{
"id": "8976283",
"text": "is allowed to do so. She puts him to bed and tells him that Drosselmeyer will fix his jaw as good as new. At this, his face seems momentarily to come alive, and Marie is frightened, but she then decides it was only her imagination. The grandfather clock begins to chime, and Marie believes she sees Drosselmeyer sitting on top of it, preventing it from striking. Mice begin to come out from beneath the floor boards, including the seven-headed Mouse King. The dolls in the toy cabinet come alive and begin to move, the nutcracker taking command and leading them",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "15926768",
"text": "oblivious to her entrapment until Drosselmeyer gives her a vibrator, which becomes the Slutcracker Prince, who shows Clara a sexual spectrum. Fritz- Nutcracker counterpart: Rat King Antagonist. A twenty-something male also trapped in suburban doldrums, and also oblivious to this fact. Proposes marriage to Clara (which she accepts), but then breaks the engagement when the vibrator arrives on the scene. Fritz battles the Slutcracker Prince for her affection, and loses. Fritz returns later to try to win Clara back, and does after learning to accept sexual variety. Drosselmeyer- Nutcracker counterpart: Drosselmeyer Hero Assist. Drosselmeyer is the giver of the \"slutcracker,\"",
"title": "The Slutcracker"
},
{
"id": "6745359",
"text": "commenting that \"Even my young children find this one too saccharine\". The special is mentioned in Craig Nelson's \"Bad TV: The Very Best of the Very Worst\", in a section entitled \"The Curse of the Top Five Annual Christmas Specials\" (along with those based on \"The Smurfs\" and \"The Poky Little Puppy\"). Care Bears Nutcracker Suite Care Bears Nutcracker Suite is the third and final television film to feature the Care Bears characters. Produced by the Canadian animation studio Nelvana, it is loosely based on the \"Nutcracker\" ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (adapted in turn from E. T. A. Hoffmann's",
"title": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite"
},
{
"id": "9954358",
"text": "Nutcracker tries to save Clara, but slowly turns back into a toy himself. Clara tries to keep the Mouse King at bay, but he corners her on a balcony, his mental state continuing to decay. As the King strikes, he plummets into the darkness and vanishes, almost taking Clara with him. Clara pulls herself back up and finds the castle is completely empty. She begins sobbing for the Nutcracker as mist fills the lonely palace. Clara wakes up to find herself back home. There is no sign of the events that she has experienced, except her brother's statement that Pavlova",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "8976288",
"text": "charging them on pain of death not to return until they had found them. The two men journeyed for many years without finding either the nut or the man, until finally they returned home to Nuremberg and found the nut in the possession of Drosselmeyer's cousin, a puppet-maker. His son turned out to be the young man needed to crack the nut Crackatook. The King, once the nut had been found, promised Pirlipat's hand to whoever could crack it. Many men broke their teeth on it before Drosselmeyer's nephew finally appeared. He cracked it easily and handed it to Pirlipat,",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "15041472",
"text": "usually more than a hint of budding romance between the two. The \"Journey Through the Snow\" sequence, in many other productions danced by Clara and the Nutcracker immediately after his transformation into a Prince, is not danced at all in the Balanchine version, although the music is played. Instead, Marie faints and falls on the bed after the battle, and the Nutcracker exits. Marie's bed moves by itself across the stage as the music plays, and at its climax, the Nutcracker reappears and through the use of a stage effect, turns into a Prince. He awakens Marie, places on her",
"title": "The Nutcracker (Balanchine)"
},
{
"id": "7965833",
"text": "girl Esmeralda marries the poet Pierre Gringoire, to save him from death in the hands of the gypsy king. The groom is smitten with his new bride, but she makes it clear that the marriage is strictly one of convenience. Gringoire is not the only one infatuated with Esmeralda, the archdeacon of Notre Dame cathedral, Claude Frollo, is dangerously obsessed with the girl and orders his deformed henchman, Quasimodo, to abduct her. When Quasimodo attacks Esmeralda in the street, she is rescued by the King's Archers, led by their handsome captain Phoebus de Chateaupers, who capture Quasimodo. They plan to",
"title": "La Esmeralda (ballet)"
},
{
"id": "7540837",
"text": "Mouse King is hit with his own spell resulting in his scepter to disintegrate and shrunk into the size of a real mouse. He flees into the sewers. The Nutcracker was injured in the battle and Clara kisses him, whereupon he is restored to his true form as Prince Eric. Clara, because she was able to break the spell, is revealed as the Sugarplum Princess. Eric is crowned king and the couple, who have fallen in love, dance as the citizens of the Land of Parthenia celebrate their victory. At this time the shrunken Mouse King makes one more attempt",
"title": "Barbie in the Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "12425186",
"text": "the founder and worked with Mickey as a partner to make the club profitable and successful. Donald has numerous enemies, who range from comical foil to annoying nemesis: Chip 'n' Dale, Pete, Humphrey the Bear, Spike The Bee, Mountain Lion Louie, Bootle Beetle, Witch Hazel (in \"Trick or Treat\"), Aracuan Bird and Baby Shelby (in \"Mickey Mouse Works\"). During the Second World War, Donald was often enemies with Adolf Hitler. In the comics, he is often harassed or on the run from the Beagle Boys, Magica De Spell, Gladstone Gander and Mr. Jones. In the video game \"\", he saves",
"title": "Donald Duck"
},
{
"id": "16660274",
"text": "next leads the party on a high speed tour around the crazy corridors of his factory until, disoriented, they arrive at the Nut Room, where squirrels sort out nuts to see if they are good or bad. The good nuts are kept for them to eat while the bad nuts are thrown away down a rubbish chute. Veruca demands a squirrel. When Wonka refuses, she takes matters into her own hands, rushing to grab one for herself, instead she is judged a “bad nut”, and she and her father are sent down the rubbish chute (\"Veruca's Nutcracker Sweet\"). Again, Wonka",
"title": "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical)"
},
{
"id": "7540836",
"text": "put a spell on Eric, turning him into a Nutcracker. Eric hopes to redeem himself by finding the Sugarplum Princess and make things right again. Clara and the Nutcracker are joined by Major Mint and Captain Candy. They cross the Sea of Storms with the purple horse named Marzipan, and arrive at the Sugarplum Princess' Island. Clara is separated from the group, who are all captured by the Mouse King's bats, and she ventures alone to the Mouse King's palace to free her friends. After being rescued, the Nutcracker fights a final battle with the Mouse King, during which the",
"title": "Barbie in the Nutcracker"
},
{
"id": "11064464",
"text": "Dance plays through this scene). Tom gives chase, but is crushed in the doors of an elevator (his midsection is now a metre long, just like the in end of Ah, Sweet Mouse-Story of Life) and pecked on by wooden birds. The mice and toys are chased by the cats again, and run into a fairground (the Russian Dance plays through this scene). Tom is virtually destroyed here, being thrown onto the merry-go-round and the swirling cups and crushed again and again on the roller-coaster - of course, this being a cartoon, he always revives - after Jerry pulls out",
"title": "Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale"
},
{
"id": "9954356",
"text": "a cryptic warning of time), and they enter the Land of the Dolls through the toy castle. As they leave, Pavlova goes to inspect the Mouse King's body; but is frightened away when the Mouse King suddenly opens his eyes. The Nutcracker, Clara, Pantaloon, Trudy and Marie arrive at the Land of Dolls on flying swans, passing forests of Christmas trees and arriving at a palace made of sweets. Once they are there, Pantaloon is cured. The Nutcracker is given a royal welcome as the Prince of the Dolls amid many cheering toys. Clara shares a romantic dance with the",
"title": "The Nutcracker Prince"
},
{
"id": "14430786",
"text": "Spyro meets Sheila the kangaroo, Sgt. Byrd the flying penguin, Bentley the yeti, and Agent 9 the laser-wielding monkey, who appear as additional playable characters after Spyro frees them from captivity. Spyro's most persistent enemy is Ripto, a tyrant who hates dragons. He also has a negative relationship with Moneybags, a bear whom he often has to pay treasure to for goods or services. In \"Year of the Dragon\", Moneybags often suffers abuse at Spyro's behest and is attacked by him for trying to sell a stolen dragon egg. In \"\", a pink female dragon named Ember has a crush",
"title": "Spyro (character)"
},
{
"id": "10289262",
"text": "Then the Quacker hides back under Jerry's bed and shakes in terror once again. Jerry emerges from his mouse hole cautiously, but Tom is quick and cuts him down with his cleaver... almost. Quacker, believing that Jerry has been beheaded, he pulls the mouse's legs, only for the camera to pull away, showing that Tom has only managed to catch Jerry by the whiskers. Jerry is set free and gets his revenge on Tom by grabbing the cat's tail and sticking it out of the hole, so that Tom reflexively chops it with the cleaver and then screams in pain",
"title": "Little Quacker"
},
{
"id": "4381241",
"text": "circumstances. Tyrannicide is a popular literary trope. Many works of fiction deal with the struggle of an individual or group of individuals to overthrow and kill an unjust tyrant. Often the tyranny is caused by an usurper to a royal throne, where the conclusion restores the proper heir. Children's literature frequently deals with the subject. Folk tales like The Nutcracker include the act, as do some video games series, like The Legend of Zelda and Star Fox. Examples in Disney animation include \"The Lion King\" and \"Aladdin\" which both involve the tyrannical takeover of a monarchy and its overhaul. Fantasy",
"title": "Tyrannicide"
},
{
"id": "10535222",
"text": "The Nutcracker (1973 film) The Nutcracker (, transcribed as \"Schelkunchik\") is a 1973 Soviet/Russian animated film from the Soyuzmultfilm studio directed by Boris Stepantsev and based partly on Pyotr Tchaikovsky's ballet \"The Nutcracker\", but more closely on E.T.A. Hoffmann's novelette \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", the story which inspired the ballet. Ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov, who himself starred in his own classic TV edition of \"The Nutcracker\" in 1977, included the 1973 animated film as part of his PBS series \"Stories from my Childhood\", of which he was the executive producer. For the U.S. telecast, narration spoken first by",
"title": "The Nutcracker (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "16329894",
"text": "conducting. He entered Harvard University in Massachusetts after a tour of military service. His dissertation at Harvard focused on Tchaikovsky’s ballet \"Swan Lake\", and he earned a Doctorate in 1974. Later that year he joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, where he teaches presently. Wiley, dubbed \"ballet's super sleuth\" in 1984 by \"Boston Globe\", was consulted by the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London for the Royal Ballet's revivals of \"Swan Lake\" and \"The Nutcracker\". He has also done translation work for that theater, the Edinburgh Festival and the Dallas Opera. His research has taken him four times",
"title": "Roland John Wiley"
},
{
"id": "2096129",
"text": "responsible for poisoning Charles Brown's son, resulting in his transformation into Kite Man who joins up with Joker's team consisting of Cluemaster, Deadshot, Mad Hatter, Man-Bat, Mr. Freeze, Penguin, Solomon Grundy, and Ventriloquist. The war continues, with Riddler and Joker claiming territories across Gotham, before Riddler, who'd convinced Batman to side with him during the conflict, blackmails and interrogates Kite Man into giving up Joker's location. However Batman, after a brief fight between him, Riddler and Joker, becomes disgusted by Riddler's actions and quickly grabs a blade, breaking his one rule of No Killing in order to stab Riddler. However",
"title": "Riddler"
},
{
"id": "9013924",
"text": "into the sea, the crocodile swallowed it and got a taste for Hook. It also swallowed a ticking clock, which alerts Hook of its presence. Captain Hook, whose right hand was cut off in a duel, is Peter Pan's arch-enemy. Hook's crew, including Smee and Starkey, also consider him a foe. Captain Hook's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook that replaced his hand cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by a saltwater crocodile, which continues to pursue Hook. In",
"title": "Peter Pan"
},
{
"id": "830697",
"text": "is often patronized by Scrooge; and Ludwig Von Drake, a knowledgeable professor. Scrooge also has several enemies, such as the Beagle Boys, a gang of robbers and escaped prisoners; Magica De Spell, an Italian sorceress; and South African Flintheart Glomgold and English-American John D. Rockerduck, both rival business men of Scrooge. Some characters have appeared alongside Donald primarily in animation, such as chipmunks Chip 'n' Dale (\"Chip an' Dale\", \"Toy Tinkers\") and Humphrey the Bear (\"Rugged Bear\", \"Grin and Bear It\"), as well Mickey Mouse (\"The Dognapper\", \"Magician Mickey\") Goofy (\"Polar Trappers\", \"Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive\"), and Pluto",
"title": "Donald Duck universe"
},
{
"id": "8976285",
"text": "dream caused by the wound she sustained from the broken glass. Several days later, Drosselmeyer arrives with the nutcracker, whose jaw has been fixed, and tells Marie the story of Princess Pirlipat and Madam Mouserinks, who is also known as the Queen of the Mice, which explains how nutcrackers came to be and why they look the way they do. The Mouse Queen tricked Pirlipat's mother into allowing her and her children to gobble up the lard that was supposed to go into the sausage that the King was to eat at dinner that evening. The King, enraged at the",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"
},
{
"id": "1944097",
"text": "themselves, trick the rat catchers into admitting their crimes. The rat catchers have created a powerful rat king named Spider, which is the source of the mysterious voice that has been plaguing the rats and Maurice. Using its mental control over the rat catchers, Spider plans to wage war on the humans that created it. It sends the rats it controls to attack Maurice, Peaches, and Dangerous Beans. However, Maurice (so terrified that he stops thinking and acts instinctively) pounces on the rat king and destroys it. Maurice emerges from Spider's chamber carrying the body of Dangerous Beans. When he",
"title": "The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents"
},
{
"id": "20079540",
"text": "other three realms against Mother Ginger, the Regent of the Fourth Realm, but it needs a key. Clara notices that the machine's keyhole matches that of the one on her egg. Clara and her soldiers head towards Mother Ginger and steal the key the mouse had snatched. However, Clara is disappointed upon discovering that the egg is only a music box. Once Sugar Plum obtains the key, she uses the machine to turn toy soldiers into life-size soldiers that obey her every command, including her command to attack the Fourth Realm. When Clara suggests using the soldiers to defend them",
"title": "The Nutcracker and the Four Realms"
},
{
"id": "20632894",
"text": "and Cuddlepie<br> 5. Mrs Kookaburra (Richard Mills) <br> 6. Perpetum mobile (Johann Strauss II) <br> 7. Seven little Australians (Bruce Smeaton) <br> 8. The Washington Post (John Phillip Sousa) <br> 9. Dance of the toy flutes (Tchaikovsky) Carnival of the animals<br> 10. The swan (Camille Saint-Saëns)<br> 11. The elephant (Saint-Saëns) Eight Russian folk songs<br> 12. I danced with a mosquito (Anatoly Liadov) Comedians<br> 13. Gallop (Dmitry Kabalevsky) The nutcracker<br> 14. Dance of the sugar plum fairy (Tchaikovsky) Nursery suite<br> 15. The merry doll (Edward Elgar) <br> 16. Shepherd's hey (Percy Grainger) Ballet suite no. 1<br> 17. Dance (Dmitry Shostakovich) Romeo",
"title": "Classic Kids"
},
{
"id": "2673942",
"text": "princess who works as a model. The Cobra is Mandrake's most evil and dangerous foe, apparent from the start of the story. In 1937, the Cobra was apparently defeated; but returned in 1965, wearing a menacing silver mask. The Cobra's main goal is to acquire one of the two powerful \"Crystal Cubes\" which increase mental energy. These are guarded by Mandrake and his father Theron. Mandrake learned that The Cobra was secretly Luciphor, Theron's oldest son and thus Mandrake's half-brother. In later years, the Cobra abandoned his silver mask as his face had been reconstructed through surgery. He is sometimes",
"title": "Mandrake the Magician"
},
{
"id": "812551",
"text": "Pan\" movie, Captain Hook is banished on the Isle of the Lost with other villains. He has three children, Harriet Hook, Harry and CJ. Captain Hook Captain James Hook is a fictional character, the main antagonist of J. M. Barrie's play \"Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up\" and its various adaptations, in which he is Peter Pan's archenemy. The character is a pirate captain of the brig \"Jolly Roger.\" His two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (supposedly an unnatural colour) and the crocodile who pursues him after eating the hand cut off by",
"title": "Captain Hook"
},
{
"id": "10535229",
"text": "princess costume. The two dance to the royal castle to the music of the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\"; the king and queen are brought back to life through the \"Waltz of the Flowers\", and the girl and the prince pass into the realm. All that is left behind of them in the human world are the girl's wooden clogs and the crumbled remains of the nutcracker's shell lying before the Christmas tree. The Nutcracker (1973 film) The Nutcracker (, transcribed as \"Schelkunchik\") is a 1973 Soviet/Russian animated film from the Soyuzmultfilm studio directed by Boris Stepantsev and based",
"title": "The Nutcracker (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "6745351",
"text": "of a powerful ring worn by Toyland's former Prince, so that he can control the land. His captive, the Sugar Plum Fairy, refuses to tell him; he is more outraged when the Rat King arrives without the Nutcracker. The Vizier soon takes notice when the Nutcracker and his friends enter Toyland, and take a train through its various sights. When they stop for the night, the friends contend with a group of toys who also want the train, but advise them to leave Toyland. One of them later explains how they tried to save their land, after the Vizier and",
"title": "Care Bears Nutcracker Suite"
},
{
"id": "6526600",
"text": "fateful enmity of the tyrant Gessler, Governor of the Swiss cantons, and William Tell, an obscure huntsman, begins during a tempest on Lake Lucerne when Tell braves the angry waves to row to safety a peasant who is pursued by the Governor's horsemen. \"The lake may take pity on him; but the Governor, never,\" says Tell. His opinion of the bloodthirsty Gessler is shared increasingly by the peasantry as the oppressor fills the old jails, builds a huge new prison at Altdorf for more victims, and sets his cap upon a pole before it, commanding that all who pass must",
"title": "William Tell (play)"
},
{
"id": "15197452",
"text": "the characters are Gilbert's own.\" The magazine \"The Orchestra\" printed the following description of the plot: The story opens in the Demon Miasma's Dismal Swamp. Miasma, indignant at the ascendancy that his old foe, Fresh Air, is gaining over him, consults with Satana as to the best means of revenging himself on the fairy. He cannot enter her pure realms himself, so he is fain to intrust the accomplishment of his designs upon her to three wicked birds – the Sparrow, the Cuckoo, and the Raven. They explain that they cannot kill her as Miasma suggests, because Fresh Air is",
"title": "Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren"
},
{
"id": "10776734",
"text": "plan to commit two Zodiac Crimes: the kidnapping of Leo Crustash (Leo the Lion and Crustacean the Crab). A fight ensues, but Joker and his minions escape with Crustash, abandoning Penguin to the fate of the authorities. Figuring that The Joker is scheming to pilfer a masterpiece entitled \"Virgin Bereaved\" (Virgo the Virgin), Batman and Robin dash to the Gotham City Museum and find Joker with only his henchman Uranus - or so they think. The duo's odds quickly go from 2-on-2 to 7-on-2 as the artwork around them reveals themselves to be the \"other\" henchmen. After the fight is",
"title": "The Zodiac Crimes"
},
{
"id": "16377232",
"text": "to hunt them down to avoid disruptions to their work. Also, Blu and Jewel's old nemesis, Nigel the cockatoo, has survived the plane crash from the first film, but he is now unable to fly and is working as a fortune teller/con artist. When he sees Blu and his family flying overhead, he immediately decides to seek revenge on them. He enlists two minions to help him in his plans; a silent anteater named Charlie and a poison dart frog named Gabi, who is in love with Nigel. Blu and his family use a boat to get to the jungle",
"title": "Rio 2"
},
{
"id": "12058172",
"text": "battles to Wally than any other of Woody's enemies. (As for Buzz Buzzard, Woody's most primary foil, Woody would almost always win against him.) The Beach Nut The Beach Nut is the 11th animated cartoon short subject in the \"Woody Woodpecker\" series. Released theatrically on October 16, 1944, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal Pictures. The title is a play on \"beech nut\". The film opens in medias res with vacationer Wally Walrus beating Woody Woodpecker into submission on a beach boardwalk. Wally explains to the gathered crowd what happened earlier to provoke his",
"title": "The Beach Nut"
},
{
"id": "16329895",
"text": "to Russia and the former USSR, under grant by the American Council of Learned Societies and in conjunction with the International Research and Exchanges Board. He has received other grants from the Guggenheim and Mellon Foundations and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Wiley has published several books on Tchaikovsky, his colleagues and his work. Among them, 1997's \"The Life and Ballets of Lev Ivanov: Choreographer of 'The Nutcracker' and 'Swan Lake,\"' published through Oxford University Press, took the de la Torre Bueno Prize in 1998 for the best book in dance. 2009's \"Tchaikovsky\", part of the Master Musicians series",
"title": "Roland John Wiley"
},
{
"id": "5823602",
"text": "creatures such as sentient turnips, the Shoe Goblin, Satan, and various fairies. Steve is generally friendly and well-meaning, except to his arch-enemies (Timmy Turnip, The Shoe Goblin, the pandas, the crows and Rupert T Roach). His amiable and overly optimistic nature often renders him oblivious to the sinister intentions of others. This naivety often leads to the unfeasible-ness of their adventures. Though the two central protagonists dominate the comic, there exist a large collection of secondary characters, some one-shot, others recurring occasionally. This collection includes Steve's perennial nemesis the Shoe Goblin and Rupert. T. Roach, an upper-class cockroach. Beaver and",
"title": "Beaver and Steve"
},
{
"id": "961993",
"text": "series (1997–2002). The 1999 \"The Powerpuff Girls\" episode \"Cat Man Do\" also features a supervillain with a cat, though it is the feline that turns out to be the criminal mastermind. In \"The Penguins of Madagascar\", the recurring villain Dr. Blowhole is a parody homage to Blofeld. Ernst Stavro Blofeld Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and villain from the James Bond series of novels and films, created by Ian Fleming. A criminal mastermind with aspirations of world domination, he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond. Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation",
"title": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"
},
{
"id": "3361452",
"text": "Tybalt Tybalt is the main antagonist in William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". He is the son of Lady Capulet's brother, Juliet's short-tempered first cousin, and Romeo's rival. Tybalt shares the same name as the character Tibert/Tybalt the \"Prince of Cats\" in \"Reynard the Fox\", a point of mockery in the play. Mercutio repeatedly calls Tybalt \"Prince of Cats\" (perhaps referring not only to Reynard but to the Italian word cazzo as well). Luigi da Porto adapted the story as \"Giulietta e Romeo\" and included it in his \"Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti\" published in 1530. Da Porto",
"title": "Tybalt"
},
{
"id": "20018485",
"text": "only a moment to ease his pain. Above, the villain pursues still his reluctant prey: Honey swings away on a cord which activates a steam whistle, whose exhaust blasts the glowering bully in the face. But Honey is trapped, dangling at the bottom of the cord, and her tormentor, now on firm ground, can simply reach up and grab her. Bosko spies this as the cur is fleeing; the cur, squeezing, as it seems, an inconveniently placed sapling tapped, apparently and strangely, for syrup-production, squirts Bosko's face with sap, delaying him momentarily. A river runs through the forest. Now, the",
"title": "Bosko the Lumberjack"
},
{
"id": "17857211",
"text": "him safe. Yates’ army liaison, Otis, joins a Toughguy to attack Mike’s house. Mike and Lasseter kill them, prompting Yates to order a drone strike on the entire block. Petey launches the drone but eventually refuses to fire its missile, then secretly reports the situation to Yates' superior, Raymond Krueger. Mike contacts Yates and arranges to exchange himself for Phoebe at a local grocery store. He attacks the store, killing or incapacitating multiple Toughguys before fighting and defeating Laugher, whom he spares when Mike learns he is a mentally unbalanced man forcibly conscripted by Yates. Phoebe escapes from Yates when",
"title": "American Ultra"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Nutcra and the Mouse King context: The Nutcracker and the Mouse King \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" () is a story written in 1816 by German author E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which young Marie Stahlbaum's favorite Christmas toy, the Nutcracker, comes alive and, after defeating the evil Mouse King in battle, whisks her away to a magical kingdom populated by dolls. In 1892, the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned Alexandre Dumas's adaptation of the story into the ballet \"The Nutcracker\". The story begins on Christmas Eve, at the Stahlbaum house. Marie, seven, and her brother, Fritz,\n\nIn Tchaikovskys ballet The Nutcracker, who is the nutcrackers main enemy?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Nutcracker and the Mouse King context: into battle after putting Marie's ribbon on as a token. The battle goes to dolls at first, but they are eventually overwhelmed by the mice. Marie, seeing the nutcracker about to be taken prisoner, takes off her slipper and throws it at the Mouse King. She then faints into the toy cabinet's glass door, cutting her arm badly. Marie wakes up in her bed the next morning with her arm bandaged and tries to tell her parents about the battle between the mice and the dolls, but they do not believe her, thinking that she has had a fever\n\ntitle: Swan Lakeins context: the lead male He is age to take a wife and finds Odette. Because falls in love with her, sent the evil sorcerer von Rothbart to sedu him so he will be unfaithful to Odette is known as \"Black Swan\" and only appears in the third act. Once she sedu the prince,ette' can never be broken and Odette can never become human again. Von Rothbart is the main antagonist an evil sorcer. He is mostly as an bird throughout the ballet and in human form.\n\ntitle Nutcracker and the Mouse King context: The Ncracker and the Mouse KingThe Nutcracker and the Mouse\" () is a story 1816 German A, in Stahl's to, Nutcra, after defeating evil Mouse King in battle, whis away a mag kingdom populated doll. In 182 the Russian composer Py Ilyich Tchaik chore Mar Pet and Lev Ivan Dum' adaptation of the story into the ballet Nutcracker The on Christmas Eve the Stahl Marie, seven and her brother Fritz\n\n:: who sw it immediately again, butme backward step, stepped onumbled these on, him a widein andtony; a The unateful and Pir, seeing he to andished him from the castle. Marie, while she recuperates from her wound, hears the Mouse King, son of the deceased Madam Mouserinks, whispering to her in the middle of the night, threatening to bite the nutcracker to pieces\n\nIn Tchaikovskys ballet The Nutcracker, who is the nutcrackers main enemy?",
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78,766 | In the O. Henry story “The Gift of the Magi”, what did Della sell to buy a chain for her husband’s prized pocket watch? | [
"Her hair"
] | Her hair | [
{
"id": "532795",
"text": "Jim's watch for $21 and she was satisfied with the perfect gift she got for Jim. At 7 o'clock, Della sits at a table near the door, waiting for Jim to come home. Unusually late, Jim walks in and immediately stops short at the sight of Della, who had previously prayed that she was still pretty to Jim. Della then admits to Jim that she sold her hair to buy him his present. Jim gives Della her present – an assortment of combs, useless now that her hair is shortened. Della then shows Jim the chain she bought for him,",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi"
},
{
"id": "532794",
"text": "in New York City. The story was initially published in \"The New York Sunday World\" under the title \"Gifts of the Magi\" on December 10, 1905. It was first published in book form in the O. Henry Anthology \"The Four Million\" in April 1906. Mr. James Dillingham Young (\"Jim\") and his wife, Della, are a couple living in a modest apartment. On Christmas night, with only $1.87 in hand, and desperate to find a gift for Jim, Della sells her hair for $20 to a nearby hairdresser named Madame Sofronie, and eventually finds a platinum pocket watch fob chain for",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi"
},
{
"id": "532796",
"text": "to which Jim says he sold his watch to get the money to buy her ornamental combs. Although Jim and Della are now left with gifts that neither one can use, they realize how far they are willing to go to show their love for each other, and how priceless their love really is. The story ends with the narrator comparing the sacrificial gifts of love with those of the Biblical Magi. The story has been adapted to films, \"The Sacrifice\" (1909), \" Love's Surprises Are Futile\" (1916), \"The Gift of the Magi\" (1917), a segment of \"O. Henry's Full",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi"
},
{
"id": "10489547",
"text": "eponymous aria to sell her hair, over Maggie’s objections. They leave to sell her hair. \"Scene Three\": Jim and his friend, Henry, carry in a Christmas tree. Knowing Jim’s financial situation, Henry asks how he purchased it. Jim evades the question at first but eventually tells Henry he sold the watch that once belonged to his father. Henry chides Jim for being foolish. Jim tries to explain his love for his father and his wife in the aria “Jim’s Soliloquy”. \"Scene Four\": Jim and Della reunite in their flat. Each admits having broken their promise and gives the other a",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera)"
},
{
"id": "10489548",
"text": "gift. Jim receives from Della a gold chain bought with Della's hair. Della receives ornate haircombs from Jim bought with his father's watch. They sit in melancholy silence evaluating what they have received. Their mutual sacrifice shines forth in their minds and they sing of their love and renewed fidelity. Both \"Della's Aria\" and \"Jim Soliloquy\" can be found in E. C. Shirmer's Opera Aria Anthology vol. 1 Soprano and vol. 4 Baritone respectively. The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera) The Gift of the Magi is a chamber opera in four scenes with music by David Conte and libretto",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera)"
},
{
"id": "11226756",
"text": "to fouling from exposure to the elements, and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket. When the waistcoat was introduced as a manly fashion at the court of Charles II in the 17th century, the pocket watch was tucked into its pocket. Prince Albert, the consort to Queen Victoria, introduced the 'Albert chain' accessory, designed to secure the pocket watch to the man's outergarment by way of a clip. By the mid nineteenth century, most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches, often marketed as bracelets, for women. Wristwatches were first worn by military",
"title": "History of timekeeping devices"
},
{
"id": "10489545",
"text": "The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera) The Gift of the Magi is a chamber opera in four scenes with music by David Conte and libretto by Nicholas Giardini. Based on the short story of the same title by O. Henry, the opera focuses on Jim and Della, who are a poor married couple and cannot afford to buy each other presents for Christmas. It premiered on December 7 and 8, 1997 with a workshop production to the accompaniment of two pianos at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music. The orchestral version was premiered at the conservatory on December 3,",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera)"
},
{
"id": "6691024",
"text": "the 1800s Prince Albert, the consort to Queen Victoria, introduced the 'Albert chain' accessory, designed to secure the pocket watch to the man's outergarment by way of a clip. The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it. The timekeeping mechanism in these early pocketwatches was the same one used in clocks, invented in the 13th century; the verge escapement which drove a foliot, a dumbbell shaped bar with weights on the ends, to oscillate back and forth. However, the mainspring introduced a source of error not",
"title": "History of watches"
},
{
"id": "532793",
"text": "The Gift of the Magi \"The Gift of the Magi\" is a short story by O. Henry first published in 1905. The story tells of a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift-giving, it has been popular for adaptation, especially for presentation at Christmas time. The plot and its twist ending are well-known, and the ending is generally considered an example of comic irony. It was allegedly written at Pete's Tavern on Irving Place",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi"
},
{
"id": "17242331",
"text": "him and his mother Naima. In an attempt to bond with Langston, the Reverend shows him a pocket watch with a personalized inscription from Martin Luther King, Jr.. Langston pockets the watch that night and, in the morning, tries to pawn it off. However, the pawnshop owner is a friend of his grandfather and refuses to buy it, telling Langston to treasure the pocket watch and return it to his grandfather. Outside the pawnbroker's shop, Langston meets the man he met in the holding cell. The man is passing out flyers for the pawnbroker and offers to procure for him",
"title": "Black Nativity (film)"
},
{
"id": "4978620",
"text": "gives him a case for his harmonica. Of course, the irony is that Minnie no longer has her watch—just as Mickey no longer has his harmonica—so the gifts are essentially useless. As in the classic \"Gift of the Magi\" upon which this adaptation—penned by O. Henry—is based, the thought behind each gift is what counts. The film concludes with a medley of various carols featuring the main characters from the three segments. The film was originally released on VHS and DVD on November 9, 1999. It was later re-released on VHS and on DVD (as part of the Walt Disney",
"title": "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1292282",
"text": "August 2011 for $1.375 million. The Rolex Explorer II, Reference 1655, known as Rolex Steve McQueen in the horology collectors' world, the Rolex Submariner, Reference 5512, which McQueen was often photographed wearing in private moments, sold for $234,000 at auction on June 11, 2009, a world-record price for the reference. McQueen was left-handed and wore the watch on his right wrist. From 1995 to 2011, McQueen's red 1957 Chevrolet fuel-injected convertible was displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles in a special Cars of Steve McQueen exhibit. It is now in the collection of actress Ruth Buzzi and",
"title": "Steve McQueen"
},
{
"id": "532798",
"text": "(2014) places it in the economical crisis of Greece today. The Mexican film \"Nosotros los pobres\" includes this tale as a small sub-plot. There is also a Bulgarian short film adaptation known as \"Darovete na vlahvite\" (2013) directed by Ivan Abadjiev. The Gift of the Magi \"The Gift of the Magi\" is a short story by O. Henry first published in 1905. The story tells of a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift-giving,",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi"
},
{
"id": "3362281",
"text": "strap or fob, when a long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on things. This fob could also provide a protective flap over their face and crystal. Women's watches were normally of this form, with a watch fob that was more decorative than protective. Chains were frequently decorated with a silver or enamel pendant, often carrying the arms of some club or society, which by association also became known as a fob. Ostensibly practical gadgets such as a watch winding key, vesta case, or a cigar cutter also appeared on watch chains, although usually in an overly",
"title": "Pocket watch"
},
{
"id": "1491787",
"text": "scenario reminiscent of the O. Henry story \"The Gift of the Magi\" where two close friends each trade away the very item that the other's gift was intended to supplement, Bert offers Mr. Hooper his paper clip collection as a swap; Mr. Hooper accepts Bert's offer, but Bert sadly walks off afterward. Then Ernie decides to trade Rubber Duckie for a cigar box for Bert's paper clips. Mr. Hooper, however, can see by their sorrowful expressions that they do not want to give up their prized possessions, so he gives the items back to them as gifts and lets them",
"title": "Bert (Sesame Street)"
},
{
"id": "2437008",
"text": "love providing he can dispose of all the rocks on the coast of Brittany. Aurelius finally manages to secure the services of a magician-scholar of the arcane arts, who, taking pity on the young man, for the princely sum of a thousand pounds agrees \"thurgh his magik\" to make all the rocks \"aweye\" \"for a wyke or tweye\" (possibly by association with an exceptionally high tide). When the \"rokkes\" vanish, Aurelius confronts Dorigen and demands that she fulfil her bargain. She and her husband agonise over her predicament; for by this time Arveragus has returned safely. During this period Dorigen",
"title": "The Franklin's Tale"
},
{
"id": "7445102",
"text": "(mistaking it for June's tent) and she is astonished to see that Ug is wearing Cecil's nappy pin, and that Ug is in fact her lost son Cecil. But before they can be reunited, Ug flees in fear and Lady Bagley faints with shock. The next day, the travellers are kidnapped by the Noshas, but manage to bribe their way out of being cannibalised by giving the tribal witch doctor Tinkle's pocket watch. Tinkle however delays and promises the witch doctor that their gods will bestow a sign of thanks upon them. Intending rescue, Ug accidentally catapults himself into the",
"title": "Carry On Up the Jungle"
},
{
"id": "532820",
"text": "stories. A film was made in 1952 featuring five stories, called \"O. Henry's Full House\". The episode garnering the most critical acclaim was \"The Cop and the Anthem\" starring Charles Laughton and Marilyn Monroe. The other stories are \"The Clarion Call\", \"The Last Leaf\", \"The Ransom of Red Chief\" (starring Fred Allen and Oscar Levant), and \"The Gift of the Magi\". The O. Henry House and O. Henry Hall, both in Austin, Texas, are named for him. O. Henry Hall, now owned by the Texas State University System, previously served as the federal courthouse in which O. Henry was convicted",
"title": "O. Henry"
},
{
"id": "9934507",
"text": "by Tom and John Healy, and became Healy's. During prohibition, when selling alcohol was illegal, the bar continued to operate disguised as a flower shop. The writer O. Henry lived down the street at 55 Irving Place from 1903 to 1907, and Healy's appears in his short story \"The Lost Blend\" under the name \"Kenealy's\". Local legend also has it that he wrote his well-known story \"The Gift of the Magi\" in Healy's second booth from the front, but this appears to be apocryphal. The present name dates to the purchase of the establishment by Peter Belles in 1926. Although",
"title": "Pete's Tavern"
},
{
"id": "4308304",
"text": "would save his sick dog, he would buy a golden candlestick for St. Francis. The sickly dog recovered, though he was soon after run over by a truck. Pirate is determined to keep his promise to buy a gold candlestick for St. Francis with 1000 quarters, or \"two-bitses\" ($250). The Pirate is the only paisano who works, and makes 25 cents a day selling kindling, but lives on food scraps given in charity, and saves the cash. He has hidden a great bag of quarters, known about by all. When he reveals his treasure to them, they are guilted into",
"title": "Tortilla Flat"
},
{
"id": "10489546",
"text": "2000. Jim and Delia's small flat. Christmas Eve. \"Scene One\": Della prepares for Christmas before Jim returns home. She lets her hair down and sings of her love and happiness. When Jim comes home, he briefly tries to entice her, then announces he has an errand to run. Being poor, Della reminds Jim, he should not get her a present for Christmas. Jim shrugs it off until she begs him to promise, then he leaves. \"Scene Two\": Having no money, Della calls her friend Maggie to help figure out how to buy Jim a Christmas present. Della decides in her",
"title": "The Gift of the Magi (Conte opera)"
},
{
"id": "6482007",
"text": "the panicked thief throws it out, with $43,000 of loot in the pockets. It lands by Luke (Paul Robeson) and Esther (Ethel Waters), a poor black couple. They take it to their minister (Eddie Anderson), and they decide to give to their congregation to buy whatever they have prayed for. An old farmer (George Reed) tells Luke that the only thing he prayed for is a scarecrow, so Luke gives him the now ragged jacket to make one. A sixth tale featured W. C. Fields, Phil Silvers and Margaret Dumont. A conman (Fields) buys the jacket from the second-hand store",
"title": "Tales of Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "1695939",
"text": "him in the arms of a new muse, the violinist gypsy woman. In a moment of rage, Victoria shoots the violin, grazing its neck and detaching its strings and tailpiece, before storming out. Frederick's final letter to Victoria states that he will be committing suicide and that he is leaving his entire estate to her. The violin ends up in the hands of Frederick's Chinese servant, who returns to Shanghai and sells it to an antiques dealer, who repairs the damage. The instrument is sold to a young woman with her daughter during the 1930s. Shanghai, late 1960s \"()\" Cesca",
"title": "The Red Violin"
},
{
"id": "10863366",
"text": "stand, learning that a perfumed handkerchief left in the cab links \"Bessie\" to the murder scene, and then finds the woman, who is the actual wife and his client, in a hotel under an assumed name. He sends his secretary, Della Street, to impersonate Bessie and claim the handkerchief before the cabbie turns it in. Bessie denies killing her husband. Perry warns her that she is going to be arrested for Foley's murder and orders her to say nothing to the police. Later, acting on a hunch when none of the handwriting samples of the three women gathered by his",
"title": "The Case of the Howling Dog"
},
{
"id": "11025746",
"text": "of his ill-gotten gain. Fatty soon finds the watch while Mabel is close by playfully splashing lake water. When she returns, he presents the watch as a gift he had bought for her. Elated, Mabel does not recognize the watch even though Fatty pins it to the lapel of her dress using a small piece of Mama's ribbon still attached to the timepiece's top metal loop or \"bow\". While Fatty leaves to buy sweets at a concession stand, the passing thief notices Mabel wearing \"his\" watch after realizing he had lost it. A struggle for the watch ensues. Fatty hears",
"title": "Wished on Mabel"
},
{
"id": "6699176",
"text": "of the fairy tale. In his dream Jack learns that the Giant (Buddy Baer), who lives in a castle in the sky, has stolen all of the land's wealth and food. The situation obliges the kingdom's princess to marry The Prince (James Alexander) of a neighboring kingdom, whom she has never met. Jack must also make sacrifices, when his mother sends him to sell the last family possession, their beloved cow \"Henry\", to the local butcher, Mr. Dinklepuss. Along the way Jack meets The Prince, disguised as a troubador (who is kidnapped by the Giant soon afterward). The unscrupulous Dinklepuss",
"title": "Jack and the Beanstalk (1952 film)"
},
{
"id": "829023",
"text": "projectionist and janitor (Buster Keaton) is in love with a beautiful girl (Kathryn McGuire). However, he has a rival, the \"local sheik\" (Ward Crane). Neither has much money. The projectionist buys a $1 box of chocolates, all he can afford, and changes the price to $4 before giving it and a ring to her. The sheik steals and pawns the girl's father's pocket watch for $4. With the money, he buys a $3 box of chocolates for the girl. When the father notices his watch is missing, the sheik slips the pawn ticket into the projectionist's pocket unnoticed. The projectionist,",
"title": "Sherlock Jr."
},
{
"id": "16381159",
"text": "rated TV-MA L in the United States. Stan Marsh's grandfather Marvin gives him a bejeweled bolo tie, saying that the Jewels & Gems (J&G) Shopping Network, from which he bought it, claimed that its 14 carat gold and diamonds makes it worth $6,000. After Cartman teases him for wearing such a tacky and unfashionable item, Stan takes it to a Cash For Gold store where he is offered $15 for it. Other such merchants similarly offer him little or nothing for the item, and Stan realizes that his grandfather has been swindled. Cartman shows his friends the J&G infomercials, where",
"title": "Cash for Gold (South Park)"
},
{
"id": "6023972",
"text": "2017) from a cash register at work to go on a date with blonde \"femme fatale\" Vera Novak (Jeanne Cagney). Brady intends to put the money back before it is missed, but the garage's bookkeeper shows up earlier than scheduled. As Brady scrambles to cover evidence of his petty theft, he quickly finds himself drawn into an ever-worsening \"quicksand\" of crime, each of his misdeeds more serious than the last. He buys a $100 wristwatch ($1,011 in 2017) on installment payments and then promptly pawns the watch for $30 cash ($303 in 2017), covering the missing funds from the register",
"title": "Quicksand (1950 film)"
},
{
"id": "2840651",
"text": "saw Trewlaney alive and well until late in the night. The problem is that no one can determine the cause of death, not even the famous pathologist Sir Leopold Harper, who conducted an autopsy. A clue might lie in the gold hunter, a popular pocket watch, owned by the deceased gentleman. Holmes once more solves the puzzle to the chagrin of Inspector Lestrade. \"And see,\" he continued, hastening to the small table in question, \"what a treasure–trove we have here! Look at this, Lestrade! Look at it!\" \"But, Holmes, it is only a small pot of vaseline such as you",
"title": "The Adventure of the Gold Hunter"
},
{
"id": "11025744",
"text": "Fatty takes her away so they can spend time together, leaving Mama alone on the bench. Elsewhere, a strolling \"Keystone Cop\" encounters a man sleeping on another park bench. The policeman uses his nightstick and foot to chase away the loiterer, who promptly spies Mama sitting by herself. Clearly an experienced thief, he sidles up to her and uses a small pair of scissors to steal a ladies' pocket-style watch suspended from her neck by a long ribbon. The thief hastily departs with the watch. Once Mama notices her timepiece is missing, she yells for help, which rouses the policeman,",
"title": "Wished on Mabel"
},
{
"id": "20009252",
"text": "Matt, a detective that shoots and kills Henry before he can accomplish this. Matt and his partner Darcy find a box containing four cursed worry dolls, which belonged to Henry. They're approached by Della, an old woman that raised Henry after his father died, who unsuccessfully tries to claim the dolls, which are confiscated as evidence. After leaving the crime scene Matt visits his ex-wife Amy, but unbeknownst to him their young daughter Chloe finds the worry dolls and takes them for herself. Unaware of their origin, Chloe turns the dolls into necklaces and sells them at her mother's store.",
"title": "The Devil's Dolls"
},
{
"id": "2967062",
"text": "his wife. Seedy and furtive, Rigsby has poor interpersonal skills. His professed love of Miss Jones is mostly sexual. She rejects him due to him being married, until his marriage ends and Miss Jones accepts his proposal. As he pries and spies upon his tenants, Rigsby often carries Vienna, his large, fluffy, black-and-white tomcat. Rigsby's amiable pet, and confidant, is so named because - as Rigsby tells it - when he goes to put him out on a cold dark night, if there is another set of eyes out there, then it's Good Night, Vienna. Ruth Jones (Frances de la",
"title": "Rising Damp"
},
{
"id": "5177854",
"text": "Blanche a Christmas card (he had—it was buried in a stack of newspapers), they exchanged their gifts to each other... with a twist. Tight in the pocketbook this Christmas season, Blanche swapped a fur coat to buy her bourbon-loving husband a portable bar; John—bourbon lover though he is—swapped his stock to buy Blanche a matching fur muffler, before confessing that for all that they're each other's biggest pain in the rump, there really is a love between them. Jackie Gleason probably knew that Christmas exchange—drawing as did the \"Bickersons\" episode on O. Henry's \"The Gift of the Magi\", a \"classic",
"title": "The Bickersons"
},
{
"id": "6955649",
"text": "after a tearful reunion they get married right there and then. Reiji insists on fighting Cal, and manages to get Eren to promise him to leave and wait for him, and that he would definitely return to her. Cal arrives at the appointed time, and takes out the pocket watch that Reiji bought for her 2 years ago from a street vendor while the two of them were preparing for the counter snipe operation. Setting it on the altar, she opens it, starting the music, and sets the stage for the duel. When the music stops, both go for their",
"title": "Phantom of Inferno"
},
{
"id": "795842",
"text": "body lies lifeless on a chair. Furthermore, Pinocchio finds that the Fairy has left him a new suit, boots, and a bag in which he thinks are the forty pennies that he originally gave to her. Instead, the boy is shocked to find forty freshly-minted gold coins. Geppetto also returns to health. Many concepts and situations expressed in the book have become proverbial, such as: Similarly, many of the characters have become typical quintessential human models, still cited frequently in everyday language: The story has been adapted into many forms on stage and screen, some keeping close to the original",
"title": "The Adventures of Pinocchio"
},
{
"id": "13689893",
"text": "wheel, a round clock face, a round spool of thread and the sound is radio. You need to have all of these essential needs met in order to get married.This piece of information possibly come about from Bicycling magazine:The bike is so ingrained in Chinese culture that it remains part of an important tradition known as san zhuan yi xiang, or \"three rounds and a sound.\" The term refers to the four items a husband traditionally supplied to his bride: The \"rounds\" are the face of a watch, the spindle of a sewing machine and the wheels of a bicycle,",
"title": "3 Rounds and a Sound"
},
{
"id": "13538050",
"text": "The Case of the Stuttering Bishop The Case of the Stuttering Bishop is a 1937 drama film directed by William Clemens. It stars Donald Woods as Perry Mason and Ann Dvorak as Della Street, his secretary. Edward McWade plays the role of stuttering Bishop William Mallory. It is the sixth and final film in the Warner Bros. Perry Mason series. It is based on the novel \"The Case of the Stuttering Bishop\" (1936) by Erle Stanley Gardner. Perry is asked by an Australian Bishop to take the case of a woman who was falsely accused of manslaughter 22 years ago.",
"title": "The Case of the Stuttering Bishop"
},
{
"id": "6560110",
"text": "forester who is found dead in the woods with an axe in his head. One reading of the novella is that Friedrich killed him, as they had an unfriendly encounter shortly before and he later appears frightened when confronted with the hatchet, but probably Simon is the murderer, using an old axe of his that Friedrich recognised. Aaron The Jew Aaron was a usurer who sold Friedrich the pocket watch which, seemingly, belonged to Franz Ebel first. He sold the watch on credit and had not received payment for some time. He publicly demands payment at a wedding reception, humiliating",
"title": "Die Judenbuche"
},
{
"id": "20663574",
"text": "Cigar cutter watch fob A cigar cutter watch fob is a decorative and utilitarian pendant that is attached to the opposite side of a chain as a pocket watch. It is used to cleanly cut the end of a cigar so it burns evenly. Pocket watches were the most common type of portable timepiece from their invention in the 1500s right up until the advent of the wristwatch after World War I. The first wristwatches were modified pocket watches with flanges attached to their sides to which a band was fastened. Pocket watches typically were connected to a fob or",
"title": "Cigar cutter watch fob"
},
{
"id": "3362318",
"text": "available location for carrying a watch is in a trouser pocket. The more recent advent of mobile phones and other gadgets that are worn on the waist has diminished the appeal of carrying an additional item in the same location, especially as such pocketable gadgets usually have timekeeping functionality themselves. In some countries a gift of a gold-cased pocket watch is traditionally awarded to an employee upon their retirement. The pocketwatch has regained popularity due to steampunk, a subcultural movement embracing the arts and fashions of the Victorian era, where pocketwatches were nearly ubiquitous. Pocket watch A pocket watch (or",
"title": "Pocket watch"
},
{
"id": "10315635",
"text": "separate section of the couch contained other grave goods, including a phial, a whip, a knife, and a quiver - all inlaid with gold or precious stones. To the left of the couch stood a sarcophagus made of cypress wood and ivory. A woman, probably the king's wife or concubine, lay there. Apart from the brocaded dress, her body was decorated with an electrum diadem with large gold pendants, a pair of open-work earrings, a gold disk, a gold necklace, and two gold bracelets. At her side was placed a bronze hand-held mirror with the gilded handle. An electrum cup,",
"title": "Kul-Oba"
},
{
"id": "1444586",
"text": "as the best scene in the film and is the subject of four commentaries on the DVD. Walken has a supporting role in Tarantino's \"Pulp Fiction\" as a Vietnam veteran named Captain Koons. He gives his dead comrade's son the family's prized possession—a gold watch—while explaining in graphic detail how he had hidden it from the Vietcong by smuggling it in his rectum after the boy's father, in whose rectum the watch had previously been concealed, had died of dysentery. Later in 1994, Walken starred in \"A Business Affair\", a rare leading role for him in a romantic comedy. Walken",
"title": "Christopher Walken"
},
{
"id": "14422379",
"text": "was still able to journey about twelve miles from her home and attend at the Observatory by 9 am. She died at the age of 89. The watch used by the business was a John Arnold pocket chronometer No. 485/786, nicknamed \"Arnold\". It was originally made for the Duke of Sussex and had a gold case. When it was given to John Henry, he changed the case to silver because he was worried thieves might steal a gold watch. When Ruth died, the watch was left to the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers. Belville's business came under attack from St John",
"title": "Ruth Belville"
},
{
"id": "648739",
"text": "the motel where he and his girlfriend Fabienne are lying low and preparing to flee town, Butch discovers she has forgotten to pack his father's gold watch, a beloved heirloom, and flies into a rage. Returning to his apartment to retrieve the watch, he notices a gun on the kitchen counter and hears the toilet flush. Vincent exits the bathroom and Butch shoots him dead. As Butch waits at a traffic light in his car, Marsellus spots him by chance and chases him into a pawnshop. The owner, Maynard, captures them at gunpoint and ties them up in the basement.",
"title": "Pulp Fiction"
},
{
"id": "9747037",
"text": "seek in the woods, Della beats and finally kills Tomás with a lug wrench. She flees through a creek, pursued by Chuckie and Vingh. Della sneaks up on Vingh and kills him with a screwdriver and hides behind a fallen tree. Chuckie tries to persuade Della to give up; he talks about her kids, saying that he is going to pay them a visit. He tells her what he thinks of her, that she lives a boring life she doesn't want, mistreated by her husband. He finds her, touches, and teases her face. She holds his hand, pulls him down",
"title": "While She Was Out"
},
{
"id": "6958071",
"text": "Johnny O'Clock Johnny O'Clock is a 1947 film noir crime film written and directed by Robert Rossen, based on a story by Milton Holmes. The drama features Dick Powell, Evelyn Keyes, and Lee J. Cobb, with Jeff Chandler making his film debut in a small role. Johnny O'Clock (Dick Powell) is a junior partner in a posh casino with Guido Marchettis (Thomas Gomez). Complicating their longtime working relationship is Guido's wife Nelle (Ellen Drew), who is still in love with former boyfriend Johnny. She gives Johnny an expensive custom pocket watch, the twin of a birthday present she gave her",
"title": "Johnny O'Clock"
},
{
"id": "3596773",
"text": "he flies a glider (competently) and is responsible and adventurous; in the TV series he flies a propeller plane (poorly) and he is clumsy and frequently gets into trouble. Usually these troubles remit directly into Grandpa Little, who loses his temper and charges into \"disciplining\" the unfortunate Dinky. In the books he marries Della, who learns to fly. While he lives with his mother Lilly the nurse in the books, in the TV series he lives with the family. Another younger cousin of Tom and Lucy. Portrayed as a tantrum-prone and rebellious spoiled brat, he often sabotages whatever his older",
"title": "The Littles"
},
{
"id": "10444805",
"text": "cranky, cold, forbidding semi-invalid who lives in a crumbling home with her servants, the sinister Jeremiah Flintwinch and his bumbling wife, Affery. Mr. Clennam is ill in China with his son, Arthur. His dying wish is that his son \"Put it right\" with his mother. He gives Arthur a pocket watch to deliver to Mrs. Clennam; Arthur has no idea what this means. He returns to England after 15 years and gives his mother the watch. She claims to not know what it means, but opens it and reads \"Do not forget.\" Arthur is enamoured of the beautiful Minnie (Pet)",
"title": "Little Dorrit (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "8788685",
"text": "Burnand and Edward Solomon. The recently widowed Emily Nankeen Worcester and General Edwin Deelah intend to marry each other, feigning love, but each is secretly interested in the other's purportedly valuable collection of \"rare\" china, which they plan to sell upon marriage. Mrs. Worcester is in her morning room anticipating a visit from General Deelah. She recounts how she came to own the single but highly valuable item in her china collection (\"A Friend Most Dear\"), the sole remaining saucer from Julius Caesar's favorite tea service, appraised at ten thousand pounds. General Deelah arrives, and, after some shy conversation and",
"title": "Cups and Saucers"
},
{
"id": "20261172",
"text": "shields, daggers, arrowheads, and spears – made of bone, stone, copper, and wood for ordinary warriors, and made of silver or gold for Jarls and their militiamen. Women often wear pendants depicting household items: Spoons, keys, and combs. The spoon is the symbol of family prosperity. The key indicates family stability, faithfulness, and devotion. Craftsmen prefer more practical amulets, depicting the anvil of Dost, a hammer, or a pail. Fishermen carry amulets shaped as Tolki's tentacle to ward off storms, or as fish to ensure a good catch. Hunters wear boar fangs. Northern pagans often use fragments of bone from",
"title": "Life Is Feudal: MMO"
},
{
"id": "18892947",
"text": "1964 — more than any other actress) sternly accept his return, with the father offering Sam a job in his tanning store, telling him, \"...even though you are a failure…\" A few years pass… Bill Hawks goes into Sam's father's tanning store and asks Sam the price of a saddle. Sam tells him the saddle is worth about fourteen dollars, but \"we're asking thirty-two fifty for it\". Sam's father appears, pushes Sam aside and offers to sell it for forty dollars, then thirty-eight, then thirty-six. As Bill leaves without buying, Sam follows him outside and sees Adams drilling volunteer soldiers",
"title": "The Colter Craven Story"
},
{
"id": "14936981",
"text": "facing the aftermath of losing his son that slowly drives him into the arms of Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively), and the growing relationship between Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) and the mysterious Juliet Sharp (Katie Cassidy). The episode is currently the second highest-rated episode of the fourth season. The episode opens with Blair receiving news of Chuck Bass donating to charities with Eva at his side. \"Gossip Girl\" further irks Blair when she shows an image of Chuck giving Eva an expensive jeweled Cartier Baignoire watch after a charity event. With Serena still wondering who to choose between Nate",
"title": "Touch of Eva"
},
{
"id": "4847849",
"text": "U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. For example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to U.S. soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and when war broke out, was kept in the U.S. for the duration. During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers, a supply of",
"title": "United States Bullion Depository"
},
{
"id": "5902718",
"text": "benches. The crooked tramp steals one girl's handbag, but swiftly loses it to Charlie when he tries to pickpocket him a second time. Charlie rescues a hot dog vendor from a thug, but deftly takes a few of the sausages with his cane. Charlie sells the stolen handbag to the other male suitor. A suspicious policemen observes the goings-on and the men realize the bag is stolen and pass it among each other. Finally Charlie presents it as a gift to the other female and receives an affectionate embrace. The bag's original owner becomes angry with her suitor for permitting",
"title": "In the Park"
},
{
"id": "18648845",
"text": "her consent. Half in jest, Levy gives the mother a pawn ticket for the little girl, which he fills out to read that 'a precious jewel, a value beyond price,' has been left with him and can be redeemed 'at any time.' The mother leaves the little one in Levy's care and upon reaching home and finding herself mortally stricken, she puts the pawn ticket he has given her in an envelope which she entrusts to a friendly janitoress, to be given into no other hands than those of her husband should it be that he is not dead. \"And",
"title": "Value—Beyond Price"
},
{
"id": "9143512",
"text": "Tale' characteristic of the Jeffery Archer stories. Gerald Haskins and Walter Ramsbottom are friends and rivals. Gerald steals Walter's Fiancee Angela Bradbury and marries her. Years later, Gerald manages to become a very successful engineer and is awarded a Multavian Order of the Peacock, Third Class—a cheap piece of jewellery. When Walter pokes fun of it and claims to be receiving a 14K gold chain as Mayor, Gerald visits a popular jeweller in London and asks the jeweller to make a copy of the original order—from pure gold and actual precious stones—worth GBP 211,000. However, during a coronation, his precious",
"title": "A Twist in the Tale (short story collection)"
},
{
"id": "12425664",
"text": "horsey man\" (but is not) wears his watch, not on a chain, but on a leather strap made from the lip-strap of a horse's harness; Platte wears his from a leather guard, presumably because he can afford no better. One night the two men change - in a hurry - at the Club, and, not unnaturally, take each other's watch. They go on their separate ways. Later that night, as Platte returns home, his horse rears and upsets his cart, throwing him to the ground outside Mrs Larkyn's house, where his watch falls loose. The Colonel loses his watch, which",
"title": "Watches of the Night"
},
{
"id": "16964052",
"text": "work-baskets, a travelling bag, a biscuit-box, a thimble, an egg-boiler and a photograph-book. Some gifts give a glimpse of items necessary at the time but which are no longer needed or are now less valuable and more disposable. For example, \"carved ivory\" hair brushes have been replaced by plastic ones; visiting cards, inkstands and riding whips are no longer in regular use. Some of the gifts and references were consciously Australian. For example, the gift from the Marquis and the Marchioness of Normanby, (the Marquis was at the time Governor of New Zealand) of a writing set was made from",
"title": "Wedding of Nora Robinson and Alexander Kirkman Finlay"
},
{
"id": "7991801",
"text": "and fetched high prices at auction. In 1988, a stainless \"Paul Newman\" Daytona (Ref. 6241) was listed in an auction catalog with an estimated closing price of $3,000 to $3,500. In 2013, during a special Rolex Daytona-themed auction held in Geneva on 10 November, Christie's sold a rare Rolex Daytona Ref. 6263 in steel, manufactured in 1969, for (well over one million US dollars). On 26 October 2017, a Rolex Daytona (Ref. 6239) watch formerly owned by the actor Paul Newman was sold for US$17.75 million in New York, making it the most expensive wristwatch and the second most expensive",
"title": "Rolex Daytona"
},
{
"id": "9747038",
"text": "and they kiss. He draws his weapon as they engage in foreplay. She tells him to have sex with her, and as he is distracted she ignites the road flare and blinds him, takes his weapon, and kills him. Della returns home. Her husband Kenneth complains she was out late and is tracking mud throughout the house, but Della ignores him. She goes upstairs to check on her children who are both sleeping. The drunk Kenneth asks what she brought him from the mall, and she replies, \"Nothing\", and points the gun at him. The film received a limited U.S.",
"title": "While She Was Out"
},
{
"id": "6747412",
"text": "placed. After waiting for some time, Jack suddenly starts to choke and falls unconscious. He wakes up in a copse near the cottage, in daylight, to find out from his pocket watch that it is half-past-twelve in the afternoon. He gets no answer at the cottage and goes back to the hotel, where he finds his uncle, newly arrived back from a continental trip. Jack tells him of the events, prompting a cry of outrage from the old man: the blue Chinese jar was a priceless Ming piece and the only one of its kind in the world. Jack rushes",
"title": "The Hound of Death"
},
{
"id": "380906",
"text": "(they wrote nothing else) or by critical regard, which acknowledged the focus and craft required in the short form. An example is Jorge Luis Borges, who won American fame with \"The Garden of Forking Paths\", published in the August 1948 \"Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine\". Another example is O. Henry (author of \"Gift of the Magi\"), for whom the O. Henry Award is named. Other of his most popular, inventive and most often reprinted stories (among over 600) include: \"A Municipal Report\", \"An Unfinished Story\", \"A Blackjack Barginer\", \"A Lickpenny Lover\", \"Mammon and the Archer\", \"Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen\", \"The Last",
"title": "Short story"
},
{
"id": "12308956",
"text": "brother paid the grocer so that the three women had food. Eventually, in an attempt to keep the decrepit mine going and to raise funds, she reluctantly sold the \"Isabella necklace\" Tabor had given her, but during her lifetime she refused to sell his gold watch fob. Her older daughter, Lily, left her mother to live with Baby Doe's family in Wisconsin. Later, after her mother died, Lily denied being Baby Doe's daughter. Of the two daughters, Lily, born into wealth, seemed more affected by the fall into poverty. When in 1902, Baby Doe traveled with her daughters to Oshkosh",
"title": "Baby Doe Tabor"
},
{
"id": "2332380",
"text": "the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: \"vair\"), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek \"The Slipper Man\" Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30, 2007. A pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in \"The Wizard of Oz\" sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold in May 2000 for $666,000. On both occasions they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. \"Grandpa's Slippers\" is",
"title": "Slipper"
},
{
"id": "9177045",
"text": "graduation certificate. To congratulate her, he buys the watchband as a gift. The old man did not accept his offer, so Pang sold his car for the watchband. Excited to see Jennifer with the gift, he runs to her apartment only to see Vincent helping Jennifer move furniture in his car. She gives him her address. They exchange gifts, but Pang runs after her after she leaves. Unable to catch up, he walks to a beach. He opens his gift and finds her grandfather's watch. Some time afterwards, they meet at a pier with a restaurant named Sampan. After calming",
"title": "An Autumn's Tale"
},
{
"id": "201675",
"text": "wife's help, goes to find the ingredients (\"Prologue\"). Cinderella visits her mother's grave and receives a beautiful gown and golden slippers from her mother's spirit (\"Cinderella at the Grave\"). Jack encounters a Mysterious Man who mocks him for trying to sell his cow for more than a \"sack of beans\" and then vanishes. Little Red Ridinghood meets a hungry Wolf who convinces her to take a detour on her way to Granny's (\"Hello, Little Girl\"). The Baker and his Wife squabble over her presence in the woods, but come across Jack with Milky White. Not having the money necessary to",
"title": "Into the Woods"
},
{
"id": "2472023",
"text": "around the waist by women in the 17th to 19th centuries, mentioned in the rhyme \"Lucy Locket\". A watch pocket or fob pocket is a small pocket designed to hold a pocket watch, sometimes found in men's trousers and waistcoats and in traditional blue jeans. However, due to the decline in popularity of pocket watches, these pockets are rarely used for their original intended purpose. A besom pocket or slit pocket is a pocket cut into a garment instead of being sewn on. These pockets often have reinforced piping along the slit of the pocket, appearing perhaps as an extra",
"title": "Pocket"
},
{
"id": "20823393",
"text": "The Adventures of Abdi The Adventures of Abdi is a picture book written by American entertainer Madonna. It was released on November 8, 2004, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment. The book is a moral tale inspired from a 300 year-old story by rabbi Baal Shem Tov, that Madonna had heard from her Kabbalah teacher. It tells the story of Abdi who was given the task of delivering a precious necklace to the queen. Madonna was inspired to write \"The Adventures of Abdi\" by the settings in \"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves\" and other folk stories from \"One Thousand and",
"title": "The Adventures of Abdi"
},
{
"id": "9747034",
"text": "On Christmas Eve, suburban housewife Della Myers gets into an argument with her abusive husband Kenneth. After putting her two children to bed, she drives to the mall to buy some wrapping paper and cards. At the mall, she can't find a parking space for a while and angrily leaves a note on the window of a car that is parked using up two parking spaces. She leaves the store as the mall is closing, and the parking lot is nearly deserted. She notices the note is gone from the 'offending' car. As she enters her own car, the car",
"title": "While She Was Out"
},
{
"id": "8788687",
"text": "Choo Chan's marriage to the \"sister of [Deelah's] brother's second aunt, by an uncle on [Deelah's] grandmother's side.\" Deelah professes his love for Mrs. Worcester, whereupon she pretends to have fainted until she spots him snooping around for her famed Julius Caesar saucer. She then \"recovers\" and announces that since she is Deelah's true love, she can now reveal her most prized possession to him. To Deelah's horror, he finds that it is a counterfeit – of his own make – which he admits to Mrs. Worcester. To her horror, he also admits that his own collection of china is",
"title": "Cups and Saucers"
},
{
"id": "3362294",
"text": "the French word for soap (savon) due to its resemblance with a round soap bar. The majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have the hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the 12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases, the sub-seconds dial was always at the 6 o'clock position. A hunter-case pocket watch with a spring-ring chain is",
"title": "Pocket watch"
},
{
"id": "5038637",
"text": "Raincoat (film) Raincoat is a 2004 Indian drama film directed by Rituparno Ghosh, and starring Ajay Devgn and Aishwarya Rai. It tells the story of two lovers, separated by destiny, who meet again one day. This encounter allows each to realize the truth about the lives they are living. It is an adaptation of the short story \"The Gift of the Magi\" (1906) by O. Henry and is the inspiration of Mithaq Kazimi's English adaptation of this film, \"Through Her Eyes,\" currently on IMDB's Top Short Films of India. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film",
"title": "Raincoat (film)"
},
{
"id": "9947262",
"text": "out that the watch is in Gaston's hands, Rei starts a fight with the bulky man only to lose. Gaston throws the watch back to them, but keeps the amber stored inside. Kilala and Sylphy pose as dancers to steal back the jewel. Rei starts a fight with Gaston again, and wins, along with the gem. Kilala convinces the Beast to confess his feelings to Belle and give her the broken pocket watch, which she happily accepts. As a token, Belle and Beast give Kilala the amber, only to find out that it's one of the gems needed for the",
"title": "Kilala Princess"
},
{
"id": "3908935",
"text": "three times. His second marriage was to English actress Sally Ann Howes in 1958. She adopted his two sons, Andrew and Broadway lyricist Christopher, after the death of his first wife in 1964. Howes appeared in her husband's TV musical \"Gift of the Magi (musical)\", based on the O. Henry short story of that name, and starred in his Broadway musical \"Kwamina\". They divorced in 1966. Christopher Adler died of cancer in 1984 at age 30. He was a Democrat and, along with Democratic National Committee (DNC) Chairman John Bailey, Lena Horne, Carol Lawrence, Sidney Salomon, Vice-Chairwoman of the DNC",
"title": "Richard Adler"
},
{
"id": "10238308",
"text": "time, and ask if there are any seats. While the attendant searches, Ted realises it wasn't Lily's fault. A few months earlier, while riding the subway Ted found a penny from 1939 (during the events of \"The Scorpion and the Toad\"). Believing it to be valuable, Ted sold it to a collector, but only got $1.50. He and Robin decide to spend the money on hot dogs from the other side of town, which is where they saw the line for the dress store. Knowing the story doesn't go back any further (since there's no point in blaming the person",
"title": "Lucky Penny"
},
{
"id": "9667218",
"text": "W.W. Greener company offers to authenticate genuine Greener weapons for a small fee. Wilbur Jonas, the general store owner, offers to sell Matt Dillon four Greener shotguns at an attractive price, in \"Renegade White\", episode 4.30 of \"Gunsmoke\". Episode S5E1 of \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\" (1959), Earp is confronted by \"Shotgun Gibbs\" who is armed with a Greener loaded with a rifled slug. In the film \"Big Jake\", John Wayne's character asks his estranged wife, Martha (played by Maureen O'Hara), if she brought his \"Greeners, the double-barrels\". Wayne then proceeds to open a gun case revealing matching",
"title": "W. W. Greener"
},
{
"id": "1984644",
"text": "Della Street Della Street was the fictional secretary of Perry Mason in the long-running series of novels, short stories, films, and radio and television programs featuring the fictional defense attorney created by Erle Stanley Gardner. In the first Perry Mason novel, \"The Case of the Velvet Claws\", written in the early days of the Great Depression, Della Street is revealed to have come from a wealthy, or at least well-to-do, family that was wiped out by the stock market crash of 1929. Della was forced to get a job as a secretary. By the time of the TV series in",
"title": "Della Street"
},
{
"id": "7196602",
"text": "pay. When Joe goes off to find water elsewhere, Ukridge meets the owner of the house, and buys his dog from him for 5 shillings. He puts the dog in the car, and when Joe returns and finds he cannot get into his car, Ukridge offers to sell him the dog, for £100. He then charges a further £50 to remove the dog from the car, returns it to its previous owner, and returns home with his pockets full. Aunt Julia, returning in a rage at hearing her friend has been refused the loan of her brooch, tells Ukridge she",
"title": "The Level Business Head"
},
{
"id": "1837698",
"text": "small object, usually a photograph or a curl of hair. They typically come in the form of a pendant hanging from a necklace, though they will occasionally be hung from a charm bracelet. A medallion is most often a coin-shaped piece of metal worn as a pendant around the neck or pinned onto clothing. These are generally granted as awards, recognitions, or religious blessings. Pendant is the name given to one of two paintings conceived as a pair. Tools worn as pendants include Maori pounamu pendants. Shepherd's whistles, bosun's whistles, and ocarinas can also be made as pendants. Portable astronomical",
"title": "Pendant"
},
{
"id": "8761014",
"text": "out three pairs of iron shoes, and three iron staves. He did not return. She sets out to find him. She finds a hut with a witch (sometimes referred to as a Baba Yaga), who gives her a gift (such as a silver spinning wheel and a golden spindle), and sends her on to another witch. This witch gives her another gift (such as a silver dish and a golden egg), and sends her on to yet a third witch. This one gives her a third gift (such as a golden embroidery frame and a needle that sewed of itself),",
"title": "The Feather of Finist the Falcon"
},
{
"id": "9104793",
"text": "Family\" was republished by Farrar, Strauss and Giroux in 2002. \"Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas\", based on the short story \"The Gift of the Magi\" by O'Henry told the story Emmett Otter and his widowed mother who enter a talent contest to earn money to buy each other Christmas gifts. The book won the Christopher Award in 1972. In 1977 the Jim Henson Company produced the television film adaptation and a musical stage adaption in 2008. \"Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas\" marked the Hobans' final collaborative effort. Lillian Hoban went on to find great success as an author and illustrator in the",
"title": "Lillian Hoban"
},
{
"id": "18950334",
"text": "increase their dowry. Once married, Aladdin then uses the Genie of the lamp to build a grand palace for him and Badral. One day however, while Aladdin and his friends are out hunting with the Sultan. The wizard from earlier dupes Aladdin's mother and Badral into trading him the lamp for a new one. With the lamp in his possession, he then wishes Aladdin's palace and all within it transported to his castle in Africa. Furious, the Sultan charges Aladdin with three days to rescue his daughter, otherwise Aladdin's friends will be executed. After losing his camel in the desert,",
"title": "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)"
},
{
"id": "18433797",
"text": "his Twitter account. Amy excuses herself to \"wash up\"; Penny explains to Sheldon that Amy is upset that he did not appreciate her accomplishment. Later, Leonard discusses the situation with Sheldon and suggests he buys her something to apologize. Sheldon visits a jewelry store with Penny. He is distracted by a pocket watch but Penny forces him to focus and they buy Amy a tiara. When Amy is told Sheldon has bought her jewelry, she calls him shallow; she then realizes it is a tiara and hugs Sheldon, overjoyed. In the meantime, Howard shows the guys a magic trick; Leonard",
"title": "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver"
},
{
"id": "17109402",
"text": "for $225,000. The Winchester lever-action shotgun also said to be Wyatt Earp's sold for $50,000, below the high value estimate of $125,000, and the Colt revolver that belonged to Virgil Earp sold for $37,500. John Anderson, a local businessman, was the winning bidder at $160,000 of the pistol owned by Virgil and his grandfather, the shotgun owned by Wyatt, and the 32 boxes of historical research. He refused to bid on the Colt that was reported to belong to Wyatt Earp. “Was it the one from the O.K. Corral? I don’t believe it was …,” he said. Anderson said he",
"title": "Glenn Boyer"
},
{
"id": "8749650",
"text": "Rebecca, who works in and rooms above the Kandinsky tailor shop. Joe is innocently and earnestly determined to help realize the wishes of his poor, hard-working neighbours. Hearing from Mr. Kandinsky the tale that a captured unicorn will grant any wish, Joe uses his accumulated pocket change to buy a kid with an emerging horn, believing it to be a unicorn. His subsequent efforts to make dreams come true exemplify the power of hope and will amidst hardship. A film version directed by Carol Reed was released in 1954 with an adapted screenplay by Mankowitz. A musical play based on",
"title": "A Kid for Two Farthings"
},
{
"id": "20370826",
"text": "from Bagdad selling \"magic lamps\". The person tries to sell one to the woodpecker, but he doesn't believe it and calls him a \"fake\". The man convinces Woody to rub the lamp and wish for something. Woody does, but before he could actually say his wish, the man produces a yellow kitten out of his hat and gives to him as \"his\" wish. Woody obviously didn't wish this, but he buys the lamp anyway. Woody rubs the lamp again for a wish, and a real genie comes out of it. Even the man who sells the lamp to Woody is",
"title": "A Lad in Bagdad"
},
{
"id": "13692174",
"text": "Kylie offers to sell Max to her and Steve for £20,000, which they agree to. On the night of the tram crash, Kylie returns and demands more money, so Becky steals £5,000 from the ruins of Dev Alahan's (Jimmi Harkishin) corner shop, to pay Kylie off. Tracy is released from prison and the two start feuding again, particularly after Tracy discovers Max's sale and agrees to keep quiet in exchange for Amy. When Tracy is brutally attacked, Becky is arrested for the incident until Claire admits she was responsible but Becky admits looting Dev's shop, Sunita Alahan (Shobna Gulati) is",
"title": "Becky McDonald"
},
{
"id": "18648841",
"text": "Value—Beyond Price Value—Beyond Price is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. The film focuses on a family beset by tragedy when the father is presumed dead after his ship is lost at sea. The mother struggles to support her child and sells her possessions to a pawnbroker. When she has nothing left, save her wedding ring, the pawnbroker asks to take care of the child and the mother consents. The pawn broker gives her a pawn ticket for the girl stating \"a precious jewel, a value beyond price\" and tells her she can redeem it",
"title": "Value—Beyond Price"
},
{
"id": "2753518",
"text": "bundle of letters (some, or all, of which are believed to be from a young Mustrum Ridcully) a chunk of lodestone from \"the dancers\" stone circle, a fossil ammonite and a phoenix feather in a glass bottle. However, the citizens of Lancre also believe it contains the secrets of the universe, a neverending fortune in gold, or a small universe. Granny has done little to discourage these rumours. Aside from those in the box, her only other notable possessions are a clock that she inherited from her mother and a silver tea service (which was later melted down to make",
"title": "Granny Weatherwax"
},
{
"id": "3081953",
"text": "displayed artifacts of his life and work for nearly forty years. On March 1, 2007 a member of the Lawrence Hall of Science Exhibits staff reported that the Nobel Prize medal was missing from its locked display case. The UC Police Department was notified immediately and began an investigation on the medal’s theft. A $2,500 award was offered in exchange for the medal’s recovery and information leading to the arrest and conviction of the suspect. The medal is made from 23 karat gold and worth approximately $4,000. Lawrence's medal was the first Nobel prize awarded to the University of California",
"title": "Lawrence Hall of Science"
},
{
"id": "1558994",
"text": "in easily transportable jewels and cash. Within the ebony cabinets of his rooms at the Louvre his heirs found 450 pearls of high quality, plus quantities of gold chains and crosses, and rings with previous stones, altogether adding another 400,000 livres. He left to his family jewels worth an estimated 2.5 million livres, and gave a collection of diamonds worth 50,000 livres to the new Queen, and a 14-carat diamond called \"The Rose of England\", valued at 73,000 livres, to the Queen Mother. The most valuable legacies of all, including a set of eighteen diamonds known as the \"Mazarins\", worth",
"title": "Cardinal Mazarin"
},
{
"id": "16496916",
"text": "through the woods, Matt quickly finds himself lost and soon encounters a leprechaun (Frank Delfino) whose beard is caught in a log. Matt, remembering the old Irish legends he's heard from his grandfather, agrees to help the little man on the condition that he give Matt his bag of gold, to which, according to legend, Matt knows the leprechaun cannot refuse. After freeing the little man, Matt soon learns that the seven gold coins in the bag are not ordinary coins, but magic \"wishing coins\", which only have power when used to do good for others. After warning Matt of",
"title": "At the End of the Rainbow"
},
{
"id": "13794231",
"text": "for the horse. Happy with the exchange, the man gives him the horse and Hans rides off. The horse bolts and Hans gets bucked off, whereupon he meets a shepherd who convinces Hans to trade his horse for a cow. Telling Hans that a cow can provide milk, cheese and butter and is of more leisurely company. Hans takes up on the offer and continues his journey only to find that the cow is dry and not producing any milk as he had been told. Disgruntled with the cow, Hans meets a butcher who gives him a pig for the",
"title": "Hans in Luck"
},
{
"id": "12750651",
"text": "shop and tip their feathers to the maid. She continues to admire the bonnet, which carries a \"$2,000.00 Wampum\" price tag. She first asks Woody to buy the bonnet, but he's broke; she then asks Buzz, who's also without the necessary funds. The maid, with scorn, turns up her nose and walks away, leaving the two rejected swains very dejected and alone. Buzz then suddenly spies the beautiful feather-do that Woody has and, in a vision, dreams how it would look if transferred to the maid. With a malicious grin on his face, Buzz pulls out his tomahawk and starts",
"title": "Scalp Treatment"
},
{
"id": "18953799",
"text": "as to have most of them underneath him and only one (perhaps the blanket sheet) over him. Some men also carried a 3-ft. canvas triangle with a grommet at each corner and another centering each edge; this could be rigged in half-a dozen ways as a windbreak or rain-roof, or rolled and shoved under the sougans for a pillow. Near the foot the cowboy kept his hobbles, latigo straps, dirty laundry, extra (usually fancy) spurs, and whatever else he might happen to have. If he owned a suit (4–5 lb.) and a couple of good shirts (1.25–1.875 lb.) for dressy",
"title": "Cowboy bedroll"
},
{
"id": "18933073",
"text": "A-Lad-In Bagdad A-Lad-In Bagdad is a 1938 Merrie Melodies short directed by Cal Howard and Cal Dalton. Egghead is a happy looking wanderer who is traveling near an Arabian-like place, where he is lured to a prize machine. He sees a golden lamp but can't get it because another man wants it and is already using the machine. The man however lucks out and gets candy beans. He runs to the back corner in order to weep his sorrow away. Egghead sneaks up and tries his luck at getting the gold-lamp, and succeeds. He says, \"Oh boy am I lucky\".",
"title": "A-Lad-In Bagdad"
},
{
"id": "2684527",
"text": "on their faces. That night Ernie and Bert give their gifts to each other, but they don't want to admit to each other how they traded their possessions. Just before they can confess to each other, Mr. Hooper arrives and gives both characters their treasured possessions back as presents and allowing them to keep the items they sought, while also reminding the audience that although, being Jewish, he does not celebrate Christmas, he still understands the spirit of the holidays. This story is a retelling of the O. Henry story \"The Gift of the Magi\". While all this is going",
"title": "Christmas Eve on Sesame Street"
},
{
"id": "5190457",
"text": "2003 film \"Shubho Mahurat\", a whodunit based on Agatha Christie's book, \"The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side\", starred the veteran actresses Rakhee and Sharmila Tagore, alongside Nandita Das, in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film \"Chokher Bali\", based on a novel written by Rabindranath Tagore, in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time. In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, \"Raincoat\", an adaptation of the short story, The Gift of the Magi (1906), by O. Henry was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the",
"title": "Rituparno Ghosh"
},
{
"id": "11929104",
"text": "The Case of the Velvet Claws The Case of the Velvet Claws is a 1936 mystery film, based on the first Perry Mason novel by Erle Stanley Gardner and featuring the fourth and final appearance of Warren William as defense attorney Mason. Mason finally marries his longtime secretary Della Street, but has to cut their honeymoon short in order to defend a woman accused of murder. On October 23, 2012, Warner Home Video released the film on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection alongside \"The Case of the Howling Dog\", \"The Case of the Curious Bride\", \"The",
"title": "The Case of the Velvet Claws"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Gift of the Magi context: Jim's watch for $21 and she was satisfied with the perfect gift she got for Jim. At 7 o'clock, Della sits at a table near the door, waiting for Jim to come home. Unusually late, Jim walks in and immediately stops short at the sight of Della, who had previously prayed that she was still pretty to Jim. Della then admits to Jim that she sold her hair to buy him his present. Jim gives Della her present – an assortment of combs, useless now that her hair is shortened. Della then shows Jim the chain she bought for him,\n\nIn the O. Henry story “The Gift of the Magi”, what did Della sell to buy a chain for her husband’s prized pocket watch?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Gift of the Magi context: Jim's watch for $21 and she was satisfied with the perfect gift she got for Jim. At 7 o'clock, Della sits at a table near the door, waiting for Jim to come home. Unusually late, Jim walks in and immediately stops short at the sight of Della, who had previously prayed that she was still pretty to Jim. Della then admits to Jim that she sold her hair to buy him his present. Jim gives Della her present – an assortment of combs, useless now that her hair is shortened. Della then shows Jim the chain she bought for him,\n\ntitle: The Gift of the Mag context The Gift of the Mag \"The Gift of the Magi\" is a short story O. Henry first published in 1905. The story tells of a young husband and wife and they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a lesson about gift-giving, it has been popular for adaptation, especially for presentation at Christmas time The plot and its twist are well-known, and the ending is generally an example comic irony It alleg written at Pete's Tavern on Irving Place\n: The Gift of the Mag: in New York City. The story was in \"The New Sunday World under title \"Gifts of the Magi\" December 10, 19 was first published book form the O. Anthology \" Four Million April 9. Jamesilling Young (\"J and Della are a in a modest a On Christmas night only.7 handperate to find a gift for Jim, Della sells her for $20 to a hairdress named Madame Sofronie eventually finds a platin pocket fob\n: O Henry context stories A made952 stories \"s House The episode mostlaim was Anth and Mar. The areTheThe Chiefarring AllenThe Henry House and Henry in named for. Henry Hall, now owned by the Texas State University System, previously served as the federal courthouse in which O. Henry was convicted\n\nIn the O. Henry story “The Gift of the Magi”, what did Della sell to buy a chain for her husband’s prized pocket watch?",
"compressed_tokens": 489,
"origin_tokens": 14116,
"ratio": "28.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,767 | December 20, 1860 saw which state secede from the Union, the first of 11? | [
"Eighth State",
"Hurricanes in South Carolina",
"South Carolina (state)",
"Transport in South Carolina",
"The Palmetto State",
"Religion in South Carolina",
"South Carolina",
"US-SC",
"Iodine State",
"South Carolina (U.S. state)",
"State of South Carolina",
"8th State",
"Transportation in South Carolina",
"South carolina",
"Geography of South Carolina",
"Education in South Carolina",
"South Carolina (USA State)",
"S. Carolina",
"South Carolina Department of Archives and History",
"South Carolina, United States",
"South Carolina (State)",
"Economy of South Carolina"
] | South Carolina | [
{
"id": "12062306",
"text": "negro, or slavery question.\" South Carolina also threatened to secede in 1850 over the issue of California's statehood. It became the first state to declare its secession from the Union on December 20, 1860, with the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union and later joined with the other southern states in the Confederacy. The most famous secession movement was the case of the Southern states of the United States. Secession from the United States was accepted in eleven states (and failed in two others). The seceding states joined",
"title": "Secession in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19692262",
"text": "United States presidential elections in California Following is a table of United States presidential elections in California, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1850, California has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in California"
},
{
"id": "12062307",
"text": "together to form the Confederate States of America (CSA). The eleven states of the CSA, in order of their secession dates (listed in parentheses), were: South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), Texas (February 1, 1861), Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), North Carolina (May 20, 1861), and Tennessee (June 8, 1861). Secession was declared by pro-Confederate governments in Missouri and Kentucky (see Confederate government of Missouri and Confederate government of Kentucky), but did not become effective as it was",
"title": "Secession in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19692263",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in California Following is a table of United States presidential elections in California, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1850, California has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in California"
},
{
"id": "19693948",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Wisconsin Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Wisconsin, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1848, Wisconsin has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Wisconsin"
},
{
"id": "19693928",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Rhode Island Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Rhode Island, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1790, Rhode Island has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Rhode Island"
},
{
"id": "19693926",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Oregon Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Oregon, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1859, Oregon has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Oregon"
},
{
"id": "19693884",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Iowa Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Iowa, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1846, Iowa has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Iowa"
},
{
"id": "19693909",
"text": "United States presidential elections in New Hampshire Following is a table of United States presidential elections in New Hampshire, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, New Hampshire has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about",
"title": "United States presidential elections in New Hampshire"
},
{
"id": "19693899",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Massachusetts Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Massachusetts, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Massachusetts has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "19693885",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in Iowa Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Iowa, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1846, Iowa has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Iowa"
},
{
"id": "19692264",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Connecticut Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Connecticut, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Connecticut has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Connecticut"
},
{
"id": "19692267",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Delaware Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Delaware, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1787, Delaware has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Delaware"
},
{
"id": "19693927",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in Oregon Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Oregon, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1859, Oregon has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Oregon"
},
{
"id": "19693923",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Ohio Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Ohio, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1803, Ohio has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Ohio"
},
{
"id": "19693949",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in Wisconsin Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Wisconsin, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1848, Wisconsin has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Wisconsin"
},
{
"id": "19693904",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Minnesota Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Minnesota, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1858, Minnesota has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "19692275",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Illinois Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Illinois, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1818, Illinois has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Illinois"
},
{
"id": "19693913",
"text": "United States presidential elections in New Jersey Following is a table of United States presidential elections in New Jersey, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1787, New Jersey has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about",
"title": "United States presidential elections in New Jersey"
},
{
"id": "19693905",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in Minnesota Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Minnesota, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1858, Minnesota has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "19693896",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Maryland Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Maryland, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Maryland has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Maryland"
},
{
"id": "19693902",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Michigan Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Michigan, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1837, Michigan has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Michigan"
},
{
"id": "19693880",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Indiana Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Indiana, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1816, Indiana has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Indiana"
},
{
"id": "19693903",
"text": "War. United States presidential elections in Michigan Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Michigan, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1837, Michigan has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Michigan"
},
{
"id": "19693941",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Vermont Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Vermont, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1791, Vermont has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Vermont"
},
{
"id": "19693939",
"text": "social liberalism in the Democratic Party, however, has turned the state (apart from Hispanic South Texas, the Trans-Pecos and several large cities) into a Republican stronghold. Since 1980 Texas has voted Republican in every election. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Texas"
},
{
"id": "19692261",
"text": "victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War. United States presidential elections in Arkansas Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Arkansas, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1836, Arkansas has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Arkansas"
},
{
"id": "3325592",
"text": "his moderate position on slavery. Lincoln won a majority of votes in the electoral college, but only won two-fifths of the popular vote. The Democratic vote was split three ways and Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States. Lincoln's election in November led to a declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, six other states had declared their secession from the Union: Mississippi, (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10), Alabama (January 11), Georgia, (January 19), Louisiana (January 26), and Texas (February 1). Men from both North",
"title": "History of the United States (1849–1865)"
},
{
"id": "19692271",
"text": "opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War. United States presidential elections in Florida Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Florida, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1845, Florida has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Florida"
},
{
"id": "10993995",
"text": "USS Yankee (1861) USS \"Yankee\" (1861) was a steam-powered side-wheel tugboat acquired by the Union Navy just prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War. The \"Yankee\"—a side-wheel steamer built in 1860 at New York City—was one of three steam tugs chartered early in April 1861 at New York City for use on the expedition to provision Fort Sumter, South Carolina, the first U.S. state to declare its secession from the Union, which it had done on December 20, 1860. She departed New York on 8 April 1861 and arrived off Charleston Bar on the 15th, a few hours",
"title": "USS Yankee (1861)"
},
{
"id": "16956787",
"text": "seceded: South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), Texas (February 1, 1861), Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), North Carolina (May 20, 1861), and Tennessee (June 8, 1861). Cooperationists The Cooperationists were a group formed in the United States in the 1860s. The group was formed after the Election of 1860. Following South Carolina's Secession from the Union, the Cooperationists believed that the remaining slave states should secede at once and at the same time, rather than one at a",
"title": "Cooperationists"
},
{
"id": "3926531",
"text": "with hardly any popular support in the South. Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. In January and February, six other cotton states of the Deep South followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S.",
"title": "History of the Southern United States"
},
{
"id": "378477",
"text": "South Carolina South Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River. South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23, 1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. After the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25, 1868. South Carolina is the",
"title": "South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "12685969",
"text": "former rivals to join his cabinet. Seward assumed the post of Secretary of State, Chase that of Secretary of the Treasury, and Bates that of United States Attorney General. The South secedes following Lincoln's election, and the country falls into the American Civil War. Goodwin describes in detail some cabinet decisions, such as the debate over provisioning Fort Sumter in South Carolina, the first state that had seceded (in December 1860), and the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves of secession states. She also traces the home life of the book's main figures, including the marriage of",
"title": "Team of Rivals"
},
{
"id": "8800019",
"text": "the election of Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina convoked a special convention in Charleston to debate her long dissatisfaction with the Federal government and many Northern citizens views on slavery. They believed that the avowed views of the new President-elect made abolition a likely goal of his administration. On December 20, 1860, the Secession Convention voted for South Carolina to secede from the Union. As the first state to do so, they also issued a Declaration of the Immediate Causes which explained her decision to part company from her erstwhile sister states. Beginning with the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the defense",
"title": "Charleston in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "4477",
"text": "Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union\". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that",
"title": "American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "8609902",
"text": "and voted unanimously, 169-0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States. James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention also drafted a \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina\" which was adopted on December 24. The secession declaration",
"title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "18856953",
"text": "1861, and did not participate in the following elections in 1864 and 1868. However, unionist counties in the Ohio basin, plus a number of adjacent counties in the northwest, seceded to form West Virginia and \"did\" participate in those two elections. , this is the last election in which Morgan County, one of the counties that broke off to form West Virginia, did not vote for the Republican candidate. Virginia was the only one the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies in which ballots for Lincoln were distributed, and",
"title": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia"
},
{
"id": "5519797",
"text": "of more than 100 representatives from around the state, many of them drawn from the cream of South Carolina society. During the convention, Pickens introduced a motion to repeal the Ordinance of Secession. It was almost breathtakingly brief, according to proceedings recorded by the \"Charleston Courier\": \"We, the Delegates of the People of the State of South Carolina, in General Convention met, do Ordain: That the ordinance passed in convention, 20 December 1860, withdrawing this State from the Federal Union, be and the same is hereby repealed.\" According to the \"New York Times\": \"The passage was received in silence –",
"title": "Francis Wilkinson Pickens"
},
{
"id": "596680",
"text": "Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the \"Peach State\" and the \"Empire State of the South\". Atlanta, the state's capital and most populous city, has",
"title": "Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"id": "12258478",
"text": "an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could seek statehood. The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether a state can withdraw from the Union. However, its predecessor document, the Articles of Confederation, stated that the United States \"shall be perpetual.\" The question of whether or not individual states held the right to unilateral secession was a passionately debated feature of the nations's political discourse from early in its history, and remained a difficult and divisive topic until the American Civil War. In 1860 and 1861, 11 southern states each declared secession from the United States, and joined together to form the",
"title": "U.S. state"
},
{
"id": "1219863",
"text": "farm on the outskirts in what is now Mt. Carmel. Anthony Crawford was lynched here in 1916. Abbeville has the unique distinction of being both the birthplace and the deathbed of the Confederacy. On November 22, 1860, a meeting was held at Abbeville, at a site since dubbed \"Secession Hill\", to launch South Carolina's secession from the Union; one month later, the state of South Carolina became the first state to secede. At the end of the Civil War, with the Confederacy in shambles, Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled Richmond, Virginia, and headed south, stopping for a night in Abbeville",
"title": "Abbeville, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "10124989",
"text": "that the sectional crisis would be defused, as it had in 1820 and 1850. However, many Southerners were convinced that assenting to Lincoln's presidency and the restriction of slavery in the territories would ultimately lead to the extinction of slavery in the United States. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted to secede, and six other Southern states seceded in the next forty days. In February, these Southern states formed the Confederated States of America (CSA) and elected Jefferson Davis as provisional president. Despite the formation of the CSA, the slave-holding states of Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland,",
"title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "8013452",
"text": "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union The Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union was a proclamation issued on December 24, 1860, by the government of South Carolina to explain its reasons for seceding from the United States (Full text of the declaration). It followed the brief Ordinance of Secession that had been issued on December 20. The declaration is a product of a convention organized by the state's government in the month following the election of",
"title": "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union"
},
{
"id": "11228576",
"text": "devise a compromise acceptable to North and South, the first Southern state seceded. South Carolina, long the most radical Southern state, declared its secession on December 20, 1860. The state ordnance of secession accused the North of having \"assumed the right to decide upon the propriety of our domestic institutions\" and also declared that the Republican Party believed that \"a war must be waged against Slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States.\" After declaring its own secession, South Carolina sent commissioners to the other Southern states. By February 1, 1861, another six states had seceded. Conventions in Mississippi,",
"title": "Presidency of James Buchanan"
},
{
"id": "14380586",
"text": "Dixie Dixie (otherwise known as Dixieland) is a nickname for the Southern United States, especially those states that composed the Confederate States of America. The term originally referred simply to the states south of the Mason–Dixon line, but now is more of a cultural reference, referring to parts of the United States that \"feel\" southern. As a definite geographic location within the United States, \"Dixie\" is usually defined as the eleven Southern states that seceded in late 1860 and early 1861 to form the new Confederate States of America. They are (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,",
"title": "Dixie"
},
{
"id": "20239926",
"text": "win the election nationally and would cause a major upset in the Southern States. South Carolina would be the first state to secede from the Union, on December 20, 1860, and would join the newly formed Confederate States of America in the February of the following year. South Carolina would not vote in another presidential election until 1868. 1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina The 1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the",
"title": "1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "12568712",
"text": "\"an explanatory amendment\" reaffirming the constitutionality of slavery in the states, the fugitive slave laws, and popular sovereignty in the territories. His address was sharply criticized both by the north, for its refusal to stop secession, and the south, for denying its right to secede. Five days after the address was delivered, Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb resigned, feeling that his views and the President's had become irreconcilable. South Carolina, long the most radical southern state, declared its secession on December 20, 1860. However, unionist sentiment remained strong among many in the South, and Buchanan sought to appeal to the southern",
"title": "James Buchanan"
},
{
"id": "8013453",
"text": "Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President, where it was drafted in a committee headed by Christopher Memminger. The declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina's declaring of secession from the U.S., which was described as \"increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery\". An official secession convention met in South Carolina following the November 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, on a platform opposing the expansion of slavery into U.S. territories. On December 20, 1860, the convention issued an ordinance of secession announcing the state's withdrawal from the union.",
"title": "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union"
},
{
"id": "5513061",
"text": "courts supported the position of this law. In 1848, O'Neall was the only one to express protest against the Act, arguing for the propriety of receiving testimony from enslaved Africans (many of whom, by 1848, were Christians) under oath: \"Negroes (slave or free) will feel the sanctions of an oath, with as much force as any of the ignorant classes of white people, in a Christian country.\" South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. South Carolina adopted the on December 24, 1860, following a briefer Ordinance of Secession",
"title": "History of South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "13154947",
"text": "was not physically affected until it was occupied by Union forces in 1862. Southern states seceded from the Union largely due to nationwide disputes over slavery. The first state to secede was South Carolina in December 1860; other states soon followed. In January 1861, Louisiana elected delegates to a state convention to decide the state's course of action. The convention voted for secession 112 to 17. Baton Rouge raised a number of volunteer companies for Confederate service, including the Pelican Rifles, the Delta Rifles, the Creole Guards, and the Baton Rouge Fencibles; about one-third of the town's male population eventually",
"title": "History of Baton Rouge, Louisiana"
},
{
"id": "3462709",
"text": "was re-elected in 1857. Due to the legislature's delay in filling the position, he served from November 29, 1853 to January 21, 1861. In the Senate, he defended the state's rights during the political debates of the time, and opposed Henry Clay. After the 1860 presidential election, Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861 before the American Civil War broke out. On January 21, six men, including Clay, resigned their seats in the United States Senate. Most made brief and temperate speeches. Clay, however, delivered an impassioned justification for secession and a denunciation of the Northern anti-slavery Republican",
"title": "Clement Claiborne Clay"
},
{
"id": "4412672",
"text": "Bridge-Tunnel, first completed in 1957.) Since 1824 Fort Monroe was the site of a series of schools of artillery. The first was the Artillery School of Practice. The school was closed in 1834 but was revived during the period 1858-60. It was succeeded by the Artillery School of the U.S. Army, which existed from 1867, until its redesignation in 1907 as The Coast Artillery School. Fort Monroe played an important role in the American Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. Four months later, on April 12, 1861, troops of",
"title": "Fort Monroe"
},
{
"id": "17803270",
"text": "a rising spirit of southern nationalism. Southern public opinion began to boil over as through the southern mails, the fiery pamphlets of the Southern Rights Association other agitators roused a Southern national sentiment. To compound the irony, solidifying of southern opinion was achieved through a mail service that never paid its own way, subsidized largely at northern expense. The secession state by state was at first peaceful, with South Carolina (December 24, 1860) followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Most Americans still felt that the issues driving \"secession\" resolutions would be resolved quickly. The United States Government",
"title": "Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "15334",
"text": "all of Lincoln's opponents combined to support the same slate of Electors in New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, but even if the anti-Lincoln vote had been combined in every state, Lincoln still would have won a majority in the Electoral College. As Lincoln's election became evident, secessionists made clear their intent to leave the Union before he took office the next March. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states then adopted a constitution and",
"title": "Abraham Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "19834474",
"text": "over the state's history. The last instance of secession in the United States happened in 1861, when 11 states left the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. These states returned to the Union in 1865 after the Confederacy was defeated in the American Civil War. The Supreme Court decided in Texas v. White in 1869 that no state had the right to unilaterally leave the Union. Secession would thus require the approval of 38 state legislatures and two-thirds majorities in both the US House of Representatives and Senate, to pass a Constitutional amendment, as the Constitution provides no",
"title": "Yes California"
},
{
"id": "12267037",
"text": "forward publicly as an abolitionist in 1842 with the publication of his \"Poems on Slavery\". Though he admitted the book made little impact, it was written for his best friend, Charles Sumner, an activist abolitionist politician with whom he would continue to share common cause on the issues of slavery and the Union. \"Paul Revere's Ride\" was published in the January 1861, issue of \"The Atlantic\" magazine on December 20, 1860, just as South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. The poem was meant to appeal to Northerners' sense of urgency and, as a call",
"title": "Paul Revere's Ride"
},
{
"id": "19692270",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Florida Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Florida, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1845, Florida has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election of Abraham Lincoln, an ardent",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Florida"
},
{
"id": "88555",
"text": "west. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish. Consequently, on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat, a fact hardly atypical of pre–World War I conflicts. The United States Census of 1860 gives a picture of the overall 1860 population of the areas that joined the Confederacy. Note that population-numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes. In 1860 the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate States (and including the future West Virginia) had 132,760 (1.46%) free blacks. Males made up 49.2% of the total population and females 50.8% (whites: 48.60% male,",
"title": "Confederate States of America"
},
{
"id": "391318",
"text": "and fugitive slave laws, led to the outbreak of the American Civil War. Depending on the particular issue, sometimes both northern and southern states justified their political positions by appealing to state sovereignty. Fearing that slavery would be threatened by results of the 1860 presidential election, eleven slave states declared their independence from the federal Union and formed a new confederation. The United States government rejected the secessions as rebellion, declaring that secession from the Union by an individual state was unconstitutional, as the states were part of an indissolvable federation. A number of modes of acquisition of sovereignty are",
"title": "Sovereignty"
},
{
"id": "13794726",
"text": "same plans and completed in 1851. As state capital, Montgomery began to have a great influence over state politics, but would also play a prominent role on the national stage. Montgomery resident William Lowndes Yancey served in both houses of the Alabama State Legislature and in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he became an outspoken supporter of states' rights. He traveled the country spreading his \"fire-eater\" stance of slavery and secession. After Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, Yancey led charge for Alabama's secession from the Union, which passed on January 11, 1861. Beginning February 4, representatives from Alabama, Georgia,",
"title": "History of Montgomery, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "8944788",
"text": "South Carolina's lead, Gist called for a secession convention to be held in Columbia on December 17, 1860. The convention was moved to Charleston because of a smallpox outbreak in Columbia, and Gist was one of the signers of the Ordinance of Secession on December 20, 1860. Florida and Mississippi signed their own Ordinance of Secession in January 1861. The creation of the South Carolina Executive Council in 1861 provided Gist an opportunity to participate in the state's wartime activities of the Civil War. He was in charge of the Department of Treasury and Finance and later the Department of",
"title": "William Henry Gist"
},
{
"id": "4491584",
"text": "were vacant, all but 3 of Tennessee's seats and 5 of Virginia's seats. Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina held elections for the 37th Congress, but seceded before the start of Congress, and so the winners of those elections never served. The rest of the secessionist states held no elections for 1860. In the wake of the declared secession of South Carolina from the Union on December 20, 1860, many Southern House members, mostly Democrats, refused to take their seats, rejecting the election of Lincoln as illegitimate. Before 1872, different states held elections at various times; the first elections for the",
"title": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections"
},
{
"id": "11065644",
"text": "to nullify federal law. The Declaration of Immediate Causes associated with South Carolina's ordinance of secession from December 1860 stated that nullification attempts by the northern states were a cause of South Carolina's secession from the union: \"an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has led to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the General Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution. The States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, have enacted laws which",
"title": "Nullification (U.S. Constitution)"
},
{
"id": "19692257",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Alabama Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Alabama, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1819, Alabama has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Alabama"
},
{
"id": "20665831",
"text": "Territorial evolution of the Confederate States The Confederate States of America was created on February 8, 1861, by representatives from six states that had recently declared their secession from the United States of America, starting with South Carolina on December 20, 1860. After the start of the American Civil War on April 12, 1861, between the two countries, five additional states would secede, and representatives of two others would gain admittance to the Confederacy. The country also held alliances with several Indian nations and claimed a territory in its far west. However, after its swift formation, it would only lose",
"title": "Territorial evolution of the Confederate States"
},
{
"id": "14092411",
"text": "between the northern and southern delegates on the issue of extending slavery to the territories. The convention disintegrated when delegates were unable to summon a two-thirds majority for any candidate. This divisiveness resulted in a split in the Democratic Party, and the election of Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate. On December 24, 1860, the South Carolina General Assembly made the state the first to ever secede from the Union. On January 9, 1861, Citadel cadets fired the first shots of the American Civil War when they opened fire on the Union ship \"Star of the West\" entering Charleston's harbor. On",
"title": "History of Charleston"
},
{
"id": "19692272",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Georgia Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Georgia, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Georgia has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, when it had seceded in the American Civil War. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "6628232",
"text": "to discuss possible secession from the United States. The following day, they met in Institute Hall on Meeting Street, which became known as Secession Hall and voted 169 to 0 to secede. South Carolina delegates later ratified the Confederate Constitution there on April 3, 1861. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. The St. Andrew's Hall as well as Secession Hall were both destroyed during a Charleston fire on December 11, 1861 St. Andrew's Hall, Charleston St. Andrew's Hall was a public building in Charleston, South Carolina, on Broad Street. The hall served as headquarters for",
"title": "St. Andrew's Hall, Charleston"
},
{
"id": "11867599",
"text": "and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Lincoln was chosen to be the Republican candidate in the 1860 presidential election, which he won on November 6 with 180 electoral votes. Between this time and his inauguration on March 4, seven Deep South cotton states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas—would secede from the Union. Lincoln's predecessor, James Buchanan, had deplored secession as illegal, but had insisted that the Federal government could do nothing to stop",
"title": "Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address"
},
{
"id": "8584658",
"text": "Douglas received 2,633 votes. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union, and ten other Southern states followed. Kentucky, however, remained in the Union. On April 12, 1861, Confederate Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard ordered the firing on Fort Sumter, located in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor, thus starting the Civil War. At the time of the Battle of Fort Sumter, the fort's commander was Union Major Robert Anderson of Louisville. After the attack on Fort Sumter, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin refused to send any men",
"title": "Louisville, Kentucky, in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "3270302",
"text": "American Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and they were referred to as the border states. In 1861, West Virginia was created out of Virginia, and admitted in 1863 and considered a border state. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was already in",
"title": "Solid South"
},
{
"id": "12062276",
"text": "as from a natural right of revolution. In \"Texas v. White\", the United States Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession unconstitutional, while commenting that revolution or consent of the States could lead to a successful secession. The most serious attempt at secession was advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as eleven southern States each declared secession from the United States, and joined together to form the Confederate States of America. This movement collapsed in 1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War. The Declaration of Independence states: Historian Pauline Maier argues that this",
"title": "Secession in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4484315",
"text": "their terms of service to last the duration of the war. Congress quickly passed the Confiscation Act of 1861, which provided for freeing slaves whose masters participated in the rebellion and was the first attempt to define the war legislatively as a matter of ending slavery. If Confederates had hoped before this that they could sap Northern determination and quietly slip away from the Union with a minor military investment, their victory at Bull Run, ironically, destroyed those hopes. By mid-1861, eleven states had seceded, but four more slave-owning \"border states\" remained in the Union—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Kentucky",
"title": "Turning point of the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "683414",
"text": "National Guard Base, which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard. Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House, which is the center of government for the state. In 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people",
"title": "Columbia, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "13370094",
"text": "Indiana Day Indiana Day is a legal holiday in the state of Indiana in the United States, commemorating the state's 1816 admission to the Union. It was first instituted in 1925 by the Indiana General Assembly. The Indiana Code directs the governor to issue an annual proclamation to observe December 11 as the day statehood was granted to Indiana by the United States Congress and the state's admission to the Union. The law also requires state schools to hold appropriate events to commemorate the event and authorizes public celebrations to be held. Historically the day is commemorated in Indianapolis with",
"title": "Indiana Day"
},
{
"id": "6136269",
"text": "experiences were generally peaceful, swift and cooperative. The state had the 27th highest death rate in the nation for the Vietnam War. 711 of its citizens died. History of West Virginia West Virginia is one of two American states formed during the American Civil War (1861–1865), along with Nevada, and is the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. It was originally part of the British Virginia Colony (1607–1776) and the western part of the state of Virginia (1776–1863), whose population became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the Union and in the separation from",
"title": "History of West Virginia"
},
{
"id": "15756657",
"text": "of Representatives. The Thirty-seventh House (1861-1863) was primarily elected in 1860 and is the first House to convene during the Civil War. The striped areas designate districts in the eleven seceded states which did not send representatives to the United States Congress. However, the House did certify and seat ten “Unionist” members from three seceded states, five from Virginia, three from western Tennessee and two from southern Louisiana (elected after the New Orleans area was occupied). On the page opposite of each map is an alphabetical list of all who served in the House with their state and congressional district",
"title": "The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts: 1789-1983"
},
{
"id": "10125015",
"text": "Southern forces from taking control of them, while Confederate sympathizers led a riot in Baltimore. To ensure the security of the capital, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and ignored a court order ordering him to release a detained prisoner. While Lincoln struggled to maintain order in Maryland and other border states, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee all seceded from the Union. North Carolina was the last state to secede, doing so on May 20. With the secession of several states, Lincoln's Republicans enjoyed large majorities in both houses of Congress. War Democrats such as Andrew Johnson of Tennessee",
"title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "966168",
"text": "Secession and the Civil War came quickly following the election of 1860. Statistics are not available for Daphne, but in Baldwin County 65% of homes held at least one slave. On January 11, 1861 Alabama seceded from the Union. It joined the Confederate States of America on March 13, 1861. The town was named the county seat of Baldwin County, Alabama, in 1868 after the previous county seat, Blakeley, was deserted following the Civil War. At that time, Daphne was known as The Village of Bell Rose. Daphne was officially named and established, although unincorporated, on April 9, 1874 when",
"title": "Daphne, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "4202533",
"text": "and Birmingham. U.S. planes drop a uranium bomb on Newport News, Virginia, narrowly missing the Confederate President, who is giving a speech in nearby Hampton Roads. The U.S. drops a second superbomb, this time on Charleston, in apparent revenge for South Carolina being the first state to secede from the Union back in 1860. Germany uses its next superbomb against Paris, while Britain strikes Hamburg with its own superbomb. Germany retaliates with three superbombs on English cities nearly simultaneously; London is the most prominent, along with Norwich and Brighton. Winston Churchill promises a swift response, but a German turbo airplane",
"title": "Southern Victory"
},
{
"id": "504287",
"text": "secession of the first 7 Southern states (SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX), which formed the Confederacy in February 1861. The statehood of Kansas as a free state and Lincoln's military resistance to the Confederacy led to the secession of 4 more states (VA, NC, TN, AR) after May 1861. Lincoln had been the nominee of the Republican party with an anti-slavery expansion platform, he refused to acknowledge the right to secession, and he would not yield federal property within Southern states. Numerous historians have explored the reasons so many white Southerners adopted secessionism in 1860, after 30 years",
"title": "1860 United States presidential election"
},
{
"id": "10425560",
"text": "Michigan's U.S. senator and governor of Michigan Territory, resigned from Buchanan's cabinet in protest, remarking that \"he had seen the Constitution born and now feared he was seeing it die\". In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. Outgoing Governor Moses Wisner delivered a speech to a Michigan Legislature in defense of the Union and the Constitution, stating: \"This is no time for timid and vacillating councils, when the cry of treason and rebellion is ringing in our ears.\" On January 2, 1861, Austin Blair was sworn in as governor, vowing strong action to",
"title": "Michigan in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "5808959",
"text": "I Breathe I Hope\". The Great Seal of South Carolina was \"set\" or \"affixed\" to the Ordinance of Secession of December 20, 1860, at Secession Hall in Charleston shortly after 7:00 p.m., following which convention delegates signed it, including Robert Barnwell Rhett, as some three thousand South Carolinians watched enthusiastically the proclamation of South Carolina as \"a separate, independent nationality.\" Seal of South Carolina The Great Seal of the American State of South Carolina was adopted in 1776. The seal is made up of two elliptical areas, linked by branches of the palmetto tree. The image on the left is",
"title": "Seal of South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "504285",
"text": "percent share in the states of the Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Trans-Mississippi West, but slipped to 19–39 percent in New England. Outside his regional section, Douglas took 15–17 percent of the popular vote total in the slave states of Kentucky, Alabama and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less in the nine remaining slave states. Douglas, in his \"Norfolk Doctrine\", reiterated in North Carolina, promised to keep the Union together by coercion if states proceeded to secede. The popular vote for Lincoln and Douglas combined was seventy percent of the turnout. The 1860 Republican ticket was the first successful national ticket that",
"title": "1860 United States presidential election"
},
{
"id": "8013461",
"text": "of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War\": Jaffa states that South Carolina omitted references to human equality and consent of the governed, as due to their racist and pro-slavery views, secessionist South Carolinians did not believe in those ideals: Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union The Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union was a proclamation issued on December 24, 1860, by the government of South Carolina to explain its reasons for seceding",
"title": "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union"
},
{
"id": "6748218",
"text": "As a result, they had little incentive to consider the correlation between their own returns and those of others in planning their voyages. This stifled diversity in whaling voyages and increased industry-wide risk. After 1860, kerosene replaced whale oil—concurrent with the devastation of the whaling fleet by Confederate commerce raiders—and the entrepreneurs shifted to manufacturing. On March 15, 1820, Maine was separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd State as a result of the enactment of the Missouri Compromise. Horace Mann made the state system of schools the national model. The Commonwealth made its mark in Washington",
"title": "History of Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "11653648",
"text": "Street, in 1811. The second First Baptist Church was built in 1859 by an unknown architect. Its construction was funded by James P. Boyce, a former president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. The following year, in 1860, the Church was the site of the first state convention to discuss secession following the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. It was chosen because it was the largest meeting place in Columbia. Under the chairmanship of D. F. Jamison, a unanimous vote of 159-0 in favor of secession on December 17, 1860 led to South Carolina seceding",
"title": "First Baptist Church (Columbia, South Carolina)"
},
{
"id": "12258441",
"text": "nature of the states' powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government and the rights of individuals. The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede (withdraw) from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in \"Texas v. White\", held that a",
"title": "U.S. state"
},
{
"id": "504282",
"text": "of their respective sections. While Bell retired to his family business, quietly supporting his state's secession, Breckinridge served as a Confederate general. He finished second in the Electoral College with 72 votes, carrying eleven of fifteen slave states (including South Carolina, whose electors were chosen by the state legislature, not popular vote). Breckinridge stood a distant third in national popular vote at eighteen percent, but accrued 50–75 percent in the first seven states that would become the Confederate States of America. He took nine of the eleven states that eventually joined, plus the border slave states of Delaware and Maryland,",
"title": "1860 United States presidential election"
},
{
"id": "15162026",
"text": "permits to trade in cotton Grant became angry and ordered his father and his partners to leave on the next train going north. Believing Jewish merchants had used his father and were also playing a large role in the widespread cotton speculation, he issued General Order No. 11 from his Headquarters in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on December 17, 1862. Because of the generalized wording of the order allegations of antisemitism were soon levied at Grant. The \"New York Times\" denounced the order as \"humiliating\" and a \"revival of the spirit of the medieval ages.\" Its editorial column called for the",
"title": "Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "8609750",
"text": "Republican Party in 1860, plus the prior secession declarations of South Carolina, Mississippi, and Florida, the Alabamian delegates also voted to secede from the United States, on January 11, 1861, in order to join and form a slaveholding Southern Republic, mostly of the Cotton States. The Alabama Secession Convention invited delegates of all other 14 slaveholding states to join at Montgomery, which became birthplace of the Confederacy, on February 11, 1861, when 7 Cotton States of the Lower South formed the new republic, with Montgomery as Confederate capital and former Mississippi U.S. Senator Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy.",
"title": "Alabama in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "19692260",
"text": "United States presidential elections in Arkansas Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Arkansas, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1836, Arkansas has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864, during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy. Winners of the state are in bold. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the",
"title": "United States presidential elections in Arkansas"
},
{
"id": "209044",
"text": "incident, Booth stood in uniform near the scaffold and afterwards expressed great satisfaction with Brown's fate, although he admired the condemned man's bravery in facing death stoically. Lincoln was elected president on November 6, 1860, and the following month Booth drafted a long speech, apparently undelivered, that decried Northern abolitionism and made clear his strong support of the South and the institution of slavery. On April 12, 1861, the Civil War began, and eventually 11 Southern states seceded from the Union. In Booth's native Maryland, some of the slaveholding portion of the population favored joining the Confederate States of America.",
"title": "John Wilkes Booth"
},
{
"id": "1909674",
"text": "of living curiosities\" who had \"made much noise in the world, and are certainly worth seeing.\" They left California on February 11, 1861, by which time seven states had seceded from the United States, triggering the American Civil War. The Bunkers likely returned to their Mount Airy homes by mid-April—after gunfire had begun in South Carolina but before North Carolina's secession on May 20. Throughout the Civil War, the twins' conjoined state worked for several metaphors. In July 1860, the \"Louisville Journal\" chided divisions in the Democratic Party by making the twins out to be rival factions within the party,",
"title": "Chang and Eng Bunker"
},
{
"id": "262377",
"text": "was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which was purchased by the United States in 1803. Following several territorial reorganizations, Minnesota in its current form was admitted as the country's 32nd state on May 11, 1858. Like many Midwestern states, it remained sparsely populated and centered on lumber and agriculture. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of European immigrants, mainly from Scandinavia and Germany, began to settle the state, which remains a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and",
"title": "Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "6320485",
"text": "and Ready\") who had recently been elected the 12th President of the United States. Captain Townsend had served under Taylor when he commanded the American Forces during the U.S.-Mexican War. California had three towns so named of which this one survives. The town declared its secession from the Union as \"the Great Republic of Rough and Ready\" on 7 April 1850, largely to avoid mining taxes, but voted to rejoin the Union less than three months later on 4 July. The old republic is celebrated annually as a way to attract tourism. The post office at Rough and Ready was",
"title": "Rough and Ready, California"
},
{
"id": "6223064",
"text": "Alexander Hamilton were treated more favorably. During the 1900s, Adams's portrait was used on the five dollar bill. Following the U.S. defeat in the Second Mexican War, John Brown became a national hero. He was not seen so after the War of Secession. Many towns raised memorials to John Brown because of his attacks on the 'slavocrats' in Virginia (\"He saw the coiled serpent and attacked it!\"), particularly in Kansas. Although John C. Calhoun died over a decade before the Confederate States was created by the secession of eleven US states in 1860-61, the secession of the CS's founding states",
"title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series"
},
{
"id": "19693932",
"text": "election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War. Vote allocated by legislature. In all elections from 1792 to 1860, South Carolina did not conduct a popular vote. Each Elector was appointed by the state legislature. The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to",
"title": "United States presidential elections in South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "16956786",
"text": "Cooperationists The Cooperationists were a group formed in the United States in the 1860s. The group was formed after the Election of 1860. Following South Carolina's Secession from the Union, the Cooperationists believed that the remaining slave states should secede at once and at the same time, rather than one at a time, as they believed that doing so would impress the federal government with the seriousness of their resolve. The proposal was rejected, but the Southern States nonetheless seceded in rapid succession. The following is a list of the states that seceded, including the date on which each state",
"title": "Cooperationists"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Secession in the United States context: negro, or slavery question.\" South Carolina also threatened to secede in 1850 over the issue of California's statehood. It became the first state to declare its secession from the Union on December 20, 1860, with the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union and later joined with the other southern states in the Confederacy. The most famous secession movement was the case of the Southern states of the United States. Secession from the United States was accepted in eleven states (and failed in two others). The seceding states joined\n\nDecember 20, 1860 saw which state secede from the Union, the first of 11?",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union context: Abraham as U.S. President, where it was drafted in a committee headed by Christopher Memminger. The declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina's declaring of secession from the U.S., which was described as \"increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery\". An official secession convention met in South Carolina following the November 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, on a platform opposing the expansion of slavery into U.S. territories. On December 20, 1860, the convention issued an ordinance of secession announcing the state's withdrawal from the union.\n\ntitle: John Wilkes Booth context, Bo stood in near scaff and expressed satisfaction with Brown' fate, although he admired the condemned man's bravery facing death stoically. Lincoln was elected president on November 6, 186, and the Bo drafted speech apparently undelivered, that decried Northern abolitionism and made clear his strong support of the South and the institution of slavery. On April 2, 181 Civil War began, and 1 Southern states seceded from the Union. Booth' native Maryland some of the slaveholding portion of the favored joining the Confederate States of America.\n: Abraham Lincoln context: all'sents combined to the same slate ofors York, New Jersey and Rhode Island, if antiLincoln vote had combined in every state, Lincoln have a majority in the Electoral.'s became, secessionists made to the Union he took office the. December 2, 186, South lead adopt ordin of secess February ,86, Mississippi Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas followed. Six of these states a constitution\n Southern context hardly any popular support of the hade the elected the state declaredion0 February of South Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S.\n\nDecember 20, 1860 saw which state secede from the Union, the first of 11?",
"compressed_tokens": 509,
"origin_tokens": 14116,
"ratio": "27.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
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78,768 | What cocktail consists of 1.5 oz Gin, .5oz Applejack, 4 dashes Grenadine, the juice of 1/2 Lemon, and 1 egg white? | [
"Pink Lady (disambiguation)",
"The Pink Lady",
"Pink Lady",
"Pink lady"
] | Pink Lady | [
{
"id": "10347767",
"text": "Pink Lady (cocktail) The Pink Lady is a classic gin-based cocktail with a long history. Its pink color is due to adding grenadine. The exact ingredients for the pink lady vary, but all variations have the use of gin, grenadine and egg white in common. In its most basic form the pink lady consists of just these three ingredients. According to the \"Royal Cafe Cocktail Book\" of 1937, it is made with a glass of gin, a tablespoon of grenadine and the white of one egg, shaken and strained into a glass. Often lemon juice is added to the basic",
"title": "Pink Lady (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "10347772",
"text": "in his publication \"The Bartender's Book\" (1951) that the very non-threatening appearance of the Pink Lady may have appealed to women who did not have much experience with alcohol. At one point the Pink Lady ended up on Esquire's list of the ten worst cocktails. Pink Lady (cocktail) The Pink Lady is a classic gin-based cocktail with a long history. Its pink color is due to adding grenadine. The exact ingredients for the pink lady vary, but all variations have the use of gin, grenadine and egg white in common. In its most basic form the pink lady consists of",
"title": "Pink Lady (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "14034346",
"text": "grenadine or red currant syrup. Vocaloid Hatsune Miku has a song named after this cocktail, \"Clover Club\", in which she describes the recipe. Clover Club Cocktail The Clover Club Cocktail is a cocktail consisting of gin, lemon juice, raspberry syrup, and an egg white. The egg white is not added for the purpose of giving the drink flavor, but rather acts as an emulsifier. Thus when the drink is shaken a characteristic foamy head is formed. It was first made by Zlatko Roskos a Slovakian bartender in 1997 in Bratislava. The Clover Club Cocktail is a drink that pre-dates Prohibition",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "4364160",
"text": "weekend) in mid-February, and Chile has Pisco Day in mid-May. The whiskey sour is a mixed drink containing bourbon whiskey, lemon juice, sugar, and optionally a dash of egg white to make it a Boston Sour. It is shaken and served either straight or over ice. The traditional garnish is half an orange slice and a maraschino cherry. A notable variant of the whiskey sour is the Ward 8, which often is based with either bourbon or rye whiskey, both lemon and orange juices, and grenadine syrup as the sweetener. The egg white sometimes employed in other whiskey sours is",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4364155",
"text": "Sour (cocktail) A sour is a traditional family of mixed drinks. Common examples of sours are the margarita and the sidecar. \"Sours\" belong to one of the old families of original cocktails and are described by Jerry Thomas in his 1862 book \"How to Mix Drinks\". Sours are mixed drinks containing a base liquor, lemon or lime juice, and a sweetener (triple sec, simple syrup, grenadine, or pineapple juice are common). Egg whites are also included in some sours. The gin sour is a traditional mixed cocktail that predates prohibition in the United States. It is a simple combination of",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9675383",
"text": "are A Ramos gin fizz (also known as a \"Ramos fizz\" or \"New Orleans fizz\") contains gin, lemon juice, lime juice, egg white, sugar, cream, orange flower water, and soda water. It is served in a large non-tapered 12 to 14 ounce Collins glass. The orange flower water and egg significantly affect the flavor and texture of a Ramos, compared to a regular gin fizz. The key to making this egg cocktail is dissolving the sugar before adding ice; the sugar acts as an emulsifier, and it and the alcohol \"cook\" the egg white. Henry C. Ramos invented the Ramos",
"title": "Fizz (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4364161",
"text": "generally not included in this variation. Sour (cocktail) A sour is a traditional family of mixed drinks. Common examples of sours are the margarita and the sidecar. \"Sours\" belong to one of the old families of original cocktails and are described by Jerry Thomas in his 1862 book \"How to Mix Drinks\". Sours are mixed drinks containing a base liquor, lemon or lime juice, and a sweetener (triple sec, simple syrup, grenadine, or pineapple juice are common). Egg whites are also included in some sours. The gin sour is a traditional mixed cocktail that predates prohibition in the United States.",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "14034341",
"text": "Clover Club Cocktail The Clover Club Cocktail is a cocktail consisting of gin, lemon juice, raspberry syrup, and an egg white. The egg white is not added for the purpose of giving the drink flavor, but rather acts as an emulsifier. Thus when the drink is shaken a characteristic foamy head is formed. It was first made by Zlatko Roskos a Slovakian bartender in 1997 in Bratislava. The Clover Club Cocktail is a drink that pre-dates Prohibition in the United States, and is named for the Philadelphia men's club of the same name, which met in the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel on",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "9435949",
"text": "Whiskey sour The whiskey sour is a mixed drink containing whiskey (often bourbon), lemon juice, sugar, and optionally, a dash of egg white. With the egg white, it is sometimes called a Boston Sour. With a few bar spoons of full-bodied red wine floated on top, it is often referred to as a New York Sour. It is shaken and served either straight up or over ice. The traditional garnish is half an orange slice and a maraschino cherry. A variant of the whiskey sour is the Ward 8, which often is based on bourbon or rye whiskey, and includes",
"title": "Whiskey sour"
},
{
"id": "9526933",
"text": "Student life at the University of Pennsylvania Students at the University of Pennsylvania enjoy many different events at social gatherings around campus, with some sponsored by the college. As a sign of school pride, crowds of Quaker fans perform a unique ritual. After the third quarter of football games, spirited onlookers unite in the singing of \"Drink a Highball,\" which refers to the University's unofficial cocktail, the Pennsylvanian, made with Calvados, a dash of Madeira Wine, an egg white, and a twist of lemon. In years long past, students would literally make a toast with the drink to the success",
"title": "Student life at the University of Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "13000400",
"text": "York City, where he operated a successful Second Avenue gambling resort in East Side Manhattan known as \"The Rosebud\". His place was soon a popular underworld hangout, particularly by the Eastman Gang, and Rose became closely associated with Monk Eastman, \"Big\" Jack Zelig, and the Lenox Avenue Gang. He was such a popular Broadway character that a cocktail, containing \"\"one jigger of applejack, juice of half a lemon, half an ounce of grenadine, shaken with cracked ice, and strained\"\", was named in his honor. In the summer of 1912, NYPD detective Lieutenant Charles Becker and the \"Gambling Squad\" raided \"The",
"title": "Baldy Jack Rose"
},
{
"id": "8807655",
"text": "After visiting numerous bars, they were unsuccessful in finding one where the bartender knew the drink and the bar stocked applejack. Ultimately they bought a bottle of applejack for one of the few bartenders they encountered who knew how to make one. With the craft cocktail movement on the rise, the Jack Rose has regained some popularity. Laird & Company, producers of the most widely available brands of applejack in the United States, have said sales are up in part due to renewed interest in the cocktail. Jack Rose (cocktail) A Jack Rose is a cocktail containing applejack, grenadine, and",
"title": "Jack Rose (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "5755102",
"text": "is featured on the cast album). Day was married three times: to theatre producer Carle Carleton, actor Pat Somerset and Henry Horne. Her only son died in World War II. She died in London at the age of 75 and is buried in Highgate cemetery. A cocktail is named for her, made with dry gin, grapefruit juice, sugar, and an egg white. Edith Day Edith Day (April 10, 1896 – May 1, 1971) was an American actress and singer best known for her roles in Edwardian musical comedies and operettas, first on Broadway and then in London's West End. Born",
"title": "Edith Day"
},
{
"id": "10347768",
"text": "form as well and in that case the Pink Lady is identical to another cocktail called Clover Club. Some authors argue that the \"real\" or \"original\" pink lady differs from the Clover Club by adding applejack to mix, which provides the Pink Lady with its own distinct flavour. Another creamier version of the Pink Lady that has been around at least since the 1920s adds sweet cream to the basic form. In New Orleans this version was also known as \"Pink Shimmy\". In some recipes the cream is not added to the basic form but simply replaces the egg white",
"title": "Pink Lady (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "14034345",
"text": "be a complex one to make due to the extra steps involved to get the head of foam on top of the drink. Several sources recommend that the drink be \"dry shaken\" (shaken without ice) with one source suggesting this be done for at least a minute. At this point Ice should be added to the shaker to chill and dilute the drink. As of December 2014, Brooklyn's Clover Club restaurant used a traditional recipe of gin, dry vermouth, lemon, raspberry and egg white. There are several variations of this drink with the most common replacing the raspberry syrup with",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "4364159",
"text": "again. The classic Pisco Sour recipe contains [pisco] brandy (usually an un-aged grape brandy from Perú), fresh lime juice, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, egg white, and bitters. It is shaken, strained, and served straight in a cocktail glass then garnished with the bitters (cinnamon can be used). The addition of egg white creates a foamy head when shaken before serving. While pisco sour is flavoured with key lime by default, pisco is combined with other fruit to create mango sour, maracuya (passion fruit) sour, lucuma sour and so forth. Peru has a National Pisco Sour Day (which lasts a",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9675386",
"text": "the egg white. The original recipe is made with grapefruit juice, because of the mixing of recipes you will find many recipes with lemon juice. Notes Fizz (cocktail) A \"fizz\" is a mixed drink variation on the older sours family of cocktail. Its defining features are an acidic juice (such as lemon or lime) and carbonated water. The first printed reference to \"fiz\" is in the 1887 edition of Jerry Thomas's \"Bartender's Guide\", which contains six such recipes. The fizz became widely popular in America between 1900 and the 1940s. Known as a hometown specialty of New Orleans, the gin",
"title": "Fizz (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "881526",
"text": "Aubrey Stauffer of Chicago published sheet music (for voice and piano) of \"\", from Gillespie and Tannehill's musical. At Tin Pan Alley, Henry I. Marshall composed two works, a waltz for piano titled \"\", and a piece for voice and piano titled \"\", the latter featuring lyrics by Stanley Murphy. Both were published through Jerome H. Remick Co. in 1913. \"September Morn\" also inspired an eponymous lime and grenadine cocktail, described in 1917 as having gin, and later in 1930 with rum and egg white. As interest grew, purity societies attempted to ban reproductions of \"September Morn\", and people in",
"title": "September Morn"
},
{
"id": "8807652",
"text": "Jack Rose (cocktail) A Jack Rose is a cocktail containing applejack, grenadine, and lemon or lime juice. It was popular in the 1920s and 1930s, notably appearing in Ernest Hemingway's 1926 classic, \"The Sun Also Rises\", in which Jake Barnes, the narrator, drinks a Jack Rose in the Crillon Paris hotel bar while awaiting the arrival of Lady Brett Ashley. It was also a favorite drink of author John Steinbeck. The Jack Rose is one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Embury's \"The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks\". References to the Jack Rose date back to the early",
"title": "Jack Rose (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9435950",
"text": "both lemon and orange juices, and grenadine syrup as the sweetener. The egg white sometimes employed in other whiskey sours is not usually included. The oldest historical mention of a whiskey sour was published in the Wisconsin newspaper, \"Waukesha Plain Dealer\", in 1870. In 1962, the Universidad del Cuyo published a story, citing the Peruvian newspaper \"El Comercio de Iquique\", which indicated that Elliott Stubb created the \"whisky sour\" in 1872. (\"El Comercio de Iquique\" was published by Modesto Molina between 1874 and 1879.) Whiskey sour The whiskey sour is a mixed drink containing whiskey (often bourbon), lemon juice, sugar,",
"title": "Whiskey sour"
},
{
"id": "4364157",
"text": "also includes additional ingredients, for example egg white, sugar, or cream. The classic concoction is most commonly served in a Martini cocktail glass. When an egg white is added a champagne coupe is preferable; the silky foam clings more pleasingly to the curved glass. It is disputed who originally invented the drink. There are at least two different opinions: first that it was devised by Harry MacElhone in 1919 at Ciro's Club in London. He originally used crème de menthe, but replaced it with gin at Harry's New York Bar in Paris in 1929. But The Savoy's Harry Craddock also",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2442856",
"text": "at Elite Bars 1903-1933\", published in 1934. <poem> Jigger of Gordon's Gin ( Beefeater) 2 dash Cointreau ( Cointreau) Juice of 1 Lemon ( Lemon Juice) 1 tsp [.5 cl] Raspberry Syrup (homemade) Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass. </poem> Made with ingredients that would have been readily available during the period, this identically named cocktail aims for the same effect. If this drink is in fact the source of the modern cosmopolitan, then it would be an adaption of a Daisy rather than a Kamikaze. One version of the creation of this popular drink credits the",
"title": "Cosmopolitan (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2429901",
"text": "Shirley Temple (drink) A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished with a maraschino cherry. Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part, or in whole. Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails, as is the similar Roy Rogers and Arnold Palmer. The cocktail may have been invented by a bartender at Chasen's, a restaurant in West Hollywood, California, to serve then-child actress Shirley Temple. However, other claims to its origin have been",
"title": "Shirley Temple (drink)"
},
{
"id": "2558493",
"text": "with a dash or two of Angostura bitters and nutmeg. The recipe of Planter's Punch varies, containing some combination of rum, lemon juice, pineapple juice, lime juice, orange juice, grenadine, soda water, curaçao, Angostura bitters, and cayenne pepper. Planter's Punch was invented at the bar of the Planters' House hotel in St. Louis, Missouri. The first known print reference to Planter's Punch was in the August 8, 1908 edition of \"The New York Times\": PLANTER'S PUNCH This recipe I give to thee, Dear brother in the heat. Take two of sour (lime let it be) To one and a half",
"title": "Punch (drink)"
},
{
"id": "799523",
"text": "Grenadine Grenadine is a commonly used, non-alcoholic bar syrup, characterized by a flavor that is both tart and sweet, and by a deep red color. It is popular as an ingredient in cocktails, both for its flavor and to give a reddish/pink tint to mixed drinks. The name grenadine originated from the French word \"grenade\" which means pomegranate, with \"pomme\" meaning apple and \"granate\" derived from the Italian word for seeds. Grenadine was originally prepared from pomegranate juice, sugar, and water. As grenadine is subject to minimal regulation, its basic flavor profile can alternatively be obtained from a mixture of",
"title": "Grenadine"
},
{
"id": "9675385",
"text": "Governor Huey Long's fondness for it. In July 1935, Long brought a bartender named Sam Guarino from the Roosevelt Hotel to the New Yorker Hotel in New York City to teach its staff how to make the drink so he could have it whenever he was there. The Museum of the American Cocktail has newsreel footage of this event. The Roosevelt Hotel group trademarked the drink name in 1935 and still makes it today. A traditional sloe gin fizz contains sloe gin (a blackthorn plum flavored spirit), grapefruit juice, simple syrup, egg white, and carbonated water. A popular alternative eliminates",
"title": "Fizz (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2155304",
"text": "bitters, then strained into a chilled cocktail glass. Over time the generally expected garnish became the drinker's choice of a green olive or a twist of lemon peel. A dry martini is made with dry, white vermouth. By the Roaring Twenties, it became common to ask for them. Over the course of the century, the amount of vermouth steadily dropped. During the 1930s the ratio was 3:1 (gin to vermouth), and during the 1940s the ratio was 4:1. During the latter part of the 20th century, 6:1, 8:1, 12:1, 15:1 (the \"Montgomery\", after British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's supposed penchant",
"title": "Martini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1906321",
"text": "the 19th century. In the 19th century, the \"Champagne cup\" was a popular cocktail, consisting of champagne, lemon juice, sugar, and ice. Gin was sometimes added, yielding a drink much like the French 75. The drink was first recorded as the 75 in \"Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails\", 1922 edition, by Harry MacElhone, and in the same year in Robert Vermeire's \"Cocktails: How to Mix Them,\" which credits the drink to MacElhone. However, the recipes differed from the current form – MacElhone's version consisted of Calvados, gin, grenadine, and absinthe, while Vermeire added lemon juice. The recipe took its now-classic",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2369940",
"text": "one of cherry brandy and one each of orange, pineapple, and lime juice An alternative \"original recipe\" used gin, Cherry Heering, Bénédictine, and fresh pineapple juice, primarily from Sarawak (or \"smooth cayenne\") pineapples, which enhances the flavor and creates a foamy top. The hotel's recipe was recreated based on the memories of former bartenders and written notes that they discovered regarding the original recipe. By the 1980s, the Singapore Sling was often little more than gin, bottled sweet and sour, and grenadine. With the move towards fresh juices and the re-emergence of quality products like Cherry Heering, the cocktail has",
"title": "Singapore Sling"
},
{
"id": "14034343",
"text": "Selecting, Cooking, and Serving for the Home Table\" (1917) by Jeanette Young Norton, page 512: \"Clover Club: The juice of half a lemon, a sixth jigger of grenadine, one jigger of gin, French vermouth.\" Robert Hess claims \"It has a long history dating back to at least 1910, and was enjoyed by the captains of industry who were members of the famous club.\" In its heyday, the drink was described by Jack Townsend as being enjoyed by the pre-prohibition gentleman who would have fit in with those of the club, and was a \"Distinguished patron of the oak-paneled lounge.\" However,",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "9795638",
"text": "Paradise (cocktail) The Paradise is an IBA official cocktail, and is classified as a \"pre-dinner\" drink, an apéritif. The earliest known in-print recipe for the Paradise Cocktail was written by Harry Craddock in 1930. This cocktail is prepared using gin, apricot brandy (apricot liqueur), and orange juice in a 2:1:1 ratio, with a splash of lemon juice. The Paradise cocktail plays a key part in the 1933 Warner Bros. romantic film \"One Way Passage\" as the drink of the two star-crossed lovers played by Kay Francis and William Powell. On May 27, 2018, Snoop Dogg set the world record for",
"title": "Paradise (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "5665612",
"text": "also called the pink lady—gin, grenadine, apple brandy, lemon juice and cracked ice, strained into a stemmed glass. It was also popular with parents of children at the many area summer camps. The main Inn was torn down in 1970 by its current owners, the Kocher family. The Auditorium and several hotel buildings still stand. The De Bruce Fly Fishing Club leases what was the Fishermans'Cottage, the hatchery and the several miles of Willowemoc. The properties are currently owned and operated by the Kocher family. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has run the De Bruce Environmental Education",
"title": "Debruce, New York"
},
{
"id": "9334694",
"text": "Scorpion bowl A Scorpion Bowl is an alcoholic concoction. It contains fruit juice (typically orange and pineapple juice), multiple types of rum (usually overproof, dark and white), vodka, gin, and Grenadine. While the above ingredients can be pre-mixed, a sparkling wine \"floater\" is best added last. Originally a single-serve drink, its enlargement into a party-served drink is attributed to Trader Vic. The Scorpion Bowl is presented in a large volcano bowl, a 48-ounce vessel with a ceramic volcano in the center. Served with dry ice, an orchid, and some 151 proof alcohol aflame in the volcanic center, the drink gives",
"title": "Scorpion bowl"
},
{
"id": "14034342",
"text": "South Broad Street. The Clover Club itself dates to 1896, as seen in the 1897 book, \"The Clover Club of Philadelphia\", page 172 by Mary R. Deacon. Brooklyn's Clover Club restaurant claims that the Philadelphia men's club dates to 1882 and lasted until \"the 1920s.\" Published recipes for the Clover Club drink appear as early as 1917: \"The Ideal Bartender\" (1917) by Thomas Bullock, page 27: \"Fill large Bar glass full Fine Ice. 2 pony Raspberry Syrup. 2 jigger Dry Gin. 1 jigger French Vermouth. White of 1 Egg. Shake well; strain into Cocktail glass and serve.\" \"Mrs. Norton's Cook-book:",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "398755",
"text": "Sour mix Sour mix (also known as sweet and sour mix) is a mixer that is yellow-green in color and is used in many cocktails. It is made from approximately equal parts lemon and/or lime juice and simple syrup and shaken vigorously with ice. This produces a pearly-white liquid with a pronounced flavor. Optionally, egg-whites may be added to make the liquid slightly foamy. Sour mix can be mixed with liquor(s) to make a sour drink; most common are vodka sour (vodka) and whiskey sour (whiskey). Pre-mixed versions are available, and are in use in many bars. These typically consist",
"title": "Sour mix"
},
{
"id": "9795639",
"text": "the largest \"Gin and Juice\", a 500 litre paradise cocktail. Paradise (cocktail) The Paradise is an IBA official cocktail, and is classified as a \"pre-dinner\" drink, an apéritif. The earliest known in-print recipe for the Paradise Cocktail was written by Harry Craddock in 1930. This cocktail is prepared using gin, apricot brandy (apricot liqueur), and orange juice in a 2:1:1 ratio, with a splash of lemon juice. The Paradise cocktail plays a key part in the 1933 Warner Bros. romantic film \"One Way Passage\" as the drink of the two star-crossed lovers played by Kay Francis and William Powell. On",
"title": "Paradise (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "11115078",
"text": "juice) and the Salty Dog (which lacks the cranberry juice and is made with a salted rim). The cocktail was born in the late 1920s, but the recipe was different from the one used today, as gin and grenadine were used in the original Sea Breeze. This was near the end of the Prohibition era. In the 1930s, a Sea Breeze had gin, apricot brandy, grenadine, and lemon juice. Later, a Sea Breeze recipe would contain vodka, dry vermouth, Galliano, and blue Curaçao. The cranberry grower's cooperative in the 1930s evolved into Ocean Spray which marketed cranberry juice in the",
"title": "Sea Breeze (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3053941",
"text": "One of his categories was \"allemande\", which was a stock-based sauce using egg and lemon juice. Escoffier replaced \"allemande\" with \"hollandaise\" in his list of the five mother sauces of haute cuisine. While many believe that a true hollandaise sauce should only contain the basic ingredients of eggs, butter and lemon, Prosper Montagne suggested using either a white wine or vinegar reduction, similar to a Béarnaise sauce, to help improve the taste. In English, the name \"Dutch sauce\" was common through the nineteenth century, but was largely displaced by \"hollandaise\" in the twentieth. As in other egg emulsion sauces, like",
"title": "Hollandaise sauce"
},
{
"id": "2155303",
"text": "Martini (cocktail) The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive or a lemon twist. Over the years, the martini has become one of the best-known mixed alcoholic beverages. H. L. Mencken called the martini \"the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet\" and E. B. White called it \"the elixir of quietude\". By 1922 the martini reached its most recognizable form in which London dry gin and dry vermouth are combined at a ratio of 2:1, stirred in a mixing glass with ice cubes, with the optional addition of orange or aromatic",
"title": "Martini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9334695",
"text": "the appearance of a mysterious tropical island. Scorpion bowl A Scorpion Bowl is an alcoholic concoction. It contains fruit juice (typically orange and pineapple juice), multiple types of rum (usually overproof, dark and white), vodka, gin, and Grenadine. While the above ingredients can be pre-mixed, a sparkling wine \"floater\" is best added last. Originally a single-serve drink, its enlargement into a party-served drink is attributed to Trader Vic. The Scorpion Bowl is presented in a large volcano bowl, a 48-ounce vessel with a ceramic volcano in the center. Served with dry ice, an orchid, and some 151 proof alcohol aflame",
"title": "Scorpion bowl"
},
{
"id": "15432627",
"text": "approximately (known in the pub trade as \"splits\") and is usually drunk as a \"winter warmer\". Snowball (cocktail) A Snowball is a mixture of Advocaat and lemonade in approximately equal parts. It may have other ingredients, to taste. It typically contains a squeeze of fresh lime juice, which is shaken with the advocaat before pouring into a glass and topping up with lemonade. If not wanting to make fresh advocaat, which typically consists of 1 egg, 30 ml of simple syrup, and 60 ml of brandy, for the cocktail, then it may be substituted by using a commercial version. In",
"title": "Snowball (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "8807654",
"text": "has been suggested that the Jack Rose was invented by Joseph P. Rose, a Newark, New Jersey restaurateur who once held the title of \"World's Champion Mixologist.\" Harvey's Famous Restaurant in Washington, D.C. also claimed to be the originator of the cocktail. The most likely explanation of the name is that it is a simple portmanteau — it is made with apple\"jack\" and is \"rose\" colored from the grenadine. The cocktail has fallen out of fashion. In June 2003, the \"Washington Post\" published an article that chronicled two writers' quest to find a Jack Rose in a Washington, D.C. bar.",
"title": "Jack Rose (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4046604",
"text": "pineapples, and lemon. Duggan McDonnell describes the pisco sour as \"Latin America's most elegant cocktail, frothy, balanced, bright yet rich,\" adding that \"Barkeeps throughout Northern California will attest that they have shaken many a Pisco sour. It is the egg white cocktail of choice and an absolutely beloved one by most.\" Australian journalist Kate Schneider writes that the pisco sour \"has become so famous that there is an International Pisco Sour Day celebration on the first Saturday in February every year, as well as a Facebook page with more than 600,000 likes.\" According to Chilean entrepreneur Rolando Hinrichs Oyarce, owner",
"title": "Pisco sour"
},
{
"id": "799525",
"text": "mix both modern and classic cocktails, such as the Tequila Sunrise, original (1920s) Sea Breeze, or (pastis with grenadine). Grenadine is also a popular ingredient in some non-alcoholic drinks, such as the Roy Rogers, pink lemonade and Shirley Temple cocktails, or simply by mixing the syrup with cold water in a glass or jug, sometimes with ice. Pomegranate syrup found in most Middle Eastern groceries is made with pomegranate concentrate and sugar, and serves as an authentic grenadine. Grenadine Grenadine is a commonly used, non-alcoholic bar syrup, characterized by a flavor that is both tart and sweet, and by a",
"title": "Grenadine"
},
{
"id": "9635444",
"text": "the mid-1930s, is considered an early incarnation of the Cosmopolitan, a drink today well known as a citrus vodka-based concoction. Fresh citrus — typically lemon juice, but occasionally orange or lime juice — is common throughout most daisy recipes. Liqueurs or cordials also figure prominently, ranging from Curaçao to maraschino or yellow Chartreuse (a suggestion from the writer Nathaniel Gubbins in his 1899 book \"The Flowing Bowl\"), distinguishing the daisy from other sour cocktails. Additional sweeteners sometimes added range from gomme syrup to grenadine syrup, raspberry syrup, or bar sugar. A later recipe, published in 1941 in \"Old Mr Boston's",
"title": "Brandy Daisy"
},
{
"id": "11578225",
"text": "picky about taste\". The drink's name is similar to trend of other drinks invented in twentieth century, such as \"Sex on the Beach\", which were intentionally shocking or humorous. To make the drink, pour 1/2 oz. Sambuca into a shot glass and then slowly pour 1/2 oz. Irish cream liqueur over the back of a spoon so it floats on top. Optionally, a drop of grenadine or a cherry may be added afterward to further the effect. Some versions of the drink replace the sambuca with equal parts of anisette and peppermint schnapps. Shitty Nipple Caucasian Nipple Slippery Nipple #2",
"title": "Slippery nipple"
},
{
"id": "10018082",
"text": "rye and even single malt scotch. Some recipes call for lemon juice, lime juice, no juice, grenadine, sour mix and gomme syrup. The Santa Clara Company trademark described their product as \"Compounds of Whisky, Grenadine-Syrup, Rock-Candy Syrup, and Lime-Juice.\" Following the end of prohibition, Locke-Ober reopened its bar using this recipe: Shake the rye whiskey, lemon juice, orange juice and grenadine with ice; then strain into a chilled cocktail glass. Garnish with a maraschino cherry, if desired. Originally the drink was decorated with a small paper Massachusetts flag. Ward 8 (cocktail) The Ward 8 or Ward Eight is a cocktail",
"title": "Ward 8 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "9073365",
"text": "recipe can also be made with red wine, however do not add 250 ml strong tea to the mixture, this will also affect the number of servings too. Eierpunsch Eierpunsch (literally \"egg punch\") is the German name given to a warm, sweetened alcoholic, egg-based drink similar to egg nog . It is commonly a winter drink and can be found served in the popular Christmas markets of Germany and Austria. Eierpunsch is made with egg yolks, sugar, white wine and vanilla. Sometimes cream or custard can be added. A typical recipe of \"Eierpunsch\" with white wine to serve 3-4 persons",
"title": "Eierpunsch"
},
{
"id": "2673062",
"text": "of this treat was created, called the Egg Cream (made without the eggs or cream).\" Another explanation comes from reports that it grew out of a request for from someone, possibly the actor Boris Thomashefsky who had experienced a similar drink in Paris, which name morphed phonetically into the current version. Other sweet soda and milk-based beverages include the Vietnamese , a beverage prepared with sweetened condensed milk, egg yolk, and soda water. In Indonesia, a (literally, \"happy soda\") consists of soda water, sweetened condensed milk, and grenadine. It can use cola instead of soda water as a (\"Rain Clouds\").",
"title": "Egg cream"
},
{
"id": "3260219",
"text": "is made with a Peruvian pomace brandy called pisco.\" German eggnog, called \"biersuppe\", is made with beer. \"Eierpunsch is a German version of eggnog made with white wine\", eggs, sugar, cloves, tea, lemon or lime juice and cinnamon. Another recipe dating from 1904 calls for eggs, lemon juice, sugar, white wine, water and rum. In Iceland, eggnog \"...is served hot as a dessert.\" Traditional homemade eggnog is made of milk or cream, sugar, raw eggs, one or more alcoholic spirits, and spices, often vanilla or nutmeg and in some recipes, cloves. Some recipes call for the eggs to be separated",
"title": "Eggnog"
},
{
"id": "9073363",
"text": "Eierpunsch Eierpunsch (literally \"egg punch\") is the German name given to a warm, sweetened alcoholic, egg-based drink similar to egg nog . It is commonly a winter drink and can be found served in the popular Christmas markets of Germany and Austria. Eierpunsch is made with egg yolks, sugar, white wine and vanilla. Sometimes cream or custard can be added. A typical recipe of \"Eierpunsch\" with white wine to serve 3-4 persons would be: Prepare the 250 ml. of tea and allow to cool. Whisk the 5 tablespoons of sugar into the eggs (or egg yolks) and add a little",
"title": "Eierpunsch"
},
{
"id": "4764346",
"text": "feature a blend of orange, lime, tomato and/or pomegranate juices, or pomegranate-based grenadine with the addition of something spicy (hot sauce or fresh/dried chile), and sometimes white onion and salt. A variation on a basic traditional recipe: A basic tomato based recipe (non-traditional) Mexico City style Sangrita: Sangrita Sangrita (meaning \"little blood\"), whose origin dates back to the 1920s, is a customary partner to a shot of straight tequila \"blanco\"; a non-alcoholic accompaniment that highlights tequila's crisp acidity and cleanses the palate between each peppery sip. The basic conception of sangrita is to complement the flavor of 100% agave tequila,",
"title": "Sangrita"
},
{
"id": "398756",
"text": "of a powder which must be rehydrated by adding water prior to use. Sour mix Sour mix (also known as sweet and sour mix) is a mixer that is yellow-green in color and is used in many cocktails. It is made from approximately equal parts lemon and/or lime juice and simple syrup and shaken vigorously with ice. This produces a pearly-white liquid with a pronounced flavor. Optionally, egg-whites may be added to make the liquid slightly foamy. Sour mix can be mixed with liquor(s) to make a sour drink; most common are vodka sour (vodka) and whiskey sour (whiskey). Pre-mixed",
"title": "Sour mix"
},
{
"id": "9613713",
"text": "Bijou (cocktail) A bijou is a mixed alcoholic drink composed of gin, vermouth, and chartreuse. This cocktail was invented by Harry Johnson, \"the father of professional bartending\", who called it \"bijou\" because it combined the colors of three jewels: gin for diamond, vermouth for ruby, and chartreuse for emerald. An original-style bijou is made stirred with ice as Johnson's 1900 \"New and Improved Bartender Manual\" states \"mix well with a spoon and serve.\" This recipe is also one of the oldest in the manual, dating back to the 1890s. The bijou was popular for several decades. Unlike the Manhattan and",
"title": "Bijou (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "6454146",
"text": "drink that caused him to miss many steamships as \"a certain cognac and absinthe concoction known as The Astor House Special, native to Shanghai\". According to Baker, the ingredients for the Astor House Special are: \"1½ oz cognac, 1 tsp maraschino liqueur, 2 tsp egg white, ¾ oz Pernod, ½ tsp lemon juice, and club soda\", however \"the original recipe calls for Absinthe instead of Pernod.\" The Hotel was damaged during the Battle of Shanghai when the Japanese invaded Shanghai in August 1937 at the outset of the Second Sino-Japanese War. After Japanese machine guns were set up outside the",
"title": "Astor House Hotel (Shanghai)"
},
{
"id": "18624911",
"text": "Picon Punch Picon Punch, or simply Picon, is a highball cocktail made with an Amaro liqueur, soda water, grenadine, a splash of lemon, and a bit of brandy floating on top. The drink is identified as Basque, but was created by Basque immigrants in the U.S. and taken back to the Basque region in the Pyrenees. It is popular in Basque restaurants and bars in Boise and southern Idaho, in Bakersfield and rural Northern and Central California, and throughout Northern Nevada. The traditional liqueur used (Amer Picon) is made in Marseilles, France, and is not readily available in the United",
"title": "Picon Punch"
},
{
"id": "4364158",
"text": "claims the White Lady (gin, Cointreau, fresh lemon juice). The recipe appears in his \"Savoy Cocktail Book\", published in 1930. Joe Gilmore, former Head Barman at The Savoy, says this was one of Laurel and Hardy's favorite drinks. In John le Carré's 1965 novel \"The Looking Glass War\", British spy and main protagonist Fred Leiser's favorite drink is a White Lady, and he makes several attempts to get other agents to try the cocktail. In Dorothy Sayers' mystery novel \"Have His Carcase\" Lord Peter has a White Lady when he hears about his \"Lady\" Miss Harriet Vane being in trouble",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3847185",
"text": "be produced by adding capers and tarragon to a Hollandaise. Béarnaise sauce Béarnaise sauce (; ) is a sauce made of clarified butter emulsified in egg yolks and white wine vinegar and flavored with herbs. It is considered to be a \"child\" of the mother Hollandaise sauce, one of the five mother sauces in the French haute cuisine repertoire. The difference is only in the flavoring: Béarnaise uses shallot, chervil, peppercorns, and tarragon in a reduction of vinegar and wine, while Hollandaise is more stripped down, using a reduction of lemon juice or white wine. (One means of preparing Béarnaise,",
"title": "Béarnaise sauce"
},
{
"id": "3847182",
"text": "Béarnaise sauce Béarnaise sauce (; ) is a sauce made of clarified butter emulsified in egg yolks and white wine vinegar and flavored with herbs. It is considered to be a \"child\" of the mother Hollandaise sauce, one of the five mother sauces in the French haute cuisine repertoire. The difference is only in the flavoring: Béarnaise uses shallot, chervil, peppercorns, and tarragon in a reduction of vinegar and wine, while Hollandaise is more stripped down, using a reduction of lemon juice or white wine. (One means of preparing Béarnaise, see below, is to start with Hollandaise and add the",
"title": "Béarnaise sauce"
},
{
"id": "15432626",
"text": "Snowball (cocktail) A Snowball is a mixture of Advocaat and lemonade in approximately equal parts. It may have other ingredients, to taste. It typically contains a squeeze of fresh lime juice, which is shaken with the advocaat before pouring into a glass and topping up with lemonade. If not wanting to make fresh advocaat, which typically consists of 1 egg, 30 ml of simple syrup, and 60 ml of brandy, for the cocktail, then it may be substituted by using a commercial version. In the United Kingdom, it is often sold in both pubs and supermarkets in small bottles of",
"title": "Snowball (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4046591",
"text": "recipe was that of a simple cocktail. According to Peruvian researcher Guillermo Toro-Lira, \"it is assumed that it was a crude mix of pisco with lime juice and sugar, as was the whiskey sour of those days.\" As the cocktail's recipe continued to evolve, the bar's registry shows that customers commented on the continuously improving taste of the drink. The modern Peruvian version of the recipe was developed by Mario Bruiget, a Peruvian from Chincha Alta who worked under the apprenticeship of Morris starting on July 16, 1924. Bruiget's recipe added the Angostura bitters and egg whites to the mix.",
"title": "Pisco sour"
},
{
"id": "18624912",
"text": "States, so Torani Amer has come to be the standard liqueur used. Amaro CioCiaro is another acceptable liqueur that can be substituted. In Northern Nevada, the Picon Punch is served with ice in a custom stemmed glass produced by the Louie Picon Glass Company of Sparks, Nevada. In other regions, the drink is made in a highball or Collins glass filled with ice. Picon Punch Picon Punch, or simply Picon, is a highball cocktail made with an Amaro liqueur, soda water, grenadine, a splash of lemon, and a bit of brandy floating on top. The drink is identified as Basque,",
"title": "Picon Punch"
},
{
"id": "2369941",
"text": "begun to resemble its original version. Recipes published in articles about Raffles Hotel before the 1970s are significantly different from current recipes, and Singapore Slings found elsewhere in Singapore differ from the recipe used at Raffles Hotel. The Original Singapore Sling costs S$36.20, after service charge and GST. The gin sling, attested from 1790, described a North American drink of gin which was flavoured, sweetened and served cold. The \"Singapore sling\" has been documented as early as 1930 as a recipe in the \"Savoy Cocktail Book\"; Ingredients ¼ lemon juice, ¼ Dry Gin, ½ Cherry Brandy: \"Shake well and strain",
"title": "Singapore Sling"
},
{
"id": "5136506",
"text": "Orange Julius Orange Julius is an American chain of fruit drink beverage stores. It has been in business since the late 1920s. The eponymous beverage is a mixture of ice, orange juice, sweetener, milk, powdered egg whites and vanilla flavoring, similar to a morir soñando or orange Creamsicle. The drink grew out of an orange juice stand opened in Los Angeles, California in 1926 by Julius Freed. Sales were initially modest, about $20 a day (equivalent to approximately $ in dollars). In 1929, Bill Hamlin, Freed's real estate broker, developed a mixture that made the acidic orange juice less bothersome",
"title": "Orange Julius"
},
{
"id": "20294794",
"text": "blended. The Vampiro is claimed to have originated in San Luis Soyatlán, Mexico, created by fruit stand vendor Oscar Hernández and traditionally sold in clear plastic bags with a straw. Hernández originally prepared the drink for his own consumption, but was quickly asked to make them by his customers and the drink has spread by word of mouth. Some bartending guides suggest adding a shot of tomato juice, fresh-squeezed orange and lime juice, grenadine syrup, hot pepper sauce and freshly-ground black pepper to the glass, and omitting the Mexican sangrita. As well, some guides suggest that the ingredients be shaken",
"title": "Vampiro (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "18544863",
"text": "blackberrying in his childhood on the Isle of Wight provided the inspiration for the Bramble. The name of the drink comes from the fact that blackberry bushes are called brambles. Bramble (cocktail) The Bramble is a cocktail created by Dick Bradsell in 1980s London, England. Best described as a spring cocktail, the Bramble brings together dry gin, lemon juice, sugar syrup, crème de mûre, and crushed ice. Bradsell also suggests finishing off the cocktail with some fresh red fruits (such as blackberries, cranberries) and a slice of lemon. It closely resembles the popular Gin Fix. The Bramble was created in",
"title": "Bramble (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "516470",
"text": "which is more vegetal than grain spirits (and often more complex). The \"Consejo Regulador del Tequila\" (Tequila Regulatory Council) reported 1377 registered brands from 150 producers for the year 2013. In Mexico, the most traditional way to drink tequila is neat, without lime and salt. It is popular in some regions to drink fine tequila with a side of sangrita—a sweet, sour, and spicy drink typically made from orange juice, grenadine (or tomato juice), and hot chilli. Equal-sized shots of tequila and sangrita are sipped alternately, without salt or lime. Another popular drink in Mexico is the \"bandera\" (flag, in",
"title": "Tequila"
},
{
"id": "6386788",
"text": "Cod and the mother of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts. The cocktail is one of the most commonly ordered cocktails in many American bars, though usually referred to as a \"vodka soda, splash of cran.\" It is served in a rocks glass. Rose Kennedy Cocktail Rose Kennedy (also commonly known as a \"VSS,\" \"Fire Engine,\" \"The Michele,\" \"The White Girl,\" \"The Brian Ziegler,\" \"The Sean Brady,\" or \"vodka soda splash\") is a cocktail popular in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. It consists of varying amounts of vodka and club soda with a splash of cranberry juice for color",
"title": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "9613714",
"text": "the martini, however, the bijou disappeared after Prohibition. It was rediscovered by \"the King of Cocktails\" Dale DeGroff in the 1980s, when he stumbled upon the recipe in Johnson's book. While the original cocktail had equal parts of the three ingredients, DeGroff tripled the ratio of gin to vermouth and chartreuse to soften the taste profile. Eventually, his recipe became the standard. Bijou (cocktail) A bijou is a mixed alcoholic drink composed of gin, vermouth, and chartreuse. This cocktail was invented by Harry Johnson, \"the father of professional bartending\", who called it \"bijou\" because it combined the colors of three",
"title": "Bijou (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3053939",
"text": "Hollandaise sauce Hollandaise sauce ( or ; ), formerly also called Dutch sauce, is an emulsion of egg yolk, melted butter, and lemon juice (or a white wine or vinegar reduction). It is usually seasoned with salt, and either white pepper or cayenne pepper. Hollandaise is one of the five mother sauces in French cuisine. It is well known as a key ingredient of eggs Benedict, and is often served on vegetables such as steamed asparagus. \"Sauce hollandaise\" is French for \"Dutch sauce\". The name implies Dutch origins, but the actual connection is unclear. The name \"Dutch sauce\" is documented",
"title": "Hollandaise sauce"
},
{
"id": "3260207",
"text": "and tea, or to dessert foods such as egg-custard puddings. \"The Modern Bartender's Guide\" from 1878 lists many variant names for the drink. It distinguishes \"plain egg nog\", \"egg milk punch\", and \"milk punch\" from one another. It also includes variants such as \"Baltimore egg nog\", \"General Jackson egg nog\", \"Imperial egg nog\", two types of \"sherry cobbler egg nog\", as well as \"sherry cobbler with egg\", \"mulled claret with egg\", \"egg sour\", and \"Saratoga egg lemonade\" (also called \"sea breeze\"). The origins, etymology, and the ingredients used to make original eggnog drinks are debated. According to the \"Oxford English",
"title": "Eggnog"
},
{
"id": "6386787",
"text": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail Rose Kennedy (also commonly known as a \"VSS,\" \"Fire Engine,\" \"The Michele,\" \"The White Girl,\" \"The Brian Ziegler,\" \"The Sean Brady,\" or \"vodka soda splash\") is a cocktail popular in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. It consists of varying amounts of vodka and club soda with a splash of cranberry juice for color and taste. The juice sweetens the taste and takes the edge off the alcohol. The cocktail, typically garnished with a lemon or lime wedge, is based on the Cape Cod and named after Rose Kennedy, the matriarch of the Kennedy Family of Cape",
"title": "Rose Kennedy Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "1491645",
"text": "their customers to two Zombies apiece. According to the original recipe, the Zombie cocktail included three different kinds of rum, lime juice, falernum, Angostura bitters, Pernod, grenadine, and \"Don's Mix\", a combination of cinnamon syrup and grapefruit juice. Beach was very cautious with the recipes of his original cocktails. His instructions for his bartenders contained coded references to ingredients, the contents of which were only known to him. Beach's original recipes for the Zombie and other Tiki drinks have been published in \"Sippin' Safari\" by Jeff \"Beachbum\" Berry. Berry researched the origins of many Tiki cocktails, interviewing bartenders from Don",
"title": "Zombie (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4364156",
"text": "gin, lemon juice, and sugar. Adding carbonated water to this turns it into a gin fizz. It was popular during the 1940s, and Kevin Starr includes it in \"an array of drinks (the gin sour, the whiskey sour, the Gin Rickey, the Tom Collins, the Pink Lady, the Old Fashioned) that now seem period pieces, evocative of another era.\" White Lady (also known as a Delilah, or Chelsea Side-car) is essentially a sidecar made with gin in place of brandy. What makes it different from the simple gin sour is the switching of sugar for triple sec. The cocktail sometimes",
"title": "Sour (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2429902",
"text": "made. Temple herself was not a fan of the drink, as she told Scott Simon in an NPR interview in 1986: \"The saccharine sweet, icky drink? Yes, well... those were created in the probably middle 1930s by the Brown Derby Restaurant in Hollywood and I had nothing to do with it. But, all over the world, I am served that. People think it's funny. I hate them. Too sweet!\" Adding of vodka or rum produces a \"Dirty Shirley\". Shirley Temple (drink) A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished",
"title": "Shirley Temple (drink)"
},
{
"id": "1906324",
"text": "According to the recipe in Harry MacElhone's book \"Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails,\" a French 75 is supposed to be served in a highball glass. The Highball glass, which the Tom Collins Cocktail is also served in, would support the theory of French 75 being a variation of the Tom Collins. French 75 (cocktail) French 75 is a cocktail made from gin, Champagne, lemon juice, and sugar. It is also called a 75 Cocktail, or in French simply a \"Soixante Quinze\" (Seventy Five). The drink dates to World War I, and an early form was created in 1915 at the",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2155311",
"text": "came to be seen as old-fashioned and was replaced by more intricate cocktails and wine spritzers, but the mid-1990s saw a resurgence in the drink and numerous new versions. Some newer drinks include the word \"martini\" or the suffix \"-tini\" in the name (e.g., appletini, peach martini, chocolate martini, espresso martini). These are named after the martini cocktail glass they use and generally contain vodka but share little else in common with the drink. Martini (cocktail) The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive or a lemon twist. Over the years, the martini",
"title": "Martini (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "18491938",
"text": "Harry MacElhone Harry MacElhone (1890 – 1958) was an early 20th century bartender, most famous for his role at Harry's New York Bar in Paris, which he bought in 1923. MacElhone was born in Dundee, Scotland, on 16 June 1890, He began working at Ciro's Club in London after World War I and published \"Harry of Ciro's ABC of Mixing Cocktails\" in 1921. Ciro's is also where he began working on his earliest version of the White Lady which included gin, Crème de menthe, Triple sec and lemon juice. He also published \"Barflies and Cocktails\", and later worked at the",
"title": "Harry MacElhone"
},
{
"id": "18544862",
"text": "Bramble (cocktail) The Bramble is a cocktail created by Dick Bradsell in 1980s London, England. Best described as a spring cocktail, the Bramble brings together dry gin, lemon juice, sugar syrup, crème de mûre, and crushed ice. Bradsell also suggests finishing off the cocktail with some fresh red fruits (such as blackberries, cranberries) and a slice of lemon. It closely resembles the popular Gin Fix. The Bramble was created in London, in 1984, by Dick Bradsell. At the time, Bradsell worked at a bar in Soho called Fred's Club, and he wanted to create a British cocktail. Memories of going",
"title": "Bramble (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "15821615",
"text": "cocktail, with two parts cognac, one part Calvados or equivalent apple brandy, and one part sweet vermouth. The Corpse Reviver #2 is the more popular of the corpse revivers, and consists of equal parts gin, lemon juice, curaçao (commonly Cointreau), Kina Lillet (now usually replaced with Cocchi Americano, as a closer match to Kina Lillet than modern Lillet Blanc), and a dash of absinthe. The dash of absinthe can either be added to the mix before shaking, or added to the cocktail glass and moved around until the glass has been coated with a layer of absinthe to give a",
"title": "Corpse Reviver"
},
{
"id": "12195495",
"text": "Mr. Boston De Luxe Official Bartender Guide\". Gosling's Rum, which is based in Bermuda, publishes a recipe with two different rums from their brand line. Rum, fruit juice (often including lime, and orange and pineapple juice), and a flavored sweetener such as falernum or grenadine are the most consistent ingredients, and the drink is generally shaken or stirred with ice. Icy drink mixtures with rum, first identified as swizzles and later as Rum Swizzles, have been mentioned in literature in a variety of locations since the mid 18th century: Fort Ticonderoga, New York (1760), the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts",
"title": "Rum Swizzle"
},
{
"id": "19708960",
"text": "as one of the top 50 best-selling cocktails. At the Savoy, it is served in two versions: the original Coleman recipe along with an upgraded version which is aged in oak barrels and includes several different kinds of vermouth and gin. Ada Coleman Ada Coleman (1875–1966) was head bartender at the Savoy Hotel in London for twenty-three years, one of only two women to have held that position. While working at the Savoy, she invented the \"Hanky Panky,” a cocktail. Coleman was born in 1875, the daughter of a steward at Rupert D'Oyly Carte's golf club. When she was twenty-four,",
"title": "Ada Coleman"
},
{
"id": "4046600",
"text": "different methods of preparation. The Peruvian pisco sour cocktail is made by mixing Peruvian pisco with Key lime juice, simple syrup, egg white, Angostura bitters (for garnish), and ice cubes. The Chilean pisco sour cocktail is made by mixing Chilean Pisco with Pica lime juice, powdered sugar, and ice cubes. Daniel Joelson, a food writer and critic, contends that the major difference between both pisco sour versions \"is that Peruvians generally include egg whites, while Chileans do not.\" The version from the International Bartenders Association, which lists the pisco sour among its \"New Era Drinks,\" is similar to the Peruvian",
"title": "Pisco sour"
},
{
"id": "18674652",
"text": "alternate name for the Between the Sheets, and as a different drink using gin instead of rum and cognac, and adding orange juice to the lemon juice. Between the Sheets (cocktail) The Between the Sheets is a cocktail consisting of white rum, cognac, triple sec, and lemon juice. The origin of the cocktail is usually credited to Harry MacElhone at Harry's New York Bar in Paris in the 1930s as a derivative of the sidecar. However, competing theories exist that claim the cocktail was created at The Berkeley in approximately 1921, or in French brothels as an apéritif for consumption",
"title": "Between the Sheets (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "4046582",
"text": "class and English-speaking foreigners. The pisco sour underwent several changes until Mario Bruiget, a Peruvian bartender working at Morris' Bar, created the modern Peruvian recipe of the cocktail in the latter part of the 1920s by adding Angostura bitters and egg whites to the mix. In Chile, folklorist Oreste Plath attributed the invention of the drink to Elliot Stubb, an English steward of a ship named \"Sunshine\", who allegedly mixed Key lime juice, syrup, and ice cubes to create the cocktail in a bar, in 1872, in the port city of Iquique, which at that time was part of Peru.",
"title": "Pisco sour"
},
{
"id": "3359933",
"text": "in the Marx Brothers film \"The Coconuts\", contains the line: \"If you're too old for dancing/Get yourself a monkey gland\". Strange-looking ashtrays depicting monkeys protecting their private parts, with the phrase (translated from French) \"No, Voronoff, you won't get me!\" painted on them began showing up in Parisian homes. At about this same time, a new cocktail containing gin, orange juice, grenadine and absinthe was named The Monkey Gland. Voronoff was the prototype for Professor Preobrazhensky in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel \"Heart of a Dog\", published in 1925. In the novel, Preobrazhensky implants human testicles and pituitary gland into a stray",
"title": "Serge Voronoff"
},
{
"id": "9675382",
"text": "early as 1950, as evidenced by its inclusion in the French cookbook \"L'Art Culinaire Francais\" published that year. A gin fizz is the best-known cocktail in the fizz family. A gin fizz contains gin, lemon juice, and sugar, which are shaken with ice, poured into a tumbler and topped with carbonated water. The drink is similar to a Tom Collins, with a possible distinction being a Tom Collins historically used \"Old Tom Gin\" (a slightly sweeter precursor to London Dry Gin), whereas the kind of gin historically used in a gin fizz is unknown. Simple variations on the gin fizz",
"title": "Fizz (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "13511993",
"text": "in the download rates of the Firefox browser right after the launch of Firefox 3 was mentioned in the program. Magazines such as \"GQ\", \"Newsweek\" and \"Sports Illustrated\" have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. A cocktail called the \"Colbert Bump\" was designed during the August 4th, 2009, episode of \"The Colbert Report\" by author David Wondrich. The recipe for a Colbert Bump includes one ounce of Cherry Heering liqueur, one and a half ounces of gin, a quarter of an ounce of lemon juice, and a little soda water. In March 2009, NASA ran an",
"title": "Cultural impact of The Colbert Report"
},
{
"id": "4043686",
"text": "that it be served in a cocktail glass if served straight, or in a rocks glass if served with ice. The Amaretto Stinger uses a 3-to-1 ratio of amaretto to white crème de menthe, while an Irish Stinger uses equal parts Irish cream liqueur and white crème de menthe. The Mexican Stinger substitutes tequila for brandy. A \"Vodka Stinger\", also known as a White Spider, uses vodka instead of brandy. A White Way Cocktail, which celebrates Broadway theatre, is a Stinger made with gin rather than brandy. Mixologists Oliver Said and James Mellgren cite a cocktail known as the Stinger",
"title": "Stinger (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "6484885",
"text": "cream, and Grand Marnier. It is commonly found in the downtown bars of Nassau. Hurricane (cocktail) The hurricane is a sweet alcoholic drink made with rum, fruit juice, and syrup or grenadine. It is one of many popular drinks served in New Orleans. The creation of this passion fruit–colored relative of a daiquiri is credited to New Orleans tavern owner Pat O'Brien. The bar allegedly started as a speakeasy called Mr. O'Brien's Club Tipperary and the password was \"storm's brewin'. In the 1940s, he needed to create a new drink to help him get rid of all of the less-popular",
"title": "Hurricane (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2523762",
"text": "evening for events often held at Grizedale Bar. Events are often organised by the JCR team, such as Take Me Out, Quizzes and Extrav; as well as many socials throughout the University hosting events at the bar. Currently, there is a permanent 2 for 1 all-day everyday cocktail menu, including Sex on the Beach, Long Island Iced Tea, Cosmopolitan, White Russian, Lynchburg Lemonade, Woo Woo and Blue Lagoon, which costs £6.95 for two of any type. However, through the week there are also different cocktail offers depending on the day of the week. Mondays have gin offers, Tuesdays are hardshakes",
"title": "Grizedale College, Lancaster"
},
{
"id": "3097180",
"text": "study by the University of Toronto released in 1985 showed that drinking a Caesar when taking aspirin could help protect a person's stomach from the damage aspirin causes. Basic preparation of a Caesar follows the \"one, two, three, four\" rule. The recipe calls for 1–1½ oz of vodka, two dashes of hot sauce, three dashes of salt and pepper, four dashes of Worcestershire sauce and topped with 4–6 oz of caesar mix and served with ice. The ingredients are poured into a glass rimmed with celery salt or a mixture of salt and pepper and garnished with a celery stalk",
"title": "Caesar (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "1906322",
"text": "form and \"French 75\" name in \"Here’s How\", by Judge Jr. (1927), consisting of gin, sugar, lemon juice, and champagne. This recipe was republished with the name French 75 in \"The Savoy Cocktail Book\" (1930), which helped popularize the drink. Some later cocktail books use Cognac instead of gin, such as \"The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks\" by David A. Embury. The French 75 was popularized in America at the Stork Club in New York. It appears in the movie \"Casablanca\" (1942) and is referenced twice in the John Wayne films \"A Man Betrayed\" (1941) and \"Jet Pilot\" (1957). In",
"title": "French 75 (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "13384887",
"text": "cocktail a pale purple color. Harry Craddock's influential \"Savoy Cocktail Book\" (1930) omitted the crème de violette, calling for a mixture of two-thirds dry gin, one-third lemon juice, and two dashes of maraschino. Many later bartenders have followed Craddock's lead, leaving out the difficult-to-find violet liqueur. Creme Yvette, a violet liqueur made with additional spices, is sometimes substituted for crème de violette. Aviation (cocktail) The Aviation is a classic cocktail made with gin, maraschino liqueur, crème de violette, and lemon juice. Some recipes omit the crème de violette. It is served straight up, in a cocktail glass. The Aviation was",
"title": "Aviation (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "2673063",
"text": ", a beverage made by the Korean Company, , is also a sweet-soda-milk drink. It is a citrusy soda base mixed with a little milk. comes in a variety of flavors, including strawberry, orange, and muskmelon. A Smith and Curran (or Smith and Kearns) is an alcoholic beverage, developed in North Dakota during the mid-20th-century oil boom, made of coffee liqueur, cream, and soda water. Other alcoholic cocktail variants that make use of eggs include the sour, the fizz and the flip. is a similar type of beverage from Mexico. To celebrate the egg cream and the many handmade drinks",
"title": "Egg cream"
},
{
"id": "13384886",
"text": "Aviation (cocktail) The Aviation is a classic cocktail made with gin, maraschino liqueur, crème de violette, and lemon juice. Some recipes omit the crème de violette. It is served straight up, in a cocktail glass. The Aviation was created by Hugo Ensslin, head bartender at the Hotel Wallick in New York, in the early twentieth century. The first published recipe for the drink appeared in Ensslin's 1916 \"Recipes for Mixed Drinks\". Ensslin's recipe called for 1½ oz. El Bart gin, ¾ oz. lemon juice, 2 dashes maraschino liqueur, and 2 dashes crème de violette, a violet liqueur which gives the",
"title": "Aviation (cocktail)"
},
{
"id": "3627087",
"text": "to eat with bitterballen). The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and \"Jenever\", a high proof juniper-flavored spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, \"Advocaat\", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region. Southern Dutch cuisine constitutes the cuisine of the Dutch provinces of North-Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called \"Burgundian\" which is a",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "1459931",
"text": "ice in a salt-rimmed glass. However, Thomson's recipe was made with Damiana Liqueur, not Cointreau orange liqueur. It is said that the idea was an experiment after running out of rum while making frozen daiquiris. The IBA (IBA Official list of Cocktails) standard is 7:4:3, that is, 50% tequila, 29% Cointreau, 21% fresh lime juice. The \"Original Margarita\" recipe as given by Cointreau on their website has slightly less of their own sweet liqueur: 1 part white tequila, part Cointreau, and part fresh squeezed lime juice. Besides Cointreau, other orange-flavored liqueurs that might be used include Grand Marnier (yielding the",
"title": "Margarita"
},
{
"id": "14034344",
"text": "by the time that Townsend was writing about the drink it was becoming unpopular, and was eventually all but forgotten. The drink seems to have been forgotten partly due to the use of raw egg in the cocktail, which many people shy away from, and partly due to the complexity of its preparation (see below). Despite the use of what some may consider to be strange ingredients the cocktail is enjoyable, and has been described as tart with the added syrup giving the drink complexity, and the egg white providing body as well as a foamy head. The drink can",
"title": "Clover Club Cocktail"
},
{
"id": "12541679",
"text": "Virgin Mary, the Caesar, and the michelada. Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the Bloody Mary in 1921, well before any of the later claims, according to his grand-daughter. He was working at the New York Bar in Paris at the time, which later became Harry's New York Bar, a frequent Paris hangout for Ernest Hemingway and other American migrants. The original cocktail is said to have been created on the spur-of-the-moment, according to the bar's own traditions, consisting only of vodka and tomato juice. Harry's Bar also claims to have created numerous other classic cocktails, including the White Lady",
"title": "Bloody Mary (cocktail)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pink Lady (cocktail) context: Pink Lady (cocktail) The Pink Lady is a classic gin-based cocktail with a long history. pink color is due to adding grenadine. The exact ingredients for the pink lady vary, but all variations have the use of gin, grenadine and egg white in common. In its most basic form the pink lady consists of just these three ingredients. According to the \"Royal Cafe Cocktail Book\" of 1937, it is made with a glass of gin, a tablespoon of grenadine and the white of one egg, shaken and strained into a glass. Often lemon juice is added to the basic\n\nWhat cocktail consists of 1.5 oz Gin, .5oz Applejack, 4 dashes Grenadine, the juice of 1/2 Lemon, and 1 egg white?",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pink Lady (cocktail) context: as well and in that case the Pink Lady is identical to another cocktail called Clover Club. Some authors argue that the \"real\" or \"original\" pink lady differs from the Clover Club by adding applejack to mix, which provides the Pink Lady with its own distinct flavour. Another creamier version of the Pink Lady that has been around at least since the 1920s adds sweet cream to the basic form. In New Orleans this version was also known as \"Pink Shimmy\". In some recipes the cream is not added to the basic form but simply replaces the egg white\n\ntitle Scocktail context: included in this variation Sour (cocktail) A sour is family of mixed drinks. examples of sours are the margarita and the sidecar. \"ours belong to one of the old families of original cocktails and are described by Jerry Thomas in his 1862 book \"How to Mix Drinks Sours are mixed drinks containing a base liquor, le or lime juice, and a sweetener (triple sec, simple syrup, grenadine, or pineapple juice are common). Egg whites are also included in some sours. The gin sour is a traditional mixed cocktail predates prohibition in the United States.\ntitlecocktail been suggested that Jack Rose invented by Joseph Roseark New Jersey who once title \"' Championologistvey's Famous Restaur Washington DC also claimed to be the originator of cocktail likely explanation the name is that is a simple portmante — with apple\"jack\" and isrose\" colored from the grenadine The cock has fallen out20 theashingtonicled find Jack Rose in DC bar.\ntitle: Pink:) atail is to. exact the but all variations havein, and white in the lady just \"yalfe of 1937, it is made with a glass of gin, a tablespoon of grenadine and the white of one egg, shaken and strained into a glass. Often lemon juice is added to the basic\n\nWhat cocktail consists of 1.5 oz Gin, .5oz Applejack, 4 dashes Grenadine, the juice of 1/2 Lemon, and 1 egg white?",
"compressed_tokens": 482,
"origin_tokens": 14855,
"ratio": "30.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,769 | In the classic 1990 movie Home Alone, where is the McCallister family headed on vacation when 8 year old Kevin is mistakenly left behind? | [
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"Paris, France",
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"Paree",
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"Paris, Banks of the Seine",
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"Département de Paris"
] | Paris | [
{
"id": "1702287",
"text": "Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, an 8-year-old boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation. Kevin initially relishes being home alone, but soon has to contend with two burglars, played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern. The film also features John Heard and Catherine O'Hara as Kevin's parents. Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy, and the film was",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "12128748",
"text": "with Wolves and Dick Tracy respectively. Macaulay Culkin's performance garnered him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, but lost to Gérard Depardieu for his performance in \"Green Card\". Set one year after the first film, Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin) loses track of his family at the airport to which he mistakenly gets on a plane headed for New York City while the rest of the McCallisters fly to Florida. Now alone in one of the largest cities in the world, Kevin cons his way into a room at the Plaza Hotel and",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1702290",
"text": "getting sent to the attic of the house for punishment where he berates Kate and wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds cause damage to the power lines, which causes a power outage and resets the alarm clocks, causing the family to oversleep. In the confusion and rush to get to the airport, Kevin is accidentally left behind. Kevin wakes to find the house empty and, thinking his wish has come true, is overjoyed with his newfound freedom. However, he soon becomes frightened by his next door neighbor, Old Man Marley, who is rumored to be",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "5725519",
"text": "(1992) and FBI agent Gavin Vereek in \"The Pelican Brief\" (1993). He starred with Samuel L. Jackson in 1997's \"One Eight Seven\" and was featured in the 2000 miniseries \"Perfect Murder, Perfect Town\". In 1990, Heard starred as Peter McCallister in the comedy \"Home Alone\". He played the part of Kevin's father who unwittingly leaves his son at home when making a Christmas trip to France. Heard chose to characterize the role with a combination of concerned dramatic acting of a father missing his son along with more classical comedic tropes. The film was one of the biggest hits of",
"title": "John Heard (actor)"
},
{
"id": "1702289",
"text": "is often ranked as one of the best Christmas films of all time. \"Home Alone\" spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels, including the 1992 film \"\", which is the only \"Home Alone\" sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles. The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris, gathering at Peter and Kate's home outside of Chicago on the night before their departure. Peter and Kate's youngest son, Kevin, is being scorned by his siblings and cousins. Later, Kevin accidentally ruins the family dinner after a fight with his older brother Buzz, resulting in him",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "1702291",
"text": "a serial killer who murdered his family; as well as the \"Wet Bandits\", Harry and Marv, a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood and have targeted the McCallisters' house. Kevin tricks them into thinking his family is home, forcing them to put their plans on hold. Kate discovers mid-flight that Kevin is missing and upon arrival in Paris, the family discovers that all flights for the next two days are booked. Peter and the rest of the family stays in his brother's apartment in the city while Kate manages to get a",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "8366016",
"text": "by himself. The McCallisters accidentally wake up late on the day of the flight, as their alarm clock was reset earlier, and the family hastily departs for Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Kevin loses sight of his family while loading his Talkboy with fresh batteries from Peter's bag, and ends up following a man wearing the same coat as his dad onto a flight that, unknown to him, is bound for LaGuardia Airport in New York City. Once Kevin realizes that he has arrived in New York instead of Miami, he sees it as an adventure and goes sightseeing. While doing",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "2014130",
"text": "film is also notable for featuring a cameo from future U.S. President Donald Trump, who had owned the Plaza Hotel at the time of the film's production. A sequel, \"Home Alone 3\", followed five years later in 1997. The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Miami, gathering at Peter and Kate's home outside of Chicago. Peter and Kate's youngest son, Kevin, sees Florida as contradictory to Christmas, due to the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. Later, at a school Christmas pageant, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him, causing Kevin to retaliate and ruin the pageant. Back home,",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "980740",
"text": "output would not be so critically well received, though films like \"Uncle Buck\" proved popular. Hughes's greatest commercial success came with \"Home Alone\", a film he wrote and produced about a child accidentally left behind when his family goes away for Christmas, forcing him to protect himself and his house from a pair of inept burglars. \"Home Alone\" was the top-grossing film of 1990 and remains the most successful live-action family comedy of all time. He also wrote the sequels \"\" and \"Home Alone 3\". His final film as a director was 1991's \"Curly Sue\". He also wrote screenplays under",
"title": "John Hughes (filmmaker)"
},
{
"id": "9435034",
"text": "Home Alone (video game) Home Alone is the title of several tie-in video games based on the film of the same name. Versions were released for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Super NES, Master System, Genesis, Game Gear, Amiga and MS-DOS platforms. There are multiple versions of the game and each features a different style of gameplay, but all share the same plot and roughly the same objective: Kevin McCallister is left home alone when his family goes on vacation. He must prevent Harry and Marv, the \"Wet Bandits\", from burglarizing his home, using various household objects as traps",
"title": "Home Alone (video game)"
},
{
"id": "12128747",
"text": "realize their mistake and scramble to get back to the United States, Harry and Marv, a pair of thieves known as the \"Wet Bandits\", attempt to burgle the house and Kevin must foil them with a collection of homemade booby traps. They get arrested at the end of the film. The film became the highest-grossing film of 1990, grossing $476,684,675 worldwide. Despite a lukewarm reception from critics, it was popular with audiences. It was also nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Original Score for John Williams and Best Original Song for \"Somewhere in My Memory\", but lost to Dances",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1685497",
"text": "starred as Miles Russell alongside actor John Candy in the comedy film \"Uncle Buck\" (1989). Culkin rose to fame with his lead role of Kevin McCallister in the blockbuster Christmas film \"Home Alone\" (1990), where he was reunited with \"Uncle Buck\" writer and director John Hughes and \"Uncle Buck\" co-star John Candy, who played the role of Polka band member Gus Polinski. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won an American Comedy Award and a Young Artist Award for his role as Kevin McCallister. In 1991, Culkin starred in an animated Saturday morning cartoon television series, \"Wish",
"title": "Macaulay Culkin"
},
{
"id": "8366015",
"text": "house, ending the film. The McCallister family prepares to spend Christmas in Miami. Kevin McCallister's main problem is the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. During the school Christmas concert, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him during his solo, causing Kevin to retaliate and ruin the show. Though Buzz apologizes to the family and Kevin himself, Kevin refuses to apologize for his actions, and, still angry with the family's decision to go to Miami, he storms up to the third floor bedroom of the house, wishing that he had his own money so he could go on his own vacation",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "9063025",
"text": "year Goethals also appeared in \"Heartbreak Hotel\", a film directed by Chris Columbus about the fictional kidnapping of Elvis Presley. Goethals's first starring role came in the 1993 TV series \"Phenom\". She played Angela Doolan, a young tennis player struggling with the challenges of life including her single mother (Judith Light), obsessive tennis coach (William Devane) and bratty younger sister (Ashley Johnson). It ran for 22 episodes before being cancelled by network ABC in May 1994. In 1990, Goethals played Linnie, the sister of main character Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin), in \"Home Alone\". The blockbuster family comedy, directed by Chris",
"title": "Angela Goethals"
},
{
"id": "8366008",
"text": "children. After getting into an argument with his older brother Buzz over Kevin's cheese pizza on purpose, he is sent to his third floor bedroom of the house without having a compensate meal and wishes his family would disappear. The family accidentally leaves Kevin asleep in bed, as a power outage resets the alarm clocks and causes them to wake up late. He wakes up to find the house empty and is overjoyed to find that his wish came true. He gets away with taking Buzz's life savings, practicing shooting with Buzz's BB gun, jumping on the bed, watching a",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "12128745",
"text": "Home Alone (franchise) Home Alone (stylized as HOME⌂ALONe) is a series of Christmas family comedy films originally created by John Hughes, and directed by Chris Columbus (1 & 2), Raja Gosnell (3), Rod Daniel (4) and Peter Hewitt (5). The films revolve around the adventures surrounding children who find themselves alone during the holiday season and are faced with the challenge of defending their family's house or themselves from invading burglars and criminals. \"Home Alone\" is primarily a coming-of-age story about an 8-year-old boy named Kevin McCallister. He is the youngest of five children who is frequently tormented by his",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "12128746",
"text": "older brothers and sisters. After events transpire between him and his family, he wishes he had no family when his mother is punishing him for what he feels are unjustified reasons. She warns him to be careful what he wishes for and he ignores it. He wakes up the next day to discover he is the only one left in the house. He thinks his wish came true and that he is finally alone without his obnoxious family. In reality, he was left home by mistake. His family is en route to France for a holiday trip. While his parents",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "9362130",
"text": "bullying older brother of Macaulay Culkin's character Kevin in \"Home Alone\". This role was continued in 1992 in \"\", where the McCallister family journeys from Miami to New York City to find their troublesome youngest member. Ratray landed minor roles in \"Little Monsters\" (as Ronnie Coleman, the bully), \"Dennis the Menace\" (as Mickey, the boyfriend of one of Dennis's babysitters) and an episode as Martin in \"The Enforcers\" (1996). Another film role was \"The Prince and Me\" as the computer-obsessed roommate of \"Eddy,\" the royal Prince of Denmark. He was a regular improv actor on MTV's \"Damage Control\", notably as",
"title": "Devin Ratray"
},
{
"id": "2014128",
"text": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York Home Alone 2: Lost in New York is a 1992 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It is the second film in the \"Home Alone\" series and the sequel to \"Home Alone\". Macaulay Culkin reprises his role as Kevin McCallister, while Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern reprise their roles as the Wet Bandits, now known as the Sticky Bandits. Catherine O'Hara, John Heard, Rob Schneider, Tim Curry, and Brenda Fricker are also featured. Kevin and his family decide to take a trip to Florida,",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "8366011",
"text": "now knowing how it feels to not have his family for Christmas, advises Marley to reconcile with his son. As Kevin leaves, he hears the church bells ringing, and, remembering the plot to break into his house, he hurries home and sets up various booby traps inside the house. Harry and Marv, who were initially fooled by Kevin's illusions that the house is occupied, now realize that he is home alone and attempt to break in, running into the various traps. After the two spring almost every trap in the house, Kevin flees in his parents room on second floor",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "8366007",
"text": "Kevin McCallister Kevin McCallister is the main protagonist of the films \"Home Alone\", \"\", and \"\" in the \"Home Alone\" franchise. Kevin is played by Macaulay Culkin in the first two films, but in \"Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House\", Kevin is played by Mike Weinberg. Kevin is not featured in \"Home Alone 3\", as the film takes place during \"Home Alone 2\". Kevin's most famous pose is when he has both hands on his cheeks, and screams. While the McCallister family prepare for their trip to Paris, Kevin McCallister finds himself the subject of ridicule from the other",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "2544613",
"text": "a Leading Role for the film \"The Life Before This\". She is also known to audiences as Kate McCallister, the mother of Kevin, in both \"Home Alone\" (1990) and \"\" (1992). In 2010 O'Hara was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her portrayal of Aunt Ann in \"Temple Grandin\" opposite Claire Danes. For her work on the television series \"Schitt's Creek\" (2015–present), O'Hara has won two Canadian Screen Awards for Best Lead Actress in a",
"title": "Catherine O'Hara"
},
{
"id": "1702295",
"text": "call for him; they reconcile and are soon joined by the rest of the McCallisters, who waited in Paris until they could get a direct flight to Chicago. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv, although Peter finds Harry's knocked-out gold tooth. Kevin then observes Marley reuniting with his son and his family. Marley notices Kevin, and the pair wave to each other. Buzz suddenly calls out, \"Kevin, what did you do to my room?\" at which point Kevin runs off. \"Home Alone\" was initially a Warner Bros. production; when 20th Century Fox took over the project,",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "1685492",
"text": "Macaulay Culkin Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film \"Home Alone\" (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Along with \"Home Alone,\" Culkin also starred in the films \"My Girl\" (1991), \"\" (1992), \"The Good Son\" (1993), \"The Nutcracker\" (1993), \"The Pagemaster\" (1994) and \"Richie Rich\" (1994). He has been nominated for Kids' Choice Awards, MTV Movie",
"title": "Macaulay Culkin"
},
{
"id": "2014131",
"text": "Kevin storms to the third floor of the house after refusing to apologize to his family. During the night, Peter accidentally resets the alarm clock, causing the family to oversleep once again. At the airport, Kevin stops to replace the batteries for his Talkboy, carrying Peter's bag which contains the batteries (along with Peter's wallet and large amounts of cash). Losing sight of his family, Kevin inadvertently boards a flight to New York City after mistakenly following a man wearing a jacket identical to Peter's. Upon arrival in New York City, Kevin decides to tour the city. While there, Kevin",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "8366019",
"text": "but is captured by the bandits once again. He records their plans of breaking into the store on his Talkboy before fleeing by hiding in the back of a hansom cab with the help of a French woman Marv had encountered the day before. Having noted earlier that his uncle Rob has a townhouse in New York, Kevin attempts to visit him and successfully reaches the house. however, the house is vacant and undergoing renovations and that Rob and his family are in Paris, France. While in Central Park, he runs into the pigeon lady, only to get his foot",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "3217608",
"text": "revived in the mid-1990s; early drafts called for Macaulay Culkin to return as a teenage Kevin McCallister, along with Daniel Stern and Joe Pesci reprising their roles as the two burglars. By 1994, however, Culkin had dropped out of acting. As a result, the idea was reworked as an entirely new film centering on a new cast of characters. It was filmed in Chicago and Evanston, Illinois, with the airport scenes in the beginning of the film being shot in two different concourses at O'Hare International Airport. The film grossed $79,082,515 worldwide. \"Home Alone 3\" holds an approval rating of",
"title": "Home Alone 3"
},
{
"id": "17919141",
"text": "the McCallisters, and it is a good Christmas for everyone except for Natalie, Marv, Vera, and Molly. The film was released to home video in the USA on 2 September 2003. On March 15, 2012, ABC Family announced that \"\" was in production, which premiered on that network during the 2012 Christmas season. The film stars Christian Martyn as 10-year-old main character Finn Baxter. The story centers on the family's relocation from California to Maine, where Finn becomes convinced that his new house is haunted. When his parents become stranded across town and Finn is left home alone with his",
"title": "Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House"
},
{
"id": "17919131",
"text": "around Kevin McCallister (Mike Weinberg) trying to defend his future stepmother's house from his old nemesis Marv (French Stewart) and his sidekick/wife Vera (Missi Pyle). At the McCallisters' house, Peter (Jason Beghe) is about to get divorced from Kate (Clare Carey) and announces that he's living with his new and rich girlfriend Natalie (Joanna Going) at her mansion. He tells his three children Buzz (Gideon Jacobs), Megan (Chelsea Russo), and Kevin (Mike Weinberg) that they are hosting the visit of a royal family and invites everyone to spend Christmas with him and Natalie. After initially refusing, Kevin takes his father",
"title": "Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House"
},
{
"id": "1702315",
"text": "lights, devices such as an electronic toy train set, and setting up cutouts of people, including basketball player Kevin Durant, in order to have thieves parked in a van outside (presumably Harry and Marv) steer clear of the house. \"Home Alone\" () was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1990 to coincide with the film. On October 6, 2015, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the movie, an illustrated book by Kim Smith and Quirk Books was released. Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "9435047",
"text": "fear of the basement furnace). The game also alludes to there being more members to the Wet Bandits than just Marv and Harry. Home Alone (video game) Home Alone is the title of several tie-in video games based on the film of the same name. Versions were released for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Super NES, Master System, Genesis, Game Gear, Amiga and MS-DOS platforms. There are multiple versions of the game and each features a different style of gameplay, but all share the same plot and roughly the same objective: Kevin McCallister is left home alone when his",
"title": "Home Alone (video game)"
},
{
"id": "2014137",
"text": "and they reconcile. On Christmas Day, a truckload of gifts arrive at the McCallisters' hotel room from the toy store. Kevin reconciles with the rest of his family, and goes to Central Park to give the pigeon lady the second turtledove, cementing their friendship. At the Plaza, Buzz receives the bill for Kevin's stay and shows it to Peter who calls out, \"Kevin! You spent $967 on room service?!\" prompting Kevin to run back to the hotel. Numerous based on \"Home Alone 2\" were released by THQ for such systems as the Sega Genesis, the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Super",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "12760414",
"text": "pop culture, and was notorious for being extremely popular among lower class parents during the end of 1980s to 2000s. The name peaked markedly in the early 1990s, reaching first rank in France during 1989–1994, during 1991–1992 in Switzerland and in 1991 in Germany. The 1991 peak in German-speaking Europe is due to the Christmas comedy film \"Home Alone\", marketed as \"Kevin – Allein zu Haus\" in German (named for protagonist \"Kevin McCallister\", played by 10-year-old Macaulay Culkin). Especially in Germany, the name became associated with low social status, an attitude popularised in German journalism based on a 2009 master",
"title": "Kevin"
},
{
"id": "1841879",
"text": "plaza. In \"Home Alone\", Kate McCallister travels through Dallas/Fort Worth from Paris on her way to Chicago. In The Mountain Goats' song \"Color in Your Cheeks\", Dallas/Fort Worth is mentioned as the landing place of a woman from Taipei, the first of the song's many unnamed protagonists who seek refuge in Texas. However, DFW is not, as the album title suggests, in West Texas. In David Bazan's song \"Won't Let Go\", Dallas/Fort Worth is mentioned as his landing place. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex area in the",
"title": "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport"
},
{
"id": "1702292",
"text": "flight back to the United States, only to get as far as Scranton, Pennsylvania. She attempts to book a flight to Chicago but again, everything is booked. Unable to accept this, Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski—the lead member of a traveling polka band—who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago on their way to Milwaukee in a moving van, which she graciously accepts. Meanwhile, Harry and Marv realize that Kevin is alone, and on Christmas Eve, Kevin overhears them discussing plans to break into his house that night. Kevin starts to miss his family and asks the",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "9332544",
"text": "the National Touring Company of \"Annie\", appearing in 487 performances. While pursuing her high school diploma at the Chicago Academy for the Arts, Moses co-starred in the 1990 feature film \"Home Alone\" and its 1992 sequel, \"\", as a cousin of Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin). After graduation at age sixteen, Moses moved to California to attend University of Southern California's School of Theatre. Moses has appeared in the feature films \"Choose Connor\", \"Can't Hardly Wait\", \"D.C. Cab\", \"Scream Queen\", \"The Kiss\" and \"Tequila Body Shots\". Her television credits include \"Strong Medicine\", \"The Education of Max Bickford\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"The",
"title": "Senta Moses"
},
{
"id": "8366023",
"text": "be in the suite with the Christmas tree and free gifts in the first place, and allows Kevin to open up the first present as a sign of reconciliation. During the festivities, Kevin runs out to give the pigeon lady a turtle dove to reaffirm his promise. Once Buzz receives the room service bill from Kevin's stay, he shows it to Peter, who yells about the charge of $967. Kevin runs back to the hotel, and the film ends. At the McCallisters' house, Peter (Jason Beghe) is about to get divorced from Kate (Clare Carey) and announces that he's living",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "1702294",
"text": "police and flees, luring the duo into a neighboring home which they previously broke into. Harry and Marv subdue him, but Marley sneaks in and knocks them unconscious with his shovel before they can harm Kevin. The police arrive and arrest Harry and Marv, having identified all the houses they broke into due to the latter's habit of flooding them. On Christmas Day, Kevin is disappointed to find that his family is still gone, and discovers that Santa did not make it due to the untouched state of his cookies and milk. He then hears Kate enter the house and",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "9246344",
"text": "later appear in Rankin/Bass's 1979 sequel \"Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July\". The song was also used in the 1990 film \"Home Alone\" during a scene when Kevin McCallister pretends that there is a holiday party taking place in his house, and discourages the burglars from robbing it. Although Decca released the single in both 1958 and again in 1959, it did not sell well until Lee became a popular star in 1960. That Christmas holiday season, Lee's \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" peaked at No. 14 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart. It continued to sell well",
"title": "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
},
{
"id": "2014129",
"text": "but Kevin takes the wrong plane and ends up in New York City. He tries to make do with what he has, such as using his father's credit card to stay at the Plaza Hotel, but is soon confronted by the Wet Bandits and must outrun and out-prank them again. The film was shot in Winnetka, Illinois; O'Hare International Airport in Chicago; Evanston, Illinois; and New York City. The film became the second most financially successful film of 1992, earning over $173 million in revenue in the United States and $359 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million. The",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "8366014",
"text": "is sorry, and Kevin smiles at her and runs into her arms. Shortly afterward, the rest of the McCallisters, having traveled directly to Chicago from Paris, arrive. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv. Kevin and Buzz have a moment of reconciliation. He then goes over to the window, looks out and sees Marley reunited with his son and his family. After the two wave to each other and Marley goes back to his house with his family, Buzz yells about the mess Kevin made earlier in the film, and he flees to another part of the",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "12128751",
"text": "was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Remake or Sequel, eventually losing the award to \"\". The fourth installment was directed by Rod Daniel and premiered as a television film on ABC on November 3, 2002. This film returns to the original's main character, Kevin (played by Mike Weinberg), and one of the two Sticky Bandits, Marv (played by French Stewart). Kevin's parents have separated, and he lives with his mother. He decides to go spend Christmas with his father and his rich girlfriend, Natalie, but finds himself having to deal with his old nemesis Marv, and his",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "8366013",
"text": "and knocks them out with his snow shovel and takes Kevin home. Shortly after Kevin is safely returned home, Harry and Marv are arrested. As the car drives away, Harry turns his head and gives Kevin a stern look while Kevin replies with a mocking smile and waves at him. Kevin wakes up the next morning and is disappointed to see that his family is still gone. While upstairs looking at a family portrait, Kevin hears Kate come into the house, calling for him. He goes downstairs and the two of them meet across the hall. Kate tells Kevin she",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "4590823",
"text": "FX series \"Fargo\". He currently plays Roman Roy in the HBO series \"Succession\". Culkin was born in New York City, to Patricia Brentrup and Kit Culkin, a former stage actor with a long career on Broadway. He has seven siblings—Christian, Dakota, Macaulay, Jennifer, Rory, Shane, and Quinn—all of whom were raised as performers. In 1994, Culkin's parents separated and he has been estranged from his father ever since. His sister Dakota (born 1979), died in a car accident in 2008. Culkin's first film role was a small part alongside his brother, Macaulay, in \"Home Alone\" as cousin Fuller McCallister. He",
"title": "Kieran Culkin"
},
{
"id": "8366024",
"text": "with his new and rich girlfriend Natalie (Joanna Going) at her mansion. He tells his three children Buzz (Gideon Jacobs), Megan (Chelsea Russo), and Kevin (Mike Weinberg) that they are hosting the visit of a royal family and invites everyone to spend Christmas with him and Natalie. After initially refusing, Kevin takes his father up on his offer after being bullied by Buzz. Kevin enjoys his time at Natalie's mansion with his new bedroom, latest gadgets and his life. The next morning, Natalie and Peter go out for a bit while Kevin stays at the mansion with Natalie's butler Mr.",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "2014145",
"text": "\"Home Alone 2\" was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1992 to coincide with the film. It has an ISBN of 0-590-45717-9. An audiobook version was also released read by Tim Curry (who played the concierge in the film). As in the novelization of the first film the McCallisters live in Oak Park, Illinois and the crooks are named as Harry Lime and Marv Merchants. In the beginning of the novelization, a prologue, which ends up being Marv's nightmare in prison, he and Harry sneak away from the cops and return to Kevin's house to seek revenge",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "10247045",
"text": "Anna Slotky Anna R. Slotky (born June 30, 1981) is an American attorney and former actress. She is perhaps best known for her role as Ruth Ann in the television sitcom \"The Torkelsons\". She also had a recurring role as Denise on \"Sister, Sister\" and guest starred in \"3rd Rock from the Sun, Doctor, Doctor\" and \"Step by Step\" and played Brooke, one of the McCallister children in \"Home Alone\" (1990) and its 1992 sequel \"\". Her last acting credit was a guest appearance on the Fox series \"Get Real\" in 2000. Slotky completed her undergraduate studies at Occidental College",
"title": "Anna Slotky"
},
{
"id": "14141378",
"text": "Anything to Survive Anything to Survive, also called Almost Too Late, is a 1990 American disaster survival film directed by Zale Dalen and starring Robert Conrad, Matt LeBlanc and Emily Perkins. It is loosely based on the true story of the Wortman family of British Columbia. The Barton family; siblings Wendy, Krista and Billy and their father Eddie become stranded on a beach while sailing from Prince Rupert to their home in Ketchikan, Alaska. The plot concerns the family going to extreme lengths to survive after they get stranded on an island in a storm and lose their boat. Billy",
"title": "Anything to Survive"
},
{
"id": "1702313",
"text": "ABC Family's 25 Days of Christmas programming event. In December 2015, Culkin reprised his role as an adult Kevin McCallister in the inaugural episode of the Jack Dishel web series, \"DRYVRS\", where a visibly disturbed Kevin recounts his experience of being left home alone by his family. In response to Culkin's video, Daniel Stern appeared in a short video reprising his role as Marv, released in conjunction with Stern's Reddit AMA, where he pleads for Harry to return to help protect him against Kevin's cunning traps. On December 15 of 2018, Culkin made a guest appearance as himself in Episode",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "8366009",
"text": "gangster film, and eating a large amount of junk food. However, Kevin finds himself scared by the appearance of an officer of the Chicago Police Department called by his parents to check on Kevin via payphone from Paris after Kate figures out that they left him at home by accident, his next door neighbor \"Old Man\" Marley, who was rumored to have murdered his family in 1958 and in the progressing years, and the appearance of The Wet Bandits, Harry Lyme and Marv Merchants, who are breaking into other vacant houses along the block and are aware of which houses",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "1702310",
"text": "never learn to do anything else\". Macaulay Culkin won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, one for Best Original Score, which was written by John Williams, and the other for Best Original Song for \"Somewhere in My Memory\", music by Williams and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. 1989 French film \"3615 code Père Noël\", which is about a young boy who is home alone with his elderly grandfather and has to fend off a home invader dressed up as Santa Claus, has been noted for its",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "20087550",
"text": "Maranatha Christian University with a bachelor's degree in interior design and works as a model and interior designer. She has done ramp and print modeling. She has one younger brother named Audi. Her parents prepared the name \"Kevin\" because they expected to have a baby boy. However, they kept the name and gave it to her. Her name was inspired by the main character of a 1990 Christmas comedy film, \"Home Alone\" which is her parents' favorite film. Lilliana won Puteri Indonesia 2017, representing the province of West Java. During finals night, she placed 1st Runner-Up, and won the title",
"title": "Kevin Liliana"
},
{
"id": "12128757",
"text": "in order to fill up an empty Pain Meter; when he does so, he will have saved that particular house and cause the Bandits to retreat. During this time, however, another meter will be filled depending on how much the Bandits have stolen, and if Kevin is unsuccessful in stopping them (thereby filling that particular meter), the house will become “frozen” and he will be unable to reenter the house again. If all the houses end up frozen, the game is over. Kevin starts with a simple BB gun, but he also finds different items he can combine to make",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1186742",
"text": "claim that he did not work on the creation of the four-hour cut at all. Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner. It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake that tells the story of Union Army lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner) who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and of his dealings with a group of Lakota Indians. Costner developed the film with an initial budget of $15 million. \"Dances with Wolves\" had high",
"title": "Dances with Wolves"
},
{
"id": "12128749",
"text": "begins his usual antics, but when he discovers that the burglars he previously encountered are on the loose again he stops them from robbing an elderly man's toy store before Christmas. \"Home Alone 3\" does not center on Kevin, but instead on Alex Pruitt, a young boy who is left home alone with chickenpox but soon recovers. At the same time, four burglars working for a North Korean terrorist group are sent by their boss to retrieve a top-secret microchip that can act as a cloaking device for a missile. They succeed in retrieving it and hide it in a",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "8366035",
"text": "Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture for his role as Kevin McCallister. Kevin McCallister appears in one of the series of the online series \"DRYVRS\", and tells about his experience of the child, forgotten at home by his parents. In response to the video of that online series, on the site \" Reddit \", robber Marv, pondered his partner Harry and promises to return to help him defend himself against Kevin’s insidious traps. Kevin McCallister Kevin McCallister is the main protagonist of the films \"Home Alone\", \"\", and \"\" in the \"Home Alone\" franchise. Kevin is played by",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "12128762",
"text": "uncle's three-story Townhouse. This time Kevin has to avoid Harry and Marv, and sets up several booby-traps to keep the Sticky Bandits (Marv changes their name in the film) at bay. While doing so, Kevin must also find keys that will allow him to escape to the next floor, and ultimately the Rooftop. Once he's on the roof, Kevin escapes to the streets of New York with the Bandits hot on his tail, until he reaches the giant Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree. It's here where he gets help from the Pigeon Lady to defeat Harry and Marv, have them sent",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "4388464",
"text": "for over $5,000. Cars can be identified by the name Galoob on the undercarriage. Micro Machines were featured in the 1990 Christmas movie \"Home Alone\", starring Macaulay Culkin. In the movie, Culkin's character sets dozens of Micro Machines at the bottom of a flight of stairs as a hazard for a pair of bungling burglars. This trap was also featured in the Sega Genesis game, though it's referred to generically as \"Toys\". The Micro Machines brand was revived for a few years in response to the popularity of the similar Speedeez brand. Hasbro also opted to use many fantasy castings",
"title": "Micro Machines"
},
{
"id": "8366029",
"text": "Vera. Then they chase Kevin who continually runs into the guests while trying to escape, accidentally causing a riot and ruins the party. Peter is angered at this event and sends Kevin to his room, still refusing to believe him about the break-in and believes that Kevin is trying to sabotage his relationship with Natalie. Since no one believes him about the heist, Kevin decides to deal with matters himself, and sets booby traps for Marv and Vera. The next morning Peter and Natalie go get the royals and Kevin is left back at the house. Marv and Vera wake",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "1958998",
"text": "one of the best-remembered scenes in the film after the Vincent character contemptuously tells him to \"go home and get your [shoe] shine box.\" Pesci received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the role, which he accepted with one of the shortest speeches in Oscar history, saying simply, \"It's my privilege. Thank you\" before leaving the stage. Pesci also co-starred in the blockbuster \"Home Alone\" in 1990, playing Harry Lime, one of two bumbling burglars (along with good friend Daniel Stern) who attempt to burgle the house of the young character played by Macaulay Culkin. During filming of",
"title": "Joe Pesci"
},
{
"id": "10592394",
"text": "with Fran Brill and Alyssa Milano in \"Old Enough\" (1984). He had a minor role in Cocktail before portraying his most notable character as Uncle Frank McCallister in \"Home Alone\" and \"\" in 1990 and 1992 respectively. Also in 1992 Bamman appeared briefly as Kevin Costner's former colleague Ray Court in the box office smash The Bodyguard. Bamman appeared as defense attorney Stan Gillum in several episodes of \"Law & Order\" and \"Law & Order SVU\". Bamman was also in the first season episode \"The Blue Wall\" playing Lt. Kennedy of Internal Affairs. Bamman co-starred in \"Runaway Jury\" as the",
"title": "Gerry Bamman"
},
{
"id": "9435035",
"text": "and/or weapons. Each version of the game is an example of the trap-em-up genre, which also includes games like \"Heiankyo Alien\", \"Space Panic\", and \"Lode Runner\". In the Super NES version, the goal is to evade the Wet Bandits while bringing all the McCallister's fortunes from the house down to the safe room in the basement. Once all items have been sent down the chute to the basement, Kevin must make it past rats, bats, and ghosts he encounters in the basement, then fight a boss so he can make it to the safe room to lock away all of",
"title": "Home Alone (video game)"
},
{
"id": "9209598",
"text": "Talkboy The Talkboy is a portable variable-speed cassette player and recorder manufactured by Tiger Electronics (now owned by Hasbro) in the early 1990s. It was originally conceived as a non-working prop for the 1992 movie \"\", used by the main character Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin). A fully working retail version based on specifications provided by John Hughes and the movie studio was available at Toys \"R\" Us on November 20, 1992, the day \"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\" was released nationwide in the United States.The original Talkboy model released for the 1992 holiday shopping season came in \"Home",
"title": "Talkboy"
},
{
"id": "8366017",
"text": "so, he takes notice of an eerie-looking woman tending to pigeons in Central Park. He then makes up a story to check in to the Plaza Hotel using Peter's credit card. The following morning, Kevin tours New York in a limo and visits a large toy store called Duncan's Toy Chest, where he meets the philanthropic owner, Mr. Duncan. Kevin discovers the proceeds from Christmas sales will be donated to a children's hospital. After donating some money, Mr. Duncan allows Kevin to take a pair of ceramic turtle doves as a gift, instructing him to give one to another person",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "2881262",
"text": "Network and the Fateful Vision of the Angriest Man in Movies\" by David Itzkoff, the cast of the Oscar-winning film \"Network\" originally included Blossom as media mogul Arthur Jensen, but he was replaced in pre-production by Ned Beatty. Blossom is also known for starring in the 1983 horror film \"Christine\", a film directed by John Carpenter which is an adaptation of the book by Stephen King. He is best known for his role in the 1990 film \"Home Alone\", in which he played Old Man Marley alongside Macaulay Culkin. He appeared in his final film role in 1995 alongside Sharon",
"title": "Roberts Blossom"
},
{
"id": "9362129",
"text": "Devin Ratray Devin D. Ratray (born January 11, 1977) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He is most famous for his role as Buzz McCallister in \"Home Alone\" and \"\", but has achieved more recent fame in such films as \"Nebraska\" and \"Blue Ruin\". Ratray was born in New York City, the son of Ann Willis and Peter Ratray, both actors. He started acting at the age of nine years in the movie \"Where Are the Children?\" (1986). He starred as a youth in various other programs and movies until his acting pinnacle in 1990 as Buzz McCallister, the",
"title": "Devin Ratray"
},
{
"id": "12128754",
"text": "all the McCallister's fortunes from the house down to the safe room in the basement. Once all items have been sent down the chute to the basement Kevin must make it past rats, bats, and ghosts he encounters in the basement, then fight the spider king so he can make it to the safe room to lock away all his families riches. In the \"Home Alone\" game for the PC, the player must set up traps to hurt the Wet Bandits. In the \"Home Alone\" title for the NES, the player must avoid being caught by the Wet Bandits for",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "18881946",
"text": "would later become best known for the \"Home Alone\" series of the early 1990s. The latter film helped a revival in comedies aimed at a family audience, along with \"Honey, I Shrunk the Kids\" and its sequels. One of the major developments of the 1990s was the re-emergence of the romantic comedy film, encouraged by the success of \"When Harry Met Sally...\" in 1989. Other examples included \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993), \"Clueless\" (1995) and \"You've Got Mail\" (1998). Spoofs remained popular as well, especially with the \"Scary Movie\" franchise and \"Not Another Teen Movie\". There were also \"stoner\" comedies, which",
"title": "American comedy films"
},
{
"id": "8366032",
"text": "by Kevin's electric aircraft making him fall and rumble down the stairs. Marv and Vera are then tricked by Kevin with a secret wall switch, end up swinging from a chandelier, and they fall and are knocked unconscious. Molly, having escaped, grabs Kevin but Mr. Prescott knocks her out with a serving tray. Then, he and Kevin call the police. As Peter, Kate, Buzz, and Megan arrive, Kevin, with Buzz and Megan's help, chases Marv and Vera out of the house and trips them up. Peter apologizes to Kevin for not believing him. The royal family and Natalie arrive and",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "12824382",
"text": "delighted that Blakey is now gone, set their sights on two new female guests, and borrow the bus for an evening trip to the beach. However, the pair panic when the bus sinks into wet sand and cannot be moved, leading them to decide to wait until morning to try moving it again, a decision that leads to the bus being submerged by the incoming tide, and the pair being promptly sacked for their actions. Left on the dole again, Stan and Jack return to the labour exchange for new jobs, only to find that Blakey, to their horror, is",
"title": "Holiday on the Buses"
},
{
"id": "1685507",
"text": "called BunnyEars.com. In an advertisement for the Google Assistant published on December 19, 2018, Culkin reprised his \"Home Alone\" role as Kevin McCallister after 28 years. It recreated scenes from the movie where McCallister shaved his face, jumped on the bed, and decorated the Christmas tree all while asking the assistant to set reminders for him. The advertisement quickly went viral. On September 17, 2004, Culkin was arrested in Oklahoma City for the possession of of marijuana and two controlled substances, of Alprazolam and of Clonazepam, for which he was briefly jailed, then released on a $4,000 bail. After being",
"title": "Macaulay Culkin"
},
{
"id": "1702293",
"text": "local mall Santa if he could bring his family back for Christmas. He goes to church and watches a choir perform and meets Old Man Marley, who dispels the rumors about him. He points out his granddaughter in the choir, whom he never gets to meet as he and his son are estranged; Kevin suggests that he should reconcile with his son. Kevin returns home and rigs the house with booby traps to take on the bandits. Harry and Marv break in, spring the traps and suffer various injuries. While the duo pursues Kevin around the house, he calls the",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "2014132",
"text": "meets a homeless woman tending to pigeons at Central Park, which frightens him. Kevin goes to the Plaza Hotel, where he uses Peter's credit card to check in. Meanwhile, the \"Wet Bandits\", Harry and Marv, have traveled to New York City after escaping during a prison riot and now call themselves the \"Sticky Bandits\". On Christmas Eve, Kevin visits a toy store where he meets its philanthropic owner, Mr. E.F. Duncan. Kevin learns that the proceeds from the store's Christmas sales will be donated to a children's hospital, and provides a donation. As a token of appreciation, Mr. Duncan offers",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "8366021",
"text": "the break-in and photographs Harry and Marv before setting off the burglar alarm by throwing a brick tied with a note to Mr. Duncan through the window. The bandits chase Kevin and spring every trap in the house. Afterwards, Kevin calls the New York Police Department from a phone booth. The bandits trap Kevin when he slips on a patch of ice and they take him to Central Park. But before they can shoot him, the pigeon lady uses birdseed for the pigeons to attack the bandits while Kevin escapes and sets off fireworks he had bought earlier to signal",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "2014134",
"text": "that Kevin is missing. After tracking the whereabouts of the credit card, they fly to New York. Meanwhile, Kevin goes to his uncle Rob's townhouse, only to find the house vacant and undergoing renovations while Rob and his family are still in Paris. At Central Park, he encounters and befriends the pigeon lady. They go to Carnegie Hall, where the pigeon lady explains how her life collapsed when her lover left her. Kevin encourages her to trust people again, and promises to be her friend. Kevin confides in her that he's misbehaved and that he doesn't deserve Christmas. She suggests",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "980733",
"text": "Off\" (1986), the romantic comedy-drama \"Pretty in Pink\" (1986), the romance \"Some Kind of Wonderful\" (1987), the comedies \"Planes, Trains and Automobiles\" (1987), \"She's Having a Baby\" (1988), \"Uncle Buck\" (1989), \"Dutch\" (1991), the slapstick comedy \"Baby's Day Out\" (1994), the family comedy film franchise \"Beethoven\" (co-written under a pseudonym with Amy Holden-Jones) and the Christmas family slapstick comedy \"Home Alone\" (1990) and its sequels \"\" (1992) and \"Home Alone 3\" (1997). Most of Hughes' work have been set in the Chicago metropolitan area. He is best known for his coming-of-age teen comedies which often combined magic realism with honest",
"title": "John Hughes (filmmaker)"
},
{
"id": "6584463",
"text": "of Dutch heritage. The movie's title refers to the discovery and rescue by Harry and Davy of the neighbor's baby briefly left unattended on a beach and their decision to hide and care for it themselves rather than risk their grandfather's harsh and unmerciful reaction to it. The 1990 film received broad international distribution and has been nominated for numerous awards, winning the prestigious Banff World Media Rockie Award. The Little Kidnappers (1990 film) The Little Kidnappers is a 1990 Canadian/American television film made by Testar Productions, Margellos-Resnick and Jones 21st Century for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the Disney",
"title": "The Little Kidnappers (1990 film)"
},
{
"id": "6175267",
"text": "realises he is, and visits him. However, they argue, as Carol believes that he isn't as ill as he is making out. Carol leaves the hospital. David discharges himself the next day, and visits Carol at home. Despite their attempts to save their relationship, both concede that they cannot work. After sharing one last dance together, David agrees to move out and also to return to hospital. However, he changes his mind at the last minute and asks his driver to take him to Heathrow Airport alone. It is later revealed that David is living in the United States. It",
"title": "David Wicks"
},
{
"id": "12128753",
"text": "Malcolm McDowell, Debi Mazar and Eddie Steeples. The story centers on the Baxter family's relocation from California to Maine, where Finn becomes convinced that his new house is haunted. When his parents become stranded across town, Finn sets traps to catch his new home's ghosts, but instead proves troublesome for a group of three thieves (McDowell, Mazar, and Steeples). \"Home Alone\" was released in 1991 on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear, Amiga, MS-DOS, Nintendo Entertainment System, and Game Boy. The purpose of the game is to escape the Wet Bandits while bringing",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "16623594",
"text": "live-action family films such as \"Back to the Future Part III\" (1990), which brought the Back to the Future franchise into this decade, \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" (1990), \"Home Alone\" (1990) and its sequel \"\" (1992), \"Hook\" (1991), \"Alan & Naomi\" (1992), \"Jurassic Park\" (1993), Steve Zaillian's, \"Searching for Bobby Fischer\" (1993), \"Super Mario Bros (film)\" (1993), \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (1993), \"The Flintstones (film)\" (1994), \"Baby's Day Out\" (1994), \"Babe\" (1995), \"Jumanji\" (1995), \"101 Dalmatians\" (1996), \"Fly Away Home\" (1996), \"Vegas Vacation\" (1997), and \"October Sky\" (1999). Family films of the 2000s include: \"Dinosaur\" (2000), \"The Grinch\" (2000), \"Monsters, Inc.\" (2001),",
"title": "Children's film"
},
{
"id": "6573544",
"text": "episode needed more humor. The episode's title is a play on the 1990 film \"Home Alone\"; David Stern's brother Daniel had starred in the movie as one of the main antagonists. The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland. The scene at the train station where Marge leaves for Rancho Relaxo includes a brief cameo appearance of a character modeled after \"Simpsons\" director Jim Reardon. Reardon dislikes flying, and took trains whenever possible, so the animators always tried to include him in scenes at a train station. Susie Dietter served as assistant director for the episode and animated several of the",
"title": "Homer Alone"
},
{
"id": "13900560",
"text": "passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip. In \"The Little Mermaid\", King Triton lives in a castle of gold, along with his daughters. The castle is displayed in the artwork for the cover for the Classics VHS cassette when the film was first released on home video in 1990. Close examination of the cover artwork, as well as the poster for the film, shows an oddly shaped structure on the castle, closely resembling a penis. Disney and the cover designer insist it was an accident, resulting from a late night rush job to finish the",
"title": "Criticism of The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "2014133",
"text": "Kevin a pair of ceramic turtledoves as a gift, instructing him to give one to another person as a sign of eternal friendship. After a run-in with Harry and Marv, Kevin rushes back to the Plaza. The hotel's concierge, Mr. Hector, confronts Kevin about the credit card, which has been reported stolen. Kevin flees the hotel after evading Mr. Hector, but he is eventually caught by Harry and Marv. They brag about their plan to break into the toy store at midnight, just before Kevin manages to escape. After landing at Miami International Airport, the rest of the family discovers",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "17919207",
"text": "useless. After stumbling across Sinclair, he overhears the trio discuss plans to break into his house. Rushing home, Finn tells his online video game friend and young college student, Simon (Bill Turnbull) about the situation, but Simon is initially oblivious. Finn sets up numerous booby traps around the house, including ice on the patio (a trap from the original film), a snow blower blowing marbles in the garage, a carton full of tar, a coal-filled stocking, some nasty-tasting gingerbread cookies, and cotton balls and flour flying out of the sink. The thieves are forced to go through the booby traps,",
"title": "Home Alone: The Holiday Heist"
},
{
"id": "1702308",
"text": "of \"The Washington Post\" praised the film for its comedic approach. Hal Hinson, also of \"The Washington Post\", praised Chris Columbus's direction and Culkin's acting. Although Caryn James of \"The New York Times\" complained that the film's first half is \"flat and unsurprising as its cute little premise suggests\", she praised the second half for its slapstick humor. She also praised the conversation between Kevin and Marley, as well as the film's final scenes. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film a out of 4-star rating and 2 thumbs up . He compared the elaborate booby-traps in the",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "2014138",
"text": "Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy and personal computers, mostly in late 1992. A separate hand-held game was released by Tiger Electronics. Numerous board games were also released, some based around play cards, while another was a close emulation of the classic Mouse Trap. The Talkboy cassette recorder was produced as a tie-in for the movie by Tiger Electronics based on specifications provided by John Hughes and the movie studio, and sold particularly well after the film was released on home video. American Airlines again had product placement in the film with the McCallisters making their trip on the airline's two",
"title": "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York"
},
{
"id": "1702311",
"text": "plot similarities to \"Home Alone\". \"3615 code Père Noël\" director René Manzor threatened the makers of \"Home Alone\" with legal action on the grounds of plagiarism, alleging that \"Home Alone\" was a remake of his film. \"3615 code Père Noël\" was not released in the United States during its original theatrical run in January 1990 and didn't become widely available there until 2018. The film was followed by a commercially successful sequel in 1992, \"\", which brings back the first film's cast. The film within a film, \"Angels with Filthy Souls\", had a sequel in \"Home Alone 2\", \"Angels with",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "9108478",
"text": "as the children try to initiate a society after crash-landing on an uncharted island, but things go awry. The film was released on March 16, 1990 by Columbia Pictures, with film rights now belonging to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Upon and since its release, the film has received mixed reviews, generally more negative than its 1963 counterpart. Most critics praise the film's scenery but center upon the film's deviations from the novel as a central flaw. However, the movie grossed $14 million and has acquired a cult following. An aircraft carrying 24 young American military school cadets returning home crash lands into the",
"title": "Lord of the Flies (1990 film)"
},
{
"id": "8366020",
"text": "caught while attempting to escape. After she frees him, they watch a local orchestra perform in a loft above Carnegie Hall which is a musical instruments storage room. Kevin learns how her life has fallen apart and how she dealt with it by taking care of the pigeons in the park and he promises to be her friend. Kevin walks by the children's hospital that Mr. Duncan was planning to donate his proceeds to. Recalling Harry and Marv's plans to rob the store, Kevin returns to Rob's house to prepare a series of booby-traps. Kevin arrives at the store during",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "8366018",
"text": "as a sign of eternal friendship. After leaving the toy store, Harry Lyme and Marv Merchants, now called the \"Sticky Bandits\" according to Marv, spot Kevin and confront him. Harry and Marv have escaped from prison in Chicago during a riot and plan to rob Duncan's Toy Chest. They chase Kevin through the streets and he escapes them by dropping pearls on the ground, which Harry and Marv slip and fall on. Kevin attempts to retreat into his hotel room, but Mr. Hector, the hotel concierge, confronts Kevin about the credit card, which came up as being stolen. Kevin flees,",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
},
{
"id": "9233784",
"text": "Alpine pass before a blizzard. Father and son are separated from Meryem. Will anyone reach the land of promise? Journey of Hope (film) Journey of Hope (; ) is a 1990 film directed by Xavier Koller. It tells the story of a Turkish Alevi family trying to illegally emigrate to Switzerland, a country they know only from a postcard. The film is a co-production between companies in Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The film won the 1990 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The film was submitted to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Los Angeles,",
"title": "Journey of Hope (film)"
},
{
"id": "5188105",
"text": "Wrigley in the television show \"The Adventures of Pete & Pete\" on Nickelodeon, as well as the character of Jeff McCallister in the movie \"Home Alone\" and its sequel, \"\". He also portrayed a teenage killer in an episode of \"Law & Order\". In the 2000s, Maronna appeared in the movies \"Slackers\" and \"40 Days and 40 Nights\". Maronna was in a widely seen series of 1999 ads for the web brokerage Ameritrade, as Stuart, a slacker employee of a clueless boss whom he helps get on the internet with over-the-top zealousness. Maronna reprised the role in a comedy reel",
"title": "Michael C. Maronna"
},
{
"id": "20943029",
"text": "Herself In Fridge, Tries To Pick Her Phone, Trying To Jump Over Balcony. In The Climax Scene Gaurav Comes Home And Finds His Wife Dead And Pihu In Her Dollhouse Stupefied. Director Vinod Kapri said that the idea behind making the film was the question of \"what does a toddler do when she is left alone at home?\" He also based it on a real life incident that he read in 2014 in a national daily about a four-year-old girl who was left alone at home. He decided to have minimal dialogues in the film, wanted the story to depend",
"title": "Pihu (film)"
},
{
"id": "12128750",
"text": "remote controlled car, but due to a luggage mix-up at the airport with the Pruitts' neighbor Mrs. Hess, the car lands in the hands of Alex who is given the car for shoveling the snow in her driveway. The burglars begin systematically searching every house on his street. Once they realize he has the chip, they prepare to invade his house. He devises elaborate traps and bamboozles the four crooks with the help of his pet rat, his brother's pet parrot and some intricate tripwires, all the while monitoring them with a video camera on the race car. The film",
"title": "Home Alone (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "5293749",
"text": "his long lost love, who is voiced by Jane Leeves. Mr. Burns withdraws a $1000 bill from an ATM, but he drops it and an updraft carries it away to the Simpsons' house, where it is found by Bart and Milhouse. Marge makes Bart and Homer put up fliers so that the person who lost the bill can reclaim it. No one can describe it correctly so Lisa suggests that they spend the money on a vacation, but they decide against this because Homer always manages to ruin any trip they go on. After realizing he can make money from",
"title": "The Regina Monologues"
},
{
"id": "12090783",
"text": "Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors Hari Puttar is a 2008 Indian family drama film directed by Lucky Kohli and Rajesh Bajaj. The film features Sarika, Zain Khan, Swini Khara, Saurabh Shukla, Vijay Raaz, Jackie Shroff and Lilette Dubey in lead roles. It released on 26 September 2008. The film is a loose remake of the 1990 classic, \"Home Alone\". The film revolves around a ten-year-old boy, Hari Prasad Dhoonda (nicknamed Hari Puttar), who has recently moved from India to the United Kingdom. Left home alone with his cousin Tuk Tuk (Swini Khara) when his parents go on vacation, Hari",
"title": "Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors"
},
{
"id": "6842797",
"text": "He instead went to O'Hare airport and boarded a one-way flight to London, England. When some of the people on board the plane disappeared, leaving only their clothes, Judd realized that what he heard all the time in church was true — Jesus had come back and he had been left behind. He met Bruce Barnes, the visitation pastor, and the only member of the staff left behind. He also met Vicki Byrne, Lionel Washington, and Ryan Daley. The four kids form the Young Tribulation Force. He allowed Vicki, Ryan, and Lionel to stay at his house until they were",
"title": "Left Behind: The Kids"
},
{
"id": "1702303",
"text": "the final score. Christmas songs, such as \"O Holy Night\" and \"Carol of the Bells\", are featured prominently in the film, as well as the film's theme song \"Somewhere in My Memory\". The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical in cassette on December 4, 1990 and in CD on May 27, 2015. \"Home Alone\" grossed $285.8 million in the United States and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $476.7 million, against a production budget of $18 million. In its opening weekend, \"Home Alone\" grossed $17 million from 1,202 theaters, averaging $14,211 per site and",
"title": "Home Alone"
},
{
"id": "19789003",
"text": "that this is his Ivory Tower. However, after a few promising pages into his novel, M. experiences a severe case of writer's block. He tries several classic home remedies: a good bottle of Whiskey and a cigar, \"Kneipp\" style water treading in an ice-cold creek and balancing an egg on his head while standing on a steep ladder — unfortunately, all to no avail. To make matters worse: He is far from alone in his retreat. First, he runs into a whacky birdwatcher; second, he discovers a domesticated rabbit that has been abandoned in the wild; and third, there is",
"title": "The Ivory Tower (1993 film)"
},
{
"id": "8366034",
"text": "Jeff, and two older sisters, Linnie and Megan. Kevin has lots of relatives. Kevin has two aunts; Leslie and Georgette. He has two uncles; Frank and Rob. He has six cousins; through Frank and Leslie he had five: Rod, Tracy, Sondra, Brooke, and Fuller, who wears glasses and is famous for drinking soda (such as Pepsi or Coca-Cola) and wetting the bed. Through Rob and Georgette, Heather is Kevin's cousin, as well as three unnamed children who were seen only briefly in the first film. At the 12th Youth in Film Awards, Macaulay Culkin won a Young Artist Award for",
"title": "Kevin McCallister"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Home Alone context: Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, an 8-year-old boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation. Kevin initially relishes being home alone, but soon has to contend with two burglars, played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern. The film also features John Heard and Catherine O'Hara as Kevin's parents. Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy, and the film was\n\nIn the classic 1990 movie Home Alone, where is the McCallister family headed on vacation when 8 year old Kevin is mistakenly left behind?",
"compressed_tokens": 201,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Home Alone (franchise) context: older brothers and sister. After events transpire between him and his family, he wishes he had no family when his mother is punishing him for what he feels are unjustified reasons. She warns him to be careful what he wishes for and he ignores it. He wakes up the next day to discover he is the only one left in the house. He thinks his wish came true and that he is finally alone without his obnoxious family. In reality, he was left home by mistake. His family is en route to France for a holiday trip. While his parents\n\ntitle: Kevin McCallister context: with new and rich girlfriend NatalieJoanna Going) at her m He tells his three children Buzz (Gideon Jacobs Meganelsea Russo), Kevin Weinberg) that they are hosting visit of a and invites everyone spend Christmas with him and Natalie After initially refusing Kevin his up on his offer after bullied by Buzz. Kevin enjoys his time Natalie' mansion with his new bedroom latest gadgets and his life. The next morning Natalie and Peter go out for a bit while Kevin stays at the mansion Natalie's butler Mr.\n\ntitle Home Alone context attic of the house punishment where ber that his family would night wind cause damage to the power lines, which a power out res the alarm clock, to overs the confusion and rush get to the airport, Kevin is accidentally left behind. w to find the house and, his wish come is overjo with his newfound However, he soon frightened his next door, Old Man Marley who is rumored to be Homeone: a serial who family; as as the Bandits Harryv, a ofars who have been into other houses in the neighborhoodeds. Kevinicks into his forcing put plansvers mid-ight that Kevin is missing arrival Paris, that all for the next days are and family in brothers city Kate get a: house ending the.ister prepares to spend Christmas in Miami. Kevin McCallister's main problem is the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. During the school Christmas concert, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him during his solo, causing Kevin to retaliate and ruin the show. Though Buzz apologizes to the family and Kevin himself, Kevin refuses to apologize for his actions, and, still angry with the family's decision to go to Miami, he storms up to the third floor bedroom of the house, wishing that he had his own money so he could go on his own vacation\n\nIn the classic 1990 movie Home Alone, where is the McCallister family headed on vacation when 8 year old Kevin is mistakenly left behind?",
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} |
78,770 | What is the concern with Ralphie getting his "official Red Ryder carbine-action 200-shot range model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time in that classic 1983 movie A Christmas Story? | [
"He'll shoot his eye out"
] | He'll shoot his eye out | [
{
"id": "1677517",
"text": "American toy, and is still in production today. It was prominently featured in \"A Christmas Story\", in which Ralphie Parker requests one for Christmas, but is repeatedly rebuffed with the warning \"You'll shoot your eye out\". The movie's fictional BB gun, described as the \"Red Ryder carbine-action, two hundred shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time\", was not a real gun. The Red Ryder featured in the movie was specially made to match author Jean Shepherd's story (which may be artistic license, but was the configuration Shepherd claimed to remember).",
"title": "BB gun"
},
{
"id": "3654543",
"text": "the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year. The film was released on November 18, 1983. It earned two Canadian Genie Awards in 1984 and in 2012 was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". The film is presented in a series of vignettes, with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old. Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle. Ralphie's desire is",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "3654556",
"text": "Victoria School was gutted for renovation, discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick, locating all the original costumes from the film, and tracking down the real-life location of the film's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto. The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today, but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film. The Daisy \"Buck Jones\" model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock, but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model. The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie's BB gun, but on the opposite",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "1900687",
"text": "the author's childhood memories and a boy trying to get a \"Red Ryder Carbine-Action Two-Hundred-Shot Range Model Air Rifle BB gun with a compass in the stock and a thing which tells time\" for Christmas. The film was adapted from the autobiographical fiction of Jean Shepherd, by permission of Red Ryder Enterprises, Inc., which owns the Red Ryder trademarks and copyrights. \"Buckaroo Bugs\" (1944) features Bugs Bunny in the Wild West with \"Red Hot Ryder\" as his nemesis. Red Ryder Red Ryder was a Western comic strip created by Stephen Slesinger and artist Fred Harman which served as the basis",
"title": "Red Ryder"
},
{
"id": "3654544",
"text": "rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: \"You'll shoot your eye out.\" Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphie's father, \"The Old Man,\" directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden. Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted.",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "3654545",
"text": "Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard. However, the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off. While searching for them, thinking he has indeed shot his eye out, Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them. He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses, and she believes him. Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side. The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive. The",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "523932",
"text": "of R. It has an original runtime of 78 minutes, and the unrated \"collector's edition\" release runs 90 minutes. The 1983 film \"A Christmas Story\" featured a deleted scene with Ralphie and his Red Ryder BB gun saving Flash (played by Paul Hubbard) from Ming (played by Colin Fox). None of the footage from the scene survived. In the 2012 comedy \"Ted\", Sam Jones appears in character both as himself and as Flash Gordon. Jones reprised his role for the sequel, \"Ted 2\". Flash Gordon Flash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and",
"title": "Flash Gordon"
},
{
"id": "5706475",
"text": "Jones was also a consultant for Daisy, which issued a Daisy \"Buck Jones\" model pump-action air rifle. Incorporating a compass and a \"sundial\" into the stock, it was one of Daisy's top-end air rifles, and sold well for several years. This led to some confusion decades later with the release of the well-known holiday film \"A Christmas Story\", based on author Jean Shepherd's erroneous recollection that the Daisy Red Ryder BB Gun had a compass and sundial in the stock. The latter gun never did have these at any time during its production, save the two specially made examples for",
"title": "Buck Jones"
},
{
"id": "4580222",
"text": "submission fee. In the 1980 comedy film \"Airplane!\", a nun is seen reading \"Boys' Life,\" while a boy is seen reading \"Nuns' Life\". In the 1999 animated film \"The Iron Giant\", Hogarth Hughes shows the title character his magazine and comic book collection, including an issue of \"Boys' Life\". In the 1983 film \"A Christmas Story\", Ralphie places his copy of \"Boys' Life\" inside his mother's copy of \"Look Magazine\" so she will see an advertisement for a \"Red Ryder\" BB gun printed on the back cover. In the first episode of 1992 animated series \"Fish Police\", starring John Ritter,",
"title": "Boys' Life"
},
{
"id": "16771135",
"text": "movie in place of the late Shepherd. The film takes place in 1946. Ralphie is now fifteen years old, and all he wants is a used 1939 Mercury Eight convertible for Christmas. He tries testing the car out when he sees it on a display ramp, but he accidentally causes the car to roll back out of the used car lot and gently tap a light pole, causing a plastic reindeer on the pole to loosen and fall through the convertible top. Ralphie bands together with Flick and Schwartz to raise enough money to pay the dealer back for fixing",
"title": "A Christmas Story 2"
},
{
"id": "17268423",
"text": "A Christmas Story: The Musical A Christmas Story: The Musical is a musical version of the film \"A Christmas Story\". The musical has music and lyrics written by Pasek & Paul and the book by Joseph Robinette. The musical takes place in the 1940s in Indiana and focuses on a child named Ralphie, who wants a Red Ryder BB Gun for Christmas. After numerous regional productions, out of town tryouts and national tours, this version of the musical originally officially opened on Broadway in November 2012 at the Lunt Fontanne Theatre for a limited engagement that ran through December 2012.",
"title": "A Christmas Story: The Musical"
},
{
"id": "17268432",
"text": "Miss Shields, Chris Diamantopoulos as Ralphie's father, and Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Schwartz, the mother of one of Ralphie's friends. A Christmas Story: The Musical A Christmas Story: The Musical is a musical version of the film \"A Christmas Story\". The musical has music and lyrics written by Pasek & Paul and the book by Joseph Robinette. The musical takes place in the 1940s in Indiana and focuses on a child named Ralphie, who wants a Red Ryder BB Gun for Christmas. After numerous regional productions, out of town tryouts and national tours, this version of the musical originally officially",
"title": "A Christmas Story: The Musical"
},
{
"id": "8639314",
"text": "a foghorn followed by a \"B.O.\" sound created using a Sonovox. It is the bar-soap used in the 1983 movie \"A Christmas Story\" by the main character Ralphie and his family. After his mother washes his mouth out with Lifebuoy for using an obscene word starting with F, Ralphie wishfully dreams that he has been blinded by \"soap poisoning\" and reduced to begging on the street. When his family sees him, they collapse into melodramatic soap opera-like tears and his father cries out, \"I told you not to use Lifebuoy!\" In the film, narrator Jean Shepherd noted his disgust toward",
"title": "Lifebuoy (soap)"
},
{
"id": "20415377",
"text": "Parker and his unrelenting desire to get his hands on a Red Ryder BB gun for Christmas.\" The Parker Family School characters Other Two songs were created exclusively for the live broadcast that were not originally present in the original Broadway production including \"Count on Christmas,\" and \"In the Market for a Miracle.\" In addition, three songs from the Broadway production were cut or reworked. \"Overture\" and \"Parker Family Singalong\" were both cut, while \"Act One Finale\" was reworked as \"Ralphie's Nightmare.\" The song \"Up on Santa's Lap\" was included in the television broadcast, but not included on the Christmas",
"title": "A Christmas Story Live!"
},
{
"id": "5582156",
"text": "flight. In the cramped cockpit, which does not allow direct forward view, the magnetic compass must fit above his head; a young woman (Patricia Smith) offers her compact mirror. \"Slim\" has the mirror stuck to the instrument panel with chewing gum, so he can read the compass. Furtively, Mahoney slips a Saint Christopher medal into a bag of sandwiches on board. As the weather clears, \"The Spirit\" trundles down the muddy runway and barely clears electric lines and treetops. An American newspaper's headline reads: \"Lindy Is Off!\" Every hour, Lindbergh switches fuel tanks to keep the airplane's weight balanced. As",
"title": "The Spirit of St. Louis (film)"
},
{
"id": "8785938",
"text": "popular comic strip \"Red Ryder\". The strip's artistic style evolved from Harman's 1937 comic strip, \"Bronc Peeler\". The two worked on the project for a year before \"Red Ryder\" was launched in 1938. Between 1938 and 1967, the long-run \"Red Ryder\" comic strip was also a long-run comic book, the subject of 12 chapter films, 26 motion pictures and numerous merchandising and promotional tie-ins, including the Red Ryder Daisy Carbine Air Rifle, which holds the longest continuing license in the history of the licensing industry and was depicted in the film \"A Christmas Story\" (1983). In 1937 Slesinger licensed Zane",
"title": "Stephen Slesinger"
},
{
"id": "13518469",
"text": "version, is filled with use of the word 'fuck', and the censored TV version replaces these in their dozens with 'fool'. \"Napoleon Dynamite\", in the film of the same name, which is rated PG, uses minced oaths to a particularly comical effect. In the 1945 war film \"A Walk in the Sun\", the screenplay substitutes \"loving\" for \"fucking\" (the universal American soldier's descriptor). In \"A Christmas Story\", the character Ralphie is punished by his parents for saying \"Oh, fuck,\" although the offensive word is replaced with \"fudge\" in the film. The narrator, an adult version of Ralphie (voiced by Jean",
"title": "Minced oaths in media"
},
{
"id": "11158334",
"text": "the barrel starts moving, but the barrel hits a rock and flies over Sam and under a boulder. The barrel subsequently explodes and sends the boulder flying and ultimately falling on Ralph, who, naturally, attempts to protect himself with a very small umbrella. 4. Next, Ralph purchases a box of \"Two (2) Acme bed-springs\", which he straps to his feet to increase his stride. After a few failed practise attempts, he gets the hang of it and heads off toward the field. As Ralph jumps over Sam, Sam pulls out a very large magnet which he uses to pull the",
"title": "Ready, Woolen and Able"
},
{
"id": "12503382",
"text": "\"True Grit\", 14-year-old Mattie carries a Colt Dragoon. However, possibly due to the Walker's bigger size, a cartridge-converted Colt Walker was used as Mattie's weapon in the 1969 film based on the book, though Wayne's character referred to it as a Colt Dragoon nonetheless. In the 2010 remake of the film by the Coen Brothers, she carries a Dragoon, as originally described in the book Modern replicas chambered in the .45 Black Powder Magnum wildcat cartridge have been offered by the Colt Blackpowder shop, Cimarron Firearms, Armi San Marco, and Uberti Firearms. Colt Walker The Colt Walker, sometimes known as",
"title": "Colt Walker"
},
{
"id": "4337523",
"text": "and the crew is excited to find a small compass which was the toy surprise inside a box of \"Popper Jacks\". Hollis snatches the compass and swallows it. After the crew attempts to make Hollis pass the compass by forcing him to drink prune juice, he manages to escape from the submarine and swim to shore. Later that evening, Ward's neighbor, Angelo Scioli of the Ground Observer Corps, Installs Claude and Herb in the ferris wheel at the Ocean Front Amusement Park where they have volunteered to spot and report enemy aircraft. Herb has brought his ventriloquist's dummy along, much",
"title": "1941 (film)"
},
{
"id": "3654555",
"text": "Ontario, as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home. The \"...only I didn't say fudge\" scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto's port, which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced. In 2008, two Canadian fans released a documentary that visits every location. Their film, \"Road Trip for Ralphie\", was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "2175269",
"text": "can outrun the \"Flying Dutchman\"\". The Freudian overtones continue in the third film when Sparrow and Barbossa battle for captaincy of the \"Black Pearl\", showing off the length of their telescopes, and in a deleted scene, they fight over the steering wheel. Sparrow claims his \"first and only love is the sea,\" and describes his ship as representing freedom. Davy Jones's Locker is represented as a desert, symbolizing his personal hell. Captain Jack Sparrow has become one of the most iconic film characters of all time. When \"Dead Man's Chest\" grossed over worldwide, Ian Nathan attributed this to Sparrow's popularity:",
"title": "Jack Sparrow"
},
{
"id": "13968594",
"text": "who are haunted by the memories of their experiences. Lancasters feature in the 2011 novel \"Dambuster\" by Robert Radcliffe. The Avro Vulcan enjoyed generous screen time in the James Bond film \"Thunderball\" (1965). Parts from two scrapped Vulcan bombers were used to make the set of the spaceship \"Nostromo\" from Ridley Scott's 1979 film \"Alien\". The spaceship HMS \"Camden Lock\" in the 2006-2007 BBC2 comedy series \"Hyperdrive\" bears the serial number \"XH558\". The set and prop designer, model-maker Andrew Glazebrook, stated \"its registration number \"XH558\" is actually that of the Royal Air Force's \"Avro Vulcan\" bomber and was suggested by",
"title": "Aircraft in fiction"
},
{
"id": "11158333",
"text": "it in front of Ralph's path. Ralph steps on the rake causing the rake to smack him in the face. As the sheep jumps away, it lands on Ralph's back, bending him in half. 2. Next, Ralph attempts to use a lever to launch a stick of dynamite into Sam. However, as Ralph jumps on to one end of the lever, the stick of dynamite simply rolls into him. 3. In Ralph's third attempt, he rolls an open barrel of gunpowder down a hill toward Sam, which leaves a trail of powder as it rolls. Ralph lights the trail after",
"title": "Ready, Woolen and Able"
},
{
"id": "9391588",
"text": "A Christmas Story House A Christmas Story House is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio's Tremont neighborhood. The 19th-century Victorian, which was used in the exterior scenes of Ralphie Parker's house in the 1983 film \"A Christmas Story\", was purchased by a private developer in 2004 and has been restored and renovated to appear as it did both inside and outside in the film. The museum is part of a complex of three buildings devoted to the film, and is open to the public year-round. The screenplay for \"A Christmas Story\" is based on material from author Jean Shepherd's collection of",
"title": "A Christmas Story House"
},
{
"id": "19110906",
"text": "\"There's a store of healthiness handy.\" \"Mite-size, always on the go,\" \"If you want to know - \"Arf\", goes Sandy.\" \"Always wears a sunny smile,\" \"Now, wouldn't it be worth a while,\" \"If you could be,\" \"Like Little Orphan Annie?\" Jean Shepherd used the show as the basis for his short story \"The Counterfeit Secret Circle Member Gets the Message, or The Asp Strikes Again.\" In the story, first-person narrator Ralphie Parker is an avid listener of the program and eagerly awaits the arrival of his decoder ring to find out the secret messages in each episode. When the ring",
"title": "Little Orphan Annie (radio)"
},
{
"id": "1900686",
"text": "created \"Red Ryder\" \"outposts for dependable American quality and value.\" These stores within the store were called \"Red Ryder Corrals.\" In addition to educational and sportsmanship contests, special events and personal appearances, they supplied Red Ryder brand rugged clothing for men and boys. In addition to \"Red Ryder\" and \"Little Beaver\" outdoor products, licensing included school supplies, lunch kits, and other \"Red Ryder\" character hardware and sporting goods. The outposts also included the legendary Daisy Red Ryder Carbine, which became a father-to-son Christmas gift tradition as memorialized in the 1983 Jean Shepherd film \"A Christmas Story\". The story revolves around",
"title": "Red Ryder"
},
{
"id": "1677516",
"text": "BB guns to improve soldiers using their weapons in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1973. The technique was developed for the Army by Bobby Lamar \"Lucky\" McDaniel and Mike Jennings. The sights were removed from the BB guns for this training. The name was later changed to \"Quick Fire\" training. BB guns are often regulated as a type of air gun. Air gun laws vary widely by jurisdiction. One of the most famous BB guns is the Red Ryder BB Gun by Daisy Outdoor Products, modeled after the Winchester lever-action rifle. First introduced in 1940, it became an iconic",
"title": "BB gun"
},
{
"id": "4289210",
"text": "cinema. Scut, the main bully, is demoted, with a new head bully ruling over him. Ralphie does eventually get a top just as powerful as the bully's. They both end up disappearing into the sewer, never to be seen again. Mixed reviews have appeared about the film. \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave it a B+, noting that the film \"improves on \"A Christmas Story\", with better pacing and better defined characters, but found Shepherd's narration to be \"oh-so-drolly exaggerated — and therefore condescending\". Robert Butler at the \"Kansas City Star\" called it \"a sequel worth seeing\" which revisits the humor of the",
"title": "My Summer Story"
},
{
"id": "9990637",
"text": "Cimarron Firearms, and others. They are quite accurate and potentially more powerful than the belt sized revolvers of the same bore diameter. Velocities with .451–457-inch round balls of approximately 141 grains over the full 50 grains of powder frequently show chronographed readings in the 1,000 to 1,100 foot per second range depending upon the powder used. A cartridge-converted Colt Walker instead of the Colt Dragoon in the book was used in the 1969 film \"True Grit\", as the weapon carried by 14-year-old Mattie, possibly due to the Walker's larger size. The Dragoon was used in the 2010 Coen Bros. movie",
"title": "Colt Dragoon Revolver"
},
{
"id": "4999942",
"text": "she made an uncredited cameo in \"The Muppet Movie\" and had a role in the comedy \"Slap Shot\" with Paul Newman. Four years later, Dillon was again nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance as a suicidal teacher in \"Absence of Malice\" in 1981, working again with Newman. As a comedian, Dillon is perhaps best known for her role as the mother of Ralphie and Randy in Bob Clark's 1983 movie \"A Christmas Story\". The film was based on a series of short stories and novels written by Jean Shepherd about young Ralphie Parker (played by Peter",
"title": "Melinda Dillon"
},
{
"id": "15866857",
"text": "the CIA stated in 2010 that it had over 1,100 documents in relation to the assassination, about 2,000 pages in total, that have not been released due to national security-related concerns. Some researchers have alleged that various items of physical evidence have been tampered with, including the \"single bullet\" (also known as the \"magic bullet\" by some critics of official explanations), various bullet cartridges and fragments, the presidential limousine's windshield, the paper bag in which the Warren Commission said Oswald hid the rifle, the so-called \"backyard\" photos depicting Oswald holding the rifle, the Zapruder film, the photographs and radiographs obtained",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "53143",
"text": "himself in being a rich playboy to the extent that one of his household's rules is only women may be let into his mansion without his permission. Like Batman, Roger Smith carries a no-gun policy, albeit more flexible. Unlike the personal motives of the Batman, Roger enforces this rule for \"it's all part of being a gentleman.\" Among Roger's gadgetry is the Griffon, a large, black hi-tech sedan comparable to the Batmobile, a grappling cable that shoots out his wristwatch and the giant robot that Angel calls \"Roger's alter ego.\" \"The Big O\"'s cast of supporting characters includes Norman, Roger's",
"title": "The Big O"
},
{
"id": "1998101",
"text": "of course, makes Arnold the superhero instead of Janet. Among arriving back to Earth, all Arnold got from the freeze-over was a cold, and then the alien-obsessed Ralphie fakes a news announcement about aliens discovered on Pluto, complaining about the junk Janet left. Despite the producer segment indicating otherwise, it is not implausible that Arnold survive exposure to the thin atmosphere of Pluto after removing his helmet for long enough to be rescued. The show does, however, repeat the urban legend that one could catch a cold from the cold. The common cold is a viral infectious disease and one",
"title": "The Magic School Bus Lost in the Solar System"
},
{
"id": "8305514",
"text": "claims to be twice as dangerous. As Jacque goes into confront this stranger, whom we see is Bugs in disguise, he sees Bugs pull out a popgun. Just as Jacque pulls out the cork (\"Ha ha ha ha ha ha, a popgun! Well, Monsieur Tough Guy, I'm gonna pull your cork!\"), the gun blasts him in the face. In a classic Bugs Bunny trick (similar to one he pulled in \"Ballot Box Bunny\"), Bugs then pretends to have a phone call for Jacque from \"Fifi from Montreal\" - with the receiver being a lighted stick of dynamite. Jacque takes the",
"title": "Bonanza Bunny"
},
{
"id": "4289198",
"text": "\"Ollie Hopnoodle\" as a \"Critic's Choice\" for viewers in 1989. PBS and WGBH made a series of TV movies with Shepherd, as part of American Playhouse, based on the fictional Parker family, including \"The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters\", \"The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski\", and \"The Phantom of the Open Hearth\". The theatrical sequel to \"A Christmas Story\" was Shepherd's 1994 \"My Summer Story (It Runs in the Family)\", which follows a younger Ralphie than depicted in \"Ollie Hopnoodle\". Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss is a 1988 television comedy film written",
"title": "Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss"
},
{
"id": "4289208",
"text": "it was entirely recast, with the exception of Tedde Moore, who returns as Ralphie's teacher, Miss Shields. Charles Grodin stars as the Old Man (Mr. Parker), Mary Steenburgen plays Mrs. Parker, and Kieran Culkin plays Ralphie. Shepherd provides the narration, just as he had done for \"A Christmas Story\". The film takes place in the summer of 1941, after the events of \"A Christmas Story\", which took place in December 1940. It has several plot lines, one each for Ralphie, his father, and his mother, followed by one involving him and his dad on a fishing trip. His quest for",
"title": "My Summer Story"
},
{
"id": "15111459",
"text": "obstacle being a bust on Schroeder's piano. Charlie Brown suggests that Linus finds a substitute, which only worked to some extent. In the meantime, Violet and Patty roast Pig-Pen for his dirt cloud. Later, Lucy decides to lock Linus' blanket in the closet for the day, and this time, Linus is to have no substitutes for his blanket. The next day, Snoopy steals Linus' blanket again, and Lucy turns it into a kite, which gets lost after she lets go of it. Later, Lucy smashes the bust on Schroeder's piano, only for him to have a replacement bust. A few",
"title": "Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown"
},
{
"id": "19158967",
"text": "a child actor who became well known a few years later as \"Ralphie\" in \"A Christmas Story\", made one of his first film appearances in the Christmas party scene. Brooks made \"If Ever I See You Again\" as the follow-up to his successful 1977 film, \"You Light Up My Life\", which Brooks had produced, written, directed and scored. \"You Light Up My Life\" was a box office hit and the title song \"You Light Up My Life\" was an even bigger success, setting a new record for most weeks at #1 on the Hot 100 Chart and winning Brooks an",
"title": "If Ever I See You Again (film)"
},
{
"id": "5138272",
"text": "science fictional\" by scifilm.org. (Capra later planned to make a fully science fictional movie but was never able to.) When the famed explorer Louis Rondelle (Hobart Bosworth) requests the U.S. Navy's assistance in reaching the South Pole, officer Jack Bradon (Jack Holt) convinces Rear Admiral John S. Martin (Emmett Corrigan) to offer his dirigible, the USS \"Pensacola\", for the attempt. Jack asks his best friend, \"Frisky\" Pierce (Ralph Graves), to pilot the biplane that will be carried on the airship. Frisky, who is adventurous to the point of recklessness, is eager to go even though he has just completed a",
"title": "Dirigible (film)"
},
{
"id": "5756669",
"text": "to help guide her, and one in far back to control her speed, called the \"loop\" position. Ralphie can reach speeds of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). Female bison are used because they are smaller and less aggressive, as well as for insurance reasons, although Ralphie has knocked over her handlers on more than one occasion. Because of this, whether or not Ralphie runs is at the sole discretion of her handlers, and her run may be canceled if she is unusually nervous or upset. The tradition began in 1934, three weeks after the selection of \"Buffaloes\" as a",
"title": "Ralphie the Buffalo"
},
{
"id": "3745930",
"text": "the Mafia, Bolan used a variety of weapons. His primary long gun was the .460 Weatherby Mark V, which he obtained from Nicholas \"Nick Trigger\" Woods, a top Mafia hitman sent to kill him. For a sidearm, he used a silenced Beretta Brigadier, which he nicknamed \"Belle\" and carried in a vertical shoulder rig. His trademark weapon was \"Big Thunder\", a stainless steel .44 AutoMag he usually wore on his hip. The Brigadier and AutoMag have since been supplanted by the current favorites, the Beretta 93R and .44 Magnum Desert Eagle, though Bolan has demonstrated facility with any pistol or",
"title": "Mack Bolan"
},
{
"id": "6092134",
"text": "and Arturo come up with a plan to lure it to a stadium, where the military is waiting with tanks and helicopters. Using a truckload of meat from a butcher shop, they manage to lure the scorpion into the stadium where the military's weapons again prove useless against its armor. However, Hank manages to finish it off by using an electric cable attached to a spear and shooting it into its throat, which is its only vulnerable spot. After destroying several tanks and helicopters, the surviving fighters detonate the electric charge, finally slaying the last scorpion. Willis O'Brien, creator of",
"title": "The Black Scorpion (film)"
},
{
"id": "9050560",
"text": "the head had in fact been fired by United States Secret Service Special Agent George Warren Hickey Jr. (March 24, 1923 to February 25, 2005) from an AR-15 rifle carried in the car immediately following the President's vehicle. The series of events is as follows: After the first shot which hit the street was fired, Hickey turns completely around and acquires Oswald on the sixth floor of the school book depository building. His turned head is documented in an AP photograph by James Altgens. Hickey reaches for the AR-15 under the seat, releases the safety and begins to lift the",
"title": "Mortal Error"
},
{
"id": "7786183",
"text": "However, Junior begins exhibiting actual signs of dementia in private, and wanders to a neighbor's house looking for ice cream. Ralphie's 12-year-old son Justin is hit in the chest with an arrow while play-acting \"The Lord of the Rings\" with a friend, resulting in significant blood loss and brain damage. In the aftermath, Ralphie is met with sympathy by everyone except Paulie, who suspects he was behind a traumatic prank call to his mother in retaliation for Paulie ratting him out to Johnny. Ralphie cries openly in front of Tony and expresses desire for some kind of redemption, meeting with",
"title": "Whoever Did This"
},
{
"id": "7859306",
"text": "Winchester brand name. These are moderately priced break-barrel and semi-automatic CO2-based designs with wood or composite stocks, with velocities ranging from to . For a time, Daisy also imported and marketed an Umarex made, Winchester branded copy of the Winchester 1894 rifle. This is a multi-shot CO pellet rifle using the standard Umarex revolver action. This model is now marketed under the Walther name. The Red Ryder BB Gun is a BB gun made by Daisy Outdoor Products and introduced in the spring of 1940 that resembles the Winchester rifle of Western movies. Named for the comic strip cowboy character",
"title": "Daisy Outdoor Products"
},
{
"id": "2148949",
"text": "are in the middle of a military live firing area. During the night, the British Army hold an exercise, and the Scorpion is 'abandoned' by its crew after being declared \"knocked out\" by a \"landmine\" during a training exercise. When Wolfie and his comrades discover this, Wolfie comes up with his revolutionary plan. Speed states that he learned to drive a Scorpion during his time in the Territorial Army, at which point the lads steal it and drive it back to London. On returning, they hide it in Charlie Johnson's garage. Charlie comes home from work and opens the garage",
"title": "Citizen Smith"
},
{
"id": "2175230",
"text": "following the events of the first film, Sparrow searches for the Dead Man's Chest, which contains the heart of Captain Davy Jones (Bill Nighy). Sparrow made a bargain with Jones to raise the sunken \"Black Pearl\" and make Sparrow captain for thirteen years. Now the debt is due, and Sparrow must either serve one hundred years aboard the \"Flying Dutchman\", or be dragged to Davy Jones's Locker by the Kraken. If he can find the Dead Man's Chest Sparrow can free his soul and control Jones and the seas. Adding to Sparrow's woes, Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander) of the",
"title": "Jack Sparrow"
},
{
"id": "6782367",
"text": "The Hunt for Red October (film) The Hunt for Red October is a 1990 American espionage submarine film produced by Mace Neufeld, directed by John McTiernan, that stars Sean Connery, Alec Baldwin, Scott Glenn, James Earl Jones, and Sam Neill. The film is based on Tom Clancy's 1984 bestselling novel of the same name. The story is set during the late Cold War era and involves a rogue Soviet naval captain who wishes to defect to the United States with his officers and the Soviet Navy's newest and most advanced nuclear missile submarine. An American CIA analyst correctly deduces his",
"title": "The Hunt for Red October (film)"
},
{
"id": "2509212",
"text": "Joe has assumed the identity of each BIG RAT subject and acts and speaks using their mannerisms. Edited versions of the trailers missing the BBC Two voiceovers and logos are included as special feature material on the Region 2 release of the \"Joe 90\" DVD box set. Authentic 1960s associated media for \"Joe 90\" included a Century 21 Toys range comprising friction-drive and battery-operated versions of Professor McClaine's Jet Air Car and Sam Loover's futuristic saloon. Also available were Joe's WIN briefcase (complete with replica gadgets and pistol) and his WIN badge (reading \"Most Special Agent\"). \"Joe 90\" was also",
"title": "Joe 90"
},
{
"id": "2175259",
"text": "18th-century pieces: his sword dates to the 1740s and his pistol is from the 1760s. Both were made in London. Depp used two pistols on set, one of rubber. Both survived production of the first film. Sparrow's magic compass also survived into the sequels, though director Gore Verbinski had a red arrow added to the dial as it became a more prominent prop. As it does not act like a normal compass, a magnet was used to make it spin. Sparrow wears four rings, two of which belong to Depp. Depp bought the green ring in 1989 and the gold",
"title": "Jack Sparrow"
},
{
"id": "5133486",
"text": "Fashion designer Ralph Lauren's extensive auto collection contains two 250 TRs, a 1958 Scaglietti-bodied car (chassis 0734TR) and a 1961 250 TR/61 Spider Fantuzzi (chassis 0792TR). The value, performance and historical significance ascribed to the 250 TR have motivated many individuals and companies to create reproduction automobiles. Sold as a \"replica\", \"recreation\" or \"reproduction\", these can vary widely in historical accuracy and sophistication, sometimes using Ferrari engines and chassis or simply attempting to replicate the body style of the original with unrelated mechanical underpinnings. Some of these reproductions have been unscrupulously represented as original, factory-built 250 TRs. As 250 TR",
"title": "Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa"
},
{
"id": "3654547",
"text": "Brown – Shepherd's wife in real life – plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd; Clark plays Swede, the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene. In the DVD commentary, director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead, who later appeared in several other Clark films. He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\". Some 8,000 actors auditioned for the role of Ralphie; \"He",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "10315905",
"text": "the National Assembly. On 1 March 2010, the building re-opened again to the public as a Welsh history museum and exhibition. It contains a number of films and exhibits exploring Welsh history as well as spaces to function as venues for public debate and assembly-sponsored events, where people can express their views about what happens in the nearby National Assembly building itself. Artefacts on display include the original binnacle (the stand housing the ship's compass) from Scott of the Antarctic's ship \"Terra Nova\", and the Pennal Letter sent by Prince of Wales Owain Glyndŵr to Charles VI of France in",
"title": "Pierhead Building"
},
{
"id": "9990635",
"text": "California teamster, James Douglas Byrd, Town Marshal, Watsonville, California, 1868, Tiburcio Vasquez, Union general George B McClellan, and fictional Augustus McCrae, in the novel \"Lonesome Dove\", Mattie Ross in the novel \"True Grit\" and in the 2010 film version (the 1969 film of that name had Mattie Ross using a Colt Walker revolver, though John Wayne's character Rooster referred to it as a Colt's Dragoon). Charley Parkhurst, while driving freight, was confronted by two bandits whom he dispatched with the Colt Holster Pistol. According to \"Harper's Weekly\", James Butler (Wild Bill) Hickok arrived in Springfield, Missouri carrying a Dragoon though",
"title": "Colt Dragoon Revolver"
},
{
"id": "5868891",
"text": "Anschutz Exemplar) and four recovered (hence untraceable) street guns including a Charter Arms .38. In the flashback section of \"Buried Prey\" Davenport carried a Glock pistol (presumably the Glock 17) as his sidearm when in uniform and a Smith & Wesson Model 40 revolver in plain-clothes. In \"Rules of Prey\", Davenport uses one of his street guns, a Smith & Wesson Model 39, to fabricate a self-defense justification for executing serial killer Louis Vullion. Lucas' other weapons include a Browning Citori over-and-under 20 gauge shotgun, a .243 deer rifle of unstated make and model (\"Chosen Prey\") and a Colt Magnum",
"title": "John Sandford (novelist)"
},
{
"id": "4289209",
"text": "most of the film is to find a top tough enough to knock that of a bully's out of a chalk circle in a game of \"Kill\". Meanwhile, his dad has a series of skirmishes with his hillbilly neighbors, the Bumpuses, and all forty-three Bloodhounds named Big Red. He calls in Barkley, the family dog, to distract the Bumpuses' hounds when he comes home from work. When he gets out of the car, he accidentally steps in dog poop. Ralphie's mom would like to finally get something other than a Ronald Colman gravy boat on dish night at the local",
"title": "My Summer Story"
},
{
"id": "7859307",
"text": "Red Ryder (created in 1938, and who appeared in numerous films between 1940 and 1950, and on television in 1956), the BB gun is still in production, though the comic strip was cancelled in 1963. The Red Ryder BB Gun is a lever-action, spring piston air gun with a smooth bore barrel. Current production (ca. 2017) has a rear iron sight adjustable for elevation only and a post front sight. It uses a gravity feed magazine with a 650 BB capacity. It has an engraved wooden stock and a saddle ring with leather thong on the receiver. A youth model",
"title": "Daisy Outdoor Products"
},
{
"id": "1419494",
"text": "had existed as far back as \"Unheimliche Geschichten\" (1919)—and British company Amicus made several such films in the 1960s and 1970s. The 1989 film \"New York Stories\" consists of three segments directed by Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and Woody Allen. \"The Red Violin\" (1998) could also be considered a portmanteau film, since the storylines revolve around the various owners of a precious sixteenth-century violin through the centuries. Similarly, 1964's \"The Yellow Rolls-Royce\" follows the owners of the titular vehicle. Gene Kelly's 1956 all-dance film \"Invitation to the Dance\" consisted of three distinct stories, each different in tone and with",
"title": "Anthology film"
},
{
"id": "16589535",
"text": "Lego gun A Lego gun is a toy weapon which is made out of Lego elements. There are both working guns (that either shoot rubber bands or bricks), but also replicas that do not shoot and have more for detail. Lego's makers have a long-standing policy of not manufacturing realistic modern weaponry (although swords and medieval arms (see Lego Technic) are available), so hobbyists have sought to fill gaps in the market. Jack Streat has produced a number of rubber band guns, including a replica Lee–Enfield bolt-action sniper rifle. He has produced a book, \"LEGO Heavy Weapons\" (No Starch Press).",
"title": "Lego gun"
},
{
"id": "2268478",
"text": "the side. To provide some forward vision as a precaution against hitting ship masts, trees, or structures while flying at low altitude, a Ryan employee who had served in the submarine service installed a periscope which Lindbergh helped design. It is unclear whether the periscope was used during the flight. The instrument panel housed fuel pressure, oil pressure and temperature gauges, a clock, altimeter, tachometer, airspeed indicator, bank and turn indicator, and a liquid magnetic compass. The main compass was mounted behind Lindbergh in the cockpit, and he read it using the mirror from a women's makeup case which was",
"title": "Spirit of St. Louis"
},
{
"id": "11789105",
"text": "the least of their worries, as they find out some old friends are being held hostage by the fearsome tribes of the red pygmies. Swift builds two major inventions in this volume. The first is a replacement airship, known as \"The Black Hawk\". This new airship is to replace \"The Red Cloud\", which was destroyed during his adventures in \"Tom Swift in the Caves of Ice\". This airship is of the same general construction as \"The Red Cloud\", but is smaller and more maneuverable. Of foremost notice is Swift's invention of the \"electric rifle\", a gun which fires bolts of",
"title": "Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle"
},
{
"id": "4183290",
"text": "\"Object Compass\" that once locked on an object, always points toward that object, Seaton and Crane follow DuQuesne in their own spaceship (the eponymous \"Skylark\") to rescue Dorothy and her fellow-hostage, Margaret \"Peg\" Spencer, until the \"Skylark\" discovers DuQuesne's ship derelict in orbit around a massive dead star (resembling a cold neutron star). Having obtained the hostages, Seaton extracts a promise from DuQuesne to \"act as one of the party until they get back to Earth\", in which relationship they leave orbit and travel further in search of additional fuel. On an Earthlike exoplanet, they obtain \"X\" from an outcrop",
"title": "The Skylark of Space"
},
{
"id": "1065083",
"text": "California has test pilots fly high-speed aircraft such as the rocket-powered Bell X-1, but some are killed as a result. After another pilot, Slick Goodlin, demands $150,000 () to attempt to break the sound barrier, war hero Captain Chuck Yeager receives the chance to fly the X-1. While on a horseback ride with his wife Glennis, Yeager collides with a tree branch and breaks his ribs, which inhibits him from leaning over and locking the door to the X-1. Worried that he might not fly the mission, Yeager confides in friend and fellow pilot Jack Ridley. Ridley cuts off part",
"title": "The Right Stuff (film)"
},
{
"id": "4381653",
"text": "When the explosion clears, Creosote is amazingly still alive, but his chest cavity and abdomen are now blasted open, revealing his spread ribs and intact, still-beating heart, and viscera. As he looks around, seemingly confused by what has just happened, the maître d' calmly walks up to him and presents, \"the cheque, monsieur.\" In the documentary \"The Meaning of Making 'The Meaning of Life\"' (2003), John Cleese said that the sketch, originally written by Jones and Michael Palin, was initially rejected. Cleese said the sketch suffered from a flawed construction and rewrote it with Graham Chapman. At the \"U.S. Comedy",
"title": "Mr Creosote"
},
{
"id": "1974910",
"text": "covers Buzz's head and allows him to breathe in space or on planets lacking a sufficient supply of oxygen. His left arm of the suit has a Space Ranger symbol sticker on his upon arm and panel that flips open to reveal a display that contains a mission log in the wrist area to record history and provide records. His right arm has a yellow with black striped sticker that says \"LASER\" on his upper arm, and contains the weapon system which projects an unusually strong and powerful red-colored laser out of the small cannon on the back of the",
"title": "Buzz Lightyear"
},
{
"id": "8411048",
"text": "until too late that it has no ammunition. As a result, Woody is shot down. He is unharmed after his fighter crash lands, but the precious P-40 fighter is a total wreck. As time goes on, Woody shows that he has little use for teamwork, alienating and endangering the other pilots. He abandons his wingman, Blackie Bales (Edmund MacDonald), in order to shoot down a Japanese aircraft. As a result, Blackie comes under fire from another and must bail out of his burning P-40. While hanging suspended in his parachute, he is strafed to death by the Japanese pilot. Woody",
"title": "Flying Tigers (film)"
},
{
"id": "5756682",
"text": "before games on her way to the stadium. Ralphie is held in a secret location so that she will not be harassed or harmed by the public, keeping her and the public safe from harm. A tradition of the Ralphie Handler Team is to eat a large team breakfast or lunch at a local diner prior to game-day events. Ralphie the Buffalo Ralphie the Buffalo is the name of the live mascot of the University of Colorado Buffaloes. Ralphie has been called one of the best live mascots in sports, and she is often erroneously labeled male. The team of",
"title": "Ralphie the Buffalo"
},
{
"id": "1994528",
"text": "were initial witness reports that suggested the gun involved was a .357 Magnum revolver. Goetz alluded to these reports in a December 2004 interview on the \"Opie and Anthony\" radio show, saying that the first shot he fired that afternoon had been unusually loud in part because it was the first shot fired by the small-frame .38 caliber revolver after the factory tests, which \"cleaned the barrel.\" After the incident, rumors spread that Goetz had been threatened with sharpened screwdrivers. This rumor was published as fact by some newspapers including \"The New York Times\"; however, neither Goetz nor the men",
"title": "1984 New York City Subway shooting"
},
{
"id": "2822475",
"text": "Lucy, Schroeder, and Charlie Brown are working on their Peter Rabbit book reports, each in his or her own way. Lucy is simply babbling to fit the 100-word requirement, Schroeder is doing a \"comparison\" between the book and Robin Hood, Linus is doing an overcomplicated psychological analysis, and Charlie Brown hasn't even started out of worry, while Sally and Snoopy chase rabbits (\"The Book Report\"). Snoopy, in his World War I flying ace uniform climbs atop his doghouse. He goes through a scene, with him being a pilot searching for the Red Baron. In his imagination, he is defeated by",
"title": "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown"
},
{
"id": "6912658",
"text": "\"a package wrapped in a blanket\", which he thought was camping equipment. He did find this odd, saying to himself \"they don't make camping equipment of iron pipes any more\". Marina testified that, after she and Lee moved their belongings to the Paine home in September 1963, she found the rifle in the blanket while searching for a part for her child's crib. The Commission concluded that Oswald had smuggled the rifle into the Texas School Book Depository on the morning of the assassination, November 22, 1963, in a brown paper package, which he had told a co-worker contained \"curtain",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"
},
{
"id": "9667218",
"text": "W.W. Greener company offers to authenticate genuine Greener weapons for a small fee. Wilbur Jonas, the general store owner, offers to sell Matt Dillon four Greener shotguns at an attractive price, in \"Renegade White\", episode 4.30 of \"Gunsmoke\". Episode S5E1 of \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\" (1959), Earp is confronted by \"Shotgun Gibbs\" who is armed with a Greener loaded with a rifled slug. In the film \"Big Jake\", John Wayne's character asks his estranged wife, Martha (played by Maureen O'Hara), if she brought his \"Greeners, the double-barrels\". Wayne then proceeds to open a gun case revealing matching",
"title": "W. W. Greener"
},
{
"id": "8289047",
"text": "a Gibson CS-356, a black custom Gibson Les Paul, or a custom Gibson SG. He owns more than fifteen electric guitars, including a Gibson Goldtop (given to him by Vernon Reid), a Gibson Dusk Tiger and his favourite: a '61 Epiphone Crestwood. In 2013, Gibson began producing the \"Captain Kirk\" Custom SG. He also owns an acoustic Gibson J-200 and a Gibson Hummingbird. In honor of what would have been Roy Orbison's 75th birthday, Kirk played Orbison's signature Gibson ES-335 on \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\", April 25, 2011. The Crestwood had its headstock broken in March 2013 when Prince",
"title": "Captain Kirk Douglas"
},
{
"id": "13968816",
"text": "the French railway system, which gains safety in a tunnel. The Spitfire was a central part of the 1969 Guy Hamilton-directed film \"Battle of Britain\", a fictionalized account of the real Battle of Britain that one critic called \"the definitive depiction of war in the air\". The film led to an increase in the popularity of the aircraft among collectors of warbirds. According to one property dealer the appearance \"did for Spitfires what the James Bond films did for the Aston Martin.\" Producers secured 35 Spitfires for use in the film. A Spitfire Mk. IXc (MH434/G-ASJV) depicted an aerial reconnaissance",
"title": "Aircraft in fiction"
},
{
"id": "3030419",
"text": "a cannibal-inhabited island. They escape, and are unexpectedly reunited with Pintel and Ragetti. Jack agrees to give Will his compass if he helps him find a key, though he has no idea what it unlocks. Jack seeks out Tia Dalma, a voodoo priestess who takes a particular interest in Will, proclaiming he has a \"touch of destiny.\" Dalma says the key is to the Dead Man's Chest containing the heart of Davy Jones. Sparrow had once struck a bargain with Davy Jones to raise the \"Black Pearl\" from the ocean bottom and to make Jack captain for 13 years. Sparrow",
"title": "Will Turner"
},
{
"id": "7859308",
"text": "airgun, the Model 1938B Red Ryder produces an actual muzzle velocity of about , although the specification on the Daisy states the Model 1938B Red Ryder has a \"Max. Muzzle Velocity\" of with a nominal .177 caliber, 5.1 grain steel BB. The effective range is fairly short, about 10 yards (9 m), after which the low velocity and inaccuracy of the smoothbore barrel makes hitting the target difficult. BB guns are shot competitively at distances of , but the Red Ryder's open sight, which is also hampered by having no windage adjustment, makes it impractical for competition so it is",
"title": "Daisy Outdoor Products"
},
{
"id": "1796651",
"text": "instances where Tasers have contributed to serious injury or death. Other companies have produced similar devices (e.g., Raysun X1). Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began developing the Taser in 1969. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named after a book featuring his childhood hero Tom Swift, \"Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle\", by \"Victor Appleton\" (a house pseudonym of the Stratemeyer Syndicate). The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. The backformed verb \"to tase\" is used sometimes. Taser",
"title": "Taser"
},
{
"id": "14308701",
"text": "I have a lot of stuff to tell you about the war... The Brits were absolutely wonderful... They \"were\" great and plucky and funny under pressure.\" In a February 12, 2010 interview Connie Willis said: What are \"Blackout\" and \"All Clear\" about? They're about Dunkirk and ration books and D-Day and V-1 rockets, about tube shelters and Bletchley Park and gas masks and stirrup pumps and Christmas pantomimes and cows and crossword puzzles and the deception campaign. And mostly the book's about all the people who \"did their bit\" to save the world from Hitler—Shakespearean actors and ambulance drivers and",
"title": "Blackout/All Clear"
},
{
"id": "11299144",
"text": "their holiday in Fiji. A year later on New Year's Day, the couple welcomes their first child, a baby girl. They have spent the last nine months hiding from their families. As their baby is the first born in the New Year, a news crew comes to congratulate them—once again revealing them, and their new baby, to the whole city, and their families. One of the film's executive producers, Peter Billingsley, who had a starring role as Ralphie in the 1983 film \"A Christmas Story\", has a credited role as an airline ticket agent. Gordon was brought in as director",
"title": "Four Christmases"
},
{
"id": "14364109",
"text": "bumbling scientists (Brett Hudson and Mark Hudson) are brought in to investigate the history of the lighthouse and solve the case. The film is a spoof of John Carpenter's \"The Fog\", and many other horror movies in the last couple of decades. A repeated joke is that the \"zombies\" all wear turtle-neck sweaters and say \"What difference does it make?\" at which point the heroes all run off screaming \"Zombies\". Another running gag is the lunatic character Ralph (Robert Donner), who tells everyone \"You're doomed\", instead becomes injured himself. \"Hysterical\" was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on January 30,",
"title": "Hysterical (film)"
},
{
"id": "3654567",
"text": "networks were running 24 hour marathons in 2017, as well. A sequel involving Ralphie and his family, titled \"My Summer Story\" (originally released as \"It Runs in the Family\"), was made in 1994. With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie's teacher (Miss Shields) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator (the voice of the adult Ralphie), it features an entirely different cast. A series of television films involving the Parker family, also from Shepherd stories, were made by PBS, including \"Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss\" (1988), \"The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski\" (1985), \"The Great American Fourth of July and",
"title": "A Christmas Story"
},
{
"id": "6912667",
"text": "identify it as the rifle Oswald is holding in several photographs taken in his backyard by his wife in March 1963. A 6.5×52mm Carcano round-nosed fully copper-jacketed bullet, of a type normally used in 6.5 mm military rifles (such as the Carcano) was found on Governor Connally's gurney in Parkland Hospital. This bullet (CE 399, see single bullet theory), and two bullet fragments found in the presidential limousine, were ballistically matched to the rifle found in the book depository building. A partial palm print of Oswald was also found on the barrel of the gun. Agents of the FBI learned",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"
},
{
"id": "11158759",
"text": "and he almost falls off the cliff. Once he does get into position, Sam simply closes the flap over Ralph's gun, causing Ralph to blow himself up. Ralph circles around uncoordinated and finally suffers from gravity. 5. Ralph now attempts to burrow under Sam and deposit a reservoir of dynamite. After firing off the dynamite, the earth directly beneath Sam remains, while the circle of earth around him flies into the air. Naturally, one of the boulders lands on Ralph. 6. Ralph then notices a sheep drinking by the edge of the pond. He dons a full suit of diving",
"title": "Woolen Under Where"
},
{
"id": "17287492",
"text": "about the World War I Flying Ace, trying to save Fifi from the Red Baron with Woodstock and his friends' help, using the key events and situations surrounding Charlie Brown as inspiration to develop his story. He acts out his adventure physically, coming across Charlie Brown and the gang several times along the way. Snoopy defeats the Red Baron and rescues Fifi from an airplane. When Lucy finishes reading, she calls it the dumbest story she has ever read, so Snoopy throws the typewriter at her in retaliation and kisses her nose causing her to run away in disgust yelling",
"title": "The Peanuts Movie"
},
{
"id": "6538175",
"text": "The film was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival but was a commercial failure. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It is the 1970s; Fritz the Cat is now married, on welfare, and has a child named Ralphie, who casually masturbates. As his wife screams at him for being an irresponsible father and husband, Fritz sits on the couch, staring off into space, smoking a joint. Tired of listening to his wife nag at him, he fades off into his own little world, imagining what life would be like for him if things were different. The first character",
"title": "The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat"
},
{
"id": "1406527",
"text": "he goes down. As a last act, the wounded Pepper prepares to kill Rooster, until La Boeuf makes a long shot with his Sharps Rifle, killing Pepper. As La Boeuf and Mattie return to Pepper's camp, Chaney comes out from behind a tree and strikes La Boeuf in the head with a rock, fracturing his skull and knocking him unconscious. Mattie is able to shoot Chaney and wound him, but, driven back by the recoil, falls into a snake pit and breaks her arm. Chaney begins to taunt Mattie about the snakes; Cogburn appears and shoots and kills Chaney, who",
"title": "True Grit (1969 film)"
},
{
"id": "11158587",
"text": "Ralph's fourth attempt, he ties himself to a bunch of helium balloons and floats over Sam. Sam calmly pours a box of BB pellets into his mouth and shoots at Ralph's balloons with a blow gun. Ralph is left grasping on to a single balloon, but the knot on the balloon slips and Ralph is projected into Sam. Sam grabs Ralph by the neck and prepares to drop him off the cliff while Ralph starts praying softly. However, before that can happen, the punch clock whistle blows and Sam puts Ralph back on the cliff and lets go of him,",
"title": "A Sheep in the Deep"
},
{
"id": "3559017",
"text": "an orator. In response to US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' assertion that US weapons supplied to Pakistan were intended solely for defence against a Soviet invasion, Menon snapped that \"the world has yet to see an American gun that can only shoot in one direction\", and that \"I am yet to come across a vegetarian tiger\". In London, Menon responded to novelist Brigid Brophy's surprise at the quality of his English with the retort: \"my English is better than yours. You merely picked it up: I learnt it.\" When critiqued for the Rolls-Royces he kept as official vehicles,",
"title": "V. K. Krishna Menon"
},
{
"id": "5739526",
"text": "Lockheed DC-130 The Lockheed DC-130 was a variant of the C-130 Hercules, designed for drone control. It could carry four Ryan Firebee drones underneath its wings. Since World War I many nations' air forces have investigated different means of remotely controlling aircraft. Spurred by the 1960 U-2 incident, the United States Air Force gained a renewed interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, to obtain intelligence on the SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile system. Under the code names \"Lightning Bug\" and \"Compass Cookie\", Firebee target drones were modified for reconnaissance as the Ryan Model 147. The drones were test flown",
"title": "Lockheed DC-130"
},
{
"id": "5756671",
"text": "loop on the field started October 28, 1967 during CU's homecoming game against the Oklahoma State Cowboys which CU lost 10–7. Ralphie attended all football home games and bowl games until her retirement in 1978, a 13-year career. Her final game was on November 4, 1978 against Oklahoma, CU lost 7-28. She achieved national celebrity status and was kidnapped in 1970 by Air Force Academy cadets. She was also voted the homecoming queen in 1971. Ralphie II (1975–September 19, 1987), originally named \"Moon\" (short for Moonshine), made her debut on November 18, 1978, the final home game of the season",
"title": "Ralphie the Buffalo"
},
{
"id": "6058107",
"text": "trailing in the victor's wake, finishing third. Payne Stewart wins his second U.S. Open, and third major title in all, by a shot from Phil Mickelson. In October, Stewart would be among the victims of an air accident, caused by a sudden loss of cabin pressure in their Learjet. In one of the most extraordinary and ultimately farcical major championships in history, unknown local player Paul Lawrie wins the British Open championship at Carnoustie, after similarly unknown French player Jean van de Velde contrives to take a seven at the par-four final hole, when six would have won the title.",
"title": "Timeline of golf history (1945–99)"
},
{
"id": "7443523",
"text": "a parked car outside Hunter Scangarelo's house where they make out. Meadow warns Jackie that their relationship is unlikely to go anywhere at the moment. On another evening, an over-excited Meadow takes Jackie's car and wrecks it. She is unharmed, but asks to spend the night with him instead of being driven home. Ralphie expresses his dissatisfaction with Tony to Eugene and Vito. However, Johnny advises Ralphie to apologize to Tony. Johnny also suggests to Tony that he promote Ralphie to \"capo\", but he refuses. At Nuovo Vesuvio, Ralphie approaches Tony and abjectly apologizes for all his past behavior, including",
"title": "He Is Risen (The Sopranos)"
},
{
"id": "6912647",
"text": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle In March 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, using the alias \"A. Hidell\", purchased by mail order a 6.5×52mm Carcano Model 91/38 infantry rifle (described by the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy as a \"Mannlicher–Carcano\") rifle with a telescopic sight. He also purchased a revolver from a different company, by the same method. The Hidell alias was determined from multiple sources to be Oswald. Oswald fired the rifle from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, Texas, to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy as his motorcade drove by on November 22, 1963. Photographs",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"
},
{
"id": "6782393",
"text": "100 Years...100 Thrills. The Hunt for Red October (film) The Hunt for Red October is a 1990 American espionage submarine film produced by Mace Neufeld, directed by John McTiernan, that stars Sean Connery, Alec Baldwin, Scott Glenn, James Earl Jones, and Sam Neill. The film is based on Tom Clancy's 1984 bestselling novel of the same name. The story is set during the late Cold War era and involves a rogue Soviet naval captain who wishes to defect to the United States with his officers and the Soviet Navy's newest and most advanced nuclear missile submarine. An American CIA analyst",
"title": "The Hunt for Red October (film)"
},
{
"id": "10705324",
"text": "the U.S. Army Indian Scouts) and a jungle knife in front of a parachute. The set also contained the Mattel Dick Tracy automatic cap firing \"tommy gun\" or \"Scattergun\" (the Dick Tracy cap firing but no longer water firing riot shotgun) toy guns, both now in military camouflage plastic, a military camouflaged poncho, and in some sets, a rubber Ka-Bar knife and a tripwire booby trap. Mattel later made the \"M-16 Marauder\", in 1966, which appeared in \"The Green Berets\" film wherein an enraged John Wayne smashes one against a tree. The public was fascinated with this new type of",
"title": "United States Army Special Forces in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "6691616",
"text": "After some research, it can be learned that this is an allusion to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in 1963. The rifle that supposedly fired the bullet that killed Kennedy was alleged to be a Carcano rifle, firing a 162 grain bullet, in 6.5 mm. It can thus be inferred that Bob Lee Swagger is not the only man that Lon Scott has set up, and that Lon Scott actually shot JFK on November 22, 1963, rather than Lee Harvey Oswald. In 2013, Hunter followed up on these hinted at threads and completed the tale in \"The Third Bullet\".",
"title": "Point of Impact"
},
{
"id": "9965232",
"text": "Drambuie is a drink not befitting a man and makes limp-wristed gestures to which Eddie replies \"Well you've got to put something in it for the birds.\" Richie smells the bottle as asks Eddie in a puzzled manner \"How are you alive?\" Eddie taps his nose and replies \"I may very well not be.\" Richie enplanes the whole plane when he then spots a police helicopter, he lights the bottle in the same manner as a Molotov cocktail, and throws it in the air. The makeshift flare fails to burst and ends up falling back into the Ferris wheel seats",
"title": "Hole (Bottom)"
},
{
"id": "2620440",
"text": "a rare Lamborghini Reventón Roadster. His cars have won \"Best in Show\" at the prestigious Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance twice, his 1938 Bugatti Type 57SC Atlantic won in 1990 and his 1930 Mercedes-Benz SSK \"Count Trossi\" roadster won in 1993. In 2005 his collection was displayed at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts. Seventeen cars from his collection were exhibited at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in 2011. In 2017, Lauren's now $350 million car collection took center stage during New York Fashion Week. Lauren stated in May 2014, \"I hate when people call me philanthropic because I see it",
"title": "Ralph Lauren"
},
{
"id": "1287044",
"text": "of the scale. Khyber Pass Copy rifles cannot generally stand up to the pressures generated by modern commercial ammunition, and are generally considered unsafe to fire under any circumstances. Khyber Pass Copies can be recognised by a number of factors, notably: British company Armalon Ltd developed a number of rifles based on the Lee Enfield No 4. The PC Gallery Rifle is a carbine in pistol and revolver calibres, the AL42 a 5.56 mm rifle and the AL30C, a carbine in .30 Carbine. The Lee–Enfield family of rifles is the second oldest bolt-action rifle design still in official service, after",
"title": "Lee–Enfield"
},
{
"id": "5770750",
"text": "with the Batrope. Rather than be captured, the Beast grabbed a nearby axe and chopped off the restrained hand. The Beast quickly had the limb replaced with a cybernetic gun, made by one of Gotham's top weapons dealers. Before the final confrontation between Batman and the Beast, C.I.A. Agent Ralph Bundy reminded Batman that, if the Beast were to be captured alive, he would have to be handed over to the Soviets, and likely escape justice. Knowing this, Batman, after thwarting the Beast's assassination attempt on Reagan, destroyed the Beast's gun-arm, lured him into the sewers, and then cornered him",
"title": "KGBeast"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: BB gun context: American toy, and is still in production today. It was prominently featured in \"A Christmas Story\", in which Ralphie Parker requests one for Christmas, but is repeatedly rebuffed with the warning \"You'll shoot your eye out\". The movie's fictional BB gun, described as the \"Red Ryder carbine-, two hundred shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time\", was not a real gun. The Red Ryder featured in the movie was specially made to match author Jean Shepherd's story (which may be artistic license, but was the configuration Shepherd claimed to remember).\n\nWhat is the concern with Ralphie getting his \"official Red Ryder carbine-action 200-shot range model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time in that classic 1983 movie A Christmas Story?",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A Christmas Story context: rejected his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: \"You'll shoot your eye out.\" Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphie's father, \"The Old Man,\" directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden. Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted.\n\ntitle: BB gun context: American to, and today. was prominently featured \"A Christmas Story\", in Ralphie Parker requests one for Christmas but is rebuffed with the warning \"You'll shoot your eye out\". The' fictional BB, described as the \"Red Ryder carbine- two hundred Range air rifle with a compass in the and this thing which tells time\", was not real gun. The Red Ry featured in the movie specially made match author Jean Shepherd' ( may be artistic license, was configuration Shepherd claimed).\ntitle: A Christmas Story context: Ralph the and fires at perched on metal in back., BB ricochets back at Ralph and knocks his glass off While searching them has his eye, Ralph accident steps on his glasses breaks He to a ic broke his glasses, and she bel. Ralphie on Christmas with his by. The adult Ralph the best had received or. The\n Story A Story: A Christmas Musical is of has musick the book by Joseph Robin place in the s in Indianaes childie, who Redder Gun. regionalctions tryouts national this of the musical originally officially in2 for a limited ran through December.\n: A: on both each year. The film was released on November 18, 1983. It earned two Canadian Genie Awards in 1984 and in 2012 was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". The film is presented in a series of vignettes, with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old. Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle. Ralphie's desire is\n\nWhat is the concern with Ralphie getting his \"official Red Ryder carbine-action 200-shot range model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time in that classic 1983 movie A Christmas Story?",
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} |
78,771 | Whose ghost was the first to appear to Ebenezer Scrooge? | [
"Marley's Ghost",
"Jacob Marley"
] | Jacob Marley | [
{
"id": "6681258",
"text": "Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Past or The Spirit of Christmas Past is a fictional character in the work \"A Christmas Carol\" by the English novelist Charles Dickens. The Ghost of Christmas Past is the first of the three spirits (after the visitation by Jacob Marley, his former business partner) to haunt Ebenezer Scrooge. This angelic and caring spirit shows Scrooge scenes from his past that occurred on or around Christmas, in order to demonstrate to him the necessity of changing his ways, as well as to show the reader how Scrooge came to be a bitter,",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Past"
},
{
"id": "12871195",
"text": "at the thought that he is in the wrong for hating Christmas (\"It's Not My Fault\"). He is visited by the first spirit - the Ghost of Christmas Past - who takes Scrooge back to when he was a small boy who preferred not to take part in Christmas activities and carols (\"Sing a Christmas Carol (Reprise)\"). The child Ebenezer is visited by his sister Jenny, who takes Ebenezer, who is reluctant to go home to his father due to a troubled relationship, back home. Scrooge is confused as to why the visions are not communicating with him, to which",
"title": "Scrooge (musical)"
},
{
"id": "811425",
"text": "A Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. \"A Christmas Carol\" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. Dickens wrote \"A Christmas Carol\" during a period when the British were",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "1371262",
"text": "Day off with pay, begrudgingly and considering it like being pickpocketed, solely due to social custom). He shows his cold-heartedness toward others by refusing to make a monetary donation for the good of the poor, claiming that the prisons and workhouses are sufficient, and if not they are better off dead, thereby \"decreasing the surplus population.\" While he is preparing to go to bed, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley, who had died seven years earlier (1836) on Christmas Eve. Like Scrooge, Marley had spent his life hoarding his wealth and exploiting the poor,",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "10526138",
"text": "following 1983's \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\" and 1992's \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\". In 1843, on Christmas Eve, Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly old moneylender at a London counting house, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his cheerful nephew Fred's invitation to a Christmas dinner party, and rejects two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit asks Scrooge to allow him to have a day off on Christmas Day to spend time with his family, to which Scrooge reluctantly agrees before leaving. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "6682090",
"text": "Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Present or The Spirit of Christmas Present is a fictional character in the work \"A Christmas Carol\" by novelist Charles Dickens. The Spirit closely resembles Father Christmas from local folklore. The Ghost of Christmas Present is the second of the three spirits (after the visitations by Jacob Marley and the Ghost of Christmas Past) that haunt the miser Ebenezer Scrooge, in order to prompt him to repent. He shows Scrooge how other people, especially those he knows, celebrate Christmas in order to show the reader what people think of Scrooge behind his",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Present"
},
{
"id": "10534594",
"text": "Adaptations of A Christmas Carol \"A Christmas Carol\", the popular 1843 novella by Charles Dickens (1812–1870), is one of the British author's best-known works. It is the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a greedy miser who hates Christmas, but is transformed into a caring, kindly person through the visitations of four ghosts. The classic work has been dramatised and adapted countless times for virtually every medium and performance genre, and new versions appear regularly. The novel was the subject of Dickens' first public reading, given in Birmingham Town Hall to the Industrial and Literary Institute on 27 December 1852. This was",
"title": "Adaptations of A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "159174",
"text": "the first gothic novel. Famous literary apparitions from this period are the ghosts of \"A Christmas Carol\", in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, and Christmas Yet to Come. Professional parapsychologists and \"ghosts hunters\", such as Harry Price, active in the 1920s and 1930s, and Peter Underwood, active in the 1940s and 1950s, published accounts of their experiences with ostensibly true ghost stories such as Price's \"The Most Haunted House in England\", and Underwood's \"Ghosts of Borley\"",
"title": "Ghost"
},
{
"id": "811429",
"text": "Christmas Carol\" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred—the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "10534596",
"text": "They include: The basic plot of \"A Christmas Carol\" has been put to a variety of different literary and dramatic uses since Dickens' death, alongside sequels, prequels, and stories focusing on minor characters. Adaptations of A Christmas Carol \"A Christmas Carol\", the popular 1843 novella by Charles Dickens (1812–1870), is one of the British author's best-known works. It is the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a greedy miser who hates Christmas, but is transformed into a caring, kindly person through the visitations of four ghosts. The classic work has been dramatised and adapted countless times for virtually every medium and performance",
"title": "Adaptations of A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4008621",
"text": "of blood, shed with deliberation and carefully husbanded...”. Famous literary apparitions from the Victorian period are the ghosts of \"A Christmas Carol\", in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come. In a precursor to \"A Christmas Carol\" Dickens published \"The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton\". Dickens also wrote \"The Signal-Man\", another work featuring a ghost. David Langford has described British author M. R. James as writing \"the 20th century's most",
"title": "Ghost story"
},
{
"id": "1761477",
"text": "the weasels leave, Scrooge asks whose grave this belongs to. The ghost lights a cigar, revealing his face (he was actually Pete) and darkly remarks \"Why yours, Ebenezer Scrooge; the richest man in the cemetery\". The ghost shoves him into his empty coffin which opens to reveal the fires of Hell, laughing uproariously while Scrooge vows to repent. Awakening in his bedroom on Christmas Day, Scrooge decides to surprise Bob’s family with a turkey dinner and ventures out to spread happiness and joy around London. He accepts Fred's invitation, then donates a sizable amount of money to the gentlemen he",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6682184",
"text": "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come, also known as The Ghost of Christmas Future, sometimes The Spirit of Christmas Future or The Spirit of Christmas Yet-to-Come or The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Be, is a fictional character in English novelist Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\". It is the third and final spirit to visit the miser Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve. The spirit closely resembles the Grim Reaper. Scrooge finds the Ghost of Christmas Future the most fearsome of the Spirits; it appears to Scrooge as a figure entirely muffled in a black hooded cloak, except",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come"
},
{
"id": "5896183",
"text": "Scrooge McDuck made his first appearance in \"Christmas on Bear Mountain\", first published in December 1947. The first member of The Clan McDuck to appear, his name was based on Ebenezer Scrooge, a fictional character from Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\". The story's title was based on \"A Night on Bald Mountain\" by Modest Mussorgsky, a scene of \"Fantasia\". Scrooge's first appearance was almost immediately followed by that of Donald's first cousin Gladstone Gander in \"Wintertime Wager\", first published in January, 1948. Both characters did not yet have their now-recognizable characteristics. Scrooge was a bearded, bespectacled, reasonably wealthy old duck",
"title": "Donald Duck in comics"
},
{
"id": "1371265",
"text": "her. Finally, the spirit shows him a Christmas Eve several years later, in which Belle is happily married to another man. Scrooge is then visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows him the whole of London celebrating Christmas, including Fred and the impoverished Cratchit family. Scrooge is both bewildered and touched by the loving and pure-hearted nature of Cratchit's youngest son, Tiny Tim. When Scrooge shows concern for the sickly boy's health, the spirit informs him that the boy will die unless something changes, a revelation that deeply disturbs Scrooge. The spirit then uses Scrooge's earlier words about",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "6560128",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1910 film) A Christmas Carol, is a 1910 silent short film directed by J. Searle Dawley for Edison. It runs 13 minutes and is one of the earliest film adaptations of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella. It featured Marc McDermott as Ebenezer Scrooge and Charles S. Ogle as Bob Cratchit. The day before Christmas, Ebenezer Scrooge refuses to contribute to the Charity Relief Committee, and then rudely rejects his nephew Fred when he visits Scrooge in his office. When Scrooge returns home, he sees the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him of",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1910 film)"
},
{
"id": "15774641",
"text": "all in place, and so is a modicum of blood, shed with deliberation and carefully husbanded...” Famous literary apparitions from this period are the ghosts of \"A Christmas Carol\", in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come. Oscar Wilde's comedy \"The Canterville Ghost\" has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Henry James's \"The Turn of the Screw\" has also appeared in a number of adaptations, notably the film \"The Innocents\"",
"title": "Ghosts in English-speaking cultures"
},
{
"id": "1789764",
"text": "forms of magic and spiritual possession were also advanced as causes in literature. In nineteenth century Europe, the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\", Ebenezer Scrooge attributes the ghost he sees to \"... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato...\" In a similar vein, the \"Household Cyclopedia\" (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares: J. M. Barrie, the author of the Peter Pan stories, may have had sleep paralysis. He said of himself ‘In my early boyhood it",
"title": "Sleep paralysis"
},
{
"id": "8645888",
"text": "in 1843, Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\" was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word \"merry\" was then beginning to take on its current meaning of \"jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing.\" \"\"Merry Christmas\"\" in this new context figured prominently in \"A Christmas Carol\". The cynical Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: \"If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding.\" After the visit from the ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; \"I am as merry as a",
"title": "Christmas and holiday season"
},
{
"id": "1371266",
"text": "\"decreasing the surplus population\" against him. The spirit takes him to a spooky graveyard. There, the spirit produces two misshapen, sickly children he names Ignorance and Want. When Scrooge asks if they have anyone to care for them, the spirit throws more of Scrooge's own words back in his face: \"Are there no prisons, no workhouses?\" Finally, the Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come/Future shows Scrooge Christmas Day one year later (1844). Just as the previous spirit predicted, Tiny Tim has died; his father could not afford to give him proper care on his small salary and there was no social health",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "14081924",
"text": "scene showing the death of Tiny Tim. The film does not show the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, or Christmas Yet to Come, instead relying on the ghost of Marley to present the visions to Scrooge. The actor playing Ebenezer Scrooge has been identified as Daniel Smith on the IMDb Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost is a 1901 British short silent drama film, directed by Walter R. Booth, featuring the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge confronted by Marley's ghost and given visions of Christmas past, present, and future, is the earliest known film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843",
"title": "Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost"
},
{
"id": "1371263",
"text": "and, as a result, is damned to walk the Earth for eternity bound in the chains of his own greed. Marley warns Scrooge that he risks meeting the same fate and that as a final chance at redemption he will be visited by three spirits of Christmas: Past, Present and Yet-to-Come. The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge to see his time as a schoolboy and young man, during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These visions reveal that Scrooge was a lonely child whose unloving father sent him away to a boarding school. His one solace was his",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "1371257",
"text": "Ebenezer Scrooge Ebenezer Scrooge () is the protagonist of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella, \"A Christmas Carol\". At the beginning of the novella, Scrooge is a cold-hearted miser who despises Christmas. Dickens describes him thus: \"The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice.\" His last name has come into the English language as a byword for miserliness and misanthropy. The tale of his redemption by the three Ghosts of Christmas (Ghost of Christmas Past, Ghost",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "11728360",
"text": "Scrooge receives a ghostly visit from his long deceased partner Jacob Marley, who had died exactly seven years before on that same day. In his life, Jacob Marley had been just as selfish and uncaring as Scrooge was now. He tells Ebenezer about how his soul has not had a moment's rest since his death and how his spirit has been doomed to wander the earth looking down at what might have been, had he been a different man. He tells Scrooge that he wants to spare him that same fate, and that on that night, he will receive the",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1982 film)"
},
{
"id": "4761825",
"text": "wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby. Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "4761819",
"text": "Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was \"...a chance and hope of my procuring.\" In \"A Christmas",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "17961019",
"text": "echo of his line in Episode 1, Silas Wegg tells his barmaid, \"Daisy, up and get the empties from Mister Pickwick\" (of \"The Pickwick Papers\"). In reply to Daisy's farewell to him in the tavern, Scrooge mutters, \"Humbug,\" his trademark utterance; Marley's ghost whispers \"Ebenezer,\" as in \"A Christmas Carol\". Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on BBC First on 7 February 2016, but it was broadcast as 13 45-minute episodes in contrast to the 20 half-hour-long instalments broadcast in the UK. It also premiered in The Netherlands on BBC First on 5 January 2016. In Finland the series was",
"title": "Dickensian (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1371268",
"text": "change his ways, before awakening to find it is Christmas morning. He immediately repents and becomes a model of generosity and kindness: he meets the solicitors from the day before and makes a generous donation, visits Fred and accepts his earlier invitation to Christmas dinner, anonymously sends Bob Cratchit a giant turkey and later gives him a raise, and becomes like \"a second father\" to Tiny Tim (providing him the medical care he needed to live). As the final narration states, \"Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh, and little heeded them; for",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "14081920",
"text": "Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost is a 1901 British short silent drama film, directed by Walter R. Booth, featuring the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge confronted by Marley's ghost and given visions of Christmas past, present, and future, is the earliest known film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novel \"A Christmas Carol\". The film, \"although somewhat flat and stage-bound to modern eyes,\" according to Ewan Davidson of BFI Screenonline, \"was an ambitious undertaking at the time,\" as, \"not only did it attempt to tell an 80 page story in five minutes, but it featured impressive trick effects, superimposing Marley's",
"title": "Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost"
},
{
"id": "12617029",
"text": "Scrooge (1935 film) Scrooge is a 1935 British fantasy film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Seymour Hicks, Donald Calthrop and Robert Cochran. Hicks appears as Ebenezer Scrooge, the miser who hates Christmas. It was the first sound version of the Charles Dickens classic \"A Christmas Carol\", not counting a 1928 short subject that now appears to be lost. Hicks had previously played the role of Scrooge on the stage many times beginning in 1901, and again in a 1913 British silent film version. On Christmas Eve in 1843 Ebenezer Scrooge (Sir Seymour Hicks) a cold-hearted and greedy elderly money-lender",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "6682188",
"text": "finds that he is back in the present on Christmas morning. Along with the visions supplied by the other spirits, the ghost's warnings about Scrooge's future transform him into a better man. Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come, also known as The Ghost of Christmas Future, sometimes The Spirit of Christmas Future or The Spirit of Christmas Yet-to-Come or The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Be, is a fictional character in English novelist Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\". It is the third and final spirit to visit the miser Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve. The spirit closely",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come"
},
{
"id": "8450100",
"text": "Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol) Timothy Cratchit, called \"Tiny Tim\", is a fictional character from the 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens. He is a minor character, the youngest son of Bob Cratchit, and is seen only briefly, but serves as an important symbol of the consequences of the protagonist's choices. When Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present he is shown just how ill the boy really is (the family cannot afford to properly treat him on the salary Scrooge pays Cratchit). When visited by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, Scrooge sees",
"title": "Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)"
},
{
"id": "4761820",
"text": "Carol\", Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836). In life, Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley, and he refers to their offices as 'our money-changing hole'. They became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. Scrooge is described as Marley's \"sole friend\" and \"sole mourner\", and praises",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "4298581",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits. On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Fred is sliding on ice on a sidewalk. He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit, sons of his uncle Ebenezer's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, the boys take off in terror. Fred soon arrives at the counting-house of his miserly maternal uncle, Ebenezer Scrooge.",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "8450108",
"text": "performed (live action, voiced or animated) by, among others: Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol) Timothy Cratchit, called \"Tiny Tim\", is a fictional character from the 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens. He is a minor character, the youngest son of Bob Cratchit, and is seen only briefly, but serves as an important symbol of the consequences of the protagonist's choices. When Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present he is shown just how ill the boy really is (the family cannot afford to properly treat him on the salary Scrooge pays Cratchit). When visited by",
"title": "Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)"
},
{
"id": "197934",
"text": "influenced the development of Jones in clear and obvious ways. For example, the prolog of \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" contains an homage to Barks' Scrooge adventure ″The Seven Cities of Cibola″ published in \"Uncle Scrooge\" # 7 from September 1954. This homage in the film takes the form of playfully mimicking the removal-of-the-statuette-from-its-pedestal and the falling-stone sequences of the comic book. While a prototype of Uncle Scrooge in the beginning was Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\", quickly the personality of Scrooge took on some of the characteristics of Haggard's Quatermain and Conan Doyle's Professor Challenger. This",
"title": "Indiana Jones"
},
{
"id": "16674855",
"text": "have also survived. The program is introduced on kinescope by host William Lundigan. The production boasted a script and lyrics by noted American playwright Maxwell Anderson, and a score by Bernard Herrmann. Fredric March, in his only known portrayal of the role, starred as Ebenezer Scrooge, and Basil Rathbone portrayed Marley's Ghost. The production featured few songs, but those it did feature forced the adapters to severely condense the story, especially the final third. Rather than having a Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, the adaptation featured a mynah bird, who leads Scrooge to a graveyard in which he sees",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars)"
},
{
"id": "12871196",
"text": "the ghost replies that these are shadows of the things that have been. Scrooge is then taken forward to his teenage years, to a party held by his then boss, Mr. Fezziwig (\"December the 25th\"). Scrooge reminisces of his relationship with Fezziwig's daughter, Isabel (\"Happiness\"), but we learn that she eventually leaves Scrooge as she feels their love has been negated by his desire for wealth. Scrooge and Young Ebenezer reflect on the situation (\"You...You\"). The Ghost of Christmas Past reveals to Scrooge that she is the ghost of his sister Jenny, who died young. She tells a heartbroken Scrooge",
"title": "Scrooge (musical)"
},
{
"id": "10526136",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film) A Christmas Carol is a 2009 American 3D computer animated motion-capture dark fantasy film written, co-produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 story of the same name and stars Jim Carrey in a multitude of roles, including Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle-aged, and old man, and the three ghosts who haunt Scrooge. The film also features supporting roles voiced by Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Bob Hoskins, Robin Wright, and Cary Elwes. The film was released in Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D on November 3, 2009, by",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "10974180",
"text": "The Stingiest Man in Town \"The Stingiest Man in Town\" is the tale of Ebenezer Scrooge, told in the 1978 version through the perspective of the insect B.A.H. Humbug (voiced by Tom Bosley), obviously a word play on Scrooge's catch phrase, \"bah humbug\". Scrooge (performed by Walter Matthau) is portrayed as the tightwad Charles Dickens intended him to be with his consistent resistance to assist the poor or even have Christmas dinner with his nephew Fred (performed by Dennis Day) and his family. In hopes of resuscitating the goodness of his one-time friend, the ghost of Jacob Marley (voiced by",
"title": "The Stingiest Man in Town"
},
{
"id": "1949982",
"text": "the Saturday morning animated television series \"Muppet Babies\". Both characters were voiced by Dave Coulier. In \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\", they played the ghosts of Jacob and Robert Marley. Whereas the novel \"A Christmas Carol\" features only a Jacob Marley, creating a Robert allowed for including the two Muppets, and possibly also references Bob Marley. When Ebenezer Scrooge, played by Michael Caine, accuses them of always criticizing him, they reply \"We were always \"heckling\" you.\" In \"Muppet Treasure Island\", they were the figureheads of the \"Hispaniola\". Statler complains about being stuck on the front of the ship, to which Waldorf",
"title": "Statler and Waldorf"
},
{
"id": "1371264",
"text": "beloved sister, Fan, who repeatedly begged their father to allow Scrooge to return home, and he at last relented. Fan later died after having given birth to one child, a son named Fred, Scrooge's nephew. The spirit then takes him to see another Christmas a few years later in which he enjoyed a Christmas party held by his kind-hearted and festive boss, Mr. Fezziwig. It is there that he meets his love and later fiancée, Belle. Then the spirit shows him a Christmas in which Belle leaves him, as she realizes his love for money has replaced his love for",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "4270799",
"text": "\"A Christmas Carol\", in which the elderly miser Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by ghosts and learns the errors of his ways. By contrast, the hero of the former, George Bailey, is a businessman who sacrificed his dreams to help his community. On Christmas Eve, a guardian angel finds him in despair and prevents him from committing suicide, by supernaturally showing him how much he meant to the world around him. A few films based on fictionalized versions of true stories have become Christmas specials themselves. The story behind the Christmas carol \"Silent Night\" and the story of \"Yes, Virginia, there",
"title": "Christmas by medium"
},
{
"id": "1371267",
"text": "care. The spirit then shows Scrooge scenes related to the death of a \"wretched man\": His business associates snicker about how it's likely to be a cheap funeral and one associate will go only if lunch is provided; his possessions are stolen and sold by his housekeeper, undertaker, and laundress, and a young couple who owed the man money are relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The spirit then shows Scrooge the man's unkempt tombstone, which bears Scrooge's name. Scrooge weeps over his own grave, begging the spirit for a chance to",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "4022771",
"text": "narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge (Michael Caine), a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (played by Kermit the Frog) and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business",
"title": "The Muppet Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "832386",
"text": "In \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\", Willie is portrayed in a much more positive light than he was in \"Mickey and the Beanstalk\", serving as a supporting protagonist rather than a villain. Here, he plays the role of the Ghost of Christmas Present and helps show Ebenezer Scrooge (Scrooge McDuck) the error of his ways by taking him to the house of his abused and underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit (Mickey Mouse) and showing him that by paying Cratchit so little despite his hard work, Cratchit's son, Tiny Tim, will soon die of his illness. This revelation moves Scrooge to tears, but Willie",
"title": "Mickey Mouse universe"
},
{
"id": "8584312",
"text": "incidents from his past. He experiences a universal anger that he cannot explain. His bitterness spreads to the Swidgers, the Tetterbys and his student. All become as wrathful as Redlaw himself. The only one who is able to avoid the bitterness is Milly. With this realization, the novel concludes with everyone back to normal and Redlaw, like Ebenezer Scrooge, a changed, more loving man. Now a whole person, Redlaw learns to be humble at Christmas. In what would be the first public performance of the technique known as Pepper's ghost, John Henry Pepper staged a Christmas Eve production of play",
"title": "The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain"
},
{
"id": "6681259",
"text": "cold-hearted miser. According to Dickens' novel, the Ghost of Christmas Past appears to Scrooge as a white-robed, androgynous figure of indeterminate age. It has on its head a blinding light, reminiscent of a candle flame, and carries a metal cap, made in the shape of a candle extinguisher. The ghost is often portrayed as a woman in dramatic adaptations of the story: After showing up in Scrooge's house, the Ghost of Christmas Past takes his hand and flies with him over London. It first shows Scrooge his old boarding school, where he stayed alone, but for his books, while his",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Past"
},
{
"id": "1371270",
"text": "\"Scrooge\" is used in English as a word for a person who is miserly and tight-fisted, in spite of the fact that Ebenezer Scrooge later reformed. The character is most often noted for exclaiming \"Bah! Humbug!\" despite uttering this phrase only twice in the entire story. He uses the word \"Humbug\" on its own on seven occasions, although on the seventh we are told he \"stopped at the first syllable\" after realizing Marley's ghost is real. The word is never used again after that in the book. A species of snail is named \"Ba humbugi\" after Scrooge's catchphrase. Ebenezer Scrooge",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "811449",
"text": "Gabriel Grub from \"The Pickwick Papers\" was also an influence when creating Scrooge. Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as \"mean man\". When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign \"Goodge and Marney\", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner. For the chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory of a visit to the Western Penitentiary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in March 1842,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6874771",
"text": "closed in 2013. At Dotheboys Schoolhouse visitors experience a Victorian classroom. Touch-screens replace slates, and visitors take a quiz on Dickens' life and works. The haunted house was first advertised as Ebenezer Scrooge's house, but before the grand opening was renamed the Haunted House of 1859, possibly alluding to Dickens' Christmas story, \"A Haunted House,\" published that year. The house features a \"Pepper's ghost\" effect, which is part of the tour. The original company Dickens World Ltd placed itself in administration when unable to meet a £6 million tax bill, investors losing £32 million. Former director Ed De Lucy revealed",
"title": "Dickens World"
},
{
"id": "4298594",
"text": "November 2014. A Christmas Carol (1938 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits. On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Fred is sliding on ice on a sidewalk. He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit, sons of his uncle Ebenezer's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, the boys take off in terror. Fred soon arrives at the counting-house of his miserly maternal uncle,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "12617037",
"text": "omits the very last scenes. For years it was kept out of circulation, due to the extremely poor quality of most of the surviving prints. Scrooge (1935 film) Scrooge is a 1935 British fantasy film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Seymour Hicks, Donald Calthrop and Robert Cochran. Hicks appears as Ebenezer Scrooge, the miser who hates Christmas. It was the first sound version of the Charles Dickens classic \"A Christmas Carol\", not counting a 1928 short subject that now appears to be lost. Hicks had previously played the role of Scrooge on the stage many times beginning in 1901,",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "11728363",
"text": "even crueler fate reserved for himself. Tiny Tim will die and be mourned by his loving family, while Ebenezer Scrooge will die alone, being no one's concern. Spared by the spirit, Ebenezer Scrooge wakes up on Christmas Day determined to keep the promise he had made to the spirits the night before, and before setting off to accept his nephew's invitation and join them for dinner, he has a priced turkey delivered to Mr. Cratchit's door. From that day, no one in London knows how to celebrate the Christmas spirit better than Ebenezer Scrooge, and Tiny Tim could wish for",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1982 film)"
},
{
"id": "14534314",
"text": "Fellow Passengers Fellow Passengers is a three-actor narrative theatre adaptation of Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\" written by Greg Carter. The title is derived from a first-scene speech by Fred, the nephew of Ebenezer Scrooge, who says: \"I have always thought of Christmas time, when it has come round... as a good time: a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time: the only time I know of, in the long calendar of the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely, and to think of people below them as if they really were \"fellow passengers\"",
"title": "Fellow Passengers"
},
{
"id": "11926411",
"text": "Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\". The CD version of the latter includes four audio discs, as well as a fifth disc of bonus material which includes the original 1843 First Edition illustrations by John Leech (caricaturist) and a photo of Brick playing the role of Ebenezer Scrooge in a 1995 stage production of \"A Christmas Carol\". In October 2009, Brick compiled and released \"\", a collection of short stories from famous authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, H.P. Lovecraft, Mary Shelley and more. In an innovative twist, every All Hallow’s Eve hence a new story by a new author will be",
"title": "Scott Brick"
},
{
"id": "811430",
"text": "heavy chains and money boxes forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness. Marley tells Scrooge that he has a single chance to avoid the same fate: he will be visited by three spirits and must listen or be cursed to carry much heavier chains of his own. The first spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Past, takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge's boyhood, reminding him of a time when he was more innocent. The scenes reveal Scrooge's lonely childhood at boarding school, his relationship with his beloved sister Fan, and a Christmas party hosted by his first employer, Mr",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "9369137",
"text": "harsh London 1840s life?\" The main character in \"Binge\" is the hard-drinking, suicidal Gladys Cratchit, whose harshness to her family surpasses Mommie Dearest by a mile. The other two leads are The Ghost and Ebenezer Scrooge. The Ghost, whose character is written to be an African-American woman, plays the narrator role as she escorts Ebenezer Scrooge through the past, present and future of his life. But, as she says, everything keeps going \"kaplooey\" because she can't get her magic to work properly. In their first journey, the Ghost tries to take Scrooge to his past at the Fezziwig Christmas party,",
"title": "Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge"
},
{
"id": "5843167",
"text": "showns a kindness towards a mouse that appears throughout the film. In 1867, Charles Dickens arrives at a theatre in Boston one snowy night to tell the story of \"A Christmas Carol\". In Victorian London on one Christmas Eve the merriment is not shared by a money lender named Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge on his way back to work from the Exchange orders a criminal named Old Joe to arrest his debt ridden clients including Dr Lambert who along with several other clients is locked up in a debtors' prison. Belle a middle aged nurse and an old flame of Scrooge",
"title": "Christmas Carol: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "811434",
"text": "shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the death of Tiny Tim. The ghost then allows Scrooge to see a neglected grave, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways. Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man. He makes a large donation to the charity he rejected the day before, anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner and spends the afternoon with Fred's family. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay and begins to become a father figure to Tiny Tim. From then on Scrooge",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "14082507",
"text": "Scrooge (1913 film) Scrooge is a 1913 British black and white silent film based on the 1843 novel \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens. It starred Seymour Hicks as Ebenezer Scrooge. In the United States it was released in 1926 as \"Old Scrooge\". The film's cast included Seymour Hicks as Scrooge, William Lugg, Leedham Bantock, J. C. Buckstone, Dorothy Buckstone, Leonard Calvert, Osborne Adair, Adela Measor and Ellaline Terriss. Hicks had played the role of Scrooge regularly onstage since 1901 before this, his first appearance in the role in film. He reprise the role of Scrooge again, in the 1935",
"title": "Scrooge (1913 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560129",
"text": "the punishment he will suffer in the next life if he does not change his ways. That night, Scrooge is visited by three more spirits, who show him his past, present, and future him. A Christmas Carol (1910 film) A Christmas Carol, is a 1910 silent short film directed by J. Searle Dawley for Edison. It runs 13 minutes and is one of the earliest film adaptations of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella. It featured Marc McDermott as Ebenezer Scrooge and Charles S. Ogle as Bob Cratchit. The day before Christmas, Ebenezer Scrooge refuses to contribute to the Charity Relief",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1910 film)"
},
{
"id": "7992869",
"text": "Lost (Maguire novel) Lost is a 2001 novel by American author Gregory Maguire. Unlike many of Maguire's other adult novels, \"Lost\" is set in the real world. The novel's concept is that the protagonist is a distant relation of the man who inspired Charles Dickens' character of Ebenezer Scrooge. Winifred Rudge is an American writer who travels to London to visit a distant cousin, and to research a new novel about a woman haunted by the ghost of Jack the Ripper. When she arrives, she discovers that her cousin has vanished, his apartment (once owned by a common ancestor of",
"title": "Lost (Maguire novel)"
},
{
"id": "4092535",
"text": "delights Fred by attending his dinner party and dancing with the other guests. The next day, December 26, Scrooge plays a practical joke on Cratchit, pretending he is about to sack him for being late, but instead offers him a raise and a hand in helping his family. The narrator recounts that Ebenezer Scrooge became \"as good a man as the old city ever knew\", and a second father to Tiny Tim, who recovered from his illness and learned to walk on his right leg without a crutch. Scrooge carries Tiny Tim on his shoulder off into the distance as",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "5891361",
"text": "This role was first filled by Frank Wisbar (1952–1953), then by Gene Raymond (1953–1955), and finally by the person most associated with the series in the public mind, Jane Wyman (1955–1958). When episodes of this program were rerun on ABC during the summer of 1963, it was under the title Jane Wyman Presents; during the period first-run episodes were hosted by Wyman it was sometimes known as The Jane Wyman Show. One of \"Fireside Theatre\"'s most notable offerings was a 1951 condensed version of Charles Dickens's \" A Christmas Carol\", featuring Ralph Richardson as Ebenezer Scrooge for the first and",
"title": "Fireside Theatre"
},
{
"id": "1761473",
"text": "Christmas. He declines his nephew Fred (Donald Duck)'s invitation to Christmas dinner, then brushes off two gentlemen (Rat and Mole from Disney's Wind in the Willows) fundraising aid for the poor. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (Mickey Mouse) requests to have half of Christmas Day off, to which Scrooge agrees (albeit reluctantly), but says Cratchit would be docked half a day's pay. Scrooge continues his business and goes home just before midnight. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley (Goofy), who warns him that he is condemned in the afterlife and",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "1371258",
"text": "of Christmas Present, and Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. Ebenezer Scrooge is arguably both one of the most famous characters created by Dickens and one of the most famous in English literature. Scrooge's catchphrase, \"Bah! Humbug!\" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions. Several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got inspiration for the character. Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "13542176",
"text": "had a heart\". The Ghost of Christmas Past reinforces the character's signature theme of illuminating Scrooge's worldview (\"The Lights of Long Ago\"). One notable departure from Dickens' novella in this portion of the film is its depiction of Ebenezer Scrooge's father, identified as John William Scrooge, being sentenced to debtors' prison while his horrified family looks on; this scene was inspired by an actual occurrence from Dickens' own childhood. The Ghost of Christmas Present (\"Abundance and Charity\" and \"Christmas Together\"), makes his point that Christmas is a time for celebration, generosity, and fellowship. The former takes place at a fantastical",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (musical)"
},
{
"id": "1761472",
"text": "in 2016. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1984, but lost to \"Sundae in New York\" which was given to Jimmy Parker. It was the first nomination for a Mickey Mouse short since \"Mickey and the Seal\" (1948). It was also the only Mickey Mouse short on which John Lasseter was involved as an animator (he later went on to work for Lucasfilm, Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Animation Studios). On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Ebenezer Scrooge (Scrooge McDuck) is a surly money-lender who does not share the merriment of",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "5410565",
"text": "stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head, and he is also described as \"[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two\" (a phrase lifted from the original book) during that moment of crisis. With the character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.",
"title": "Grinch"
},
{
"id": "6763251",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1999 British-American made-for-television film adaptation of Charles Dickens' famous novel \"A Christmas Carol\" that was first televised December 5, 1999 on TNT. It was directed by David Jones and stars Patrick Stewart as Ebenezer Scrooge and Richard E. Grant as Bob Cratchit. The film was produced after Patrick Stewart performed a series of successful theatrical readings of \"A Christmas Carol\" on Broadway and in London. On Christmas Eve in 1843, Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender at a counting house, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his nephew",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "9110129",
"text": "Scrooge's childhood home. A Christmas Carol (2006 film) A Christmas Carol (a.k.a. A Christmas Carol: Scrooge's Ghostly Tale) is a 2006 computer-animated film adaptation of the Charles Dickens tale, produced by BKN Home Entertainment. It was released theatrically in select cities by Kidtoon Films on November 6, 2006, and was released on DVD on November 21, 2006 by Genius Products and was part of BKN's anthology and trilogy series \"BKN Classic Series\". This version casts the famous Dickens characters as anthropomorphic animals; Ebenezer Scrooge and his relatives are skunks, Bob Cratchit and his family are rabbits, the ghost of Jacob",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "6559998",
"text": "in 1843 where everybody is looking forward to Christmas Day, except for the grouchy and greedy miser Ebenezer Scrooge (\"Jolly Good Time\"). Scrooge, who hates Christmas, shows his cold attitude to others by refusing to show mercy to Mr. Smythe, who has just lost his wife, and his young daughter Grace; supporting prisons and workhouses for the poor; and refusing to dine with his nephew Fred (\"Nothing to Do with Me\"). On his way home from work, Scrooge encounters three individuals--a young woman who is working as a lamplighter, a barker selling tickets to a pantomime, and a blind beggar--and",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "12617031",
"text": "his only relative Fred his nephew and claims Christmas is 'Humbug!'. That night after work Bob goes home to celebrate the holidays with his family while Scrooge dines alone at a seedy pub while the lords and ladies of London celebrate Christmas with the Lord Mayor of London. At his house Scrooge encounters the ghost of his seven-year dead partner Jacob Marley (Who is invisible in this version) who wears a chain he 'forged in life' from his own wicked career. He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits in order to escape his fate. That night as",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560012",
"text": "that contains his arm because he \"never lent a hand\". The Ghost of Christmas Past (Jane Krakowski) sings \"The Lights of Long Ago\", a number reinforcing her signature theme of illuminating Scrooge's worldview. One notable departure from Dickens' novella in this portion of the film is its depiction of Ebenezer Scrooge's father, identified as John William Scrooge, being sentenced to debtors' prison while his horrified family looks on (a scene inspired by events from Dickens' own childhood). The Ghost of Christmas Present gets two numbers, \"Abundance and Charity\" and \"Christmas Together\", in which he makes his point that Christmas is",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "3944890",
"text": "Best Original Song for \"Thank You Very Much\". On Christmas Eve, in 19th-century London, Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his nephew Fred's invitation for Christmas dinner and reluctantly gives his loyal employee Bob Cratchit Christmas Day off. Cratchit and his children go shopping and prepare for the holiday (\"Christmas Children\"). As Scrooge leaves for home, he visits some of his clients including Tom Jenkins and declines two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity (\"I Hate People\"). As he makes his way home, he is accosted and mocked by street urchins",
"title": "Scrooge (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "8203630",
"text": "Ebenezer (film) Ebenezer is a 1998 Canadian made-for-television re-telling of Charles Dickens' classic \"A Christmas Carol\" with Jack Palance giving a performance as Ebenezer Scrooge, á la Western genre. A TV film with high production value, it debuted in the United States on Turner Network Television. It is an obscure and rarely seen title. Ebenezer Scrooge is the most greedy, corrupt and mean-spirited crook in the old West and he sees no value in \"Holiday Humbug.\" But when the ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come open his eyes, Scrooge discovers that love and friendships are the greatest",
"title": "Ebenezer (film)"
},
{
"id": "4298584",
"text": "years, is the mother of his nephew. Scrooge is shown his early career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig. At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows Scrooge how others keep Christmas. At a church service, Fred and his fiancée, Bess, are seen as happy and in love. The couple must wait to marry because of Fred's financial circumstances, and the spirit observes that perhaps they will not marry at all and their love may end, just as Scrooge lost his fiancée in his youth. Scrooge is then shown the Cratchit",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "7791418",
"text": "Dukes adapted from a novel. Hicks's most famous role was that of Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\". He first played this role in 1901 and eventually played it thousands of times onstage, often at benefits, and twice on film: the 1913 silent film \"Scrooge\" and the 1935 film \"Scrooge\", produced in England. In 1926, Pathé Pictures released the 1913 film in America under the title \"Old Scrooge\". This 1926 print has been released on DVD. The 1935 \"Scrooge\" was the first feature-length film version of the story with sound. The film has been praised for its vivid",
"title": "Seymour Hicks"
},
{
"id": "15774639",
"text": "of this type include \"The Unquiet Grave\", \"The Wife of Usher's Well\", and \"Sweet William's Ghost\", which feature the recurring theme of returning dead lovers or children. In the ballad \"King Henry\", a particularly ravenous ghost devours the king's horse and hounds before forcing the king into bed. The king then awakens to find the ghost transformed into a beautiful woman. One of the key early appearances by ghosts in a gothic tale was \"The Castle of Otranto\" by Horace Walpole in 1764. Washington Irving's short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" (1820), based on an earlier German folktale, features",
"title": "Ghosts in English-speaking cultures"
},
{
"id": "4092524",
"text": "the film; Ernest Thesiger as Marley's undertaker; and Patrick Macnee as young Jacob Marley. Michael Hordern plays Marley's ghost, as well as adult Marley. Peter Bull serves as narrator, by reading portions of Dickens' words at the beginning and end of the film; he also appears on-screen as one of the businessmen discussing Scrooge's funeral. Ebenezer Scrooge (Alastair Sim) is seen leaving the London Exchange on his way to his counting house on Christmas Eve, 1843. Scrooge tells two other men of business that he has no intention of celebrating Christmas, which he considers to be a humbug. He refuses",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "4092537",
"text": "Mr. Fezziwig and also introduced him to Jacob Marley. When Jorkin, who does not appear at all in Dickens's original story, is discovered to be an embezzler, the opportunistic Scrooge and Marley offer to compensate the company's losses on the condition that they receive control of the company for which they work – and so, \"Scrooge and Marley\" is born. During the Ghost of Christmas Present sequence, Scrooge's former fiancée, Alice, works with the homeless and sick (the character is named \"Belle\" in the book, and her employment is not described). The film also posits that Ebenezer's sister died while",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "6763252",
"text": "Fred's invitation to join him for Christmas dinner and dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit offers Scrooge to have Christmas off since there will be no business for Scrooge during the day and Scrooge accepts, but demands that Cratchit arrive \"all the earlier\" the following day. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the next three nights. At midnight,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "398348",
"text": "Scrooge McDuck Scrooge McDuck is a fictional character created in 1947 by Carl Barks as a work-for-hire for The Walt Disney Company. Scrooge is an elderly Scottish anthropomorphic Pekin duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a red or blue frock coat, top hat, pince-nez glasses, and spats. He is portrayed in animations as speaking with a Scottish accent. Named after Ebenezer Scrooge from the 1843 novel \"A Christmas Carol\", Scrooge is an incredibly wealthy business magnate and self-proclaimed \"adventure-capitalist\" whose dominant character trait is his thrift. He is brother to Matilda McDuck and Hortense McDuck,",
"title": "Scrooge McDuck"
},
{
"id": "10495601",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1908 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1908 silent film produced by Essanay Studios in Chicago, and the first American film adaptation of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella of the same name. Tom Ricketts stars as Ebenezer Scrooge in the film, which is considered lost. No prints of the first American film adaptation of \"A Christmas Carol\" are known to exist, but \"The Moving Picture World\" magazine provided a scene-by-scene description before the film's release. Scrooge goes into his office and begins working. His nephew, along with three women who wish for Scrooge to donate enter. However,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1908 film)"
},
{
"id": "13374434",
"text": "that was used in the 1984 film \"A Christmas Carol\" is still present in the now-disused churchyard. According to the Shrewsbury Town Crier, Martin Wood, the headstone is not a \"prop\" but an actual period headstone, on which the original inscription had deteriorated to the point that the movie production people asked the church if they could use it and inscribe the \"Ebenezer Scrooge\" words on it. You can still see some of the original inscription on the bottom part of the stone. Among those actually buried in the churchyard was Shrewsbury architect Edward Haycock, Sr. In 2010, the church",
"title": "St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury"
},
{
"id": "4298583",
"text": "the ghost of his deceased business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns Scrooge to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as Marley was. He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the youthful Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. Scrooge is shown his unhappiness when he was left to spend the holidays alone at school, and his joy when his sister, Fran, came to take him home for Christmas. The spirit reminds Scrooge that Fran, dead for some",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "12019724",
"text": "Apostles\" series. In 1954, he played a priest, Father Kerrigan, in the western film, \"Jesse James v. the Daltons.\" On stage, Leigh portrayed Jesus Christ in multiple years in the annual production of the Pilgrimage Play in the Hollywood Pilgrimage Bowl. In 1949, he portrayed the Ghost of Christmas Past in a notoriously low-budgeted half-hour television version of Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\", with Vincent Price as narrator and Taylor Holmes as Ebenezer Scrooge. In 1949, the American Association of Religious Film Directors gave Leigh its Best Actor Award for his portrayal of the Christus in \"The Calling of Matthew\".",
"title": "Nelson Leigh"
},
{
"id": "4008616",
"text": "type include \"The Unquiet Grave\", \"The Wife of Usher's Well\", and \"Sweet William's Ghost\", which feature the recurring theme of returning dead lovers or children. In the ballad \"King Henry\", a particularly ravenous ghost devours the king’s horse and hounds before forcing the king into bed. The king then awakens to find the ghost transformed into a beautiful woman. One of the key early appearances by ghosts was \"The Castle of Otranto\" by Horace Walpole in 1764, considered to be the first gothic novel. However, although the ghost story shares the use of the supernatural with the Gothic novel, the",
"title": "Ghost story"
},
{
"id": "9110127",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (2006 film) A Christmas Carol (a.k.a. A Christmas Carol: Scrooge's Ghostly Tale) is a 2006 computer-animated film adaptation of the Charles Dickens tale, produced by BKN Home Entertainment. It was released theatrically in select cities by Kidtoon Films on November 6, 2006, and was released on DVD on November 21, 2006 by Genius Products and was part of BKN's anthology and trilogy series \"BKN Classic Series\". This version casts the famous Dickens characters as anthropomorphic animals; Ebenezer Scrooge and his relatives are skunks, Bob Cratchit and his family are rabbits, the ghost of Jacob Marley is a",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "7245084",
"text": "Frederick Dickens Frederick William Dickens (4 July 1820 – 20 October 1868) was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens and was Charles Dickens's younger brother, who lived with Charles when he moved on to Furnival's Inn in 1834. He was the inspiration for two different Freds in his brother's books: the jovial nephew of Ebenezer Scrooge in \"A Christmas Carol\" and the dissolute brother of Little Nell in \"The Old Curiosity Shop\". While Fred was a child and a youth, Charles Dickens often described him as his favourite brother, showing great concern for his welfare. As a boy, Fred",
"title": "Frederick Dickens"
},
{
"id": "18213651",
"text": "if he was practicing formally as a barrister, but it was at this time that he re-emerges out of the shadows as a player in one of the most notorious legal cases of the era, that of the Gloucester Miser. James or more popularly Jemmy Wood was the proprietor of one of the oldest private banks in the kingdom, probably the first commoner in England to become a millionaire and a noted miser. Charles Dickens is thought to have modelled Ebenezer Scrooge on him. The Chancery case following his death and disputed will may form the theme of ‘Bleak House’.",
"title": "John Thomas Claridge"
},
{
"id": "398388",
"text": "version of Ebenezer Scrooge—a very unsympathetic character. In the end they shelved the idea because a duck who gets all excited about money just was not funny enough. In an interview, Barks summed up his beliefs about Scrooge and capitalism: Scrooge is very misunderstood. In his early years, he was very friendly and generous. But the 'slaps' of society from cruel people, as well as the ungratefulness of those who he had helped to overcome their problems, made Scrooge bitter, grumpy, and arrogant. Feeling that he had been taken advantage of, he didn't want to believe that others had real",
"title": "Scrooge McDuck"
},
{
"id": "9157316",
"text": "Chrysler Corporation, and both were hosted by William Lundigan. Famous entertainers of the era who appeared multiple times on \"Shower of Stars\" included Jack Benny, Bob Crosby, Betty Grable, Van Johnson, Shirley MacLaine, Fredric March, Frankie Laine, Ethel Merman, Basil Rathbone, Red Skelton, Mario Lanza and Ed Wynn Liberace. March and Rathbone were starred as Ebenezer Scrooge and Jacob Marley, respectively, in a 1954 musical adaptation of Charles Dickens's \"A Christmas Carol\", with songs by Bernard Herrmann and Maxwell Anderson. This was the first musical version of the story to be televised, and the first in color. Rathbone would go",
"title": "Shower of Stars"
},
{
"id": "3944892",
"text": "under Mr. Fezziwig. Attending a Christmas party held by Fezziwig, Scrooge falls in love with his daughter, Isabel (\"Happiness\"). However, the spirit shows Scrooge how Isabel left him when he chose money over her (\"You...\"). He dismisses the spirit as he returns to the present. Scrooge is visited by the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, a jolly giant, who shows him the joys and wonder of Christmas Day (\"I Like Life\"). Scrooge and the spirit visit Bob's house, learning his family is surprisingly content with their small dinner, while Scrooge takes pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim. The spirit",
"title": "Scrooge (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "10526139",
"text": "partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, carrying heavy chains forged from his own greediness. Jacob informs Scrooge that he will be haunted by three spirits, who will guide him out of his misery. First, Scrooge is visited by the candle-like Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. They visit Scrooge's boarding school and Scrooge sees his sister Fanie, who died after giving birth to Fred. Scrooge later begins a successful career in business and money lending as",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "811446",
"text": "this was added later, during the printing process. The central character of \"A Christmas Carol\" is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based moneylender, described in the story as \"a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!\" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, the professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "112587",
"text": "as Daisy's younger brothers. It was the only time in which Daisy's parents are seen. Daisy appeared in \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\" in 1983, playing the character Isabelle, the neglected love interest of a young Ebenezer Scrooge, played by Scrooge McDuck. The film was Daisy's first theatrical appearance in almost 30 years and was also the first time she appeared apart from Donald. Although the nature of the film was that of Disney characters \"playing\" other characters and was not part of any story continuity. Daisy was voiced by Patricia Parris in the film. In 1988 Daisy made a cameo appearance",
"title": "Daisy Duck"
},
{
"id": "15732636",
"text": "thought that he never became Mayor because the expense of the job was too great for him to bear. He was not averse to spending other people's money however. In 1818, 47 people dined at the city's expense at a dinner given for the Duke of Gloucester at which they ate a turtle weighing 150 lbs given to the city by Lord Howard. Charles Dickens may have been inspired by the stories about the Gloucester Miser to create the character of Ebenezer Scrooge in \"A Christmas Carol\". A character by the name of \"Dismal Jemmy\" appears in \"The Pickwick Papers\"",
"title": "Jemmy Wood"
},
{
"id": "9427873",
"text": "West Hide, Shecknal, Coppice Wood, Garroway Common, and Yorkley. The usual custom of the Primitive Methodists was to name the chapels after Old Testament place names. By 1828 the Primitive Methodists had built the 'Ebenezer Chapel' at Upper Lydbrook. It had the honour of being the first Methodist church in the Forest. It was first enlarged in 1852 (the same year the new parish church was opened). The year after, in 1853 Charles Dickens had published his 'Christmas Stories' containing the 'Christmas Carol' which portrayed the character 'Ebenezer Scrooge' associating the name with a foreboding character. The chapel was further",
"title": "Lydbrook"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ghost of Christmas Past context: Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Past or The Spirit of Christmas Past is a fictional character in the work \"A Christmas Carol\" by the English novelist Charles Dickens. The Ghost of Christmas Past is the first of the three spirits (after the visitation by Jacob Marley, his former business partner) to haunt Ebenezer Scrooge. This angelic and caring spirit shows Scrooge scenes from his past that occurred on or around Christmas, in order to demonstrate to him the necessity of changing his ways, as well as to show the reader how Scrooge came to be a bitter,\n\nWhose ghost was the first to appear to Ebenezer Scrooge?",
"compressed_tokens": 182,
"origin_tokens": 182,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ebenezer Scrooge context: of Christmas Present, and Ghost of Christmas Yet to) has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. Ebenezer Scrooge is arguably both one of the most famous characters created by Dickens and one of the most famous in English literature. Scrooge's catchphrase, \"Bah! Humbug!\" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions. Several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got inspiration for the character. Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict\n\ntitle A Christmas938 film) context: A Christmas (1938 A Christmas Carol is a 1938 film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same, st Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser learns the error of his on Christmas Eve after visit three spirits. On Christmas Eve in 1th-century London, Fred is sl on ice a sidewalk meets and Tim Cratchit sons of his uncle Ebene's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, boys take in terror arrives at the counting- of miserly maternal uncle, Ebenezer Scrooge.\n\ntitle: A Christmas Carol: A A Carol In Pro. Being Christmas, commonly a nov by Dickens, published Chap 4 by John Leech. \"A Christmas Carol\" recs the story of Eb Sc elder visited g Mar their vis, Scro transformed into gent. Dick Christmas\" a when the British\ntitle:ptations of They: basic plot toaticens death alongsideels and stories on.ations of \"\", theens the best is the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a greedy miser who hates Christmas, but is transformed into a caring, kindly person through the visitations of four ghosts. The classic work has been dramatised and adapted countless times for virtually every medium and performance\n\nWhose ghost was the first to appear to Ebenezer Scrooge?",
"compressed_tokens": 463,
"origin_tokens": 14816,
"ratio": "32.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,772 | What was the name of Scrooge's long suffering clerk in a Christmas Carol? | [
"Bob Cratchit",
"Bob Cratchitt",
"Bob Cratchet",
"Cratchit"
] | Bob Cratchit | [
{
"id": "4194467",
"text": "Bob Cratchit Bob Cratchit is a fictional character in the Charles Dickens novel \"A Christmas Carol\". The abused, underpaid clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge (and possibly Jacob Marley, when he was still alive), Cratchit has come to symbolize poor working conditions, especially long working hours. He is close to 30 years of age in the book, but can appear differently in different versions. According to a comment by Scrooge, Cratchit works for 15 shillings a week at a rate of three pence (\"thruppence\") an hour for 60 hours per week. Until the decimalization of the British Pound in 1971, one shilling",
"title": "Bob Cratchit"
},
{
"id": "832386",
"text": "In \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\", Willie is portrayed in a much more positive light than he was in \"Mickey and the Beanstalk\", serving as a supporting protagonist rather than a villain. Here, he plays the role of the Ghost of Christmas Present and helps show Ebenezer Scrooge (Scrooge McDuck) the error of his ways by taking him to the house of his abused and underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit (Mickey Mouse) and showing him that by paying Cratchit so little despite his hard work, Cratchit's son, Tiny Tim, will soon die of his illness. This revelation moves Scrooge to tears, but Willie",
"title": "Mickey Mouse universe"
},
{
"id": "4194468",
"text": "was twelve pence. Thus, fifteen shillings is 180 pence. It would take 60 hours to earn 180 at a rate of three pence per hour. In terms of 2015 purchasing power, this would be approximately £63.00 or about $94 US per week. Seven members of Cratchit's family are mentioned in the original story, four of whom are named: [[Category:Male characters in literature] Bob Cratchit Bob Cratchit is a fictional character in the Charles Dickens novel \"A Christmas Carol\". The abused, underpaid clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge (and possibly Jacob Marley, when he was still alive), Cratchit has come to symbolize poor",
"title": "Bob Cratchit"
},
{
"id": "6559999",
"text": "rebuffs all of their requests for charity; as he walks away from each, they imply that Scrooge will pay for his actions, specifically referencing his past, present, and future respectively. Meanwhile, Scrooge's faithful but long-suffering clerk Bob Cratchit returns to his own impoverished family, telling his ill son Tiny Tim that despite their circumstances, their love for one another is the greatest treasure on Earth (\"You Mean More to Me\"). That night, as Scrooge dines alone before going to bed, the ghost of his seven-year dead partner Jacob Marley appears; Marley is doomed to spend the afterlife bound in heavy",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "811429",
"text": "Christmas Carol\" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred—the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "13542175",
"text": "woman (Future) (\"Nothing to Do With Me\"). Scrooge's long-suffering employee Bob Cratchit, and Bob's son Tiny Tim, purchase a Christmas chicken (\"You Mean More to Me\"). The visit of the ghost of Jacob Marley (\"Link By Link\"), features a half-dozen singing, dancing spirits presented with various levels of makeup and special effects. One of these ghosts in this version is known to be an old colleague of Scrooge and Marley's, Mr. Haynes, who was said to be \"mean to the \"bone\"\", resulting in his charred skeleton. Other puns include a spirit with a safe embedded in his chest, who \"never",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (musical)"
},
{
"id": "5843168",
"text": "is informed by Scrooge's colleague Mr Leech that the debts have now been transferred to Scrooge. Belle goes to Scrooge's office only for him to be out on business. Belle gives a letter to Scrooge's clerk Bob Cratchit before leaving to visit Dr Lambert in prison. That night Scrooge refuses to dine with his nephew Fred and deliberately pours a bucket of cold water over Bob's youngest son Tiny Tim who only recently got admitted out of hospital by Dr Lambert and gets pnemounia. After Bob leaves for home Scrooge is haunted by the ghost of his late partner Jacob",
"title": "Christmas Carol: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "6560010",
"text": "musical. The score contains 22 songs, also adapted from the stage. The opening number, \"Jolly Good Time\", is a more jovial reworking of the first two numbers in the stage version, \"The Years Are Passing By\" and \"Jolly, Rich, and Fat\". In the next number, \"Nothing to Do With Me\", Scrooge first encounters the three ghosts of Christmas in their physical guises as a lamplighter (Past), a charity show barker (Present), and a blind beggar woman (Future). We also see Scrooge's long-suffering employee Bob Cratchit buying a Christmas chicken with his son Tiny Tim in the song \"You Mean More",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "811449",
"text": "Gabriel Grub from \"The Pickwick Papers\" was also an influence when creating Scrooge. Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as \"mean man\". When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign \"Goodge and Marney\", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner. For the chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory of a visit to the Western Penitentiary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in March 1842,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "12871193",
"text": "Carol\"). Meanwhile, Scrooge and his clerk Bob Cratchit are visited by Scrooge's nephew Harry, who in contrast to his uncle, is excited for Christmas and deplores how he is making Cratchit still work at 7pm on Christmas Eve. Scrooge asks him to leave. After work, Bob Cratchit, his disabled son Tiny Tim and his daughter Kathy go Christmas shopping on the streets of London (\"Christmas Children\"). Later, Scrooge walks around London, demanding the money that is owed to him by the businesspeople of London, and we learn of Scrooge's negative reputation throughout the people of London, especially soup caterer Tom",
"title": "Scrooge (musical)"
},
{
"id": "1063971",
"text": "predating \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" by two years. Mr. Magoo is heading to a theater on Broadway, where he is starring as Ebenezer Scrooge in a musical production based on \"A Christmas Carol\". Due to Magoo's nearsightedness, he arrives thirty minutes late and accidentally injures the director (\"It's Great to Be Back on Broadway\"). Scrooge is a miserly money lender in Victorian London on Christmas Eve, counting money while his clerk Bob Cratchit is underpaid and has no coal for his fire (\"Ringle, Ringle\"). After rudely refusing two men who ask him for a donation to charity, Scrooge reluctantly allows",
"title": "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "1371261",
"text": "and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is \"a more fantastic image\" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser. Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from \"The Pickwick Papers\" was also an influence when creating Scrooge. The story of \"A Christmas Carol\" starts on Christmas Eve 1843 with Scrooge at his money-lending business. He hates Christmas as a \"humbug\" and subjects his clerk, Bob Cratchit, to grueling hours and low pay of only 15 shillings on a normal week (giving him Christmas",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "14082509",
"text": "his office, is chased by poor children. At the office, Scrooge's clerk Bob Cratchit bids goodbye to his crippled son Tiny Tim and goes to work. A poor woman comes to the office to beg from Scrooge but he turns her away. Cratchit gives her money. At Middlemarks, the poor line up for food. When the food runs out, Middlemark goes to Scrooge for assistance but he is turned away. Scrooge gives Cratchit a second hand quill as a Christmas present and after Cratchit has gone, he settles down with his money to sleep. Scrooge is visited on Christmas Eve",
"title": "Scrooge (1913 film)"
},
{
"id": "4298581",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits. On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Fred is sliding on ice on a sidewalk. He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit, sons of his uncle Ebenezer's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, the boys take off in terror. Fred soon arrives at the counting-house of his miserly maternal uncle, Ebenezer Scrooge.",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "12617030",
"text": "is seen working in his freezing counting house along with his suffering, under-paid clerk Bob Cratchit (Donald Calthrop). Two fellow business men arrive at the counting house to collect a donation for the poor from Scrooge but the old man instead supports the prisons and workhouses and goes as far to say if the poor would rather die then they 'better do it and decrease the surplus population'. Scrooge catches Bob trying to take some coal but warns him he will be out of a job if he does not go back to work. Scrooge then refuses to dine with",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "10526138",
"text": "following 1983's \"Mickey's Christmas Carol\" and 1992's \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\". In 1843, on Christmas Eve, Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly old moneylender at a London counting house, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his cheerful nephew Fred's invitation to a Christmas dinner party, and rejects two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit asks Scrooge to allow him to have a day off on Christmas Day to spend time with his family, to which Scrooge reluctantly agrees before leaving. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "4298582",
"text": "After declining an invitation from his nephew to dine with him on Christmas, Scrooge dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity. That night, Scrooge reluctantly allows his employee Bob Cratchit to have Christmas off with pay but orders him back all the earlier the day after. Later Bob accidentally knocks off Scrooge's hat with a snowball. Scrooge fires Bob and withholds a week's pay to compensate for his ruined hat, also demanding a shilling to make up the difference. Bob spends the last of his wages on food for his family's Christmas dinner. In his house, Scrooge is confronted by",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560013",
"text": "a time for celebration, generosity, and fellowship. The former takes place at a fantastical version of the charity show he was seen promoting on Christmas Eve, and the latter whisks Scrooge on a tour of London that includes the homes of his nephew Fred, his clerk Bob Cratchit, and Mr. Smythe, a recently widowed client of Scrooge's lending house. Unlike the faceless phantom that embodies Christmas Yet to Come in most versions of \"A Christmas Carol\" (including the book), this film features a mute sorceress figure clad in white (a transmogrification of the blind hag who appears on Christmas Eve).",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "11728359",
"text": "Scarr, and Anne Haddy. A second live-action, made-for-television title under the same name was produced in the same year. All copyright in this film is currently owned by HS Holding Corporation who controls the licensing of this film. Old Ebenezer Scrooge is a cruel man for whom life's only passion has become only money; he hates Christmas, even the very mention of it, lives alone and only to work. He is very strict with his only, underpaid and overworked, employee, Bob Cratchit, and does not believe in giving away to charity or being kind to anyone. One Christmas Eve, Ebenezer",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1982 film)"
},
{
"id": "4298594",
"text": "November 2014. A Christmas Carol (1938 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits. On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Fred is sliding on ice on a sidewalk. He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit, sons of his uncle Ebenezer's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, the boys take off in terror. Fred soon arrives at the counting-house of his miserly maternal uncle,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "6559998",
"text": "in 1843 where everybody is looking forward to Christmas Day, except for the grouchy and greedy miser Ebenezer Scrooge (\"Jolly Good Time\"). Scrooge, who hates Christmas, shows his cold attitude to others by refusing to show mercy to Mr. Smythe, who has just lost his wife, and his young daughter Grace; supporting prisons and workhouses for the poor; and refusing to dine with his nephew Fred (\"Nothing to Do with Me\"). On his way home from work, Scrooge encounters three individuals--a young woman who is working as a lamplighter, a barker selling tickets to a pantomime, and a blind beggar--and",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "13542177",
"text": "version of the charity show he was seen promoting on Christmas Eve, and the latter whisks Scrooge on a tour of London that includes the homes of his nephew Fred, his clerk Bob Cratchit, and Mr. Smythe, a recently widowed client of Scrooge's lending house. The entire Christmas Future (\"Dancing On Your Grave\", \"You Mean More to Me (Reprise)\", and \"Yesterday, Tomorrow, and Today\"), culminates in Scrooge's awakening in his bedroom on Christmas morning. \"What a Day, What a Sky\" bookends \"Nothing to Do With Me\", dramatizing Scrooge's new outlook as he races through the streets of London making amends.",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (musical)"
},
{
"id": "1761473",
"text": "Christmas. He declines his nephew Fred (Donald Duck)'s invitation to Christmas dinner, then brushes off two gentlemen (Rat and Mole from Disney's Wind in the Willows) fundraising aid for the poor. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (Mickey Mouse) requests to have half of Christmas Day off, to which Scrooge agrees (albeit reluctantly), but says Cratchit would be docked half a day's pay. Scrooge continues his business and goes home just before midnight. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley (Goofy), who warns him that he is condemned in the afterlife and",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6560006",
"text": "Your Grave\"). Scrooge discovers that his fellow exchange workers--and indeed, no one at all--is mourning for him, while his charwoman and other impoverished people strip his body and bedroom of their valuables to sell to a shady pawnbroker. Scrooge also witnesses the Cratchits kneeling before Tiny Tim's grave, as nothing was done to save him (\"You Mean More to Me Reprise\"). The Ghost shows Scrooge his own bare grave, and the elderly man breaks down in tears (\"Yesterday, Tomorrow, and Today\"). At this, Grace Smythe appears and begins to sing to Scrooge, encouraging him to find his own inner light",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "6060290",
"text": "loyal employee Bob Cratchit's request to have Christmas off since there will be no business for Scrooge during the day. As he leaves for the Royal Stock Exchange, Scrooge encounters Bob's ill son Tiny Tim waiting across from Scrooge's office. After initially mistaking Tim for a beggar, Scrooge assures him that he will have a long wait for his father in the cold before leaving. In the stock exchange, Scrooge is greeted by three other businessmen who wish to purchase some corn; they had delayed in concluding the deal, apparently in hopes that Scrooge would lower his price. To their",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1984 film)"
},
{
"id": "9405313",
"text": "Ebbie Ebbie or Miracle at Christmas: Ebbie's Story is a 1995 TV movie directed by George Kaczender, written by Ed Redlich, and starring Susan Lucci in the title role. It is a gender-reversed retelling of \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens, with a hard-hearted female character in place of the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge. The title character is businesswoman Elizabeth \"Ebbie\" Scrooge, played by Lucci. Ebbie has never appreciated Christmas, and has been rotten to the holidays. She doesn't give to the needy, doesn't care about her employees at Dobson's (the store she owns), and most of all, she works on",
"title": "Ebbie"
},
{
"id": "3944894",
"text": "spirit escorts Scrooge to a cemetery, where the spirit points out his own grave. Realizing this, Scrooge promises to change his ways before the spirit forces him to fall through his grave into the fires of Hell. Scrooge is met there once again by Marley, who shows him to his \"office\" to serve forever as Lucifer's personal clerk. Scrooge is adorned with the enormous chain made from his past sins by several demons. Awakening in his bedroom on Christmas Day, with love and joy in his heart, a gleeful Scrooge decides to bring happiness to the citizens of London (\"I'll",
"title": "Scrooge (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560008",
"text": "(\"What a Day, What a Sky\"). He takes to the streets and begins to make amends for all he has done: he orders a massive turkey for the Cratchits, gives money to charity, and forgives the Smythes of their debt. As he travels, he meets the lamplighter, who gives him a sly nod; similarly, the barker reappears, and Scrooge buys a ticket to his pantomime for every child in the city. Finally, he gives money to the beggar woman, who stands to reveal that her vision has been restored, suggesting that her blindness was an extension of Scrooge's own lack",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "6682092",
"text": "a scabbard with no sword in it, a representation of peace on Earth and good will toward men. The spirit transports Scrooge around the city, showing him scenes of festivity and also deprivation that are happening as they watch, sprinkling a little warmth from his torch as he travels. Amongst the visits are the city streets, Scrooge's nephew’s Christmas party, and the family of his impoverished clerk, Bob Cratchit. Scrooge takes an interest in Cratchit's desperately-ill son, Tiny Tim, and asks the Ghost if Tim will live. The Ghost first states that \"If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future,",
"title": "Ghost of Christmas Present"
},
{
"id": "4298586",
"text": "his own death will not be mourned. Scrooge promises to repent and returns home. Awakening in his own bed on Christmas Day, Scrooge is a changed man. He orders a boy in the street to buy a turkey for him, meaning to take it to the Cratchits. Running into the two men who petitioned him for charity the evening before, Scrooge gives a large donation. He visits Fred and makes him his new partner, then goes to the Cratchit house where he rehires Bob and increases his wages. Made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore (who played",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "4022771",
"text": "narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge (Michael Caine), a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (played by Kermit the Frog) and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business",
"title": "The Muppet Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "398348",
"text": "Scrooge McDuck Scrooge McDuck is a fictional character created in 1947 by Carl Barks as a work-for-hire for The Walt Disney Company. Scrooge is an elderly Scottish anthropomorphic Pekin duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a red or blue frock coat, top hat, pince-nez glasses, and spats. He is portrayed in animations as speaking with a Scottish accent. Named after Ebenezer Scrooge from the 1843 novel \"A Christmas Carol\", Scrooge is an incredibly wealthy business magnate and self-proclaimed \"adventure-capitalist\" whose dominant character trait is his thrift. He is brother to Matilda McDuck and Hortense McDuck,",
"title": "Scrooge McDuck"
},
{
"id": "811434",
"text": "shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the death of Tiny Tim. The ghost then allows Scrooge to see a neglected grave, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways. Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man. He makes a large donation to the charity he rejected the day before, anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner and spends the afternoon with Fred's family. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay and begins to become a father figure to Tiny Tim. From then on Scrooge",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6763255",
"text": "discuss the death of an unnamed colleague, but do not mourn him. In a den, Scrooge recognizes his charwoman, his laundress, and the local undertaker trading several of his stolen possessions to a fence named Old Joe. Later, he sees a young couple who owed Scrooge money are relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The Ghost transports Scrooge to Cratchit's house, discovering Tiny Tim has died. The Ghost escorts Scrooge to a cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, revealing Scrooge was the man who died. Realizing this, Scrooge vows",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "4092523",
"text": "Scrooge (1951 film) Scrooge is a 1951 British fantasy drama film and an adaptation of Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\" (1843). It stars Alastair Sim as Ebenezer Scrooge, and was produced and directed by Brian Desmond Hurst, with a screenplay by Noel Langley. It was released as A Christmas Carol in the United States. The film also features Kathleen Harrison as Mrs. Dilber, Scrooge's charwoman. George Cole stars as the younger version of Scrooge, Hermione Baddeley as Mrs. Cratchit, Mervyn Johns as Bob Cratchit, Clifford Mollison as Samuel Wilkins, a debtor; Jack Warner as Mr. Jorkin, a role created for",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "4761819",
"text": "Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was \"...a chance and hope of my procuring.\" In \"A Christmas",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "4092525",
"text": "leniency to a debtor who owes Scrooge money. Back at his place of business, Scrooge refuses a donation to two men collecting for the poor, suggesting that prisons and workhouses are sufficient for maintaining the poor, and that those who won't go would be better off dead. Scrooge's nephew, Fred (Brian Worth), invites Scrooge to dinner the next day, but Scrooge refuses, disparaging Fred for having married. Scrooge reluctantly gives his poor clerk Bob Cratchit (Mervyn Johns) the day off with pay, but expects him back all the earlier the next day. After Scrooge dines alone in a seedy restaurant",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "1761474",
"text": "Scrooge will face the same torment unless he repents of his wicked, miserly ways. Marley informs Scrooge that three time-travelling spirits will visit him during the night. As Marley leaves, he falls downstairs after he avoids tripping over Scrooge's cane. Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past (Jiminy Cricket), who takes him back in time to his early life. They visit his time as an employee under Fezziwig (Mr. Toad). Fezziwig throws a Christmas party where the young Scrooge meets a young woman named Isabelle (Daisy Duck), whom he falls in love with. Ten years later, Scrooge is",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6552157",
"text": "him. However, Scrooge's cat Sylvester notices this and warns him. Scrooge takes back the coal and fires Cratchit...throwing him out along with carolers (Elmer Fudd, Pepé Le Pew and Foghorn Leghorn) whom Fred let into the office. Cratchit invites Fred to dinner and introduces him to his youngest son Tiny Tim (Tweety Bird). \"Kinda puny, isn't he?\" Bugs notes. \"If you had to live on birdseed, you'd be puny too!\" Tim retorts. Scrooge sends the light company to take the last candle (as Cratchit is past due) and a notice that the house is being foreclosed, forcing Cratchit to move",
"title": "Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4092547",
"text": "in the beginning of the 2015 film \"Krampus\". Scrooge (1951 film) Scrooge is a 1951 British fantasy drama film and an adaptation of Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\" (1843). It stars Alastair Sim as Ebenezer Scrooge, and was produced and directed by Brian Desmond Hurst, with a screenplay by Noel Langley. It was released as A Christmas Carol in the United States. The film also features Kathleen Harrison as Mrs. Dilber, Scrooge's charwoman. George Cole stars as the younger version of Scrooge, Hermione Baddeley as Mrs. Cratchit, Mervyn Johns as Bob Cratchit, Clifford Mollison as Samuel Wilkins, a debtor; Jack",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "1063974",
"text": "Scrooge sees his belongings being sold to Old Joe, the local rag-and-bone man (\"We're Despicable (Plunderer's March)\"). Scrooge begs to be shown \"tenderness connected with death\", but discovers that Tiny Tim has died. The Ghost takes Scrooge to a cemetery and shows him his own grave, revealing that this deceased man is him. Scrooge realizes in anguish that he has spent his life poorly, and repents (\"Alone in the World (Reprise)\"). Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning with a renewed purpose. He meets the two men from the previous day and makes a generous donation, then anonymously sends Cratchit a Christmas",
"title": "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "15742013",
"text": "Sweets from Heaven & Fuzziwig's Candy Factory Sweets From Heaven & Fuzziwig's Candy Factory is a franchise chain of candy shops located around the United States as well as internationally in the Bahamas and Guam. The franchise chain sells mainly bulk candies and toy novelties such as Hello Kitty. For over 20 years, Kayo Folsom worked for the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory. In 1995, the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory created a new division called Fuzziwigs Candy Factory. The name comes from the word, Fezziwig, the name of Scrooge's kind mentor in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. Rocky Mountain Chocolate sold",
"title": "Sweets from Heaven & Fuzziwig's Candy Factory"
},
{
"id": "3944890",
"text": "Best Original Song for \"Thank You Very Much\". On Christmas Eve, in 19th-century London, Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his nephew Fred's invitation for Christmas dinner and reluctantly gives his loyal employee Bob Cratchit Christmas Day off. Cratchit and his children go shopping and prepare for the holiday (\"Christmas Children\"). As Scrooge leaves for home, he visits some of his clients including Tom Jenkins and declines two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity (\"I Hate People\"). As he makes his way home, he is accosted and mocked by street urchins",
"title": "Scrooge (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "6763252",
"text": "Fred's invitation to join him for Christmas dinner and dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit offers Scrooge to have Christmas off since there will be no business for Scrooge during the day and Scrooge accepts, but demands that Cratchit arrive \"all the earlier\" the following day. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the next three nights. At midnight,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "4761825",
"text": "wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby. Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "6560011",
"text": "to Me\". The visit of the ghost of Jacob Marley becomes a large-scale production number (\"Link By Link\"), featuring a half-dozen singing, dancing spirits presented with various levels of makeup and special effects. One of these ghosts in this version is known to be an old colleague of Scrooge and Marley's, Mr. Haynes, who was said to be \"mean to the \"bone\"\", resulting in his charred skeleton. Other puns include a headless spirit who wanted to get \"ahead\", a man with a safe full of coins in his chest who \"never had a heart\" and a man carrying a box",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "5843167",
"text": "showns a kindness towards a mouse that appears throughout the film. In 1867, Charles Dickens arrives at a theatre in Boston one snowy night to tell the story of \"A Christmas Carol\". In Victorian London on one Christmas Eve the merriment is not shared by a money lender named Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge on his way back to work from the Exchange orders a criminal named Old Joe to arrest his debt ridden clients including Dr Lambert who along with several other clients is locked up in a debtors' prison. Belle a middle aged nurse and an old flame of Scrooge",
"title": "Christmas Carol: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "1063972",
"text": "Cratchit to take the holiday off. Scrooge goes home and gets ready for bed, but is visited by the ghost of his business partner Jacob Marley, who has been dead for seven years. Marley is bound in heavy chains due to his misdeeds in life, and warns Scrooge that he risks the same fate unless he heeds the advice of three spirits who will visit him over the course of the night. The Ghost of Christmas Present visits Scrooge and takes him to observe Cratchit and his family, who are counting their blessings despite their poor situation (\"The Lord's Bright",
"title": "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4761820",
"text": "Carol\", Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836). In life, Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley, and he refers to their offices as 'our money-changing hole'. They became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. Scrooge is described as Marley's \"sole friend\" and \"sole mourner\", and praises",
"title": "Jacob Marley"
},
{
"id": "11335257",
"text": "sign for each \"s\" in \"Christmas\". Mr. Scrooge (Freberg), the head of an unnamed advertising agency, has gathered a group of clients to discuss tying their products into Christmas. One attendee, Bob Cratchit (Butler), wants to resist tying his spice company into Christmas, preferring to send Christmas cards with a simple message of \"Peace on Earth, Good Will Toward Men.\" Scrooge extols the virtues of making money off Christmas, including an over-the-top medley of parodies of popular Christmas songs entitled \"Deck the Halls with Advertising\" that includes an advertisement for \"Tyn-E-Tim Chestnuts\" that borrows heavily from cigarette advertisements and a",
"title": "Green Christmas (Stan Freberg song)"
},
{
"id": "6560009",
"text": "of foresight. As Scrooge continues on his travels, the lamplighter, barker, and beggar meet one another and happily walk away, implying that they were the Ghosts of Christmas in mortal form, their work complete. Scrooge completes his journey by visiting the Cratchits, promising to increase Bob's salary and work tirelessly to heal Tiny Tim. The film ends with Scrooge happily taking a place at his nephew's table, having welcomed the true spirit of Christmas in his heart (\"Christmas Together Reprise\"). Lyricist Lynn Ahrens wrote the teleplay, based on her and Mike Ockrent's book for the original Madison Square Garden stage",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "4022775",
"text": "unnamed colleague where they would only attend the funeral if lunch is provided. In a den, Scrooge recognizes his charwoman, his laundress, and the local undertaker trading several stolen possessions of the deceased to a fence named Old Joe. The Ghost transports Scrooge to Bob's house, discovering Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is escorted back to the cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, revealing Scrooge as the man who died. Realizing this, Scrooge decides to change his ways. Awakening in his bedroom on Christmas Day, Scrooge decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner, and ventures",
"title": "The Muppet Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4298584",
"text": "years, is the mother of his nephew. Scrooge is shown his early career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig. At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows Scrooge how others keep Christmas. At a church service, Fred and his fiancée, Bess, are seen as happy and in love. The couple must wait to marry because of Fred's financial circumstances, and the spirit observes that perhaps they will not marry at all and their love may end, just as Scrooge lost his fiancée in his youth. Scrooge is then shown the Cratchit",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "17961019",
"text": "echo of his line in Episode 1, Silas Wegg tells his barmaid, \"Daisy, up and get the empties from Mister Pickwick\" (of \"The Pickwick Papers\"). In reply to Daisy's farewell to him in the tavern, Scrooge mutters, \"Humbug,\" his trademark utterance; Marley's ghost whispers \"Ebenezer,\" as in \"A Christmas Carol\". Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on BBC First on 7 February 2016, but it was broadcast as 13 45-minute episodes in contrast to the 20 half-hour-long instalments broadcast in the UK. It also premiered in The Netherlands on BBC First on 5 January 2016. In Finland the series was",
"title": "Dickensian (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "811425",
"text": "A Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. \"A Christmas Carol\" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. Dickens wrote \"A Christmas Carol\" during a period when the British were",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "16423725",
"text": "realises that this is real and that he was now never born. He meets Gus Goose, who tells him that he went to work for Scrooge McDuck as his top assistant (he was the only relative Scrooge had who works for him and he is not as smart as Donald). On his first day at work, Magica De Spell turned up outside the money bin, selling hamburgers for a dime. Gus ignorantly handed her the Number One Dime, causing Scrooge to have a fit when he learnt what his new assistant had done. He came too late to stop Magica",
"title": "The Duck Who Never Was"
},
{
"id": "1761478",
"text": "earlier spurned. Scrooge then goes to the Cratchit house, at first putting on a stern demeanor, but reveals he intends on raising Bob’s salary and making him his partner in his counting house. Scrooge and the Cratchits celebrate Christmas. The film also includes unidentifiable dog, fox, pig, squirrel, bear, raccoon, goose, and chicken characters. The DVD print reveals that the graveyard scene also includes tombstones containing famous performers, including Gladys Knight and The Pips, Bob Mills, and Warren Oates. Film critic Leonard Maltin said that rather than being “a pale attempt to imitate the past”, the film is “cleverly written,",
"title": "Mickey's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4298583",
"text": "the ghost of his deceased business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns Scrooge to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as Marley was. He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the youthful Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. Scrooge is shown his unhappiness when he was left to spend the holidays alone at school, and his joy when his sister, Fran, came to take him home for Christmas. The spirit reminds Scrooge that Fran, dead for some",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "10555929",
"text": "town's citizens are either planning to attend or be involved in the production: Barney Rubble is playing Bob Cragit, with Betty as Mrs. Cragit and his son Bamm-Bamm as Tiny Tim; Mr. Slate is Jacob Marbley; Wilma Flintstone is serving as the stage manager, while her daughter Pebbles plays Martha Cragit; even Dino has a role, playing the Cragit's family pet. It is Fred, though, who has landed the leading role of Ebonezer Scrooge. Unfortunately, he has let his role go to his head, thinking himself a star and spending all of his time rehearsing his lines rather than focusing",
"title": "A Flintstones Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "10495601",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1908 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1908 silent film produced by Essanay Studios in Chicago, and the first American film adaptation of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella of the same name. Tom Ricketts stars as Ebenezer Scrooge in the film, which is considered lost. No prints of the first American film adaptation of \"A Christmas Carol\" are known to exist, but \"The Moving Picture World\" magazine provided a scene-by-scene description before the film's release. Scrooge goes into his office and begins working. His nephew, along with three women who wish for Scrooge to donate enter. However,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1908 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560128",
"text": "A Christmas Carol (1910 film) A Christmas Carol, is a 1910 silent short film directed by J. Searle Dawley for Edison. It runs 13 minutes and is one of the earliest film adaptations of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella. It featured Marc McDermott as Ebenezer Scrooge and Charles S. Ogle as Bob Cratchit. The day before Christmas, Ebenezer Scrooge refuses to contribute to the Charity Relief Committee, and then rudely rejects his nephew Fred when he visits Scrooge in his office. When Scrooge returns home, he sees the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him of",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1910 film)"
},
{
"id": "6552156",
"text": "Sam) is counting money in the counting house of his firm when Bob Cratchit (Porky) comes in, wanting to borrow a lump of coal as he is freezing. Scrooge refuses (\"I gave you one last Tuesday,\" he says; \"You should've made it last.\") and tells him to just work faster so he'll keep warm. Then Scrooge's nephew Fred (Bugs) comes in with Christmas decorations and mistletoe. He is tossed out, and decides that \"somebody oughta teach that little humbug some Christmas spirit\". Fred then borrows a piece of coal and places it in the office of Cratchit, who graciously thanks",
"title": "Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6552159",
"text": "to bed, Marley reappears. Sylvester promptly flees, slamming the door behind him and cutting off Scrooge. Marley threatens to take Scrooge to see \"the man in the red suit\" (the Devil, though Scrooge first guesses Santa Claus). Scrooge promptly changes his ways for the better. To prove himself reformed, he dresses up as Santa Claus and runs through the streets at night - giving money to the poor, widows, orphans, and the like. He also rehires Bob Cratchit by making his new partner in the firm, succeeding Marley. Tweety raises a toast to him, and Fred kisses him. Scrooge (now",
"title": "Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "3944891",
"text": "(\"Father Christmas\"). In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as he was, carrying a heavy chain forged by his own selfishness and greed (\"See the Phantoms\"). Before leaving, Marley informs him that three spirits will visit him. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the Victorian upper-class Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his childhood and early adult life. They visit his lonely school days, and then his time as an employee",
"title": "Scrooge (1970 film)"
},
{
"id": "4092534",
"text": "awakens in his bed in the present and is ecstatic to discover it is still Christmas Day, and he still has an opportunity to do good. Mrs. Dilber is frightened by his sudden transformation and thinks he's gone mad, but he reassures her, gives her a guinea for a Christmas present, and pledges to raise her salary fivefold. He next enlists the help of a \"remarkable boy\" passing by his window to deliver a large and expensive turkey to the Cratchits for half a crown; only the innocent Tiny Tim guesses who has sent the generous gift. That night, Scrooge",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "811431",
"text": "Fezziwig, who treated him like a son. Scrooge's neglected fiancée Belle is shown ending their relationship, as she realises that he will never love her as much as he loves money. Finally, they visit a now-married Belle with her large, happy family on the Christmas Eve that Marley died. Scrooge, upset by hearing Belle's description of the man that he has become, demands that the ghost remove him from the house. The second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes Scrooge to a joyous market with people buying the makings of Christmas dinner and to celebrations of Christmas in a",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "6763253",
"text": "Scrooge is visited by the childlike Ghost of Christmas Past who takes him back in time to his childhood and early adult life. They visit his lonely school days, and then his time as an employee under Albert Fezziwig. Fezziwig throws a Christmas party, Scrooge attends and meets a young woman named Belle, whom he falls in love with. However, the Ghost shows Scrooge how Belle left him when he chose money over her. A tearful Scrooge extinguishes the Ghost as he returns to the present. At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, which shows Scrooge",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "4022772",
"text": "partners Jacob and Robert Marley (played by Statler and Waldorf), who warn him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like they were, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the night. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the childlike Ghost of Christmas Past who takes him back in time to his childhood and early adult life, Dickens and Rizzo hitching a ride too. They visit his lonely school days, and then his time as an employee under Fozziwig (Mr. Fezziwig from the original story, played by Fozzie Bear), who owned",
"title": "The Muppet Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "4092537",
"text": "Mr. Fezziwig and also introduced him to Jacob Marley. When Jorkin, who does not appear at all in Dickens's original story, is discovered to be an embezzler, the opportunistic Scrooge and Marley offer to compensate the company's losses on the condition that they receive control of the company for which they work – and so, \"Scrooge and Marley\" is born. During the Ghost of Christmas Present sequence, Scrooge's former fiancée, Alice, works with the homeless and sick (the character is named \"Belle\" in the book, and her employment is not described). The film also posits that Ebenezer's sister died while",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "4092533",
"text": "over their Christmas as they mourn Tiny Tim's recent death. Next he sees his charwoman Mrs. Dilber (Kathleen Harrison), the undertaker (Ernest Thesiger), and laundress (Louise Hampton) pawning some deceased's possessions for a meager gain. Slowly, Scrooge realises it is he who has died; his two colleagues from the beginning discuss his funeral and wonder if anyone will go, one of them (Peter Bull) resolving only to go if a lunch is provided. When shown his own grave, lonely and neglected, Scrooge weeps openly, begs the Spirit for mercy, and pledges to change his ways. All of a sudden, Scrooge",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "1371267",
"text": "care. The spirit then shows Scrooge scenes related to the death of a \"wretched man\": His business associates snicker about how it's likely to be a cheap funeral and one associate will go only if lunch is provided; his possessions are stolen and sold by his housekeeper, undertaker, and laundress, and a young couple who owed the man money are relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The spirit then shows Scrooge the man's unkempt tombstone, which bears Scrooge's name. Scrooge weeps over his own grave, begging the spirit for a chance to",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "10526139",
"text": "partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, carrying heavy chains forged from his own greediness. Jacob informs Scrooge that he will be haunted by three spirits, who will guide him out of his misery. First, Scrooge is visited by the candle-like Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. They visit Scrooge's boarding school and Scrooge sees his sister Fanie, who died after giving birth to Fred. Scrooge later begins a successful career in business and money lending as",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "4092536",
"text": "the film ends to the tune of \"Silent Night\". In the film, Mrs Dilber is the name of the charwoman, whereas in the book the woman was unnamed and the laundress was named Mrs Dilber. The charwoman's role is greatly expanded in the film, to the point that she receives second billing in the list of characters. The film also expands on the story by detailing Scrooge's rise as a prominent businessman. He was corrupted by a greedy new mentor, Mr. Jorkin (played by Jack Warner, a popular British actor in his time) who lured him away from the benevolent",
"title": "Scrooge (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "6560012",
"text": "that contains his arm because he \"never lent a hand\". The Ghost of Christmas Past (Jane Krakowski) sings \"The Lights of Long Ago\", a number reinforcing her signature theme of illuminating Scrooge's worldview. One notable departure from Dickens' novella in this portion of the film is its depiction of Ebenezer Scrooge's father, identified as John William Scrooge, being sentenced to debtors' prison while his horrified family looks on (a scene inspired by events from Dickens' own childhood). The Ghost of Christmas Present gets two numbers, \"Abundance and Charity\" and \"Christmas Together\", in which he makes his point that Christmas is",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "3564064",
"text": "Scrooged Scrooged is a 1988 American Christmas comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by Mitch Glazer and Michael O'Donoghue. Based on the 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens, \"Scrooged\" is a modern retelling that follows Bill Murray as Frank Cross, a cynical and selfish television executive, who is visited by a succession of ghosts on Christmas Eve intent on helping him regain his Christmas spirit. The film also stars Karen Allen, John Forsythe, Bobcat Goldthwait, Carol Kane, Robert Mitchum, Michael J. Pollard, and Alfre Woodard. \"Scrooged\" was filmed on a $32 million budget over three months",
"title": "Scrooged"
},
{
"id": "14082510",
"text": "by the ghost of his dead business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns him that three more ghosts will appear during the night trying to show Scrooge the error of his ways. As the night wears on, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. Scrooge is shown in sequence his childhood sweetheart, Cratchit's Christmas, a vision of the death of Cratchit's crippled son Tim, and his own lonely tombstone. Scrooge wakes and realising the error of his ways, throws money from his window to the poor",
"title": "Scrooge (1913 film)"
},
{
"id": "17961012",
"text": "the tune being played during the dancing is called Sir Roger DeCoverly and is mentioned by name by Fezziwig in A Christmas Carol. Episode 4: Jaggers talks of often considering an end to his partnership with Mr Tulkinghorn (from \"Bleak House\"). Episode 6: Scrooge snaps at Cratchit that, in renegotiating terms of a loan, he must surely \"have consulted with Jacob Marley's ghost\"—a foreshadowing of \"A Christmas Carol\". Mrs Gamp talks of seeing a \"Mr Wemmick,\" like Silas Wegg, go gray and lose his leg—this may be a reference to the father of John Wemmick, in \"Great Expectations\", referred to",
"title": "Dickensian (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "4298587",
"text": "the role of Scrooge annually on radio but was forced to drop out of the film because of his arthritis, though he narrated its trailer), the movie starred Reginald Owen as Scrooge and the married couple Gene and Kathleen Lockhart as the Cratchits. Terry Kilburn, better known for his portrayal of Colley in \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", costarred as Tiny Tim and a young June Lockhart (Gene and Kathleen's daughter) made her screen debut as one of the Cratchit daughters. Leo G. Carroll played Marley's Ghost. The characters of Fred (Scrooge's nephew) and Elizabeth, his fianceé (his wife in the novelette),",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "8734022",
"text": "the series concluded. David Brent (Gervais), forcibly made redundant at the end of the second series, is now a travelling salesman of cleaning supplies. Tim Canterbury (Martin Freeman) and Gareth Keenan (Mackenzie Crook) are still working at the offices of Wernham Hogg, and former Wernham Hogg receptionist Dawn Tinsley (Lucy Davis) now lives in Florida, though is flown back to Britain by the documentary crew to reunite with her old colleagues. The episodes won various awards, including two British Academy Television Awards, a Royal Television Society award, and a Television Critics Association (America) award. They were also nominated for a",
"title": "The Office Christmas specials"
},
{
"id": "1371262",
"text": "Day off with pay, begrudgingly and considering it like being pickpocketed, solely due to social custom). He shows his cold-heartedness toward others by refusing to make a monetary donation for the good of the poor, claiming that the prisons and workhouses are sufficient, and if not they are better off dead, thereby \"decreasing the surplus population.\" While he is preparing to go to bed, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley, who had died seven years earlier (1836) on Christmas Eve. Like Scrooge, Marley had spent his life hoarding his wealth and exploiting the poor,",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "10526144",
"text": "and the citizens of London to spread happiness in the city, and later attends his nephew's annual Christmas dinner, where he is warmly welcomed. The following day, he gives Cratchit a raise and becomes a father figure to Tiny Tim, who escapes death. A changed man, Scrooge now treats everyone with kindness, generosity, and compassion; he now embodies the spirit of Christmas. Robert Zemeckis has stated previously that \"A Christmas Carol\" is one of his favorite stories dealing with time travel. Carrey has described the film as \"a classical version of \"A Christmas Carol\" […] There are a lot of",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "811447",
"text": "covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty \"is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself\"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself. Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric John Elwes, MP, or Jemmy Wood, the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank and also known as \"The Gloucester Miser\". According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus, while the miser's questions \"Are there no prisons?",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "1371268",
"text": "change his ways, before awakening to find it is Christmas morning. He immediately repents and becomes a model of generosity and kindness: he meets the solicitors from the day before and makes a generous donation, visits Fred and accepts his earlier invitation to Christmas dinner, anonymously sends Bob Cratchit a giant turkey and later gives him a raise, and becomes like \"a second father\" to Tiny Tim (providing him the medical care he needed to live). As the final narration states, \"Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh, and little heeded them; for",
"title": "Ebenezer Scrooge"
},
{
"id": "12871200",
"text": "absence of Bob Cratchit and Tiny Tim. The ghost takes Scrooge to a graveyard, where Bob is mourning the death of Tiny Tim and reciting the song he sung the Christmas before (\"The Beautiful Day (Reprise)\"). It is then revealed that Scrooge is buried in the same graveyard, and Scrooge realises his own imminent demise with shock. He is visited again by Jacob Marley, who reveals that Scrooge has gone to Hell, and Lucifier has appointed Scrooge as his personal assistant, before revealing Scrooge's chain, that was so big that it was not immediately ready for his arrival to Hell.",
"title": "Scrooge (musical)"
},
{
"id": "14082511",
"text": "children and sends a boy for a large turkey for Cratchit and then goes to visit them for lunch. Scrooge (1913 film) Scrooge is a 1913 British black and white silent film based on the 1843 novel \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens. It starred Seymour Hicks as Ebenezer Scrooge. In the United States it was released in 1926 as \"Old Scrooge\". The film's cast included Seymour Hicks as Scrooge, William Lugg, Leedham Bantock, J. C. Buckstone, Dorothy Buckstone, Leonard Calvert, Osborne Adair, Adela Measor and Ellaline Terriss. Hicks had played the role of Scrooge regularly onstage since 1901 before",
"title": "Scrooge (1913 film)"
},
{
"id": "15774641",
"text": "all in place, and so is a modicum of blood, shed with deliberation and carefully husbanded...” Famous literary apparitions from this period are the ghosts of \"A Christmas Carol\", in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come. Oscar Wilde's comedy \"The Canterville Ghost\" has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Henry James's \"The Turn of the Screw\" has also appeared in a number of adaptations, notably the film \"The Innocents\"",
"title": "Ghosts in English-speaking cultures"
},
{
"id": "3564100",
"text": "him beating his wife before attempting suicide by jumping from a third story window. Scrooged Scrooged is a 1988 American Christmas comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by Mitch Glazer and Michael O'Donoghue. Based on the 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens, \"Scrooged\" is a modern retelling that follows Bill Murray as Frank Cross, a cynical and selfish television executive, who is visited by a succession of ghosts on Christmas Eve intent on helping him regain his Christmas spirit. The film also stars Karen Allen, John Forsythe, Bobcat Goldthwait, Carol Kane, Robert Mitchum, Michael J. Pollard,",
"title": "Scrooged"
},
{
"id": "811446",
"text": "this was added later, during the printing process. The central character of \"A Christmas Carol\" is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based moneylender, described in the story as \"a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!\" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, the professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book",
"title": "A Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "16674856",
"text": "not only his own grave, but that of Tiny Tim. The script added an unusual twist to the story in having the Ghost of Christmas Past (Sally Fraser) and the Ghost of Christmas Present (Ray Middleton) be portrayed by the same actors who played Scrooge's sweetheart Belle and his nephew Fred, respectively, and Scrooge not only notices the resemblance, but mistakes the Ghost of Christmas Present for his nephew. A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars) A Christmas Carol is the December 23, 1954 episode of the hour-long American television anthology variety series, \"Shower of Stars\", which had a four-season run",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars)"
},
{
"id": "9098937",
"text": "Mr. Fezziwig Mr. Fezziwig is a character from the novel \"A Christmas Carol\" created by Charles Dickens to provide contrast with Ebenezer Scrooge's attitudes towards business ethics. Scrooge, who apprenticed under Fezziwig, is the very antithesis of the person he worked for as a young man. Mr. Fezziwig is portrayed as a jovial, foppish man with a large Welsh wig. In Stave 2 of \"A Christmas Carol\", the Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge to revisit his youthful days in Fezziwig's world located at the cusp of the Industrial Revolution. Dickens used Fezziwig to represent a set of communal values",
"title": "Mr. Fezziwig"
},
{
"id": "4270799",
"text": "\"A Christmas Carol\", in which the elderly miser Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by ghosts and learns the errors of his ways. By contrast, the hero of the former, George Bailey, is a businessman who sacrificed his dreams to help his community. On Christmas Eve, a guardian angel finds him in despair and prevents him from committing suicide, by supernaturally showing him how much he meant to the world around him. A few films based on fictionalized versions of true stories have become Christmas specials themselves. The story behind the Christmas carol \"Silent Night\" and the story of \"Yes, Virginia, there",
"title": "Christmas by medium"
},
{
"id": "12617029",
"text": "Scrooge (1935 film) Scrooge is a 1935 British fantasy film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Seymour Hicks, Donald Calthrop and Robert Cochran. Hicks appears as Ebenezer Scrooge, the miser who hates Christmas. It was the first sound version of the Charles Dickens classic \"A Christmas Carol\", not counting a 1928 short subject that now appears to be lost. Hicks had previously played the role of Scrooge on the stage many times beginning in 1901, and again in a 1913 British silent film version. On Christmas Eve in 1843 Ebenezer Scrooge (Sir Seymour Hicks) a cold-hearted and greedy elderly money-lender",
"title": "Scrooge (1935 film)"
},
{
"id": "4022776",
"text": "out with Bean, Dickens, Rizzo, and the charity workers to spread happiness and joy around London. Scrooge goes to the Cratchit house, at first putting on a stern demeanor, and then revealing he intends to raise Bob's salary and pay off his mortgage. Dickens narrates how Scrooge became a secondary father to Tiny Tim, who escaped death. Scrooge, the Cratchits, and the neighborhood celebrate Christmas. Following Jim Henson's death in 1990, talent agent Bill Haber approached his son Brian with the idea of filming an adaptation. Haber told Henson that \"\"Christmas Carol\" is the greatest story of all time, you",
"title": "The Muppet Christmas Carol"
},
{
"id": "9098943",
"text": "befriends and has adventures with numerous influential eighteenth-century figures, including Lawrence Washington, George Hadley, Samuel Johnson, Erasmus Darwin, Henry Fielding and, especially, Benjamin Franklin during Franklin's years in England. Towards the end of his life, Fezziwig returns to his childhood home, accompanied by his apprentice Ebenezer Scrooge. The novel was originally published by favoritetrainers.com books as \"The Autobiography of Fezziwig\", but re-released in 2015. Mr. Fezziwig Mr. Fezziwig is a character from the novel \"A Christmas Carol\" created by Charles Dickens to provide contrast with Ebenezer Scrooge's attitudes towards business ethics. Scrooge, who apprenticed under Fezziwig, is the very antithesis",
"title": "Mr. Fezziwig"
},
{
"id": "15732636",
"text": "thought that he never became Mayor because the expense of the job was too great for him to bear. He was not averse to spending other people's money however. In 1818, 47 people dined at the city's expense at a dinner given for the Duke of Gloucester at which they ate a turtle weighing 150 lbs given to the city by Lord Howard. Charles Dickens may have been inspired by the stories about the Gloucester Miser to create the character of Ebenezer Scrooge in \"A Christmas Carol\". A character by the name of \"Dismal Jemmy\" appears in \"The Pickwick Papers\"",
"title": "Jemmy Wood"
},
{
"id": "6763257",
"text": "he gives Cratchit a raise and becomes like \"a second father\" to Tiny Tim, who escapes death. Scrooge and the Cratchits celebrate Christmas. Rather than deliberately trying to resemble either the 1938 MGM version or the George C. Scott made-for-TV version in the cheerfulness and \"Christmassy\" feeling of their settings, the 1999 film takes as its inspiration to the classic 1951 film version with Alastair Sim in the grimness of some of its scenes and set design, although it still includes many cheerful moments. It includes three scenes almost always omitted from other adaptations which are the lighthouse, coal miners,",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "7019073",
"text": "young actor, and it was he who on hearing her idea of a Rainbow Story persuaded her to turn it into a play, and thus \"Where the Rainbow Ends\" was born. He went to the United States in 1920 and worked originally on Broadway in New York City, and later moved to Hollywood, where he began a lengthy film career. He was always a familiar face in many Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer productions. Owen is perhaps best known today for his performance as Ebenezer Scrooge in the 1938 film version of Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\", a role he inherited from Lionel Barrymore,",
"title": "Reginald Owen"
},
{
"id": "5843166",
"text": "now kind and generous, causing Belle to love him again. Both Belle and Old Joe notably have bigger roles in the film. Unlike the book as well as other film adaptations, Belle does not marry and have children with another man. She is a nurse. Old Joe is a henchman of Scrooge who arrests or robs people who owe Scrooge debt but Scrooge fires him after mending his ways. Also in the film Marley's ghost haunts Scrooge before he goes home and Scrooge is notably younger as he has auburn hair and is middle-aged rather than being elderly. He also",
"title": "Christmas Carol: The Movie"
},
{
"id": "16038755",
"text": "Batman: Noël Batman: Noël is an original graphic novel written and illustrated by Lee Bermejo, who previously did the artwork for \"Joker\". It is based on Charles Dickens' classic novel \"A Christmas Carol\" and features characters from both Dickens and the Batman mythos. Like \"Joker\", the story is narrated by one of the Clown Prince's henchmen. During winter in Gotham City, a financially struggling man named Bob, who works as a delivery man for the Joker, finds a package full of money in a trash can, but almost immediately, Batman (referred to as Scrooge by the narrator), attacks him and",
"title": "Batman: Noël"
},
{
"id": "6060296",
"text": "second father\" to Tim, who escapes death. A changed man, Scrooge now treats everyone with kindness, generosity, and compassion; he now embodies the spirit of Christmas. This movie was filmed on location in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in the English Midlands. It originally aired on the American television network CBS on 17 December 1984, and was released theatrically in Great Britain. The U.S. debut was sponsored by IBM, which purchased all of the commercial spots for the two-hour premiere. The film brought in a 20.7/30 rating/share, winning its time slot and ranking No. 10 for the week. The film was marketed with",
"title": "A Christmas Carol (1984 film)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bob Cratchit context: Bob Cratchit Bob Cratchit is a fictional character in the Charles Dickens novel \"A Christmas Carol\". The abused, underpaid clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge (and possibly Jacob Marley, when he was still alive), Cratchit has come to symbolize poor working conditions, especially long working hours. He is close to 30 years of age in the book, but can appear differently in different versions. According to a comment by Scrooge, Cratchit works for 15 shillings a week at a rate of three pence (\"thruppence\") an hour for 60 hours per week. Until the decimalization of the British Pound in 1971, one shilling\n\nWhat was the name of Scrooge's long suffering clerk in a Christmas Carol?",
"compressed_tokens": 208,
"origin_tokens": 208,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A Christmas Carol2004 film) context: a time for celebration, generosity, and fellowship. The former takes place at a fantastical version of the charity show he was seen promoting on Christmas Eve, and the latter whisks Scrooge on a tour of London that includes the homes of his nephew Fred, his clerk Bob Cratchit, and Mr. Smythe, a recently widowed client of Scrooge's lending house. Unlike the faceless phantom that embodies Christmas Yet to Come in most versions of \"A Christmas Carol\" (including the book), this film features a mute sorceress figure clad in white (a transmogrification of the blind hag who appears on Christmas Eve).\n\ntitle: A Christmas Carolmusical context: version of the charity show he was seen promoting on Christmas Eve, and the latter whisks Scrooge on a tour of London that includes the homes of his nephew Fred, his clerk Bob Cratchit, and Mr. Smythe, a recently widowed client of Scrooge's lending house The Christmas (\"Dancing Your Gra\", \" More to Me (Reprise and \"esterday Tomorrow, and Today\"), culminates in Scrooge' awakening bedroom on Christmas morning \"What a, What a Sky\"ends \"Nothing Do With Me dramatizing Scrooge's new outlook as he races through the streets of London making am.\n A Christmas (93) context A Christmas Carol (938 film) A Christmas Carol is a38 film adaptation of's 184 novella of the same name st Reginwen aszer Scrooge an elderly miser who learns ofve visit spirits. Christmas E9century, Fred sl on He meets and Tim Cratchit, sons his uncleenezers cl Cratch. When Fred reveals he, the boys in Fred soon arriv the counting his miserernal Ebenezer Scrooge.\ntitle: of Bob Tim Thehostard, isning and song s the (\" ( that Scrooge is buried in the same graveyard, and Scrooge realises his own imminent demise with shock. He is visited again by Jacob Marley, who reveals that Scrooge has gone to Hell, and Lucifier has appointed Scrooge as his personal assistant, before revealing Scrooge's chain, that was so big that it was not immediately ready for his arrival to Hell.\n\nWhat was the name of Scrooge's long suffering clerk in a Christmas Carol?",
"compressed_tokens": 534,
"origin_tokens": 14906,
"ratio": "27.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,773 | Olive the Other what is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold? | [
"Raindeers",
"Cervus tarandus",
"Cratering",
"Rein deer",
"Arctic caribou",
"Caribou (zoology)",
"Reindeer herder",
"Reindeer",
"Reindeer husbandry",
"Rangifer (genus)",
"Rangerine",
"Reindeer herding",
"Reindeers",
"Raindeer",
"Reindeer habitat",
"Woodland reindeer",
"Qalipu",
"Caribous",
"Rangiferine"
] | Reindeer | [
{
"id": "3826687",
"text": "seen in 2015. The story was based on the 1997 children's book by Vivian Walsh and illustrated by J. Otto Seibold. In the song, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", the lyric \"All of the other reindeer\" can be misheard in dialects with the cot–caught merger as the mondegreen \"Olive, the other reindeer\". Drew Barrymore voices the title character. The special was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. The story follows an anthropomorphic Jack Russell Terrier named Olive, who does not act like a dog. While in town, she meets Martini, a con artist penguin, from whom she buys",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826688",
"text": "a \"Rolexxx\". When she returns home from some errands, she finds her owner, Tim, putting away Christmas decorations and announcing morosely that there \"won't be any Christmas\". Olive eventually finds out that this is because Blitzen, one of Santa's reindeer, is injured earlier during a practice flight and can not fly. Santa hopes he can make the Christmas run with \"all of the other reindeer\". Mishearing this on the radio as \"Olive the other reindeer\", Olive becomes convinced that it is she Santa is referring to, prompting her to travel to the North Pole to fill in on the sleigh",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9430219",
"text": "Dreams\", which was named a New York Times \"Best Illustrated Book\". \"Mr. Lunch Takes a Plane Ride\" won a Cuffie Award from Publisher's Weekly; Mr. Lunch won for most memorable character in a lead role. \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" was a New York Times Bestseller and the movie version was nominated for an Emmy Award. Vivian Walsh (author) Vivian Walsh is a children's book author. Her best selling book \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" is based on her real life Jack Russell Terrier. The dog, Olive, was later portrayed (with the voice of Drew Barrymore) in the animated version of the",
"title": "Vivian Walsh (author)"
},
{
"id": "6278021",
"text": "J. Otto Seibold J. Otto Seibold (born 1960) is an American artist and children's book creator. With no formal art training, he was able to sneak into the art world during the \"outsider art\" craze of the 1990s. His book \"Mr. Lunch Takes a Plane Ride\", published by Viking in 1993, was the first children's picture book to be created with digital media. His 1997 book \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" led to an animated television special of the same name. His art has been shown at Mass MOCA, Deitch Projects NYC, The Getty LA, Contemporary Jewish Museum SF, Grass Hut",
"title": "J. Otto Seibold"
},
{
"id": "9430217",
"text": "Vivian Walsh (author) Vivian Walsh is a children's book author. Her best selling book \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" is based on her real life Jack Russell Terrier. The dog, Olive, was later portrayed (with the voice of Drew Barrymore) in the animated version of the picture book. The TV special was produced by Matt Groening, creator of the Simpsons. Ms. Walsh states that when she lived in New York City, her picture book heroes, like the people around her, were all workaholics. The \"Mr. Lunch\" series begins with this line, \"Mr. Lunch was very good at chasing birds, in fact",
"title": "Vivian Walsh (author)"
},
{
"id": "6278023",
"text": "role. \"Going to the Getty\" won an Art Directors Club Illustration Award. \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" was a New York Times Bestseller and the movie version was nominated for an Emmy Award. James has three children and resides in Oakland, California. J. Otto Seibold J. Otto Seibold (born 1960) is an American artist and children's book creator. With no formal art training, he was able to sneak into the art world during the \"outsider art\" craze of the 1990s. His book \"Mr. Lunch Takes a Plane Ride\", published by Viking in 1993, was the first children's picture book to be",
"title": "J. Otto Seibold"
},
{
"id": "3826686",
"text": "Olive, the Other Reindeer Olive, the Other Reindeer is a 1999 American computer-animated Christmas television special written by Steve Young, based on the children's book by Vivian Walsh, and directed by Oscar Moore. The feature was produced by Matt Groening's The Curiosity Company and animated by DNA Productions. It first aired on December 17, 1999 on Fox, produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Flower Films. The special combines paperlike character art in 3-D environments. Sometimes, traditional animation is used. The special premiered on Cartoon Network on December 11, 2002 and aired during the holiday season until it was last",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826698",
"text": "the special were shorten for time when it was released on DVD and was aired on Cartoon Network. Said missing scenes can be found on the VHS prints. More information can be found on the Lost Media page and the scenes can be viewed on YouTube Olive, the Other Reindeer Olive, the Other Reindeer is a 1999 American computer-animated Christmas television special written by Steve Young, based on the children's book by Vivian Walsh, and directed by Oscar Moore. The feature was produced by Matt Groening's The Curiosity Company and animated by DNA Productions. It first aired on December 17,",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826695",
"text": "the fence, and proceeds to find Santa. Besides Blitzen's injury, Santa is not sure he wants to go out on Christmas Eve, after he reveals he has received mean-spirited letters from some children. Olive arrives and convinces him that the mean letters are really from the Postman, since they have no postmark. After introducing herself and persuading Santa not to give up on his mission, Santa thanks her for coming and Olive is put with the other reindeer to fly the sleigh. Before they leave, the Postman switches the toy bag with his own bag of junk mail and kidnaps",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "9922734",
"text": "holding company. In 2006 the McEvoy Group purchased \"Spin\" magazine in connection with the owners of San Francisco's \"7x7\" magazine and California Home+Design. McEvoy sold off the magazines by 2014. Chronicle Books publishes books in subjects such as architecture, art, culture, interior design, cooking, children's books, gardening, pop culture, fiction, food, travel, and photography. It has published a number of \"New York Times\" Best Sellers; the \"Griffin and Sabine\" series by Nick Bantock, \"Me Without You\" by Lisa Swerling and Ralph Lazar, \"Duck! Rabbit!\" by Amy Krouse Rosenthal and \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" by Vivian Walsh. Other best sellers have",
"title": "Chronicle Books"
},
{
"id": "267248",
"text": "1997 children's book by Vivian Walsh, which borrows its title from a mondegreen of the line \"all of the other reindeer\" in the song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". The book was adapted into an animated Christmas special in 1999. A monologue of mondegreens appears in the 1971 film \"Carnal Knowledge\". The camera focuses on actress Candice Bergen laughing as she recounts various phrases that fooled her as a child, including \"Round John Virgin\" (instead of '\"Round yon virgin...\") and \"Gladly, the cross-eyed bear\". The enigmatic title of the 2013 film \"Ain't Them Bodies Saints\" is actually a misheard lyric from",
"title": "Mondegreen"
},
{
"id": "723854",
"text": "story in which John Lennon, having consumed hallucinogenic drugs, believed he could drive his house; \"South Carolina\" is about getting rich as a result of a bicycle accident. Other side-projects include the limited-release \"House of Mayors\" EP in 1996 through the Hello CD of the Month Club and in 1997 a flexi disc of the song \"Olive the Other Reindeer\" accompanying promotional copies of the children's books, \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\". Linnell has also appeared as a guest musician – often as an accordionist – on a number of musical efforts by other artists, including Suzanne Vega's \"Days of Open",
"title": "John Linnell"
},
{
"id": "3826689",
"text": "team. On the way to the bus station, Olive runs into a grouchy Postman who is fed up with the stress of having to deliver the heavy loads of mail during the Christmas rush, and tells her that \"By next year, people will have forgotten about Christmas.\" He learns Olive is trying to help save Santa's flight. He is vengeful towards Santa for being repeatedly put on his Naughty list and is determined to stop Olive from saving Christmas. Olive goes to the \"Mauvehound\" bus station to buy a ticket to Arctic Junction. Martini shows up, and Olive buys him",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826696",
"text": "Martini. After the sleigh lands at the first house and Olive realizes what has happened, Olive uses the Postman's scent to track him and scares the Postman out of his wits as he sees Olive in the side window. After a struggle with the Postman, Olive gets pushed out, but Martini uses a jack-in-the-box to scare the Postman, who hits the window and is knocked unconscious. They retrieve the presents and rescue Martini, and then deliver the presents to the world. Lost in a fog, Olive guides them back to the North Pole by smelling the gingerbread cookies Ms. Claus",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "15743597",
"text": "1.75 million copies its first Christmas season, eventually selling a total of 12.5 million. Cover versions included, sales exceed 150 million copies, second only to Bing Crosby's \"White Christmas\". In December 2018, Autry's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 at #36, nearly 70 years after it first charted. The lyric \"All of the other reindeer\" can be misheard in dialects with the cot–caught merger as the mondegreen \"Olive, the other reindeer\", and has given rise to another character featured in her own Christmas television special, \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\". The song in its Finnish translation, \"Petteri Punakuono\", has led to",
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"
},
{
"id": "267247",
"text": "so titled because of a childhood mishearing of a phrase from the Catholic rosary prayer, Hail Mary. \"Amongst women\" became \"a monk swimmin'\". The title and plot of the short sci-fi story \"Come You Nigh: Kay Shuns\" (\"Com-mu-ni-ca-tions\") by Lawrence A. Perkins, in \"Analog Science Fiction and Fact\" magazine (April 1970), deals with securing interplanetary radio communications by encoding them with mondegreens. In Beverly Cleary's children's book \"Ramona the Pest\", Ramona mishears \"by the dawn's early light\" as \"by the dawnzer lee light\" and concludes that a \"dawnzer\" must be a kind of lamp. \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" is a",
"title": "Mondegreen"
},
{
"id": "3826697",
"text": "baked. As a present, Olive is given a pair of antlers on a headband to wear. Comet gives her a ride home and Olive makes amends with Tim, who is glad that he does not care if she is different from other dogs. Meanwhile, bound with packing tape and cardboard wings, the Postman is put in the penguin exhibit in the zoo in place of Martini, and Martini is put in charge of the mail, while everyone enjoys Christmas Day. Music by Christopher Tyng, lyrics by Steve Young Originally seen on the FOX and (presumably) Nickelodeon airings, some scenes in",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826692",
"text": "going to give her a flying test, and throws her in his truck. While he is driving away, Olive finds a package addressed to her from \"Deus Ex Machina.\" The package is a metal file Olive uses to escape. Olive then hears and sees a bus coming and tries to stop it, but fails. Olive then walks sadly to the Junction. Back at the Junction, Martini then sees Olive and tells her that they found the waitress clothes and asks how Olive got away. Olive then asks Martini if he has heard of Deus Ex Machina. Then she tells Martini",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "8653046",
"text": "Steve Young (writer) Steve Young is a television writer for \"Late Show with David Letterman\" and \"Late Night with David Letterman\". He is a Harvard University graduate and former writer for the Harvard Lampoon. He also wrote \"The Simpsons\" season eight episode \"Hurricane Neddy\". Young adapted the holiday book \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" for the animated holiday special. He won an Annie Award in 2000 for his screenplay. Young's other television writing credits include \"Not Necessarily the News\". Young is the co-author, along with Sport Murphy, of \"Everything's Coming Up Profits – The Golden Age of Industrial Musicals\", an illustrated",
"title": "Steve Young (writer)"
},
{
"id": "3826690",
"text": "a bus ticket out of pity. Before they can leave the station, Olive is captured by the evil Postman, who tells people that Olive is wanted on several counts of mail fraud, such as \"licking self-adhesive stamps and not mailing early for the holidays\". After pleading to Martini to help her, Martini rolls several pens along the ground, tripping up the Postman. Martini and Olive then catch the bus right before it leaves, with the Postman watching them drive away. On the bus, Olive and Martini talk to an Inuit couple and driver Richard Stans. They all believe Olive misheard",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "99787",
"text": "saw her play a pregnant woman unknowingly falling for the stepson of the deceased father of her baby. In the romantic drama \"Ever After\", inspired by the fairy tale Cinderella, she took on the leading role; the film, which made $98 million globally, served as a reminder, according to Roger Ebert, of how well \"she can hold the screen and involve us in her characters\". Barrymore voiced the title role of an anthropomorphic Jack Russell terrier in the television Christmas special \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", for which she was nominated for an Primetime Emmy. After Barrymore and Nancy Juvonen established",
"title": "Drew Barrymore"
},
{
"id": "12196674",
"text": "Friday, or, The Other Island Friday, or, The Other Island () is a 1967 novel by French writer Michel Tournier. It retells Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\". The first edition of the book was published 15 March 1967. It won that year's Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française. In 1971, Tournier rewrote the book, adapting it for younger readers, under the title \"Vendredi ou la Vie sauvage\". The young Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked on a desert island that he names \"Speranza\" (Hope). Crusoe tries to civilize and control the nature of the island, but is redeemed by the appearance of",
"title": "Friday, or, The Other Island"
},
{
"id": "3826694",
"text": "a heartfelt speech about the meaning of Christmas and how devoted she is to her cause. The patrons apologize for their behavior and Round John Virgin offers Martini and Olive a ride to the North Pole in his vehicle, named The Polar Express. At the North Pole, Olive is denied entry to see Santa, but Martini gives the guard a watch as if it was a gift from Santa. When the guard asks Martini to fix it, he says he needs to kill the alarm, because the electromagnetic waves will interfere with the signal from a satellite. Olive digs under",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6976350",
"text": "two tails named Helix the Cat. From 2002-06, Helix the Cat was replaced by a computer-animated, three-eyed chimpanzee named Paul. As of 1999, the company teamed up with The Curiosity Company and 20th Century Fox Animation to make a holiday special for television entitled \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", which was nominated in the Emmy awards and also joined production with O Entertainment on the CG Christmas special, \"Santa vs. the Snowman 3D\". Starting from 1998, the company pitched an idea of Jimmy Neutron to Nickelodeon in the form of a pilot episode called \"Runaway Rocketboy\", which led to the devolopment",
"title": "DNA Productions"
},
{
"id": "3826693",
"text": "that she missed the bus and she should've gone without him. Richard calls the postal service to complain about the Postman, but gets their voicemail. Richard says he is unable to continue taking Olive and Martini any further, because he is needed at the depot and does not want to lose his job, but still offers his support for Olive anyway before leaving. The two go inside the Top of the World Bar, and are initially harassed by the bar's patrons, including bar owner Round John Virgin and Schnitzel, Blitzen's flightless cousin, but Olive stands up to them before giving",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "3826691",
"text": "Santa, but wish her luck anyway. The Postman pulls up next to the bus in his mail truck, but Martini fashions a paper airplane out of stationery, yells, \"Deliver this, punk!\", and throws it at the Postman's ear, knocking him off the road. When they arrive at Arctic Junction, there is a one-hour wait for the next bus, so they go inside the restaurant for some food. The radio then says that Santa is scheduling a press conference. The group does not know that their waitress is really the Postman in disguise. He lures Olive outside, saying that Santa is",
"title": "Olive, the Other Reindeer"
},
{
"id": "6114583",
"text": "Noah asks Emma to send a dove to look for land. When the dove does not return, they continue to send birds until Noah decides to send his own trained dove. Noah's dove returns with an olive branch, which Noah uses to prove Yaweh's edict. The other members of the ark remain unconvinced, as they know it is the same branch from the dove's cage. The novel ends with Mrs. Noyes sitting on deck with Mottyl, praying to the clouds for rain. The novel was selected for inclusion in the 2008 edition of \"Canada Reads\", where it was championed by",
"title": "Not Wanted on the Voyage"
},
{
"id": "658531",
"text": "it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book. French novelist Michel Tournier published \"Friday, or, The Other Island\" (French \"Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique\") in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, J. M. G. Le Clézio, winner of the 2008 Nobel",
"title": "Robinson Crusoe"
},
{
"id": "7499342",
"text": "“For extreme gallantry and risk of life, in combat with an armed enemy force,” Albert Edward Scott was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, an award second only to the Medal of Honor. Until 2005, the school librarian was award-winning author Norman H. Finkelstein who wrote the book \"The Other 1492\" (not to be confused with the similarly named professor Norman Finkelstein). Another former librarian, Christine McDonnell, is an author of many popular children's books including \"Dog Wants to Play\" and \"Ballet Bug\". She retired in 2014. In 2018, a citizen-led movement endorsed by Brookline's Town Meeting and School Committee began",
"title": "Coolidge Corner School"
},
{
"id": "14887806",
"text": "career. Groening also gave Johns a prominent production role on the 1999 Christmas television special, \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", which starred Drew Barrymore and Ed Asner. Director John A. Davis hired Johns to co-executive produce the 2006 computer-animated film, \"The Ant Bully\". In a professional twist, Johns had actually fired Davis from the production staff of \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" in the late 1990s due to tactical and budgetary reasons. Davis spoke of the unusual situation in an interview in 2010 explaining, \"Alex was in the uncomfortable position of telling me I was being replaced, but to hear his spin,",
"title": "Alex Johns"
},
{
"id": "8789258",
"text": "for Children's Films. Her books for adults include commercial fiction and a series of best-selling memoirs about her experiences on her olive farm in Provence. In 2013, Drinkwater worked on a series of five documentary films inspired by her two Mediterranean travel books, \"The Olive Route\" and \"The Olive Tree\". The OLIVE ROUTE films were completed in February 2013 and have since been broadcast on international networks worldwide. In 2015, Penguin Books UK announced a deal signed with Drinkwater to write two epic novels. The first, \"The Forgotten Summer\", was published in March 2016. The second, \"The Lost Girl\", was",
"title": "Carol Drinkwater"
},
{
"id": "5477901",
"text": "died of leukemia in 1951, predeceasing her husband's first term as prime minister. MPs in the House of Commons of Canada gave her \"unprecedented eulogies\" for a non-MP. Diefenbaker later married Olive Palmer, his wife during his term as Prime Minister. Edna is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery beside Diefenbaker's mother Mary, his father, brother and an uncle. In 1982, Edna became the focus of Simma Holt's book \"The Other Mrs. Diefenbaker.\" Author Heather Robertson also wrote on her and other spouses of the Prime Ministers of Canada in the book \"More Than a Rose\" (1991). Edna Diefenbaker Edna May Diefenbaker",
"title": "Edna Diefenbaker"
},
{
"id": "4256633",
"text": "category Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming More Than One Hour) for \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", but lost to Discovery Channel's \"Walking with Dinosaurs\". In 2002, Davis was nominated for an Oscar along with Steve Oedekerk in the category of Best Animated Feature for \"\", but lost to DreamWorks Animation's \"Shrek\". Since about 2007, Davis has become a recognized astrophotographer, publishing high-resolution, generally wide-field images in astronomy magazines, and in NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day. In 2009, Davis largely founded and continues to lead APSIG, the Astrophotography Special Interest Group, associated with the Texas Astronomical Society of Dallas. John A.",
"title": "John A. Davis"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "14084994",
"text": "nuclei in the brainstem. Each Purkinje cell receives excitatory input from 100,000 to 200,000 parallel fibers. Parallel fibers are said to be responsible for the simple (all or nothing, amplitude invariant) spiking of the Purkinje cell. Purkinje cells also receive input from the inferior olivary nucleus via climbing fibers. A good mnemonic for this interaction is the phrase \"climb the other olive tree\", given that climbing fibers originate from the contralateral inferior olive. In striking contrast to the 100,000-plus inputs from parallel fibers, each Purkinje cell receives input from exactly one climbing fiber; but this single fiber \"climbs\" the dendrites",
"title": "Anatomy of the cerebellum"
},
{
"id": "8499469",
"text": "Olive's Ocean Olive's Ocean is a 2003 book by Kevin Henkes that won the 2004 Newbery Honor. The story's idea was taken from Kevin Henkes' question, \"What was it like for authors growing up?\" \"Olive's Ocean\" was 59 on the American Library Association's list of the 100 most challenged books from 2000 to 2009 for having \"sexually explicit content and offensive language.\" Martha goes away every summer from her home in Wisconsin to visit her grandmother, Godbee, on the Atlantic Ocean. One year, she receives a journal page from a woman whose daughter Olive, a classmate of Martha’s, has died",
"title": "Olive's Ocean"
},
{
"id": "3284283",
"text": "(), is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles. In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark as to why victorious athletes are crowned with a wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. The victorious athletes were honoured, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so",
"title": "Olympic symbols"
},
{
"id": "13751105",
"text": "Janimation on \"Internet Movie Database\". Janimation and its artists have contributed visual effects for feature films or title sequences to the following films: \"Hugo\", \"Green Lantern\", \"\", \"\", \"The Legend of Santa Claus\", \"Iron Man\", \"Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events\", \"The Visitor\", \"The Ant Bully\", \"Spy Kids 2\" and \"Spy Kids 3D\", \"\", \"The Ringer\", \"Lilo & Stitch\", \"The Lion King\", \"Brother Bear\", \"Ace Ventura\", \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", \"Lonesome Dove\", \"Coming to America\", \"Nightmare on Elm Street\", \"Monkeybone\", \"Brotherhood of the Wolf\", \"Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show!\", and all three \"Robocop\" films. In 2005, Janimation produced",
"title": "Janimation"
},
{
"id": "8672269",
"text": "\"The Romantic Englishwoman\" (1975), \"The Orchard End Murder\" (1980), \"Brazil\" (1985), \"The Whistle Blower\" (1986), \"\" (1988), \"The Fool\" (1990), \"Splitting Heirs\" (1993), \"Keep the Aspidistra Flying\" (1997) and \"The Other Boleyn Girl\" (2008). He had two children with his first wife, the cellist Jean Spalding, and two children with his second wife, the artist and lecturer Dr Karen Wallis (née Mills), whom he married in 1979. He suffered from multiple myeloma, a form of bone marrow cancer, but was able to continue performing in audio and radio work. Wallis died at his home in Bath on 6 September 2013.",
"title": "Bill Wallis"
},
{
"id": "20783389",
"text": "first two releases were \"The English Roses\" (September 2003), and \"Mr. Peabody's Apples\" (November 2003). Both debuted at number one on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. Joe D'Angelo from MTV News confirmed that the third book would be titled \"Yakov and the Seven Thieves\". Madonna was again inspired by a 300 year-old story by rabbi Baal Shem Tov that she had heard from her Kabbalah teacher, and wanted to share the \"essence\" of it. \"We must never forget that hidden behind a large amount of darkness is a large amount of light,\" the singer wrote in the preface.",
"title": "Yakov and the Seven Thieves"
},
{
"id": "12162017",
"text": "created Booklist Online. 2016 saw his promotion to executive editor of Booklist Publications. His first novel, \"Cold Lessons\", was published under the pseudonym Michael McCulloch in 2007. Other books soon followed under his real name: \"My Fellow Americans\" (2007), \"One Nation Under God\" (2008), and \"The Price of Liberty\" (2010). In 2011 Graff became a children's-book author with the publication of the middle-grade novel, \"The Other Felix.\" A second middle-grade novel, \"The Matchstick Castle,\" followed in January 2017. Critical response to Graff's novels has been mixed at times but appears to be improving. Reviewing \"My Fellow Americans\", \"Library Journal\" wrote",
"title": "Keir Graff"
},
{
"id": "11981105",
"text": "the train company has relented and will stop at their station. To pay tribute to the town's new start, and in a gesture of reconciliation towards the railroad company, Florence is renamed Olive, hence the \"Olive Branch Line\". The book may be partly influenced by the Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War, and is dedicated to the people of Enid, \"who did stop the train\". Cissy's story continues in \"Pull Out All the Stops!\" (2010), known in the US as \"The Glorious Adventures of the Sunshine Queen\", in which she stays with her former teacher, Miss Loucien, on board an old showboat",
"title": "Stop the Train"
},
{
"id": "19725863",
"text": "the cell together, linking arms. The Other Shoe \"The Other Shoe\" is the third episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy drama series \"Once Upon a Time\", which aired on October 9, 2016. In this episode, Cinderella's actions in the Enchanted Forest involving her stepfamily suddenly play out in Storybrooke, as Emma, Henry, and Hook must stop Ashley from going after her stepsister after she blames herself for ruining her happy ending; meanwhile, Regina discovers that Hyde has made a deal with the Evil Queen, Gold helps David find out the truth about his father's death by delivering",
"title": "The Other Shoe"
},
{
"id": "6746206",
"text": "Christopher Tyng Christopher Tyng (born August 1968) is an American composer for film and television. He composed the music for several television series, including \"Futurama\", \"The O.C.\", \"The Job\", \"Knight Rider\", \"Suits\", \"High Incident\", and \"Rescue Me\". He also composed the CGI animated holiday special, \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\". The main theme for Futurama is strongly reminiscent of Pierre Henry's Psyche Rock. As was noted in the audio commentary of the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Problem with Popplers\", Tyng is first and foremost a drummer; indeed, he accredits his composing proficiency to the awkwardness of lugging a drum set. As a",
"title": "Christopher Tyng"
},
{
"id": "423324",
"text": "it was adapted for radio as the Tertiary Phase of the radio series. In \"So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish\" (published in 1984), Arthur returns home to Earth, rather surprisingly since it was destroyed when he left. He meets and falls in love with a girl named Fenchurch, and discovers this Earth is a replacement provided by the dolphins in their Save the Humans campaign. Eventually, he rejoins Ford, who claims to have saved the Universe in the meantime, to hitch-hike one last time and see God's Final Message to His Creation. Along the way, they are joined",
"title": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"
},
{
"id": "13746668",
"text": "The Return of the Dove to the Ark The Return of the Dove to the Ark is a painting by Sir John Everett Millais, completed in 1851. It is in the Thomas Combe collection at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The painting portrays a scene from the Bible. Two of Noah's daughters-in-law nurture the dove that has returned to the Ark bearing an olive branch. This is the second of Millais's paintings with biblical themes, following \"The Eve of the Deluge\". Millais had some intention of producing a \"pendant\" painting titled \"The Dove's First Flight\", but never did so. Millais's original",
"title": "The Return of the Dove to the Ark"
},
{
"id": "714901",
"text": "in the 2004 NBC film \"Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels\", which followed the true story of how Spelling created the show. Other films in which Castellaneta has appeared include \"Nothing in Common\", \"Say Anything...\", \"Super Mario Bros.\", \"The Client\", \"Space Jam\", \"My Giant\", \"The Simpsons Movie\", \"\", \"\", \"\", \"The Cat in the Hat\" and \"The Pursuit of Happyness\". In 2000, he won an Annie Award for his portrayal of the Postman in the animated Christmas television special \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\". In 2006, he appeared in Jeff Garlin's independent film \"I Want Someone to Eat",
"title": "Dan Castellaneta"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "12431997",
"text": "the Sumo ring from \"Goldmember\". This makes him a formidable enemy for Austin Powers. Fat Bastard is noted for his foul temper, his frequent flatulence, his vulgar and revolting bad manners and his unusual eating habits, which include cannibalism, more specifically a taste for human infants (which he calls \"the other other white meat\") or anything that looks like a baby, \"e.g.\" midgets/dwarves, by which even Dr. Evil is grossed out. Fat Bastard was originally in the employ of the British Ministry of Defence as a guard, but his resentment of being told to lose weight caused him to defect,",
"title": "Dr. Evil"
},
{
"id": "8175540",
"text": "kayak . Colin's record was broken in June, 2014 by Kayaker Russell Henry in 12 days, 23 hours, and 45 minutes. Also in 2011, Colin, his wife Julie Angus, and their young son Leif sailed from Spain to the Middle-East, retracing the domestication of the olive tree. Their adventure is described in Julie's most recent book, \"Olive Odyssey: Searching for the Secrets of the Fruit that Seduced the World\". In 2013 Colin and partner Steven Price attempted to set a human-powered only record for the fastest time down a 440-mile stretch of the Yukon River between the towns of Whitehorse",
"title": "Colin Angus (explorer)"
},
{
"id": "8181376",
"text": "he grew up in Racine, Wisconsin. Henkes' first book, \"All Alone\", was published in 1981 by Greenwillow Books. More than 30 books followed, including \"Chrysanthemum\" and \"Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse\". In 1994 Henkes was a runner-up for one of the premier American Library Association children's book awards, the Caldecott Medal for \"Owen\", one of his mouse books. In 2004, he was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal for \"Olive's Ocean.\" The next year he won the Caldecott Medal for \"Kitten's First Full Moon\", recognizing that as the year's best children's picture book published in the U.S. All of his books",
"title": "Kevin Henkes"
},
{
"id": "11195746",
"text": "is called \"Le Paradis, un peu plus loin\". It has also been translated into German by Elke Wehr as \"Das Paradies ist anderswo\". In Spanish, the book's title literally means:\"The Paradise in the Other Corner\". The \"New York Times\" listed \"The Way to Paradise\" as a Notable Book of the Year. In 2010, Vargas Llosa won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Way to Paradise The Way to Paradise () is a novel published by Mario Vargas Llosa in 2003. The novel is a historical double biography of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin and his grandmother Flora Tristan, one of the",
"title": "The Way to Paradise"
},
{
"id": "13948631",
"text": "an artful life, before the horrors and loss of the Great War. While the central character of Olive is a writer of children's literature, supporting her large family with her writing, the title of the book refers to the children in the book: Tom, Julian, Philip, Elsie, Dorothy, Hedda, Griselda, Florence, Charles/Karl, Phyllis and others, following each as they approach adulthood and the terrors of war. In an interview with \"The Guardian\" Byatt says: \"I started with the idea that writing children's books isn't good for the writers' own children. There are some dreadful stories. Christopher Robin at least lived.",
"title": "The Children's Book"
},
{
"id": "6843774",
"text": "Elmer the Patchwork Elephant Elmer the Patchwork Elephant (often shortened to Elmer) is a children's picture book series by the British author David McKee. \"Elmer\" was first published by Andersen Press in 1989. The books are published in the United Kingdom by Andersen Press and were published in the United States by Harper Collins originally, Andersen press USA now publishes in America. Thirty-nine book titles have been created since 1989, and the series has sold over eight million copies in fifty languages around the world. Satoshi Kitamura carried out the Japanese translation. Elmer is an elephant with rainbow and white",
"title": "Elmer the Patchwork Elephant"
},
{
"id": "10404011",
"text": "a few blocks from the toy store, suggests to her husband that they have a Christmas tree that year, but her husband refuses, saying that it would be a waste of money since they have no children to enjoy it. Despite his words, Mrs. Jones buys a Christmas tree and decorates it. After a busy afternoon of Christmas sales, Mr. Blossom's toy store finally closes. Neither Holly nor Abracadabra has been sold. Mr. Blossom is tired from a long day's work; so he asks Peter to lock up the store for him, telling him that he can pick a toy",
"title": "The Story of Holly and Ivy"
},
{
"id": "16791098",
"text": "been described as being \"as complete and accurate a picture of men in and awaiting combat as one is likely to find.\" The work was runner-up for the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1959 in the nonfiction category. Atwell's \"Love is Just Around the Corner\" served as the basis for the Broadway musical Flora the Red Menace. His third book \"Life With Its Sorrow, Life With Its Tear\" was published in 1971, and his short stories have appeared in publications including \"The Saturday Evening Post\" and Collier's. His last novel \"The Other Dear Charmer\" was written at the age",
"title": "Lester Atwell"
},
{
"id": "8181374",
"text": "Kevin Henkes Kevin Henkes (HANK-us) (born November 27, 1960) is an American writer and illustrator of children's books. As an illustrator he won the Caldecott Medal for \"Kitten's First Full Moon\" (2004). Two of his books were Newbery Medal Honor Books, \"Olive's Ocean\" in 2004 and \"The Year of Billy Miller\" in 2014. His picture book \"Waiting\" was named both a 2016 Caldecott Honor Book and a Geisel Honor Book. It was only the second time any author has won that combination of awards. Kevin Henkes (pronounced HANK-us) thought he would be an artist until his junior year of high",
"title": "Kevin Henkes"
},
{
"id": "17461037",
"text": "using watercolours. The selections included songs in English, French, and Norwegian, among other languages. She illustrated Rebecca Hickox's children's book, \"Per and the Dala Horse\" in 1997, and M.C. Helldorfer's \"Night of the White Stag\" in 1999. Gilbert has provided artwork for many other children's books, including \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", and Vivien French's \"A Christmas Star Called Hannah\", both published in 2000. She illustrated Billy Joel's first children's book, \"\"Goodbye My Angel\"\", in 2004, which he based off a song he wrote for his daughter. \"Publishers Weekly\" opined that Gilbert's \"idealized images of the long-lashed heroine and luminous",
"title": "Anne Yvonne Gilbert"
},
{
"id": "5119353",
"text": "The Other Boat The Other Boat is a short story by E. M. Forster, written in 1957–1958 and published posthumously in \"The Life to Come (and Other Stories)\" in 1972. The story begins with a group of children playing on the deck of a boat, which is travelling from India to England. Lionel, who is one of the children playing, is attempting to get one of his friends, Cocoanut (named for his oddly shaped head), to play battle with him. Lionel is one of the five children belonging to Mrs. March, and is aboard the ship because his father had",
"title": "The Other Boat"
},
{
"id": "20779795",
"text": "which Tommy thought would be impossible. It was then Mr. Peabody reminded Tommy that it is impossible to undo the damage he had done spreading the rumor that Mr. Peadbody was a thief. In 2003, American singer Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment and released her first children's book as an author, \"The English Roses\", which was translated into 42 different languages over 100 countries. The book debuted at number one on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list, spending a total of 18 weeks there. Following the success of \"The English Roses\", Madonna worked on her",
"title": "Mr. Peabody's Apples"
},
{
"id": "5119365",
"text": "bites Lionel's forearm. Lionel flashes back to the war and strangles Cocoanut, then kisses his eyelids tenderly, then commits suicide by throwing himself into the ocean. His body is never found. The Other Boat The Other Boat is a short story by E. M. Forster, written in 1957–1958 and published posthumously in \"The Life to Come (and Other Stories)\" in 1972. The story begins with a group of children playing on the deck of a boat, which is travelling from India to England. Lionel, who is one of the children playing, is attempting to get one of his friends, Cocoanut",
"title": "The Other Boat"
},
{
"id": "714883",
"text": "for Warner Bros. Animation and \"Hey Arnold!\" for Nicktoons. In 1999, he appeared in the Christmas special \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\", and won an Annie Award for his portrayal of the Postman. He released a comedy album \"I Am Not Homer\", and wrote and starred in a one-person show titled \"Where Did Vincent van Gogh?\" Daniel Louis Castellaneta was born on October 29, 1957 at Roseland Community Hospital on Chicago's south side and was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He is of Italian descent, born to Elsie (née Lagorio; 1926–2008) and Louis Castellaneta (1915–2014). Louis Castellaneta was an amateur actor",
"title": "Dan Castellaneta"
},
{
"id": "19725853",
"text": "The Other Shoe \"The Other Shoe\" is the third episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy drama series \"Once Upon a Time\", which aired on October 9, 2016. In this episode, Cinderella's actions in the Enchanted Forest involving her stepfamily suddenly play out in Storybrooke, as Emma, Henry, and Hook must stop Ashley from going after her stepsister after she blames herself for ruining her happy ending; meanwhile, Regina discovers that Hyde has made a deal with the Evil Queen, Gold helps David find out the truth about his father's death by delivering a message to Belle, and",
"title": "The Other Shoe"
},
{
"id": "8181378",
"text": "Henkes was born in Racine, Wisconsin. He is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He lives in Madison with his wife, artist Laura Dronzek, and their two children. Novels Picture Books Kevin Henkes Kevin Henkes (HANK-us) (born November 27, 1960) is an American writer and illustrator of children's books. As an illustrator he won the Caldecott Medal for \"Kitten's First Full Moon\" (2004). Two of his books were Newbery Medal Honor Books, \"Olive's Ocean\" in 2004 and \"The Year of Billy Miller\" in 2014. His picture book \"Waiting\" was named both a 2016 Caldecott Honor Book and a Geisel",
"title": "Kevin Henkes"
},
{
"id": "17792434",
"text": "Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "6618269",
"text": "James, Clearwater's sheriff; the judge; and a maintenance worker at the church. Jack is told by the judge that releasing the identity of an adoptee's parents can cause suffering, as he points out that one adopted girl died three years earlier. Jack goes on to research the story of Joe Ottoman, who was in a car accident in 1945 that killed his wife, but his daughter survived. Joe worked for ten years on the Nativity carving. In 1963, Joe made the same mistake and was in a car accident again. His daughter Carmen Ana Ottoman, gave birth to a boy",
"title": "Christmas Child"
},
{
"id": "15242085",
"text": "the games were being held in Greece. Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae. The answer was \"\"All other men are participating in the Olympic Games\"\". And when asked \"\"What is the prize for the winner?\"\", \"\"An olive-wreath\"\" came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered: \"\"Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but",
"title": "Olive wreath"
},
{
"id": "13956641",
"text": "Anima (novel) Anima is a novel written by Marie Buchanan. It is in the mystery or suspense genre, and was first published in the United Kingdom under the title \"Greenshards\" by Fawcett Crest in 1972. It is 223 pages long, and consists of two roughly equal halves, titled first \"Olive\" on page 1, and then \"Megan\" on page 127. The division of the book into two halves is for a stylistic change of perspective or vantage point. While Olive was crippled from a car crash, Megan is a gorgeous actress. One of the issues is whether beauty is only skin",
"title": "Anima (novel)"
},
{
"id": "17878093",
"text": "Last of the Just\" by André Schwarz-Bart. That book, a multi-generational saga translated from the French, spent 18 weeks slowly rising to the top, and spent 4 weeks there before being toppled by \"The Agony and the Ecstasy\". It continued among the top 15 best sellers for another 20 weeks. The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1961 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped \"The New York Times\" Fiction Best Seller list in 1961. The most popular titles of the year were \"Hawaii\" by \"James Michener\", \"The Agony and the Ecstasy\", by Irving Stone and",
"title": "The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1961"
},
{
"id": "2257174",
"text": "These totals always total event placements rather than actual medals — a victory in a team event (such as relay race) equates to a single gold for such rankings even though each team member would receive a physical medal. The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, off the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus. When the modern Olympic Games",
"title": "Olympic medal"
},
{
"id": "9392946",
"text": "Film Critics Awards (1979). He was also nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role along with Bisset for Best Motion Picture Actress (1979). Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? is a 1978 comedy mystery film starring George Segal, Jacqueline Bisset and Robert Morley based on the novel \"Someone is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe\" by Nan and Ivan Lyons. It was released in the U.K. under the title Too Many Chefs. The chefs are each killed in a manner reflecting their most",
"title": "Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?"
},
{
"id": "6934159",
"text": "Sheherazade Goldsmith Sheherazade Ventura Goldsmith (' Bentley; 14 March 1974) is a British environmentalist, jeweller and columnist. During the 1990s, Goldsmith worked in the fashion industry and, after 2000, engaged in environmental activism undertaking a variety of green initiatives starting with an organic food business that she ran in London until 2002. In 2007, she edited a guide to eco-friendly living, \"A Slice of Organic Life: Get Closer to the Soil Without Going the Whole Hog\", which she followed a year later by publishing a how-to guide for celebrating Christmas in an environmentally friendly way, called \"A Greener Christmas\". In",
"title": "Sheherazade Goldsmith"
},
{
"id": "7819875",
"text": "as by Maxwell Grant; Ellison in 1975 and '76 saw an eleven-volume set of his books reprinted or, in the cases of \"The Other Glass Teat\" and \"No Doors, No Windows\" (both 1975), published for the first time, in matching cover format featuring the art of Leo and Diane Dillon. Also, a brief \"Harlan Ellison Discovery\" series of books, as edited for Pyramid (and, for the last volume, Jove) by Ellison, featured Bruce Sterling's first novel \"Involution Ocean\" (1977) and Terry Carr's collection \"The Light at the End of the Universe\" (1976). But the most prominent and best-selling books Pyramid",
"title": "Jove Books"
},
{
"id": "1640039",
"text": "Earth\", while she has in addition written contemporary fiction – \"Perfectly Correct\", \"Mrs Hartley and the Growth Centre\", \"The Little House\" and \"Zelda's Cut\". She has also written for children. Some of her novels have won awards and have been adapted into television dramas. The most successful of her novels has been \"The Other Boleyn Girl,\" published in 2001 and adapted for BBC television in 2003 with Natascha McElhone, Jodhi May and Jared Harris. In the year of its publication, \"The Other Boleyn Girl\" also won the Romantic Novel of the Year and it has subsequently spawned sequels – \"The",
"title": "Philippa Gregory"
},
{
"id": "15115159",
"text": "The Elf on the Shelf The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children's picture book, written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell, and illustrated by Coë Steinwart. The book tells a Christmas-themed story, written in rhyme, that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and nice. It describes elves visiting children from Thanksgiving to Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season. \"The Elf on the Shelf\" comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small scout elf. The authors say",
"title": "The Elf on the Shelf"
},
{
"id": "8312808",
"text": "literature. A We Need Diverse Books grant and award were named after him. Myers received the Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association in 1994 for his contribution in writing for teens. For his lifetime contribution as a children's writer he was U.S. nominee for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2010. The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for \"significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature\". Myers won the annual award in 1994, citing four books published from 1983 to 1988: \"Hoops\" (1983), \"Motown and Didi\" (1985),",
"title": "Walter Dean Myers"
},
{
"id": "18895182",
"text": "Friendly Advice, was released and was shortly followed by a picture book she cowrote with J. Otto Seibold titled Vunce Upon A Time. Vivian's next book, Same Difference, which was published in 2009, garnered Kirkus Reviews Best Book of the Year as well as 2012 ALA Best Fiction for Young Adults. Both of these awards were also awarded to her next book, Not That Kind of Girl, along with a Caroline W. Field Award Nomination. Her most recent solo book, The List, inspired by true events at a high school in New Jersey, was published in 2012 and earned the",
"title": "Siobhan Vivian"
},
{
"id": "9224839",
"text": "across the United States. In the United Kingdom, \"The English Roses\" sold 8,270 copies according to BookScan and was ranked number 17 on the top-selling list. It was the second best-selling children's book, with 220 fewer sales than author J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\". Worldwide the book went on to sell a million copies by April 2005. \"The English Roses\" received moderate reviews after its release. Ayelet Waldman from \"Tablet\" questioned whether Rabbi Baal Shem Tov, whose morals were the inspiration behind Madonna's writing endeavors, did really ask \"to be nice to pretty girls",
"title": "The English Roses"
},
{
"id": "9161288",
"text": "leave the kettle with a big hole, and Corrine's pet canary dead. The Trotters all panic about what will happen when Corrine returns. Del takes drastic action by telling Grandad to go out and buy another canary, while Del and Rodney try to fix everything else. Grandad goes to a pet shop owned by his Italian friend, Louis Lombardi, and after much communication trouble, finally manages to buy a canary from him for £45. He returns to Denzil's flat, and Corrine returns to a shock when she sees the new canary. The boys appear puzzled as to how she may",
"title": "Who's a Pretty Boy?"
},
{
"id": "10350962",
"text": "birds and reptiles behavior, and shots of Al living in the 21st Century. The Ballad Of Big Al won two 2001 Emmy Awards, including Adelphoi Music Ltd's Andrew Sherriff and Ashley Bates for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Non-Fiction Program. A children's book was made, called \"Allosaurus! The Life and Death of Big Al\", and it differs from both the American and UK versions in some aspects. The BBC launched an online Role-Playing Game involving Big Al, now replaced by the \"Planet Dinosaur\" online game. \"The Ballad of Big Al\" is part of a series of BBC documentaries that also",
"title": "The Ballad of Big Al"
},
{
"id": "8899523",
"text": "Mitchell Kriegman Mitchell Kriegman (born June 4, 1952) is an American television writer, director, producer, consultant, story editor, author, composer and actor. He is the creator of \"Clarissa Explains It All\" (1991) for Nickelodeon, \"Bear in the Big Blue House\" (1997) and \"The Book of Pooh\" (2001) for Disney Channel and \"It's a Big Big World\" (2006) for PBS. Kriegman's first novel was \"Being Audrey Hepburn\" (2014). A second novel, \"Things I Can't Explain\", is a reimagining of the protagonist in the \"Clarissa Explains It All\" television series, in her twenties, published in November 2015. Kriegman holds patents for a",
"title": "Mitchell Kriegman"
},
{
"id": "12171908",
"text": "The Other Side (children's book) The Other Side is a children's picture book written by Jacqueline Woodson and illustrated by E. B. Lewis, published in 2001 by G. P. Putnam's Sons. The narrator and protagonist of the story is Clover, a young African-American girl. She lives beside a fence which segregates her town. Her mother instructs her never to climb over to the other side. Then one summer, she notices a white girl on the other side of the fence. The girl seems to be very lonely and is even outside when it is raining. Clover decides to talk to",
"title": "The Other Side (children's book)"
},
{
"id": "5344678",
"text": "have nevertheless been included in commercial merchandising lines based on the series, alongside other Railway characters. In the case of the Big City Engine, the character was not known by this name until Learning Curve released the model in their wooden railway range. The Other Railway In the children's books \"The Railway Series\", by the Rev. W. Awdry, The Other Railway refers to British Railways (later British Rail), the UK nationalised rail organisation that existed from 1948 until 1997. Several of the characters in the books have visited the Other Railway or used it to travel from place to place.",
"title": "The Other Railway"
},
{
"id": "12502782",
"text": "Things became more complicated when a letter came home to Darcy and her mother stating that Mr. Webster was missing in action. Other Bells for Us to Ring Other Bells for Us to Ring (1990) is the U.S. author Robert Cormier’s first novel for young readers (10–12 years). Prior to this he published three novels for adults, six novels for teenagers and one volume of short stories for teenagers. The book was published in the United Kingdom in 1991 under the title \"Darcy\". Cormier was successful both in sales and critical acclaim. Eleven-year-old Darcy Webster never had a best friend",
"title": "Other Bells for Us to Ring"
},
{
"id": "4876870",
"text": "Bible stories, nursery rhymes, and fairy tales. Christmas titles are published every year. Some Little Golden Books and related products have featured children's characters from other media, e.g. \"Sesame Street\", \"The Muppets\", Disney, \"Looney Tunes\", \"Barbie\", \"Power Rangers\", etc. Television and movie tie-ins have been particularly popular. Over the years Hopalong Cassidy, Cheyenne, Lassie, Rin Tin Tin, Captain Kangaroo, Mister Rogers, and even Donny and Marie Osmond have appeared in Little Golden Books. That many old titles remain in print shows the strong nostalgia appeal of the series. The series originated with Simon & Schuster; Western Printing and Lithographing Company",
"title": "Little Golden Books"
},
{
"id": "16313967",
"text": "Frode og alle de andre rødder Frode og alle de andre rødder (literally Frode and all the other rascals) is a famous Danish children's book, that was also adapted to a feature film. It is about the adventures of Frode who learns about a summer festival and wants to go there except that it can cost 5000 kroners and he has to arrange for its financing. \"Frode og alle de andre rødder\" is a book written by Ole Lund Kirkegaard, a Danish writer of children's literature and youth literature. It was published in 1979. The book was adapted into a",
"title": "Frode og alle de andre rødder"
},
{
"id": "160734",
"text": "puppets and sets, along with screening of Art Clokey's films. This event was conceived by David Scheve of T.D.A. Animation and Joe Clokey of Premavision, and was one of several exhibits that opened around the country, celebrating the 50th anniversary of \"The Gumby Show\". The children's book \"Gumby Goes to the Sun\" was also published that year to commemorate the anniversary. The book was originally created in the 1980s by Clokey's daughter, Holly Harman. In 2007, the \"Gumby\" comic book series was nominated for two Eisner Awards, Best New Series and Best Publication for a Young Audience, and won the",
"title": "Gumby"
},
{
"id": "2621248",
"text": "the nuns responds to the question \"How do you find a word that means Maria?\" with \"Flibbertigibbet.\" This term was also used in the \"Looney Tunes\" episode \"Tweety's S.O.S.\" by Granny when she drops her glasses. In the 1990 American romantic comedy film \"Joe Versus the Volcano\", Meg Ryan's character Angelica refers to herself as a flibbertigibbet. In 2018 British Author Chris Redmile released a children’s book named The Flibber-ti-gibbet, a read in rhyme book designed to educate children about the traits of ADHD. 7. The Flibbertigibbet https://www.amazon.co.uk/Flibber-ti-Gibbet-Monsters-Me-Chris-Redmile/dp/1726608468/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1541772575&sr=8-1&pi=AC_SX236_SY340_QL65&keywords=the+flibbertigibbet Flibbertigibbet Flibbertigibbet is a Middle English word referring to a flighty or",
"title": "Flibbertigibbet"
},
{
"id": "7587385",
"text": "carnage, a Secret Service agent can be heard on the radio, asking \"Who's been hit?! Who's been hit?!\" While waiting with Bartlet in the Oval office for news on the missing pilot, Admiral Fitzwallace makes an observation on the presidential seal. The eagle on the seal holds an olive branch in its right talons and arrows in its left, and faces towards the olive branch. Yet when Congress declares war, he says, the eagle faces the arrows. This is an urban legend; though the design of the seal has changed over time, President Truman decided by Executive Order 9646, in",
"title": "What Kind of Day Has It Been"
},
{
"id": "12196675",
"text": "\"Araucanian\" whom he names as Friday. Because of the deep change that happens in Crusoe during the stay, he finally does not want to return from the island, while Friday does. Friday, or, The Other Island Friday, or, The Other Island () is a 1967 novel by French writer Michel Tournier. It retells Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\". The first edition of the book was published 15 March 1967. It won that year's Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française. In 1971, Tournier rewrote the book, adapting it for younger readers, under the title \"Vendredi ou la Vie sauvage\". The young",
"title": "Friday, or, The Other Island"
},
{
"id": "3284284",
"text": "that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments. Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending Thermopylae. The answer was \"All other men are participating in the Olympic Games\". And when asked \"What is the prize for the winner?\", \"An olive-wreath\" came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: \"Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete",
"title": "Olympic symbols"
},
{
"id": "20779791",
"text": "Mr. Peabody's Apples Mr. Peabody's Apples is a picture book written by American entertainer Madonna, released on November 10, 2003, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment. The book contains a moral tale, which was inspired by a 300 year-old story by Rabbi Baal Shem Tov, that Madonna had heard from her Kabbalah teacher. Its main protagonist, Mr. Peabody is subjected to rumors spread by a young boy and teaches him a lesson. \"Mr. Peabody's Apples\" is illustrated by Loren Long who took inspiration from American regionalist painters, and modeled the characters after real-life people. \"Mr. Peabody's Apples\" was released in over",
"title": "Mr. Peabody's Apples"
},
{
"id": "2291681",
"text": "to run away again. On Christmas Eve, however, her conscience prevails, and she rushes back to find Ernest and Santa and return the sack. Ernest meets Santa's elves at the airport and they retrieve the reindeer and sleigh from the holding dock. Because they are short on time, Ernest decides to fly the sleigh to the children's museum, much to the helpers' objection. Having trouble controlling it at first, the reindeer and the sleigh fly all over the sky. At a meeting, Joe sees the reindeer and sleigh flying and it convinces him that everything Santa told him is real.",
"title": "Ernest Saves Christmas"
},
{
"id": "15058054",
"text": "Elf (Broadway musical) Elf is a musical based on the motion picture of the same name, with a score by Matthew Sklar and Chad Beguelin. The book is adapted by Bob Martin and Thomas Meehan from the 2003 film. The musical ran on Broadway in the Christmas seasons of 2010-11 and 2012–13, and also toured the U.S. in 2012. A new tour launched in 2014. William \"Buddy\" Hobbs, a young orphan child, mistakenly crawls into Santa Claus' bag of gifts and is transported back to the North Pole. After discovering the baby, Santa and his elves decide to raise the",
"title": "Elf (Broadway musical)"
},
{
"id": "9288454",
"text": "enjoys bossing Dudley around and playing the guitar (which he isn't very good at). He usually refers to Santa as 'That Red-suited Sap' or 'Bulbnose', the elves as 'The Oafs' and the reindeer as 'The Hatracks'. Gruzzlebeard and Dudley both seem to be immortal and ageless: both have not aged when Santa travels into the year 2222, where Gruzzlebeard has become a futuristic totalitarian dictator in absence of Santa and his helpers. Dudley is a different species of Troll from Gruzzlebeard (Dudley is a Terrible Troll, which is a close cousin of elves). This was confirmed in \"The Story of",
"title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "13289632",
"text": "which will be replaced \"by a new recipe for Orange Glazed Pork Tenderloin\". During Super Bowl XXIX, Pork unveiled the \"Taste What's Next\" campaign, set around restaurants serving pork by people including Emeril Lagasse. In the fall of 1998, Pork promoted \"The Other White Sale\". The last campaign using the slogan, which was first used in 2005, was \"The Other White Meat. Don't be blah.\" With a program promoting pork using the slogan as a lean meat to health-conscious consumers, pork sales in the United States rose 20%, reaching $30 billion annually by 1991. Data collected by the USDA's Economic",
"title": "Pork. The Other White Meat"
},
{
"id": "2887226",
"text": "to political and philosophical journals on numerous subjects, among them ideology, the sociology of literature, clientism in politics, regionalism and the politics of the media. He wrote and presented a television film on Montserrat, entitled \"The Other Emerald Isle\" for Channel 4 and his documentary on the life of Noel Browne, for RTÉ, has also been screened. Higgins has had poems published in a number of periodicals, as well as publishing four collections of his poetry, including \"The Betrayal\" (1990), his second book of poems \"The Season of Fire\" (1993) and his latest book \"An Arid Season\" (2004). His personal",
"title": "Michael D. Higgins"
},
{
"id": "18333065",
"text": "cast, which was released on DVD and Digital HD on September 6, 2016. Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend? Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend? is a 2014 horror comedy fantasy film directed by Peter Hewitt. The film is a sequel to the 2008 film \"Mostly Ghostly\". The film is based on the second book of the same name by R. L. Stine and the second installment in the \"Mostly Ghostly\" film series. The film was released on DVD on September 2, 2014, and was broadcast on Disney Channel on October 11, 2014. Max Doyle (Ryan Ochoa) has",
"title": "Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend?"
},
{
"id": "6564037",
"text": "tales and nursery rhymes, where she becomes caught up in the story of Cinderella and Prince Charming. One reviewer commented: The wonderful adventures and encounters of \"The Child Who Believes\" are told in the most graphic and convincing manner, and the juvenile reader who remains incredulous of the existence of \"The Old World\" after reading the entrancing story of Mabel and her fairy prince, deserves to be passed over by Santa on his annual visit. His later work,\"The Other Side of Nod\" is the story of a boy transported by a white car into the fairy tale land of Nod.",
"title": "W. E. Cule"
},
{
"id": "15115172",
"text": "the message that sends.\" The Elf on the Shelf The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children's picture book, written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell, and illustrated by Coë Steinwart. The book tells a Christmas-themed story, written in rhyme, that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and nice. It describes elves visiting children from Thanksgiving to Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season. \"The Elf on the Shelf\" comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small scout",
"title": "The Elf on the Shelf"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Olive, the Other Reindeer context: seen in 2015. The story was based on the 1997 children's book by Vivian Walsh and illustrated by J. Otto Seibold. In the song, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", the lyric \"All of the other reindeer\" can be misheard in dialects with cot–caught merger as the mondegreen \"Olive, the other reindeer\". Drew Barrymore voices the title character. The special was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. The story follows an anthropomorphic Jack Russell Terrier named Olive, who does not act like a dog. While in town, she meets Martini, a con artist penguin, from whom she buys\n\nOlive the Other what is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold?",
"compressed_tokens": 211,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Vivian Walsh (author) context: Dream\", which was named a New York Times \"Best Illustrated Book\". \"Mr. Lunch Takes a Plane Ride\" won a Cuffie Award from Publisher's Weekly; Mr. Lunch won for most memorable character in a lead role. \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" was a New York Times Bestseller and the movie version was nominated for an Emmy Award. Vivian Walsh (author) Vivian Walsh is a children's book author. Her best selling book \"Olive, the Other Reindeer\" is based on her real life Jack Russell Terrier. The dog, Olive, was later portrayed (with the voice of Drew Barrymore) in the animated version of the\n\ntitle: O, the Other Reindeer context: heartfelt speech about the meaning of and devoted she is to her cause. The patrons apologize for their behavior and Round John Virgin offers Mart and Olive a ride to the North Pole in his vehicle, named The Polar Express. At the North Pole, Olive is denied entry see Santa, but Martini gives the guard a watch as if it was a gift from Santa. When the guard asks Martini to fix it, he says he needs to kill the alarm, because the electromagnetic waves will interfere with the signal from a satellite. O digs under\n\ntitle O Reindeer context Santa, wish her anyway. pull up to in his mail truck, Martiniashions air outery, y, \"Del punk!\", it at the Post', knocking the road. When they arrive Arctic Junction, there is one-hour wait for the next bus, so they go inside restaurant for. that scheduling a press. The does know their waitress is the in disgu. He lures Olive that Santa is\ntitle O the f,s Santa Besides not to go onve he received mean letters from. and him the, havecing andading to his Santa for and Olive is put with theer Postman switches the toy bag with his own bag of junk mail and kidnaps\n\nOlive the Other what is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold?",
"compressed_tokens": 468,
"origin_tokens": 15462,
"ratio": "33.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,774 | Named for the day of its discovery by Captain William Mynors, Christmas Island, a land mass in the Indian Ocean, is a territory of what nation? | [
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"Aussieland",
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"Australian country life",
"Australian Woman's Day",
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"Australia (constitutional monarchy)",
"Austalia",
"Etymology of Australia",
"Philosophy in Australia",
"Commonwealth of Australia",
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"Australia (monarchy)",
"Dominion of Australia",
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"Australia (empire)",
"Australo",
"The Commonwealth of Australia",
"Australia.",
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"AUSTRALIAN",
"Australia (state)",
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] | Australia | [
{
"id": "12346126",
"text": "Western Australia were given concurrent authority to deal with cases on the island, and those courts became the main venue in which litigation was conducted. Since the court’s abolition, its functions have been replaced by the Supreme Court of Western Australia, which now has sole jurisdiction on the island. Europeans first discovered the island of Christmas Island on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643. Captain William Mynors gave the island its name because of the day it was found. The British Crown annexed the uninhabited island on 6 June 1888 following the discovery of phosphate on the island. The island was",
"title": "Supreme Court of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "65126",
"text": "Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It has an area of . Christmas Island had a population of 1,843 residents , the majority of whom live in settlements on the northern tip of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Malaysian Chinese origin (though just 21.2% of the population declared",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "65127",
"text": "a Chinese ancestry in 2016), with significant numbers of Malays and European Australians as well as smaller numbers of Malaysian Indians and Eurasians. Several languages are in use, including English, Malay, and various Chinese dialects. Islam and Buddhism are major religions on the island, though a vast majority of the population does not declare a formal religious affiliation and may be involved in ethnic Chinese religion. The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the \"Thomas\" in 1615. The island was later named on Christmas Day (25 December) 1643 by Captain William Mynors, but only settled in",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "9022944",
"text": "Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958, it was managed by the",
"title": "Shire of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "9022949",
"text": "State Library of Western Australia. Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958,",
"title": "Shire of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "8564889",
"text": "Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for all arrivals, including those from Australia. It is owned by the Commonwealth through the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development and is operated under contract by Toll Remote Logistics. From the late 1940s, when the island was",
"title": "Christmas Island Airport"
},
{
"id": "12612797",
"text": "westward from the point where the territorial waters of the two countries touch the western limits of East Timor's territorial waters claim at 10° 28' S, 126° 00' E, to 13° 05' 27.0\" S, 118° 10' 08.9\" E in the Indian Ocean. The third is between the Australian external territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesia island of Java, in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is established by four treaties, the fourth of which has been signed but not yet ratified. The Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia establishing",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "10376482",
"text": "was administered as part of the Colony of Singapore. The laws of Singapore, including prostitution law, were based on British law. in 1958, the sovereignty of the island was transferred to Australia. The ‘laws of the Colony of Singapore’ continued to be the law of the territory. The \"Territories Law Reform Act 1992\" decreed that Australian federal law and the state laws of Western Australia be applicable to the Indian Ocean Territories, of which Christmas Island is a part. For the current situation see Western Australia. Cocos (Keeling) Islands were, like Christmas Island, a British colony and part of the",
"title": "Prostitution in Australia"
},
{
"id": "65128",
"text": "the late 19th century. Its geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna, which is of interest to scientists and naturalists. The majority (63 percent) of the island is included in the Christmas Island National Park, which features several areas of primary monsoonal forest. Phosphate, deposited originally as guano, has been mined on the island since 1899. The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the \"Thomas\" in 1615. Captain William Mynors of the \"Royal Mary\", an English East India Company vessel, named the",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "8564893",
"text": "caused spikes in traffic levels. The construction of an immigration detention centre on the island resulted in a temporary increase in RAAF and DIMIA arrivals.. Christmas Island International Airport served 26,723 revenue passengers during financial year 2017-2018. Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for",
"title": "Christmas Island Airport"
},
{
"id": "11439838",
"text": "Australian Whale Sanctuary The Australian Whale Sanctuary was established in 1999 to protect dolphins and whales from hunting in waters within the Australian government's jurisdiction. The sanctuary includes the whole of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is the area surrounding the continent of Australia and its external dependencies such as Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean), Cocos (Keeling) Island, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and including the EEZ adjoining the coastline of the Australian Antarctic Territory which is only recognised by United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway. The sanctuary is the scene",
"title": "Australian Whale Sanctuary"
},
{
"id": "15196314",
"text": "Christmas Island Resort The Christmas Island Resort, often called the Christmas Island Casino, is a holiday resort on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean lying about 300 km south of Java and 1600 km north-west of the Australian mainland. It operated as a casino for over four years during the 1990s. It was one of the world’s most profitable prior to bankruptcy and once turned over $5 billion a year profit. The casino/resort was conceived in the early 1980s by Perth property developer Frank Woodmore as a business opportunity following the closure in 1981, for political",
"title": "Christmas Island Resort"
},
{
"id": "65171",
"text": "is of generally good quality, although four-wheel drive vehicles are needed to reach some of the more distant parts of the rainforest or the more isolated beaches on the rough dirt roads. The island-operated crèche is in the Recreation Centre. Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library. Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "65202",
"text": "Island – are inhabited. The population of around 600 people consists mainly of Cocos Malays, who practise Sunni Islam and speak a dialect of Malay as their first language. The territory is administered by the Australian federal government's Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities, and together with Christmas Island forms the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administrative unit. However, the islanders do have a degree of self-government through the local shire council. Many public services – including health, education, and policing – are provided by the state of Western Australia, and Western Australian law applies except where the federal government",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"id": "381883",
"text": "Geography of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, formerly called \"Ceylon\", is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, southeast of the Indian subcontinent, in a strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. The nation has a total area of 65,610 km², with 64,740 km² of land and 870 km² of water. Its coastline is 1,340 km long. The main island of Sri Lanka has an area of 65,268 km² – it's the twenty-fifth largest island of the world by area. Dozens of offshore islands account for the remaining 342 km² area. The largest offshore island, Mannar Island, leads to Adam's",
"title": "Geography of Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "18978785",
"text": "of Singapore. The laws of Singapore, including prostitution law, were based on British law. in 1958, the sovereignty of the island was transferred to Australia. The \"laws of the Colony of Singapore\" continued to be the law of the territory. The \"Territories Law Reform Act 1992\" decreed that Australian federal law and the state laws of Western Australia be applicable to the Indian Ocean Territories, of which Christmas Island is a part. Prostitution is legal, but solicitation, living off the earnings of prostitution and brothel keeping are outlawed. The use of condoms are mandatory. In 2003, the New Zealand Prostitution",
"title": "Prostitution in Oceania"
},
{
"id": "12612803",
"text": "eastern border of the Australia – East Timor joint petroleum development area. Points A1, A2 and A3 form part of the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border which was also established under the 1971 treaty when Papua New Guinea was still an Australian territory. The 1972 treaty brought the boundary to Point A25 to the north-east of Australia's Ashmore Island. The 1997 treaty extended it further west, terminating at A82 in the Indian Ocean where Australia's and Indonesia's exclusive economic zone limits diverge. Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean south of the southern",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "15196320",
"text": "rooms of which 52 of them are two-story suites with ocean views. One of its two modern kitchens was leased by the government in 2002 to provide meals for asylum seekers. Christmas Island Resort The Christmas Island Resort, often called the Christmas Island Casino, is a holiday resort on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean lying about 300 km south of Java and 1600 km north-west of the Australian mainland. It operated as a casino for over four years during the 1990s. It was one of the world’s most profitable prior to bankruptcy and once turned",
"title": "Christmas Island Resort"
},
{
"id": "251190",
"text": "of the world's finest chocolate; Chocolaterie Robert, established in 1940, is the most famous chocolate company on the island. Madagascar Madagascar (; ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( ; ), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world) and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently,",
"title": "Madagascar"
},
{
"id": "19512971",
"text": "in the shadow ministry until 1980, serving under three leaders of the opposition (John Tonkin, Colin Jamieson, and Ron Davies). Taylor retired from parliament in August 1984. He served on the Judiciary and Parliamentary Salaries Tribunal from 1984 to 1986, and then was briefly chairman of the Authority for the Intellectually Handicapped. From 1986 to 1990, Taylor served as Administrator of Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 1991 Australia Day Honours, for \"public service and service to the Western Australia parliament\". Don Taylor",
"title": "Don Taylor (Australian politician)"
},
{
"id": "251077",
"text": "Madagascar Madagascar (; ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( ; ), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world) and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse",
"title": "Madagascar"
},
{
"id": "5408050",
"text": "agenda. The island was a popular cruise stop due to its long jetty, and the numbers of arrivals were maintained by the Seychelles, until the lease to India took place which closed the island to the public. Assumption Island was once home to a great diversity of seabirds, including the Abbott's booby, which is now confined to a single breeding island: Christmas Island, in the eastern Indian Ocean. Efforts are now underway by the Seychelles Islands Foundation, in conjunction with Island Conservation Society and the Islands Development Company, to restore the habitat of the island. The first successful step in",
"title": "Assumption Island"
},
{
"id": "65230",
"text": "who was appointed on 5 October 2017 and is also the Administrator of Christmas Island. These two Territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, \"so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory.\"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"id": "65139",
"text": "knowledge of the Malay language and the customs of the Asian people... has proved invaluable in the inauguration of Australian administration... During his two years on the island he had faced unavoidable difficulties... and constantly sought to advance the island's interests.\" John William Stokes succeeded him and served from 1 October 1960, to 12 June 1966. On his departure he was lauded by all sectors of the island community. In 1968, the official secretary was retitled an administrator and, since 1997, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and share a single",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "381911",
"text": "from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo Geography of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, formerly called \"Ceylon\", is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, southeast of the Indian subcontinent, in a strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. The nation has a total area of 65,610 km², with 64,740 km² of land and 870 km² of water. Its coastline is 1,340 km long. The main island of Sri Lanka has an area of 65,268 km² – it's the twenty-fifth largest island of the world",
"title": "Geography of Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "16606225",
"text": "have their \"cargo\" picked up. Christmas Island is a popular target for asylum seekers, whose journeys sometimes end in tragedy. In a statement, the U.N. refugee agency said the tragedy \"reinforces the need for renewed international solidarity and cooperation to find protection options for people\". 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster The 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster occurred on 21 June 2012, when a boat carrying more than 200 refugees capsized in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and the Australian external territory of Christmas Island. As of 25 June 109 people have been rescued, 17",
"title": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "12361674",
"text": "British Indian Ocean Territory The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom situated in the Indian Ocean halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia. The territory comprises the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very smallamounting to a total land area of . The largest and most southerly island is Diego Garcia, , the site of a joint military facility of the United Kingdom and the United States. The only inhabitants of the territory are US and British military personnel and associated contractors, who collectively number around 2,500 (2012 figures). The",
"title": "British Indian Ocean Territory"
},
{
"id": "2922312",
"text": "for example, dissolve the ACT Assembly in cases of corruption or deadlock. As well as the internal and largely self-governing territories of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia also possesses (or lays claim to—since Australia's Antarctic claims are not universally recognised) seven external territories, each of which falls within the sphere of influence of the Commonwealth and is administered by the Commonwealth Government. Three of these, Norfolk Island (which enjoys a large degree of autonomy), the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Territory of Christmas Island have permanent populations and also have an Administrator appointed by",
"title": "Administrator (Australia)"
},
{
"id": "15158121",
"text": "2010 Christmas Island boat disaster On 15 December 2010, a boat carrying around 90 asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq and Iran, sank off the coast of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, killing 48 people aboard; 42 survivors were rescued. The boat was later named \"SIEV-221\". At about 6.30 a.m. local time the boat collided with rocks north of Flying Fish Cove close to Rocky Point and was then smashed against the nearby cliffs, complicating rescue attempts. For a period of about one hour, the unpowered boat was washed back and forth as backwash pushed it away",
"title": "2010 Christmas Island boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "616541",
"text": "as the \"Prince of Wales Island\", and Seberang Perai on the mainland, formerly known as \"Province Wellesley\". Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands were also included. The island of Labuan, off the coast of Borneo, was also incorporated into the colony with effect from 1 January 1907, becoming a separate settlement within it in 1912. Most of the territories now form part of Malaysia, from which Singapore separated in 1965. The Cocos (or Keeling) Islands were transferred to Australian control in 1955. Christmas Island was transferred in 1958. Their administration was combined in 1996 to form the Australian Indian Ocean",
"title": "Straits Settlements"
},
{
"id": "108987",
"text": "food is shipped in by sea or air. In 2004, US Navy recruitment literature described Diego Garcia as being one of the world's best-kept secrets, boasting great recreational facilities, exquisite natural beauty, and outstanding living conditions. Diego Garcia is the only inhabited island in the British Indian Ocean Territory, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, usually abbreviated as \"BIOT\". The Government of the BIOT consists of a commissioner appointed by the Queen. The commissioner is assisted by an administrator and small staff, and is based in London and is resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Originally colonised by",
"title": "Diego Garcia"
},
{
"id": "12612794",
"text": "Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the \"Timor Gap\", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic",
"title": "Australia–Indonesia border"
},
{
"id": "12602955",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island The postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, was linked to its original economic situation until 1993. Mainly ruled by a phosphate production commission, the island was part of the British Straits Settlements colony from 1901 to 1942, then of Singapore from 1946 to 1958. Although it was placed under Australian control in 1958, the island remained postally and philatelically independent until 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator. The island issued its own postage stamps from 1958. Those issued by Australia Post since 1993",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "190985",
"text": "and Dubai (UAE). Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports, including Gwadar, Hambantota, Colombo and Sonadia. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments. Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east. Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are: Africa Asia",
"title": "Indian Ocean"
},
{
"id": "2933041",
"text": "elected on the tenth of August 1979. The assembly consisted of 9 members elected every three years by popular vote. It was abolished in June 2015 as part of a reorganisation of the territory's government by the Parliament of Australia. In the external territory of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, the Shire Council provides local governance. The nine-member Shire Council was established in 1993. Councilors serve four-year terms, with four or five being chosen every second year. In the external territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean, the Shire of Cocos is the local legislative body.",
"title": "Parliaments of the Australian states and territories"
},
{
"id": "15100831",
"text": "Asplenium listeri Asplenium listeri, commonly known as the Christmas Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the Aspleniaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on in 1887 and was the first to collect a specimen. The spleenwort is a small, terrestrial, lithophytic fern with shortly creeping rhizomes, and with fronds up to 90 mm long held in a crown. Found only on Christmas Island, the fern is known from a very small number of",
"title": "Asplenium listeri"
},
{
"id": "12774469",
"text": "Whether called the Indian subcontinent or South Asia, the definition of the geographical extent of this region varies. Geopolitically, it had formed the whole territory of Greater India. In terms of modern geopolitical boundaries, the Indian subcontinent comprises the Republic of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, besides, by convention, the island nation of Sri Lanka and other islands of the Indian Ocean, such as the Maldives. The term \"Indian continent\" is first introduced in the early 20th century, when most of the territory was part of British India. The Hindu Kush, centered on eastern Afghanistan, is the boundary connecting the",
"title": "Indian subcontinent"
},
{
"id": "230260",
"text": "Kiritimati Kiritimati, or Christmas Island, is a Pacific Ocean raised coral atoll in the northern Line Islands. It is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The name \"Kiritimati\" is a respelling of the English word \"Christmas\" in the Kiribati language, in which the combination \"ti\" is pronounced \"s\", and the name is thus pronounced . The island has the greatest land area of any coral atoll in the world, about ; its lagoon is roughly the same size. The atoll is about in perimeter, while the lagoon shoreline extends for over . Kiritimati comprises over 70% of the total land",
"title": "Kiritimati"
},
{
"id": "2891720",
"text": "Jon Stanhope Jonathan Donald Stanhope (born 29 April 1951) is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011. He is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, which consists of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Stanhope was born in Gundagai, New South Wales. He was one of nine children of schoolteacher parents who had",
"title": "Jon Stanhope"
},
{
"id": "12285404",
"text": "Christmas Island National Park Christmas Island National Park is a national park occupying most of Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia. The park is home to many species of animal and plant life, including the eponymous red crab, whose annual migration sees around 100 million crabs move to the sea to spawn. Christmas Island is the only nesting place for the endangered Abbott's booby and critically endangered Christmas Island frigatebird, and the wide range of other endemic species makes the island of significant interest to the scientific community. Concerns were expressed in the early",
"title": "Christmas Island National Park"
},
{
"id": "230307",
"text": "certainly been flightless, hunting by natives. There is a government high school, Melaengi Tabai Secondary School, which is located on Tabuaeran (though the government of Kiribati wished to re-open its campus on Kiritimati instead) in addition to a Christian senior high, St. Francis High School. Kiritimati Kiritimati, or Christmas Island, is a Pacific Ocean raised coral atoll in the northern Line Islands. It is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The name \"Kiritimati\" is a respelling of the English word \"Christmas\" in the Kiribati language, in which the combination \"ti\" is pronounced \"s\", and the name is thus pronounced .",
"title": "Kiritimati"
},
{
"id": "1255535",
"text": "Local government areas of Western Australia The local government areas (LGAs) in the Australian state of Western Australia describes the 139 institutions and processes by which towns and districts can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the \"Local Government Act 1995\". The \"Local Government Act 1995\" also makes provision for regional local governments, established by two or more local governments for a particular purpose. There are three classifications of local government in Western Australia: The Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Federal external territories and covered by the \"Indian Ocean Territories",
"title": "Local government areas of Western Australia"
},
{
"id": "20004394",
"text": "it in referenda in 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009. Western Australia trialled daylight saving for three years before the 2009 referendum, and one summer before each of the earlier referenda. Four states of Australia do have daylight saving, so the time zone difference between them and Western Australia is one hour further during summer as Western Australia is the westernmost state of Australia. Australia's Indian Ocean territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands also do not observe daylight saving and have year-round offsets of 60 and 90 minutes from Western Australia. The Daylight Saving Party has fielded two candidates",
"title": "Daylight Saving Party"
},
{
"id": "7555065",
"text": "is deemed to form part of Australia proper. Cocos (Keeling) Islands voted for integration in 1984. Together with Christmas Island, Commonwealth laws apply automatically to the territory unless expressly stated otherwise and residents of both external territories are associated with Northern Territory for federal elections. They are, thus, constitutionally part of Australia. Uninhabited Heard and McDonald Island is treated as constitutionally part of Australia by the central government. The constitutional status of the Australian Antarctic Territory is unclear, with successive governments treating it either as a separate territory (as in the United Kingdom and Norway) or an integral part of",
"title": "States and territories of Australia"
},
{
"id": "7555063",
"text": "government. Since 2015, federal control has also been extended to the formerly self-governing territory of Norfolk Island. The third internal territory is the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT) which is on the coast of New South Wales south of Sydney and east of Canberra. Three of the external territories are inhabited; the others are uninhabited, apart from temporary-resident scientists. The term \"geographic Australia\" is used by the Australian government to describe the area covered by demographic statistics such as national population figures. This area comprises Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in addition to the six states and three mainland",
"title": "States and territories of Australia"
},
{
"id": "373069",
"text": "Seychelles Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: \"Repiblik Sesel\"), is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean. The capital of the 115-island country, Victoria, lies east of mainland East Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros, Mayotte (region of France), Madagascar, Réunion (region of France) and Mauritius to the south. With a population of roughly , it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country. Seychelles is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. After proclamation of independence from",
"title": "Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "15095091",
"text": "The grass is closely related to \"I. foliosum\" from New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Ischaemum nativitatis Ischaemum nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island duck-beak, is a tropical grass in the Poaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet comes from the Latin \"nativitas\" (\"birth\") referring to the birth of Christ, or Christmas, after the name of the island. The Christmas Island duck-beak is an erect, tufted grass, 250–700 mm tall, with the stems often branched and the nodes smooth. The leaves are 30–110 mm long, 2.5–7 mm wide and",
"title": "Ischaemum nativitatis"
},
{
"id": "1426196",
"text": "to elect two senators each for the first time, bringing the number to 64. The senators from the Northern Territory also represent constituents from Australia's Indian Ocean Territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while the senators from the Australian Capital Territory also represent voters from the Jervis Bay Territory and since 1 July 2016, Norfolk Island. The latest expansion in Senate numbers took place in 1984, when the number of senators from each state was increased to 12, resulting in a total of 76 senators. Normally, elections for senators take place at the same time as those for",
"title": "Australian Senate"
},
{
"id": "2891731",
"text": "New Zealand School of Government, based at the University of Canberra, commencing in August 2011. On 17 August 2012, Stanhope was appointed Administrator of the Indian Ocean Territories (Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island) by Governor-General Quentin Bryce. His two-year term ended in October 2014, and he was replaced by Barry Haase. Jon Stanhope Jonathan Donald Stanhope (born 29 April 1951) is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011. He is the only ACT Chief",
"title": "Jon Stanhope"
},
{
"id": "5789518",
"text": "(1870), Tientsin (1870), Urga (Mongolia, 1870), Shanghai (1897), Chefoo (1897), Hankow (1897), Port Arthur (1899–1904) and Dairen (1899–1904). All were closed in 1920. Russian stamps without overprint were used from 1870. From 1899, Russian stamps were overprinted with Cyrillic KHTAH (i.e., China). All stamps were inscribed in Russian currency but the offices accepted Chinese payment for them at the rate of 1 Chinese cent to 1 Russian kopeck. Stamps are inscribed REPUBLIC OF CHINA. General issues were concurrent with regional issues 1949 – 1951 and then superseded them. Christmas Island was discovered by Captain William Mynors on Christmas Day 1643",
"title": "Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ce–Ch)"
},
{
"id": "6683543",
"text": "at . Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is in area. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover . Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada. The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "14953126",
"text": "or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea). Although Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands belong to the Commonwealth of Australia and are inhabited, they are nearer Indonesia than the Australian mainland, and are commonly associated with Asia instead of Oceania. The demographic table below shows all inhabited states and territories of Oceania. The information in this chart comes from the CIA World Factbook or the United States Department of State, unless noted otherwise or not available (NA); where sources differ, references are included. Demographics of Oceania Oceania is",
"title": "Demographics of Oceania"
},
{
"id": "5411898",
"text": "this excluded territories from participation in the Senate. The issue has now been settled by allocating two seats to each of the mainland territories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, while each of the states has twelve. Two of the three inhabited external territories, namely Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, are represented by the senators and representatives of the Northern Territory. Norfolk Island, however, has no representatives in the Senate or the House of Representatives, as it has a higher degree of autonomy than any other part of Australia. The Northern Territory referendum of 1998 narrowly",
"title": "Federalism in Australia"
},
{
"id": "258489",
"text": "from Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The islands were formally established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8 November 1965. On 23 June 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches were returned to Seychelles as a result of its attaining independence. The BIOT now comprises the Chagos Archipelago only. The UK leased the main island of the archipelago Diego Garcia to the United States under a 50-year lease (which expires in 2016) to establish a military base. Mauritius has repeatedly asserted that the separation",
"title": "Mauritius"
},
{
"id": "854287",
"text": "an international award for 'Best Silver Coin 2006' for its Silver Kangaroo coin design. In early 2015 the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that a tactile feature will be added to all new notes. The tactile feature is an embossed feature to assist the vision-impaired in identifying the denomination. A similar feature is used on the Canadian currency. Other main currencies Australian dollar The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati,",
"title": "Australian dollar"
},
{
"id": "16943796",
"text": "Chagos Islands national football team The Chagos Islands national football team is a football team ostensibly representing the territory of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. However, this area, which falls under the administration of the British Indian Ocean Territory, is uninhabited save for the presence of a US military base on the island of Diego Garcia, after the United Kingdom evicted the local population between 1967 and 1973. As a consequence, the team in fact represents the Chagossian diaspora around the world. In 2004, following the granting of Chagossians living in the UK the right to apply for",
"title": "Chagos Islands national football team"
},
{
"id": "6812140",
"text": "Christmas Island blind snake The Christmas Island blind snake (\"Ramphotyphlops exocoeti\") is a species of snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is endemic to Christmas Island. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific name, \"exocoeti\", which means \"flying fish\", is in honor of the officers of HMS \"Flying Fish, who collected the holotype. It is found on Christmas Island (Australia). The type locality given is \"Christmas Island, Indian Ocean\". The species \"R. exocoeti\" is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List with the following criteria: D2 (v2.3, 1994). This means that it is not Critically Endangered or",
"title": "Christmas Island blind snake"
},
{
"id": "7297073",
"text": "and Yahoo. He married Kate McCarthy, a niece of Cuan McCarthy, on 16 April 1994 in Pietermaritzburg. The couple have since split up. On 24 April 2015, Rhodes' second wife Melanie gave birth to a daughter named India Rhodes, in Mumbai. The couple named her after the country, stating they admired the rich culture and geographical diversity of the country. \"It is a very spiritual country, very forward-thinking nation. I really like that combination. You have to have a good balance of life. With the name like India, she will have the best of both worlds and that sort of",
"title": "Jonty Rhodes"
},
{
"id": "15100834",
"text": "outside the Christmas Island National Park. Asplenium listeri Asplenium listeri, commonly known as the Christmas Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the Aspleniaceae family. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on in 1887 and was the first to collect a specimen. The spleenwort is a small, terrestrial, lithophytic fern with shortly creeping rhizomes, and with fronds up to 90 mm long held in a crown. Found only on Christmas Island, the fern is known",
"title": "Asplenium listeri"
},
{
"id": "19983872",
"text": "to the community\". After finishing his term as mayor in 1984, he was appointed chairman of the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority (MRPA). The following year, the MRPA and several other bodies were merged to create the State Planning Commission, of which McKenzie was also appointed chairman. After finishing his three-year term, he took up an appointment as Administrator of Christmas Island, one of Australia's territories in the Indian Ocean. He succeeded Don Taylor in the position in February 1990. McKenzie died in Attadale in May 1991, aged 62. William Albany McKenzie William Albany \"Bill\" McKenzie AO (21 May 1928 –",
"title": "William Albany McKenzie"
},
{
"id": "18978784",
"text": "in the various states are: Cocos (Keeling) Islands were, like Christmas Island, a British colony and part of the Colony of Singapore. After transfer of sovereignty to Australia in 1955, Singapore's colonial law was still in force on the islands until 1992. The \"Territories Law Reform Act 1992\" made Australian federal law and the state laws of Western Australia applicable to the islands. Prostitution is legal, but solicitation, living off the earnings of prostitution and brothel keeping are outlawed. The use of condoms are mandatory. Christmas Island is a former British colony, which was administered as part of the Colony",
"title": "Prostitution in Oceania"
},
{
"id": "11732972",
"text": "spaceport on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. The project also saw the involvement of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, TsSKB-Progress and the Barmin General Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau. In aid of the project, the \"Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes\" was signed in Canberra on 23 May 2001, replacing the \"Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Australia on Cooperation in the",
"title": "Australia–Russia relations"
},
{
"id": "3004819",
"text": "Warren Snowdon Warren Edward Snowdon (born 30 March 1950) is an Australian politician. He is a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives. He represented the Division of Northern Territory from July 1987 to March 1996, and from October 1998 to November 2001. Since November 2001, he has represented the Division of Lingiari. This electorate includes all the towns and communities in the Northern Territory outside Darwin, as well as Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean. He is the last serving MP who was first elected in the 1980s, and who served in Old",
"title": "Warren Snowdon"
},
{
"id": "1255537",
"text": "became towns. Local government areas of Western Australia The local government areas (LGAs) in the Australian state of Western Australia describes the 139 institutions and processes by which towns and districts can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the \"Local Government Act 1995\". The \"Local Government Act 1995\" also makes provision for regional local governments, established by two or more local governments for a particular purpose. There are three classifications of local government in Western Australia: The Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Federal external territories and covered by the \"Indian",
"title": "Local government areas of Western Australia"
},
{
"id": "6707862",
"text": "The Dales (Christmas Island) The Dales is a wetland site located at the western end of Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the eastern Indian Ocean. The site has been recognised as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The Dales were the first location where Europeans set foot on Christmas Island in 1688, during the expedition of William Dampier. Nowadays the Dales are visited by local residents and tourists for sightseeing. One of the subsites, Hugh's Dale, has religious significance for Buddhists of Chinese background. The site comprises a system of seven watercourses",
"title": "The Dales (Christmas Island)"
},
{
"id": "20262043",
"text": "Russian Empire conquered Russian America (now Alaska) after it reached a point where it could no longer expand eastward by land. Likewise, the United States acquired Alaska and incorporated many islands and the Panama Canal Zone after it could no longer expand westward. It is also worth noting that the largely tellurocratic, continental Australia, founded as a group of thalassocratic colonies, now holds its own island territories outside of its mainland, such as Christmas Island. Many empires of antiquity are noted for being more tellurocratic than their rivals, such as the early Roman Republic in opposition to its rival Carthaginian",
"title": "Tellurocracy"
},
{
"id": "9390720",
"text": "London, Kiribati London (also Ronton in Gilbertese) is the principal settlement on the atoll of Kiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) belonging to Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean. As of 2005 it has a population of 1,829 people, making it the second largest village on Kiritimati and in the whole Line Islands. In the 2010 census the population was 1,879. Only Tabwakea is slightly larger. The main villages of Kiritimati are Banana, Tabwakea, and London, which are located along the main road on the northern coast of the island, and Poland, which is across the main lagoon to the South.",
"title": "London, Kiribati"
},
{
"id": "9390719",
"text": "London, Kiribati London (also Ronton in Gilbertese) is the principal settlement on the atoll of Kiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) belonging to Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean. As of 2005 it has a population of 1,829 people, making it the second largest village on Kiritimati and in the whole Line Islands. In the 2010 census the population was 1,879. Only Tabwakea is slightly larger. The main villages of Kiritimati are Banana, Tabwakea, and London, which are located along the main road on the northern coast of the island, and Poland, which is across the main lagoon to the South.",
"title": "London, Kiribati"
},
{
"id": "16606222",
"text": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster The 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster occurred on 21 June 2012, when a boat carrying more than 200 refugees capsized in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and the Australian external territory of Christmas Island. As of 25 June 109 people have been rescued, 17 bodies have been recovered, and approximately 70 people remain missing. The boat's passengers were all male and were mostly from Afghanistan. The boat was discovered by an Australian Customs and Border Protection Service surveillance plane south of Java at about 3:00 pm AWST. The boat",
"title": "2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster"
},
{
"id": "361507",
"text": "Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; '; \"Ilaṅkai\"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea. The island is historically and culturally intertwined with the Indian subcontinent, but is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. The legislative capital, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city, Colombo. Sri Lanka's documented history spans 3,000 years, with evidence of pre-historic",
"title": "Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "16630061",
"text": "North Brother Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) North Brother Island is an uninhabited island in the Indian Ocean, part of the Andaman Archipelago. It is located in the Duncan Passage, about 19 kilometre northeast of Little Andaman Island. It is part of the South Andaman district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India. The island is nearly round, about 1.1 km across. It is almost flat, thickly wooded except in its central part, fringed by a narrow beach and surrounded by a reef all around. The central part is depressed and becomes a lake in the",
"title": "North Brother Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)"
},
{
"id": "5408043",
"text": "Assumption Island Assumption Island is a small island in the Outer Islands of Seychelles north of Madagascar, with a distance of south-west of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island. In 2018, Seychelles and India signed an agreement to build and operate a joint military facility on a portion of the island. The plan stirred up public protests by activists who believed that the islands should stay out of the brewing India-China regional conflict. The agreement was declared \"dead\" by the Island’s opposition party. Assumption Island was discovered by Captain Nicolas Morphey on 14 August 1756, and was named after the",
"title": "Assumption Island"
},
{
"id": "3197083",
"text": "the British Indian Ocean Territory before its independence in 1965. Additionally, France shares a sovereignty claim over Tromelin, an uninhabited islet between Madagascar and Mauritius' main island. The total land area of the country is 2040 km (excluding the Chagos Archipelago), that is the 169th largest nation in the world by size. Mauritian territory also incorporates the island of Rodrigues, which is situated some 560 kilometers to the east and is 104 km in area. Rodrigues used to be the country's tenth district, it gained autonomous status in 2002. The twin islands of Agaléga have a total land area of",
"title": "Outer Islands of Mauritius"
},
{
"id": "15132940",
"text": "7–10 mm in diameter, and the seeds round, black and wrinkled. The plant is widely distributed through southern and south-eastern Asia from India and southern China through Indochina and Malesia to Sulawesi. It also occurs on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean south of Java. It is common along roadsides, railways, forest edges and in forest clearings. Claoxylon indicum Claoxylon indicum is a dioecious flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The specific epithet comes from the Latin \"Indicus\" (Indian), referring to the locality of collection of the type specimen, which was probably Java, part of",
"title": "Claoxylon indicum"
},
{
"id": "373110",
"text": "has played and continues to play a key role developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over two SDB Mk5 patrol vessels namely INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli to Seychelles Coast Guard, built by GRSE which were subsequently renamed SCG Constant and SCG Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier Maritime Patrol aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. India also signed a pact to develop Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over , it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for the development of infrastructure,",
"title": "Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "18812685",
"text": "is an ongoing initiative. In May 2016, Zacharevic went to Christmas Island, an Australian Territory in the Indian Ocean at the invitation of Christmas Island Phosphates and the local Shire government for a scoping trip to beautify the island landscape. He left behind his first ever Australian art installation with 'Forklift Boy,' near a local tavern. An abandoned forklift adjacent to a shipping container provided the canvas for the piece. It is similar in aesthetic to his Boy and Girl on a Bike and Boy on a Motorbike art installations in George Town, Penang. Ernest Zacharevic Ernest Zacharevic (born 1986",
"title": "Ernest Zacharevic"
},
{
"id": "17724497",
"text": "to the Territory of Papua, the Territory of New Guinea, the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Territory of Christmas Island. The Department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for External Territories. Department of External Territories (1968–73) The Department of External Territories was an Australian government department that existed between February 1968 and November 1973. It was the second Australian Government department to be given the name. The Department of External Territories was established by the Gorton Government in 1968, formed from the portions of the old Department of Territories",
"title": "Department of External Territories (1968–73)"
},
{
"id": "15105396",
"text": "Brachypeza archytas Brachypeza archytas, commonly known as the sage orchid, is an epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours the Greek philosopher Archytas. The stems of the orchid are obscured by aerial roots. It has 4 or 5 lorate leaves, 100–220 mm long and 16–26 mm wide, unequally bilobed, forming a fan. The inflorescence is 150–350 mm long, with a long, angled peduncle and a rachis with many densely spaced, small (8–10 mm) white flowers. Found only on Christmas Island, the orchid is relatively common, especially in",
"title": "Brachypeza archytas"
},
{
"id": "16181094",
"text": "Christmas Island Seamount Province The Christmas Island Seamount Province (also known as the Christmas Island Seamounts) is an unusual seamount (submarine volcano) formation named for Christmas Island, an Australian territory and wildlife reserve that is also part of the chain. The province consists of more than 50 seamounts, up to in height, within a area. Unlike most seamount groups, the Christmas Island seamount formation does not form a long hotspot-based chain of increasingly older volcanoes, instead being a scattered grouping of volcanoes within a large radius. The origins of the formation have long been enigmatic for scientists; the Christmas Island",
"title": "Christmas Island Seamount Province"
},
{
"id": "16943804",
"text": "subsequently lost 3–2 to Somaliland and lost on penalties to Raetia after drawing 3–3 in their final game of the tournament. Chagos Islands national football team The Chagos Islands national football team is a football team ostensibly representing the territory of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. However, this area, which falls under the administration of the British Indian Ocean Territory, is uninhabited save for the presence of a US military base on the island of Diego Garcia, after the United Kingdom evicted the local population between 1967 and 1973. As a consequence, the team in fact represents the",
"title": "Chagos Islands national football team"
},
{
"id": "484514",
"text": "History of Southeast Asia The term \"Southeast Asia\" has been in use since World War II. The region has been further divided into two distinct sub-regions: Mainland Southeast Asia (or Indochina), which comprises the modern states of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma) and West Malaysia, and Maritime Southeast Asia (or Insular Southeast Asia), which comprises the modern states of Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island. The earliest \"Homo sapiens\" presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to 50,000 years ago and to at least 40,000 years ago in Maritime",
"title": "History of Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "65149",
"text": "Australia. The next most common country of birth was Malaysia at 20.1%. 27.8% of the population spoke English as their family language, while 17.2% spoke Mandarin Chinese, 17.2% spoke Malay, 3.7% Cantonese, 1.5% Southern Min, and 1% Tagalog. Additionally, there are small local populations of Malaysian Indians and Eurasians. Christmas Island is a non-self-governing territory of Australia, currently administered by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. Administration was carried out by the Attorney-General's Department until 14 September 2010, and prior to this by the Department of Transport and Regional Services before 29 November 2007. The legal system is",
"title": "Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "1392066",
"text": "for Democracy\" parodies the invasion using a fictitious British Commonwealth country called St George's Island located in the Indian Ocean and under threat of Communist invasion and American counter-invasion. United States invasion of Grenada The United States invasion of Grenada began on 25 October 1983. The invasion, led by the United States, of the Caribbean island nation of Grenada, which has a population of about 91,000 and is located north of Venezuela, resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of days. Codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, it was triggered by the internal strife within the People's Revolutionary Government that resulted",
"title": "United States invasion of Grenada"
},
{
"id": "10672492",
"text": "Black-eared flying fox The black-eared flying fox (\"Pteropus melanotus\"), also known as Blyth's flying fox and Christmas Island flying fox, is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found on Christmas Island (Australia), Andaman Islands (India), Nicobar Islands (India), and Sumatra (Indonesia). The population on Christmas Island, which is critically endangered, is considered either a subspecies of \"Pteropus melanotus\", or a distinct species, \"Pteropus natalis.\" The black-eared flying fox is native to various island groups in the Indo-Pacific. These include the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, the Mentawai Islands and Christmas Island. It mostly roosts in large",
"title": "Black-eared flying fox"
},
{
"id": "254022",
"text": "Maldives The Maldives (, ; \"Dhivehi Raa'jey\"), officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Asian country, located in the Indian Ocean, situated in the Arabian Sea. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India. The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to the Addu City in the south. Comprising a territory spanning roughly , the Maldives is one of the world's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and population, with around inhabitants. Malé is the capital and most populated city, traditionally called the \"King's Island\" for",
"title": "Maldives"
},
{
"id": "12602967",
"text": "in Christmas Island. On 4 March 1993 the first five Australia Post stamps were issued with a new designation: \"CHRISTMAS ISLAND / AUSTRALIA\". The philatelic program topics remained limited. Australia Post promised three issues per year: a Christmas stamp that was issued every two years during the 2000s, a Chinese New Year stamp since 1995 (later a twelve stamp issue after 2002) and one issue on local life. Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island The postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, was linked to its original economic situation until 1993. Mainly ruled",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "361617",
"text": "well. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; '; \"Ilaṅkai\"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea. The island is historically and culturally intertwined with the Indian subcontinent, but is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. The legislative capital, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city, Colombo. Sri Lanka's documented history spans 3,000 years, with evidence of",
"title": "Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "14279889",
"text": "detention centres on behalf of the Australian government. Property services are provided by CI Resources, which also operates a phosphate mine on the Island. there were 314 asylum seekers held in the centre. Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre or commonly just Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre, is a closed Australian immigration detention facility located on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The centre closed in 2018. Temporary facilities for asylum seekers were established on Christmas Island at Phosphate Hill in late 2001. This temporary facility was found inadequate in terms of",
"title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre"
},
{
"id": "5386147",
"text": "least 100 entities on the ARRL DXCC List. For award purposes, other areas than just political countries can be classified as \"DX countries\". For example, the French territory of Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean is counted as a DX country, even though it is a region of France. The rules for determining what is a DX country can be quite complex and to avoid potential confusion, radio amateurs often use the term \"entity\" instead of country. In addition to entities, some awards are based on island groups in the world's oceans. On the VHF/UHF bands, many radio amateurs pursue",
"title": "DXing"
},
{
"id": "12602964",
"text": "low rate for letters to Malaysia and Singapore. A third definitive issue was released on 6 May 1968 too, depicting Indian Ocean fish. This zoological topic was proposed as early as 1966 by the Christmas Island representatives for the second series, who approved artist George Hamori's designs. But the twelve stamps were not issued until 1968 to coincide with the monetary change. The designation \"CHRISTMAS ISLAND / INDIAN OCEAN\" appeared for the first time on these 1968 stamps and remained in use until 1993. On 1 February 1969, postal responsibility on the island was transmitted by the Phosphate Commission to",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "2762557",
"text": "political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986, they too are treated as a part of the U.S. An executive order adopted in 2007 includes American Samoa in the U.S. \"geographical extent\" as reflected in U.S. Department of State documents. The U.S. has five territories that are permanently inhabited: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Marianas archipelago in the western North Pacific Ocean; and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean. Approximately 4 million people in these territories are U.S. citizens. U.S. citizenship at birth is",
"title": "Territories of the United States"
},
{
"id": "415904",
"text": "Turks and Caicos Islands The Turks and Caicos Islands ( and ), or TCI for short, are a British Overseas Territory consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean and northern West Indies. They are known primarily for tourism and as an offshore financial centre. The resident population is 31,458 of whom 23,769 live on Providenciales in the Caicos Islands. The Turks and Caicos Islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain, northeast of Cuba, and of the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and",
"title": "Turks and Caicos Islands"
},
{
"id": "3847296",
"text": "authority over Christmas Island as an external territory) did not immediately approve it. Australia has since published a Memorandum of Understanding which recognizes CIIA as the legitimate manager of .cx. The domain achieved a certain degree of notoriety when it was used for the shock site goatse.cx, to the point the CIIA was forced to take down the website following complaints by Christmas Islanders. The .cx domain has gained popularity with cryptocurrency organizations. It has also gained much popularity with Ice Poseidon and the Cx Network. .cx .cx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Christmas Island. It is",
"title": ".cx"
},
{
"id": "5331589",
"text": "Mahé, Seychelles Mahé is the largest island (157.3 km²) of Seychelles, lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean. The population of Mahé was 77,000, as of the 2010 census. It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country's total population. The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, a French governor of Isle de France (modern-day Mauritius). Mahé's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park. The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the",
"title": "Mahé, Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "6896006",
"text": "strophe of the Portuguese national epic poem \"Os Lusíadas\" by Luís de Camões. John Milton borrowed this for his epic poem \"Paradise Lost\" and Miguel de Cervantes mentions a fantastic \"Trapobana\" in Don Quixote. Names of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා, \"Śrī Lankā\"; Tamil: இலங்கை , \"Ilaṅkai\"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island in the northern Indian Ocean which has been known under various names over time. Under British rule, the island was known as Ceylon from 1815-1972. \"Lanka\" was the classical name bestowed on the island by the Ramayana, an ancient Indian",
"title": "Names of Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "15856183",
"text": "Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island In Norfolk Island: Country code +672 was originally assigned to Portuguese Timor until annexed by Indonesia in 1975. It is also used for the Australian Antarctic Territory, whose numbers are in area code 1. The code was also used for Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands until October 1994 (encompassing area codes 2 and 4), when they were migrated to the +61 country code, under area code 091 (using exchange prefixes 62 for Christmas Island and 64 for the Cocos Islands). These numbers have since been migrated to 08 9162 and 08 9164 respectively.",
"title": "Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island"
},
{
"id": "15856182",
"text": "Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island In Norfolk Island: Country code +672 was originally assigned to Portuguese Timor until annexed by Indonesia in 1975. It is also used for the Australian Antarctic Territory, whose numbers are in area code 1. The code was also used for Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands until October 1994 (encompassing area codes 2 and 4), when they were migrated to the +61 country code, under area code 091 (using exchange prefixes 62 for Christmas Island and 64 for the Cocos Islands). These numbers have since been migrated to 08 9162 and 08 9164 respectively.",
"title": "Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island"
},
{
"id": "172157",
"text": "the island on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic. When Columbus initially landed in Haiti, he had thought he had found India or China. On Christmas Day 1492, Columbus' flagship the \"Santa Maria\" ran aground north of what is now Limonade. As a consequence, Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship, and he created the first European settlement in the Americas, naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed. The island was named \"La Española\" and claimed by Spain, which ruled until the early 17th",
"title": "Haiti"
},
{
"id": "7555222",
"text": "2018. In 2018, Australia overtook Switzerland and become the country with the highest average wealth. Australia's poverty rate increased from 10.2% to 11.8%, from 2000/01 to 2013. It was identified by the Credit Suisse Research Institute as the nation with the highest median wealth in the world and the second-highest average wealth per adult in 2013. The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"id": "15096926",
"text": "soils in the rainforest, sometimes in small groves. The tree is closely related to \"P. leram\" Jones, of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the southern coasts of Sumatra and western Java. Pandanus elatus Pandanus elatus is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin \"elatus\" (tall), in reference to its growth habit. \"Pandanus elatus\" is an erect tree, with basal prop roots, that grows to 20 m in height. Its leaves grow to 3 m long and 100",
"title": "Pandanus elatus"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Supreme Court of Christmas Island context: Western Australia were given concurrent authority to deal with cases on the island, and those courts became the main venue in which litigation was conducted. Since the court’s abolition, its functions have been replaced by the Supreme Court of Western Australia, which now has sole jurisdiction on the island. Europeans first discovered the island of Christmas Island on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643. Captain William Mynors gave the island its name because of the day it was found. The British Crown annexed the uninhabited island on 6 June 1888 following the discovery of phosphate on the island. The island was\n\nNamed for the day of its discovery by Captain William Mynors, Christmas Island, a land mass in the Indian Ocean, is a territory of what nation?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Christmas Island context: is of generally good quality, although fourwheel drive vehicles are needed to reach some of the more distant parts of the rainforest or the more isolated beaches on the rough dirt roads. The island-operated crèche is in the Recreation Centre. Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library. Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around\n\ntitle: Christmas Island context: Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra around-west of closest point on the Australian mainland It has an area . Christmas Island had a population of1,84 , the majority of whom live in settlements on the tip of the island. settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the's is estimated to Malaysian ( just 21.2% of the population declared\ntitle: Resort context: of which 2 of-story suites ocean views. One its two modern kensased the in2 provideals forum. Christmas Island Resort The Christmas, often the Christmas Island Casino is on Christmas Island, Australian territory in north-eastern Indian Ocean lying about30 south and 100 km northwestland Itino for over the 1990s It was thes most prof prior bankcy\n of post stamp issu (eCh): (180),sin180olia),),)1 were2 Russian899ampsed C.,).amps were inscribed in Russian currency but the offices accepted Chinese payment for them at the rate of 1 Chinese cent to 1 Russian kopeck. Stamps are inscribed REPUBLIC OF CHINA. General issues were concurrent with regional issues 1949 – 1951 and then superseded them. Christmas Island was discovered by Captain William Mynors on Christmas Day 1643\n\nNamed for the day of its discovery by Captain William Mynors, Christmas Island, a land mass in the Indian Ocean, is a territory of what nation?",
"compressed_tokens": 490,
"origin_tokens": 14373,
"ratio": "29.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,775 | December 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city? | [
"Savanah, Ga"
] | Savanah, Ga | [
{
"id": "2297094",
"text": "Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \"scorched earth\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.",
"title": "Sherman's March to the Sea"
},
{
"id": "571969",
"text": "army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 15–16). Meanwhile, after the November elections, Sherman began a march with 62,000 men to the port of Savannah, Georgia, living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage. Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war \"hard war,\" often seen as a species of total war. At the end of this campaign, known as Sherman's March to the Sea, his troops captured Savannah on December 21, 1864. Sherman then dispatched a famous message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman"
},
{
"id": "3049335",
"text": "left wing (northern column; Army of Georgia) marched following the Georgia railroad, feinting toward Augusta. Sherman's plan was to confuse the Confederate Army as to his objectives. The city he was heading for was Milledgeville, the Georgia state capital, which was captured on November 22, 1864. The ultimate objective of the March was the port city of Savannah, which was captured and occupied on December 21, 1864. Sherman later placed Slocum in command of the newly created Army of Georgia, composed of the XIV Corps and the XX Corps from the Army of the Cumberland, which served as the left",
"title": "Henry Warner Slocum"
},
{
"id": "11282192",
"text": "march south to Savannah. They lived off the land and, by Sherman's own estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone. Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war \"hard war\" (in modern times this is known as total war). Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864. Sherman then telegraphed his commander-in-chief, President Abraham Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present. As the 19th century progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and its wealth exponentially, but its ranking among the largest U.S. cities steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most populous",
"title": "History of Savannah, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "874853",
"text": "the city until July 1782. In December 1804 the state legislature declared Milledgeville the new capital of Georgia. Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacy's sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea. Early on December 21, 1864, local authorities negotiated a peaceful surrender to save Savannah from destruction, and Union troops marched into the city at dawn. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which probably derives from variant names for the Shawnee, a Native American people who migrated to the river in the 1680s. The",
"title": "Savannah, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "8610064",
"text": "of damaging frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. In November 1864, Sherman stripped his army of non-essentials, burned the city of Atlanta, and left it to the Confederates. He began his famous Sherman's March to the Sea, living off the land then burning plantations, wrecking railroads, killing livestock, and freeing slaves. Thousands of escaped slaves followed him as he entered Savannah on December 22. After the loss of Atlanta, the governor withdrew the state's",
"title": "Georgia in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "4210219",
"text": "battery, protecting both the city and Fort Jackson. \"Georgia\" had been in service about 20 months, when Sherman's March to the Sea captured Savannah by land on December 21, 1864. Her Confederate crew scuttled the ship to prevent her capture and use against the South. \"Georgia\" is thought never to have fired a shot in combat, although there is a story that she once fired on Union boats that were attempting to approach the city by the river. In 1866 the ship's railroad iron armor was partially salvaged and the wooden hull was shattered by the underwater charges used to",
"title": "CSS Georgia (ironclad)"
},
{
"id": "3049339",
"text": "pioneers were required to build over 100 miles of corduroy roads. Weather was relatively clear, as it only rained on two days. For Slocum's Army of Georgia, there were no major battles fought during the Savannah campaign. Most of the actions were, by Union accounts, skirmishes or small actions. General Sherman's Army captured two major cities during the March to the Sea. These cities were the Milledgeville, Capitol of Georgia, and Savannah, Georgia, the principal seaport city of Georgia. Both cities were occupied by the Union Army and there was little destruction of property caused by soldiers. Both cities remained",
"title": "Henry Warner Slocum"
},
{
"id": "2297111",
"text": "wing stormed the fort in the Battle of Fort McAllister and captured it within 15 minutes. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war. Now that Sherman had contact with the Navy fleet under Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, he was able to obtain the supplies and siege artillery he required to invest Savannah. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city: Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. On December 20, he led his men across the Savannah",
"title": "Sherman's March to the Sea"
},
{
"id": "1498203",
"text": "Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman's troops headed south-southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union general George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln, on a peace platform calling for a truce with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta and Hood's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, significantly boosting Northern morale, and Lincoln",
"title": "Battle of Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "16034926",
"text": "stationed at Atlanta Georgia, May 1864, and the battery strength was reported as 3 officers, 67 enlisted men. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. Two members of Rivers battery were either capture or took the opportunity of the fall of the City of Atlanta to desert. Private Francis M. Brewer is recorded as being captured on September 2, 1864, at Atlanta and subsequently took the oath of allegiance to the Union and was released from prison",
"title": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery"
},
{
"id": "3049340",
"text": "intact. The Union Army, in both cases, was credited with protecting these cities. In Savannah, the mayor of the city and aldermen thanked General Sherman and Slocum's subordinate, General Geary. Upon reaching Savannah, Slocum took the surrender of the city on December 21, 1864. Slocum then set up fire guards and prevented the city of Savannah from being damaged. On December 22, Sherman telegraphed Abraham Lincoln, presenting Savannah as a Christmas present to Lincoln and the Union. After the capture of the city, Slocum recommended to Sherman that Confederate Gen. William J. Hardee's corps, whose only escape route was north",
"title": "Henry Warner Slocum"
},
{
"id": "4887939",
"text": "Marching Through Georgia \"Marching Through Georgia\" (sometimes spelled as \"Marching Thru' Georgia\" or \"Marching Thro Georgia\") is a marching song written by Henry Clay Work at the end of the American Civil War in 1865. The title and lyrics of the song refer to U.S. Army major general William T. Sherman's \"March to the Sea\" to capture the Confederate city of Savannah, Georgia in late 1864. The song became widely popular with Union Army veterans after the American Civil War. The song, sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, tells of marching through Georgian territory, freeing slaves,",
"title": "Marching Through Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4458",
"text": "Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. While the military war was coming to an end, the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years, known as the Reconstruction Era. The American Civil",
"title": "American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "2297095",
"text": "The operation broke the back of the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. Sherman's bold move of operating deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be one of the major achievements of the war and is also considered to be the early example of modern total war. Sherman's \"March to the Sea\" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare",
"title": "Sherman's March to the Sea"
},
{
"id": "7460716",
"text": "Battle of Griswoldville The Battle of Griswoldville was the first battle of Sherman's March to the Sea, fought November 22, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Union Army brigade under Brig. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt fought three brigades of Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. Pleasant J. Philips, at Griswoldville, near Macon, Georgia, and continued its march toward Savannah. Sherman, victorious in the lengthy Atlanta Campaign, had refitted his army and recently departed from Atlanta on a march designed to reach the Atlantic Coast at Savannah. The right wing of Sherman's force was the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by",
"title": "Battle of Griswoldville"
},
{
"id": "19612627",
"text": "in December 1864. The loss of Fort McAllister opened the way to the sea for General Sherman, allowing him to link up with the Union Navy, resupply his forces, and bring the City of Savannah to its knees. Supervising the forts under his command, he was constantly sought out for his artillery expertise. During General Sherman's March to the Sea Anderson was placed in charge of the City of Charleston in December 1864. He was involved in the planning and execution of the city's evacuation before his transfer to Augusta, Georgia before returning to Savannah to lead refugees out of",
"title": "Edward Clifford Anderson, SR"
},
{
"id": "15162050",
"text": "and chaotic, with troops milling around inside the Crater. This allowed Lee to repulse the breakthrough. Despite the setback with the Crater incident and a Congressional investigation that followed, Grant was able to lock in Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia at Petersburg. Grant's Union siege at Petersburg allowed the Union war effort on other fronts to finally bear fruit. Sherman took Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and began his March to the Sea in November. With victories at Atlanta and Mobile Bay, Lincoln was re-elected President and the war effort continued. On October 19, after three battles, Philip",
"title": "Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "2297119",
"text": "full bloom during World War II when both Axis and Allied powers deliberately and indiscriminately bombed enemy and enemy-controlled cities to create terror or disrupt war production in order to win the war by any means at their disposal — including extensive incendiary raids and the dropping of two atomic bombs. Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with",
"title": "Sherman's March to the Sea"
},
{
"id": "1498214",
"text": "citizens including William Markham, Jonathan Norcross, and Edward Rawson, met a captain on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, and surrendered the city, asking for \"protection to non-combatants and private property\". Sherman, who was in Jonesborough at the time of surrender, sent a telegram to Washington on September 3, reading, \"Atlanta is ours, and fairly won\". He then established his headquarters there on September 7, where he stayed for over two months. On November 15, the army departed east toward Savannah, on what became known as \"Sherman's March to the Sea\". The fall of Atlanta and the success",
"title": "Battle of Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "4759016",
"text": "Special Field Order # 64. General Sherman announced to his troops that “The army having accomplished its undertaking in the complete reduction and occupation of Atlanta will occupy the place and the country near it until a new campaign is planned in concert with the other grand armies of the United States.” The capture of Atlanta greatly aided the re-election of Abraham Lincoln in November, and hastened the end of the war. Hood led his defeated army away from Atlanta and to the west, opening the way for Sherman's March to the Sea and resulting in the virtual destruction of",
"title": "Battle of Jonesborough"
},
{
"id": "4548",
"text": "of Lincoln as president. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his \"March to the Sea\". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed",
"title": "American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "3049312",
"text": "left wing of Gen. William T. Sherman's famous \"March to the Sea\" to Savannah on the Atlantic coast through Georgia and afterwards turning north through the Carolinas, commanding the XIV and XX Corps, comprising the Army of Georgia. During this campaign, he captured the then state capital of Georgia, Milledgeville and the Atlantic coast seaport of Savannah. In the Carolinas campaign, Slocum's army saw victories in the battles of Averasborough and Bentonville, North Carolina. The \"March to the Sea\" and the Carolinas campaign were crucial to the overall Union victory in the Civil War. After the surrender of Confederate forces,",
"title": "Henry Warner Slocum"
},
{
"id": "19031604",
"text": "assure you. These men were not prepared to give you anything\". Hazen could see across the marsh to the rice mill where General Sherman watched and waited, anxious for a signal that the fort was theirs. Looking back to Anderson he spoke, \"Get to the rear, George, and report to me later.\". Fort McAllister is where Sherman's March to the Sea ended, and where the war ended for Major Anderson. \"The fort never surrendered, it was captured by overwhelming force\", recalled Anderson. General Hazen agreed with Anderson's accounting of the battle, reporting that his forces fought \"the garrison through the",
"title": "George Wayne Anderson"
},
{
"id": "7460722",
"text": "monument and interpretive wayside markers are at the site on Baker Road near the intersection with Griswoldville Road. Battle of Griswoldville The Battle of Griswoldville was the first battle of Sherman's March to the Sea, fought November 22, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Union Army brigade under Brig. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt fought three brigades of Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. Pleasant J. Philips, at Griswoldville, near Macon, Georgia, and continued its march toward Savannah. Sherman, victorious in the lengthy Atlanta Campaign, had refitted his army and recently departed from Atlanta on a march designed to reach the",
"title": "Battle of Griswoldville"
},
{
"id": "16618080",
"text": "The second battle of Acapulco was preceded by a three-month blockade implemented by French naval division of the Pacific Ocean and ordered by the French Consul of San Francisco in March 1864. The city surrendered on June 3, and the French troops entered the town without resistance. The French captured three smaller boats and relieved the siege allowing American ships to dock in the harbor unless they unload passengers or goods. Admiral Bouët sent for a garrison of Algerian Riflemen Battalion of 474 men from Vera Cruz in May and they took the city on June 3–4. They pursued the",
"title": "Battle of Acapulco"
},
{
"id": "14424548",
"text": "Capture of Columbia The capture of Columbia occurred February 17–18, 1865, during the Carolinas Campaign of the American Civil War. The state capital of Columbia, South Carolina, was captured by Union forces under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman. Much of the city was burned although it is not clear which side caused the fires. Following the fall of Savannah, Georgia, at the end of his \"March to the Sea\", Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman turned his combined armies northward to unite with Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and to cut General Robert E. Lee's supply lines to the",
"title": "Capture of Columbia"
},
{
"id": "3325605",
"text": "the West. Grant's Wilderness Campaign forced Lee into Petersburg, Virginia. There he waged—and with Lee, pioneered—trench warfare at the Siege of Petersburg. In the meantime, General Sherman seized Atlanta, securing President Lincoln's reelection. He then began his famous March to the Sea which devastated Georgia and South Carolina. Lee attempted to escape from Petersburg in March–April 1865, but was trapped by Grant's superior number of forces. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Court House. Four years of bloody warfare had come to a conclusion. The Union began the war with overwhelming long-term advantages in manpower, industry, and financing. It took a",
"title": "History of the United States (1849–1865)"
},
{
"id": "6634076",
"text": "Meridian Campaign The Meridian Campaign or Meridian Expedition took place from February 3 – March 6, 1864, from Vicksburg, Mississippi to Meridian, Mississippi, by the Union Army of the Tennessee, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman captured Meridian, Mississippi, inflicting heavy damage to it. The campaign is viewed by historians as a prelude to Sherman's March to the Sea (Savannah Campaign) in that a large swath of damage and destruction was inflicted on Central Mississippi as Sherman marched across the state and back. The columns were under the command of Brigadier General William Sooy Smith and Colonel James",
"title": "Meridian Campaign"
},
{
"id": "7268953",
"text": "Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea during the American Civil War. Union forces overwhelmed a small Confederate force defending the strategically important Fort McAllister near Savannah, Georgia, a major Federal objective. As Sherman's armies neared Savannah on December 10, following their lengthy march from Atlanta, his troops were in need of supplies. Just off the coast was Admiral John A. Dahlgren's fleet waiting with the needed supplies, as well as mail that had not been delivered",
"title": "Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)"
},
{
"id": "2940263",
"text": "Georgia seceded from the Union and on February 8 joined other Southern states to form the Confederate States of America. Georgia contributed nearly one hundred thousand soldiers to the war effort. The first major battle in the state was the Battle of Chickamauga, a Confederate victory, and the last major Confederate victory in the west. In 1864, William Tecumseh Sherman's armies invaded Georgia as part of the Atlanta Campaign. The burning of Atlanta (which was a commercially vital railroad hub but not yet the state capital) was followed by Sherman's March to the Sea, which devastated a wide swath from",
"title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"id": "12216514",
"text": "in for a siege, which lasted until September 2. After occupying Atlanta for two and a half months, the Union forces then set out on Sherman's March to the Sea, with the 46th among the ranks, on November 15, ending with the capture of Savannah, Georgia, on December 22. From Savannah, the 46th turned north with Sherman's army and marched through South Carolina and into North Carolina in what became known as the Carolinas Campaign. At the Bennett Place near Durham, North Carolina, Confederate Gen. Joe Johnston surrendered his forces to Sherman. With hostilities now being ended, the regiment continued",
"title": "46th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment"
},
{
"id": "3120977",
"text": "Army in a series of costly frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. The Atlanta Campaign followed the Union victory in the Battles for Chattanooga in November 1863; Chattanooga was known as the \"Gateway to the South\", and its capture opened that gateway. After Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to general-in-chief of all Union armies, he left his favorite subordinate from his time in command of the Western Theater, William T. Sherman, in charge of",
"title": "Atlanta Campaign"
},
{
"id": "2495793",
"text": "in the vicinity; a battle in 1863 was a minor action associated with a reconnaissance in force by Confederate cavalry leader Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn on April 10. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his railroad supply line from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman decided instead to cut his main army off from these lines and \"live off the land\" in his famed March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah. By doing so, he would",
"title": "Battle of Franklin (1864)"
},
{
"id": "12732850",
"text": "the Confederate service.\" On December 16, 1861, Wayne was commissioned a brigadier general. Through his orders, the men of Georgia guarded the crossings of Chattahoochee River. After being ordered to Manassas, Virginia, Wayne resigned his commission as a brigadier general and he instead just stuck to his duties as adjutant and inspector-general until the end of the war. Although, he did briefly see action during the Savannah Campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea). He commanded Confederate troops at the Battle of Ball's Ferry November 23–26, 1864. In this action, he was unsuccessful in stopping Union forces from crossing the Oconee",
"title": "Henry C. Wayne"
},
{
"id": "8930104",
"text": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union) The 1st Battalion of Georgia Infantry (Union) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, despite being organized from a state that had seceded from the Union. In late 1864, the Federal armies under William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta and were marching towards the Atlantic Ocean and the port city of Savannah. At the end of October, efforts were made to recruit loyal men to join the Federal army for duty in the rear lines to free up veterans for front-line combat duty. A number of men",
"title": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union)"
},
{
"id": "6634088",
"text": "men. The total aggregate of men present and absent on the Meridian expedition was 38,071 men. The total casualties during the Meridian expedition was 150 during the Okolona battle. The total campaign casualty figures are unknown. Meridian Campaign The Meridian Campaign or Meridian Expedition took place from February 3 – March 6, 1864, from Vicksburg, Mississippi to Meridian, Mississippi, by the Union Army of the Tennessee, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman captured Meridian, Mississippi, inflicting heavy damage to it. The campaign is viewed by historians as a prelude to Sherman's March to the Sea (Savannah Campaign) in",
"title": "Meridian Campaign"
},
{
"id": "19031606",
"text": "William Tecumseh Sherman's forces were able to link up with the Union Navy delivering much needed supplies, and clearing the way to Savannah. The Confederate leadership realized the hopelessness of the situation following McAllister's capture and withdrew their remaining forces into South Carolina. In a telegram dated December 22, 1864, General Sherman presented the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift to President Lincoln. During the evening that the fort fell, Anderson was being held at the Anderson family home, Lebanon plantation the new headquarters of General William Babcock Hazen. General Hazen and Lt. Col. Strong invited General Sherman to",
"title": "George Wayne Anderson"
},
{
"id": "5390138",
"text": "refuge in towns like Thomasville and Valdosta in south Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea from Summer to Autumn 1864. On December 19, 1864, the Battle of Altamaha Bridge took place at Atlantic and Gulf's trestle over the Altamaha River near Doctortown. The Confederate victory temporarily kept the only train route from coastal Georgia to south Georgia open. The railroad sustained some damage the during Civil War compared to other railroads in Georgia. An estimated of the Atlantic and Gulfs railing was irreparably destroyed with the total damage running . The damaged section was from",
"title": "Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–1879)"
},
{
"id": "434032",
"text": "soon captured Mobile Bay and Atlanta and now controlled the Shenandoah Valley, ensuring Lincoln's reelection in November. Sherman convinced Grant and Lincoln to send his army to march on Savannah and devastate the Confederate heartland. Sherman cut a 60-mile path of destruction of Southern infrastructure unopposed, reached the Atlantic Ocean, and captured Savannah on December 22. On December 16, after much prodding by Grant, the Union Army under Thomas smashed Hood's Confederate Army at Nashville. It was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy, with Lee's forces at Petersburg being the only significant obstacle remaining. By March 1865, Grant",
"title": "Ulysses S. Grant"
},
{
"id": "3215556",
"text": "of Atlanta and East Point with lackluster results. Sherman resorted to a flanking movement to defeat the Confederates under Hood. Schofield was sent to cut off Hardee's retreat at Jonesboro but failed to move. He became embroiled in a further controversy, when placed under General Stanley commanding the US IV Corps, on August 30, 1864. Sherman, after the fall of Atlanta, took the majority of his forces on a March to the Sea through Georgia. Schofield's Army of the Ohio was detached to join Major General George H. Thomas in Tennessee. When Confederate General John Bell Hood invaded Tennessee and",
"title": "John Schofield"
},
{
"id": "6167969",
"text": "imposing structure served as city hall for nearly twenty years. It was so solidly built that the first company hired to raze it actually went out of business before completing the job. The current city hall, designed by G. Lloyd Preacher, was completed in February 1930. Located in South Downtown at 68 Mitchell Street SW, the building occupies the site of the house that General William Tecumseh Sherman took as the headquarters of his occupation after his Atlanta Campaign and before his March to the Sea (Sept.–Nov., 1864). The house was one of the few buildings in Atlanta that Sherman",
"title": "Atlanta City Hall"
},
{
"id": "8930106",
"text": "guarded the railroads near the Etowah River until mid-July 1865. The battalion was mustered out in Dawson County on July 19, 1865. 1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union) The 1st Battalion of Georgia Infantry (Union) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, despite being organized from a state that had seceded from the Union. In late 1864, the Federal armies under William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta and were marching towards the Atlantic Ocean and the port city of Savannah. At the end of October, efforts were made to recruit loyal men to",
"title": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union)"
},
{
"id": "8799228",
"text": "was in Atlanta and that Gen. Scofield was in Decatur. At the time of his report to Halleck, he had not heard from Gen. Howard, but he assumed he was in East Point. He promised his troops rest and pay. The federal forces occupied Atlanta until November 15/16 when they began their \"March to the Sea\". During this approximately 73 days, General Sherman and his troops would not only keep an eye on Gen. Hood and the Confederate army, but evacuate all civilians from Atlanta, build their own shelters, construct fortifications, forage for fresh food, some would get a furloughs",
"title": "Atlanta in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "2940307",
"text": "his army of non-essentials and began his famous Sherman's March to the Sea, living off the land and burning plantations, wrecking railroads, and killing the livestock. Thousands of escaped slaves followed his troops across the region as he entered Savannah on December 22. After the loss of Atlanta, the governor withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army. They did not try to stop Sherman. Sherman's March was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy in terms of economics and psychology. Sherman estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100 million (about $1.4",
"title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"id": "20103725",
"text": "Charleston in the wake of the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on April 7. Guided by the former slave, three boatloads of sailors landed surrounded the house where the Confederates were staying and captured all but one of them. In May, 1863, a force of 12 riflemen was sent by Dutch to the island on a raid of corn stored on several of the island's estates to help support the contrabands of nearby camps. In December 1864, William T. Sherman had successfully captured Savannah in his March to the Sea. During his campaign, a large number of slaves had fled",
"title": "Edisto Island during the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "6962531",
"text": "at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a major railroad hub and manufacturing center, making it a target for the Union Army. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his \"March to the Sea,\" making Atlanta the only major American city to ever be destroyed by war. Atlanta's first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgia's state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville. By the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of",
"title": "Downtown Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "35736",
"text": "decision to retreat from Atlanta, and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, and on September 7, Sherman ordered the city's civilian population to evacuate. On November 11, 1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Army's March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlanta's remaining military assets. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt. Due to the city's superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville",
"title": "Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "3121004",
"text": "of Tennessee—and Sherman has been criticized for allowing his opponent to escape. However, the capture of Atlanta made an enormous contribution to Union morale and was an important factor in the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. The Atlanta Campaign was followed by Federal initiatives in two directions: almost immediately, to the northwest, the pursuit of Hood in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign; and after the presidential election of 1864, to the east in Sherman's March to the Sea. Gallery: the Atlanta Campaign from the \"Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies\". Gallery: Additional maps. Notes Citations Atlanta",
"title": "Atlanta Campaign"
},
{
"id": "6973183",
"text": "the destruction was significant and spawned hatred for generations. Most of the resistance to Sherman's armies was from Georgia militia and home guards, although Joseph Wheeler's cavalry corps from the Army of Tennessee and some troops from the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida were also present but scattered. At Savannah on December 17, Sherman encountered about 10,000 defending troops under Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee. Following lengthy artillery bombardments, Hardee abandoned the city and Sherman entered on December 22, 1864. He telegraphed to President Lincoln, \"I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah",
"title": "Western Theater of the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "2547191",
"text": "backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28. As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas was a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who",
"title": "Black-eyed pea"
},
{
"id": "5329019",
"text": "important center for materiel. As the Civil War moved into Georgia in 1864, there was fear that US General William Tecumseh Sherman's troops would move to attack Augusta and her massive gunpowder factory. But Sherman's march through the South left Augusta untouched. As a result, the city ended the war in reasonably better physical and economic condition than many Southern cities. The population had doubled and hard currency was available to finance recovery, including expansion of the canal. The canal was enlarged in 1875. A boom era saw the construction of the Enterprise Mill, King Mill, and Sibley Mill, the",
"title": "Augusta Canal"
},
{
"id": "3234171",
"text": "of volunteers on August 8, 1864 (for his service at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain), and was appointed commanding officer of the XIV Corps during the Atlanta Campaign, a post he retained until the end of the war. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general in the regular army on March 20, 1865. During the March to the Sea, his actions during the Ebenezer Creek passing and his ruthlessness toward the freed slaves have caused his legacy to be clouded in continued controversy. As Sherman's army proceeded toward Savannah, Georgia, on December 9, 1864, Davis ordered a pontoon bridge",
"title": "Jefferson C. Davis"
},
{
"id": "951545",
"text": "as the main campus of Georgia College and State University. In 1837 the General Assembly provided for the establishment of the state's first mental asylum, today known as Central State Hospital. When the state of Georgia seceded from the Union in January 1861 during a legislative session held in Milledgeville, Baldwin County became a target for Union forces. When Union general William T. Sherman's made his devastating March to the Sea through Georgia, his troops occupied the capital city in November 1864. Sherman and his Union armies burned the state penitentiary, vandalized the city, and held a mock session of",
"title": "Baldwin County, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "7712455",
"text": "F. Lyon Jr. (1850–1906), and a grandson Richard F. Lyon III (1884–1964). Richard Lyon and his brother John were both attorneys in Dougherty County, Georgia. Lyon owned the house that Gen. Sherman took as his headquarters during his occupation of Atlanta, Fulton County, between his Atlanta Campaign and his March to the Sea in 1864. The current Atlanta City Hall stands on the site of this house. After the Civil War, Lyon moved his family to Macon, Bibb County, Georgia, where he lived until his death. His nephew, Thomas R. Lyon, was also a resident of Albany, Georgia, being active",
"title": "Richard F. Lyon (judge)"
},
{
"id": "5072403",
"text": "Mississippi. Hood resigned his commission shortly thereafter and the Army of Tennessee ceased to exist as an effective fighting force. At the conclusion of his successful Atlanta Campaign, Sherman occupied the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, and Hood, who was forced to evacuate the city, regrouped at Lovejoy's Station. For almost a month, the normally aggressive Sherman took little action while his men sat about idly, and many left the army at the end of their enlistments. On September 21, Hood moved his forces to Palmetto, Georgia, where on September 25, he was visited by Confederate President Jefferson",
"title": "Franklin–Nashville Campaign"
},
{
"id": "10125043",
"text": "of the farms in Georgia in his \"March to the Sea\". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman turned North through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Lee's army from the south. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Confederate general Jubal Early crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy, Early attacked Fort Stevens, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed",
"title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "7268958",
"text": "as a division commander at Shiloh and a corps commander at Vicksburg. With his supply line now open, Sherman could now prepare for the siege and capture of Savannah, a goal he would achieve by Christmas. Military Division of the Mississippi - MG William T. Sherman<br> Army of the Tennessee - MG Oliver O. Howard XV Corps - MG Peter J. Osterhaus Fort McAllister garrison - Maj George Wayne Anderson Battle of Fort McAllister (1864) The Second Battle of Fort McAllister took place December 13, 1864, during the final stages of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea",
"title": "Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)"
},
{
"id": "937760",
"text": "Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea. Newly invented telegraph enabled more rapid communication between armies and their headquarters capitals. Combat was still usually waged by opposing divisions with skirmish lines on rural battlefields, violent naval engagements by cannon-armed sailing or steam-powered vessels, and assault on military forces defending a town. There was still room for triumphs for the strategy of manoeuvre such as Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, but these depended upon an enemy's unwillingness to entrench. Towards the end of the war, especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of",
"title": "Military strategy"
},
{
"id": "16476046",
"text": "Unlike Charleston and Savannah, Wilmington was the central depot for blockade runners throughout most of the Civil War. The Union made several attempts to stop the ships coming and going; but it proved to be a futile effort, as the blockade runners were built for speed. This was made plainly evident on December 23, 1864, when the largest Union fleet ever to assemble in the Atlantic attacked Fort Fisher, a massive fortification protecting the Cape Fear River entrance and Wilmington. While the fleet of 125 \"Men-of-war\" and transports were blockading the harbor, an incoming blockade runner passed through the fleet",
"title": "Blockade runners of the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "4151638",
"text": "illegal night attack by Commander Napoleon Collins, of the U.S. Navy steam sloop-of-war . Towed to sea, she was sent to the United States as a prize, despite the Empire of Brazil's protests at the violation of its sovereignty. Commander Collins was court-martialed and was convicted of violating Brazilian territorial rights, but the verdict was set aside by United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Collins won fame and eventual promotion for his daring capture of the raider. At Newport News, Virginia, on November 28, 1864, \"Florida\" reached the end of her career when she sank under dubious circumstances",
"title": "CSS Florida (cruiser)"
},
{
"id": "5726093",
"text": "for such operations. She returned to Port Royal, South Carolina, on 26 November 1864 for service in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Three days later, sailors and marines from \"St. Louis\" went ashore at Boyd's Landing to participate in the combined Army-Navy thrust up the Broad River. Under the command of Comdr. George H. Preble, the expedition was designed to assist General William Tecumseh Sherman as he approached Savannah, Georgia at the end of his march across Georgia. This operation was completed on 29 December. \"St. Louis\" then briefly returned to blockade duty before finally sailing to the Philadelphia Navy",
"title": "USS St. Louis (1828)"
},
{
"id": "5786907",
"text": "on the American east coast to guard merchant shipping in convoys. \"Chasseur\" captured or sank 17 vessels before returning home to Baltimore on 25 March 1815, three months after a peace treaty in Ghent, United Netherlands had been signed ending the War of 1812. Perhaps her most famous accomplishment was the capture of the schooner HMS \"St Lawrence\". On the \"Chasseur\"'s return to Baltimore, the national newspaper published in the city, \"Niles Weekly Register\" dubbed the vessel, her captain, and crew the \"pride of Baltimore\" for their achievement. In 1975, after many years of slow decay and decline, Baltimore was",
"title": "Pride of Baltimore"
},
{
"id": "4141163",
"text": "a practice that one historian has called delusional. Historian Wilfred B. Yearns concluded, “Only the nearly solid support from occupied districts enabled President Davis to maintain a majority in Congress until the last days of the nation.\" After a two-and-a-half month intercession from the end of the First Congress, the first session of the Second Confederate Congress sat from May 2 until June 14, 1864. During this period, Sherman began his Federal March to the Sea, and Grant advanced to the outskirts of Richmond at Cold Harbor, Virginia. Confederate forces fell back into defensive positions. In his message to Congress",
"title": "Congress of the Confederate States"
},
{
"id": "8610048",
"text": "not much fighting in Georgia until September 1863, when Confederates under Braxton Bragg defeated William S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga Creek. In May 1864, William T. Sherman started pursuing the Confederates towards Atlanta, which he captured in September, in advance of his March to the Sea. This six-week campaign destroyed much of the civilian infrastructure of Georgia, decisively shortening the war. When news of the march reached Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, whole Georgian regiments deserted, feeling they were needed at home. The Battle of Columbus, fought on the Georgia-Alabama border on April 16, 1865, is reckoned by some criteria",
"title": "Georgia in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "295020",
"text": "when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the war's",
"title": "Nashville, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "7178647",
"text": "which camped at Old Church on the old Quaker Road. Additional fighting over the next few days enabled Sherman to close in on Savannah. Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia The Battle of Waynesboro was an American Civil War battle fought on December 4, 1864, towards the end of Sherman's March to the Sea. Union cavalry forces under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick defeated Confederate cavalry led by Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, opening the way for William T. Sherman's armies to approach their objective, Savannah. As Sherman's infantry marched southeast through Georgia, his cavalry under Judson Kilpatrick rode northeastward. In the late afternoon",
"title": "Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "8799235",
"text": "on October 3, 1864. During the first week, he was assisted by 2,000 soldiers of the XX Corps. On October 5, Capt. Poe reported to Gen. Sherman that they had completed positions for thirty guns. Work continued until November 1 with a much smaller work force until preparations for the March to the Sea began. Gen. Sherman realized that the occupation of Atlanta would tie up substantial manpower resources, so he devised a plan to abandon Atlanta. The plan called for the destruction of all military assets within the city, the reorganization of the forces under his command and for",
"title": "Atlanta in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "1221348",
"text": "saw some skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Charleston and Savannah Railway (today's CSX Transportation) was considered a prized possession and major strategic goal for Union forces. The Battle of Honey Hill, an effort to defend the railroad, was one of the last battles won by southern forces in late 1864, shortly before General William Sherman entered South Carolina after his March to the Sea in Georgia. The area within the city was settled in the 19th century by Isaac Hardee, a native North Carolinean. Through the efforts of his son, Whyte William Hardee, a",
"title": "Hardeeville, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "11143266",
"text": "dispatch vessel. On the day of the steamer's arrival, she began a cruise south through the Confederacy's inland waters as far down the coast as Georgetown, South Carolina. Her mission was to attempt to communicate with General William Tecumseh Sherman who—after completing his march from Atlanta, Georgia, through Georgia to the sea—had swung north to move his army toward Richmond, Virginia, in support of General Ulysses S. Grant's operations against the Confederate capital. This assignment kept the side wheeler busy through the end of January when Porter called her back to the Cape Fear River. For more than a month",
"title": "USS Bat (1864)"
},
{
"id": "5072401",
"text": "Franklin–Nashville Campaign The Franklin–Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia during the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's lines of communications and central Tennessee. After a brief attempt to pursue Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta and began his March to the Sea, leaving Union forces under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to deal with Hood's threat. Hood hoped",
"title": "Franklin–Nashville Campaign"
},
{
"id": "1038244",
"text": "beginning, and is now leased to CSX. The Union Army occupied the Vinings area during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in 1864 and the subsequent March to the Sea. Pace's home, which had been used as a hospital for Union troops, was destroyed in the process. Vinings recovered after the war, as Governor Brown leased the railroad to Vinings to bring passengers to the springs and pavilions built to encourage a respite from the reconstruction of Atlanta. Vinings was officially recognized as a community in 1904, the same year the one-lane bridge was constructed across the Chattahoochee",
"title": "Vinings, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "8799244",
"text": "toward the last moment.\" The work of destroying Atlanta's military assets began under the direction of the Chief Engineer, Capt. Poe, on Nov 12, and would continue until the evening of November 15, 1864. In his official report, Captain Poe states: Gen. Sherman returned to the city on Nov. 14. In his memoirs, he recalls: After a plea by Father Thomas O'Reilly of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Sherman did not burn the city's churches or hospitals. However, the remaining war resources were then destroyed in Atlanta and in Sherman's March to the Sea. One of the major buildings that",
"title": "Atlanta in the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "6203711",
"text": "Sherman pressing Johnston in north Georgia in 1864. The narrative describes the events and battles from Sherman's March to the Sea to Lincoln's assassination and the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Original release by Random House: Vintage Books, a Random House subsidiary, issued the series as trade paperbacks in 1986: Beginning in 1999, Time–Life published a fourteen volume \"40th Anniversary Edition\" with contemporary photographs and illustrations. This edition was sold by subscription, but when Time–Life exited the book business, remaindered copies appeared in bookstores. Relatively few copies of volume 13 were printed, increasing the value of that volume and the",
"title": "The Civil War: A Narrative"
},
{
"id": "2297112",
"text": "River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Sherman telegraphed to President",
"title": "Sherman's March to the Sea"
},
{
"id": "5221638",
"text": "council protested this order, claiming that most of those who had not fled could not leave on account of their age, sickness, pregnancy, or destitution. In response, Sherman wrote back, accusing the Confederates of hypocrisy for invading Union territory and inflicting pains on American citizens, but only complaining when the reverse was done to them: Union soldiers under Sherman occupied the city for two months and burned much of it on November 15, 1864, in preparation for the March to the Sea. Calhoun is buried in Oakland Cemetery. His son, William Lowndes Calhoun, served as Atlanta's mayor in the 1870s.",
"title": "James Calhoun"
},
{
"id": "1045472",
"text": "1864, Sherman's March to the Sea passed through Millen. Prior to the arrival of Union forces, Confederate soldiers evacuated the Camp Lawton prisoners to Savannah. The Union soldiers destroyed Millen's Junction after finding the prison camp and to avoid use of the railway junction. The town was rebuilt after the war. In 1881, the city of Millen was incorporated by an act of the Georgia State Legislature, becoming the county seat of the newly created Jenkins County in 1905. The Downtown Millen Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The county is largely rural",
"title": "Millen, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "16829587",
"text": "District with the duties of destroying whiskey stills and tracking down deserters. Soon, Harrison's command was required to oppose Sherman's March to the Sea. When they reached the Savannah area, Sherman's men pillaged Harrison's home and property at Montieth. In December 1864, Harrison was taken prisoner while visiting his devastated property. Harrison was released from prison before the end of the war but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States government. After the Civil War, Harrison returned to the Savannah area. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives for 1865–1866 and served as a",
"title": "George Paul Harrison Sr."
},
{
"id": "11900580",
"text": "Governor Joseph E Brown led Georgia through the Civil War while living in the Mansion. During the Civil War, the Mansion was claimed as a \"prize\" during General Sherman's \"March to the Sea\" and Sherman made the Mansion his headquarters, spending the night of November 23, 1864 in the Mansion's family dining room. Following the loss of the capital, The Mansion was used as a boarding house until from 1868 - 1879, when the state loaned it to the newly organized Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and then to Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now Georgia College. The mansion served",
"title": "Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)"
},
{
"id": "4759004",
"text": "Battle of Jonesborough The Battle of Jonesborough (modern name Jonesboro) was fought August 31–September 1, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Two Union armies led by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman maneuvered to draw the Army of Tennessee (led by John Bell Hood) away from their defenses at Atlanta, Georgia, where it could be destroyed. Although Hood's army was not destroyed, the city of Atlanta was abandoned and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war. The fall of Atlanta also had far-reaching political as well as military effects on the course of",
"title": "Battle of Jonesborough"
},
{
"id": "9135945",
"text": "under Col. Smith D. Atkins attacked the bridge and destroyed a trestlework past Morgan's Lake, but was unable to capture the bridge or seize the Confederate battery at Doctortown on December 19. The Federals withdrew to the Ogeechee River. Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping",
"title": "Battle of Altamaha Bridge"
},
{
"id": "9135943",
"text": "Battle of Altamaha Bridge The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping open Confederate supply lines to the city. On December 1, 1864, the Fourth Brigade Georgia Militia under Brig. Gen. Henry Kent McCay arrived in Wayne County to prepare a defense of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad bridge over the",
"title": "Battle of Altamaha Bridge"
},
{
"id": "8386391",
"text": "from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware River. Meanwhile at sea, \"Lexington\" becomes captured by the British frigate HMS \"Pearl\". Momentarily, Marine Captain Abraham Boyce lead his men and \"Lexington\"s sailors in overtaking the small British prize crew. \"Alfred\" also engaged combat with HMS \"Milford\" on 9 December. Although the British frigate was better-armed, the American ship was able to out-sail their opponent and escape unharmed. The Continental Marines and sailors were able to escape to the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. General Washington attacked the German garrison",
"title": "History of the United States Marine Corps"
},
{
"id": "4759015",
"text": "and slip past Federal forces at Jonesborough en route to Lovejoy Station where they encamped during the month of September. That night Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta. The Union forces did succeed in cutting Hood's supply lines, but they had failed to annihilate Hardee's command. Sherman would finally occupy Atlanta the following day on September 2. This had been one of his major goals in the campaign. The Battle of Jonesborough was the final battle of the Atlanta Campaign, and it caused the besieged city of Atlanta to fall into Union hands. On September 4, 1864, General Sherman issued",
"title": "Battle of Jonesborough"
},
{
"id": "4700416",
"text": "telegram informing him that \"Alabama\" was at Cherbourg, a French naval port. Capt. Winslow arrived off Cherbourg 14 June 1864, where he found the \"Alabama\" and blockaded her in the harbor. The \"Alabama\" made preparations for fight, and Capt. Raphael Semmes caused Winslow to be informed of this intention through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June 1864, he was lying three miles off the eastern entrance of the harbor when the \"Alabama\" came out, escorted by a French iron-clad and the English yacht \"Deerhound\". Winslow steamed off seven miles from the shore so as to be beyond the",
"title": "John Ancrum Winslow"
},
{
"id": "9127264",
"text": "lost in the attempt. Du Pont accepted responsibility for the failure at Charleston by resigning. Fort McAllister would not be subdued by naval bombardment, but would succumb to an infantry assault at the end of Sherman's March to the Sea in December 1864. Battle of Fort McAllister (1863) The First Battle of Fort McAllister was a series of naval attacks that took place from January 27 to March 3, 1863, in Bryan County, Georgia, during the American Civil War. The commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron Rear Adm. Samuel F. Du Pont decided to test operation of new monitors",
"title": "Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)"
},
{
"id": "4633999",
"text": "Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia. With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so ruthlessly, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union",
"title": "Valley Campaigns of 1864"
},
{
"id": "9747193",
"text": "Beginning November 27, 1864, Davidson was ordered to lead a 4,000 strong cavalry raid from Union held Baton Rouge to sever the M & O Railroad near State Line, Mississippi. The raid was intended to divert resources away from Confederate John Bell Hood's operations near Nashville and to threaten and harass Mobile. Additionally, the raid was to support Sherman's March to the Sea by requiring the Confederates to keep resources in the Mobile, AL theater of operations. After departing Baton Rouge the Davidson's forces reached Greensburg, LA capturing several Confederate prisoners, on November 29, 1864, then to Tangipahoa, LA where",
"title": "John Davidson (general)"
},
{
"id": "17074660",
"text": "Oliver O'Brien Oliver Albert O'Brien (1839 – October 1, 1894) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the capture of a blockade runner. Born in 1839 in Boston, O'Brien was still living in that city when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a coxswain on the . On November 28, 1864, he was involved in the capture of the blockade runner \"Beatrice\" off Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbor. O'Brien commanded one of the launches which",
"title": "Oliver O'Brien"
},
{
"id": "6973177",
"text": "Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of September 1, burning military supplies and installations, causing a great conflagration in the city. Coincident with Sherman's triumph in Atlanta, Admiral David Farragut won the decisive naval Battle of Mobile Bay on August 24. Steaming past the forts guarding the mouth of the bay, Farragut engaged and forced the surrender of the Confederate fleet defending the city, capturing Admiral Franklin Buchanan. The city itself, long a desired target of Grant's, would remain in Confederate hands until 1865, but the last seaport east of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast was closed, further tightening",
"title": "Western Theater of the American Civil War"
},
{
"id": "409417",
"text": "relevant passages in diverging ways. Total war also describes the French \"guerre à outrance\" during the Franco-Prussian War. In his letter to his Chief of Staff, Union General Henry Halleck on 24 December 1864 described that the Union was \"not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies,\" defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In",
"title": "Total war"
},
{
"id": "17188535",
"text": "Alabama during the month of October. November 1864 found the Crews' Brigade around Macon fighting the Union's Col. Atkins' 2nd Brigade Cavalry. In December 1864, the Brigade participated in the Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia, part of Sherman's March to the Sea, which culminated in helping Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's evacuation of Savannah, Georgia. The year ended with this note from Major General Wheeler, \"...Allen, Humes, Anderson, Dibrell, Hagen, Crews, Ashby, Harrison and Breckenridge and many other brave men whose gallantry you have so often witnessed are here still to guide and lead you in battles yet to be won..\".",
"title": "C.C. Crews"
},
{
"id": "4745060",
"text": "the town. Hood's invasion of Tennessee continued as he attempted to intercept Schofield's retreating army at Spring Hill. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his supply lines from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman elected instead to conduct his March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. He left forces under the command of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, to defend Tennessee and defeat Hood: principally the IV Corps",
"title": "Battle of Columbia"
},
{
"id": "2699957",
"text": "South by extensive destruction of property. (On the eve of the march, one soldier wrote that \"[w]e understand... that Sherman intends to use us to Christianize this country.\") In the final stage of the march, Sherman called upon his old Shiloh division, now in the Army of the Tennessee's XV Corps and under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to subdue Fort McAllister, outside Savannah, Georgia. On December 21, the march culminated with the capture of Savannah. The Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia thereby allowed Sherman to present Savannah to Lincoln as a \"Christmas-gift",
"title": "Army of the Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "1037377",
"text": "the Civil War, Adairsville was involved on the side of the Confederate States of America in 1861 against the Union. On April 12, 1862, the steam locomotive \"The General\" was pursued from Atlanta and passed through Adairsville as its people the Great Locomotive Chase. After that, Adairians set a three-day street festival in remembrance of the Chase. The Civil War came to the town in full force on May 17, 1864, when the Confederate army failed to defeat Sherman and his Union army during the Atlanta Campaign in the Battle of Adairsville. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Adairsville",
"title": "Adairsville, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "1916590",
"text": "and urged President Davis to replace Johnston. Davis removed Johnston from command on July 17, 1864, just outside Atlanta. \"The fate of Atlanta, from the Confederate standpoint, was all but decided by Johnston.\" (His replacement, Lt. Gen. Hood, was left with the \"virtually impossible situation\" of defending Atlanta which he was forced to abandon in September.) Davis's decision to remove Johnston was one of the most controversial of the war. Johnston traveled to Columbia, South Carolina, to begin a virtual retirement. However, as the Confederacy became increasingly concerned about Sherman's March to the Sea across Georgia and then north through",
"title": "Joseph E. Johnston"
},
{
"id": "15760256",
"text": "1812 the entire region was under control of the rebels, except for the city of Montevideo itself, which was besieged. On December 31, Vigodet broke out of the city but was defeated in the Battle of Cerrito. Supplied from over the sea, the city still held out until May 17, 1814, when the naval victories of Admiral William Brown, cut off the supply route and the city faced starvation. By the end of June, Vigodet was forced to surrender Montevideo to General Carlos María de Alvear. The following years he stayed in Río de Janeiro, where he tried to take",
"title": "Gaspar de Vigodet"
},
{
"id": "6936200",
"text": "1853 until 1856. During the Civil War, control of the railroad was vital to the protection of Savannah and keeping nearby Confederate troops supplied with food and materiel. In December 1864, during his March to the Sea, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman sent part of his Union forces forward to cut the line, which would force Confederate general William Hardee to retreat and abandon Savannah. The mission failed, but sections of the railroad would be severely damaged during Sherman's subsequent 1865 Carolinas Campaign. Following the war, the railroad was reorganized in 1866 as the \"Savannah and Charleston Railroad\" but did",
"title": "Charleston and Savannah Railway"
},
{
"id": "16566746",
"text": "of James Island and they marched as far north as Asheville, North Carolina before being recalled to their home state by the Governor. Sherman's troops burned the Arsenal Academy in Columbia during their march to the sea and it never reopened. The Citadel Academy was seized by Union forces when Charleston fell a short time after the Tulifinny battle and they remained until 1882. Battle of Tulifinny The Battle of Tulifinny was an American Civil War engagement fought December 6–9, 1864 in South Carolina during General Sherman's March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign. Outnumbered 5-1 a",
"title": "Battle of Tulifinny"
},
{
"id": "5427295",
"text": "CSS Isondiga CSS Isondiga was a small wooden gunboat without masts that served in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. \"Isondiga\" operated in waters around Savannah, Georgia, and in Saint Augustine Creek, Florida, from April 1863 to December 1864, Lieutenant Joel S. Kennard commanding. She accompanied ironclad ram CSS \"Atlanta\" in the engagement in which \"Atlanta\" was captured on June 17, 1863. She escaped from Savannah on December 21, 1864 before the city fell to the forces of U.S. General William T. Sherman. She was later burned by her commanding officer and crew to prevent seizure by",
"title": "CSS Isondiga"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \"scorched earth\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\n\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?",
"compressed_tokens": 202,
"origin_tokens": 203,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sherman's March to the Sea context: Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces followed a \"scorched earth\" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupting the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks.\n\ntitle of Savannah, Georgia context: south Savannah. lived off the land, by Sherman's estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone. Sherman called this harsh tactic warhard war\" ( modern times this is known total war). Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864 Sh then telegraphed his commander-in-chief, Abraham Lincoln, offering city as a Christmas present the19th progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and wealth exponentially but its ranking among the largest U.S. steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most popul\ntitle: William Tecumseh Sherman: in the battles (November 30) and Nashville (December1–16)., after,erman began a march62 men to the of Savannah, Georgia living off the land by his more than0 million in property. harsh t of \"hard,\" species of the end of this, as Sea, Savannah 2 186.erman then dispatched a famous message to, him city as\ntitle Prescy of Lincoln ofms in his the\". Following the through Carolina to Lee army During the, Confederate general Jubal Early crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy, Early attacked Fort Stevens, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed\n\nDecember 22, 1864 saw General Sherman's March to the Sea end when he and his troops captured what port city?",
"compressed_tokens": 492,
"origin_tokens": 14061,
"ratio": "28.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,776 | Since a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what? | [
"🎅",
"Santa claus rituals",
"Origins of Santa Claus",
"Santy Claus",
"Santa Claus in North American culture",
"Święty Mikołaj",
"Santa klause",
"Santa Claus in North America",
"Santa letters",
"Baba Nuwail",
"Santa Claus rituals",
"Santa Claus On A Fire Truck",
"Santa klaus",
"Santa claus",
"Sanat claus",
"Santa",
"Swiety Mikolaj",
"Santa Claus in Northern American culture",
"Santa Claus Office",
"Christmas grotto",
"American Santa Claus",
"Santa Claus",
"Santa Hat",
"Santa-san",
"Kerstman",
"Santa claus in northern american culture",
"Weihnachtsmann",
"Mall Santa",
"Letters to Santa",
"The Santa",
"بابا نويل"
] | Santa Claus | [
{
"id": "9439697",
"text": "The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \"tracked Santa Claus\" in their own metropolitan areas through",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "6014905",
"text": "Gazette-Telegraph\" in December 1955 with a misprinted telephone number to call Santa Claus sparked numerous Christmas Eve telephone calls by children on December 24, 1955, to the Continental Air Defense Command Operations Center in Colorado Springs, asking about Santa Claus, and led to the current NORAD Tracks Santa program. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for feature writing. It was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2014 for national reporting for reporting by David Philipps \"... expanding the examination of how wounded combat veterans are mistreated, focusing on loss of benefits for life after discharge by the",
"title": "The Gazette (Colorado Springs)"
},
{
"id": "9114070",
"text": "an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey. Eventually, NORAD, which was renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981, openly published a hotline number for the general public to call to get updates on Santa Claus's progress. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. Each volunteer handles about forty telephone calls per hour, and the team typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "9439696",
"text": "such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \"Santa hotline\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "9114063",
"text": "NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\" in the \"New York Sun\". On December 24, 1948, the United States Air Force issued a communique claiming that an \"early warning radar net to the north\" had detected \"one unidentified sleigh, powered by",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "2998605",
"text": "-- Distant Early Warning Line of radars, the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1958. The bi-national operation of total North America Defense. North American Air Defense Modernization program in 1985. To this day, The Ogdensburg Agreement stands paramount in all background military operations between the United States and Canada. The DEW-Line has been dismantled due to Satellite Improvement Technology and now relies on innovation driven by the Internet. Many outposts still physically stand, like in Sudbury Ontario, but have been cut in service and are nothing but dead historical monuments. Ogdensburg Agreement The Ogdensburg Agreement",
"title": "Ogdensburg Agreement"
},
{
"id": "9114078",
"text": "York Air National Guard and the U.S. Naval Reserve Navy Information Bureau (NIB) 1118 at Fort Carson, Colorado, as have the Canadian Armed Forces. Other U.S. federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have helped publicize the service. Former First Lady Michelle Obama has participated in the program each year since 2009, answering phone calls. According to Gerry Bowler, a history professor at the University of Manitoba, the NORAD Tracks Santa program is \"one of the few modern additions to the centuries-old Santa Claus story that have stuck.\" Bowler",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "9114079",
"text": "stated that the program \"takes an essential element of the Santa Claus story—his travels on Christmas Eve—and looks at it through a technological lens,\" therefore bringing the Santa Claus mythology into the modern era. NORAD Tracks Santa NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed program, which has existed since 1955, produced by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, NORAD tracks Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\"",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "2767084",
"text": "deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties. The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air",
"title": "CFB North Bay"
},
{
"id": "3922434",
"text": "making them very difficult to track. On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD. A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979. \"They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,\" says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19",
"title": "9/11 conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "536292",
"text": "Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas\", and a Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" program. Every year on Christmas Eve, \"NORAD Tracks Santa\" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program possible. North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "9114066",
"text": "on November 30 a child trying to reach Santa Claus on a hotline number provided in a Sears advertisement misdialed the number and instead reached Shoup at his desk at CONAD. Shoup responded gruffly to the child, and no additional Santa Claus-related calls came in to CONAD. However, when a member of Shoup's staff placed a picture of Santa Claus on a board used to track unidentified aircraft that December, Shoup saw a public relations opportunity for CONAD, and he asked CONAD's public relations officer, Colonel Barney Oldfield, to inform the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh. In",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "9114069",
"text": "informed him that the Associated Press and United Press International were awaiting reports that CONAD again was tracking Santa Claus. Shoup agreed that Oldfield should announce it again, and the annual tradition was born. In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \"S. Claus\" which it identified as \"undoubtedly friendly\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "12908972",
"text": "as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "7749423",
"text": "strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.",
"title": "Canada"
},
{
"id": "9114068",
"text": "story further, adding that the child had dialed the \"red telephone\"—an impossibility, because the hotline was connected with the Strategic Air Command by an enclosed cable, and no one could dial into from the outside—rather than the regular phone on Shoup's desk, that it was a misprint in an advertisement that led the child to call him rather than the child misdialing the number, and that a flood of calls had come in from children on Christmas Eve 1955 rather than from just one child on November 30. Shoup did not intend to repeat the stunt in 1956, but Oldfield",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "536282",
"text": "late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and Canada \"agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces.\" In late 1958, Canada and the United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "2767025",
"text": "Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the",
"title": "CFB North Bay"
},
{
"id": "12908989",
"text": "inquiring about Santa. He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in. Three years later, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued. Mr. Jingeling, the Keeper of the Keys to Santa's Workshop, was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle's Department Store in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers. The costumed character was first played by Max",
"title": "Christmas in the post-war United States"
},
{
"id": "9114064",
"text": "eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet , heading 180 degrees.\" The Associated Press passed this \"report\" along to the general public. It was the first time that the United States Armed Forces issued a statement about tracking Santa Claus's sleigh on Christmas Eve, although it was a one-time event, not repeated over the next several years. The program originated before the actual formation of NORAD, as an annual event on December 24, 1955. According to legend, a Sears department store placed an advertisement in the Colorado Springs newspaper \"The Gazette\", which told children that they could place a call to Santa",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "16659185",
"text": "presence of Premiere Global Services (PGi) as its main tenant. Since PGi moved out in 2011, the building has been at 45% occupancy and its main tenant has been Time Warner Cable's customer service center. The building went into foreclosure in 2012. By April 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the need for a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to be located in a new, underground Combat Operations Center in the Colorado Springs, Colorado area. Building the Combat Operations Center within a granite mountain in the Colorado Springs area was shown",
"title": "Chidlaw Building"
},
{
"id": "2985872",
"text": "Canada in the Cold War During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances. It was an ally of the United States, but there were several foreign policy differences between the two countries over the course of the Cold War. Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 1958 and played a leading role in United Nations peacekeeping operations – from the Korean War to the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force during the Suez",
"title": "Canada in the Cold War"
},
{
"id": "9114065",
"text": "Claus and included the number \"ME 2-6681\". A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center as one digit was misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \"red telephone\" hotline that connected CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command. Colonel Harry Shoup, who was a Crew Commander on duty, answered the first call and supposedly told his staff to give all children who called in later a \"current location\" for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 1955 appears to be that",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "536272",
"text": "North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "3020579",
"text": "Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centered at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado, command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and US governments, and by collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the Bell System of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the US",
"title": "Distant Early Warning Line"
},
{
"id": "2767142",
"text": "any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters. In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18",
"title": "CFB North Bay"
},
{
"id": "3657512",
"text": "Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program. The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in",
"title": "Royal Canadian Air Force"
},
{
"id": "3922435",
"text": "minutes. Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). \"Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,\" says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent. The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked",
"title": "9/11 conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "13166988",
"text": "the text messaging service company, Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) noticed the \"HJK\" code. ARINC officials, worried that the South Korean pilots might be sending a coded message for help, notified North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Taking no chances, NORAD scrambled F-15 jets from Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage to intercept the 747, with Alaska air traffic control (ATC) asking the pilots coded questions. ATC instructed the flight to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply complied",
"title": "Korean Air Flight 85"
},
{
"id": "8898317",
"text": "ground-based sensors, air-to-air refuelling tankers and fighter aircraft, controlled by a sophisticated command and control network to deter, detect and defend against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace. The two other Regions consist of the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR). Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle,",
"title": "Continental NORAD Region"
},
{
"id": "9040273",
"text": "the House of Commons during the fall session. The deal would likely have passed with the support of the Bloc Québécois. On September 19, the House voted in favor of the deal 172 to 116 in first reading which eliminated its final hurdle until its official realization However, Canada has not fully complied to all conditions of the deal before October 1, 2006, the deadline date for both countries to comply. In 2006, following a debate and vote in the House of Commons, the Harper government renewed the NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command, initially created in 1957) agreement with",
"title": "Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government"
},
{
"id": "20406406",
"text": "Station Bagotville, as well as the USAF's Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville were the nearest bases for interceptor aircraft that would respond to anything detected by the Moisie main radar. Following the 1958 partnership between the USAF and RCAF to form the North American Aerospace Defence Command or NORAD, many Pinetree Line radar stations were upgraded for automation and consolidation of intercept data. No. 211 Aircraft Warning Squadron became No. 211 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron in November 1956. In July 1958 RCAF Station Moisie was placed on increased alert due to the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In May 1959, RCAF",
"title": "CFS Moisie"
},
{
"id": "10989409",
"text": "Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international aircraft and Transport Canada handles Canadian requests. Any",
"title": "Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"
},
{
"id": "7760721",
"text": "of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well. At 8:32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by",
"title": "September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "536290",
"text": "by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aero\"space\" Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "2767083",
"text": "military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down. Thus by default Canada was the air defence \"front trenches\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the",
"title": "CFB North Bay"
},
{
"id": "9114067",
"text": "his release to the press, Oldfield added that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas.\" Over the following years, the legend of how the annual event originated began to change. By 1961, Shoup's version of the story was that he had not been gruff with the child, but instead had identified himself as Santa Claus when he spoke to the child on the phone. Shoup and his family later modified the",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "11537366",
"text": "9/11 story \"did come from the interrogations.\" For more than two years after the attacks, officials with North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances. Authorities suggested that US air defenses had reacted quickly, that jets had been scrambled in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.. The Commission reported a year later that audiotapes from NORAD's Northeast headquarters and other evidence showed clearly that the",
"title": "Criticism of the 9/11 Commission"
},
{
"id": "5970985",
"text": "nursery rhymes and stories. On June 16, 1958, \"Slippery the Seal\" escaped from a pool into the nearby Thames River. Ten days later, amid intense publicity and \"sightings\" of various degrees of reliability, the sea lion turned up 400 km away near Sandusky, Ohio. After several days on display to record-breaking crowds, the Americans returned Slippery. The mayor of London proclaimed \"Slippery Day\" and thousands lined the streets to see Slippery's return. An \"international incident\" staged between Storybook and the Toledo Zoo was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt. The park also includes a carousel, a miniature train",
"title": "Springbank Park"
},
{
"id": "1186233",
"text": "brands are now the trademarks of the Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas, though the company has stopped production of these beers.) In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government. The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed",
"title": "Bellefontaine, Ohio"
},
{
"id": "15544328",
"text": "Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq. In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required. In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while",
"title": "123d Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"id": "8920541",
"text": "95 solo hours. The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City, which had occurred five years and one month earlier. U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol, and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation, but that these were precautionary measures only. The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism. LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash.",
"title": "2006 New York City plane crash"
},
{
"id": "3158285",
"text": "Continental Air Command (CONAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) formally separated in 1956. Partridge was relieved of his command of CONAD and Lt. General Joseph H. Atkinson assumed control of ADC. The \"Interceptor\" magazine was produced by the Air Defense Command at the Ent Air Force Base by 1959 and then the Aerospace Defense Command into the mid-1970s. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the base on 12 September 1957. This command is an international organization, taking operational control of Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Air Defense Command",
"title": "Ent Air Force Base"
},
{
"id": "12417140",
"text": "ship began a regular cycle of 3- to 4-week at-sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command. Operating with search aircraft, \"Interceptor\" could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States. Patrolling off the coast of Canada she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified \"AGR-8\", radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, \"Interceptor\" for the next 7 years operated with NORAD in forming an important link in the nation's defenses. \"Interceptor\" was struck from",
"title": "USS Interceptor (AGR-8)"
},
{
"id": "14811760",
"text": "since 1850. A geomagnetic storm in February 1956 interfered with radio communications and prompted a search for the British submarine \"Acheron\" after it lost radio contact. Intense red aurora displays frightened people in Europe on 11 February 1958 and were visible from many US cities as far south as the 40th parallel. This geomagnetic storm caused a radio blackout over North America. Aurora displays were visible over New York, on 13 November 1960 and 1 October 1961. Solar cycle 19 Solar cycle 19 was the nineteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar",
"title": "Solar cycle 19"
},
{
"id": "1246041",
"text": "to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build",
"title": "McChord Field"
},
{
"id": "1762557",
"text": "a \"massive\" reservoir for diesel fuel and a \"huge\" battery bank with redundant power generators. The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack. In 1957, the",
"title": "Cheyenne Mountain Complex"
},
{
"id": "10989420",
"text": "and Special Flight Rules Area to avoid confusion. Air Defense Identification Zone (North America) The Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is an area surrounding much of North America – namely airspace surrounding the United States and Canada – in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security. This ADIZ is jointly administered by the civilian air traffic control authorities and the militaries of both nations, under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handles the requests of international",
"title": "Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)"
},
{
"id": "1762573",
"text": "2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM. Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM",
"title": "Cheyenne Mountain Complex"
},
{
"id": "20530526",
"text": "happened and make sure it never happens again\". In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as \"totally inexcusable\", adding, The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process. Commander David Benham, a spokesman for U.S. Pacific Command, confirmed to media that there was no imminent missile threat to Hawaii. A spokesman for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated that \"NORAD did not see anything that indicated any sort of threat to",
"title": "2018 Hawaii false missile alert"
},
{
"id": "11428204",
"text": "Pennsylvania at 10:03 after the passengers onboard revolted. Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was confirmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive flight following, report unusual observances, and aid search and rescue in the event of an emergency. The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September 11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the hijackings of Flights 11, 77, 93, or 175",
"title": "U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "19818772",
"text": "the DND response to the Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka in 2004 and operations related to Canada's Role in the Afghanistan War. Brett was appointed to the position of NORAD J3 from 2005 to 2008. He was responsible to execute NORAD's missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America on authority of the Commander NORAD (first Admiral Timothy J. Keating and then Gen Gene Renuart. While there, Brett also led a team to transform the command centres of NORAD and United States Northern Command. The new command centre opened in 2008 He also",
"title": "Brett Cairns"
},
{
"id": "8900342",
"text": "The Trindade Island's UFO The Trindade Island's UFO refers to an unidentified flying object which was seen and photographed over the Trindade Island on January 16, 1958. The photographs were rumored as being a hoax. In August 2010, a major T.V. show in Brazil aired information stating that the original photographer had made \"hoax\" photographs in the past. At 12:00 p.m. on January 16, 1958, Brazilian ship \"Almirante Saldanha\", taking part in projects of the International Geophysical Year, was preparing to sail away from Ilha de Trindade, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. Among the crew of",
"title": "The Trindade Island's UFO"
},
{
"id": "114652",
"text": "D. B. Cooper D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the northwest United States, in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on the afternoon of Wednesday, He extorted $200,000 in ransom () and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or identified. It remains the only unsolved case of air piracy in commercial aviation history. Available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did",
"title": "D. B. Cooper"
},
{
"id": "18564487",
"text": "the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the \"nerve center\" for NORAD. The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus. NORAD used to",
"title": "Cheyenne Mountain"
},
{
"id": "8388629",
"text": "geometric structure of the channel. Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS \"Saranac\" was one of the rock's first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act. The event was",
"title": "Seymour Narrows"
},
{
"id": "3342789",
"text": "North Warning System The North Warning System (NWS) is a joint United States and Canadian early-warning radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region. It replaced the Distant Early Warning Line system in the late 1980s. The NWS consists of both long range AN/FPS-117 and short range AN/FPS-124 surveillance radars, operated and maintained by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Alaska Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska controls the stations in Alaska; the Canada East and Canada",
"title": "North Warning System"
},
{
"id": "4796696",
"text": "CL-415 water bomber took place at the airport until production ended in 2015. North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada",
"title": "North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"
},
{
"id": "11428234",
"text": "contract and begin plans to re-open the bidding process. Planning for terrorist use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating from other countries. The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quoting Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: \"We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue, ...\". Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive",
"title": "U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "1464289",
"text": "Manhattan closed. 9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later. 9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93. 9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan. 9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State,",
"title": "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "4796693",
"text": "North Bay/Jack Garland Airport North Bay Airport or North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, Canada is located at Hornell Heights, north-northeast of the city. The airport serves as a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) base. The airport is named in memory of Jack Garland, a longtime Member of Parliament for North Bay's Nipissing electoral district. Until 2004 it hosted an annual airshow during North Bay's Heritage Festival, with a large military component. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at",
"title": "North Bay/Jack Garland Airport"
},
{
"id": "1464257",
"text": "NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner. 8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: \"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'\". New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on. 8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off",
"title": "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "783871",
"text": "its cancellation. In June 1957, when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power, the aircraft's prospects began to noticeably change. Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was \"rampant Liberal spending\". Nonetheless, by 1958, the parent company had become Canada's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock, steel and coal, electronics, and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner. In August 1957, the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) Agreement with the",
"title": "Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow"
},
{
"id": "747490",
"text": "Defcon status from 4 to 3. The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under UNSC 339. The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after NORAD saw on-screen indications that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched. No attempt was made to use the \"red telephone\" hotline to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the",
"title": "World War III"
},
{
"id": "4261892",
"text": "national income (GNI). Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation \"Not to be confused with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, also abbreviated NORAD.\" The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In matters regarding Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad’s functions are laid down in the agency’s terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and",
"title": "Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation"
},
{
"id": "3922436",
"text": "Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot",
"title": "9/11 conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "6036950",
"text": "Ontario and home ported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. On 7/8 December 1989, two merchant vessels, \"Capitaine Torres\" and \"Johanna B\", sent distress signals during a storm off the coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. \"Sir Wilfred Grenfell\" was dispatched to aid \"Capitaine Torres\" but by the time the ship had arrived, the merchant had sunk and the crew of 18 were lost due to the poor visibility and high seas during the storm. The Coast Guard ship spent the following day searching for survivors, finding only two empty life rafts. In 1993, the Sea Shepherd",
"title": "CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell"
},
{
"id": "536291",
"text": "Warning Center's mission \"expanded to include the interior airspace of North America.\" The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced on 28 July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base with Cheyenne Mountain in \"warm standby\" staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado is a setting of the 1983 film \"WarGames\" and the television series \"Jeremiah\" and \"Stargate SG-1\". As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that \"CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "536277",
"text": "agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency. The Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "11063170",
"text": "the 1958 mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia and the absurdist American white supremacist coda to the spectacular rescue of a handful of Canadian men. Nearly a week after the collapse of the deepest coal mine in the world, long after all the missing were presumed dead, two groups of miners—injured and desperately dehydrated—were discovered a vertical mile underground. The worldwide focus on the rescue of the first group—through newspapers, television news reports, and movie theater news-reels—inspired a few highly placed officials in the administration of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, a staunch segregationist, to invite the survivors and their",
"title": "Melissa Fay Greene"
},
{
"id": "8898315",
"text": "Continental NORAD Region The Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR) is a component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the continental United States (CONUS). Since September 11, 2001, CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle, an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from further terrorist aggression from inside and outside U.S. borders. CONR is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,and has responsibility over two air defense sectors: the Western Air Defense Sector at McChord Air Force Base, Washington state and the",
"title": "Continental NORAD Region"
},
{
"id": "536273",
"text": "general or equivalent. CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "1552760",
"text": "was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf. On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the \"Canary Wharf bomb\". The towers at Canary Wharf where evacuated as a precaution on September 11, 2001 following the attacks on the World Trade Centre and The Pentagon in the United States. There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at",
"title": "One Canada Square"
},
{
"id": "9114072",
"text": "phone calls. In 2015, more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian military personnel volunteered to staff the phone lines. The NORAD Tracks Santa program has always made use of a variety of media. From the 1950s to 1996, these were the telephone hotline, newspapers, radio, phonograph records and television. Many television newscasts in North America feature NORAD Tracks Santa as part of their weather updates on Christmas Eve. From 1997 to the present, the program has had a highly publicized internet presence. As mobile media and social media have become popular and widespread as methods of direct communication, these newer media",
"title": "NORAD Tracks Santa"
},
{
"id": "19175278",
"text": "first time, the Japan Air Self Defense Force. According to American and Canadian officials, the exercises were canceled at their initiative. Exercise Vigilant Eagle Exercise Vigilant Eagle is a series of trilateral military exercises involving the armed forces of Canada, Russia, and the United States. The exercise is designed to prepare the Russian Air Force and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to undertake coordinated air intercept missions against hijacked civilian aircraft. Four such exercises have been held. Billed by its Russian, American, and Canadian participants as a first-of-its-kind exercise for the former Cold War adversaries, Vigilant Eagle was",
"title": "Exercise Vigilant Eagle"
},
{
"id": "3946679",
"text": "Ames Research Center to build of offices. In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to \"track Santa\" in 3-D for the first time. In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"id": "17090307",
"text": "time when the founder's son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, filed a patent for the iconic plastic bricks in 1958. Measuring the success of any advertising effort, including an anniversary celebration, can be difficult. Sometimes an anniversary generates negative publicity, such as the tenth anniversary of the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which was largely seen as a colossal business blunder. A report in \"The Guardian\" suggested that corporate anniversaries do not always lead to \"happy returns\": Corporate anniversary In marketing, a Corporate anniversary is a celebration of a firm's continued existence after a particular number of years. The celebration is",
"title": "Corporate anniversary"
},
{
"id": "1766158",
"text": "as a 'Patriot' group, a group that \"advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines\". The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9, 1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch named the new organization after John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and military intelligence officer who was shot and killed by communist forces in China in August 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, and the first American casualty of the Cold War. Jimmy",
"title": "John Birch Society"
},
{
"id": "7760722",
"text": "8:53 am. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air",
"title": "September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "3683448",
"text": "SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \"\"The Talking Atlas\"\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet",
"title": "SCORE (satellite)"
},
{
"id": "3572723",
"text": "Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a \"leading role\" in the Socialist Caucus. The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness. The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism. In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch",
"title": "New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus"
},
{
"id": "3246476",
"text": "week later than Great Britain, on September 10, 1939. The United States did not enter the war until December 7, 1941. One of the first formal agreements for military cooperation was made in August 1940. Known as the Ogdensburg Agreement, it established the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. Both the United States and Canada are founding members of the United Nations as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They signed the NORAD Agreement in 1957 and created the North American Air Defense Command to defend the continent against attacks from the USSR. In the 1942 \"Quebec Agreement\", the",
"title": "Canada and weapons of mass destruction"
},
{
"id": "9495225",
"text": "27th AD directed a hostile intercept of a \"declared unknown\" aircraft (without proper IFF), but the \"interceptor pilot remembered...that opening bomb bay doors was to be considered a hostile act only after declaration of an Air Defense Emergency or Warning Yellow or Red\" (the SAC B-47 was on an Radar Bomb Scoring bomb run near the Los Angeles Bomb Plot.) The 27th AD was designated 1 of 23 NORAD divisions effective 10 June 1958 by NORAD General Order 6. The \"27th Air Division (Rocky Mountain)\" was to transfer to the midwest with command of 2 NORAD sectors (Reno and Denver",
"title": "27th Air Division"
},
{
"id": "536287",
"text": "1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to \"test\", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two \"continuity of government\" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "11563652",
"text": "the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command. On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes",
"title": "101st Intelligence Squadron"
},
{
"id": "208903",
"text": "fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by Avro Canada in Malton, Ontario, to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet attack. The interceptor had been under development",
"title": "John Diefenbaker"
},
{
"id": "1613266",
"text": "of Prince George, and was closed in 1988. It was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre. On June 25, 1956, at just after 7 o'clock, a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane built in 1943 (Serial Number 8300, bearing Canadian Registration CF-HSC) flown by Frank Samuel Pynn, out of the Prince George Airport, was observed flying in an unsafe manner, it went into a half roll, seemed to fall over on its back and nosed into a deep ravine in the cut-banks on the north",
"title": "Prince George, British Columbia"
},
{
"id": "11619341",
"text": "of Operations through vigilant detection, rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces. In 1958, in response to the threat of long-range Soviet bombers, the U.S. and Canada signed a treaty creating the bi-national North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), responsible for both countries’ air defense and air sovereignty. Air Defense Sectors were established soon after, including the New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS) headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Responsibility for air defense of the Northeast changed with various reorganizations. In 1983, the 24th Air Division was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base to",
"title": "Eastern Air Defense Sector"
},
{
"id": "13247534",
"text": "the \"Bone Wars,\" beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and",
"title": "Timeline of United States discoveries"
},
{
"id": "19192218",
"text": "24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be",
"title": "Google Santa Tracker"
},
{
"id": "435791",
"text": "Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that \"NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed\" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23. The \"9/11 Commission Report\" stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked. The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony. A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at",
"title": "United Airlines Flight 93"
},
{
"id": "963662",
"text": "the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost, north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (140 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: \"Just watch me.\" Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet under his chairmanship advised the Governor General to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier",
"title": "October Crisis"
},
{
"id": "7097016",
"text": "pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission",
"title": "History of Laos since 1945"
},
{
"id": "379742",
"text": "during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an \"Air Threat Conference Call\" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control command center, which had the most information about the hijackings, in the call. According to the staff report: Operators worked feverishly to include the FAA in this teleconference, but they had equipment problems and difficulty finding secure phone numbers. NORAD asked three times before",
"title": "Communication during the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"id": "812020",
"text": "centre at the base. Manned by American as well as Canadian military personnel, the centre, situated 60 storeys underground to withstand a nuclear strike, monitored Canada's northern, east-central and Atlantic airspace, identifying and tracking all air traffic in this airspace, and responding to airborne emergencies, crime, and suspicious, unknown and potentially hostile aircraft. In 1983 this responsibility was expanded to all of Canada, and in October 2006 the base's NORAD operations (as of 1981, called North American Aerospace Defence Command) moved into a new, state-of-the-art facility above ground where it continues to provide surveillance, identification and tracking of aircraft, and",
"title": "North Bay, Ontario"
},
{
"id": "3151388",
"text": "revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity and in evaluating the scientific value of the project. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years, and despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially recognized its involvement in the study. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik",
"title": "Project A119"
},
{
"id": "19192213",
"text": "Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they",
"title": "Google Santa Tracker"
},
{
"id": "17079665",
"text": "last to be heard. The most reported is \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", though \"Autumn\" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal \"SOS\" was first put to use when the \"Titanic\" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the \"SOS\" signal at the time, preferring the older \"CQD\" code, \"SOS\" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on \"Titanic\", Jack Phillips, sent both \"SOS\" and \"CQD\" as distress calls. The \"Titanic\" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims,",
"title": "Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic"
},
{
"id": "536283",
"text": "initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had \"average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions\", including \"cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program\" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950",
"title": "North American Aerospace Defense Command"
},
{
"id": "8982685",
"text": "drugs via air into North America and supports international defense and peacekeeping commitments. The Squadron was activated at the air defence radar station at St. Margarets, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1953 with the signing of the Pinetree Agreement. In 1963 it became part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, the North American Air Defence Command's (NORAD's) computerized defence network, and became North Bay's Alternate Command Post and Automated Back-up Interceptor Control Unit, taking over in the event that North Bay—center for (then) the air defence of north, east-central and Atlantic Canada—was destroyed or otherwise put out of action. In 1988",
"title": "21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Santa Claus context: The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website. In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they \"tracked Santa Claus\" in their own metropolitan areas through\n\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?",
"compressed_tokens": 199,
"origin_tokens": 199,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Santa Cla context: such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured. Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, no longer actively track Santa. The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \"Santa hotline\". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.\n\ntitle: NOR Tracks Santa context Cla and number \"ME 2-6681 A call allegedly came through to Colorado Springs' Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center one digit misprinted. In some versions of the story, the calls were coming in to the \"red telephone hotline CONAD directly to command authorities at the Strategic Air Command Colonel Harry Shoup, who was arew Commander on duty answered the first call and supposedly told staff give all children who called in later acurrent location for Santa Claus. A more accurate description of the events of 195 appears to be that\n\ntitleburg Ag Distant Line radars, the the Aerospace DefNOR) in 19. The bi-n of Northense. North American Airense Modern in195. day, The Ogdensburgreement operations between States and. TheWLine has beenmant due toelliteprovement on Internet Many out still physically stand, like in Ontario, cut in nothing but dead monuments Ogdensburg Agre Ogdens Agreement\n\n:: 11ile Warning Centered by. Over the years the the,.). Under Mountainers NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM\n\nSince a misprinted telephone number in 1958, NORAD, the joint US/Canadian organization that provides aerospace intrusion warning, among other actions, has spent no public money tracking what?",
"compressed_tokens": 498,
"origin_tokens": 14229,
"ratio": "28.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
78,777 | For a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan. | [
"Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan"
] | Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan | [
{
"id": "346814",
"text": ", the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the",
"title": "Geography of Russia"
},
{
"id": "4515200",
"text": "the Estonian Santa Claus (\"Jõuluvana\" or \"Old man of Christmas\"), the Finnish Santa Claus (\"Joulupukki\" or \"Yule Goat\"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures. Some people also say, that Ded Moroz is Santa Claus's grandfather.<ref name=\"Estonia/Russia: Santa Claus Shakes Hands With Father Frost – Jan 1, 2006\"></ref> The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany. In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"id": "459550",
"text": "well as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,",
"title": "Winter Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "341334",
"text": "and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval",
"title": "Russia"
},
{
"id": "4325200",
"text": "all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest. Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on. After the dinner comes the time for gifts. Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree, with name stickers. An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the \"fight\" between Christmas beings. During communism, when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence, communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional \"Ded Moroz\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") in the place of Little Jesus won. Now Santa Claus is attacking, by means of advertising and Hollywood film production. Many people, Christians",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "17540413",
"text": "Kazakh and Kyrgyz name. Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper,",
"title": "Ayaz Ata"
},
{
"id": "9927213",
"text": "Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation--including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country. Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development found in 2001 that only three tropical economies",
"title": "Geography and wealth"
},
{
"id": "13678861",
"text": "Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole contains the world’s highest mountains, including all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters (5 miles), is the source of 10 major rivers, and forms a formidable global ecological buffer.",
"title": "Third Pole"
},
{
"id": "6525530",
"text": "used in parallel. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the ethnic divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time and most ethnic Uyghurs following Ürümqi Time. Some local authorities are now using both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature. The coexistence of two timezones within",
"title": "Time in China"
},
{
"id": "19885956",
"text": "of the database. Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for",
"title": "Xinjiang Time"
},
{
"id": "13678865",
"text": "knowledge of this situation, and its potential implications, outside the immediate vicinity; a special effort is needed to raise awareness of the fragility of the mountain social-ecological system. Third Pole The Asian High Mountain region or the \"Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalayan\" (HKKH) region spans an area of more than 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles) in ten countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The region stores more snow and ice than anywhere else in the world outside the polar regions, giving its name: ’The Third Pole‘. The Third Pole",
"title": "Third Pole"
},
{
"id": "5633666",
"text": "outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a \"Father Christmas\" type character with only traces of the original \"Nisse\" and in some respects indistinguishable from \"Santa\". In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their Julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart – Father Frost in 2011. In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to Julemanden: \"Rensdyrvej\" translates as \"Reindeer Way\", while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December. Julemanden Julemanden can be directly",
"title": "Julemanden"
},
{
"id": "437404",
"text": "Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking",
"title": "Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "19885951",
"text": "Xinjiang Time Xinjiang Time (), also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. The time offset is which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with Kyrgyzstan and most of Kazakhstan. It is one of the two time standards, together with Beijing Time, being used in parallel in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang Time has been abolished and re-established multiple times, especially during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In February 1986, the Chinese government had approved the use of Xinjiang Time (UTC+6) in Xinjiang for civil purposes, while",
"title": "Xinjiang Time"
},
{
"id": "152463",
"text": "such as the Council of Europe, and is seeking membership in NATO and accession to the European Union. Georgia is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, London, Toronto (Canada), Omaha (USA), Eureka (USA), Odate (Japan), Shenyang (China) and Tirana. Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which",
"title": "Geography of Georgia (country)"
},
{
"id": "1458032",
"text": "China. Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing",
"title": "Kyrgyzstan"
},
{
"id": "437489",
"text": "Chess Champion in 2004. Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include basketball, judo, team handball, baseball, taekwondo, and futsal. General information Media Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast;",
"title": "Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "4118094",
"text": "of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,",
"title": "Geography of Europe"
},
{
"id": "14626685",
"text": "Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the",
"title": "Visa policy of Turkey"
},
{
"id": "222264",
"text": "devoted to the problem of the Aral Sea alone), but few practical programs have gone into operation. In 1994 the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to give Kazakhstan $62 million to help the country overcome ecological problems. Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia",
"title": "Geography of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "4515192",
"text": "Ded Moroz Ded Moroz (, \"Ded Moroz\" ; , \"Dzyed Maróz\"; , \"Did Moróz\"; Russian diminutive , \"Dédushka Moróz\"; / \"Deda Mraz\"; also Morozko () is a fictional character similar to that of Father Christmas and Santa Claus and has its roots in Slavic paganism mythology. The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in East Slavic countries and is an important part of Russian culture. The literal translation is \"Grandfather Frost\", but depending on the language it can also be translated as \"Old Man Frost\". Ded Moroz is depicted as bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"id": "363747",
"text": "had spanned eleven time zones and incorporated a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, the Soviet Union shared land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shared its maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the US state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. With an area of , the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the third most populous, with over 288 million people as of",
"title": "Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "5407754",
"text": "those who are citizens or official residents from countries outside the European Union or outside one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport/identity card. Proof of residency can be established through government issued residency documents. Eurail Passes come in 4 types of traveler categories The Eurail Global Pass is valid in all 28 participating countries, as of 2018: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,",
"title": "Eurail"
},
{
"id": "87378",
"text": "Terror. Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().",
"title": "Central Asia"
},
{
"id": "17442552",
"text": "Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high",
"title": "Arctic Circle"
},
{
"id": "437412",
"text": "northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the",
"title": "Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "87310",
"text": "Central Asia Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan (). Afghanistan",
"title": "Central Asia"
},
{
"id": "13126676",
"text": "and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein also observe Central European Time. Moldova, Transnistria, Kaliningrad Oblast (Kaliningrad Time), Ukraine (apart from Crimea) and Northern Cyprus observe the Eastern European Time. Belarus, Russia (western part, including Crimea) and Turkey use Further-eastern European Time. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh use time. Kazakhstan use . London and others: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and",
"title": "Time in Europe"
},
{
"id": "222251",
"text": "Geography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at . With an area of about 2,724,800 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east. There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range,",
"title": "Geography of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "222365",
"text": "for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan. Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time. On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017. The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K.",
"title": "Foreign relations of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "13231427",
"text": "Mongolia; and the islanders in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa and Kiribati. Europe: every country except Albania, Croatia and the Ukraine Middle East: Israel and Egypt West Asia: Turkey, Georgia, Iran and the Yemen Central Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan (the Karakoram Highway), Nepal Everest Base Camp, India, Kashmir and Ladakh South-east Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Burma East Asia: southwest and northwest China (the Silk Road) and Japan North America: the United States and Canada Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Cuba South America: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia West Africa: Mali North",
"title": "Patrick Richardson"
},
{
"id": "72453",
"text": "interpreted liberally from the beginning, when Turkey was admitted, to include transcontinental states (such as Georgia and Azerbaijan) and states that are geographically Asian but socio-politically European (such as Armenia and Cyprus). Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exceptions of Belarus (human rights concerns), Kazakhstan (human rights concerns), and the Vatican City (a theocracy), as well as some of the territories with limited recognition. Besides the status as a full member, the Council of Europe has established other instruments for cooperation and participation of non-member states: observer, applicant, special guest, and partner for",
"title": "Council of Europe"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "2786428",
"text": "morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine and Artois). The tradition is also celebrated in territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Curaçao and Suriname. Sinterklaas is the primary source of the popular Christmas icon of Santa Claus. \"Sinterklaas\" is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes",
"title": "Sinterklaas"
},
{
"id": "13862385",
"text": "south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).",
"title": "Meet the Stans"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "17540410",
"text": "Ayaz Ata Ayaz Ata (, , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus or Russian Ded Moroz. The literal translation of the name would be \"Frost Father\", although the name is often translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was created of Moon light and caused by cold weather. Literary depictions of Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Kar Kız (Tatar: \"Кар Кызы\" or \"Qar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden\"), his granddaughter and helper, sometimes with influence of",
"title": "Ayaz Ata"
},
{
"id": "254658",
"text": "point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to",
"title": "Mongolia"
},
{
"id": "434295",
"text": "Geography of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers (approximately the size of Spain or California), Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers from west to east and 930 kilometers from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. As",
"title": "Geography of Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "1408682",
"text": "new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round. Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent reconstruction. Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The town of Kosava, near which Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church. From 1st of January 2018 residents",
"title": "Brest, Belarus"
},
{
"id": "3165237",
"text": "Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (Non-Resident), Yemen. Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,",
"title": "Apostolic Nunciature"
},
{
"id": "3266899",
"text": "rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline. A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching population declines in the 2020-25 period include Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of",
"title": "Population decline"
},
{
"id": "293264",
"text": "Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC. All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to",
"title": "New Year"
},
{
"id": "12887552",
"text": "EAAF, mostly within a single country, the Russian Federation, though sixteen of the 30 countries encompassed by the CAF are located in the AEWA area. They are: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China People's Republic of, Georgia, Iran Republic of, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom Chagos Islands and Uzbekistan. The remaining countries in the Central Asian Flyway are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Qatar and Yemen.<ref name=\"UNEP/CMS/Range\"></ref> The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened",
"title": "Central Asian Flyway"
},
{
"id": "10893268",
"text": "Tolerance\" with its symbolism of love, peace and friendship - has been presented on all five continents in over 30 metropolises of this world - always in the very heart of the cities. The bears have been displayed at the following Stations since the beginning of the tour in 2002: Berlin (Germany), Kitzbuehel (Austria), Hong Kong, Istanbul (Turkey), Tokyo (Japon), Seoul (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vienna (Austria), Cairo (Egypt), Jerusalem (Israel), Warsaw (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), Pyongyang (North Korea), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo (Uruguay), Astana (Kazakhstan), Helsinki (Finland), Sofia (Bulgaria), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), New Delhi (India), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Paris (France),",
"title": "Klaus and Eva Herlitz"
},
{
"id": "222101",
"text": "generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part",
"title": "Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "14587059",
"text": "reunion in Ithaca, as he re-imagines the ancient journey of Odysseus, visiting tiny hamlets with names like Troy (Oregon), Sparta (Wisconsin), Iliad (Montana), Calypso (Montana) and Apollo (Pennsylvania). Upon its publication in June 2010, \"Turn Left at the Trojan Horse\" was selected to the Indie Next \"Great Reads\" list, as chosen by independent booksellers, and subsequently made the Indie Travel Literature Bestseller list. \"This is how a quest should be done...\" wrote a reviewer in the Los Angeles Times. He also recounts his journey in an interview on Minnesota Public Radio's \"All Things Considered.\" Herzog’s first published book for adults",
"title": "Brad Herzog"
},
{
"id": "222102",
"text": "of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic. It shares borders of with Russia, with Uzbekistan, with China, with Kyrgyzstan, and with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau, and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N, and longitudes 46° and 88° E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from",
"title": "Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "4515203",
"text": "New Year celebrations, however \"Qar Qızı\" is rarely present at the festivities. Ded Moroz is \"Dzied Maroz\" () in Belarusian language. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character, but was a replacement of the local Śviaty Mikałaj – whom soviet authorities disapproved for its christian origins. The official residence of \"Dzied Maroz\" in Belarus is declared to be in Bialowieza Forest. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (\"Dyado Koleda\", Grandfather Koleda), with \"Dyado Mraz\" (Дядо Мраз, \"Grandfather Frost\") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"id": "4740664",
"text": "expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration. The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic",
"title": "Post-Soviet states"
},
{
"id": "13862384",
"text": "Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan). Travelling from the far north-west of Kazakhstan by the Russian border, he visits a former Soviet weapons lab, goes east to the Chinese border,",
"title": "Meet the Stans"
},
{
"id": "6553756",
"text": "old company for the last 12 years and business takes priority over family. Scott also learns that Laura and Neil divorced and Carol moved away years ago. Scott goes to find Lucy and Neil, who are vacationing at the North Pole, which Frost has turned into a tourist resort. Christmas is now \"Frostmas\", the elves are miserable, and the reindeer are confined to a petting zoo. When Scott finds Lucy and Neil, Neil states that Charlie didn't want him to be his father, causing the divorce between him and Laura. Scott confronts Frost and tricks him into recording his voice",
"title": "The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"
},
{
"id": "2022350",
"text": "one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following \"single\" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on",
"title": "Landlocked country"
},
{
"id": "5020487",
"text": "from both the left and the right. He has compiled the list of \"The World’s 10 Worst Dictators\" for \"Parade\" magazine for the last several years. In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: \"Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators\". These men are: Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Kim Jong-il (North Korea), Than Shwe (Burma), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Hu Jintao (China), King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia), Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenistan), Seyed Ali Khamanei (Iran), Teodoro Obiang Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), King Mswati III (Swaziland), Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan), Aleksandr Lukashenko (Belarus), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Isaias Afwerki (Eritrea), Bashar al-Assad",
"title": "David Wallechinsky"
},
{
"id": "437411",
"text": "electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy sector, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. Uzbekistan has an area of . It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area and the 2nd largest by population. Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches from west to east and from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and",
"title": "Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "222913",
"text": "pits in hazardous locations. Water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. \"Illegal hunting\" of very rare species such as the snow leopard and the Marco Polo sheep. Environment - international agreements: <br>\"party to:\" Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands <br>\"signed, but not ratified:\" none of the selected agreements In response to the internationally recognized environmental crisis of the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea, the five states sharing the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,",
"title": "Geography of Kyrgyzstan"
},
{
"id": "17562198",
"text": "zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-\"Iron Curtain\") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with",
"title": "Border barrier"
},
{
"id": "222250",
"text": "sites and tunnels were closed by 1995. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama met with Nazarbayev at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. and discussed intensifying their strategic relationship and bilateral cooperation to increase nuclear safety, regional stability, and economic prosperity. History of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical \"crossroads\" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct \"Pithecanthropus\" and \"Sinanthropus\" one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. Neanderthals were present from",
"title": "History of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "14850105",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Moldova. Moldova, officially the \"Republic of Moldova\" is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the devolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Nistru has been under the \"de facto\" control of the breakaway government of",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova"
},
{
"id": "14418701",
"text": "Arabia. As of 2015, at least fourteen member states of the European Union maintain criminal blasphemy or religious insult laws. These are Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France (Alsace-Moselle region only, long unenforced, and officially repealed in January 2017 ), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland only). Turkey also has similar laws. In 2009 six US states still had anti-blasphemy laws on their books: Massachusetts, Michigan, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, but law professor Sarah Barringer Gordon states that they are \"rarely enforced.\" Blasphemy Day Blasphemy Day, also known as International",
"title": "Blasphemy Day"
},
{
"id": "16706315",
"text": "and calculated to be near the Manor house of Estate of Safyanov in Saldam (modern Tuva, Russia) at . There is a monument commemorating that fact in the estate garden. Geographical Center of Asian Continent () is the name of a monument indicating the supposed geographical center of the Asian continent. It is located about 20 km south-west of Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. The measurement on which it is based dates to 1992. It was based on calculating the geographical center of 49 Asian countries (including the island states of Cyprus and Japan, and counting Palestine and Sikkim",
"title": "Geographical midpoint of Asia"
},
{
"id": "2388828",
"text": "the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \"PyeongChang\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies",
"title": "Pyeongchang County"
},
{
"id": "1394419",
"text": "many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate",
"title": "Tourism in Russia"
},
{
"id": "13613727",
"text": "mixture of Arabic Caliphate and Persia. Other lands with real-life analogies include Cathay (China), Ind (India), Naggaroth (northern North America), Ulthuan (Atlantis), Lustria (Mesoamerica), Norsca (Scandinavia) and the island of Albion (British Isles); however, very little official information has been released for these locales. While the setting of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay shares traits, such as the existence of elves and goblins, with other popular fantasy settings, it is technologically set slightly later than classic fantasy – close to the early Renaissance era in terms of technology and society. Firearms are readily available, though expensive and unreliable, and a growing mercantile",
"title": "Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay"
},
{
"id": "222079",
"text": "Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins",
"title": "Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "77651",
"text": "Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and Macau), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Sahrawi Republic, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,",
"title": "Christmas"
},
{
"id": "4674767",
"text": "to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland",
"title": "Interrail"
},
{
"id": "6532938",
"text": "Kanas Lake Kanas Lake (, , Қанас Көли, Xiao'erjing: كَانَاسِ خٗ) is a lake in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The lake is located in a valley in the Altai Mountains, near the very northern tip of Xinjiang, and the province's borders with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The lake was formed around 200,000 years ago during the Quaternary period as a result of glacier movement. The crescent moon shaped lake has an estimated water storage capacity of 53.8 billion cubic meters, coupled with an average depth of around 120 meters. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with",
"title": "Kanas Lake"
},
{
"id": "1457951",
"text": "Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( ; \"Kyrgyzstan\" (); or Кыргызстан ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ), and also known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years, encompassing a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, which has helped preserve its ancient culture, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of",
"title": "Kyrgyzstan"
},
{
"id": "7393793",
"text": "can be booked through Internet. A few trains can transport passengers out of China to places such as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Moscow in Russia, Almaty in Kazakhstan, P'yŏngyang in North Korea, Hanoi in Vietnam and so on. Tickets can only be bought through travel agents near the departure station. Passenger rail transport in China Passenger rail transport is one of the principal means of transport in the People's Republic of China, with rail passenger traffic exceeding 1.86 billion railway trips in 2011. It is operated by the China Railway Corporation(CR). The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel",
"title": "Passenger rail transport in China"
},
{
"id": "346813",
"text": "Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about , to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain. Extending for",
"title": "Geography of Russia"
},
{
"id": "2649602",
"text": "the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru. The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau,",
"title": "Antipodes"
},
{
"id": "432520",
"text": "winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate \"two\" sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use (120°E), so solar \"noon\" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet. Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries,",
"title": "Time zone"
},
{
"id": "415556",
"text": "is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (), the Sea of Marmara (), and the Dardanelles (); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of , is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country. Land boundaries: \"border countries:\" Greece , Bulgaria , Georgia , Armenia , Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) , Iran , Iraq , Syria . Coastline: \"Maritime claims:\" \"exclusive economic zone:\" in the Black Sea only: to",
"title": "Geography of Turkey"
},
{
"id": "18924735",
"text": "occurred during this era of easing geo-political tensions as well. To date, 15 visits have been made to Russia (which is partially in Eastern Europe as well as the only country in Northern Asia), 14 to Poland, five to the Czech Republic, five to Romania, four to Hungary, four to Ukraine, two to Bulgaria, one to Belarus, and one to Slovakia. Additionally, six visits were made to the Soviet Union prior to its collapse. One visit was also made to Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution. Moldova is the only Eastern European country which has not been visited by a sitting",
"title": "United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia"
},
{
"id": "12217178",
"text": "Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. The last President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were part of the Soviet Union before its official dissolution in 1991. At the start of the 21st century, 96% of the international border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan had been determined. In 2001, after mutual agreements, the border line in only three disputed areas (Bagys, Arnasai and Nsan) remained undrawn. By September 2002, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had fully resolved the course of their 2,440 km-long shared",
"title": "Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations"
},
{
"id": "434296",
"text": "the Caspian Sea is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two \"doubly landlocked\" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is Liechtenstein. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast",
"title": "Geography of Uzbekistan"
},
{
"id": "19479030",
"text": "World Nomad Games World Nomad Games () are an international sport competition dedicated to ethnic sports practiced in Central Asia. The countries taking part in those games are the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia (especially Sakha, Buryatia, Altay, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan republics, etc.) as well as other countries like Mongolia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Philippines and the United States. The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan; however, Turkey has been announced as the host of the fourth games. The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition",
"title": "World Nomad Games"
},
{
"id": "13510595",
"text": "has delivered medical relief in over 120 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bali, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Union of Myanmar, Nagorno Karabakh Republic,",
"title": "Project C.U.R.E."
},
{
"id": "4515202",
"text": "of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Eastern bloc and in the former Yugoslavia. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions. In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as \"Şaxta Baba\" (\"Grandfather Frost\") and his companion Snegurochka is known as \"Qar Qızı\" (\"Snow Girl\"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. \"Şaxta Baba\" brings gifts to children at",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"id": "14437981",
"text": "in 2005 these firms were shut down by the government. Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan. The Republic of Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan"
},
{
"id": "10041836",
"text": "It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published",
"title": "Every Inch a King"
},
{
"id": "13620949",
"text": "issued by can obtain a visa on arrival provided holding a pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kazakhstan are able to visit the border districts of Issyk-Kul, Talas and Chui regions of Kyrgyzstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. From 1 September 2017 citizens of all countries and",
"title": "Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan"
},
{
"id": "543929",
"text": "3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced \"de facto\" and in some cases",
"title": "Violence against LGBT people"
},
{
"id": "9669317",
"text": "Azerbaijan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Croatia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Japan, Lithuania, Maldives, Moldavia, Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Chad, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Grenada, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Paraguay, Portugal, Samoa, Sweden, and Uruguay. , 59 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances (ICAED) is a global network of organisations of families of disappeared and NGO's campaigning in a nonviolent manner against the practice of enforced disappearances at",
"title": "International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance"
},
{
"id": "17251302",
"text": "A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and holders of diplomatic passports of Estonia, India and Uzbekistan do not require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. Holders of diplomatic passports of Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States may obtain a free visa on arrival. Visa-free agreement",
"title": "Visa policy of Turkmenistan"
},
{
"id": "12822508",
"text": "Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% \"No\" to 49.42% \"Yes\". Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic states, Russia, the United States (via Alaska), Canada, Norway and Denmark (via Greenland), are limited to a economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a ten-year period to make claims to extend its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in",
"title": "Canadian sovereignty"
},
{
"id": "1394433",
"text": "and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies",
"title": "Tourism in Russia"
},
{
"id": "7050701",
"text": "Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Americas (15) Argentina, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela Europe (36) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City (Holy See) Middle East, Africa (32) Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Israel, Jordan, Kingdom",
"title": "International Driving Permit"
},
{
"id": "1966089",
"text": "and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold. Despite its well-deserved reputation as a generally snowy, icy northern country, the Soviet Union included other major climatic zones as well. According to Soviet geographers, most of their country is located in the temperate zone, which for them included all of the European portion except the southern part of Crimea and the Caucasus, all of Siberia, the Soviet Far East, and the plains of Soviet Central Asia and the southern Kazakh",
"title": "Geography of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "4515213",
"text": "Tajik police. On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that \"Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year’s tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them\". However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures. In 2014, Ukraine has attempted to replace Ded Moroz with Saint Nicholas",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"id": "18661387",
"text": "his competitors. The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018. China was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a \"higher level.\" Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Moldova, North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan and Venezuela. Western reaction to the election result was predominantly",
"title": "2018 Russian presidential election"
},
{
"id": "13774300",
"text": "program was initially started on 15 July 2014 providing unilateral visa free access to 10 countries and in July 2015 it was further extended to a total of 19 countries and then to 43 in January 2017. These countries are: Nationals of the following countries who hold valid tourist visas of Kyrgyzstan are able to visit the border districts of Almaty and Jambul regions of Kazakhstan within the validity of such visa: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia,",
"title": "Visa policy of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"id": "11524416",
"text": "the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as \"mostly unfree\" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively. Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as \"repressed\". Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year. In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that \"[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living",
"title": "Indices of economic freedom"
},
{
"id": "254628",
"text": "Mongolia Mongolia (; \"Monggol Ulus\" in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only separates them. At , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated unitary sovereign state in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind",
"title": "Mongolia"
},
{
"id": "236383",
"text": "of languages that can be shown to have common ancestry. Linguists recognize many hundreds of language families, although some of them can possibly be grouped into larger units as more evidence becomes available and in-depth studies are carried out. At present, there are also dozens of language isolates: languages that cannot be shown to be related to any other languages in the world. Among them are Basque, spoken in Europe, Zuni of New Mexico, Purépecha of Mexico, Ainu of Japan, Burushaski of Pakistan, and many others. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European",
"title": "Language"
},
{
"id": "11749880",
"text": "United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and on 27 March 2017 the United Kingdom formally requested such a withdrawal. It is not decided what the future state of Ireland will be, although it has been suggested that Ireland will stay in the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area, because it wants to keep the lack of border control at its land border. Three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – can be considered as \"de facto\" within the Schengen Area. They do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround",
"title": "Schengen Area"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Geography of Russia context: , the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the\n\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 214,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Meet the Stans context: south Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Meet the Stans Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans is a four-part travel documentary on Central Asia, part of the \"Holidays in the Danger Zone\" series, produced and broadcast by BBC Correspondent (now This World). Written and presented by Simon Reeve, It was first broadcast from 3–6 November 2003, on BBC Two, and internationally during 2004 and 2005. In the series Reeve visits four of the five former soviet Central Asia republics (not Turkmenistan).\n\ntitle Ayaz Ata context: Kaz Kyrgyz Ay A Ay Ata , , ) is a winter god and a fictional tale character that represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar that of Cla or Russian Ded Moroz The literal translation of the name would \"rost\", although name translated as \"Grandfather Frost\". He was of Moon light and caused by weather Literary depictions Ayaz Ata commonly show him accompanied by Karı (atar:Кар Кы orQar Qızı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maiden granddaughter helper,\ntitle Ayta: Ay (, , , ) a winter god and aional tale character that it represents who in some Turkic cultures plays a role similar Cla Moroz The translation of name \"rost often translated \"Grandfather F He was created of light and caused. Literary depict of Ayaz Ata commonly show accompanied K \" Кзы \"Qıı\" means \"Snow Girl\" or \"Snow Maaugh and helper with\ntitle: Central Asia T. Asia Asia st Chinaistan region ofistan,loquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Central Asia has a population of about 105 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. ), Kyrgyzstan (), Tajikistan (), Turkmenistan (), and Uzbekistan ().\n\nFor a point each, name the 5 countries surrounding the place where Santa Klaus is both rumored to live and is known as Father Frost, Kazakhstan.",
"compressed_tokens": 514,
"origin_tokens": 15953,
"ratio": "31.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,778 | Name the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: "So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young" | [
"John Lennon - Happy Xmas"
] | John Lennon - Happy Xmas | [
{
"id": "5068010",
"text": "The Man Who Sold the World \"The Man Who Sold the World\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \"MTV Unplugged\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked",
"title": "The Man Who Sold the World"
},
{
"id": "11817711",
"text": "It's Four in the Morning \"It's Four in the Morning\" (also known as \"Four in the Morning\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \"Hello Walls.\" The song was written by Jerry Chesnut. The song was the title track to his 1971 album and became one of his best-known hits. It was also a major smash in the UK, somewhat rare for a country song, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in",
"title": "It's Four in the Morning"
},
{
"id": "1314261",
"text": "James Taylor James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit in 1971 with his recording of \"You've Got a Friend\", written by Carole King in the same year. His 1976 \"Greatest Hits\" album was certified Diamond and",
"title": "James Taylor"
},
{
"id": "6857326",
"text": "chart. The song was also a hit for Shirley Bassey at the same time in the United Kingdom. It has since been covered by a large number of artists. The song became a Gold record. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1971. Richard Carpenter of Carpenters heard the song during an evening of relaxation at the movies while on tour. He decided it would be ideal for the duo. It became a hit for them in 1971, reaching No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart and No. 1 for three weeks on the US",
"title": "For All We Know (1970 song)"
},
{
"id": "18389719",
"text": "Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number 1 single \"You're My World\". The song was originally written in the key of G major and",
"title": "Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"
},
{
"id": "112093",
"text": "terms of a plea agreement. Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison",
"title": "Don McLean"
},
{
"id": "3044915",
"text": "(beating the six-week stay at the top of \"Close to You\"). The song also helped them to win two Grammy Awards in 1971: for the Best New Artist (The Carpenters) and Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus (\"Close to You\"). For Williams, the song was a personal victory; it was his first collaboration with Nichols that resulted in a hit single, and it opened the door to many more thereafter. In 1998, the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for recordings \"of lasting quality or historical significance\". A 1981 cover version by Lee McDonald",
"title": "We've Only Just Begun"
},
{
"id": "110163",
"text": "to record Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua\". For the next two years, she had numerous solo hits – including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four, 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-20 singles included \"The Right Combination\" and \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Wagoner, 1971); \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\", (with Wagoner) \"Touch Your Woman\", (1972) \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Although her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "6356027",
"text": "It's Too Late (Carole King song) \"It's Too Late\" is a rock ballad from Carole King's 1971 album \"Tapestry\". Toni Stern wrote the lyrics and King wrote the music. It was released as a single in April 1971 and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. Sales were later gold-certified by the RIAA. \"Billboard\" ranked \"It's Too Late\" and its fellow A-side, \"I Feel the Earth Move\", as the No. 3 record for 1971. The lyrics describe the blameless end of a loving relationship. Music critic Dave Marsh saw implicit feminism because the woman left",
"title": "It's Too Late (Carole King song)"
},
{
"id": "995817",
"text": "set of seat covers for his car. It was re-released in 1972 to become a worldwide hit. Stewart's 1971 solo album \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" made him a household name when the B-side of his minor hit \"Reason to Believe\", \"Maggie May\", (co-written with Martin Quittenton) started receiving radio play. The album and the single occupied number one in both the US and the UK simultaneously, a chart first, in September. Set off by a striking mandolin part (by Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne), \"Maggie May\" was also named in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs that",
"title": "Rod Stewart"
},
{
"id": "112060",
"text": "Don McLean Donald McLean III (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1971 song \"American Pie\", which was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and stayed put at 2 for 3 weeks in the UK, as well as a hit for Madonna in 2000. McLean's other well-known songs include: \"And I Love You So\", sung by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, and Glen Campbell, among others; \"Vincent\", a tribute to the 19th-century Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh; \"Crying\", a cover of the Roy Orbison song and a surprise number",
"title": "Don McLean"
},
{
"id": "19586541",
"text": "Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came third in 'Best Single' behind \"Eleanor Rigby\" by Zoot and \"Eagle Rock\" by Daddy Cool. \"Mr",
"title": "Mr America (song)"
},
{
"id": "7268140",
"text": "final single from that album, peaking at #62 on the ARIA singles chart upon its debut, on the chart dated week commencing 23 November 1998. In 2009, the original version of \"Coconut\" was made available on the compilation \"The 1995 Sessions\". Coconut (song) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\"",
"title": "Coconut (song)"
},
{
"id": "18389721",
"text": "UK. British recording artist Emma Bunton covered the song for her third studio album \"Life in Mono\". Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight) '\"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" is a song by English recording artist Cilla Black, released in 1971. Written by songwriters Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, \"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)\" was released on 5 November 1971 and became a major success for Black, reaching number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period of 1971. The single was produced by George Martin, who had previously produced her UK number",
"title": "Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"
},
{
"id": "4735073",
"text": "the King. Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty",
"title": "Tony Christie"
},
{
"id": "3073209",
"text": "Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in the Jazz & Pop critics' poll for best album of 1971. It has been an enduring critical success, including a number 172 ranking on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album is a mixture of rock, country, blues, soul, and folk, and includes Stewart's breakthrough hit, \"Maggie May\", as",
"title": "Every Picture Tells a Story"
},
{
"id": "15267747",
"text": "blur, seemingly in the nude, and also contains the phrases \"Woosh!!\" and \"Don't look Ethel!\" the latter of which is part of the lyrics to the primary single of the album. \"The Streak\" proved to be an even bigger success than Stevens' 1970 hit \"Everything Is Beautiful,\" reaching #1 in the US, Canada, UK, and New Zealand. Its follow-up single, \"The Moonlight Special,\" was lifted from this album but did not fare as well on the charts. Stevens' 1971 single, \"Bridget the Midget (The Queen of the Blues),\" first appeared on a collection called \"Ray Stevens' Greatest Hits\" but was",
"title": "Boogity Boogity"
},
{
"id": "6006162",
"text": "The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971 was Carole King's first concert performance in front of an audience. Performed on June 18, 1971, it was released years later, in 1996, as an album. This album has seventeen live songs. Some songs included: \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\", \"You've Got a Friend\", \"Child of Mine\", \"I Feel the Earth Move\", \"It's Too Late\", \"Beautiful\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\", \"After All This Time\", \"Carry Your Load\", \"Song of Long Ago\" and \"Home Again\". James Taylor, a friend of King, accompanied her",
"title": "The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971"
},
{
"id": "3420084",
"text": "beginning July 3, 1971. Several songs on \"Tapestry\" were recorded by other artists and became hits while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 cover of \"You've Got a Friend\" hit number one in the US and number four in the UK, and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of \"Where You Lead\" reached number 40 while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit \"Sweet Inspiration\" reached number 37 the following year. Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album. The",
"title": "Tapestry (Carole King album)"
},
{
"id": "4735059",
"text": "Tony Christie Tony Christie (born 25 April 1943) is an English musician, singer and actor. He is best known for his recording of \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\", a double UK chart success. He lived for many years in Sheffield where his wife, Sue, was born. He used to be a frequent artist on the stage at many working men's clubs like his contemporary, Joe Cocker. Discovered and managed by Harvey Lisberg, he had three hits in 1971, beginning with \"Las Vegas\" which reached number 21 in the UK, and went on to have two Top Twenty hits in",
"title": "Tony Christie"
},
{
"id": "3665227",
"text": "Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \"Sweet Baby James\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the Carole King standard \"You've Got a Friend\", which became his only #1 on the \"Billboard\" charts on July 31, 1971. The week before, the album itself reached",
"title": "Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon"
},
{
"id": "15764229",
"text": "member, Paul King, a cover of Lead Belly's Have a Whiff on Me, and a cover of Elvis Presley's \"Milk Cow Blues\". Lady Rose (song) Lady Rose is a song and single by British group Mungo Jerry. Written by the group's lead vocalist Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray, it was the band's third single. The song entered the UK charts at #30 in May 1971 and reached #5 in June, finally leaving the chart in August 1971. It also reached number one in Japan. Like the group's debut single, \"In the Summertime,\" it was a maxi-single playing at",
"title": "Lady Rose (song)"
},
{
"id": "4840043",
"text": "version of \"Where Did Our Love Go\" in 1971 (#6 R&B, #15 pop); Brother To Brother's \"In The Bottle\" in 1974 (#9 R&B, #46 pop); Linda Jones' \"Your Precious Love\" in 1972 (#15 R&B, #74 pop); and The Whatnauts' 1971 hit, \"I'll Erase Away Your Pain\" (#14 R&B, #71 pop). The Moments also had considerable success in the UK with three Top 10 hits including \"Girls\" (#3) in 1975 and All Platinum also had its own label in the UK for a few years during the mid-1970s. All Platinum purchased Chess Records with assistance from the European record concern, Polygram",
"title": "All Platinum Records"
},
{
"id": "8533377",
"text": "a parallel in reality, but only after the fact. It never occurred to me that there could be anything quite like that.\" Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by",
"title": "Timothy (song)"
},
{
"id": "3796187",
"text": "Life on Mars (song) \"Life on Mars?\", also known as \"(Is There) Life on Mars?\", is a song by David Bowie, first released in 1971 on the album \"Hunky Dory\" and also released as a single. The song, with cryptic lyrics by Bowie and prominent piano by Rick Wakeman, has been described by BBC Radio 2 as \"a cross between a Broadway musical and a Salvador Dalí painting.\" When released as a single in 1973, \"Life on Mars?\" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for thirteen weeks. A music video was filmed by",
"title": "Life on Mars (song)"
},
{
"id": "4417358",
"text": "pop single of 1971. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo Or Group during the 14th Grammy Awards. The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song) \"Joy to the World\" is a song written by Hoyt Axton and made famous by the band Three Dog Night. The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric, \"Jeremiah was a bullfrog.\" Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth",
"title": "Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)"
},
{
"id": "20807576",
"text": "Side A Side B Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She",
"title": "Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"
},
{
"id": "6119113",
"text": "1970, \"I Hear You Knocking\" reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks. It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1971. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1972, the song was included on his first solo album, \"Rockpile\". Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of \"Let's Work Together\" by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded",
"title": "I Hear You Knocking"
},
{
"id": "19586542",
"text": "America\" peaking at number 9 in its seventh week on the chart, on 6 February 1971. Mr America (song) \"For the 1972 extended play of the same name, see Mr America (EP) \"Mr. America\" is a song written and recorded by Australian singer Russell Morris and produced by Howard Gable. It was released as a single in December 1970 and peaked at number 8 on the Australian Go-Set chart on 6 February 1971; thus becoming Morris' third top ten single. \"Mr America\" also won Morris the 1971 TV Week's Music Awards accolade for \"Composer of the Year\". The song came",
"title": "Mr America (song)"
},
{
"id": "4720278",
"text": "Jimmy Reed. Those five songs were Since I Met You Baby, It's Just A Matter of Time, Endlessly, Empty Arms, and Bright Lights, Big City, all of which hit #1 on the Billboard country charts. In 1969, \"Billboard magazine\" named Sonny James Country Music's Artist of the Year. In February 1971, James was the first country artist whose music went into space; he made a special music recording for the crew of Apollo 14. They later presented him with one of the small American flags that they had carried to the Moon. In 1973, James produced Marie Osmond's first three",
"title": "Sonny James"
},
{
"id": "12466854",
"text": "the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in November 1971. It knocked off \"Maggie May\" by Rod Stewart which had spent the previous month at number one. The single also reached #1 in Canada and #4 in the United Kingdom. It became Cher's best-selling single at that point, selling more than 3 million copies worldwide. As of November 2011, Billboard reported the digital sales of \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" to be 212,000 in the US. The song describes the life of a girl, the narrator of the song, who was \"born in the wagon of a traveling show\". Her mother \"used to dance",
"title": "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves"
},
{
"id": "3724440",
"text": "appeared on almost all his compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective, \"\". A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set \"Five Guys Walk into a Bar...\". A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of \"MTV Unplugged\" is included on the album \"Unplugged...and Seated\". In October 1971, the song went to number one in the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and the United States. \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" achieved the same status at the",
"title": "Maggie May"
},
{
"id": "8533367",
"text": "Timothy (song) \"Timothy\" is a song written by Rupert Holmes and recorded by The Buoys in 1970, presenting the unnerving story of three men trapped in a collapsed mine, two of whom apparently resort to cannibalism against the third (the eponymous character Timothy). It managed to reach the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top 40 chart on April 17, 1971, remaining on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #17, as listed in \"The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits\" by Joel Whitburn. On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it spent two weeks at #13. In Canada, the song reached #9. According",
"title": "Timothy (song)"
},
{
"id": "8020029",
"text": "Birth, Jerry Vale, Dennis Brown, Andrea Bocelli and Frances Yip among others. The Como version would be one of his most influential records, and in February 1971 it became his first song to reach the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in more than 12 years, peaking at #10. The song's peak on the Hot 100 chart came just weeks after concluding a four-week run at number one on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. On the UK Singles Chart, the single reached #4 in 1971. Elvis Presley recorded \"It's Impossible\" on stage at the Las Vegas Hilton February 16,",
"title": "Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"
},
{
"id": "9407026",
"text": "by Aretha Franklin's rendition of Simon and Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\", the song re-positioned at number one for two more weeks starting June 12 through June 19. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 13 song for 1971. The song went on to receive gold certification selling more than one million units in the U.S. The song's popularity had DJs playing the long version that was available on the \"Soulful Tapestry\" album. This was rare at the time. The song is said to have been a major contributor to the structure, sound, and grit of the pre-disco movement that would",
"title": "Want Ads"
},
{
"id": "5486357",
"text": "Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song) \"Family Affair\" is a 1971 number-one hit single recorded by Sly and the Family Stone for the Epic Records label. Their first new material since the double a-sided single \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\"/ \"Everybody Is a Star\" nearly two years prior, \"Family Affair\" became the third and final number-one pop single for the band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine later ranked the song #139 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song version by John Legend, Joss Stone, and Van Hunt, won the Grammy Award for",
"title": "Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)"
},
{
"id": "8014046",
"text": "co-writer of the song, for both the \"Ultimate\" CD and DVD, and it was credited to the moniker Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as \"We Lost the Road\", \"When Do I\", \"If I Were the Sky\", \"Bring Out the Thoughts in Me\" and \"Ellan Vannin\". The group's later song \"My World\" followed along the same musical ideas on this song. Robin Gibb's remarked on the song, \"The whole thing took about an hour to complete. The song reached the number one spot, to our great satisfaction.\" The song",
"title": "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
},
{
"id": "7922436",
"text": "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is a song by Paul and Linda McCartney from the album \"Ram\". Released in the United States as a single on 2 August 1971, it reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 4 September 1971, making it the first of a string of post-Beatles, McCartney-penned singles to top the US pop chart during the 1970s and 1980s. \"Billboard\" ranked the song as number 22 on its Top Pop Singles of 1971 year-end chart. It became McCartney's first gold record as a solo artist. \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" is composed of several unfinished song",
"title": "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"
},
{
"id": "1685986",
"text": "My Song, Ma\"), which became a top 20 hit in the US, #3 in Canada, and a minor one in the UK. Over the next year, the group released a number of singles to little recognition, but it was in June 1971 that they released their breakthrough hit, \"Never Ending Song of Love\" (the first of many hit songs to be produced by David Mackay, and a cover of the American hit by Delaney & Bonnie). The song became a big hit in the UK, spending five weeks at No.2 in the singles chart and was one of the biggest",
"title": "The New Seekers"
},
{
"id": "9354998",
"text": "You're My Man \"You're My Man\" is a popular No. 1 country hit by country artist Lynn Anderson from 1971. This song was immediately released after Anderson's song \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\" became a major country and pop hit in February 1971. The song was very successful, reaching the top of the country charts in June 1971, and was Anderson's second No. 1 country hit. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard and Cashbox Country Charts. \"You're My Man\" was a major Adult Contemporary hit, placing at No. 6. \"You're My Man\" spent one week at",
"title": "You're My Man"
},
{
"id": "12863170",
"text": "her 2012 album \"\". Irish singer, Pauline Scanlon covers it on her 2016 album Gossamer. Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song) \"Joan of Arc\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released as a single in March 1971 from his third album, \"Songs of Love and Hate\". The song lasts almost six-and-a-half minutes, and is composed of four stanzas of eight lines each with a \"la-la\" refrain. The song is constructed mainly as a dialogue between Joan of Arc and the fire which is consuming her as she burns at the stake, after having been found guilty",
"title": "Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song)"
},
{
"id": "4811284",
"text": "\"The Flying Nun\" and \"Hazel\". In 2005, \"Is This The Way To Amarillo\", a song Greenfield had written with Sedaka in the early 1970s, reached #1 on the UK charts in the original 1971 version by Tony Christie. The video featured an all-star celebrity line-up lip-synching the track, and the proceeds went to charity. The record stayed at #1 for 7 weeks, and became the UK's best-selling record of the millennium to that time. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, by his late teens Greenfield formed a songwriting partnership with Neil Sedaka, a friend whom he had first met as",
"title": "Howard Greenfield"
},
{
"id": "895372",
"text": "followed: \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\", \"I'll Meet You Halfway\", \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\", \"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\", \"Am I Losing You\", \"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\", \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\", and \"A Friend and a Lover\". These singles were showcased on million-selling albums including \"Up To Date\", \"Sound Magazine\", \"Shopping Bag\", \"Notebook\", \"Crossword Puzzle\", and \"Bulletin Board\". Their holiday album \"A Partridge Family Christmas Card\" was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971. Record sales success was replicated internationally, with both The Partridge Family (group) and David Cassidy",
"title": "The Partridge Family"
},
{
"id": "4828206",
"text": "to release the song, releasing it on January 17, 1971, sending 100,000 copies of the song to radio stations across the country. The initial success of this led to a further 100,000 to reach demand, selling over 200,000 copies within a week. The song was issued without Gordy's knowledge. The song eventually became a huge success, reaching the top of the charts within a month in March of the year, staying at number-one for five weeks on the Billboard R&B charts and one week at number-one on the Cashbox pop chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it reached number two,",
"title": "What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)"
},
{
"id": "12020575",
"text": "Tap Turns on the Water \"Tap Turns on the Water\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to be used as a football song",
"title": "Tap Turns on the Water"
},
{
"id": "11465047",
"text": "of All Time\", published in the February 1999 edition of Q magazine. Daily Mail readers ranked it on their \"500 Greatest Songs Ever\". Under the original title and version by John Kongos, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\", the song made it into the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for 14 weeks – reaching No. 4 in May 1971. Other than the recordings by Def Leppard and Happy Mondays, \"He's Gonna Step on You Again\" has been covered by numerous artists in many different music genres. These include The Party Boys in 1987, when it got to number 1",
"title": "Christos Demetriou"
},
{
"id": "8278756",
"text": "& The Supremes \"Someday We'll Be Together\" and Freda Payne's number three hit (number one in the UK) \"Band of Gold\". In 1971, Coffey recorded \"Scorpio\" which was a million selling instrumental single that peaked in the US at number nine on the \"Billboard\" Hot Soul Singles chart and at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The instrumental track featured the former Motown \"funk brother\", Bob Babbitt on bass. On January 8, 1972 Coffey became the first white artist to perform on the television show \"Soul Train\", playing \"Scorpio\". \"Scorpio\" received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry",
"title": "Dennis Coffey"
},
{
"id": "20807575",
"text": "Already (Edison Lighthouse album) Already is a 1971 compilation album from the British pop band Edison Lighthouse. It features three singles by the band, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" and \"It's Up to You Petula\". Both songs became chart hits in the UK, US, Canada and New Zealand. The third, \"What's Happening\", became a regional hit in Australia (No. 43, Adelaide). Three other songs on the LP were covers of international chart hits by other artists: \"United We Stand\" by Brotherhood of Man, \"Take Me in Your Arms\" by Jefferson, and \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\" by Butterscotch.",
"title": "Already (Edison Lighthouse album)"
},
{
"id": "5034423",
"text": "Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West) \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\" is an innuendo-laden comedy or novelty song, written and performed by the English comedian Benny Hill. The song was first performed on television in 1970, and released as a successful recording, topping the UK Singles Chart in 1971, reaching the Christmas number one spot. The lyric's story line is inspired by Hill's early experience as a milkman for Hann's Dairies in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Market Street, mentioned in the lyrics, is a real-life street in Eastleigh. The song tells the fictional exploits of Ernie Price, a 52-year-old",
"title": "Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)"
},
{
"id": "3134556",
"text": "much airtime to one person. King's 1971 releases included a version of Bob Dylan's \"Baby, You've Been On My Mind\", released as Nemo, which failed to chart; \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\", also as Nemo; \"Sugar, Sugar\" as Sakkarin; \"Leap Up and Down (Wave Your Knickers in the Air)\" by St Cecelia (this one a real band, rather than a pseudonym), which went to number 12; and \"Lazy Bones\", \"Flirt\" and \"Hooked On A Feeling\" released under his own name. Bell Records asked King to produce four songs for the Bay City Rollers, including their first hit, \"Keep",
"title": "Jonathan King"
},
{
"id": "20983326",
"text": "House of the King \"House of the King\" is an instrumental by the Dutch rock band Focus. It was released as a single in January 1971 and reached No. 10 on the Dutch charts and sold well across Europe. In the UK, it was issued on both the group's first album, \"In And Out of Focus\" and the 1972 double album \"Focus 3\". The song is in a baroque pop style. It was written by guitarist Jan Akkerman and based on an improvised instrumental that the group performed after the plug was pulled on a concert in Majorca in June",
"title": "House of the King"
},
{
"id": "6125699",
"text": "Music (Carole King album) Music is the third album by American singer-songwriter Carole King. It is a continuation of the style laid down in \"Tapestry\". The album was released in December 1971 and quickly rose to the top of the charts. It features songs such as \"It's Going to Take Some Time\" (US No. 12 by The Carpenters), \"Sweet Seasons,\" a No. 9 hit for Carole King, and \"Brother, Brother\". While not as groundbreaking or as successful as King's Tapestry album, \"Carole King: Music\" experienced immediate success and was certified gold on December 9, 1971, days after release. It was",
"title": "Music (Carole King album)"
},
{
"id": "12170681",
"text": "An Old Fashioned Love Song \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" is a 1971 song written by Paul Williams and performed by the American pop-rock band Three Dog Night. Chuck Negron performed the lead vocal on this track. Taken as the lead single from their 1971 album, \"Harmony\", the song peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in December 1971, becoming the band's seventh top-ten hit. It was Three Dog Night's first record to top the U.S. easy listening chart. It reached number two in Canada. Its lyrics suggest the straightforward and melodic nature of the tune: \"Just",
"title": "An Old Fashioned Love Song"
},
{
"id": "3017936",
"text": "You're So Vain \"You're So Vain\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty. The song is ranked at #92 on \"Billboard\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Greatest Songs of All-Time. \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the",
"title": "You're So Vain"
},
{
"id": "9096577",
"text": "Rose Garden (album) Rose Garden is a multi-million selling, RIAA Platinum-certified studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson. It was released in late 1970 as the title song was climbing country and pop music charts around the world. The single went on to top the Country charts, where it stayed at the number 1 position for five weeks. It reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop chart in early 1971 and hit number 1 in both \"Cash Box\" and \"Record World\". It was an international top five pop hit in numerous countries. Anderson received a Grammy Award for",
"title": "Rose Garden (album)"
},
{
"id": "1498478",
"text": "Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: their first release \"After the Fire Is Gone\" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; \"Lead Me On\" (1971); \"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man\" (1973); \"As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone\" (1974); and \"Feelins'\" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what became one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972–1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the \"Vocal Duo of the Year\" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the \"Best Vocal Duet\" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and",
"title": "Loretta Lynn"
},
{
"id": "14169479",
"text": "of \"Yesterday's Wine\" which became a #1 single, remaining so for one week and spending a total of ten weeks on the chart. The song inspired the title of their first duet LP, \"A Taste of Yesterday's Wine\", and was a natural fit for the two singers who, who were often singled out as two of the finest interpreters of pure country music and had both battled many personal demons over the course of their respective careers. Yesterday's Wine (song) \"Yesterday's Wine\" is the title track of the 1971 album of the same name by Willie Nelson. The track was",
"title": "Yesterday's Wine (song)"
},
{
"id": "12020576",
"text": "by the supporters of Bristol Rovers. Tap Turns on the Water \"Tap Turns on the Water\" is a song and single by British band, C.C.S.. Written by band leader Alexis Korner and John Cameron, it was first released in the UK in 1971. The song was the third chart success by C.C.S. and their most successful. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1971 and remained in the chart for 15 weeks. The song was choreographed for BBC dance troupe Pan's People at Kempton Park pumping station. The lyrics for the song were also adapted to",
"title": "Tap Turns on the Water"
},
{
"id": "8959897",
"text": "charted at No. 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 8 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In December 2018 the song was the subject of an episode of BBC Radio 4's \"Soul Music\", examining the song's influence on people including Mitchell's biographer David Yaffe. River (Joni Mitchell song) \"River\" is a Christmas folk song by Joni Mitchell, from her 1971 album \"Blue\". Although never released as a single, it has become one of Mitchell's most recorded songs. The song is about the recent breakup of a romantic relationship, with the singer longing to escape her emotional bonds as they",
"title": "River (Joni Mitchell song)"
},
{
"id": "2784254",
"text": "loved and placed with his artist Tony Christie who recorded and released it in 1971. The song did relatively well on the UK singles chart, reaching the Top 20. It lay dormant for more than three decades, when UK comic Peter Kay lip-synched it for a 2002 video in his TV series \"Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights\". For the 2005 annual Comic Relief charity drive, he solicited a number of celebrity friends of his and updated the video, and it became an enormous hit. The original 1971 Tony Christie single was re-released to radio and CD/download sales, and hit No. 1",
"title": "Neil Sedaka"
},
{
"id": "3665229",
"text": "Awards both for Taylor (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male) and King (Song of the Year). All songs by James Taylor unless otherwise noted. Side One Side Two Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released on March 16, 1971 as the follow-up to his commercial breakthrough and critical triumph, \"Sweet Baby James\", it almost equaled the acclaim and surpassed the success of its predecessor at the time of its release. It contains Taylor's biggest hit single in the US, a version of the",
"title": "Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon"
},
{
"id": "14053128",
"text": "After the Fire Is Gone \"After the Fire Is Gone\" is a song written by L. E. White, and recorded by American country music artists Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty as a duet. It was released in January 1971 as the only single from the LP \"We Only Make Believe\". \"After the Fire Is Gone\" was the first number one on the U.S. country chart for Lynn and Twitty as a duo. It spent two weeks at number one and a total of 14 weeks on the chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the single peaked at number 56. In",
"title": "After the Fire Is Gone"
},
{
"id": "7268137",
"text": "Coconut (song) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\" did best in Canada, where it peaked at #5. It was used in the films \"Reservoir Dogs\", \"Practical Magic\" and \"\". In 1998, a cover version was released by Australian singer Dannii Minogue as a single, peaking at #62 on the",
"title": "Coconut (song)"
},
{
"id": "10188403",
"text": "Don't Pull Your Love \"Don't Pull Your Love\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \"Don't Pull Your Love\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung by Rob",
"title": "Don't Pull Your Love"
},
{
"id": "16590661",
"text": "Santa Claus and His Old Lady \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\" is a bit by Cheech and Chong, one of their best-known comedy routines. It was the duo's first single. \"Santa Claus and His Old Lady\" did not appear on the duo's eponymous debut album, although the B-side, \"Dave,\" did. It has since received continued airplay on radio stations during the Christmas season, particularly those that switch to temporary all-Christmas music formats. It peaked at number 4 on the \"Billboard\" Christmas Singles chart upon its release in 1971, then peaked again at number 3 on the same chart in",
"title": "Santa Claus and His Old Lady"
},
{
"id": "3073215",
"text": "retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: \"Without greatly altering his approach, Rod Stewart perfected his blend of hard rock, folk, and blues on his masterpiece, \"Every Picture Tells a Story\".\" Notes On the album's liner notes, the names of two alcoholic beverages (Martell Brandy and Mateus Rosé) are interspersed amongst the personnel credits. Technical Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story, released May 1971, is the third album by Rod Stewart. It incorporates hard rock, folk, and blues styles. It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in",
"title": "Every Picture Tells a Story"
},
{
"id": "13173266",
"text": "Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \"Yo-Yo\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard Hot 100\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \"Phase III\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version of the song for",
"title": "Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)"
},
{
"id": "4862260",
"text": "album and a third single, \"Togetherness\". The song \"The Great White Horse\" peaked at No. 8 and was the most successful Owens-Raye duet. Raye's biggest year as a solo artist came in 1971, when she issued three consecutive Top Ten hits: \"L.A. International Airport\", \"Pitty, Pitty, Patter\", and \"(I've Got A) Happy Heart\". The title track of 1972's \"My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own\" also reached the Top Ten. Although not her biggest country hit, \"L.A. International Airport\" became Raye's signature song, peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Country Chart, and a minor hit on the \"Billboard\"",
"title": "Susan Raye"
},
{
"id": "1598016",
"text": "and spent five weeks at number one on the Soul Singles chart between March 27 and April 24, 1971. The follow-up single, \"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)\", peaked at number-four on the Hot 100, and also went number-one on the R&B chart. The third, and final, single, \"Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)\", peaked at number-nine on the Hot 100, while also rising to number-one on the R&B chart, thus making Gaye the first male solo artist to place three top ten singles on the Hot 100 off one album, as well as the first artist to place three",
"title": "What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)"
},
{
"id": "8014047",
"text": "was sung live for the first time in 1971, in a performance that was notable as drummer Geoff Bridgford's first appearance with the band. Although failing to chart on the UK Singles Chart, the song became the Bee Gees' first US number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and also reached number four on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1971. In Spain, it was released under the title \"Cómo Puedes Arreglar Un Corazón Destrozada\". Following the release of \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\", the song was nominated for a",
"title": "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
},
{
"id": "7183005",
"text": "at number five in the US and number two in the UK in March 1971. In Australia, the song spent one week at number one. In France, the song was also a number one hit. This song is referenced in John Lennon's \"How Do You Sleep?\" in the line \"The only thing you done was 'Yesterday', and since you've gone you're just 'Another Day'\". It was featured prominently in a 2009 episode of \"The Simpsons\" titled \"Bart Gets a 'Z'\", and has also been included in several films, such as \"50 First Dates\" (2004) and \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009). Another",
"title": "Another Day (Paul McCartney song)"
},
{
"id": "11359123",
"text": "You're Lookin' at Country \"You're Lookin' at Country\" is a country music song written and made famous by Loretta Lynn in 1971. The song peaked at #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs and reached #1 on the Canada Country Tracks chart on \"RPM\". Lynn wrote \"You're Lookin' At Country\" in response to viewing the open country while touring on the road. Lynn said in an interview that she was inspired by all the meadows and hills that she saw while passing through the country to write this song. The song was unlike anything Lynn had been releasing at the",
"title": "You're Lookin' at Country"
},
{
"id": "3017947",
"text": "it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973, also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973, her first number one on either chart. \"You're So Vain\" was Simon's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973. The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres, peaking at number 41. You're So Vain \"You're So Vain\" is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972.",
"title": "You're So Vain"
},
{
"id": "11817713",
"text": "music video to air on CMT when the cable television channel first launched on March 5, 1983 as CMTV. The song was covered by Tom Jones on his 1985 album \"Tender Loving Care\". His version peaked at number 36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in 1986. It's Four in the Morning \"It's Four in the Morning\" (also known as \"Four in the Morning\") is a song made famous by country music singer Faron Young. Released in 1971, the song was his first No. 1 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart since 1961's \"Hello Walls.\" The",
"title": "It's Four in the Morning"
},
{
"id": "3669502",
"text": "You've Got a Friend \"You've Got a Friend\" is a 1971 song written by Carole King. It was first recorded by King, and included in her album \"Tapestry\". Another well-known version is by James Taylor from his album \"Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon\". His was released as a single in 1971 reaching number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The two versions were recorded simultaneously in 1971 with shared musicians. \"You've Got a Friend\" won Grammy Awards both for Taylor (Best Male Pop Vocal Performance) and King (Song of the",
"title": "You've Got a Friend"
},
{
"id": "10983342",
"text": "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\" — also known simply as \"Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law. It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album \"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me\". The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre. Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and",
"title": "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me"
},
{
"id": "12167129",
"text": "L. Russell Brown Lawrence \"Larry\" Russell Brown (born June 29, 1940), known as L. Russell Brown, is an American lyricist and composer. He is most noted for his songs, co-written with Irwin Levine, \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\" and \"Knock Three Times\"—international hits for the 1970s pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn. He also co-wrote \"C'mon Marianne\" for The Four Seasons, and The Partridge Family 1971 song, \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\". Born in Newark, New Jersey, Brown began his songwriting career when he was sixteen with the R&B label Fury Records. Co-writing",
"title": "L. Russell Brown"
},
{
"id": "10188406",
"text": "CD1 CD2 Don't Pull Your Love \"Don't Pull Your Love\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100 and reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. \"Don't Pull Your Love\" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung",
"title": "Don't Pull Your Love"
},
{
"id": "8014043",
"text": "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \"Trafalgar\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \"Cashbox\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \"Country Woman\". The song appears in the",
"title": "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
},
{
"id": "3028936",
"text": "\"Me & Jerry\". During the 1970 television season, he was a regular on \"The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour\", and in 1971, he issued his biggest hit, the chart-topper \"When You're Hot, You're Hot\", which is a story song, with the majority of the lyrics being talked out rather than sung. The song concerns the singer's near success shooting dice, a police raid, and a judge who is supposedly a fishing buddy of the singer, but who nevertheless sends him down for gambling. Aside from being a major crossover hit, \"When You're Hot, You're Hot\" earned Reed the Grammy Award for",
"title": "Jerry Reed"
},
{
"id": "4702148",
"text": "Peace Train \"Peace Train\" is a 1971 song by Cat Stevens, taken from his album \"Teaser and the Firecat\". The song climbed to No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the week of October 9, 1971, becoming Stevens' first US Top 10 hit. The song also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart. It is also featured on \"The Very Best of Cat Stevens\" compilation album. He re-recorded the song for War Child in 2003. In a 1970s concert he introduces the song with the revelation that he wrote the song whilst on a",
"title": "Peace Train"
},
{
"id": "19638673",
"text": "was included as part of the extended LP version of \"Stars on 45,\" a number one medley hit from 1981. Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again \"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway which in 1971 became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes. This sad song is about having that rainy day feeling, saying that his tears will be falling like rain, as if it were on a Monday, hoping that it was sunny like a Sunday instead. Part of",
"title": "Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again"
},
{
"id": "9350796",
"text": "How Can I Unlove You \"How Can I Unlove You\" is the name of a No. 1 country hit by country music singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1971. \"How Can I Unlove You\", was released as a single in August 1971, shortly after her previous hit, \"You're My Man\", peaked at No. 1 on the country charts, where it spent three weeks at the top. Anderson had recently enjoyed what would ultimately be the biggest hit of her career, \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\", in February 1971. \"How Can I Unlove You\" reached No. 63 on the Pop",
"title": "How Can I Unlove You"
},
{
"id": "5759958",
"text": "A compilation of these remixes entitled \"Open Your Box\" was released in April 2007. Open Your Box \"Open Your Box\" is a song by Yoko Ono, released on 12 March 1971 as the B-side of John Lennon's single \"Power to the People\". It was remixed and re-released by Orange Factory in 2001. In 1971, Ono's risqué lyrics were received in controversy (\"box\" is slang for vagina). She sings, \"Open your box, open your trousers, open your sex, open your legs, open open open open open\". The record was banned from radio in Britain, and was played on-air only when echo",
"title": "Open Your Box"
},
{
"id": "13173267",
"text": "his self-titled 1971 album. Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song) \"Yo-Yo\" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at No. 117 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971. It reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard Hot 100\" on October 16, 1971. The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, \"Phase III\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version",
"title": "Yo-Yo (Billy Joe Royal song)"
},
{
"id": "3373232",
"text": "and an array of others, covered by singers such as Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, BJ Thomas, John Denver, Waylon Jennings, Jonathan Edwards, and Anne Murray. Axton also sang a couple of duets with Linda Ronstadt, including \"Lion in Winter\" and \"When the Morning Comes\" (a top 40 country hit). His composition \"Joy to the World\", as performed by Three Dog Night, was #1 on the charts for six straight weeks in 1971, making it the top hit of the year. He named his record label \"Jeremiah\" after the bullfrog mentioned in the song. He sang the jingle \"Head For the",
"title": "Hoyt Axton"
},
{
"id": "1448689",
"text": "Make It Through the Night\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \"For the Good Times\" (Ray Price) won \"Song of the Year\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \"Me",
"title": "Kris Kristofferson"
},
{
"id": "8014049",
"text": "in 2001. How Can You Mend a Broken Heart \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album \"Trafalgar\". It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in \"Cashbox\" magazine for two weeks. In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single. The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition \"Country Woman\". The song appears",
"title": "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
},
{
"id": "1355683",
"text": "hit singles with Christmas songs in the 1970s; \"Merry Xmas Everybody\" by Slade, \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\" by Wizzard and \"Lonely This Christmas\" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular. The top ten most played Christmas songs in the UK based on a 2012 survey conducted by PRS for Music, who collect and pay royalties to its 75,000 song-writing and composing members, are as follows: Included in the 2009 and 2008 lists are such other titles as Jona Lewie's \"Stop the Cavalry\", Bruce Springsteen's \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\", Elton John's \"Step into Christmas\",",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "2721224",
"text": "had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans, and In 1983, following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song, Evans hanged himself. Harry Nilsson, at the time best known for his hit \"Everybody's Talkin'\" and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night's \"One\", heard Badfinger's recording of \"Without You\" at a party, and mistook it for a Beatles song. After realising it was not, he decided to cover the song for his album \"Nilsson Schmilsson\" in 1971. The song was released as a single in October 1971, and it stayed",
"title": "Without You (Badfinger song)"
},
{
"id": "13377582",
"text": "after a long struggle with cancer. His No. 1 from 1971, \"My Sweet Lord\" was re-issued and shot straight to the top of the charts. Though it only remained there a week, it entered the record books, being the first time in UK chart history a posthumous release has taken over from another posthumous release by another artist. Returning to number one after April in 2001, the Stereophonics returned to the top with their third album, \"Just Enough Education to Perform\". Spawning two No. 5 singles, the album remained at the top for 3 weeks in this return, one more",
"title": "2002 in British music charts"
},
{
"id": "1312080",
"text": "witnessed an act of police brutality at an anti-war rally in Berkeley. Upon hearing the song, Berry Gordy refused its release due to his feelings of the song being \"too political\" for radio. Gaye responded by going on strike from recording until the label released the song. Released in 1971, it reached No. 1 on the R&B charts within a month, staying there for five weeks. It also reached the top spot on Cashbox's pop chart for a week and reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 and the Record World chart, selling over two million copies. After giving an",
"title": "Marvin Gaye"
},
{
"id": "7391610",
"text": "first single release, reached number one in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number four on the UK Singles Chart. \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" was her first number one in US as a solo artist on both \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and the Adult Contemporary chart, it also reached number one in Canada and in Japan. The song was performed live on \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\", featuring Cher dressed as a gypsy wearing a huge wig singing in front of a wagon. The second and last single was the opening track \"The Way of Love\". It peaked at #7",
"title": "Chér (1971 album)"
},
{
"id": "2778341",
"text": "No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart, becoming an international success. In the United Kingdom, the single reached No. 3 and in Germany it peaked at No. 1 and stayed there for four weeks. The album \"Rose Garden\" was released in 1971 and was also hugely successful, receiving platinum certification by the RIAA. Anderson won the Academy of Country Music's \"Top Female Vocalist\" Award and the Country Music Association's \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" Award in 1970 and 1971, respectively. In addition, she won a Grammy Award. Lynn Anderson had two No. 1 hit singles on the Billboard country chart",
"title": "Lynn Anderson"
},
{
"id": "18921778",
"text": "Take Me (George Jones song) \"Take Me\" is a song written by George Jones and Leon Payne. Jones originally released the song on the Musicor label in 1966 and scored a No. 8 hit. However, the song is best remembered for being the first single release by Jones and his third wife Tammy Wynette in 1971 on Epic Records. That version was also a top ten hit, peaking at No. 9. Jones wrote \"Take Me\" with Leon Payne, who is perhaps best known for his hits \"I Love You Because\", \"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart\", and for",
"title": "Take Me (George Jones song)"
},
{
"id": "15077594",
"text": "UK, and awarded her with Gold certification and the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female. George Harrison's recording of \"My Sweet Lord\" made it to number one pop for four weeks, number 10 Easy Listening, and number one UK for five weeks while earning Gold certification from the RIAA. From the liner notes for the original album: Love Story (Andy Williams album) Love Story is the twenty-seventh studio album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released on February 3, 1971, by Columbia Records. This was another in his series of cover albums, but the title track,",
"title": "Love Story (Andy Williams album)"
},
{
"id": "8386108",
"text": "Anticipation (song) \"Anticipation\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon, and the lead single from her 1971 album of the same name. The song peaked at number 13 on the \"Billboard\" pop singles chart and at number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. The song ranked number 72 on \"Billboard\"s Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972, and garnered Simon a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Female Vocalist. Simon wrote the song on the guitar in 15 minutes, as she awaited Cat Stevens to pick her up for a date. \"Anticipation\" is one of Simon's biggest hits.",
"title": "Anticipation (song)"
},
{
"id": "4828193",
"text": "What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song) \"What's Going On\" is a song by American recording artist Marvin Gaye, released in 1971 on the Motown subsidiary Tamla. Originally inspired by a police brutality incident witnessed by Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson, the song was composed by Benson, Al Cleveland and Gaye and produced by Gaye himself. The song marked Gaye's departure from the Motown Sound towards more personal material. Later topping the Hot Soul Singles chart for five weeks and crossing over to number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it would sell over two million copies, becoming Gaye's second-most successful Motown song",
"title": "What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)"
},
{
"id": "14492490",
"text": "Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song) \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" is a 1971 single by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose. Written by Eddie Cornelius, it was a big success in the American R&B and pop charts reaching the U.S. R&B Top 20 and the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 No. 3 in July. The song also charted in Canada, reaching No. 10. \"Billboard\" ranked \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" as the No. 15 song for 1971. The record was awarded a gold disc on 2 August 1971 for one million sales by the Recording Industry Association",
"title": "Treat Her Like a Lady (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose song)"
},
{
"id": "8000272",
"text": "Ten with two different versions of the same song. Apart from Sedaka's own reworking of the song, by far the most successful cover of \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" was done by the Partridge Family in 1972. While only a medium hit in North America, their version reached number 3 in both the UK and Australia. \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" has been covered by numerous other artists over the years, including: German version: \"Abschiednehmen ist so schwer\" French version: \"Moi je pense encore à toi\" Portuguese version: \"O Superstar\" Spanish version: \"Qué triste es el primer adiós\"",
"title": "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Who Sold the World context: The Man Who Sold the World \"The Man Who Sold the World\" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program \"MTV Unplugged\" introduced it to a new audience. The song was reworked\n\nName the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\"",
"compressed_tokens": 233,
"origin_tokens": 234,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again context: was included as part of the extended LP version of \"Stars on 45,\" a number one medley hit from 1981. Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again \"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway which in 1971 became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes. This sad song is about having that rainy day feeling, saying that his tears will be falling like rain, as if it were on a Monday, hoping that it was sunny like a Sunday instead. Part of\n\ntitle: Anticip (song) context: Anticipation (song) \"Anticipation\" is song and performed by Carly Simon the lead single from her 197 of the same name. The song peaked at number 13 on the \"Bill pop singles chart and at 3 on theBillboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. The song number 72 on \"Billboard\"s Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972, and garnered Simon a Grammy Award nomination for Pop Female Vist. Simon wrote the song on the guitar in 15 minutes, as await Cat Stevens to pick her up for a dateAnticipation\" one Simon' biggest hits.\n: T (' Happen Ton: Something T ('s G Happen Tonight)Something T (Something'sonnaappen Tonight)\" is song recording Cilla Black,1971. Written by songwritaway Roger Tells MeSomething's Gonna Happen Tonight was released on 5 November 197 and became a major success Black number 3 in both the UK and Ireland during the of 197 single produced George Martin, produced her single \"You're My The was originally in the key of G major\n: Co final from that, atA singles chart upon, chart . In0 made \"The5 Sessions\".utsong) \"Coconut\" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, \"Nilsson Schmilsson\". It was on the U.S. \"Billboard\" charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #66 song for 1972. It charted minorly in the UK, reaching #42. \"Coconut\"\n\nName the artist and title of this 1971 song that hit #3: \"So this is christmas And what have you done Another year over And a new one just begun And so this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear one The old and the young\"",
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78,779 | According to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing? | [
"Seven swans a-swimming"
] | Seven swans a-swimming | [
{
"id": "2999243",
"text": "tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on until <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and",
"title": "Cumulative song"
},
{
"id": "17271131",
"text": "day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9457961",
"text": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "1355693",
"text": "\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\" by Tim Minchin, \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" by Bucko & Champs, \"Christmas Photo\" by John Williamson, \"Go Santa, Go\" by The Wiggles, and",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "11403074",
"text": "Yule (what is now known as The 12 Days of Christmas), twelve candles are used. One is used each night symbolizing the twelve months, until the 31 of December when the \"July Moon shines.\" On that night a thirteenth candle is used for the new coming month of January. The candles always burn below but on the last night, the candle is again transferred upward- this is the sun, which is spilled in order to return to the earth from the gloom of another peace. The SS-Julleuchter was considered both an award and trophy of the German Schutzstaffel that was",
"title": "Julleuchter"
},
{
"id": "9457973",
"text": "adjective \"French\" in \"three French hens\", probably simply means \"foreign\". According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770. William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were \"all birds\"—the \"five gold rings\" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant. Others suggest the gold rings refer to \"five goldspinks\"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch; or even canaries. However, the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "2373305",
"text": "on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as Paramony (Greek Παραμονή \"Eve\"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters, in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday, to show that, according to Orthodox theology, the",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2373318",
"text": "liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the \"Book of Common Prayer\" for Matins. Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", and lighting a yule log",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "11330303",
"text": "chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True",
"title": "Christmas Price Index"
},
{
"id": "6246624",
"text": "For Christmas Is You', 'Merry Christmas Everyone', 'Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer', 'Santa Claus is Coming to Town', and, finally, 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' (featuring Year 13 singing the coveted 'Five Gold Rings'). The school shares Christmas cake and everyone is given a tangerine. Songs are usually led by the Lay Chaplain and accompanied by the Director of Music; they become increasingly raucous as the Party progresses. Commonly, some male members of staff are required to stand up and sing 'We Three Kings' in front of the congregation. The school offers the Duke of Edinburgh Award. Sport is also a",
"title": "Rye St Antony School"
},
{
"id": "9457962",
"text": "associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\" (now often \"five golden rings\"). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \"my true love\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "9457980",
"text": "in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "9457965",
"text": "the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "17271130",
"text": "can stick into their ear, and a thing on the other end which one cannot stick anywhere, because it's bent.) (NOTE: The original version stated the word \"naked\" before \"lady\", however, because of the risqué subject, Sherman was advised to drop the word \"naked\" for airplay and public release purposes.) Sixth day: A hammered aluminum nutcracker. (\"And all that other stuff.\") Seventh day: A pink satin pillow that says \"San Diego\", with fringe all around it, and all that other stuff. (Which is the last mention of earlier gifts until the last verse.) Eighth day: An indoor plastic birdbath. Ninth",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9457981",
"text": "the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "9457966",
"text": "Christmas\". Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, \"Chants Populaires des Flamands de France\" (1856), runs as follows: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded \"in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais\". The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game. The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "9457967",
"text": "day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" as \"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\" The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children, \"Mirth without Mischief\", as a Twelfth Night \"memories-and-forfeits\" game, in which a leader recited a verse, each of the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "19516198",
"text": "5% returned the gift to the giver. Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity, while those aged 25 to 34 \"simply threw them away\". Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes, and include items like perfumes and cosmetics, ornaments, and clothing. songs: Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according",
"title": "Christmas gift"
},
{
"id": "5661385",
"text": "\"Black Hawk Down\" and \"Three Kings\". Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted Christmas gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of Iraq. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.",
"title": "Red Sleigh Down"
},
{
"id": "2373303",
"text": "of the Theotokos\", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the \"Third Day of the Nativity\", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or \"leave-taking\" of the Nativity). The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle () and Gospel () during the Divine Liturgy. The Sunday after the",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1608720",
"text": "including William Shakespeare's poem \"The Phoenix and the Turtle\" (where \"turtle\" refers to the turtle dove). The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss. One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Turtle doves also are featured in the song, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", as the gift \"my true love gives to me\" on the second day of Christmas. If added cumulatively, by the end of the song, the recipient has been given 22. Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of a spiritual from the Georgia Sea Islands.",
"title": "European turtle dove"
},
{
"id": "9457976",
"text": "and so would hardly need to be secretly encoded. The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for \"Five gold rings\". Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me\", are",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "2373302",
"text": "both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance. The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free. During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i. e. Christmas Eve) is \"The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ\", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the \"Synaxis",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "4461447",
"text": "Distaff Day Distaff Day, also called Roc Day, is 7 January, the day after the feast of the Epiphany. It is also known as Saint Distaff's Day, one of the many unofficial holidays in Catholic nations. Many St. Distaff's Day gatherings are held, large and small, throughout local fiber community. The distaff, or rock, used in spinning was the medieval symbol of women's work. In many European cultural traditions, women resumed their household work after the twelve days of Christmas. Women of all classes would spend their evenings spinning on the wheel. During the day, they would carry a drop",
"title": "Distaff Day"
},
{
"id": "19516190",
"text": "Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas. Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Day itself, December 25, or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season, Twelfth Night (January 5). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition, is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus. The tradition of gift-giving in general is an old one, but it became associated with Christian feast of Christmas more recently. In ancient Rome, gift giving may have occurred near the",
"title": "Christmas gift"
},
{
"id": "9457971",
"text": "According to \"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\", \"Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty.\" (It is also worth noting that exactly 364 gifts",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "2918801",
"text": "Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is considered to be inauspicious. On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, the start of Christmastide, it is customary for most households in Christendom to attend a service of worship or Mass, in which they receive Holy Communion. During the season of Christmastide, in many Christian households, a gift is given for each of the Twelve Days of Christmastide, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the festive season, respectively. The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition,",
"title": "Christmastide"
},
{
"id": "15176034",
"text": "principal religious ceremonies and involves the placement of the silver crown on the head of the \"emperor\", or persons destined to hold it in the ceremony, by the parish priest. Similarly, after ritually kissing the dove on the silver sceptre, the faithful are empowered to rise with the crowns while benedictions are made in the name of the Holy Spirit, while the hymn is played. Immediately following this ceremony, the cortege is reformed and proceeds to exit the church, with the priest singing the \"Magnificat\" once again. Traditionally, on the seventh Sunday following Easter (Pentecost Sunday) the faithful realize the",
"title": "Cult of the Holy Spirit"
},
{
"id": "17342372",
"text": "With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic. Rosca de reyes ('kings' crown') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, \"Dia de los Reyes Magos\", which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ.",
"title": "Pan dulce"
},
{
"id": "9457970",
"text": "\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake.\" Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \"is to be said in one breath\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "12871519",
"text": "the song is usually dated. The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning \"intonent hodie voces ecclesie\", written in honour of Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of Russia, sailors and children – to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day, 6 December. Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ('Submersum, -sum, -sum puerum'; 'Reddens vir-, vir-, vir- ginibus'). In 'intonent hodie', these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution, respectively. The",
"title": "Personent hodie"
},
{
"id": "2373319",
"text": "on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed. Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In most Western",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2373310",
"text": "Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "3816621",
"text": "referred as \"Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos\", or \"Three Kings' Day\". It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men's camels. The three kings will then take the grass to feed the camels and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5),",
"title": "Epiphany (holiday)"
},
{
"id": "12345257",
"text": "and stick them under eaves, on fields, meadows, vineyards, and apiaries. It is believed this will help that the ensuing year be happy and fruitful. A good sign that this will be the case is when there is a lot of snow on Christmas Day. The third day of Christmas coincides with St. Stephen's Day, which is the slava of many Serbian families. It is also the slava of Republika Srpska. In this way, many Serbs celebrate two important holidays, Christmas and slava, within three days. During the Twelve Days of Christmas (7 January – 18 January on the Gregorian",
"title": "Serbian Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "16992821",
"text": "parents are named Joseph (Ed Quinn) and Mary (Holly Elissa), and the solution is in the hidden message of the popular Christian holiday song \"The 12 Days of Christmas\", where a different disaster corresponds to each day and the \"five gold rings\" provide a messianic gift. \"The 12 Disasters of Christmas\" first premiered on the Syfy network on December 8, 2012 at 9PM Eastern. It became Syfy's most watched television film on its premiere since February 2013. The DVD version was released on January 6, 2014. The film received negative ratings, but critics have noted that the film is entertaining",
"title": "The 12 Disasters of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "9457972",
"text": "are given, one for each day of the year besides Christmas.) An anonymous \"antiquarian\", writing in 1867, speculated that \"pear-tree\" is a corruption of French \"perdrix\" (partridge), and \"colley\" a corruption of French \"collet\" (ruff, hence \"we at once have a bird with a ruff, \"i.e.\", the ruff-pigeon\"). Cecil Sharp, writing in 1916, observed that \"from the constancy in English, French, and Languedoc versions of the 'merry little partridge,' I suspect that 'pear-tree' is really \"perdrix\" (Old French \"pertriz\") carried into England\"; and \"juniper tree\" in some English versions may have been \"joli perdrix,\" [pretty partridge]. Sharp also suggests the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "10783744",
"text": "the Spring Concert, held in April. The proceeds from one or more of these concerts is annually donated to charity. The VGs also perform annually at the Annual Christmas Concert of the Virginia Glee Club in honor of the two groups' long-standing relationship. Traditionally, when the Glee Club performs \"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" the eighth day is sung by the VGs, an homage to the original octet which formed out of the Glee Club. The group has received requests to perform in several prestigious venues, including the White House, at which the group performed in 1991 for George H.",
"title": "Virginia Gentlemen"
},
{
"id": "1355645",
"text": "Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work \"Messe de minuit pour Noël\". Other examples include: In Austria, Belgium and Germany, Christmas is celebrated by some with children dressing as \"The Three Kings\", carrying a star on a pole. Going from house to house from New Year's Day to 6 January, the children sing religious songs and are called \"star singers\". They are often rewarded with sweets or money, which is typically given to a local church or charity. \"C.M.B\" is written in chalk on houses they have visited. Although this is sometimes taken",
"title": "Christmas carol"
},
{
"id": "2786442",
"text": "that \"Sinterklaas\" has really given them presents. This may be done through a note that is \"found\", explaining where the presents are hidden, as though Zwarte Piet visited them and left a burlap sack of presents with them. Sometimes a neighbor will knock on the door (pretending to be a Zwarte Piet) and leave the sack outside for the children to retrieve; this varies per family. When the presents arrive, the living room is decked out with them, much as on Christmas Day in English-speaking countries. On 6 December \"Sinterklaas\" departs without any ado, and all festivities are over. In",
"title": "Sinterklaas"
},
{
"id": "9457964",
"text": "indicated in \"italics\";<br> (b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "1670140",
"text": "Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called \"Día de Reyes\", and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (\"las octavitas\"). In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface. A tradition",
"title": "Biblical Magi"
},
{
"id": "4313156",
"text": "\"The Boys of Barr na Sráide\", which is based on a poem by Sigerson Clifford, the wren hunt is also prominent. \"The Wren [Wran] Song\" is also on the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem's 1995 album \"Ain't It Grand Boys: A Collection of Unissued Gems\", as the last song in \"Children's Medley\". The spoken introduction tells how as boys they would go out on Christmas Day and kill a wren, and on the next day, St. Stephen's Day, they would go from house to house singing this song and asking for money \"to bury the wren\". Wren Day Wren Day,",
"title": "Wren Day"
},
{
"id": "845619",
"text": "Moirai were supposed to appear three nights after a child's birth to determine the course of its life, as in the story of Meleager and the firebrand taken from the hearth and preserved by his mother to extend his life. Bruce Karl Braswell from readings in the lexicon of Hesychius, associates the appearance of the Moirai at the family \"hearth\" on the \"seventh\" day with the ancient Greek custom of waiting seven days after birth to decide whether to accept the infant into the Gens and to give it a name, cemented with a ritual at the hearth. At Sparta",
"title": "Moirai"
},
{
"id": "4325188",
"text": "displays. December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, the last one held on Christmas Eve. The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas, and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico. It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas, and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season. Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary, but most families set up a \"pesebre\" (manger scene), sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines,",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "95477",
"text": "of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: \"Note on how to put the Christmas branch, \"scilicet\": On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the \"altar-mor\".\" The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed.",
"title": "Christmas tree"
},
{
"id": "14375634",
"text": "beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian Calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian Calendar. This day is called by Serbs the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with \"Christ is Born,\" which should be responded to with \"Truly He is Born.\" This holiday surpasses all the other celebrated by Serbs, with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These",
"title": "Serb traditions"
},
{
"id": "1355715",
"text": "ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 26, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period \"preceding\" Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the \"Twelve Days of Christmas\", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so",
"title": "Christmas music"
},
{
"id": "10178504",
"text": "build-up occurs on 6 December, when it is Nikolaustag, a day commemorating Saint Nicholas. On the evening of 5 December children in Germany place a \"Nikolausstiefel\" (a boot or a hoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance to Santa Claus in the US, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs). In Switzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front",
"title": "Weihnachten"
},
{
"id": "14719809",
"text": "a universalized application of the concept of Shabbat—the 7th day of the week—the sanctified 'day of rest'. The Ten Commandments state (Exodus 20:8): “Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. Six days shall you work and perform all of your labors. And on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath day unto the Lord your God, you shall do no work... For in six days God made the heavens and the earth, the oceans and all therein, and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore God hath blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it.” This tradition maintains that each day",
"title": "Year 6000"
},
{
"id": "17970820",
"text": "Vienna \"December market\" was a kind of forerunner of the Christmas market and dates back to 1294. The Christmas Price Index is a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator, maintained by the U.S. bank PNC Wealth Management, which tracks the cost of the items in the carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True Cost of Christmas,\" however, is calculated by buying a partridge in a pear tree on each of the twelve days,",
"title": "Economics of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "1378853",
"text": "guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem). During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \"Christkindl\", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Hungary, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives his sweet gifts on 6 December,",
"title": "Christmas Eve"
},
{
"id": "2918804",
"text": "the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of \"musical and theatrical presentations\". In Russia, Christmastide, understood as the period between Orthodox Christmas and Epiphany, is often referred to as \"Svyatki\". During this period, Russians perform fortunetelling by the use of shadows, candles, wax, and boots to predict future marriages. Maidens who participate in the ceremony have to shed everything that \"hinders\" the flow",
"title": "Christmastide"
},
{
"id": "2373308",
"text": "Silvestro\" in Italian, \"Silvesternacht\" in German, \"Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre\" in French, and \"סילבסטר\" in Hebrew). New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "6579247",
"text": "party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light up fireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other. The exact date that ends Jul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the old \"gisladag\" or \"Tjuendedag\", the twentieth day, on January 13, also called Epiphany Day. By Candlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed. Christmas in Norway Jul",
"title": "Christmas in Norway"
},
{
"id": "18821642",
"text": "libations are being offered.) Therefore, every fifty-seventh day of the sixty-day cycle they mount to heaven and personally report our misdeeds to the Director of Fates. Further, during the night of the last day of the month the hearth god also ascends to heaven and makes an oral report of a man's wrongs. For the more important misdeeds [\"ji\" 紀 \"12 year period; discipline; mark\"] a whole period of three hundred days is deducted. For the minor ones they deduct one reckoning [\"suan\" 算 \"calculate; count\"], a reckoning being three days. Personally, I have not yet been able to determine",
"title": "Three Corpses"
},
{
"id": "6020960",
"text": "Australia; as \"Secret Santa\", \"Kris Kringle\", or \"Manita-Manito\" in the Philippines; as \"Angelito\" in the Dominican Republic; and as \"Wichteln\" or \"Julklapp\" in Germany. \"Wichteln\" is what a \"Wichtel\", a wight, does, a good deed. In Poland, the tradition is celebrated on the day of 6 December (Mikołajki), in Ukraine — on December, 19th (Mykolay). All of these names derive from traditional Christmas gift-bringers: the American custom is named after Santa Claus, or St Nicholas (Poland and Ukraine), while \"Chris Kindle\" and \"Kris Kringle\" are both corruptions of the original name of the Austrian gift-bringer \"Christkindl\", which means the \"Christ",
"title": "Secret Santa"
},
{
"id": "17206688",
"text": "Familiar songs that use this effect are significantly stronger than that with a relatively simple three-bar song, examples like \"Backe, backe Kuchen\" include \"\" or the Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The text records what was probably a common practice when composed. That is to say, the bakers after baking bread \"called\" with a horn to signal to the women of the neighborhood, that the residual heat of the oven could now be used to bake the women's own cakes. Also, where the bread was baked on certain days in the common village oven, there was a signal",
"title": "Backe, backe Kuchen"
},
{
"id": "9465349",
"text": "which will be used as the \"badnik\" (бъдник). After the man brings it into the house, a hole is bored in one end of the \"badnik\" and filled with wine, cooking oil, and incense. The hole is plugged, and that end of the log is wrapped with a white linen cloth before the \"badnik\" is festively burned on the hearth. In Greece, a large log was lit on the hearth on Christmas Eve and kept burning or smoldering through the Twelve Days of Christmas. This was done as a protection against the demons called \"Kallikantzaroi\", believed to be emerging from",
"title": "Badnjak (Serbian)"
},
{
"id": "15133574",
"text": "In the traditional Nicholas-walk, on 6 December, St. Nicholas comes clothed in a bishop’s attire, a long red coat and a red cap on his head, holding a shepherd’s crook in one hand, and carrying a sack full of gifts on his back. He cannot be seen because he arrives in the middle of the night when good little children are already fast asleep, so you'd better not try to stay up so late, otherwise he won't give you any presents, only a birch stick (virgács). Before 24 December, people decorate their houses and start to cook and bake. At",
"title": "Christmas in Hungary"
},
{
"id": "1378846",
"text": "Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as \"the Third Day of the Nativity\". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents. Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5",
"title": "Christmas Eve"
},
{
"id": "9465315",
"text": "burning from the Eve. The first visit the family receives that day is considered important, comparable to New Years Day first-footing in the British Isles. The family may choose someone, usually a young male, to be their first visitor, known as a \"polaznik\", before the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with \"Christ is Born\", to which they reply \"Truly He is Born.\" The \"polaznik\" then approaches the \"ognjište\" and repeatedly strikes the burning log with",
"title": "Badnjak (Serbian)"
},
{
"id": "872994",
"text": "to Aeneas under the title \"Iuppiter Indiges\" (Jupiter in-the-earth). Trophonius was a son of Erginus, king of Minyan Orchomenus and brother of Agamedes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, \"those whom the gods love die young\", comes from this story. Alternatively, according to Pausanias they built a treasure chamber",
"title": "Trophonius"
},
{
"id": "10024612",
"text": "The song also reached number four in Australia and number six in New Zealand. The song has been covered by Zoot Woman. 7 Days (Craig David song) \"7 Days\" is a song by English singer Craig David. It was released on 24 July 2000 as the second single from his debut studio album, \"Born to Do It\" (2000). \"7 Days\" is David's biggest worldwide hit to date, hitting number one in the United Kingdom and number ten in the United States, and receiving a Gold certification sale in the UK. In 2001, the song was nominated for the BRIT Award",
"title": "7 Days (Craig David song)"
},
{
"id": "7182056",
"text": "during Bright Week (Easter Week) the priest holds a special Paschal trikirion (triple candlestick) and the deacon holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve. In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a wreath of candles. In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an Advent wreath, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of",
"title": "Ceremonial use of lights"
},
{
"id": "9457968",
"text": "players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "20437046",
"text": "Hunt the Wren Hunt the Wren is a traditional custom carried out on the Isle of Man on the 26 December, St. Stephen's Day. It consists of groups of people going around villages and towns singing and dancing a traditional song and dance around a decorated wren pole. The tradition on the Isle of Man is closely related to similar practices carried out across Europe, particularly Wren Day in Ireland. It has been suggested that the tradition probably originates in sacrificial practices due to the reverence with which the wren is held outside of this one day of the year,",
"title": "Hunt the Wren"
},
{
"id": "5073804",
"text": "named Hussein. In arabic, Hussein is also referred to as Hussaina or Hossein/a. Shia Muslims believe that Hussein sacrificed his soul for the sake of humanity and not only Islam, which places him in the highest levels of heaven. In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. Hence its relationship to Christ's arrival The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, \"Great Hosanna\"). \"Hosanna\" was",
"title": "Hosanna"
},
{
"id": "1497100",
"text": "the observance of its own regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system. William & Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads \"Twas the Night Before Finals\", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song \"The Twelve Days",
"title": "College of William & Mary"
},
{
"id": "19516195",
"text": "With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the",
"title": "Christmas gift"
},
{
"id": "5350403",
"text": "a Christian feast falling on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Spirit, in the guise of flames, upon the apostles at the \"Feast of the Harvest\" (Ex. 23:16), also known as Whitsunday, enabling the apostles to spread the news of Christ in all languages, (glossolalia or the \"gift of tongues\") (Acts 2). Pinksteren was also a celebration of the change of the seasons and of spring renewal. Various customs are intended to invoke the growth and fertility of fields and pastures. These include, for example, setting up Pentecost trees (\"pinksterkrone\"), that have the",
"title": "Pinkster"
},
{
"id": "4325298",
"text": "on Epiphany. Nowadays, although Santa Claus (\"Pai Natal\") is more popular, in some regions people still believe that it is the \"Menino Jesus\" (Baby Jesus) who brings presents to children. In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas (Serbian: Божић, \"Božić\" or more formally Рождество Христово, Rozhdestvo Hristovo, \"Nativity of Christ\") is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "3816592",
"text": "men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The \"Phota\" form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve), when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called \"small sanctification\", \"Protagiasi\" or \"Enlightment\" is practiced on",
"title": "Epiphany (holiday)"
},
{
"id": "2373304",
"text": "Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2217349",
"text": "He rested from all work, 2) He blessed the Shabbat, and 3) God sanctified the seventh day, which means He set it apart for only Holy use. The ten commandments in Exodus 20:8-12 explain further that, \"six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Shabbat of the Lord your God, in that day you shall do no work\". According to the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites were living in the Sinai for forty years, they built a Tabernacle ( translit: \"mishkan\", \"Place of [Divine] dwelling\"); this was viewed as the abode of",
"title": "Jewish symbolism"
},
{
"id": "9439675",
"text": "comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"id": "9457977",
"text": "made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \"Five gold(en) rings,\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \"Two turtle doves\" getting a 4/4 bar with \"And a\" on its fourth beat and \"Partridge in a pear tree\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \"Partridge in a pear tree.\" \"On the\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "3841583",
"text": "days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as \"\"melakhot\"\"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah",
"title": "Convenience"
},
{
"id": "2373306",
"text": "steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days, is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not",
"title": "Twelve Days of Christmas"
},
{
"id": "685",
"text": "applicable only to the souls in purgatory, is granted to the faithful, who devoutly visit a cemetery and pray for the departed. The indulgence is plenary, under the usual conditions, each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on any other days of the year. \"Visit to a Church or Oratory on All Souls Day. PLENARY INDULGENCE. A plenary indulgence, applicable ONLY to the souls in purgatory, may be obtained by those who, on All Souls Day, piously visit a church, public oratory, or -for those entitled to use it, a semi public",
"title": "All Souls' Day"
},
{
"id": "11845828",
"text": "that of any of the Ten Commandments, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (, , ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus (, , , ). Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use \"Lord's Day\" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day \"my Sabbath\" () and \"to the \" (); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking",
"title": "Biblical Sabbath"
},
{
"id": "2999242",
"text": "a list which includes items from all the preceding verses. The item is typically a new phrase (simultaneously a group of words and a musical phrase) to a line in a previous stanza. The two lines are often separated by refrains. Many cumulative songs also have a chorus. One of the most well-known examples of a cumulative song is the Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", which uses a two-line stanza, where the second line is cumulative, as follows: <poem> On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent (\"or \"gave\"\") to me A partridge in a pear",
"title": "Cumulative song"
},
{
"id": "4325292",
"text": "left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus (called ) or, according to older traditions, by Baby Jesus himself. In some regions children receive gifts earlier (at St. Lucy's Day) or later (on Epiphany). December 26, (St. Stephen's Day, in Italian Giorno di Santo Stefano), is also a public holiday in Italy. Festivities extend to the end of the year and then to the Epiphany. On January 6 (Epiphany, in Italian Epifania) decorations are usually taken down, and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pire (called \"\"falò\"\"), to symbolize, along with the end of the Christmas",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "4636746",
"text": "in order to sprinkle the blood of a sacrificial bull onto the \"mercy seat\", as an atonement for himself and his family, the other priests, the Tabernacle, and the people of Israel; the directions specify that incense was first burnt in the Holy of Holies so that a cloud rose up and appeared above the cover of the Ark. Some biblical scholars regard this ritual as an evolution from the simpler sin offering for the first day of the seventh month, given in the book of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 45:18-20); though the Masoretic Text renders this as the \"seventh day of",
"title": "Mercy seat"
},
{
"id": "4325152",
"text": "the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on January 6 but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year. Some children leave their shoes out, in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside. But the celebrations do not end there, since 2011, as mandated by the Catholic Church, they are on the second Sunday of January in honor of the Lord Jesus's baptism in the Jordan (the Solemnity of the Lord's Baptism or in Spanish \"Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor\"). The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "9457979",
"text": "a flourish on the words \"Five Gold Rings\". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses. In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody. Cecil Sharp's \"Folk Songs from Somerset\" (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody. Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full",
"title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)"
},
{
"id": "2669503",
"text": "the wise men (or Magi) brought gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Tradition names them Caspar, Melchior and Balthazar. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of Jesus, Mary and Joseph. The Twelve Days of Christmas begin on Christmas Day (December 25) and end on January 5, eve of the traditional date of the Epiphany. In other parts of the world, it is sometimes referred to as \"Old Christmas\" or \"Old Christmas Day\", so called for the same reasons as in Ireland.",
"title": "Little Christmas"
},
{
"id": "2659000",
"text": "and obligations. The \"king cake\" takes its name from the biblical kings. In Western Christian liturgical tradition, the Solemnity of Epiphany—commemorated on January 6—celebrates the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child. The Eve of Epiphany (the night of January 5) is popularly known as Twelfth Night (the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from Christmas Eve until this night). The season for king cake extends from the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Twelfth Night and Epiphany Day), up until the end of Shrovetide: Mardi Gras, \"Fat Tuesday,\" or Shrove Tuesday; the day before the start of",
"title": "King cake"
},
{
"id": "4325208",
"text": "the night often served with fried carp. The famous sachertorte and different kinds of chocolates are served as dessert. The Austrians also have special crescent shaped cookies served during Christmas time. In Germany Christmas traditions vary by region. Till the reformation Saint Nicholas' Day, December 6, Saint Nicholas was the main provider of Christmas presents. Nikolaus still puts goodies in children's shoes on that day. Sometimes St. Nicholas visits children in kindergarten, schools or at public events. They have to recite a short poem or sing a song in order to get sweets or a small gift. \"Knecht Ruprecht\" (the",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "4325333",
"text": "are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day. Many people do not exchange gifts on Christmas, since this is already done during a separate holiday (Sinterklaas) a few weeks before Christmas. In Twente people will blow the mid-winter horns around Christmas. The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany, or \"Driekoningen\". On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns, re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts. In return they are rewarded with cakes",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "4325207",
"text": "beginning of Christmas in Austria. On Christmas Eve (December 24) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing Christmas carols like \"Silent Night, Holy Night\". Gifts that are placed under the tree are opened after dinner on Christmas Eve. Austrian Christmas tradition has it that it is the Christ Child himself who decorates the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve and brings the children their Christmas presents, and it is to him that their letters and wish lists are addressed in the weeks before Christmas. The Christmas Eve dinner is the main event of",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "4325254",
"text": "replaced by incandescent or LED lamps. A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree. Just before the Christmas festivities begin, people usually take a Christmas sauna. The tradition is very old; unlike on normal days, when one would go to the sauna in the evening, on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset. This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours. Afterwards, they dress up in clean clothes for the Christmas dinner or joulupöytä, which is",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "4325275",
"text": "secular. Even so, most families do set up a \"Julkrubba\" (\"Christmas Crib\"). On January 13 (locally known as \"knutdagen\" or \"tjugondag knut\", English = twentiethday Christmas), 20 days after Christmas, the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Christmas (Croatian: \"Božić\", Slovene: \"Božič\") is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday. The festivities begin on Saint Nicholas's Day on December 6 (in Slovenia) or St. Lucy's on December 13 depending on what region (in Croatia). St. Lucy or St. Nicholas brings children presents, and St. Nicholas is said to",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"id": "7492247",
"text": "of \"Liichtmëssdag\" is a holiday centered around children. In small groups, they roam the streets in the afternoon or evening of February 2, holding a lighted lantern or homemade wand, singing traditional songs at each house or store, especially \"Léiwer Härgottsblieschen\". In exchange for the music, they hope to receive a reward in the form of sweets or loose change (formerly bacon, peas, or biscuits). This festivity officially finalizes the end of Christmas for Christians in Puerto Rico; the festivities include a procession where the statue of the \"Virgen de la Candelaria\" is carried on the shoulders. Others follow with",
"title": "Candlemas"
},
{
"id": "1750279",
"text": "times seven years, so that you have the time of the seven sabbaths of years, \"namely\", forty-nine years. You shall then sound a ram's horn abroad on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the day of atonement you shall sound a horn all through your land. You shall thus consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim a release through the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you (Leviticus 25:1-4, 8-10, NASB). If counting is measured back 17 cycles from Ezekiel's Jubilee that began in Tishri of 574 BC, the first year of the first",
"title": "Jubilee (biblical)"
},
{
"id": "10024604",
"text": "who is playing \"7 Days\" on the radio. Having left the TV on the previous night, David sees a story on the news about a firefighter who rescued a baby from a burning building. He turns the TV off and stands up, and as he does, the DJ says \"Just rewind and come again\". A rewinding noise is heard and the song starts again; a few hours later, David is walking around Southampton and is on the way to see his friends. He sees a busker with a guitar and an open case for donations but walks past him. He",
"title": "7 Days (Craig David song)"
},
{
"id": "5196442",
"text": "reprises, \"Present – The Very Best of Steeleye Span\". The title of the album is derived from the \"Cutty Wren\" ceremony. A wren in a cage is paraded as if it were a king. This rite was carried out on December 26, Saint Stephen's Day, and is connected to early Christmas celebrations. The song \"The King\", appearing on the album, addresses this, and is often performed as a Christmas carol. Steeleye Span returned to this subject on \"Live at Last\" with \"Hunting the Wren\" and on \"Time\" with the song \"The Cutty Wren\". The custom of Wrenboys is mostly associated",
"title": "Please to See the King"
},
{
"id": "52143",
"text": "such as Hungary, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia, 26 December is celebrated as a Second Christmas Day. There are competing theories for the origins of the term, none of which are definitive. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" gives the earliest attestations from Britain in the 1830s, defining it as \"the first week-day after Christmas-day, observed as a holiday on which post-men, errand-boys, and servants of various kinds expect to receive a Christmas-box\". The term \"Christmas-box\" dates back to the 17th century, and among other things meant: A present or gratuity given at Christmas: in Great Britain, usually confined to gratuities",
"title": "Boxing Day"
},
{
"id": "10515571",
"text": "to ceremonies such as christening. The purpose is to recognise and celebrate the arrival of a child and welcome him or her in the family and circle of friends. The structure often reflects that of more traditional naming ceremonies, with a formal ceremony led by a humanist celebrant in which the parents name 'guide parents', 'mentors' or 'supporting adults' instead of godparents. This is often followed by a celebratory party. In Islam, the baby is named on the seventh day by the mother and father who make a decision together on what the child should be called. They choose an",
"title": "Naming ceremony"
},
{
"id": "17271128",
"text": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \"might have been a hot number.\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \"For Swingin' Livers Only!\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the",
"title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cumulative song context: tree. On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three french hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. </poem> and so on <poem> On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold(en) rings, four calling birds, three french hens, two turtle doves and\n\nAccording to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing?",
"compressed_tokens": 214,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) context: \"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \"is to be said in one breath\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:\n\ntitle: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song context in of the song, a total 364 items twelfth day. This began and maintained byNC. Two pr created referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas former is an index of the costs of one set each of the gifts by the True to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas The latter is cumulative cost of all the g with the repetitions listed in the song The mentioned in\n\ntitle music context \"The Twelve of been re to the, exampleOnelfth day of my true to me 2ts prattling, 11bats nagging, 10 lizardsaping,9 wats, ingo dig, pos6 bgas dan 5aroos koalasudd 3 kookurr la 2 galah gum Other Australian includeWhite in the Sun\" Minchin Jing Bells\" &Christ Ph\" William \"Go,\" The Wigg,\n:song indicated\";br items that not at versionicsulative from, \"The Days haskened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In\n\nAccording to the song The Twelve Days of Christmas, what is given on the seventh day and what are they doing?",
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} |
78,780 | On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one? | [
"T Ros",
"Feddy Roosevelt",
"26th President of the United States",
"Trust Buster",
"The Cowboy President",
"Teddy roosevelt",
"Theodore Roosavelt",
"President Theodore Roosevelt",
"Theodor roosevelt",
"Teddy Rose",
"Teddy Roosevelt",
"Theodore roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt",
"Teodoro Roosevelt",
"T. Roosevelt Administration",
"Teddy Roosvelt",
"Teddy Rosevelt",
"Roosevelt, Theodore",
"Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy",
"T Roosevelt",
"Cowboy of the Dakotas",
"Teddy Roose",
"Theodore Roosevelt"
] | Theodore Roosevelt | [
{
"id": "413903",
"text": "President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "9516092",
"text": "the Army denied the nomination, citing a lack of official records documenting his case. Smith's commander at Honey Hill had not included an account of Smith's actions in the official battle report. It was not until January 16, 2001, 137 years after the Battle of Honey Hill, that Smith was recognized; President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to several of Smith's descendants during a ceremony at the White House on that day. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was also posthumously awarded the medal at the same ceremony, for his actions during the Spanish–American War. Smith's official Medal of Honor",
"title": "Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor)"
},
{
"id": "2719480",
"text": "to award a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor to President Theodore Roosevelt for his charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War. Congress eventually passed legislation asking the president to grant the honor, and President Clinton awarded the medal in January 2001. Lazio also sponsored the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act, which, after being passed and signed into law in 2000, directed the U.S. Attorney General to review the government's internment of Italian nationals during World War II. In addition to his position on the Financial Services Committee, Lazio also served on the House's Energy and",
"title": "Rick Lazio"
},
{
"id": "590962",
"text": "gallant army which it was my honor to command\". Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001, when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. MacArthur's citation, written by Marshall, read: As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese, MacArthur received many other accolades. The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a \"Chief of Chiefs\", which he acknowledged as from",
"title": "Douglas MacArthur"
},
{
"id": "413804",
"text": "recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill (part of the San Juan Heights) as \"the great day of my life\" and \"my crowded hour\". In 2001, Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions; he had been nominated during the war, but Army officials, annoyed at his grabbing the headlines, blocked it. After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as \"Colonel Roosevelt\" or \"The Colonel\", though \"Teddy\" remained much more popular with the public, even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker. Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him \"Colonel\" or \"Theodore\". After leaving Cuba",
"title": "Theodore Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "2921914",
"text": "took extensive X-rays. As a result of these consultations and full-body X-rays, we absolutely ruled out anything beyond a blunt-force injury to the head.\" Brown was buried with full state honors in his hometown. On January 8, 2001, Brown was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The award was accepted by Brown's widow, Alma Brown. President Clinton also established the Ron Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility. The Conference Board administers the privately funded award. The U.S. Department of Commerce also gives out the annual Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award in his honor.",
"title": "Ron Brown (U.S. politician)"
},
{
"id": "17503650",
"text": "and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor: Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz. Since 1979, 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "17503640",
"text": "two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars, emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, who was presented the flag posthumously. President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4, 2005. A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the in",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "2285701",
"text": "in January 2001 President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to descendants of a Civil War soldier. Although 'The Report of the inquiry into unresolved recognition for past acts of naval and military gallantry and valour' released in March 2013 did not recommend any belated Victoria Cross for Australia awards, it did recommend a Unit Citation for Gallantry to HMAS \"Yarra\" for February and March 1942. Similarly, Australian Bravery Awards have been gazetted years after the action being commended, including a Commendation for Brave Conduct awarded in 1987 to Robert Anderson for his courage in rescuing a child from",
"title": "Australian honours system"
},
{
"id": "11071003",
"text": "Honorary citizenship Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, an individual may be named an honorary citizen of the United States. Since 1963, it has been awarded to only eight individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires unanimous approval in both houses of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985; Nelson Mandela in 2001; the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006; Aung",
"title": "Honorary citizenship"
},
{
"id": "1288309",
"text": "of Freedom with Distinction during a farewell press conference at the White House honoring Biden and his wife. Obama said he was awarding the Medal of Freedom to Biden for \"faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations.\" It was the first and only time Obama awarded the Medal of Freedom with the additional honor of distinction, an honor which his three predecessors had reserved only for President Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II, respectively. On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed",
"title": "Joe Biden"
},
{
"id": "2093956",
"text": "its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who eventually became vice president and later president of the United States, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on July 1, 1898. For unclear reasons, Linares failed to reinforce this position, choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish hilltop entrenchments, while typically well-concealed, were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire, which made return fire at the",
"title": "Battle of San Juan Hill"
},
{
"id": "12158080",
"text": "extraordinary action on November 1–2, 1950. In 2001, U.S. Representative Todd Tiahrt began a campaign to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun. Before leaving office on September 16, 2009, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren sent Tiahrt a letter, agreeing that Kapaun was worthy of the honor. Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also agreed. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Senate Bill 1867, Section 586) contains an authorization and a request to the President to award the Medal of Honor to Kapaun posthumously for acts of valor during the Battle of",
"title": "Emil Kapaun"
},
{
"id": "9456070",
"text": "Living presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number",
"title": "Living presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "14651739",
"text": "he received the Medal of Honor and was the commander of the legendary Rough Riders. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa",
"title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "1371213",
"text": "the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a living former president (\"Ronald Reagan\" was christened in 2001 while President Reagan was still alive). Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship’s namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship’s namesake (the 41st President). The rays of light that appear on the seal’s horizon represent Bush’s concept of a \"thousand",
"title": "USS George H.W. Bush"
},
{
"id": "34216",
"text": "Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and",
"title": "Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "10827805",
"text": "Bill Clinton presented Hajiro the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000. Twenty-one other former U.S. military personnel of Asian descent also received the Medal of Honor during the ceremony, fifteen of them posthumously. In 2004, the French awarded Hajiro the Legion of Honor. Hajiro was the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient for seven months. He died on January 21, 2011 in Waipahu, Hawaii. Hajiro's military awards include: Hajiro's official Medal of Honor citation reads: \"Citation\": For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life beyond and the call of",
"title": "Barney F. Hajiro"
},
{
"id": "435428",
"text": "his research on the sinking of \"Indianapolis\" for a class history project, an assignment which eventually led to a United States Congressional investigation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that \"he is exonerated for the loss of \"Indianapolis\"\". President Bill Clinton signed the resolution. The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the sinking of his ship. In July 2001, the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay's",
"title": "USS Indianapolis (CA-35)"
},
{
"id": "307170",
"text": "as chosen by the president, but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). Recipients are selected by the president, either on the president's own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once; Colin Powell received two awards, his second being With Distinction; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples (in",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "34331",
"text": "Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in",
"title": "Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "342940",
"text": "Reagan\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded",
"title": "Ronald Reagan"
},
{
"id": "5611908",
"text": "home. At the time of his death, Ruff was part of Vice President Al Gore's legal team in the Florida recount case. Ruff was survived by his wife of 38 years, Susan (Sue) Willis Ruff, as well as his mother, two daughters, two granddaughters, and a half-sister, Carla Ruff. On his death, his \"New York Times\" obituary described him as \"one of Washington's most influential if least self-important lawyers.\" On January 8, 2001, Ruff was posthumously awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton. Charles Ruff Charles Frederick Carson Ruff (August 1, 1939 – November 19, 2000) was a prominent",
"title": "Charles Ruff"
},
{
"id": "13751798",
"text": "the small hill later called Kettle Hill. \"Teddy\" was nominated for the redesigned Medal of Honor and when the US Army investigated the claim, they denied the medal. For other reasons, the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001 to Roosevelt. There was no mention of \"Lt. Jules G. Ord\" or 10th Cavalry Regiment. Jules Garesche Ord Jules Garesche \"Gary\" Ord (September 9, 1866 – July 1, 1898) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was killed in action after leading the charge of Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry up San Juan Hill. History now records",
"title": "Jules Garesche Ord"
},
{
"id": "2737484",
"text": "duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 12-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006. U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations U.S. President Barack Obama – 0 presentations U.S. President Donald Trump – 0 presentations Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for",
"title": "Congressional Space Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "885738",
"text": "Economics\" by a friend and fellow progressive economist Richard Parker renewed interest in Galbraith's life journey and legacy. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of the few people to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President Bill Clinton. He was a recipient of Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1997 and, in 2001, awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties",
"title": "John Kenneth Galbraith"
},
{
"id": "6580669",
"text": "1930, #33 Harry Truman 1950, #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1946, #36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1964, #37 Richard Nixon 1971, #38 Gerald Ford 1975 (also a Distinguished Eagle Scout), #39 Jimmy Carter 1978, #40 Ronald Reagan 1982, #41 George H.W. Bush 1990, #42 Bill Clinton 1997, #43 George W. Bush 2002, and #44 Barack Obama 2013. Eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo: #7 Heber J. Grant 1938, #8 George Albert Smith 1934, #9 David O. McKay 1953, #11 Harold B. Lee 1963, #12 Spencer W. Kimball 1984, #13 Ezra Taft",
"title": "Silver Buffalo Award"
},
{
"id": "7707068",
"text": "World War II. The award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 1997. During a ceremony conducted on January 13 of that year, President Bill Clinton bestowed the Medal of Honor on seven African-American veterans of World War II. Only one of the recipients, Vernon J. Baker, was still alive to receive his award in person. Watson's military awards include the Medal of Honor, Purple Heart, Army Good Conduct Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. Watson had no known next of kin, so his medals are displayed in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum in Fort",
"title": "George Watson (Medal of Honor)"
},
{
"id": "844102",
"text": "and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. He married a",
"title": "Ellsworth Bunker"
},
{
"id": "17503653",
"text": "of medals. At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review, the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans, six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker. In 1998, a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000. Twenty of these medals went",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "5203176",
"text": "Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It is still awarded",
"title": "Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor"
},
{
"id": "1743414",
"text": "counts of theft of government property. He was sentenced to two years in prison on December 4, 1985. The Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in 1988. Morison became \"the only [American] government official ever convicted for giving classified information to the press\" up to that time. Following Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1998 appeal for a pardon for Morison, President Bill Clinton pardoned him on January 20, 2001, the last day of his presidency, despite the CIA's opposition to the pardon. The successful prosecution of Morison was used to warn against the publication of leaked information. In May 1986,",
"title": "Espionage Act of 1917"
},
{
"id": "18842479",
"text": "Clinton family The Clinton family is a prominent American political family related to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), and his wife Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–13), Senator from New York (2001–09) and the First Lady of the United States (1993–2001). Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a major political party in United States history. The Clintons (Bill and Hillary) are the first married couple to each be nominated for president.",
"title": "Clinton family"
},
{
"id": "6736399",
"text": "during World War II. In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer. In 1965, Marcelite J. Harris became the first female African American United States Air Force officer. Some of the most notable African-American Army units that served in World War II: Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps: On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II. The only living recipient was First Lieutenant Vernon Baker. The",
"title": "Military history of African Americans"
},
{
"id": "7170868",
"text": "Vernon Baker Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States Government for his valorous actions during World War II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5–6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy. Baker was the only living black American World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997. He died in 2010 at the age of 90. Baker was",
"title": "Vernon Baker"
},
{
"id": "11393647",
"text": "to the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon and became a celebrity after the ship escaped the Yangtze and returned to Britain. He later succumbed to an infection and died shortly after. Tributes poured in and his obituary appeared in \"The Times\". He was posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the only cat ever to earn the award, and was buried with full naval honours. Tarawa was a kitten rescued from a pillbox during the Battle of Tarawa by the United States Coast Guard. She was a mascot aboard an LST, but did not get along with the LST's other mascot, a",
"title": "Ship's cat"
},
{
"id": "12444128",
"text": "Nations. It is the only presidential memorial to depict a First Lady. In 1998, President Bill Clinton established the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights to honor outstanding American promoters of rights in the United States. The award was first awarded on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, honoring Eleanor Roosevelt's role as the \"driving force\" in the development of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The award was presented from 1998 to the end of the Clinton Administration in 2001. In 2010, then-Secretary of State of the United States Hillary Clinton revived the Eleanor",
"title": "Eleanor Roosevelt"
},
{
"id": "3608444",
"text": "the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years. On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended. Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors. The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue. Hence, former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush (now deceased), Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and current President",
"title": "Presidential $1 Coin Program"
},
{
"id": "1986635",
"text": "taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102. In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read, Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come. Douglas donated her medal",
"title": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas"
},
{
"id": "7242134",
"text": "was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His widow, the former Arlene Marrow, received his medal from President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony on January 13, 1997. On that day, Clinton also awarded the medal to six other previously neglected African-American World War II veterans, including Vernon Baker, who was the only one living when awarded. Citation: For extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy in the vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy, on December 26, 1944, while serving as a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division. During the preceding few weeks, Lieutenant Fox served with the",
"title": "John R. Fox"
},
{
"id": "5203182",
"text": "public safety officers. Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor. The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000 by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers. This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the \"Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001\" (, , , May 30, 2001). It",
"title": "Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor"
},
{
"id": "2281138",
"text": "and the loss by his would-be successor, Vice President Al Gore, in the 2000 presidential election. Thus, Clinton's partisan legacy remains complex and uncertain. Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob",
"title": "Presidency of Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "5071736",
"text": "Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted",
"title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "7170874",
"text": "soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that ten black Distinguished Service Cross recipients have their military awards upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to seven of the World War II veterans; Baker was the only living recipient of the medal at the time. Baker's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945, near Viareggio, Italy. Then Second Lieutenant Baker demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations, personnel,",
"title": "Vernon Baker"
},
{
"id": "20521751",
"text": "Living vice presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living vice presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first vice President of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the vice presidential oath of office. Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Mike Pence, there are five living former vice presidents: Walter Mondale (1977–1981), Dan Quayle (1989–1993), Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2009–2017). Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history: Living vice",
"title": "Living vice presidents of the United States"
},
{
"id": "8234148",
"text": "Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. He was posthumously advanced to the rank of Brigadier General effective March 27, 2018 as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act. Day's actions from 26 August 1967 through 14 March",
"title": "Bud Day"
},
{
"id": "6396700",
"text": "Presidents Harry S. Truman of Missouri (1945–1953) and Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas (1963–1969), respectively; and the earlier Kennedy brothers of 35th President John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts (1961–1963), Senators Robert F. Kennedy of New York and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts who carried the flag for modern American liberalism. Since the presidential election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last eleven presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 (with 39th President Jimmy Carter of Georgia, 1977–1981), 1992 and 1996 (with 42nd President Bill Clinton of Arkansas, 1993–2001) and 2008 and 2012 (with 44th President",
"title": "History of the United States Democratic Party"
},
{
"id": "6736386",
"text": "Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in six African Americans being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II. Vernon Baker was the only recipient who was still alive to receive his award. Some of the most notable African-American units which served in World War I were: Support units included: A complete list of",
"title": "Military history of African Americans"
},
{
"id": "1168743",
"text": "Murphy was the posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor, presented to his parents, Daniel and Maureen, on October 22, 2007, by President George W. Bush. Lt. Murphy was the first sailor since Vietnam more than 35 previously to receive the Medal of Honor, and the only Navy recipient for actions in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The park that bears his name is now known as Navy SEAL Lt. Michael P. Murphy Memorial Park. It is a fitting tribute since Lt. Murphy was head Lifeguard and Beach Manager of this park and beach during high school and summer recess",
"title": "Lake Ronkonkoma, New York"
},
{
"id": "11268203",
"text": "Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Moto's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Moto's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed",
"title": "Kaoru Moto"
},
{
"id": "18306767",
"text": "Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy is a private award for philanthropy, bestowed by the Carnegie family of institutions. In recent years the medal has been presented in New York. The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy was inaugurated on December 10, 2001 by representatives of the more than twenty institutions Andrew Carnegie established all over the world. This award, created at the centennial observance of Mr. Carnegie’s official career as a philanthropist, is given to one or more individuals who, like Mr. Carnegie, have dedicated their private wealth to the public good and who have led impressive careers",
"title": "Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy"
},
{
"id": "284119",
"text": "for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Reagan and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002, at the United States Capitol building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on",
"title": "Nancy Reagan"
},
{
"id": "194077",
"text": "Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, Aaron threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park, respectively. On January 8, 2001, Hank Aaron was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting Miller Park with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the",
"title": "Hank Aaron"
},
{
"id": "17503638",
"text": "for each succeeding act that justified award.\" As of 2014, no attachments are authorized for the Medal of Honor. On October 23, 2002, was enacted, modifying , authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to each person whom a Medal of Honor is awarded. In the case of a posthumous award, the flag will be presented to whomever the Medal of Honor is presented to, which in most cases will be the primary next of kin of the deceased awardee. The flag was based on a concept by retired U.S. Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of",
"title": "Medal of Honor"
},
{
"id": "5577045",
"text": "the Distinguished Service Cross in World War II. Congress reviewed the records to determine whether they were unfairly denied the military's highest award for valor. On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton, bestowed the Medal of Honor on Davila and 21 other World War II servicemen of Asian descent at a White House ceremony. Only seven of 22 recipients were still alive when the medals were handed out. Previously only two of the 40,000-plus Asian-Americans who served in World War II had been awarded the Medal of Honor. Army Secretary Louis Caldera inducted the soldiers into the Pentagon's Hall of",
"title": "Rudolph B. Davila"
},
{
"id": "8181026",
"text": "list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with two bronze stars, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CORPORAL WILLIAM DAVID MORGAN<br> United States Marine Corps for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a squad",
"title": "William D. Morgan"
},
{
"id": "703167",
"text": "82 awarded to Marines in World War II. Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine. The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954. The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name (1961–1993) and (2001–present). On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the \"Reunion of Honor\" was held",
"title": "Battle of Iwo Jima"
},
{
"id": "3075994",
"text": "his mother, Mary Pinkney Hardy, and the site of the Hardy family home Riveredge. Rank and Organization: Citation: Just over eight decades later (1864–1945), his son, Douglas MacArthur, would also gain fame for leading U.S. forces to victory in the Philippines. Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son ever to each be awarded a Medal of Honor. To date, the only other father and son to be given this honor are former President Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Fort MacArthur, which protected the San Pedro, California, harbor from 1914 until 1974, was",
"title": "Arthur MacArthur Jr."
},
{
"id": "6580667",
"text": "Evelyn Byrd 1929, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1934, Eddie Rickenbacker 1944, and Douglas MacArthur 1963. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo: John Glenn 1965, Neil Armstrong 1970, and Jim Lovell 1992. Five father/son pairs have earned the Silver Buffalo, Mortimer L. Schiff 1926 and John M. Schiff 1943, John Randolph Donnell 1958 and John R. Donnell Jr. 1990, J. Willard Marriott 1980 and J.W. Marriott Jr. 1994, George H.W. Bush 1990 and George W. Bush 2002 and R. Lawry Hunsaker 2004 and Russ Hunsaker 2013. Additionally, five husband/wife pairs have earned the",
"title": "Silver Buffalo Award"
},
{
"id": "17586521",
"text": "is one such award which is routinely presented posthumously to service members killed in action. The presentation in the United States Armed Forces of posthumous rank has become less common in the 21st century, but was widely used during the era of the Vietnam War and prior. One of the most famous posthumous promotions was that of George Washington to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. The promotion took place in 1976, 177 years after Washington's death. Promotions can occasionally be unintentionally posthumous. For instance, the Arctic explorer Captain Sir John Franklin of the Royal",
"title": "Posthumous promotion"
},
{
"id": "1643357",
"text": "Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation",
"title": "Richard E. Byrd"
},
{
"id": "2023146",
"text": "guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996. On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a highly controversial presidential pardon. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President Jimmy Carter, a fellow Democrat, said, \"I don't think there is any",
"title": "Marc Rich"
},
{
"id": "13914517",
"text": "Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \"The President is Missing\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior",
"title": "Post-presidency of Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "5062390",
"text": "Presidential Citizens Medal The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award bestowed by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, second only to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Established by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it recognizes an individual \"who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.\" Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously. The medal is a disc of gilt and enamel, based on the Seal of the President of the United",
"title": "Presidential Citizens Medal"
},
{
"id": "2281062",
"text": "Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period",
"title": "Presidency of Bill Clinton"
},
{
"id": "11224601",
"text": "II led to Nakamura's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Nakamura, aged 22 at his death, was buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park, Seattle, Washington. The William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse in Seattle, Washington is named in his honor. Private First Class Nakamura's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished",
"title": "William K. Nakamura"
},
{
"id": "307171",
"text": "chronological order) include John F. Kennedy, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper, Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth. (Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.) The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from",
"title": "Presidential Medal of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "7654524",
"text": "posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He was one of two people from Haywood County, North Carolina, to receive the medal in World War II, the other being Max Thompson. Halyburton is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu, Hawaii. Halyburton's official Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PHARMACIST MATE SECOND CLASS WILLIAM D. HALYBURTON JR. UNITED STATES NAVY RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above",
"title": "William D. Halyburton Jr."
},
{
"id": "788427",
"text": "USS Ronald Reagan USS \"Ronald Reagan\" (CVN-76) is a , nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still alive at the time. As of May 2012, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer",
"title": "USS Ronald Reagan"
},
{
"id": "2162622",
"text": "of survivor guilt, asks his wife \"Did I live a good life?\" After his work on \"Rough Riders\" (1997), Milius became an instrumental force in lobbying Congress to award President Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor (posthumously), for acts of conspicuous gallantry while in combat on San Juan Hill. Milius made two films featuring Roosevelt: \"The Wind and the Lion\" (where he was played by Brian Keith) and the made-for-TV film \"Rough Riders (miniseries)\" (where Tom Berenger took the role). The character of John Milner from the 1973 George Lucas film \"American Graffiti\" was inspired by Milius, who was a",
"title": "John Milius"
},
{
"id": "3260027",
"text": "1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast in January 1945. After the war, Endo would eventually settle in Chicago, Illinois, where she died of cancer on April 14, 2006. In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent a letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom, the same honor that had already been awarded to Fred Korematsu in 1998 and posthumously to Gordon Hirabayashi in 2012. Ex parte Endo Ex parte Endo, or Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), was a United States",
"title": "Ex parte Endo"
},
{
"id": "7754505",
"text": "In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America",
"title": "Gerald Ford"
},
{
"id": "10777183",
"text": "the mainland. For his actions in August 1944, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. This award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor after Congress directed the Secretary of the Army to review all awards of the DSC to Americans of Japanese and Pacific Islands descent to determine if racial bias had influenced the awards process. Nakae was one of 22 Americans of Japanese descent who received the Medal of Honor on June 21, 2000 (about two years after his death) by President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March",
"title": "Masato Nakae"
},
{
"id": "8667219",
"text": "a \"Lieutenant General\" (now three stars), it seemed, somewhat incongruously, that all later full four star and higher generals were considered to outrank Washington. This issue was resolved in the bicentennial year of 1976 when Washington was, by act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, this promotion being backdated to July 4, 1976, making Washington permanently the senior military officer of the United States. Washington was the first American president under the United States Constitution, and was unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 and again in 1792; he remains the only president",
"title": "Legacy of George Washington"
},
{
"id": "8172409",
"text": "States in December 1951 and interred in Lewisburg Cemetery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on January 7, 1953 by Secretary of the Navy Daniel A. Kimball in Washington, D.C. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart awarded for his fatal wounds, 2ndLt Ramer's decorations include the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars and the United Nations Service Medal. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to SECOND LIEUTENANT GEORGE H. RAMER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth",
"title": "George H. Ramer"
},
{
"id": "7507361",
"text": "Garza yelled \"Grenade\" and was killed as he struggled with the VC in order to save the other Marines from the grenade blast. De La Garza's awards and decorations include: De La Garza's Medal of Honor citation reads: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to LANCE CORPORAL EMILIO A. DE LA GARZA, JR. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while",
"title": "Emilio A. De La Garza"
},
{
"id": "7707125",
"text": "Dutch town of Margraten. His grave can be found in plot P, row 9, grave 9. PFC James had received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge prior to his death. Posthumously, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (as of September 23, 2006), the World War II Victory Medal, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. On January 13, 1997, PFC James' Medal of Honor was presented to his widow by President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony in which six other African-American soldiers were also awarded the Medal of Honor",
"title": "Willy F. James Jr."
},
{
"id": "1518437",
"text": "became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–69), Jimmy Carter (1977–81), George H. W. Bush (1989–93), Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region. The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In",
"title": "Southern United States"
},
{
"id": "4103592",
"text": "Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. It is situated on of land located",
"title": "Clinton Presidential Center"
},
{
"id": "7546254",
"text": "wounds, and was mortally wounded. Captain Graham is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A complete list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Organized Marine Corps Reserve Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnamese Service Medal with one bronze star, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to CAPTAIN JAMES A. GRAHAM<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service",
"title": "James A. Graham"
},
{
"id": "5920692",
"text": "and Rivers,\" by the entry, \"Yorks 8 Islands.\" The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, \"York's Dry Creek\", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana. This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed \"Custer Creek\". In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army. York (explorer) York (1770 – before 1832) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he",
"title": "York (explorer)"
},
{
"id": "10205329",
"text": "Woodrow W. Keeble Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been",
"title": "Woodrow W. Keeble"
},
{
"id": "18878805",
"text": "the War Ministry Building in Tokyo. In 1946, Farrow was interred with honors at the Arlington National Cemetery, Section 12, Grave 157. Farrow was posthumously given multiple awards. These included the Order of the Sacred Tripod (寶鼎勳章) of the Republic of China, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Purple Heart. He was also awarded the Prisoner of War Medal, which, by authorization of Congress in 1985, was given to all members of the United States Armed Forces who had been a prisoner of war after 5 April 1917. He is the namesake of the Arnold Air Society’s William Glover Farrow",
"title": "William G. Farrow"
},
{
"id": "2481618",
"text": "along with a check for €122,000, by an international jury composed of 11 persons from five continents, led by former United States Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger. The prize was first awarded in 1991 to Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and Frederik Willem de Klerk, president of the Republic of South Africa, and has been awarded each year since, with the exception of 2001 and 2004. Félix Houphouët-Boigny Félix Houphouët-Boigny (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President",
"title": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny"
},
{
"id": "10980945",
"text": "posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Tanouye's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, Tanouye was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart",
"title": "Ted T. Tanouye"
},
{
"id": "4103618",
"text": "available. These are thanks to the generosity of The Bank of America Foundation. The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening. Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the",
"title": "Clinton Presidential Center"
},
{
"id": "7596731",
"text": "was mortally wounded and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and sacrifice of life. The Medal of Honor was presented to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on 20 Apr 1970. Jenkins is buried at Sister Spring Baptist Cemetery in Interlachen, Florida. Jenkins' military decorations and awards include: The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to<br> PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT H. JENKINS JR.<br> UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following",
"title": "Robert H. Jenkins Jr."
},
{
"id": "7957",
"text": "City Hall. In 2016, the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to US president Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an \"Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal\", which was awarded for the only time ever. Aachen is twinned with: Aachen Aachen () or Bad Aachen, French",
"title": "Aachen"
},
{
"id": "20266543",
"text": "Reagan administration officials, accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair; and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999. In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of 140 people on his last day in office, January 20, 2001, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich and his own brother, Roger Clinton, were heavily criticized. President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio on August 25, 2017. Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court. Trump's pardon was met with widespread criticism from political opponents, and was relatively unusual because it",
"title": "Federal pardons in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14088165",
"text": "Dag Hammarskjöld Medal The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961. On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General",
"title": "Dag Hammarskjöld Medal"
},
{
"id": "10669466",
"text": "decoration in the United States bestowed \"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force.\" The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the American Indian Wars. Private Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine",
"title": "Hispanic Americans in World War II"
},
{
"id": "284463",
"text": "achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this",
"title": "Nobel Prize"
},
{
"id": "2074800",
"text": "was first bestowed during World War II. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is an octagonal bronze medal. The obverse depicts an eagle holding a fouled anchor over a globe. The word \"Heroism\" is inscribed below the globe. The ribbon of the medal is three equal stripes of navy blue, old gold, and apple red. Navy and Marine Corps Medal The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest non-combat decoration awarded for heroism by the United States Department of the Navy to the members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The medal was established by",
"title": "Navy and Marine Corps Medal"
},
{
"id": "215171",
"text": "Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the \"Jackie Robinson Award\". Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American. President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984, and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only",
"title": "Jackie Robinson"
},
{
"id": "3329640",
"text": "Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war. On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service as a top American in South Vietnam. For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian so honored in Vietnam. Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, \"\", in which",
"title": "John Paul Vann"
},
{
"id": "4910229",
"text": "now Section 127, Row C, Seat 9, and the seat bottom is now padded. The first person to sit in \"Buck's seat\" was Buck O'Neil's brother, Warren. On December 7, 2006, O'Neil was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush; the award was given to his brother, Warren, on his behalf on December 15. He was chosen due to his \"excellence and determination both on and off the baseball field\", according to the White House news release. He joins such sports notables as Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, and Jack Nicklaus in receiving the",
"title": "Buck O'Neil"
},
{
"id": "14590965",
"text": "the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish–American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II. On April 18, 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces (though neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing). Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied",
"title": "Douglas MacArthur in World War II"
},
{
"id": "11178887",
"text": "for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Ono's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. Private First Class Ono's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily",
"title": "Frank H. Ono"
},
{
"id": "8234174",
"text": "heroism and willpower, in the face of the enemy, Colonel Day reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. General Orders: Department of the Air Force, Special Orders GB-1152, (October 29, 1974) Bud Day George Everette \"Bud\" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force Officer, Aviator, and Veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor",
"title": "Bud Day"
},
{
"id": "7613401",
"text": "— the Medal of Honor. Initially buried in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Cemetery on Guam, PFC Witek's remains were reinterred in the Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois, in 1949. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS FRANK P. WITEK UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division, during the",
"title": "Frank P. Witek"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active\n\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?",
"compressed_tokens": 206,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theodore Roosevelt context: President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. He is the only president to have received the Medal of Honor. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on\n\ntitle Brown (U.S. politician context: X-ray. As a these and full-body X-rays, absolutely ruled out anything beyond aunt-force to the Brown was buried with state hon in his homet. On January8, 2001, Brown was posthumously with the President Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. The accepted by Brown's widow, Al Brown Clinton established the Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility The Conference Board administers the privately funded award U.S Department Commerce also gives out the annualald H. American Innovator Award honor.\n\ntitle presidents United Living pres United article shows the variation in the number of living presidents the United States inauguration of the president the 1 present The includes have theath of (ons served as Acting United as President the Continental Congress are not.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there four living former pres: Jimmy19191), Bill Clinton (1993–20),. Bush (20020), and Barack Obama002).\n\ntitleidents the StatesSageamps the of and was of the legendaryidersated an which Prizet the Nobel Peace Prize. William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College Phi Beta Kappa\n\nOn January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded what former president a posthumous Medal of Honor, the only president to have received one?",
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78,781 | July 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare? | [
"Wascally wabbit",
"Bugs Rabbit",
"Väiski Vemmelsääri",
"Bugs bunny",
"Bugs the Bunny",
"Vaiski Vemmelsaari",
"What's Up, Doc%3F (catchphrase)",
"Buggs Bunny",
"BUgs Bunny",
"Bugs Bunny",
"%22Ain't I a stinker%22",
"Bugs Bunny's Prototype",
"Happy Rabbit (character)",
"Vaiski",
"Bug bunny",
"Bugs Bunny Prototype",
"Left turn at Albuquerque",
"Hare Jordan",
"Pesky wabbit"
] | Bugs Bunny | [
{
"id": "12668685",
"text": "start of the story reading, \"Starring Bugs Bunny\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \"...Camera\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \"A Wild Hare\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "605443",
"text": "Camera\"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established. While \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \"A Wild Hare\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "4785760",
"text": "A Wild Hare A Wild Hare, reissued as The Wild Hare, is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon supervised by Tex Avery (credited as Fred Avery on the original issue). The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance. The title is a play on \"wild hair\", the first of many puns between \"hare\" and \"hair\" that would appear in Bugs Bunny titles. The pun is carried further by a bar of \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\" playing in the underscore of the opening credits. Various directors at the Warner Bros.",
"title": "A Wild Hare"
},
{
"id": "1268441",
"text": "and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over \"Termite Terrace\", while Tex Avery took over the \"Merrie Melodies\" department. The 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger",
"title": "Golden age of American animation"
},
{
"id": "11184516",
"text": "and many others, including the Rudy Larriva-directed Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote shorts. When handling long-eared characters such as Bugs or Wile E., Ross occasionally tilted or waved an ear in otherwise-static scenes. As the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), generally regarded as the first appearance of Bugs Bunny, Ross had a first person view of the creation of the character. In the interview of Ross, published in Animato magazine #19, Virgil recalls (on page 17) how the character of Bugs Bunny came to be. He says in the interview, \"We received orders from the story department that",
"title": "Virgil Ross"
},
{
"id": "12668688",
"text": "slightly modified again for the 2011 series \"The Looney Tunes Show\" and yet again for the 2015 series \"Wabbit\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\".",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "12668674",
"text": "Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of Bugs Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making his first official appearance in Tex Avery's \"A Wild Hare\". While this prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit\", animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short \"Hare-um Scare-um\". Several published first person accounts, encyclopedic references, and Warner Bros.' own published material describe the inception of the name",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "549993",
"text": "artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \"Looney Tunes\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \"Pinocchio\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar",
"title": "Mel Blanc"
},
{
"id": "605433",
"text": "Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "5423437",
"text": "a planet where shooting stars are made. The short won the 1940 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included \"A Wild Hare\" by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon \"Puss Gets the Boot\", with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of \"Go West\" (1940). Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens, sail up into the Milky Way in a hot air balloon. Once in",
"title": "The Milky Way (1940 film)"
},
{
"id": "4372497",
"text": "is barely recognizable compared to his more familiar later form. Bugs' first official appearance would come two years later in \"A Wild Hare\". Additionally, this marks the only time the prototype was seen chewing on a carrot. This cartoon also introduces the rabbit repeating a well-known Groucho Marx line for the first time that would become part of Bugs Bunny's lexicon. The exact wording, in this first appearance, is \"'Course you know that this means war!\" The proto-Bugs' rendering in this cartoon is a direct impression of Groucho, including dropping the trailing \"r\" of \"war\". Ben Hardaway voices Bugs for",
"title": "Porky's Hare Hunt"
},
{
"id": "12799005",
"text": "ranked 27th. The only animated shorts directed by Avery which were ranked higher were \"I Love to Singa\" (1936, ranked 8th), \"King-Size Canary\" (1947, ranked 13th), \"Red Hot Riding Hood\" (1943, ranked 14th), \"Bad Luck Blackie\" (1949, ranked 15th), \"Ventriloquist Cat\" (1950, ranked 19th), \"Little Rural Riding Hood\" (1949, ranked 22nd), and \"A Wild Hare\" (1940, ranked 24th). Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict)",
"title": "Northwest Hounded Police"
},
{
"id": "970942",
"text": "the film and the Eddie Murphy vehicle \"Hong Kong Phooey\" was leaked on December 28, 2012. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains,",
"title": "Marvin the Martian"
},
{
"id": "605493",
"text": "Hunt\"), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon \"Elmer's Candid Camera\"). Bugs initially starred in the color \"Merrie Melodies\" shorts following the success of 1940's \"A Wild Hare\" (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut), and formally joined the \"Looney Tunes\" series with the release of \"Buckaroo Bugs\" in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color \"Looney Tunes\" with the 1942 cartoon \"The Hep Cat\". The final black-and-white \"Looney Tunes\" short was \"Puss n' Booty\" in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in",
"title": "Looney Tunes"
},
{
"id": "605473",
"text": "Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the \"What's up, Doc?\" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says \"What's up, dogs?\" to the antagonists in \"A Hare Grows in Manhattan\", \"What's up, Duke?\" to the knight in \"Knight-mare Hare,\" and \"What's",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "970929",
"text": "Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a character from Warner Bros.' \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons. After Bugs Bunny had begun to outwit Yosemite Sam – the creation of the senior director, Friz Freleng – director Chuck Jones decided to create the opposite type of character, one who was quiet and soft-spoken, but whose actions were incredibly destructive and legitimately dangerous. Marvin the Martian was the result, and made his debut in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\". Unlike the other Warner Bros. cartoon villains, Marvin can be actually evil at most points, and not just daft; although, like the others,",
"title": "Marvin the Martian"
},
{
"id": "12668684",
"text": "harass. This tormenting eventually drives Elmer insane, causing him to jump into a lake and nearly drown. The rabbit saves him, ensures that Elmer is all right now - and then kicks him straight back into the lake. This was followed by Tex Avery's final-design setting \"A Wild Hare\", but that was itself followed by one more cartoon to the same effect as \"...Camera\", that was inadvertently produced first before the former. \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (January 4, 1941), originally intended and meant to be the final experimental cartoon, bore a title card shoehorned in between the opening credits and the",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "4785761",
"text": "cartoon studio had been experimenting with cartoons focused on a hunter pursuing a rabbit since 1938, with varied approaches to the characters of both rabbit and hunter. Elmer approaches one of Bugs' holes, puts down a carrot, and hides behind a tree. Bugs' arm reaches out of the hole, feels around, and snatches the carrot. He reaches out again and finds Elmer's double-barreled shotgun. His arm quickly pops back into the hole before returning to drop the eaten stub of Elmer's carrot and apologetically caress the end of the barrel. Elmer shoves his gun into Bugs' hole, and thus causes",
"title": "A Wild Hare"
},
{
"id": "459170",
"text": "Daffy Duck (who debuted in 1937's \"Porky's Duck Hunt\"), Elmer Fudd (\"Elmer's Candid Camera\", 1940), Bugs Bunny (\"A Wild Hare\", 1940), and Tweety (\"A Tale of Two Kitties\", 1942) would achieve star power. By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Studios as the most successful producer of animated shorts. Warner Bros. bought Schlesinger's cartoon unit in 1944 and renamed it Warner Bros. Cartoons. However, senior management treated the unit with indifference, beginning with the installation of Edward Selzer as senior producer, whom the creative staff considered an interfering incompetent. Jack Warner had little regard for the company's short",
"title": "Warner Bros."
},
{
"id": "605477",
"text": "in the 1940 short \"A Wild Hare\" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent \"per se\", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "605446",
"text": "of \"A Wild Hare\"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the prototype rabbit in \"Candid Camera\", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After \"Pet Rabbit\", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the \"Wild Hare\" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the \"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "17770869",
"text": "spent working mostly under Chuck Jones and Tex Avery. For the cartoon \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), Avery asked Givens to redesign a rabbit character previously designed by director Ben Hardaway and character designer Charles Thorson, which Avery thought had potential, but was \"too cute\" in his existing design. Givens, therefore, created the first official design for the rabbit, now named Bugs Bunny. Givens' design was subsequently refined by fellow animator Robert McKimson (under whom Givens would frequently work in the decades ahead) two years later. Givens' initial spell at the studio ended when he was drafted during World War II,",
"title": "Bob Givens"
},
{
"id": "1789987",
"text": "to thee\". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming \"Farewell to Thee\" as Bugs walks out of sight, ending the cartoon. Among all of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, this is the only one to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short, in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' \"Paul Bunyan\" and Terrytoons' \"Sidney's Family Tree\". It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after \"A Wild Hare\" in 1940 and \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" in 1941. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon. In the \"Tiny",
"title": "Knighty Knight Bugs"
},
{
"id": "5226551",
"text": "Elmer's Pet Rabbit Elmer's Pet Rabbit is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon. The short was released on January 4, 1941. Starring Elmer Fudd and, ostensibly, Bugs Bunny, it is the first cartoon in which the name Bugs Bunny is given (on a title card, edited onto the end of the opening title following the success of \"A Wild Hare\"), but the rabbit is also somewhat the same as the one seen and heard in \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" and other pre-Bugs shorts. It was directed by Chuck Jones (his first cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny) and written by Rich Hogan. Voices are",
"title": "Elmer's Pet Rabbit"
},
{
"id": "605445",
"text": "had been in \"Hare-um Scare-um\" and as cool and collected as in \"Prest-O Change-O\". Immediately following on \"A Wild Hare\", Bob Clampett's \"Patient Porky\" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' \"Wild Hare\" visual design, but his goofier pre-\"Wild Hare\" voice characterization. The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, \"featuring Bugs Bunny,\" at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "5288865",
"text": "Elmer's Candid Camera Elmer's Candid Camera is a 1940 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 2, 1940, by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearance of a redesigned Elmer Fudd (voiced by Arthur Q. Bryan), and the fourth starring appearance of the anthropomorphic rabbit character that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc). Elmer is reading a book on how to photograph wildlife. He walks and whistles at the same time when holding the camera. He finds a rabbit and wants to take a picture of him. As he tries",
"title": "Elmer's Candid Camera"
},
{
"id": "605444",
"text": "uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" \"A Wild Hare\" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "12668686",
"text": "mouth, and his ears were changed slightly as well. It is worth noting, however, that \"Patient Porky\" (September 14, 1940) featured a cameo by this prototype Bugs Bunny. The cartoon was so successful that WB decided to keep him on as a recurring character, eventually becoming the studio's most popular cartoon character. The character's name, previously only used on model sheets, became the official all-purpose name as well, with one modification: the apostrophe was dropped from his first name (now pronounced \"bugs\" rather than \"bugs-es\"). A title card saying \"featuring Bugs Bunny\" was slapped onto \"Elmer's Pet Rabbit\" after initial",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "12846659",
"text": "The Tortoise and the Hare (film) The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1935 American animated short film released on January 5, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Wilfred Jackson. Based on an Aesop's fable of the same name, it won the 1934 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. This cartoon is also believed to be one of the inspirations for Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in 1940. Max Hare is the heavy favorite to win a major sporting event---he's cocky, athletic and incredibly fast. His challenger, Toby Tortoise, is teased and jeered for",
"title": "The Tortoise and the Hare (film)"
},
{
"id": "5288914",
"text": "Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned house. They soon",
"title": "Prest-O Change-O"
},
{
"id": "8596361",
"text": "Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator. This cartoon is included on disc 3 of the \"\" DVD set and also included on disc 2 of the \"\" Blu-ray box set with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This short is also available on disc 1 of \"The Essential Bugs Bunny\". Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's",
"title": "Haredevil Hare"
},
{
"id": "6793742",
"text": "Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity, originality, excitement, and story construction, particularly compared to Avery's",
"title": "Willoughby the Dog"
},
{
"id": "12668675",
"text": "and of the character. A model sheet by Charlie Thorson describes this prototype character as \"Bugs' Bunny\" (note the apostrophe) but in most of the cartoons the character is unnamed. Virgil Ross, the animator for \"A Wild Hare\" describes how the character came to be named in the interview published by \"Animato!\" magazine #19. Mel Blanc often told the story of the creation of the character and its name. He suggested that the character be named after the character's initial director, Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway. Blanc's own book, \"That's Not All Folks\" published by Warner Books in 1988, describes the \"tough",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "1618170",
"text": "Rabbit\" (although in the same cartoon, when he tries to gain Bugs Bunny's trust, he cleverly invents the alias \"Square-deal Sam\"), \"Riff Raff Sam\" in \"Sahara Hare\", \"Sam Schultz\" in \"Big House Bunny\", \"Seagoin' Sam\" in \"Buccaneer Bunny\", \"Shanghai Sam\" in \"Mutiny on the Bunny\", and \"Von Schamm the Hessian\" in \"Bunker Hill Bunny\" and many others. During the golden age of American animation, Yosemite Sam appeared in 33 shorts. Animator Friz Freleng introduced the redesigned or renamed character in the 1945 cartoon \"Hare Trigger\". With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice and short stature (in two early gags",
"title": "Yosemite Sam"
},
{
"id": "5288917",
"text": "feet sticking out. Prest-O Change-O Prest-O Change-O is a 1939 \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones, and first released on March 25, 1939 by Warner Bros. It is the second and final appearance of the manic white hare from \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", and the character's only appearance in a color film; the next hare-based short film, \"Hare-um Scare-um\", would introduce a larger gray hare more closely resembling the character it would become in later shorts, Bugs Bunny. The Two Curious Puppies, one big and one little, are being pursued by a dog catcher until they hide in an abandoned",
"title": "Prest-O Change-O"
},
{
"id": "4474437",
"text": "money. After Bugs realizes he may have been tricked the entire time, Cecil and his cousins appear behind him, each with a dollar in hand, and kiss him. DVD - \"\", Disc One Blu-ray/DVD - \"\", Disc Two Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes",
"title": "Tortoise Beats Hare"
},
{
"id": "6793744",
"text": "animated characters scared when Casper appears at the funeral. Willoughby the Dog Willoughby is a minor animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" series of cartoons. He is a hound dog who is characterized by his below-average intelligence and overall gullibility. Willoughby first appeared in the 1940 cartoon \"Of Fox and Hounds\". He was created and voiced by Tex Avery. According to Chuck Jones, the character was based on Lennie, from \"Of Mice and Men\" (of which the title of \"Of Fox and Hounds\" is a knockoff). Critic Steven Hartley described this short as lacking in creativity,",
"title": "Willoughby the Dog"
},
{
"id": "12798991",
"text": "Northwest Hounded Police Northwest Hounded Police is a cartoon starring Droopy and Tex Avery's wolf. This cartoon (a remake of Droopy's first cartoon \"Dumb-Hounded\" and adopting elements from the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Tortoise Beats Hare\") revolves around the wolf (an escaped convict) on the run from Droopy, who is trailing the wolf in order to capture him. The title is a play on words on \"North West Mounted Police\", a 1940 film. Jeff Lenburg notes that one of the animators of the film was Preston Blair, who produced some of his best work while working under Tex Avery, including this",
"title": "Northwest Hounded Police"
},
{
"id": "8305441",
"text": "Bushy Hare Bushy Hare is a Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Cartoon made in 1949, released in 1950, directed by Robert McKimson. Bugs winds up in the Australian Outback, where he is switched with a baby kangaroo and has to deal with an aborigine hunter. The title is a play on \"bushy hair\" along with aborigines stereotypically being from \"the bush\" country. The baby kangaroo is played by Hippety Hopper, in a cameo appearance. This is the only cartoon in which Hippety Hopper is not paired with Sylvester the Cat, and the only one in which the character speaks (with one",
"title": "Bushy Hare"
},
{
"id": "8324232",
"text": "A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which was a shorter and slightly differed version of the character. The plot is a twist on the usual Elmer-chasing-Bugs cartoon, with the bunny's pursuer this time being a dopey Native American. The",
"title": "A Feather in His Hare"
},
{
"id": "6793743",
"text": "seminal earlier work \"A Wild Hare\". Willoughby later appears in other Warner Brothers animated shorts, including \"The Heckling Hare\" (1941), \"The Crackpot Quail\" (1941), and \"Nutty News\" (1942), as the lead dog of a fox hunting party. A fundamentally similar character, Laramore, appears in \"To Duck or Not to Duck\" (1943), albeit with a fully brown coat of fur. Willoughby's brief career was essentially over before the end of World War II. Willoughby was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene \"Acme's Funeral\" from the 1988 film \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\". He also appears with other",
"title": "Willoughby the Dog"
},
{
"id": "4474435",
"text": "Tortoise Beats Hare Tortoise Beats Hare is a 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short supervised and laid out by Tex Avery (solely supervisal credited as \"Fred Avery\" and read by Bugs Bunny). The short, loosely based on the Aesopian fable \"The Tortoise and the Hare,\" stars Bugs Bunny and, in his first appearance, Cecil Turtle. As the opening credits appear, Bugs Bunny comes on the screen while eating an obligatory carrot and absent-mindedly begins reading them, grossly mispronouncing all of them in the process (e.g. for \"Avery\" over the correct ) except for the word \"story,\" the first names of Dave",
"title": "Tortoise Beats Hare"
},
{
"id": "4372496",
"text": "Porky's Hare Hunt Porky's Hare Hunt is a 1938 animated short movie directed by Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton, which stars Porky Pig as a hunter whose prey is an unnamed rabbit. The rabbit's hyperactive personality and laughing voice provided by Mel Blanc predated the 1940 Walter Lantz/Universal Pictures release \"Knock Knock\" which starred Andy Panda and introduced cartoon audiences to Woody Woodpecker which was created for the Lantz studio by Hardaway after his departure from the Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio. This cartoon marked the first appearance of the rabbit that would evolve into Bugs Bunny, who",
"title": "Porky's Hare Hunt"
},
{
"id": "4785765",
"text": "stiff leg towards his rabbit hole (recalling \"The Spirit of '76\"). In a rare promotional broadcast, \"A Wild Hare\" was loosely adapted for the radio as a sketch performed by Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan on the April 11, 1941, edition of \"The Al Pearce Show\". The sketch was followed by a scripted interview with Leon Schlesinger. Although the script is available for public online viewing, , no recording of the broadcast is known to exist. \"A Wild Hare\", due to it setting the stage for Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, is available on many home video releases. A",
"title": "A Wild Hare"
},
{
"id": "6322735",
"text": "yet unnamed, embryonic rabbit was later named in an early model sheet as \"Bugs' Bunny\". A new drawing of a redesigned rabbit had been requested by the story department as described by Virgil Ross, the animator of \"A Wild Hare\" in an interview published in \"Animato\" magazine issue #19. Animator Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway inadvertently christened him when \"his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character\" was labeled \"Bugs's Bunny\" by a fellow employee, as described in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\". When Freleng returned to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman, while Tex Avery eventually created his own",
"title": "Ben Hardaway"
},
{
"id": "12668683",
"text": "below. The hunter then finds the rabbit. He explains to the hunter how poor he is. He then shocks the hunter, who falls to the ground. The hunter then tells the now-hiding hare he can whip the rabbit and his whole family, then he's suddenly surrounded by a lot of rabbits that look like the first rabbit. Jones directed the next experimental cartoon, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (March 2, 1940, First Official Elmer Fudd). In this cartoon, Elmer has come to the country to photograph wildlife. As he tries to photograph a rabbit, the rabbit finds him a convenient victim to",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "6464135",
"text": "Hair-Raising Hare Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \"Rudolph\" and then \"Gossamer\". One dark night, as the camera pans across a dark, empty forest, Bugs is heard singing a stanza of \"Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart\" (introduced in \"Hollywood Canteen\"). When the camera zooms in on Bugs' rabbit hole, he pokes up, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells",
"title": "Hair-Raising Hare"
},
{
"id": "8596355",
"text": "Haredevil Hare Haredevil Hare is a 1948 \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. It stars Bugs Bunny and it is the debut for Marvin the Martian — although he is unnamed in this film — along with his Martian dog, K-9. All the voices are done by Mel Blanc. Marvin's nasal voice for this first film is different from the later one he is most known for, which was similar to one that Blanc used for the emcee in \"What's Cookin' Doc?\", for just one line, where the emcee says, \"Shall we give it to him, folks?\" The title",
"title": "Haredevil Hare"
},
{
"id": "12389705",
"text": "Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball Bunny\",",
"title": "Playboy Penguin"
},
{
"id": "605442",
"text": "hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a \"smart aleck\" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from \"The Tortoise and the Hare\" (1935), and the round, soft bunnies from \"Little Hiawatha\" (1937). In Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. \"Candid",
"title": "Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "8324235",
"text": "other Turner-owned networks (TBS and TNT) in the days before Cartoon Network became a channel, but has now fallen out of favor due to the American Indian character being deemed a stereotype. A Feather in His Hare A Feather in His Hare is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Chuck Jones. It was originally released on February 7, 1948. The title is yet another pun on \"hair\". This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Chuck Jones that feature Robert McKimson's design of Bugs instead of the version Jones used from \"Super-Rabbit\" to \"Hair-Raising Hare\", which",
"title": "A Feather in His Hare"
},
{
"id": "12247087",
"text": "result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: \"Wabbit Twouble\"; \"The Wacky Wabbit\"; \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\"; \"Any Bonds Today?\"; and \"Fresh Hare\". He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being",
"title": "Elmer Fudd"
},
{
"id": "3156697",
"text": "Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new love interest for their first known date. Donald tried to woo her and hug her, but at first Daisy acts shy and has her back turned to her visitor. But Donald soon notices her tail feathers taking the form of a hand and signaling for him to",
"title": "Mr. Duck Steps Out"
},
{
"id": "5227008",
"text": "The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, \"All This and",
"title": "The Heckling Hare"
},
{
"id": "12231610",
"text": "Fame\" offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation. The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949),",
"title": "The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "12247078",
"text": "identical to his counterpart in \"Camera\". In the interim, the two starred in \"A Wild Hare\". Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and \"What's Up, Doc?\" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure (designed by Robert Givens, which would be reused soon later in Jones' \"Good Night Elmer\", this time without a red nose) and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances,",
"title": "Elmer Fudd"
},
{
"id": "12668676",
"text": "little stinker\" that was the eventual version of the redesigned character as directed by Tex Avery. Warner Brothers' own published descriptions of the creation of the character's name can be found in \"Animation Magazine\" published in 1990. Therein it is described that the Hardaway unit's model sheet came to be known by fellow animators as \"Bugs' Bunny\". Ben Hardaway and Cal Dalton began the experiment in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (released April 30, 1938). In the cartoon Porky Pig is hunting and fires at several rabbits. Soon, Porky and his dog meet the rabbit and try to outwit him in the",
"title": "Development of Bugs Bunny"
},
{
"id": "12231609",
"text": "The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), \"Birdy and the Beast\" (1944), \"Bugs Bunny Rides Again\" (1948), \"Rabbit Seasoning\" (1952), \"Feed the Kitty\" (1952), \"One Froggy Evening\" (1955), \"Duck Amuck\" (1953), \"Another Froggy Evening\" (1995), \"Fast and Furry-ous\" (1949), \"Ali Baba Bunny\" (1957), \"Knighty Knight Bugs\" (1958), \"High Diving Hare\" (1949), \"Bully for Bugs\" (1955) and \"Rabbit of Seville\" (1950). \"The Looney Tunes Hall of",
"title": "The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "813969",
"text": "Bunny cartoons: \"A Wild Hare\", \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", \"All This and Rabbit Stew\", and \"The Heckling Hare\". During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including travelogue parodies (\"The Isle of Pingo Pongo\"), fractured fairy-tales (\"The Bear's Tale\"), Hollywood caricature films (\"Hollywood Steps Out\"), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (\"The Crack-Pot Quail\"). Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to \"The Heckling Hare\". In Avery's original version, Bugs and the hunting dog were to fall off a cliff \"three times\", milking the gag to",
"title": "Tex Avery"
},
{
"id": "6494498",
"text": "Bugs Bunny Rides Again Bugs Bunny Rides Again is a 1948 Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" short, released in 1948, directed by Friz Freleng, and written by Tedd Pierce and Michael Maltese. The short is both part of the Western and a parody of the genre's conventions. Voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It is the second cartoon to pair them, after their first encounter in 1945's \"Hare Trigger\". The title is a typical Western reference, as in \"The Lone Ranger rides again\", and also suggests a reference to the 1940 Jack",
"title": "Bugs Bunny Rides Again"
},
{
"id": "4785763",
"text": "covers his eyes, and asks \"Guess who?\". Elmer tries the names of contemporary screen beauties whose names exploited his accent, before he guesses the rabbit. Bugs responds \"Hmm... Could be!\", kisses Elmer, and dives into a hole. Elmer sticks his head into the hole and gets another kiss from Bugs; whereafter he wipes his mouth and decides to set a trap. When Bugs puts a skunk in the trap, Fudd blindly grabs the skunk and carries it over to the watching Bugs to brag; and when Elmer sees his mistake, Bugs gives him a kiss on the nose, whereupon Fudd",
"title": "A Wild Hare"
},
{
"id": "12389707",
"text": "employee. Playboy Penguin Playboy Penguin is a character in the animated cartoon Looney Tunes, created by Chuck Jones in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He debuted in 1949's \"Frigid Hare\" and he re-appeared in \"8 Ball Bunny\". Playboy Penguin is a mute skating baby penguin that seeks Bugs Bunny for help. From his debut episode \"Frigid Hare\", an Eskimo hunter in Antarctica tries to catch him until the little penguin found Bugs Bunny and wants him to help avoid the Eskimo hunter. Afterwards, Playboy Penguin whispers to Bugs how he can have his vacation in Antarctica. In \"8 Ball",
"title": "Playboy Penguin"
},
{
"id": "8869566",
"text": "initially with Cal Howard, and then Ben Hardaway. Dalton later admitted feeling aggrieved about the fact that while he was meant to be nominally in charge of Freleng's former unit, he tended to be overshadowed by the presence of the more experienced Hardaway. Cal Dalton's major contribution to the legacy of Warner Bros. animation was having co-directed \"Hare-um Scare-um\" in 1939 with Hardaway. The short featured a gray and white rabbit that served as the prototype for Bugs Bunny. Dalton directed or co-directed a total of 17 Warner Bros. cartoons from 1938 through 1940. He spent the rest of his",
"title": "Cal Dalton"
},
{
"id": "2274996",
"text": "of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive. Animator Chuck Jones introduced the character in the 1946 cartoon \"Hair-Raising Hare\". In it, Bugs Bunny is lured to the lair of a mad scientist (a caricature of actor Peter Lorre)<ref> Gossamer (Looney Tunes) Gossamer is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of cartoons. The character is a hairy, orange monster. His rectangular body is perched",
"title": "Gossamer (Looney Tunes)"
},
{
"id": "3437162",
"text": "Cecil Turtle Cecil Turtle is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of films. Though he made only three theatrical appearances, Cecil has the unusual distinction in that he is one of the very few characters who was able to beat Bugs Bunny, and the only one to do so three times in a row and at the rabbit's own game. Animator Tex Avery introduced Cecil in the short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", released on March 15, 1941. Even from the cartoon's opening titles, Avery lets on that Bugs Bunny is about to meet",
"title": "Cecil Turtle"
},
{
"id": "10493158",
"text": "would not occur again until (Blooper) Bunny in 1991. The cartoon's final scene is a nod to the ending of 1939's \"A Day at the Zoo\", which featured Elmer's prototype Egghead being swallowed up by a lion. Elmer Fudd is hunting for Bugs Bunny using his \"Wabbit Detector\". As he is searching, Bugs misleads Elmer, who walks off a cliff. Later Elmer gives chase to Bugs and Bugs hitches a ride in a car not noticing Elmer is the driver. When Bugs realizes that, Elmer stops the car at a movie theater. Bugs pays his admission to get in the",
"title": "Hare Do"
},
{
"id": "4655614",
"text": "to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, \"Elmer's Candid Camera\" by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, \"A Wild Hare\" by Avery), and Tweety (1942, \"A Tale of Two Kitties\" by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the \"Looney Tune Lockout\"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all",
"title": "Warner Bros. Cartoons"
},
{
"id": "9038104",
"text": "can tell the difference between both cuts by the tinting of the color). Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in",
"title": "Hare Ribbin'"
},
{
"id": "8305442",
"text": "line at the end); like Bugs, Hippety is voiced by Mel Blanc. Bugs pops out in Golden Gate Park and encounters a man, who asks Bugs to hold his balloons while he ties his shoelaces. Bugs complies, but soon finds himself drifting off into the ocean. Eventually he clashes in midair with a stork delivering a kangaroo joey, leading to Bugs getting switched with the joey, brought to Australia, and dropped into a kangaroo's arms. Bugs refuses to be the kangaroo's baby, but feels guilty after the kangaroo starts crying and agrees to be its 'baby'. After a wild ride",
"title": "Bushy Hare"
},
{
"id": "10201470",
"text": "Rabbit Transit (film) Rabbit Transit is an 8-minute \"Looney Tunes\" cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng, released in 1947, and starring Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle. The title is a play on \"Rapid Transit\". Cecil and Bugs had previously raced each other in 1941's \"Tortoise Beats Hare\" and 1943's \"Tortoise Wins By a Hare\". This cartoon was their final encounter. Unlike \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\", this cartoon presumes that Bugs and Cecil have never met before now. While relaxing in a steam bath, Bugs reads about the original fable and, as he did reading the credits of \"Tortoise Beats Hare\",",
"title": "Rabbit Transit (film)"
},
{
"id": "1268453",
"text": "would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was \"Puss Gets the Boot\" (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters \"Tom and Jerry\". \"Puss Gets the Boot\" did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best",
"title": "Golden age of American animation"
},
{
"id": "12368162",
"text": "to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is",
"title": "Snoopy"
},
{
"id": "3218290",
"text": "that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. \"Knock Knock\" was Marsales' final score for Lantz. As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, \"Knock Knock\" is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for Happy Rabbit, a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon \"Hare-um Scare-um\". This cartoon is also notable for featuring a very crude",
"title": "Knock Knock (1940 film)"
},
{
"id": "3156699",
"text": "kisses. The short stands out among other Donald shorts of the period for its use of modern music and surreal situations throughout. After this short, the idea of a permanent love interest for Donald was well established. However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself. Mr. Duck Steps Out Mr. Duck Steps Out is a Donald Duck cartoon made by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on June 7, 1940 and featured the debut of Daisy Duck. The short was directed by Jack King and written by Carl Barks. Donald visits the house of his new",
"title": "Mr. Duck Steps Out"
},
{
"id": "12368144",
"text": "Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an",
"title": "Snoopy"
},
{
"id": "9038094",
"text": "Hare Ribbin' Hare Ribbin' is a 1944 animated short film in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, directed by Robert Clampett and featuring Bugs Bunny. The plot features Bugs' conflict with a red-haired hound dog, whom the rabbit sets out to evade and make a fool of using one-liners, reverse psychology, disguises and other tricks. It was released in theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 24, 1944. The title is a pun on \"hair ribbon\". It is also the first Warner Bros. cartoon to include Bugs' head in the open title sequence. The short opens with a dog with a Russian",
"title": "Hare Ribbin'"
},
{
"id": "10584195",
"text": "Hurdy-Gurdy Hare Hurdy-Gurdy Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short, copyrighted in 1948 and released in 1950 and re-issued in 1961 as a Blue Ribbon, which is directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. Bugs has to deal with Grusome Gorilla while trying to make some money playing a street organ. While Bugs is sitting in Central Park, he looks through the wanted ads, finally focusing on a job as a Hurdy-Gurdy (actually, a street organ), thinking at first of 'the masters - Beethoven, Brahms, Bach' (pronounced by Bugs as 'Beat-hoven,' 'Brammz,' and 'Batch'), but soon thinking of",
"title": "Hurdy-Gurdy Hare"
},
{
"id": "605486",
"text": "Looney Tunes Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series \"Merrie Melodies\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters. \"Looney Tunes\" name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series \"Silly Symphonies\". They initially showcased musical compositions whose rights were held by Warner's music publishing interests",
"title": "Looney Tunes"
},
{
"id": "10201429",
"text": "go, George? Which way did he go?\" long ago became a catchphrase, as did \"Thanks a lot, George, thanks a lot!\" Of Fox and Hounds Of Fox and Hounds is a 9-minute 1940 Tex Avery film which introduced Willoughby the Dog. Tex Avery did the voice of Willoughby, and Mel Blanc did George the Fox. The film focuses on a sly fox, George, and a lovable but dimwitted hound, Willoughby, who repeatedly asks George where the fox went, never suspecting that his \"friend\" George is the fox. Invariably, George the Fox tells Willoughby that the fox is on the other",
"title": "Of Fox and Hounds"
},
{
"id": "9051459",
"text": "Hyde and Hare Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Bugs comes out of his rabbit hole in a city park every morning because a kind gentleman keeps coming to feed him a carrot (\"Well, here I go again with the 'timid little rabbit' routine. It's shameful, but - eh, it's a living!\"). At first feigning the on-all-fours posture of a real rabbit, Bugs eventually stands",
"title": "Hyde and Hare"
},
{
"id": "813967",
"text": "of storylines among the directors was commonplace, \"A Wild Hare\" was a double throwback. Avery had directed the '37 short, \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" featuring Porky Pig which introduced \"Daffy Duck.\" Hardaway remade this as \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" introducing the rabbit. So Avery went back to the \"hunter and prey\" framework, and incorporating Jones' \"Elmer's Candid Camera\", gag for gag, and altering the design of Elmer Fudd. Polishing the timing, and expanding the Groucho Marx smart-aleck attitude already present in \"Porky's Hare Hunt\", making Bugs a kind of Brooklyn-esque super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who",
"title": "Tex Avery"
},
{
"id": "2306820",
"text": "Nightwing as #1 on their list of the \"50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics\". The character was first introduced in \"Detective Comics\" #38 (1940) by Batman creators Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Robin's debut was an effort to get younger readers to enjoy Batman. The name \"Robin, The Boy Wonder\" and the medieval look of the original costume are inspired by the legendary hero Robin Hood, as well as the red-breasted American robin, which parallels the \"winged\" motif of Batman. He was born on the first day of spring, son of John Grayson and Mary Grayson, a young aerialist couple.",
"title": "Dick Grayson"
},
{
"id": "4047035",
"text": "for So Little\" (1949) which won that same year for \"Best Documentary Short Subject.\" Maltese was also the voice of the Lou Costello-esque character in \"Wackiki Wabbit\" (1943). Some of his earlier works include \"The Wabbit Who Came to Supper\" and \"Fresh Hare\", \"Hare Trigger\" (which introduced Yosemite Sam), \"Baseball Bugs\" for Freleng; \"Bear Feat\", \"Rabbit of Seville\", and \"Rabbit Fire\" for Jones. Some of his best-known cartoons are \"Feed the Kitty\", \"Beep, Beep\", \"Rabbit Seasoning\", \"Don't Give Up the Sheep\", \"Duck Amuck\", \"Bully for Bugs\", \"Bewitched Bunny\", \"From A to Z-Z-Z-Z\", and \"Beanstalk Bunny\". These were all directed by",
"title": "Michael Maltese"
},
{
"id": "4285329",
"text": "and dancing a hopak. As Bugs and Elmer dive off a cliff, Bugs drinks some \"Hare Tonic (Stops Falling Hare)\" and screeches to a halt in mid-air, while the dream Elmer continues to careen toward earth, finally crash-landing into the real Elmer's snoozing body as he wakes up with a start, exclaiming \"Ooh, what a howwible nightmare!\". Elmer dashes back to the cartoon's original background, pieces his Warner contract back together, and agrees to finish what he started. The chase through the log begins anew. Bugs faces the audience in a closeup, closing with the catchphrase from the \"Beulah\" character",
"title": "The Big Snooze"
},
{
"id": "3437166",
"text": "it is Avery's parody of the 1935 Disney \"Silly Symphony\", \"The Tortoise and the Hare\". Avery left Warner Bros. before he could produce any new cartoons featuring Cecil. However, he introduced a similar character in 1943 named Droopy Dog. Droopy would even take some of his tricks from his slow-and-steady predecessor, such as using his relatives to help him outsmart a wolf. Bob Clampett took Avery's scenario and altered it for his film \"Tortoise Wins by a Hare\" released on February 20, 1943. The title is an appropriate pun on \"hair\". Bugs again challenges Cecil to a race after viewing",
"title": "Cecil Turtle"
},
{
"id": "4212831",
"text": "Fresh Hare Fresh Hare is a Warner Bros. theatrical Merrie Melodies cartoon. It was directed by Isadore \"Friz\" Freleng, written by Michael Maltese, and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It was released to theatres on August 22, 1942, and is a play on the term \"fresh air\". In this short, the rotund early-1940s version of Elmer Fudd is portrayed as a Mountie, in pursuit of Bugs Bunny, who is wanted dead or alive (though preferably dead). After following rabbit tracks to a burrow, Elmer tries to lure Bugs out; he initially succeeds in getting Bugs handcuffed, but somehow Bugs worms his",
"title": "Fresh Hare"
},
{
"id": "9404433",
"text": "the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with \"Of Mice and Men\" parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, \"à la\" Lennie, \"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\", such as the episodes \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" or \"Falling Hare\". The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\" (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \"I will name him George,",
"title": "Of Mice and Men in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "13094376",
"text": "to pack his hole with explosives. However, Bugs diverts the dynamite under the house foundation. Sam then lights the fuse, but realizes too late that his house is about to be blown up. In the end, the cabin flies away, much like how the cabin did in the tornado in the 1939 film adaptation of \"The Wizard of Oz\". A dazed Sam, upon realizing his fate, remarks: \"I've got a cabin in the sky!\" (a reference to the 1943 MGM film \"Cabin in the Sky\"), as his house floats upward. The Fair-Haired Hare The Fair-Haired Hare is a Looney Tunes",
"title": "The Fair-Haired Hare"
},
{
"id": "8797581",
"text": "Willie Howard transforms himself \"to a woman, to a variety of famous performers..., to a western sheriff, to an Indian chief.\" One example is the film \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1942) where a mixed company of actors uses their skills in adopting roles to survive in Occupied Poland. A Hare Grows in Manhattan A Hare Grows In Manhattan is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the \"Merrie Melodies\" series, released on March 22, 1947 and directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Bugs Bunny and a pack of dogs (the leader being a bulldog who resembles Hector). Unlike many cases",
"title": "A Hare Grows in Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "5227014",
"text": "article for \"The Hollywood Reporter\". During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in \"Daffy Duck and Egghead\" (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on \"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\", Daffy Duck tells the audience, \"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\" Daffy also says \"Here we go again!\" at the end of \"Along Came Daffy\" (1947). The Heckling Hare The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed",
"title": "The Heckling Hare"
},
{
"id": "10011706",
"text": "Bugs has played Groucho Marx to avoid Elmer. The first time was Friz Freleng's cartoon \"Slick Hare\" (1947), but Elmer comes much closer to catching Bugs in that Groucho scene than in the one in \"Wideo Wabbit\", by means of disguise as Groucho's brother Harpo. When Bugs is masquerading as Liberace and playing the piano, the part where he gets his fingers tied in a knot was lifted from another Freleng cartoon \"Rhapsody Rabbit\" (1946). When Elmer is tracking Bugs' footprints while giving tips, music is reused from \"A Wild Hare\" where Bugs taps on Elmer's head and introduces his",
"title": "Wideo Wabbit"
},
{
"id": "15818880",
"text": "footage of Disney performing as Mickey Mouse, it was seen on the behind the scenes of the 1997 VHS and 2000 DVD of Fun and Fancy Free on a feature called The Making of Fun and Fancy Free, and it was included on the 2004 DVD release \"\" as an easter egg. Edited portions of the footage were also seen in earlier releases. In September 1940, a one-page adaptation of \"Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip\" appeared in \"Good Housekeeping\" magazine. In this version Pete discovers Pluto by seeing his tail sticking out of the suitcase. Instead of being kicked off",
"title": "Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip"
},
{
"id": "8169378",
"text": "cannonball bounces off of the face of the dam and back into the muzzle of the cannon) and he is launched into a police paddy wagon instead and hauled away for attempting to destroy the Cooler Dam. \"He's not foolin' me--he'll be back...\" says Bugs as he watches his nemesis being taken away. \"Like, uh, in about 20 years?\" Wet Hare Wet Hare is a 1962 animated short film in the \"Looney Tunes\" series produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. In this cartoon, Bugs Bunny finds himself at odds with Blacque Jacque Shellacque, a ruthless lumberjack with a French Canadian",
"title": "Wet Hare"
},
{
"id": "3521259",
"text": "Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century Duck Dodgers in the 24½ Century (spoken as \"twenty-fourth-and-a-half\") is a 1952 Merrie Melodies color cartoon from Warner Bros., first released on July 25, 1953, that stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny. He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's \"The Hasty Hare\".",
"title": "Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century"
},
{
"id": "962912",
"text": "and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix. In 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy",
"title": "Sidekick"
},
{
"id": "11281364",
"text": "Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel \"Gulliver's Travels\". A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in \"Haredevil Hare\" (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present. After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to",
"title": "Mars"
},
{
"id": "4785762",
"text": "a struggle in which the barrel is bent into a bow. Elmer frantically digs into the hole while Bugs emerges from a nearby hole with another carrot in his hand, lifts Fudd's hat, and raps the top of his head until Elmer notices; then chews his carrot and delivers his definitive line, \"What's up, Doc?\". When Elmer replies that \"[he's] hunting 'wabbits'\", Bugs chews his carrot and asks what a wabbit is; then teases Elmer by with every aspect of Fudd's description until Elmer suspects that Bugs is a rabbit. Bugs confirms this, hides behind a tree, sneaks behind Elmer,",
"title": "A Wild Hare"
},
{
"id": "14831679",
"text": "Cats, once as a short instrumental and once as a lengthy vocal version in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number featuring a turban-wearing band and the heavily-mustached Colonna as a veiled \"girl friend.\" On October 28, 1938, the Midwestern jazz novelty group, The Hoosier Hot Shots, released a curtailed version of song as a single. In 1940 the song was used in the Warner Brothers Porky Pig cartoon \"Ali-Baba Bound\"; two years later, it was used as the opening theme of the Bugs Bunny cartoon \"Case of the Missing Hare\" over the credits and up to the first view of",
"title": "Girl Friend of the Whirling Dervish"
},
{
"id": "7040482",
"text": "Gorilla My Dreams Gorilla My Dreams is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated short, released in 1948, starring Bugs Bunny. The short was directed by Robert McKimson and written by Warren Foster. The story is a parody of the many 'jungle' movies that were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Tarzan movies. The title is a play on the expression \"Girl o' My Dreams\". This is the ninth Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the title does not refer to \"hare\", \"rabbit\", or \"bunny\". The short featured Gruesome Gorilla, who reappeared in \"Hurdy-Gurdy Hare\" and as a",
"title": "Gorilla My Dreams"
},
{
"id": "3296712",
"text": "waiting for the crook wherever he turns up. Avery had used a similar gag in his 1941 \"Merrie Melodies\" short \"Tortoise Beats Hare\", which in turn was an expansion/exaggeration of the premise of his \"The Blow Out\" (1936). In fact, this cartoon shows that early ideas about Droopy's personality were already germinating, as that film's Cecil Turtle has similarities to Droopy. Droopy's meek, deadpan voice and personality were modeled after the character Wallace Wimple on the radio comedy \"Fibber McGee and Molly\"; actor Bill Thompson, who played Wimple, was the original voice of Droopy. During his time in the US",
"title": "Droopy"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Development of Bugs Bunny context: start of the story reading, \"Starring Bugs Bunny\" (the first on-screen use of that name), but nevertheless featured the same initial off-model versions of Elmer and the hare seen in \"...Camera\". Here, Elmer goes to a pet shop and buys a rabbit that promptly proceeds to turn his life upside down. \"A Wild Hare\" (July 27, 1940) was the debut of Bugs Bunny as we know him today. Tex Avery changed several of the rabbit's characteristics: his voice became a cross between the Bronx and Brooklyn accents, the color of his gloves became white, as did the color of his\n\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?",
"compressed_tokens": 201,
"origin_tokens": 201,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bugs Bunny context: Bugs Bunny Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character debuted in the WB cartoon \"Porky's Hare Hunt\" (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film \"A Wild Hare\" (1940). Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray\n\ntitle Development of Bugs Bunny context modified again the0 Looney Tunes Show and yet for the 2015 seriesWabbit\". Development of Bugs Bunny A prototypical version of B Bunny appeared in four cartoon shorts before making first official appearance in Tex Avery' \"A Wild Hare\". prototype version is commonly referred to as \"Happy Rabbit animation historian David Gerstein disputes this, saying that the only usage of the term was from Mel Blanc himself; the name \"Bugs Bunny\" was used as early as August 1939 in Motion Picture Herald, in review for short \"Hare-um Scare-um\".\ntitle Ben Hardaway, embonic rabb later an early model sheet A ofigned rabbit had been requested story Virgil,ator \" H in an interview published \"Animato\" #9. \"ugsawayadently christ \"his cas sketch of a proposed rabbit character\" wasabeled \"Bs Bun fellow employeelopædia Freleng.19, Hard was demoted back to storyman, while Tex histitleny's design is tier the models is. Whileys\" firstros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, \"A Wild Hare\", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc\n\nJuly 27, 1940 saw the introduction of what beloved cartoon character in the 8:15 short A Wild Hare?",
"compressed_tokens": 524,
"origin_tokens": 15140,
"ratio": "28.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,782 | According to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again? | [
"All the kings horses and all the kings men"
] | All the kings horses and all the kings men | [
{
"id": "570347",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "14141068",
"text": "of topicality about it).\" Newman also said: \"It's such a mad word, nursery rhymes, when you think about it logically. There's actually quite an interesting story behind some of them. Like Humpty Dumpty - we all think it's about an egg falling off a wall. But really, Humpty Dumpty was a cannon in the English Civil War that one of the sides managed to blow up, and it fell down. So all the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again - that's the origins of it. Some of these stories are true, and real news",
"title": "The News at Bedtime"
},
{
"id": "570339",
"text": "As a character and literary allusion, he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture, particularly English author Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1872), in which he was described as an egg. The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026. The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language. The common text from 1954 is: <poem>Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men Couldn't put Humpty together again.</poem> It is",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "1913198",
"text": "(\"all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.\") Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. The third rhyme said to have come from Colchester is Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, which was written by Jane Taylor who lived in the town's Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title \"The Star\". Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of Camelot, on",
"title": "Colchester"
},
{
"id": "570360",
"text": "to put him together again is representative of this principle, as it would be highly unlikely (though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "570358",
"text": "album inspired by Lewis Carroll called \"The Mad Hatter\", 1978). In the Dolly Parton song \"Starting Over Again\", it's all the king's horses and all the king's men who can't put the divorced couple back together again. In an extra verse in one version of ABBA's \"On and On and On\", Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall. The Australian children’s television programme Play School, in the song \"Oomba Baroomba\", says: <poem>Humpty Dumpty sat up in bed, Eating yellow bananas. Where do you think he put the skins? Down his striped pyjamas!</poem> TurboTax, a U.S.",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "570341",
"text": "Four-score Men and Four-score more, Could not make Humpty Dumpty where he was before.</poem> William Carey Richards (1818–1892) quoted the poem in 1843, commenting, \"when we were five years old ... the following parallel lines... were propounded as a riddle ... Humpty-dumpty, reader, is the Dutch or something else for an egg\". A manuscript addition to a copy of \"Mother Goose's Melody\" published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: \"Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again\". It was published in 1810 in a version of \"Gammer Gurton's Garland\" as: <poem> Humpty Dumpty sate on a",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "979282",
"text": "(\"All the king's horses and all the king's men / Couldn't put Humpty together again\"). An allusion similar to that was made more explicitly a quarter-century earlier in the Robert Penn Warren novel \"All the King's Men\", which describes the career of a fictional corrupt governor, loosely based on Huey Long. Dick Snyder of Simon & Schuster purchased the right to publish the book through the agent David Obst. The authors received an advance of $55,000. In his memoir, Michael Korda said of the book's publication that it \"transformed book publishing into a red-hot part of media\" and books became",
"title": "All the President's Men"
},
{
"id": "12661132",
"text": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me, I'll Read to You: Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the \"You Read to Me, I'll Read to You\" series. It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley. The book is retellings of nursery rhymes. It has retellings such as Humpty Dumpty chatting with his doctor and Little Miss Muffet explaining 'curds and whey' to the spider. Other rhymes include \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\", \"Simple Simon\", and \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\". It was reviewed",
"title": "You Read to Me, I'll Read to You"
},
{
"id": "1951118",
"text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "570338",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "6036642",
"text": "or her help. All the nursery rhymes in the land have gotten mixed up, with none of the inhabitants possessing the items necessary for their rhyme to exist. And so, the child will find themselves helping Humpty Dumpty find a ladder to scramble onto a wall, bringing the little lamb back to Mary and seeking out a pail for Jack and Jill, among others. Gameplay is again rather simple. The AGI system, similar to the one used extensively in previous Sierra games (e.g. the Quest series: \"King's Quest\", \"Police Quest\", etc.), is utilized in the 1987 version. The player controls",
"title": "Mixed-Up Mother Goose"
},
{
"id": "570352",
"text": "their places in the air with his thumb) \"nose in the middle, mouth under. It's always the same. Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose, for instance—or the mouth at the top—that would be \"some\" help.\" Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825–77) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth-century stage productions of pantomime versions, music, and rhyme. The character is also a common literary allusion, particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct once",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "570345",
"text": "shell. Professor David Daube suggested in \"The Oxford Magazine\" of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a \"tortoise\" siege engine, an armoured frame, used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War. This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack, but without evidence that the rhyme was connected. The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia, but it was derided by others as \"ingenuity for",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "16486239",
"text": "All the King's Men All the King's Men is a novel by Robert Penn Warren first published in 1946. Its title is drawn from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. In 1947, Warren won the Pulitzer Prize for \"All the King's Men.\" It was adapted for a film in 1949 and 2006; the 1949 version won the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is rated as the 36th greatest novel of the 20th century by Modern Library, and it was chosen as one of \"Time\" magazine's 100 best novels since 1923. \"All the King's Men\" portrays the dramatic, and theatrical political",
"title": "All the King's Men"
},
{
"id": "18988974",
"text": "but confidentially, it stinks.\"\". It is then revealed that the garden is full of litter and trash. The page turns to Humpty Dumpty. Humpty, like the rhyme says, falls off the wall and appears unharmed. However, when he gets up it is revealed that the part where his butt cheeks are at are cracked. The next page shows Jack and Jill as a teenage couple. As the narrator recites the rhyme, Jack and Jill go behind the well. The narrator is stumped and repeats \"\"to fetch a pail of water\"\" but nothing happens. The narrator does it again and Jack",
"title": "A Gander at Mother Goose"
},
{
"id": "570342",
"text": "wall, Humpti Dumpti had a great fall; Threescore men and threescore more, Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before. </poem> In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell published a collected version as: <poem> Humpty Dumpty lay in a beck. With all his sinews around his neck; Forty Doctors and forty wrights Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty to rights! </poem> According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", in the 17th century the term \"humpty dumpty\" referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale. The riddle probably exploited, for misdirection, the fact that \"humpty dumpty\" was also eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for a short and",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "119478",
"text": "an important artefact, as are John Playford's \"The Dancing Master\" and Robert Harley's \"Roxburghe Ballads\" collections. Some of the best-known songs are \"Greensleeves\", \"Pastime with Good Company\", \"Maggie May\" and \"Spanish Ladies\" amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses are red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle\" and \"Humpty Dumpty\". Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas",
"title": "England"
},
{
"id": "570353",
"text": "broken, or a short and fat person. Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in \"Through the Looking-Glass\", including L. Frank Baum's \"Mother Goose in Prose\" (1901), where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king, having witnessed Humpty's \"death\" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him. In Neil Gaiman's early short story \"The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds\", the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir-style hardboiled crime story, involving other characters from popular nursery rhymes. Robert Rankin",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "6491462",
"text": "All the King's Horses (short story) \"All the King's Horses\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \"Welcome to the Monkey House\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed on the Asiatic mainland. With him are his two sons, his wife, the pilot and co-pilot, and ten enlisted men. The sixteen prisoners are held captive",
"title": "All the King's Horses (short story)"
},
{
"id": "8995668",
"text": "in the grounds of Colchester Castle there stands a monument marking the site of the execution. The siege is commonly believed to have inspired the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty, which is said to have been the nickname of a large Royalist cannon strategically placed on the wall next to St Mary's Church. The Parliamentary bombardment of 14 July damaged the wall, causing \"Humpty Dumpty\" to be destroyed. Other stories attribute the name Humpty Dumpty not to a cannon but to a Royalist sniper, \"One-Eyed Thompson\", who occupied the belfry of St Mary's Church and was shot down by Parliament forces.",
"title": "Siege of Colchester"
},
{
"id": "1913197",
"text": "a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. Colchester is also the most widely credited source of the rhyme Humpty Dumpty. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls (\"Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall\") and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, \"Humpty Dumpty\" being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (\"Humpty Dumpty had a great fall\") and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians",
"title": "Colchester"
},
{
"id": "10201516",
"text": "All the King's Men (1999 film) All the King's Men is a feature-length World War I television drama by the BBC starring David Jason, first broadcast on Remembrance Sunday, 14 November 1999. The film derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme and is based on a 1992 book, \"The Vanished Battalion\" by the film's co-producer, Nigel McCrery. The drama was based on co-producer Nigel McCrery's non-fiction book \"The Vanished Battalion\". The book was first published in 1992 and was republished in 1997 and 1999 as \"All the King's Men: one of the greatest mysteries of",
"title": "All the King's Men (1999 film)"
},
{
"id": "15089324",
"text": "toys. Most episodes contain a sequence of a shop. If Chris runs it, Pui comes as different nursery rhyme characters such as the Grand Old Duke of York, Little Bo Peep, Incy Wincy Spider, Little Miss Muffet, Old MacDonald, Granny Humpty and Twinkle the star. If Pui runs it, Chris enters as one of Humpty Dumpty, the Hey Diddle cow, Jack from \"Jack and Jill\", Pat the Baker, or Wee Willie Winkie. The format of the show is similar to that of \"Play School\" – the BBC programme from the '60s and '80s. Series one had 40 episodes beginning with",
"title": "Show Me Show Me"
},
{
"id": "2562196",
"text": "re-cast, was made in 2000, followed by a fourth (with some roles again re-cast) in 2001. The show's distinctive theme song, with the lyrics \"Have you ever... ever felt like this?\" was sung by Tamsin West, who played the lead female role of Linda Twist in the first series. It borrowed lines from popular nursery rhymes such as \"There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly\", \"Humpty Dumpty\" and \"Rain Rain Go Away\". Making a show about children which spanned more than a decade meant many changes in actors were required, as the child actors became too old for",
"title": "Round the Twist"
},
{
"id": "430794",
"text": "\"crabs\" and \"feathers\". Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in \"Jabberwocky\". In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall. Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: \"\"All the king's horses and all the king's men\"\" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting",
"title": "Through the Looking-Glass"
},
{
"id": "16273326",
"text": "\"Love's to Blame\") and three others entitled \"Broken Lullabies\", \"Believe Me Now\", and \"Something's Gotta Give\". \"Love's to Blame\" was co-written by St. James. In 2009, they signed on with Warner Music Group with Ben Glover as their producer. They changed their name to \"For King & Country\", after a British battle cry. Luke said, \"We wanted a band name that carried more meaning. We were in the studio recording our debut record that Joel had the idea of All The King's Men, like the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. Our producer overheard our conversation and swung around in his chair",
"title": "For King & Country (band)"
},
{
"id": "16255140",
"text": "All the King's Horses (play) All the King's Horses is a play written by Irish-born journalist and playwright John McDonnell in 1961. The play takes its title from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty. The plot concerns an elderly Irish woman, Kate Houlihan, who dies and leaves her fortune equally between her two nephews Michael and William. Michael is a Southern Irish Republican and William is a Northern Irish Orangeman. To inherit the fortune Michael and William must spend a month in peace in Kate's cottage. The two men find they are unable to live in peace so Kate's solicitor, Mr",
"title": "All the King's Horses (play)"
},
{
"id": "19828985",
"text": "we have any consistency on this show? Why couldn't we just have had an hour focused on Barnes and nothing else? It would have been much more entertaining.\" Vinnie Mancuso of \"New York Observer\" wrote, \"That's right, 'Blood Rush' centered around \"Gotham\"s resident Humpty Dumpty, Captain Nathaniel Barnes, who all the king's horses and all the king's men can't stop from becoming a veiny rage-monster because some girl's poison blood fell into his eyeball. Just like the nursery rhyme says. Look it up. I'm nailing this.\" MaryAnn Sleasman of \"TV.com\" wrote, \"Penguin and Nygma's complex and deliciously tragic relationship could",
"title": "Blood Rush"
},
{
"id": "10612506",
"text": "on the Music for Pleasure label. Another similar album was released in 1983, called \"The Drunken Sailor\". The rights for \"Music for Pleasure\" were sold to \"EMI Gold\", who released an hour-long cassette called \"Favourite Nursery Rhymes\" in 1985. It contained all these tracks except \"Old Woman Tossed Up in a Blanket\" and \"Boys and Girls come out to Play\". Two tracks were missing from \"The Drunken Sailor\". In its place there was a new track - \"Humpty Dumpty\", with leads vocals by Bob Johnson. In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \"The Children's Collection\". One CD",
"title": "My Very Favourite Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "570340",
"text": "a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\" (London, 1870), as outlined below: <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key bes \\major { %\\new Lyrics \\lyricmode { » </score> The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold's \"Juvenile Amusements\" in 1797 with the lyrics: <poem>Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "570346",
"text": "ingenuity's sake\" and declared to be a spoof. The link was nevertheless popularised by a children's opera \"All the King's Men\" by Richard Rodney Bennett, first performed in 1969. From 1996, the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary-at-the-Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648. In 1648, Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall. The story given was that a large cannon, which the website claimed was colloquially called",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "6004827",
"text": "if he killed the children. Humpty says he is innocent, and explains that he found them “near the river” as they floated up to him. Sad the children had died so close to Christmas, Humpty had tried to give them one last holiday. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Humpty Dumpty is first seen as an inmate at Arkham Asylum at the same time that Resurrection Man is incarcerated there. Humpty Dumpty has a knack of disassembling and reassembling different items. Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics.",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (comics)"
},
{
"id": "6491465",
"text": "player, Barzov suggests a rematch with no lives at stake. Kelly declines, but says he will play at a later time if Barzov insists on it. All the King's Horses (short story) \"All the King's Horses\" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories \"Welcome to the Monkey House\". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed",
"title": "All the King's Horses (short story)"
},
{
"id": "9673588",
"text": "been inspired by the mole in Hans Christian Andersen's \"Thumbelina\" or possibly Moley in Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\". \"Diggory Delvet\" and the last rhyme in the book about a guinea pig are two of the few limericks written for children by someone other than Edward Lear. The sixth rhyme is a single stanza and accompanied by an illustration depicting a pig in a dress sitting in a high-backed chair and peeling potatoes: The seventh and last rhyme is a limerick about an \"amiable guinea-pig\" (the first guinea pig in Potter's work) who brushes his hair back like",
"title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "11611484",
"text": "sliding down the poker. He balances very badly\"). She soon leaves him alone, however, when she sees the poetry-book in which \"Jabberwocky\" is written. When Alice sees the White King next, in a later chapter, he is, along with many other characters in the story, the size of a normal adult. Humpty Dumpty, as a chesspiece, is \"taken\" (symbolised by his notorious fall from where he sits) and the White King appears with his soldiers, presumably in hopes of putting him back together. He and Alice begin characteristic Wonderland/Looking-Glass banter, as well as the usual Carrollian word play (\"I only",
"title": "White King (Through the Looking-Glass)"
},
{
"id": "570350",
"text": "Alice, \"whether you \"can\" make words mean so many different things.\" \"The question is,\" said Humpty Dumpty, \"which is to be master—that's all.\" Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. \"They've a temper, some of them—particularly verbs, they're the proudest—adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs—however, \"I\" can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! That's what \"I\" say!\" This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case \"Liversidge v. Anderson\" (1942), where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "6953379",
"text": "had backlit scoring in preset units of scoring rather than mechanical reel or electronic LED scoring. The table was virtually recreated in pinball simulation video game, \"Microsoft Pinball Arcade\". Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \"Humpty Dumpty\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \"flipper bumpers\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (pinball)"
},
{
"id": "9661454",
"text": "in the song \"Gus: The Theatre Cat.\" Gus appears shortly after the start of Act II of \"Cats\" where he and Jellylorum provide highlights of his career, contrasting his present state with his acting heyday: \"He has acted with Irving, he's acted with Tree.\" He and Jellylorum stress in particular his creation of the role of Firefrorefiddle, the Fiend of the Fell. In its only major deviation from the poem, the song modifies the line \"He once played a Tiger — could do it again — Which an Indian Colonel pursued down a drain.\" to \"I once played Growltiger -",
"title": "Gus: The Theatre Cat"
},
{
"id": "9637803",
"text": "is also in play here. A theme related to this concerns creative energy (both generative and imaginative). Or, rather, the lack of creative energy that is depicted in the poem - both visually and aurally. Bloom, referring to Blake's \"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell\", says that \"the Human, standing still, becomes the wholly natural\", and is, quoting Blake, \"unable to do other than to repeat the same dull round over again\" (just like the Sunflower). Only when the \"contraries\" (including \"Reason and Energy\") in the human condition are married together in \"creative strife\", will a way out of repeating",
"title": "Ah! Sun-flower"
},
{
"id": "9075156",
"text": "The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack and Jill, Simple Simon, Georgie Porgie, Humpty Dumpty, and the others are worried when Mother Goose has to visit her sister who lives beyond the Moon. Meanwhile, Count Walktwist",
"title": "The Wacky World of Mother Goose"
},
{
"id": "6781652",
"text": "St John logo also appears on the windows of a hut dedicated to first aid at a Church Fair shown in an episode of \"Jeeves and Wooster\". In 2016, the UK St John Ambulance organisation, via its website, launched a campaign for baby CPR featuring a song by animated nursery rhyme characters, including Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, Incy Wincy Spider and The Cat and The Fiddle. Topics related to St John Ambulance and the Order: Similar movements: St John Ambulance St John Ambulance is the name of a number of affiliated organisations in different countries, which teach and provide",
"title": "St John Ambulance"
},
{
"id": "979281",
"text": "which chronicled the last months of Nixon's presidency, starting around the time their previous book ended. Woodward and Bernstein had considered the idea of writing a book about Watergate, but did not commit until actor Robert Redford expressed interest in purchasing the film rights. In \"Telling the Truth About Lies: The Making of \"All the President's Men,\"\" Woodward noted that Redford played an important role in changing the book's narrative from a story about the Watergate events to one about their investigations and reportage of the story. The name of the book alludes to the nursery rhyme about Humpty Dumpty",
"title": "All the President's Men"
},
{
"id": "10817518",
"text": "to Bristol and from there to Gloucester, was placed on the walls of Llanthony Secunda and directed at Gloucester's City Wall. It was hoped by the besieging monarch, Charles I, that this cannon would break the siege and win him control of the city. The cannon misfired and exploded on the first shot. Some believe this to be the origin of the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme; but this is disputed. The true origins of Humpty Dumpty are unknown but the idea that it refers to the Royalist cannon during the Siege of Gloucester is often cited as fact. The remains",
"title": "Llanthony Secunda"
},
{
"id": "6953378",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty (pinball) Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines. \"Humpty Dumpty\" had six of these flippers, referred to as \"flipper bumpers\" by the company. However, unlike modern pinball tables, they faced outward instead of inward and were not placed at the bottom of the table near the main outhole. Like all early pinball tables, \"Humpty Dumpty\" was constructed with wood and",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (pinball)"
},
{
"id": "17337260",
"text": "of Humpty's shell, which are then used to put Humpty together again. But, just before they place the last piece, Diggs and the pigs are beaten up under cover of darkness, only to find, when light returns, that Humpty's body has been taken. Diggs decides to head to the Frying Pan, a jazz club owned by Humpty, to see his girlfriend Itsy Bitsy in hopes of getting a new lead. He is physically barred from entry by Seeno, Hearno, and Speakno, but finds a way around them. Itsy lets Diggs hide in her dressing room while she performs a number,",
"title": "Diggs Nightcrawler"
},
{
"id": "12798055",
"text": "beat him beyond his tolerance. He ran as far away as Bunhill (H) or Holloway (C), where he heard \"London Bells\" (B), Bow bells (C), or the bells of \"Bow Church\" (H), that seemed to be telling him, <poem> \"Turn again Whittington, Lord Mayor of London\" (H). </poem> which persuaded him to retrace his steps. (The wording of the bells' message differ slightly according to the textual source). The ship was driven off course to the Barbary Coast, where the Moorish king purchased the entire cargo for a load of gold, and insisted on entertaining the English traders with a",
"title": "Dick Whittington and His Cat"
},
{
"id": "7924877",
"text": "of the economic changes in the following decades were also due to increased transportation and agricultural mechanization. Notable people who were born or live in Cawood include: Henry Monson, a founding New Zealand settler. Michael Lyons FRBS FRSA who is a contemporary British artist and former Vice-President, Royal British Society of Sculptors. Notable people who died in Cawood include six Archbishops of York: William Greenfield, William Melton, Thomas Rotherham, John Thoresby, William Zouche and George Montaigne Also the children's nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty may refer to Cardinal Wolsey's 'great fall' at Cawood, when he was arrested by King Henry VIII's",
"title": "Cawood"
},
{
"id": "570348",
"text": "he claimed to have found them in an \"old dusty library, [in] an even older book\", but did not state what the book was or where it was found. It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme, and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme, which do not mention horses and men. Humpty Dumpty appears in Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1872). Alice's remark that he is \"exactly like an egg\" he finds \"very provoking\"; Alice clarifies that",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "9075157",
"text": "the Crooked Man is up to no good and will stop at nothing to rule the land, so it's up to the good characters to try and stop him. The Wacky World of Mother Goose The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) is an animated feature film made by Rankin/Bass, written by Romeo Muller and directed by Jules Bass based on Charles Perrault's stories and nursery rhymes. It features Humpty Dumpty, the Old Woman Who Lives in a Shoe, and the Crooked Man (the villain). Mother Goose is voiced by Margaret Rutherford. In the land of Old King Cole: Jack",
"title": "The Wacky World of Mother Goose"
},
{
"id": "16658565",
"text": "Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \"Old King Cole\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \"fiddlers three\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to become Baa Baa Black Sheep) and",
"title": "Mother Goose Melodies"
},
{
"id": "1951119",
"text": "Sixpence\", \"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary\", \"Old King Cole\" and \"Humpty Dumpty\". Many of these rhymes are based on figures in British history, for example \"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat\" (from 1805) is about going to see the Queen. The 1730 rhyme \"As I was going to St Ives\" (southern English town) is in the form of a riddle. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work by John Awdlay, a Shropshire chaplain who lists 25 \"caroles of Cristemas\", probably sung by groups of 'wassailers', who went from house to house. Some of the most notable carols from the UK",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "6004822",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty (comics) Humpty Dumpty is a fictional character from DC Comics. Unlike many of Batman's enemies, he is not deliberately malevolent. Humpty Dumpty first appeared in the 2003 graphic novel \"\" and was created by Dan Slott and Ryan Sook. Humphry Dumpler is a hulking man with an egg-shaped head who speaks in rhyme and has a compulsive desire to \"repair\" that which he considers to be broken. He is shown in flashback to have been the victim of inexplicable, almost supernaturally bad luck almost since birth, illustrated by countless tragedies through his life. Eventually, he became determined to",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (comics)"
},
{
"id": "570354",
"text": "used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy-tale character murderer in \"The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse\" (2002). Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels \"The Well of Lost Plots\" (2003) and \"The Big Over Easy\" (2005), which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder. Humpty Dumpty appears as a lead villain in the DreamWorks animation \"Puss in Boots\" (2011). The 1925 song \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\", most notably sung by Dean Martin, Doris Day and Bobby Darin, mentions",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "1871067",
"text": "number of alternatives have been found including a note that in Warwickshire in 1892 the song was sung of both the Duke of York and the King of France; from 1894 that it was sung of Napoleon. The oldest version of the song that survives is from 1642, under the title 'Old Tarlton's song', attributed to the stage clown Richard Tarlton (1530–1588) with the lyrics: <poem>The King of France with forty thousand men, Came up a hill and so came downe againe.</poem> As a result, the argument has been made that it may have been a common satirical verse that",
"title": "The Grand Old Duke of York"
},
{
"id": "16658566",
"text": "the Cat, Cow and Little Dog. Mother Goose Melodies Mother Goose Melodies is a 1931 Silly Symphonies animated film, directed by Burt Gillett. Two years later it was semi remade in Technicolor as \"Old King Cole\". Old King Cole various Mother Goose characters go on a prade for his entertainment; including the Three Blind Mice as his \"fiddlers three\", Miss Muffet, Jack and Jill (who meet Simple Simon atop the hill), Humpty Dumpty, Jack Horner (his Christmas pie also containing the four and twenty blackbirds), Bo Peep (Boy Blue brings the sheep home, one of which falls in mud to",
"title": "Mother Goose Melodies"
},
{
"id": "7186591",
"text": "Unbirthday An unbirthday (originally written un-birthday) is an event that is typically celebrated on any or all of the 364 (365 on leap years) days in which it is not the person's birthday. It is a neologism coined by Lewis Carroll in his \"Through the Looking-Glass\", giving rise to \"The Unbirthday Song\" in the 1951 Disney animated feature film \"Alice in Wonderland\". One's unbirthday should not be confused with one's half-birthday, which only occurs once a year. In \"Through the Looking-Glass\", Humpty Dumpty is wearing a cravat (which Alice at first mistakes for a belt) which he says was given",
"title": "Unbirthday"
},
{
"id": "13289686",
"text": "group Danny Diaz & The Checkmates and it was the song that first brought Polly Brown & Pickettywitch to notice when they appeared on ITV's \" Opportunity Knocks\" television talent show. It was also the B side of Pickettywitch's 1969 debut single \"You Got Me So I Don't Know\". Solomon Grundy (song) \"Solomon Grundy\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \"Digging The Foundations\" album that featured the hit single \"In the",
"title": "Solomon Grundy (song)"
},
{
"id": "14287219",
"text": "2010 British Soap Awards, and was nominated in the \"Best Live Event Coverage\" category of the Broadcast Digital Awards 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics. Tom Sutcliffe of \"The Independent\" rated \"EastEnders Live\" 4 out of 5, noting that there were \"a couple of moments where the seams showed\", but that \"half the fun in watching was seeing if you could spot them\". He praised \"EastEnders\" for not \"playing safe\" by including stunt work, and commented that Ian Beale's line: \"I wish we could go back and do it all again. Do it right this time.\" could potentially have",
"title": "EastEnders Live"
},
{
"id": "13505948",
"text": "strong French accent. Here is van Rooten's version of \"Humpty Dumpty\": The original English nursery rhymes that correspond to the numbered poems in \"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\" are as follows: Ten of the \"Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames\" have been set to music by Lawrence Whiffin. An earlier example of homophonic translation (in this case French-to-English) is \"Frayer Jerker\" (Frère Jacques) in \"Anguish Languish\" (1956). A later book in the English-to-French genre is \"N'Heures Souris Rames\" (\"Nursery Rhymes\"), published in 1980 by Ormonde de Kay. It contains some forty nursery rhymes, among which are \"Coucou doux de Ledoux (Cock-A-Doodle-Doo)\", \"Signe, garçon.",
"title": "Mots d'Heures"
},
{
"id": "570357",
"text": "Rooten's 1967 book \"Mots d'Heures\", a collection of homophonically translated poetry, includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text, beginning \"\"Un petit d'un petit, S'étonne aux Halles...\"\". It has also been used as a common motif in popular music, including Hank Thompson's \"Humpty Dumpty Heart\" (1948), The Monkees' \"All the King's Horses\" (1966), Aretha Franklin's \"All the King's Horses\" (1972), Tori Amos's \"Humpty Dumpty\" (1992), and Travis's \"The Humpty Dumpty Love Song\" (2001). In jazz, Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea wrote different compositions, both titled \"Humpty Dumpty\". (In Corea's case, however, it is a part of a concept",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "13251220",
"text": "Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and Henry's problems in producing suitable offspring. Occasionally an extra verse is added: <poem>\"I danced o'er the water, I danced o'er the sea, And all the birds in the air, Couldn't catch me\"</poem> It was parodied by Roald Dahl in his poetry book \"Rhyme Stew (1989).\" I Had a Little Nut Tree 'I Had a Little Nut Tree' is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3749. The most common modern version is: <poem>I had a little nut tree, Nothing would it bear, But a silver nutmeg And",
"title": "I Had a Little Nut Tree"
},
{
"id": "6690995",
"text": "the royalties they receive for their poems, like Humpty Dumpty, Little Miss Muffet, Mary Mary Quite Contrary and Old King Cole. While on their quest to find the murderer, several PPPs are killed. Humpty Dumpty is boiled with a lens above his pool, Bill Winkie – cheated out of the rights to his nursery rhyme by the writer, but a natural detective – simply vanishes while investigating the case, Little Boy Blue is pierced with his crook – the crook impaling him in the rear and exiting through his mouth, Jack Spratt is fried in his ex-wife's diner, Little Tommy",
"title": "The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse"
},
{
"id": "501246",
"text": "ram and could be used in confined spaces. Battering rams had an important effect on the evolution of defensive walls, which were constructed ever more ingeniously in a bid to nullify the effects of siege engines. Historical instances of the usage of battering rams in sieges of major cities include: There is a popular myth in Gloucester that the famous children's rhyme, Humpty Dumpty, is about a battering ram used in the siege of Gloucester in 1643, during the English Civil War. However, the story is almost certainly untrue; during the siege, which lasted only one month, no battering rams",
"title": "Battering ram"
},
{
"id": "11869563",
"text": "Mole. He did some arrangement work for Frankie Trumbauer and Bix Beiderbecke, including the nursery rhyme \"Humpty Dumpty\". Livingston played on the 1928 Brunswick recording of \"Room 1411\" as a member of Benny Goodman's group Bennie Goodman and His Boys, which also featured Glenn Miller, Jimmy McPartland, Bud Freeman, and Ben Pollack. He worked with Fred Elizalde in London in 1929, then returned to New York City to play with Paul Whiteman. His stint with Whiteman, which lasted from 1930 to 1933, was mainly as an arranger, though he played occasionally. Later in the 1930s he worked with Benny Goodman",
"title": "Fud Livingston"
},
{
"id": "6004823",
"text": "understand the mechanics of the world around him in an attempt to see what made things go wrong for him and attempt to fix them. In his crimes, Humpty disassembles and reassembles mechanical devices that upset him in some way. The devices he \"fixes\" cause numerous accidents, such as a subway train derailing. Humpty Dumpty's final crime is to adjust the gears in a clock tower, causing one of its hands to fly off, provoking a chain reaction in which dozens of enormous signs crashed to the streets, killing dozens of people. When Batgirl tries to apprehend him, she dislocates",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (comics)"
},
{
"id": "3956513",
"text": "Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \"Teddy Bear\", plus \"Butterfly\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \"Let's Twist Again\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann",
"title": "Kal Mann"
},
{
"id": "7883931",
"text": "Three Little Kittens \"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the \"Mother Goose\" collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published",
"title": "Three Little Kittens"
},
{
"id": "5653692",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods is an American food company, operating as a subsidiary of Old Dutch Foods, that packages and sells snack foods. The company is named after the nursery rhyme character and features the character as the company logo. Humpty Dumpty Potato Chip Company, Inc. was founded in 1947 in Scarborough, Maine, USA by George Robinson and Norman Cole, producing ketchup-flavoured and sour-cream-and-clam-flavoured chips, among others. The company was acquired by Borden, Inc. in February 1989. In January 2000, it was then sold to the Canadian firm Small Fry, formally adopting the name Humpty Dumpty",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods"
},
{
"id": "15298643",
"text": "after the nursery rhyme 'Polly Put The Kettle On', which ends when a character called Sukey is instructed to take the kettle off again. Thus the name is a reference to ending police kettles. Sukey Sukey is an organisation which emerged in Britain on 28 January 2011, with the aim of improving communications among participants in the student demonstrations. Its immediate aim was to counteract the police tactics of kettling, by co-ordinating information electronically and transmitting it to the protesters, allowing them to avoid the police kettle. Sukey was founded by Sam Carlisle and Sam Gaus during the occupation by",
"title": "Sukey"
},
{
"id": "13550825",
"text": "developed the idea, imbuing it with a sense of shame and guilt, \"As when a dog goes to his own vomit and becomes abominable, so is a fool who returns in his wickedness to his own sin.\" This was due to the contemporary idea of the fool as ungodly. The Second Epistle of Peter refers to the proverb (), \"But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\" Kipling cites this in his poem \"The Gods of",
"title": "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly"
},
{
"id": "9026140",
"text": "Brother Where You Bound (song) \"Brother Where You Bound\" is the epic length title track to Supertramp's 1985 album of the same name. Written and sung by keyboardist Rick Davies, it is the longest song Supertramp ever recorded clocking in at 16 and a half minutes (surpassing \"Try Again\" from their 1970 self titled debut album by more than three minutes). The introduction to the track features a reading from George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", fragments of spoken news reports, and the final lines from the nursery rhyme \"Oranges and Lemons\". An excerpt from \"The Internationale\" can also be heard",
"title": "Brother Where You Bound (song)"
},
{
"id": "2850537",
"text": "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in 'our time' as the simplified nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\". The supposed original was invented (by back formation) by J. R. R. Tolkien. The title of this version is given in \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\". In the Inn at Bree (\"At the Sign of the Prancing Pony\", \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" Chapter 9) Frodo jumps on a table and recites \"a ridiculous song\" invented by Bilbo. \"Here it is in full,\"",
"title": "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late"
},
{
"id": "5178344",
"text": "is written in rhythmic verse that flows easily and has simple rhymes like \"Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules Morse as big as a horse\". Characters, events and therefore language are repetitive and cumulative, after the manner of \"Old MacDonald had a farm\". Each book contains a twist or some sort of conclusion at the end. The repetitions permit a young child to anticipate what is coming next, and repeat the words. <poem> \"Schnitzel von Krumm with a very low tum, Bitzer Maloney all skinny and bony, Muffin McClay like a bundle of hay, Bottomley Potts covered in spots, Hercules",
"title": "Hairy Maclary"
},
{
"id": "3153937",
"text": "Little Miss Muffet \"Little Miss Muffet\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \"Songs for the Nursery\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The first explanation is",
"title": "Little Miss Muffet"
},
{
"id": "6130921",
"text": "crossover between various fairy tales and nursery rhymes. It focuses on a mentally disturbed Little Red Riding Hood, an inmate at the \"Everafter Maximum Security Asylum and Home for the Fantastically Traumatized,\" a mental institution in the fictional realm of Grimmoire. Red's mind snapped after a traumatizing reencounter with the Big Bad Wolf, portrayed as a black, demonic creature, causing her to replay the events in her mind under pressure and sending her into a psychotic, murderous state. Humpty Dumpty is the corrupt president of Grimmoire and founder of Everafter, with the Crooked Man as its head psychiatrist. Other staff",
"title": "Snafu Comics"
},
{
"id": "13289685",
"text": "Solomon Grundy (song) \"Solomon Grundy\" is a song written by Eric Allandale, a member of the English Multi-racial group The Foundations. The song is loosely based on Solomon Grundy, the 19th century children's nursery rhyme. It appeared on their 1969 \"Digging The Foundations\" album that featured the hit single \"In the Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)\", and it was the B side of their minor American hit single \"My Little Chickadee\". The singer pronounces it \"Solomon Grandy\" throughout the song, even though it foils the rhyme. It was also released as a single by Hong Kong beat",
"title": "Solomon Grundy (song)"
},
{
"id": "14589713",
"text": "edits \"Humpty Dumpty\" under the direction of Steven Slon. \"Humpty Dumpty\" is one of two children's publications in the U.S. Kids family of magazines, which are published by the Children’s Better Health Institute, a division of the nonprofit Saturday Evening Post Society. Its sister publication under the U.S. Kids banner is \"Jack and Jill\" (for children ages 6 to 12). Humpty Dumpty (magazine) Humpty Dumpty is a bimonthly American magazine for children 2 to 6 years old that takes its title from the nursery rhyme of the same name. The magazine features short stories, poems, nonfiction articles, games, comics, recipes,",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "17588590",
"text": "Traditional rhyme A traditional rhyme is generally a saying, sometimes a proverb or an idiom, couched in the form of a rhyme and often passed down from generation to generation with no record of its original authorship. Many nursery rhymes may be counted as traditional rhymes. Examples of a traditional rhyme include the historically significant \"Ring Around the Rosie\", the doggerel love poem \"Roses Are Red\", and the wedding rhyme \"Something old, something new\". However, traditional rhymes are not necessarily ancient. As an example, the schoolchildren's rhyme commonly noting the end of a school year, \"no more pencils, no more",
"title": "Traditional rhyme"
},
{
"id": "2693773",
"text": "having his friends round to play and is mostly the one who finds the polka dot shorts. He sometimes talks in rhyme and when his friends argue or do something he doesn't like, he often interrupts them with \"Excuse me\". Bibble: Polkaroo's mischievous pet which looks like a multi-coloured mop head covered in pom-poms. Often seen moving about making a \"bibbly\" sound, hence his name. He likes to pull pranks, and sometimes annoys the others with them. Humpty: (Voiced by Tony Daniels) A big green egg with purplish hair and a white nose. He wears a burgundy coloured suit patterned",
"title": "Polka Dot Shorts"
},
{
"id": "18900561",
"text": "by families of the victims of Pan Am Flight 103 for the nursery rhyme, \"It's raining babies and luggage and limbs and Daddy doesn't come home\", which explicitly describes the debris from the disintegrating plane falling into Lockerbie, sung in the fashion of that of a nursery rhyme. Go, Stewie, Go! \"Go, Stewie, Go!\" is the 13th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 14, 2010. The episode features Stewie after he auditions, cross-dressed under the pseudonym Karina Smirnoff, for a female role in",
"title": "Go, Stewie, Go!"
},
{
"id": "2681918",
"text": "what we can safely call Beanotown, but instead in the fantasy world \"Wonderland\" which was also home to Humpty Dumpty and other nursery rhyme characters. Pansy was later revived by Bill Hill, John Geering and Evi De Bono and reappeared in the first issue of \"Sparky\", dated 23 January 1965. The strip also returned to \"The Beano\" from 1989 to 1993, drawn by Barry Glennard. In 2012 Pansy returned to \"The Beano\" in the \"Funsize Funnies\" section, drawn by Nigel Parkinson. She returned for a second run later on, where she was drawn and written by Kev F. Sutherland. Pansy",
"title": "Pansy Potter"
},
{
"id": "6004824",
"text": "her arms. Humpty promptly slips her arms back into their sockets and surrenders to her. Revealing that she had tracked him by his overdue library books, her sole question was why he had borrowed a book on human anatomy. Humpty takes her to his home to reveal he had dissected his abusive grandmother and sewn her back together with bootlace in an ill-thought attempt to \"fix\" her. He is a model prisoner at Arkham Asylum and is given various small projects to pass the time, such as repairing a broken mirror or fixing Ventriloquist's Scarface dummy. He befriends the financial",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (comics)"
},
{
"id": "1535091",
"text": "Aaron Cash; and the patients. There is a particular focus on previously unknown residents: Jane Doe, a cypher who assumes the identities of those she kills; Junkyard Dog, a man obsessed with trash; Doodlebug, an artist who uses blood in his paintings; the hulking bruiser Lunkhead; Death Rattle, a cult leader who speaks to the dead; and Humpty Dumpty, an obese idiot savant obsessed with taking apart and repairing various objects. The driving force is the recent admission of a ruthless investor, Warren \"The Great White Shark\" White, as well as the demonic element suggested by the title. White, facing",
"title": "Arkham Asylum"
},
{
"id": "15992936",
"text": "then Tweety fakes his screaming and sets a hand grenade with its pin pulled next to him. Thinking it was the bird itself, the cat grabs the grenade. The real Tweety says, \"He got it and he can have it.\" The cat blows up and Tweety then confesses, \"You know, I get rid of more putty tats that way!\", then drew a line on the tree of how many cats he got rid of. \"Birdy and the Beast\" is available uncut and digitally remastered on Looney Tunes Platinum Collection Volume 2 DVD and Blu-Ray set. Birdy and the Beast Birdy",
"title": "Birdy and the Beast"
},
{
"id": "8345219",
"text": "I think you want me to touch you/How can I when you build the great wall around you?\" This particular lyric likely inspired the cover art of Amos standing at an upside-down teacup shaped wall. This visual theme also occurred in the music video, which showed Amos lamenting on a rocky beach in England. The single peaked at #51 in the UK, but did not chart in other countries. One of the B-sides on the single, \"Humpty Dumpty\", is exclusive to this release. The B-side, \"Sugar\", was included on the Australian B-sides album, \"More Pink: The B-Sides\", in 1994 and",
"title": "China (Tori Amos song)"
},
{
"id": "16029776",
"text": "lure the Great Terror out of the town, but Humpty and the Goose are knocked off the same bridge, where Puss left Humpty, with him holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the baby Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle. Puss' efforts to save the town make him a hero among the townspeople. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from",
"title": "Puss in Boots (video game)"
},
{
"id": "14234787",
"text": "Tottenham, Tottenham \"Tottenham, Tottenham\" was a single released by the English football team Tottenham Hotspur, with uncredited accompaniment by Chas & Dave, in 1982. It reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Chas Hodges and Dave Peacock of Chas & Dave. According to Hodges, he was inspired by Chubby Checker's \"Let's Twist Again\" for the theme of the song. The lyrics \"We're gonna do it like we did last year\" came from \"Yeah, let's twist again, like we did last year\", as Tottenham won the FA Cup the previous year. The song was the",
"title": "Tottenham, Tottenham"
},
{
"id": "19396189",
"text": "a suburban neighbourhood in Markham, Ontario. \"The House that Jack Built\" draws its name from the famous children's rhyme, <nowiki>This Is the House That Jack Built</nowiki>. In this series, Massey intersperses the rhyme with his own lived experience and exploration of male sexuality. The opening image in his photographic suite shows a replica of Massey's Toronto studio with its filing cabinets, work table, stool and ladder to a loft. Overlaid atop this interior view is a montage of images that reflect on each verse of the rhyme, but with some unexpected twists. The verse \"This is the maiden all forlorn\"",
"title": "John Massey (artist)"
},
{
"id": "3153962",
"text": "origins in St. Hubert, the patron saint of dogs. It has also been suggested that the rhyme refers to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refusing Henry VIII's divorce from Queen Catherine of Aragon, but the connection is based on speculation. Old Mother Hubbard \"Old Mother Hubbard\" is an English-language nursery rhyme, first printed in 1805 and among the most popular publications of the nineteenth century. The exact origin and meaning of the rhyme is disputed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19334. The first published version by Sarah Catherine Martin is associated with a historic cottage in Yealmpton, Devon",
"title": "Old Mother Hubbard"
},
{
"id": "570344",
"text": "it may have been originally posed as a riddle. There are also various theories of an original \"Humpty Dumpty\". One, advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley, posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England, depicted as humpbacked in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare's play, and who was defeated, despite his armies, at Bosworth Field in 1485. \"Punch\" in 1842 suggested jocularly that the rhyme was a metaphor for the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey; just as Wolsey was not buried in his intended tomb, so Humpty Dumpty was not buried in his",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "5460871",
"text": "book was the first novel Fforde wrote, however, he failed in its publication. It was massively re-written following the success of the Thursday Next novels. A follow-up, entitled \"The Fourth Bear\", was published in July 2006. The book is satirical, based on many nursery rhymes, fables, and the like. The main character Jack Spratt is based on Jack Sprat, and the secondary character is Mary Mary, both from nursery rhymes. They investigate events such as the Three Little Pigs and Humpty Dumpty. People from such sources are known in the book as PDRs, \"persons of dubious reality\". The book begins",
"title": "The Big Over Easy"
},
{
"id": "3153939",
"text": "is the original. Little Miss Muffet \"Little Miss Muffet\" is a nursery rhyme, one of the most commonly printed in the mid-twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme first appeared in print in 1805, in a book titled \"Songs for the Nursery\". Like many such rhymes, its origins are unclear. Some claim it was written by Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist, regarding his stepdaughter Patience; others claim it refers to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–87), who was said to have been frightened by religious reformer John Knox (1510–72). The",
"title": "Little Miss Muffet"
},
{
"id": "12375334",
"text": "from the tale, \"Merry Christmas\", was popularized following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with \"Bah! Humbug!\" dismissive of the festive spirit. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's \"Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern\" (1833), with the first appearance in print of \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\", \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\" and \"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen\". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public. A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker",
"title": "Culture of England"
},
{
"id": "570343",
"text": "clumsy person. The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged, whereas an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known. Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as \"Boule Boule\" in French, \"Lille Trille\" in Swedish and Norwegian, and \"Runtzelken-Puntzelken\" or \"Humpelken-Pumpelken\" in different parts of Germany—although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English. The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, possibly because",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty"
},
{
"id": "13138714",
"text": "Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes is the only album released by the short lived group Terry, Blair & Anouchka. Terry, Blair & Anouchka were formed shortly after the dissolution of Terry's previous musical project The Colourfield. All three members shared a love for '60s pop, as well as kitschy mainstream pop, as evidenced on the trio's cover of Captain & Tennille's \"Love Will Keep Us Together.\" \"Missing\" was released as a single in November 1989, followed by \"Ultra Modern Nursery Rhyme\" in February 1990. Both singles reached the lower end of the UK Singles Chart. \"Ultra Modern",
"title": "Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes"
},
{
"id": "10612511",
"text": "but two tracks from \"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\". In their place there was a new track - \"Humpty Dumpty\". In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called \"The Children's Collection\". One CD consisted of a different selection of these tracks. The same two tracks were missing from \"The Drunken Sailor\", but all the tracks from \"My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes\" were present. Running time about 35 minutes. These tracks have not been publicly available since 1989. Producer Tim Hart. Engineer Dave Bascombe, Jerry Boys. Recorded 1983 LP - side one LP - side two Park Records have",
"title": "The Drunken Sailor and other Kids Favourites"
},
{
"id": "20570115",
"text": "to do it again. In other words, a man of violent temper is always getting into difficulties; you have no sooner helped him out of one than he has plunged madly into another. Like the irascible person in the old nursery rhyme, who \"jumped into a bramble bush and scratched out both his eyes\", he is no sooner extricated than \"with all his might and main, he jumps into another bush and puts them out again.\" Shutter also says humor is often used to communicate morality claiming \"Can a man take fire in his bosom And his clothes not be",
"title": "The Bible and humor"
},
{
"id": "11624422",
"text": "15 on the \"Cashbox\" Top 100, and number 11 in Canada. This ballad is an upbeat love song about finally finding the right person and experiencing love after being lonely for an extended period of time. It is a happy answer to Carmen's more melancholy hits the year before, \"All By Myself\" and \"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again.\" It has been hailed as \"the best Beach Boys song Brian Wilson \"never\" wrote.\" Back-up vocals for \"She Did It\" were provided by Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys, whose 1968 hit \"Do It Again\" is credited by Carmen with being",
"title": "She Did It"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again\". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book \"Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two other verses supporting this claim. Elsewhere,\n\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?",
"compressed_tokens": 194,
"origin_tokens": 194,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly described as such. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's \"National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs\". Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings. The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825–77).\n\ntitle: Humpty Dumpty context: Humpty Dum, strategically placed the wall A shot from Parliamentary can succeeded in damaging the beneath Humpty Dumpty cannon to tumble to the. Royalists (or Cavaliers, \"all the King's men\") attempted to raise Humpty Dum on to another part of the wall, the cannon was so heavy that \"All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Hum together again\". Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 bookPop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes\" that there were two verses supporting this claim Elsewhere,\ntitle Siege of Col context: in grounds ofchester monument mark site The sie is commonly have inspired nursery rh Humptypty, is nick Royal cannonically on the next Sts. Parliamentaryard of July the wall causing \"H to be destroyed stories namepty tononper, \"One-yed Thompson whoelf Marys and was by Parliament\n:score, Could hepo Care83ing wereounded aiddlepty- else of \"s Melody\" published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: \"Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again\". It was published in 1810 in a version of \"Gammer Gurton's Garland\" as: <poem> Humpty Dumpty sate on a\n\nAccording to the nursery rhyme, who couldnt put humpty back together again?",
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} |
78,783 | With a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird? | [
"Okypete",
"Snatchers",
"Harpie",
"Harpies in popular culture",
"Άρπυιαι",
"Harpuia",
"Harpuiai",
"Harpy (Greek mythology)",
"Harpy",
"Άρπυια",
"Harpys",
"Acholoe",
"Okypode",
"Harpies",
"Bird Monster",
"Harpyiai",
"Baby stealer",
"Bird monster",
"Harpyia"
] | Harpy | [
{
"id": "872382",
"text": "Sphinx A sphinx ( , Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer its riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus. Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was",
"title": "Sphinx"
},
{
"id": "848780",
"text": "they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable\"\" \"\"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.\"\" The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means \"snatchers\" or \"swift robbers\" and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had",
"title": "Harpy"
},
{
"id": "872387",
"text": "has become an emblem of Egypt, frequently appearing on its stamps, coins, and official documents. In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. Before the time that Alexander the Great occupied Egypt, the Greek name, \"sphinx\", was already applied to these statues. The historians and geographers of Greece wrote extensively about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent-headed tail.",
"title": "Sphinx"
},
{
"id": "848777",
"text": "Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \"harpyia\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens, faces pale with hunger and long claws on their hands. Roman and Byzantine writers detailed their ugliness. Pottery art depicting the harpies featured beautiful women with wings. Ovid described them as human-vultures. To Hesiod, they were imagined as fair-locked and winged maidens, who surpassed winds and birds in the rapidity of their flight. \"\"...the Harpyiai (Harpies) of the lovely hair, Okypete (Ocypete)",
"title": "Harpy"
},
{
"id": "20577505",
"text": "said to have a bird's body on the face of a man and live as a name for a long time. Inmyeonjo also appears in Greek mythology. Homeros and Hesiodos records include the name Siren. At first, only the head was human, and the body was drawn as a bird, but gradually the entire upper body was depicted as a beautiful woman with musical instruments. Sirens were thought to seduce the sailors in a very sweet sound and sink their ships. In Virgil's \"Aeneid\", the name \"Harpy\" appears. According to legend, a harpy is a bird with a woman's face,",
"title": "Inmyeonjo"
},
{
"id": "873166",
"text": "is this necessary? Because there are greedy winged creatures ready to fly in and suck the blood from sleeping infants so young they still take only breast milk. Ovid describes these creatures (6.131–142) as having a large head, prominent eyes, and beaks suited for snatching and carrying off; their wings are white, and their talons are like hooks. They are given the name \"striges\", singular \"strix\", the word for an owl as a bird of evil omen and supposedly derived from the verb \"strideo, stridere\", \"shriek.\" At the same time, Ovid says that they are the winged creatures who tormented",
"title": "Cardea"
},
{
"id": "18698470",
"text": "Greco-Bactrians and the Indo-Greeks. Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560",
"title": "Sphinx of Naxos"
},
{
"id": "18698465",
"text": "Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560 BCE. The first fragments",
"title": "Sphinx of Naxos"
},
{
"id": "890600",
"text": "the prophecy that the king had sought to avoid by exposing Oedipus at birth is fulfilled. Before arriving at Thebes, Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a legendary beast with the head and breast of a woman, the body of a lioness, and the wings of an eagle. The Sphinx was sent to the road approaching Thebes as a punishment from the gods, and would strangle any traveler who failed to answer a certain riddle. The precise riddle asked by the Sphinx varied in early traditions, and is not stated in \"Oedipus Rex\", as the event precedes the play; but the most",
"title": "Oedipus Rex"
},
{
"id": "1831051",
"text": "a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word \"sphinx\" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle. The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word \"Ssp-anx\" (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the",
"title": "Great Sphinx of Giza"
},
{
"id": "12439569",
"text": "Sirena (Philippine mythology) The Sirena is a mythological sea creature from Filipino culture . In some regions of the Philippines, particularly Bicol and Visayas, Sirenas are known as \"\" and portrayed as vicious mermaids. Unlike Sirens of Greek mythology, who are portrayed as women/bird creatures, Sirenas are often portrayed as mermaid-like creatures who live under the sea. In Philippine mythology, the \"Sirena\" is a mythological aquatic creature with the head and torso of a human female and the tail of a fish. The \"Sirena\" is an \"Engkanto \"–' the Filipino counterpart of English mermaids. Engkantos are classified as one of",
"title": "Sirena (Philippine mythology)"
},
{
"id": "4776698",
"text": "the ancient Greeks subscribing to the \"strīx\" as a \"terror\" to mankind, but noted a widespread belief in Italy that it was a \"bloodthirsty monster in bird form.\" This study surmises that the Greeks later borrowed the concept of \"strix\" as witches, a concept articulated in Ovid, and one scholar estimates the Greeks adopted the \"strix\" as \"child-murdering horrors\" by the \"last centuries BC\". The modern Greek form may betray an influence of a Latin diminutive \"strigula\". The first Latin allusion is in Plautus' comedy \"Pseudolus\" dated to 191 BC, in which an inferior cook's cuisine is metaphorized as the",
"title": "Strix (mythology)"
},
{
"id": "9066080",
"text": "pre-Greek griffin written accounts exist to tell us what was believed about imaginary hybird bird-mammal figures from the pre-classical time period. Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \"grýphōn\", or γρύπων, \"grýpōn\", early form \"γρύψ\", \"grýps\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and",
"title": "Griffin"
},
{
"id": "14809525",
"text": "has the hero go through the mouth of a dragon to reach the Otherworld. Sir Eglamour's baby son is carried away from Christabel by a griffin. A griffin is a mythical creature with the body and feet of a lion and the head and the wings of an eagle. Its earliest depiction can be seen in the throne room of the Palace of Knossos on the Mediterranean island of Crete, in Greece, in a Minoan fresco that dates to the mid-2nd century BC. Sir Eglamour's young son is not the only baby to be carried off by this mythical bird",
"title": "Sir Eglamour of Artois"
},
{
"id": "848791",
"text": "harpy, often called the \"Jungfrauenadler\" or \"maiden eagle\" (although it may not have been modeled after the original harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in heraldry, particularly in East Frisia, seen on, among others, the coats-of-arms of Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena. Harpies are referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fantasy. They tend to be evil-aligned. Examples include: Harpy In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, , \"harpyia\", ; ) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens,",
"title": "Harpy"
},
{
"id": "2769402",
"text": "in classical sources, but later in the Medieval period, one source does call it a lamia (First Vatican Mythographer, c. 9th to 11th century). The story surrounds the tragedy of the daughter of King Crotopus of Argos named Psamathe, whose child by Apollo dies and she is executed for suspected promiscuity. Apollo as punishment then sends the child-devouring monster to Argos. In Statius's version, the monster had a woman's face and breasts, and a hissing snake protruding from the cleft of her rusty-colored forehead, and it would slide into children's bedrooms to snatch them. According to a scholiast to Ovid,",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "9066053",
"text": "Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, \"grýphōn\", or γρύπων, \"grýpōn\", early form \"γρύψ\", \"grýps\"; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds by the Middle Ages the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, Griffins were known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. In Greek and Roman texts, griffins and",
"title": "Griffin"
},
{
"id": "2270016",
"text": "related to the Circaetinae. The species name \"harpyja\" and the word \"harpy\" in the common name \"harpy eagle\" both come from Ancient Greek (). They refer to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human. The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the",
"title": "Harpy eagle"
},
{
"id": "20959251",
"text": "Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which comes from Papyrus Oxyrhynchus XXXII 2617, which was published in 1967. Additional fragments can be found in Book 11 of Athenaeus' \"Deipnosophistae\". The extant parts of the poem exhibit numerous lacunae, with only fragment 19 (= 15",
"title": "Geryoneis"
},
{
"id": "88831",
"text": "beetle. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and many, such as the lady beetles and dung beetles are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The name of the taxonomic order, Coleoptera, comes from the Greek \"koleopteros\" (κολεόπτερος), given to the group by Aristotle for their elytra, hardened shield-like forewings, from \"koleos\", sheath, and \"pteron\", wing. The English name beetle comes from the Old English word \"bitela\", little biter, related to \"bītan\" (to bite), leading to Middle English \"betylle\". Another Old English name for beetle is \"ceafor\", chafer, used in names such as cockchafer, from the Proto-Germanic *kabraz-",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"id": "7268513",
"text": "\"novel\" nor \"verse\" quite seems to apply. It begins as if it were a critical study of the ancient Greek poet Stesichoros, with special emphasis on a few surviving fragments he wrote about a minor character from Greek mythology, Geryon, a winged red monster who lives on a red island herding red cattle. Geryon is most famous as a footnote in the life of Herakles, whose 10th labor was to sail to that island and steal those cattle—in the process of which, almost as an afterthought, he killed Geryon by shooting him in the head with an arrow. \"Autobiography of",
"title": "Autobiography of Red"
},
{
"id": "848790",
"text": "face,\"<br>\"Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw\"<br>\"Their lamentations in the eerie trees.\" William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour \"\" (Tate Gallery, London). The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's \"Much Ado About Nothing\", Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him \"rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!\" In the Middle Ages, the",
"title": "Harpy"
},
{
"id": "13644361",
"text": "bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The",
"title": "Greek mythology in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "34698",
"text": "Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it",
"title": "Amphisbaena"
},
{
"id": "13242598",
"text": "Drakaina (mythology) In Greek mythology, a drakaina () is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features. Examples of the Drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris. Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word \"drakaina\" is literally the feminine form of \"drakon\" (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. The drakaina was a monster",
"title": "Drakaina (mythology)"
},
{
"id": "2769390",
"text": "of Apollonius of Tyana defeating a Lamia seductress has inspired the poem \"Lamia\" by Keats. The lamia has been ascribed serpent-like qualities, which some commentators believe can be firmly traced to mythology from antiquity, and they have found analogues in ancient texts that could be designated as \"lamiai\" (or \"lamiae\") which are part-serpent beings. These include the half-woman, half-snake beasts of the \"Libyan myth\" told by Dio Chrysostom, and the monster sent to Argos by Apollo to avenge Psamathe (Crotopus). A scholiast to Aristophanes claimed that Lamia's name derived from her having a large throat or gullet (; \"laimos\"). Modern",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "2769407",
"text": "\"Life of Apollonius\" the female \"empousa-lamia\" is also called \"a snake\", which may seem to the modern reader to be just a metaphorical expression, but which Daniel Ogden insists is a literal snake. Philostratus's tale was reworked by Keats in his poem \"Lamia\", where it is made clear she bears the guise of a snake, which she wants to relinquish in return for human appearance. Modern commentators have also tried to establish that she may have originally as a dragoness, by inference. David Ogden argues that one of her possible reincarnations, the monster of Argos killed by Coroebus had a",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "18336520",
"text": "and placements for 35 pairs of teeth in the upper jaws. \"Maaradactylus\" was described by Renan Bantim and colleagues in 2014. The type species is \"Maaradactylus kellneri\". The generic name refers to Maara, in the legends of the Cariri the daughter of a chief, by sorcery changed into a river monster with long teeth, devouring fishermen. The suffix ~\"dactylus\" is common in the names of pterosaurs and is derived from Greek δάκτυλος, \"daktylos\", \"finger\", referring to the long (fourth) wing finger. The specific name honours Alexander Kellner, Brazil's foremost pterosaur expert. Maaradactylus Maaradactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known",
"title": "Maaradactylus"
},
{
"id": "9748154",
"text": "Agraulos Agraulos is a genus of trilobite that lived during the Middle Cambrian in North America and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic. \"A. ceticephalus\" grew to approximately . \"Agraulos\" is derived from the Greek , \"country woman\" after a mythological figure that killed herself after ignoring a warning from the goddess Athena and is a reference to the fact it is extinct. The species epithet \"ceticephalus\" is the contraction between (Kētos), \"whale\", \"large fish\" or \"sea monster\", and (Kephalos), \"head\", so \"whale head\" for the rounded rather effaced headshield that may be thought to look like a sperm whale. The",
"title": "Agraulos"
},
{
"id": "4800389",
"text": "to Geller's claimed spoon-bending abilities. The logo of a winged pig was designed for Randi's website by German artist Jutta Degener in 1996. The name \"Pigasus\" was chosen by Randi from suggestions e-mailed to him. The term is a portmanteau pun combining the word \"pig\" with the mythological \"Pegasus\", a reference to the expression \"when pigs fly\". Randi did not present any Uri Award for a number of years after its inception in \"Flim-Flam!,\" but in 1997 it was revived and the name was changed to \"Pigasus\" after the winged pig. Randi announced the recipients through his e-newsletter \"SWIFT!\" in",
"title": "Pigasus Award"
},
{
"id": "9511100",
"text": "this instance, Ammit is not an agent of evil, but punishment for the guilty dead. In Greek mythology, there are a plethora of hungry monsters and vengeful gods, an example of which being the Minotaur. The Minotaur (which roughly translates to Bull of Minos) was the son of the Cretan queen Pasiphae and a bull. When the Minotaur was no longer satisfied with the nursing of his mother, it was found that he was very fond of eating human flesh. So Minos, the king of Crete and the Minotaur's step-father, ordered the great architect Daedalus to build a great labyrinth",
"title": "Devourer"
},
{
"id": "5311681",
"text": "Barberini Faun The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A Faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek Satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus. The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of",
"title": "Barberini Faun"
},
{
"id": "6000453",
"text": "In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures. One of the many creatures that inhabit the mythical Himavanta, Kinnaris have the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the wings, tail and feet of a swan. They are renowned for their dance, song and poetry, and are a traditional symbol of feminine beauty, grace and accomplishment. Edward H. Schafer notes that in East Asian religious art the Kinnara is often confused with the Kalaviṅka, which is also a half-human half-bird hybrid mythical creature, but that the two are actually distinct and",
"title": "Kinnara"
},
{
"id": "5009102",
"text": "aculeata\" is an active predator, feeding primarily on small crabs, hermit crabs and other polychaete worms including \"Pectinaria\" and \"Lumbriconereis\". Species recognized by the World Register of Marine Species: Aphrodita Aphrodita, or sea mouse, is a genus of marine polychaete worms found in the Mediterranean sea and the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. The name of the genus is taken from Aphrodite, the Ancient Greek goddess of love. This is because, when viewed ventrally, the animal resembles a human female's genitalia. The English name may either have a similar meaning, or may derive from the supposed resemblance to a bedraggled",
"title": "Aphrodita"
},
{
"id": "892936",
"text": "navigation by sailors. The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated to 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders. Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word \"chimera\" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as \"bixie\", \"tianlu\", and even \"qilin\". Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\"Chimæra\"); Greek: , \"Chímaira\"",
"title": "Chimera (mythology)"
},
{
"id": "853223",
"text": "Empusa Empusa or Empousa (; \"plural\": \"Empousai\") is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure. In Late Antiquity, the empousai has been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the \"lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men. Also empuse in English usage. The primary sources for the \"empousa\" in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (\"Frogs\" and \"Ecclesiazusae\") and Philostratus's \"Life of Apollonius of Tyana\". The Empusa has been defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as",
"title": "Empusa"
},
{
"id": "34704",
"text": "and argue, and sing a song about their miserable plight. Amphisbaena The amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words \"amphis\", meaning \"both ways\", and \"bainein\", meaning \"to go\". According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her",
"title": "Amphisbaena"
},
{
"id": "14357975",
"text": "Stymphalian birds The Stymphalian birds ( ; , \"Stymphalídes órnithes\") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia. The Stymphalian Birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung. These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.",
"title": "Stymphalian birds"
},
{
"id": "8194454",
"text": "sense astral projections and if she is being watched from behind. She is experienced in interdimensional travel and the use of weapons and technology from other dimensions. There are several other characters named Chimera in the Marvel Universe. Chimera is an unnamed woman who is a member of the Femizons. She is a metamorph who can grow wings, claws, and other parts. The chimera of Greek mythology appeared in Marvel Comics. It is depicted as a fire-breathing monster with the heads of a lion and a goat next to each other, the front legs of a lion, the wings of",
"title": "Chimera (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"id": "20959253",
"text": "much of Stesichorus' output, the Geryoneis has been noted for its use and advancement of Homeric elements. Especially the humanisation of Geryon through the mention of his parents and the poppy simile has been highlighted by critics. Geryoneis The Geryoneis is a fragmentary poem, written in Ancient Greek by the lyric poet Stesichorus. Composed in the 6th century BC, it narrates an episode from the Heracles myth in which the hero steals the cattle of Geryon, a three-bodied monster with a human face. The text of the Geryoneis has only been handed down in fragmentary form. The majority of which",
"title": "Geryoneis"
},
{
"id": "3054663",
"text": "especially prolific in the 1950s, producing such acclaimed and much-reprinted stories as \"The Man Who Sold Rope to the Gnoles\" (1951), \"Brightness Falls from the Air\" (1951), \"An Egg a Month from All Over\" (1952), and \"Horrer Howce\" (1956). She occasionally drew inspiration from her education in Classics and her knowledge of Greek myth, as in \"Mrs. Hawk\" (1950), a modern update of the Circe myth, \"The Bird\" (1951), about a modern man's fateful encounter with the mythical phoenix, and \"The Goddess on the Street Corner\" (1953), in which a down-on-his-luck wino meets an equally vulnerable Aphrodite. Beginning in 1950",
"title": "Margaret St. Clair"
},
{
"id": "16434994",
"text": "Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania) The Warlocks Motorcycle Club is a \"one-percenter\" outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1967. It was the first official 1% outlaw motorcycle club founded in Pennsylvania. The club is most prominent in the Philadelphia and Delaware County area, but they have territory all throughout the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philly metro area), including South Jersey and Wilmington. There are now chapters all throughout Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and Delaware. The club's insignia is a Harpy, which in Greek and Roman mythology, was a female monster in the form of a bird with a",
"title": "Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)"
},
{
"id": "4776694",
"text": "Strix (mythology) The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. The \"strix\" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's \"Fasti\". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. The \"strīx\" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet upwards and head below, according to",
"title": "Strix (mythology)"
},
{
"id": "17931656",
"text": "the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the \"chicken from hell\". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of \"chicken from hell\". However, he found that the nickname did not work so well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking the name of the feathered demon Anzu from the mythology of ancient Sumer, which itself roughly translates to \"heavenly eagle\". The specific name, \"wyliei\", honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster. \"Anzu\" was placed in the Oviraptorosauria, as",
"title": "Anzu wyliei"
},
{
"id": "2033861",
"text": "a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice. There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally \"Fire\") and a man with some name meaning \"wolf\". The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology. The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little",
"title": "Little Red Riding Hood"
},
{
"id": "11908482",
"text": "when I look at myself.\" Another such line reads: \"The void drinks the void: air was born with blue eyes, that's why it endlessly swallows aspirin.\" One other exchange, in which Ear compares herself to a \"prize horse\", results later in the text in an actual metamorphosis, through which she becomes the horse \"Clytemnestra\" (named after the femme fatale character in Greek myths). A series of dance routines, described by British theater historian Claude Schumacher as \"bewildering ballets\", accompanies the dialogues. In its third act, \"The Gas Heart\" also features a dance performed by a man fallen from a funnel,",
"title": "The Gas Heart"
},
{
"id": "2494454",
"text": "terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, \"*bell-\" or \"*ber-\" \"beast, monster\", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon (\"the beast killer\"). The Transylvanian Saxon \"balaur\" \"dragon\", and \"balaura\", an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian \"blavor\"/\"blaor\"/\"blavur\" (\"European legless lizard\") is cognate with \"balaur\", and it is regarded as one of few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The maniraptor theropod \"Balaur bondoc\" is named after this creature. Balaur A balaur is a creature in Romanian folklore, similar to a European dragon. A \"balaur\" is",
"title": "Balaur"
},
{
"id": "7381849",
"text": "an absolute magnitude of . The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is. This minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (). 10370 Hylonome",
"title": "10370 Hylonome"
},
{
"id": "15086568",
"text": "Lament for Icarus\" ultimately became a well-composed image of epic failure. However, somewhat surprising, Icarus has his wings fully intact, contrary to the myth where the wax melted and Icarus fell flapping his bare arms. The image of a \"winged creature\" is likely utilized to create a more symbolic, romantic and elegant appearance. The Lament for Icarus The Lament for Icarus is a painting by Herbert James Draper, showing the dead Icarus, surrounded by lamenting nymphs. The wings of Icarus are based on the bird-of-paradise pattern. In 1898, the painting was bought from the Royal Academy exhibition through The Chantrey",
"title": "The Lament for Icarus"
},
{
"id": "16177346",
"text": "The Crow and the Snake The Crow or Raven and the Snake or Serpent is one of Aesop's Fables and numbered 128 in the Perry Index. Alternative Greek versions exist and two of these were adopted during the European Renaissance. The fable is not to be confused with the story of this title in the \"Panchatantra\", which is completely different. In ancient times the fable is found only in Greek sources and concerns a crow in search of food that finds a snake asleep in the sun. But when the crow seizes her, the snake kills it with her sting.",
"title": "The Crow and the Snake"
},
{
"id": "4779272",
"text": "Questing Beast The Questing Beast, or the Beast Glatisant (Barking Beast), is a monster from Arthurian legend. It is the subject of quests undertaken by famous knights such as King Pellinore, Sir Palamedes, and Sir Percival. The strange creature has the head and neck of a snake, the body of a leopard, the haunches of a lion, and the feet of a hart. Its name comes from the great noise that it emits from its belly, a barking like \"thirty couple hounds questing\". \"Glatisant\" is related to the French word \"glapissant\", 'yelping' or 'barking', especially of small dogs or foxes.",
"title": "Questing Beast"
},
{
"id": "10660383",
"text": "she is in no hurry to fall in love and get married. Instead, she is determined to enjoy her childhood for as long as possible, and have as many adventures with her friends as she can. The title refers to the myth of the Sirens, creatures with the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women who perched on rocks at sea and lured men to their deaths with their hypnotic singing. The sirens appear in Homer's \"Odyssey\", which Flavia recites to an interested audience. The allusion comes up since each of the three widows invited to the villa",
"title": "The Sirens of Surrentum"
},
{
"id": "19603495",
"text": "been introduced. Mollusc shells have been widely used in art, whether carved directly, sometimes as cameos, or depicted in paintings. In popular culture, the snail is known for its stereotypical slowness, while the octopus and giant squid have featured in literature since classical times as monsters of the deep. Many-headed and tentacled monsters appear as the Gorgon and the Medusa of Greek mythology, and the kraken of Nordic legend. The taxonomist Carl Linnaeus named the Venus shell as \"Venus dione\", for the goddess of love and her mother, and named its parts using overtly sexual descriptors. Culture consists of the",
"title": "Molluscs in culture"
},
{
"id": "20572158",
"text": "there used to be spider-like animals with tails which lived alongside true spiders for at least 200 million years. The name is taken from the chimera, a monster in Greek mythology composed of parts of different animals, representing the mixture of basal and derived characteristics of the organism, together with the suffix \"arachne\" which is the Greek word for \"spider\". The species name honours Yanling Ying, who collected one of the specimens. The legs and body of \"Chimerarachne\" are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not",
"title": "Chimerarachne"
},
{
"id": "6735379",
"text": "way to mock the social status quo. At a rally announcing his candidacy, Pigasus was seized by Chicago policemen and several of his Yippie backers were arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1968, Pigasus was nominated for the U.S. Presidency by the Youth International Party (Yippies). The pig's name was a double entendre on Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology and the famous saying \"When pigs fly\" used when a highly improbable event should occur. Selected for the campaign by group members Dennis Dalrymple, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, candidate Pigasus was purchased from a farmer by folk-singer and fellow",
"title": "Pigasus (politics)"
},
{
"id": "2896292",
"text": "phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form \"Panthyra\" appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem. Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. The \"Toldoth Yeshu\" narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal. Robert Eisler considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes",
"title": "Yeshu"
},
{
"id": "11072372",
"text": "it to a new genus, \"Gallus\", however this was preoccupied by a bird. In 1815, Rafinesque proposed the name \"Alectis\", into which three species were eventually placed. Georges Cuvier proposed a second name, \"Scyris\" for the genus in 1829, but \"Alectis\" had priority and has therefore been cemented for the time being. The name \"Alectis\" is derived from one of three Erinyes in the Greek mythology; daughter of Acheronte with a terrible rage. A single species has been identified the fossil record, \"Alectis simus\" , from the Eocene period of England. It was found alongside a number of extinct and",
"title": "Alectis"
},
{
"id": "2769392",
"text": "bestial appearance due to her savageness. The queen, as related by Diodorus, was born in a cave. Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) also gave a rationalizing account. Aristotle's \"Nicomachean Ethics\" (vii.5) refers to the lore of a beastly being in the shape of a woman, which tears the bellies of pregnant mothers and devours their fetus. An anonymous commentator on the passage states this is a reference to the Lamia but muddlingly combines this with Aristotle's subsequent comments and describes her as a Scythian of the Pontus (Black Sea) area. According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "16834922",
"text": "Karybdis (band) Karybdis are a British heavy metal band from London, formed in 2009. Described by Metal Hammer as an ‘eclectic blend of melodic death metal, 21st-century metalcore and prog-tinged technicality’, Karybdis have been bringing their brutal live shows to audiences nationwide since 2009. They released their 3rd studio album 'In The Shadow of Paradise' independently on 2 November 2018. The band's name is shared with a sea monster from Greek mythology which was said to be a spawner of whirlpools who together with Scylla created a smashing gauntlet of death from which few seafarers escaped. Their debut album ‘From",
"title": "Karybdis (band)"
},
{
"id": "7268510",
"text": "Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem \"Geryoneis\". \"Autobiography of Red\" is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon. It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy",
"title": "Autobiography of Red"
},
{
"id": "11440832",
"text": "word (like \"Utukku\") is also used as a general term for demons, and these are \"evil Uttuke\" or \"evil Galli\". One incantation tells of them as spirits that threaten every house, rage at people, eat their flesh, and as they let their blood flow like rain, they never stop drinking blood. Lamashtu, Lilitu, and Gallu are invoked in different amulet texts, with Gallu showing up in Graeco-Byzantine myth as Gello, Gylo, or Gyllo. There she appears as a child-stealing and child-killing female demon, in the manner of Lamia and Lilith. Ancient Greek mythology contains several precursors to modern vampires, though",
"title": "Vampire folklore by region"
},
{
"id": "13201591",
"text": "new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's \"gello\"-attracting blood. The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era. One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the \"gello\" as well as for the evil eye. Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: Gello Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who",
"title": "Gello"
},
{
"id": "11943306",
"text": "carried Astarte ashore following her watery birth. Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, \"ichthyo-\" and \"centaur\". \"Ichthyo-\" comes from the Greek word \"ikhthis\" (ιχθύς), which means fish; \"centaur\", or \"centaurus\" in Latin, from classical mythology, is a creature having the head, trunk, and arms of a man, and the body and legs of a horse. Ichthyocentaurs have both the attributes coming from the two meanings, which make them a \"fish-horse-man\". They are related to centaurs, sea nymphs and merfolk; how this came to be is a mystery. It was believed that the creation of these sea-centaurs was depicted as a",
"title": "Ichthyocentaurs"
},
{
"id": "4692376",
"text": "Ypotryll The Ypotryll is a Medieval European chimeric creature featured in heraldry. It has the tusked head of a wild boar or hog, the humped body of a camel, the legs and hooves of an ox or goat and the long, scaly tail of a serpent. Its name is thought to be derived from the greek “hippo” (horse) or in Middle English, “ypotame” itself derived from the latin \"ypotamus\". Though there isn’t much known of the creature’s meanings or origins, it appears as the badge of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, also known as the “Butcher of England”; a",
"title": "Ypotryll"
},
{
"id": "2099221",
"text": "White-winged tern The white-winged tern, or white-winged black tern (\"Chlidonias leucopterus\" or \"Chlidonias leucoptera\"), is a species of tern in the family Laridae. It is a small species generally found in or near bodies of fresh water across much of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"khelidonios\", \"swallow-like\", from \"khelidon\", \"swallow\". The specific \"leptopterus\" is also Greek from \"leptos\", \"slender\", and \"pteros\", \"feathered\", itself from \"pteron\", \"wing\". The name 'white-winged tern' is the standard in most English-speaking countries; in the United Kingdom, this name is also the one used by the",
"title": "White-winged tern"
},
{
"id": "2769389",
"text": "Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \"Lamia\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \"lamiai\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh afterward. A fabulous biography",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "848778",
"text": "and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.\"\" But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the harpies in the following lines:\"\"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call",
"title": "Harpy"
},
{
"id": "2358915",
"text": "Lindworm The Lindworm (cognate with Old Norse \"linnormr\" 'ensnaring snake', Norwegian \"linnorm\" 'dragon', Swedish \"lindorm\", Danish \"lindorm\" 'serpent', German \"Lindwurm\" 'dragon') is either a dragon-like creature or serpent monster. In British heraldry, \"lindworm\" is a technical term for a wingless serpentine monster with two clawed arms in the upper body. In Norwegian heraldry a \"lindorm\" is the same as the wyvern in British heraldry. A lindworm's appearance can vary from country to country and from tale to tale, but the most common depiction of lindworm is a wingless lindworm with a serpentine body, a dragon-like head, scaled or reptilian skin",
"title": "Lindworm"
},
{
"id": "12093983",
"text": "Psilopterus Psilopterus (Greek for \"bare wing\") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid (\"terror bird\") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised \"P. bachmanni\" was in height and weighed about , while the largest members of the genus were only about . The birds resemble the modern cariama (\"Cariama cristata\"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings. The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and \"Psilopterus\",",
"title": "Psilopterus"
},
{
"id": "1483752",
"text": "Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also \"Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,\" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (\"mêp̄îṣ\") which means \"scatterer, disperser\", and \"tophel\", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (\"tōp̄el šeqer\") which means \"plasterer of lies\". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (\"mḗ\") as a negation, φῶς (\"phō̃s\") meaning \"light\", and φιλις \"philis\" meaning \"loving\", making it mean \"not-light-loving\", possibly",
"title": "Mephistopheles"
},
{
"id": "18801551",
"text": "publications had previously suggested. The genus \"Calliope\" was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1836. \"Calliope\", from classical Greek meaning beautiful-voiced, was one of the muses in Greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. The genus contains the following five species: Calliope (genus) Calliope is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species were previously placed in the genus \"Luscinia\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that \"Luscinia\" as defined in 2003 by Edward C. Dickinson was not monophyletic. The genus \"Calliope\", with the type species, \"Calliope",
"title": "Calliope (genus)"
},
{
"id": "860393",
"text": "scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions. In his work \"Description of Greece\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia. The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \"Inferno\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a",
"title": "Geryon"
},
{
"id": "2934547",
"text": "article that listed Galatea as #2 in its \"Top 5 Introductory Interactive Fiction Games\" feature, describing it as intriguingly replayable, and as a \"surprisingly rich game for its apparent minimalism\". In 2011, PC Gamer highlighted \"Galatea\" as an example of the artistic and literary aspects of the interactive fiction genre. The titular character, Galatea, has been compared to the 2007 \"Portal\" character, GLaDOS due to similarities in the personalities of the characters. Galatea (video game) Galatea is an interactive fiction video game by Emily Short featuring a modern rendition of the Greek myth of Galatea, the sculpture of a woman",
"title": "Galatea (video game)"
},
{
"id": "14275883",
"text": "a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, \"monstrum\" came to mean \"unnatural event\" or \"a malfunctioning of nature.\" Suetonius said that \"a \"monstrum\" is contrary to nature <or exceeds the nature> we are familiar with, like a snake with feet or a bird with four wings.\" The Greek equivalent was \"teras\". The English word \"monster\" derived from the negative sense of the word. Compare \"miraculum\", \"ostentum\", \"portentum\", and \"prodigium\". In one of the most famous uses of the word in Latin literature, the Augustan poet Horace calls Cleopatra a \"fatale monstrum\", something deadly and outside normal",
"title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion"
},
{
"id": "6621754",
"text": "is a romantic comedy where a wealthy young man kicks his fiancée to the curb, only to watch her ascend to fame and fortune while his life falls apart. Actors Jordana Brewster and Kip Pardue were set to star in the film, however, financing was never secured. He also wrote another screenplay called \"Succubus\", an action-comedy movie about a guy who decides to set out and bring a succubus (a female demon who seduces men and steals their souls) down; after discovering that his nerdy best friend is dating her. The project was set up at MGM, with Mark Steven",
"title": "Mark Famiglietti"
},
{
"id": "1287462",
"text": "the materialist spirit of the 19th century. Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as \"Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed\". Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement American populists, progressives and \"muck-rakers\"",
"title": "Mammon"
},
{
"id": "9515076",
"text": "Creobroter Creobroter or flower mantises is a genus of mantis concentrated in Western Asia. The name comes from the Greek \"\"kreas\"\" (combining form \"\"kreo-\"\", meaning \"flesh\"), and \"\"broter\"\" (eating); therefore, \"flesh-eating\", an apt name for a predatory insect. Both sexes have long wings and are capable fliers. Full-grown males are about 3 to 4 cm in length, females about 4 to 5 cm. As the common name indicates, \"Creobroter\" are known for having varicolored (yellow, white, red, brown, etc.) markings which serve as camouflage by hiding the creatures' actual shape and making them look somewhat like flowers when hiding amidst",
"title": "Creobroter"
},
{
"id": "304770",
"text": "a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos (1900–1100 BC) has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus. The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology has been thought to have been inspired by the octopus or squid, the octopus itself representing the severed head of Medusa, the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes. The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Greenland, usually portrayed in art as a giant octopus attacking ships. Linnaeus included it",
"title": "Octopus"
},
{
"id": "5783378",
"text": "pharma major Sanofi-Aventis. The Pegasus, which is the symbol of the United Breweries, first found its place as the Group logo in 1941. Then, the Helladic horse – associated with beer and nectar in Greek mythology – carried a beer cask between the wings, ostensibly because beer formed the core operations of the Group. Later, the beer cask was removed to represent the Group's multifaceted operations. Now, it is just the horse. United Breweries Limited The UB Group's brewing entity – called United Breweries Limited (UBL) – has also assumed undisputed market leadership with a national market share in excess",
"title": "United Breweries Group"
},
{
"id": "2594243",
"text": "Catoblepas The catoblepas (pl. catoblepones; from the Greek καταβλέπω, (katablépō) \"to look downwards\") is a legendary creature from Ethiopia, first described by Pliny the Elder and later by Claudius Aelianus. It is said to have the body of a cape buffalo. Its head is always pointing downwards due to its head being heavy. Its stare or breath could either turn people into stone, or kill them. The catoblepas is often thought to be based on real-life encounters with wildebeest, such that some dictionaries say that the word is synonymous with \"gnu\". Also known as an African version of a Gorgon.",
"title": "Catoblepas"
},
{
"id": "2003732",
"text": "remarks that her arm feels cold upon returning home as a ghost. Instead of possessing the Deetzes and forcing them to dance during dinner, the Maitlands cause a vine-patterned carpet to come to life and attack the Deetzes by tangling them to their chairs. The character of Betelgeuse—envisioned by McDowell as a winged demon, who takes on the form of a short Middle Eastern man, is also intent on killing the Deetzes rather than scaring them, and wanted to rape Lydia rather than marry her. In this version of the script, Betelgeuse only needs to be exhumed from his grave",
"title": "Beetlejuice"
},
{
"id": "5536859",
"text": "Sirins as a synonym for poet. Sirin Sirin is a mythological creature of Russian legends, with the head and chest of a beautiful woman and the body of a bird (usually an owl). According to myth, the Sirins lived in Vyraj or around the Euphrates River. These half-women half-birds are directly based on the Greek myths and later folklore about sirens. They were usually portrayed wearing a crown or with a nimbus. Sirins sang beautiful songs to the saints, foretelling future joys. For mortals, however, the birds were dangerous. Men who heard them would forget everything on earth, follow them,",
"title": "Sirin"
},
{
"id": "647596",
"text": "a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. These included the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. The \"strix\" appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the",
"title": "Gothic architecture"
},
{
"id": "15932794",
"text": "Monument. It was first named by Lindsay E. Zanno, David J. Varricchio, Patrick M. O'Connor, Alan L. Titus, and Michael J. Knell in 2011 and the type species is \"Talos sampsoni\". The generic name comes from Talos, a giant bronze automaton in Greek mythology and is intended to be a pun on the English word \"talon\". The specific name honors television paleontologist Dr. Scott D. Sampson for researching and collecting fossils during the Kaiparowits Basin Project. \"Talos\" is a troodontid, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced",
"title": "Talos sampsoni"
},
{
"id": "6279260",
"text": "and the hadrosaur \"Saurolophus\". Adasaurus Adasaurus ( ; \"Ada's lizard\") is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Central Asia. It was a small bipedal carnivore with a sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot, and was perhaps long. The genus name \"Adasaurus\" is taken from Ada, an evil spirit in the mythology of Mongolia, and the Greek word \"sauros\" meaning 'lizard'. The species name, for the single species, (\"A. mongoliensis\"), refers to the country of origin. \"Adasaurus\" was named and described in 1983 by Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold. \"Adasaurus\" is a member of",
"title": "Adasaurus"
},
{
"id": "13201565",
"text": "also preserved in the later word \"ghoul\". Greek folk etymology links the word to the root \"gel-\", \"grin, laugh,\" in the sense of mocking or grimacing, like the expression often found on the face of the Gorgon, to which Barb linked the reproductive demons in origin. Such demons are often associated with or said to come from the sea, and demonologies identify Gyllou with Abyzou, whose name is related to \"abyssos\", the abyss or \"deep.\" According to ancient myth, Gello was a young woman who died a virgin, and returned as a ghost (, \"phantasma\") to do harm to the",
"title": "Gello"
},
{
"id": "2876720",
"text": "that the name is derived from a combination of the Greek words δαίμων \"daimon\" ('spirit' given the Christian connotations of 'demon' in the early Middle Ages)—or, less likely δῆμος \"demos\" (\"people\")—and γοργός \"gorgos\" (\"quick\") or Γοργών \"Gorgon\", the Ancient Greek monsters first attested in Hesiod's \"Theogony\". Demogorgon is first mentioned in the commentary on Statius's \"Thebaid\" often attributed in manuscripts to a Lactantius Placidus, (c. 350–400 AD). The Lactantius Placidus commentary became the most common medieval commentary on the poem by Statius and is transmitted in most early editions up to 1600. The commentary has been attributed incorrectly to a",
"title": "Demogorgon"
},
{
"id": "129852",
"text": "and of householders or city councils to suppliants—and to punish such crimes by hounding culprits relentlessly. The Erinyes are crones and, depending upon authors, described as having snakes for hair, dog's heads, coal black bodies, bat's wings, and blood-shot eyes. In their hands they carry brass-studded scourges, and their victims die in torment. According to legend, the three classic Furies sprang forth from the spilled blood of Uranus when he was castrated by his son Cronus. The sisters are: Pausanias describe a sanctuary in Athens dedicated to the Erinyes under the name Semnai: Tantalizing myth fragments dealing with the Erinyes",
"title": "Erinyes"
},
{
"id": "1691870",
"text": "Little grebe The little grebe (\"Tachybaptus ruficollis\"), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"takhus\" \"fast\" and \"bapto\" \"to sink under\". The specific \"ruficollis\" is from Latin \"rufus\" \"red\" and Modern Latin \"-collis\", \"-necked\", itself derived from Latin \"collum\" \"neck\". At in length it is the smallest European member of its family. It is commonly found in open bodies of water across most of its range. The little grebe was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name \"Colymbus",
"title": "Little grebe"
},
{
"id": "892926",
"text": "Chimera (mythology) The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (\"Chimæra\"); Greek: , \"Chímaira\" \"she-goat\") was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal. It is usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, and was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. The term \"chimera\" has come to describe any mythical or fictional animal with",
"title": "Chimera (mythology)"
},
{
"id": "16537882",
"text": "The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Weasel is a title used to cover a complex of fables in which a number of other animals figure in a story with the same basic situation involving the unfortunate effects of greed. Of Greek origin, it is counted as one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 24 in the Perry Index. In Greek versions of the story, a lean and hungry fox finds food left by shepherds in the hollow of a tree but is unable to get out again because it has eaten so much. Another fox hears its",
"title": "The Fox and the Weasel"
},
{
"id": "642747",
"text": "Butterflies have also inspired the \"butterfly fairy\" as an art and fictional character. In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in Ancient Greece, where the word for butterfly ψυχή (psyche) also means \"soul\" and \"breath\". In Latin, as in Ancient Greece, the word for \"butterfly\" papilio was associated with the soul of the dead. The skull-like marking on the thorax of the death's-head hawkmoth has helped these moths, particularly \"A. atropos\", earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art",
"title": "Lepidoptera"
},
{
"id": "2769414",
"text": "the image of hypocrisy. Lamia Lamia (; ), in ancient Greek mythology, was a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, who learned of her husband Zeus's trysts with her. Hera also afflicted Lamia with sleeplessness so she would anguish constantly, but Zeus gave her the ability to remove her own eyes. \"Lamia\" was also used as a bogey word to frighten and discipline children. In later traditions and storytelling, the \"lamiai\" became a type of phantom, synonymous with the empusai which seduced youths to satisfy their sexual appetite and fed on their flesh",
"title": "Lamia"
},
{
"id": "19521264",
"text": "Penelope Project 'Penelope' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001. The text was named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Greek Mythology, who was perpetually spinning a web which she never completed. After the creation of the European Single Currency, the European Commission decided that the EU should have a single constitution to replace the existing ad hoc system of multilateral treaties. The Convention on the Future of Europe, or the European Convention, was created by the European Council in December",
"title": "Penelope Project"
},
{
"id": "3304421",
"text": "Versace Gianni Versace S.p.A. () usually referred to simply as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The main collection of the brand is Versace, which produces upmarket Italian-made ready-to-wear and leather accessories, while other diffusion lines are Versace Collection (mainly in the US), Versus Versace and Versace Jeans. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure. The logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall",
"title": "Versace"
},
{
"id": "744317",
"text": "Monster A monster is often a hideously grotesque animal or human, or a hybrid of both, whose appearance frightens and whose powers of destruction threaten the human world's social or moral order. Animal monsters are outside the moral order, but sometimes have their origin in some human violation of the moral law (e.g. in the Greek myth, Minos does not sacrifice the white bull Poseidon sent him to the god, so as punishment Poseidon makes Minos' wife, Pasiphaë, fall in love with the bull, and she copulates with the beast, and gives birth to the man with a bull's head,",
"title": "Monster"
},
{
"id": "7845190",
"text": "therefore preoccupied. They proposed instead the new genus name \"Nemegtomaia\" (\"\"maia\"\" means \"good mother\" in Greek, and the full name means \"good mother of the Nemegt\"), making reference to the then-recent discovery that oviraptorids brooded eggs rather than stealing them, though no trace of a nest or eggs had yet been found associated with \"Nemegtomaia\" itself. The first known member of the oviraptorid family was found with a nest of eggs originally thought to have belonged to the ceratopsian genus \"Protoceratops\", and was therefore named \"Oviraptor\" in 1924; this name means \"egg-seizer\". In the 1990s more oviraptorid specimens were discovered",
"title": "Nemegtomaia"
},
{
"id": "12418591",
"text": "personality traits; those born in a year of the goat are predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist. Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat and part human. The mineral bromine is named from the Greek word \"brόmos\", which means \"stench of he-goats\". Goats are mentioned many times in the Bible. A goat is considered a \"clean\" animal by Jewish dietary laws and",
"title": "Goat"
},
{
"id": "827083",
"text": "Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons",
"title": "Mermaid"
},
{
"id": "827125",
"text": "Mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into a mermaid out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same tradition), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons",
"title": "Mermaid"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sphinx context: Sphinx A sphinx ( Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer its riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus. Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was\n\nWith a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird?",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 214,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Har context: they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable\"\" \"\"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.\"\" The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means \"snatchers\" or \"swift robbers\" and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had\n\ntitle Harpy context: har, often called the \"Juenadler\" orma eagle (although it may not been modeled after the harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in herald, particularly in Eastrisia, seen among others, the coats-of-arms Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena. Harpies referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fant. They tend to be evilaligned Examples: Harpy In Greek myth Roman mythology, a harpyplural harpies, ,harpyia\", ; was a half-human and half-birdification of storm winds, in Homeric poems. They generally depicted as birds with heads of maidens,\n\ntitle Inmyeonjo: to a's of man live a name a longmyeonjo also appears in Greek myth. Homesiodos records the name Siren., only the, the was gradually upper body depicted as a beautiful with musical instruments thought to sedu the sail in a sound and their ships Viril's \"eneid thepy appears According to legend,py is bird with a woman',title: Sphinx an, on its and. theellen had trade and cultural that theinx to these wrote about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent-headed tail.\n\nWith a name that translates as that which snatches, what figure from Greek mythology is a food-stealing monster with a womans head and body and the wings and claws of a bird?",
"compressed_tokens": 542,
"origin_tokens": 15625,
"ratio": "28.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
78,784 | According to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what?? | [
"Butterfingers Snackerz",
"Butterfinger (ice cream)",
"Butterfinger Crisp",
"Nestlé Butterfinger",
"Butterfinger Snackerz",
"Butterfinger Ice Cream Bars",
"Butterfinger BB's",
"Butterfinger",
"The Butterfinger Group"
] | Butterfinger | [
{
"id": "8464536",
"text": "the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \"worse of a sell-out\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by \"The Simpsons\" character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism",
"title": "Mother Tucker"
},
{
"id": "741575",
"text": "television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\", which was available for a limited time.",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "3747980",
"text": "Bart Simpson, Homer Simpson, and other characters from Fox's \"The Simpsons\", appeared in numerous advertisements for the product from 1988 to 2001, featuring the slogans \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\", \"Bite my Butterfinger!\", and \"Nothin' like a Butterfinger!\" Butterfinger, for unknown reasons, terminated a long standing advertising contract with \"The Simpsons\" in the end of 2001. Reacting to this, the January 2002 \"Simpsons\" episode \"Sweets and Sour Marge\" included a scene depicting Butterfinger bars as nonflammable; the character Chief Wiggum says, \"Even the fire doesn't want them.\" In February 2003, in the episode \"Barting Over\", Bart claims",
"title": "Butterfinger"
},
{
"id": "3747982",
"text": "press release. When the joke was revealed, the website redirected visitors to the fictitious \"Butterfinger Comedy Network\". In 2009, a new advertisement for Butterfinger was produced that appeared to be a homage to the earlier \"The Simpsons\" commercials. In 2010, Butterfinger revived its \"Nobody better lay a finger...\" slogan as \"Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger.\" In 2011, a comedy horror film entitled \"Butterfinger The 13th\", was made to promote the product. In April 2013, an official announcement via the Twitter account of \"The Simpsons\" stated that the \"Nobody better lay a finger\" advertising campaign featuring Bart Simpson",
"title": "Butterfinger"
},
{
"id": "4765499",
"text": "make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons.\" Bart, and other Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan \"\"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\"\" Lisa Marie Simpson, voiced by Yeardley Smith, is the eldest daughter and middle child of the family. She is an extremely intelligent 8-year-old girl, one of the most intelligent characters on the show. Lisa's political convictions are generally socially liberal. She is a vegetarian, and a supporter of the Free Tibet movement, and while still supportive of the Christian church",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "5297642",
"text": "Simpsons\" featured on a set of television commercials with each commercial involving Homer Simpson wanting Bart Simpson's CC's, so Bart would make Homer do an outlandish stunt (a dare) to get them. Homer would never succeed because of Bart. Each commercial ended with a pun on the famous tagline \"You can't say no\" with Dan Castellaneta saying \"CC's, you can't say...\" and then Homer would say \"D'oh!\". These adverts were similar to the Butterfinger adverts that aired in the United States from 1988 to 2001. Even though the commercials only ran on Australian television, they have been included in the",
"title": "CC's"
},
{
"id": "741567",
"text": "said, \"I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model, you don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?\" In 1990 William Bennett, who at the time was drug czar of the United States, visited a drug treatment centre in Pittsburgh and upon noticing a poster of Bart remarked, \"You guys aren't watching The Simpsons, are you? That's not going to help you any.\" When a backlash over the comment ensued, Bennett apologized, claiming he \"was just kidding\" and saying \"I'll sit down with the little",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "4646808",
"text": "Simpsons, finding souvenirs taped to Homer's body which he was attempting to smuggle out of the country. This is a reference to the opening drug-smuggling scene of the film \"Midnight Express\". A billboard advertisement with Bart saying \"Get a Mammogram, Man!\" can be seen. This was a reference to Bart's popular slogan \"Don't have a cow, man!\" The plot of Bart's nightmare is a parody of \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"It's a Good Life\", which was remade as part of \"\". Jasper's transformation into a dog is a reference to the 1978 remake of \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\". The",
"title": "Treehouse of Horror II"
},
{
"id": "4777524",
"text": "show on the Fox network the week it aired. It was nominated for an Emmy Award, but lost to \"A Claymation Easter\". The Simpson family are busy preparing for Bart's birthday party. Homer sees a commercial on television for a prank microphone called the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that can be used to tap into localized AM radio systems and instantly decides to buy one for Bart. Subsequently, Bart experiences a crushingly disappointing birthday party when all his gifts turn out to be useless things like a cactus, a label maker, and a new suit. At first, he is also disappointed",
"title": "Radio Bart"
},
{
"id": "3747981",
"text": "he does not recall being in any commercials in the past, and then eats a Butterfinger just as he did in the commercials. In the November 2014 episode \"Simpsorama\", a crossover with \"Futurama\", Butterfingers are used to lure the Bart creatures into Madison Cube Garden. On April 1, 2008, Nestlé launched an April Fool's Day prank in which they claimed that they had changed the name of the candy bar to \"The Finger\", citing consumer research that indicated that the original brand was \"clumsy\" and \"awkward\". The prank included a fake Web site promoting the change that featured a video",
"title": "Butterfinger"
},
{
"id": "4516636",
"text": "in the buttocks using a giant boot. Desperate, Bart and Homer escape and the family flees to the embassy. After a stand-off, the two governments propose a compromise to the Simpson family: one kick from the Prime Minister, through the gate of the embassy, with a regular shoe. Marge still interferes, but Bart agrees. However, Bart dodges the kick, moons the Australians with the words \"Don't tread on me\" written on his buttocks, then hums \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Relieved, the Simpson family flees the outraged country in a helicopter back home to America, unaware a koala had sneaked away with",
"title": "Bart vs. Australia"
},
{
"id": "12723122",
"text": "chose to reveal herself in 1997. The Paul Simon song \"The Boy in the Bubble\" from the 1986 \"Graceland\" album references her in the lyrics. \"Medicine is magical and magical is art / Thinking of the Boy in the Bubble / And the baby with the baboon heart\". In the episode \"I Love Lisa\" of \"The Simpsons\", the school cafeteria serves beef hearts in honor of Valentine's Day. Bart Simpson puts one under his shirt, exclaiming \"My baboon heart! Body.. rejecting it!\" before dramatically everting it onto the table. In the episode “The Silent Partners” of the Adult Swim cartoon,",
"title": "Baby Fae"
},
{
"id": "9646931",
"text": "to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990). The show was controversial from its beginning and has made the news several times. In the early seasons, some parents and conservatives characterized Bart as a poor role model for children and several United States public schools even banned \"The Simpsons\" merchandise and t-shirts. In January 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush made a speech during his re-election campaign in which he said: \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less",
"title": "History of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6502237",
"text": "B&Q chain of DIY shops around the same time. An adaption of the melody during the lines 'nobody does it half as good as you, baby you're the best' was used as an advertising motif for a commercial airing during the mid to late 90s, commissioned by Australian real estate company LJ Hooker. Instead of the original lyrics it was sung 'Nobody does it better, L.J Hooker you're the best'. The company's tagline has remained 'Nobody Does It Better' to the present day. In 1997, during the final telecast of the \"Pro Bowlers Tour\" on ABC, the song was played",
"title": "Nobody Does It Better"
},
{
"id": "741518",
"text": "after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word \"brat\". After appearing on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, and the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart's most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to \"The Simpsons\" – including video games, \"The Simpsons Movie\", \"The Simpsons\" Ride, commercials, and comic books –",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408104",
"text": "ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that Hindus do not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show.",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "741543",
"text": "\"¡Ay, caramba!\" and \"Don't have a cow, man!\", were featured on T-shirts manufactured during the production of the early seasons of \"The Simpsons\". \"Cowabunga\" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was mostly used on the show after it had been used as a slogan on the T-shirts. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" (season five, 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on Krusty the Clown's show for saying the line \"I didn't do it.\" The writers chose the phrase \"I didn't do it\" because they wanted a \"lousy\" phrase",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "4777526",
"text": "to fit in, the entire town offers moral support and do everything they can to give him hope. Krusty even gets musician Sting to join other celebrities in recording a charity single, \"We're Sending Our Love Down the Well\". However, Lisa catches Bart in the act and reminds him he put a \"Property of Bart Simpson\" label on the radio. Bart sets out later that night to retrieve it but falls into the well after Eddie and Lou untie his rope. When the townspeople find him, he admits that Timmy O'Toole does not exist. Angry at being tricked, the townspeople",
"title": "Radio Bart"
},
{
"id": "741539",
"text": "Elementary School, where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard. This message, which changes from episode to episode, has become known as the \"chalkboard gag\". Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \"The First Amendment does not cover burping\", pop culture references such as \"I can't see dead people\", and meta-references such as \"I am not a 32-year-old woman\" and \"Nobody reads these anymore\". The animators are able to produce the chalkboard gags quickly and in some cases have changed them to fit current events. For example, the chalkboard gag for \"Homer the Heretic\" (season four,",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408118",
"text": "their advertising. As a promotion for \"The Simpsons Movie\", twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold \"The Simpsons\" related products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008 consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to \"The Simpsons\", with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \"The Simpsons\"",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "2361253",
"text": "is Vic Sage, who is a Glenn Beck-style television host whose advertisements promote his show with the advertising slogan \"Vic Sage is p****ed!\". Furthermore, unlike other versions of Question, the \"Pax Americana\" one wears a rubber hood that covers his entire head rather than a mask that is attached to his face. The Question's mask is made from Pseudoderm, a substance made by Dr. Aristotle Rodor. According to the revamps of \"52\", this substance was developed using technology lifted from an old Batman foe named Bart Magan (Dr. No Face) and gingold extract, a fruit derivative associated with the Elongated",
"title": "Question (comics)"
},
{
"id": "4516641",
"text": "cane beetle, but became a pest in the country. When the Simpson family go to an Australian pub, Bart plays with a pocketknife at the table and a man asks him, \"You call that a knife?\", and as the man draws a spoon from his pocket he says, \"This is a knife.\" The scene is a reference to a famous scene from \"Crocodile Dundee\", in which Mick Dundee is threatened by some thugs with a switchblade, and Mick takes out a bowie knife and says; \"That's not a knife; that's a knife!\" The Simpson family is shown a slide show",
"title": "Bart vs. Australia"
},
{
"id": "7644504",
"text": "television commercials that appear for Buzz Cola on \"The Simpsons\" follow the same youth-oriented approach of real Pepsi commercials. In another example, Homer gets his arm stuck in a vending machine selling \"Crystal Buzz Cola\", a parody of Crystal Pepsi. In the episode Dude, Where's My Ranch?, Maggie Simpson dances in her crib with her midriff exposed while a Britney Spears tune plays in the background and produces a can of Buzz Cola at the end of her small dance, parodying the Pepsi advertising done by Spears in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There is also a \"Buzz Cola",
"title": "Products produced from The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6851424",
"text": "Leppard mirror, a Rubik's Cube, and a Magic 8-Ball. The song being played, at the end when Homer fixes his \"ass groove\" is \"Groove Me\" by King Floyd. The episode makes two references to a past \"Simpsons\" episode, \"The Old Man and the Lisa.\" Marge advises Homer not ride the Tooth Chipper roller coaster because of his quadruple bypass. During the family's glass-bottom boat ride, a barrel of Li'l Lisa's Patented Animal Slurry is visible on the sea floor. In its original broadcast, \"Bart Carny\" finished 13th in ratings for the week of January 5–11, 1998, with a Nielsen rating",
"title": "Bart Carny"
},
{
"id": "6562224",
"text": "Fudge (chocolate bar) Fudge is a brand of chocolate bar manufactured by Cadbury. It is a bar of fudge in a semi-circular cross-section covered in a layer of milk chocolate. Produced in small bite size bars and in larger bars, the Fudge continues to be produced and sold in countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was launched in 1948, originally under the name \"Milk Fudge\" which later became simply Fudge. In the 1970s through to the early 1990s Fudge was advertised with the famous slogan \"A finger of fudge is just enough to give your kids a",
"title": "Fudge (chocolate bar)"
},
{
"id": "741546",
"text": "School, where Bart is an underachiever and proud of it. He is constantly at odds with his teacher Ms. Krabappel, Principal Skinner, and occasionally Groundskeeper Willie. Bart does poorly in school and is well aware of it, having once declared, \"I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?\" On one occasion, Lisa successfully proves that Bart is dumber than a hamster, although Bart ultimately outsmarts her in the end. In \"Separate Vocations\" (season three, 1992) Bart becomes hall monitor and his grades go up, suggesting that he struggles mainly because he does not pay attention,",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408077",
"text": "Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". \"The Simpsons\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the Fox Network decided to switch \"The Simpsons\" time slot so that it would move from 8:00 p.m. ET on Sunday night to the same",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "894683",
"text": "business moved way downhill since \"Leftopolis\" moved in next door to it. In the episode \"Home Away from Homer\", Ned mentions that a recently opened, left-hand megastore, called \"Left-Mart\" (a parody of Wal-Mart) is threatening his business. A future episode reveals that Flanders has been reduced to running the Leftorium out of a mall cart, which he splits with a cosmetic saleswoman. In Season 29, the Leftorium finally closes for good, leaving Flanders unemployed; until he finds a new job as Bart Simpson's new teacher (substituting the void left by his deceased second wife Edna Krabappel). The writers had wanted",
"title": "Springfield (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "741577",
"text": "made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Bibliography Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \"Life in Hell\", but instead decided to create a new set of",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408076",
"text": "\"The Simpsons\", which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. \"The Simpsons\" was the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\". He became the most prevalent \"Simpsons\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6502236",
"text": "piece, became synonymous with Payton, particularly the end of the song where Simon laments how \"Sweetness you're the best\". \"Sweetness\" was a nickname for Payton. In the 1989 VHS release of \"Baseball: Funny Side Up!\" hosted by Tug McGraw and narrated by Mel Allen, the song was used for the opening sequence of bloopers and blunders from past MLB seasons. During the 1980s and 90s, clips of the song were used in commercials for the American Safeway supermarket chain, whose slogan at the time was \"Nobody does it better.\" In the UK, the song was used in advertisements for the",
"title": "Nobody Does It Better"
},
{
"id": "11515381",
"text": "children are?\", preceded by an announcement of the current time, is typically asked around 10:00 PM or 11:00 PM, depending on the market and the time of the local youth curfew, usually immediately preceding the station's late-evening newscast. The PSA was featured on Time magazine's \"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements\" list. The PSA was often parodied. The line appeared in \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart After Dark\", upon which Homer Simpson responded to the television, \"I told you last night — no!\" And as the tagline for the 1999 movie 200 Cigarettes. Do you know where your children are? \"Do you know",
"title": "Do you know where your children are?"
},
{
"id": "4765484",
"text": "Simpson family The Simpson family consists of fictional characters featured in the animated television series \"The Simpsons\". The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, United States, and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening, who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted on Fox on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" and were later spun off into their own",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "5088593",
"text": "even when it reached number one. The controversy was lampooned in \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Lisa's Pony\", in which a Springfield Elementary School student attempts to sing the song during the school's talent show. He barely finishes the first line of the refrain before an irate Principal Skinner pushes him off the stage, angrily proclaiming \"This act is over!\" My Ding-a-Ling \"My Ding-a-Ling\" is a novelty song written and recorded by Dave Bartholomew. It was covered by Chuck Berry in 1972 and became his only number-one Billboard Hot 100 single in the United States. Later that year, in a longer unedited",
"title": "My Ding-a-Ling"
},
{
"id": "3803552",
"text": "Easter Bunny) which clucks like a chicken. Ads for caramel eggs use a larger gold-coloured rabbit which also clucks, and chocolate eggs use a large brown rabbit which clucks in a deep voice. The advertisements use the slogan \"\"Nobunny knows Easter better than him\"\", spoken by TV personality Mason Adams. The adverts have continued to air nearly unchanged into the high definition era, though currently the ad image is slightly zoomed to fill the screen. The majority of rabbits used in the Cadbury commercials are Flemish Giants. In the UK, around the year 2000, selected stores were provided standalone paperboard",
"title": "Cadbury Creme Egg"
},
{
"id": "3542874",
"text": "a pair of bright green coveralls. After settling into his \"bunk\" (a thin mattress on the gym floor) he removed the coveralls to reveal a Santa Claus suit. Gravy established the store Nobody's Business across the road from the Hog Farm, reminiscent of his \"Nobody for President\" campaign — as in: \"Who's in Washington right now working to make the world a safer place? Nobody!\"; \"Nobody's Perfect\"; \"Nobody Keeps All Promises\"; \"Nobody Should Have That Much Power\"; etc. The joke had previously been used in the 1932 short film \"Betty Boop for President\". The \"Nobody for President\" campaign held a",
"title": "Wavy Gravy"
},
{
"id": "741517",
"text": "Bart Simpson Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\" and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, \"Life in Hell\", but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "741558",
"text": "prevalent \"Simpsons\" character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". \"The Simpsons\" merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. The success of Bart Simpson merchandise inspired an entire line of black market counterfeit items, especially T-shirts.",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "7980162",
"text": "where the billboard says \"Krusty: Now Doing Funerals\". The chalkboard gag is a running visual joke that occurs during the opening credits of many episodes. In this gag, Bart Simpson is writing lines on the chalkboard as a punishment; when the school bell rings, he immediately stops writing and runs out of the classroom. The phrase he writes on the chalkboard changes from episode to episode. Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as \"The First Amendment does not cover burping\", pop culture references such as \"I can't see dead people\" (\"The Sixth Sense\") and \"I was not the sixth",
"title": "The Simpsons opening sequence"
},
{
"id": "7645519",
"text": "a newsgroup in the early 1990s because it includes minor details that reward attentive viewing and can be easily scrutinized. The episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" deals with the viewer backlash and obsession with internal consistency. When the character Comic Book Guy saw that the television show \"The Itchy & Scratchy Show\" added a new character, called Poochie, he immediately goes on the internet and writes \"Worst episode ever\" on a message board; a commentary on how the active audience nit picks the episode. The writers respond by using the voice of Bart: In 2011, the producers",
"title": "Media in The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "4915947",
"text": "episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States. Kyle, Stan and Tweek are making a snowman, when Stan tells Tweek to put the carrot on for the nose. Tweek replies 'But what if when I'm putting on the nose, the snowman comes to life and tries to kill me?' referring to what happened in the short Jesus vs. Frosty. Cartman shows Kyle, Stan, and Tweek an advertisement he found for \"Sea People\" (a parody of Sea-Monkeys). Cartman imagines them to be a race similar to mermaids who will \"take me away from",
"title": "Simpsons Already Did It"
},
{
"id": "4777522",
"text": "Radio Bart \"Radio Bart\" is the thirteenth episode of \"The Simpsons\" third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In the episode, Bart receives a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the citizens of Springfield, he lowers a radio down a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking that a little boy is trapped. At first he is successful, but soon realizes that he left a \"Property of Bart Simpson\" label on the radio and goes to retrieve it, only",
"title": "Radio Bart"
},
{
"id": "4765497",
"text": "only son in the family—at age 10. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness, disrespect for authority and sharp wit. During the first two seasons of \"The Simpsons\", Bart was the show's main character. The name \"Bart\" is an anagram of the word \"brat\". Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening's older brother Mark provided most of the inspiration for Bart. Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one",
"title": "Simpson family"
},
{
"id": "13264954",
"text": "damage although the company denied this and claimed any screen damage was 'user related' and denied warranty claims in Australia. Ben & Jerry's created a \"Simpsons\"-themed beer and donut-flavored ice cream, entitled \"Duff & D'oh! Nuts\". Many official or unofficial \"Simpsons\" books such as episode guides have been published. The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "5891311",
"text": "original broadcast, \"Bart's Girlfriend\" finished 53rd in the ratings for the week of October 31 to November 6, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 9.6. The episode was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week, beaten only by \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", and \"Married... with Children\". Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", said: \"Poor Bart gets picked on very cruelly by Jessica in a cleverly drawn study of pre-pubescent love. We're very fond of the scene in which Bart leaps out",
"title": "Bart's Girlfriend"
},
{
"id": "5412323",
"text": "are also in the episode.\" Graham Beckwith of \"The Lantern\" singled out Rainier Wolfcastle's line \"My eyes! The goggles do nothing!\" from the episode as one of \"The Simpsons\" \"greatest one liners\". \"Total Film\"s Nathan Ditum ranked Rooney's performance as the eighth-best guest appearance in the show's history, commenting that he is \"desperately funny and self-effacing as a parody of his fallen child-star self.\" Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode) \"Radioactive Man\" is the second episode of \"The Simpsons\" seventh season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24, 1995. The episode sees the film",
"title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)"
},
{
"id": "7645492",
"text": "his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted. By the close of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and persevering \"real American hero,\" is relegated to the role of antagonist; it is intended that the viewer be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious. The episode \"Behind the Laughter\" is also largely self-referential. A series of T-shirts are shown sporting a number of Bart Simpson catchphrases: \"You bet your sweet bippy, man.\" \"Life begins at conception, man.\" These are parodies of both officially licensed and bootleg \"Simpsons\"-themed T-shirts in the early days of the series, usually revolving around Bart. The famous",
"title": "Media in The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "9918001",
"text": "The Simpsons discography \"The Simpsons\" is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening that has aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company since December 1989. It is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, and many aspects of the human condition. The popularity of \"The Simpsons\" led to the release of the 1990 double platinum album \"The Simpsons Sing the Blues\", which contains original songs performed by the",
"title": "The Simpsons discography"
},
{
"id": "5748641",
"text": "\"Blood on the Blackboard: The Bart Simpson Story\", a horribly inaccurate made-for-television film based on Bart's life with the Mafia that the Simpson family watches at the end of the episode. The sequence of Bart crashing down the stairwell to the Mafia bar is similar to a scene in the film \"GoodFellas\", in which a young boy is employed by a Mafia as their messenger. All of the horses in the race that Bart bets on are named after a famous animated character's catchphrase: \"Ain't I a Stinker?\" (Bugs Bunny), \"Yabba Dabba Doo\" (Fred Flintstone), \"Sufferin' Succotash\" (Sylvester), \"That's All",
"title": "Bart the Murderer"
},
{
"id": "250062",
"text": "characters after members of his own family: his parents, Homer and Margaret (Marge or Marjorie in full), and his younger sisters, Lisa and Margaret (Maggie). Claiming that it was a bit too obvious to name a character after himself, he chose the name \"Bart,\" an anagram of brat. However, he stresses that aside from some of the sibling rivalry, his family is nothing like the Simpsons. Groening also has an older brother and sister, Mark and Patty, and in a 1995 interview Groening divulged that Mark \"is the actual inspiration for Bart.\" Maggie Groening has co-written a few \"Simpsons\" books",
"title": "Matt Groening"
},
{
"id": "4777530",
"text": "really funny.\" \"The Simpsons\" director David Silverman said Sting's appearance in the episode worked for his persona because he has campaigned for political and social causes in real life. Sting was staying in New York City at the time of the episode's recording so Vitti flew there to record the lines with him. The television commercial for the Superstar Celebrity Microphone that Homer watches, was inspired by a popular Ronco Mr. Microphone commercial from the late 1970s, in which a boy becomes popular and \"scores with the girls\" by using his microphone to be on the radio. Both commercials feature",
"title": "Radio Bart"
},
{
"id": "10028161",
"text": "Peythieu) who does the voice of France French Homer says \"T'oh!\" instead of Homer's trademark \"D'oh!\". This comes from the actor misreading the line the first time he did Homer's voice and has been that way ever since. In the France version of the show, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \"Eat my shorts\" becomes \"Va te faire shampouiner\" (\"Go shampoo yourself\", similar to \"go to hell\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \"Why you little...\" becomes \"espèce de sale petit...\" (literally \"you dirty lil'...\"). This version also has its popular catchphrases, to translate some terms",
"title": "Non-English versions of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6832217",
"text": "statement, merely as an \"obnoxious\" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line \"singes mangeurs de fromage\", omitting the word \"surrender\". 'Round Springfield \"'Round Springfield\" is the 22nd episode of \"The Simpsons\" sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is rushed to the hospital after eating a jagged metal Krusty-O and decides to sue Krusty the Clown. Whilst visiting Bart, Lisa meets her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy. She is saddened when she later learns that Murphy has died, and",
"title": "'Round Springfield"
},
{
"id": "5505668",
"text": "5—Artie Shaw named his band the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange in Greenwich Village. In 1940 the original Gramercy Five pressed eight records, then dissolved this band in early 1941. In episode 9F07 of The Simpsons, \"Mr. Plow\", in which Homer takes up work as a snow-plow operator, the ad he takes out on television shows the Simpsons' phone number as Klondike 5-3226. Stan Freberg, on his 1966 album, \"Freberg Underground\", objected to all digit dialing in song, including the lyric: <poem>They took away our Murray Hills, They took away our Sycamores, They took away Tuxedo and State,",
"title": "Telephone exchange names"
},
{
"id": "5000011",
"text": "appear with a shotgun during the first act, but no player accepted the role. The line when Milhouse says he knows Bart's dad better than Bart knows him is a reference to based on a real life experience of producer Mike Reiss. During production the animators need Ralph to get off screen for a two shot so they decided that Ralph followed a butterfly. This episode was advertised as featuring Ron Howard, in what would have been his third appearance on \"The Simpsons\" (his first two appearances can be found in Season Ten's \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", and",
"title": "Children of a Lesser Clod"
},
{
"id": "7980163",
"text": "Beatle\", the \"Invader Zim\" pilot with Dib, and meta-references such as \"I am not a 32-year-old woman\" (in reference to Bart's voice actress Nancy Cartwright) and \"Nobody reads these anymore\". When possible, Bart is shown deliberately disobeying the line that he is writing on the chalkboard (e.g. squeaking chalk when asked to write \"I will not squeak chalk\", putting in ditto marks for \"I will not cut corners\", showing dis-coordination with \"coffee is not for kids\", or putting \"I will finish what I sta\" for a single line). In \"The Simpsons Movie\", the gag, \"I will not illegally download this",
"title": "The Simpsons opening sequence"
},
{
"id": "7980175",
"text": "hoisting Martin Prince up a flagpole by his underwear and saluting it as if it were a flag. The camera then zooms through a window of the school where Bart is doing the chalkboard gag which is \"I will not illegally download this movie\", a reference to piracy before quick-fading to the popular 90s band Green Day who are hosting a concert at Lake Springfield, playing their rendition of \"The Simpsons Theme\". \"He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs\" (season 19) was the first new episode to air following the release of \"The Simpsons Movie\", and the episode's opening sequence",
"title": "The Simpsons opening sequence"
},
{
"id": "4954253",
"text": "on The Magic Castle, a nightclub in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, California. Marge's line \"I didn't say that for clapping\" is a reference to a speech given by John Wayne while he was intoxicated. Homer wants to buy a singing rubber fish after their first con. At the end of the episode, Bart exclaims “Cowabunga!”, a catch-phrase of the main characters in the animated television series \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\". In the scene where Grampa joins Bart and Homer, Grampa mentions the film \"The Sting II\". In its original American broadcast on December 10, 2000, \"The Great Money",
"title": "The Great Money Caper"
},
{
"id": "10028172",
"text": "Cucinotta as in the original version is Francesca, sideshow Bob's wife. On July 14, 2013 Tonino Accolla, the voice for Homer Simpson, died on July 14, 2013 and was replaced by Massimo Lopez. In Italian, many other catch phrases are also translated: Bart's \"Eat my shorts\" becomes \"Ciucciati il calzino\" (\"Suck the sock\"). When Homer tries to throttle Bart, his phrase \"Why you little...\" becomes \"Brutto bagarospo...\" (\"You ugly frog...\"). \"The Simpsons\" was first broadcast in Luxembourgish in September 2011 on RTL Luxembourg, after many years of being able to watch the show in the more widely spoken French language",
"title": "Non-English versions of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "13796907",
"text": "the second time the Yippies had nominated an ineligible candidate for the Presidency, following the nomination of a boar named Pigasus eight years prior. The organizers of the campaign staged a ticker-tape parade down a boulevard in Berkeley, California, with motorcycle police flanking a convertible limousine occupied by nobody. The campaign's slogans included \"Nobody's perfect\", and \"Nobody should have too much power\". Nobody for President Nobody for President was a parodic campaign for the 1976 United States presidential election, as well as the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections. Wavy Gravy, master of ceremonies for the Woodstock Festival and official clown",
"title": "Nobody for President"
},
{
"id": "19903643",
"text": "Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry! bar saying even a box of stale raisins gets taken before him.",
"title": "Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"
},
{
"id": "408066",
"text": "the primary and secondary characters have at least one each. Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" and Nelson Muntz's \"\"Ha\"-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"\"¡Ay, caramba!\"\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days. However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the \"Krusty the Clown Show\" solely for saying \"I didn't",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "6600088",
"text": "Bart Gets Famous \"Bart Gets Famous\" is the twelfth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> fifth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 3, 1994. In the episode, Bart gets a job as Krusty the Clown's production assistant. However, he soon becomes sick of the job and comes close to quitting. During one of his shows, Krusty says he needs to use Bart in a sketch. Bart becomes an accidental star when he says, \"I didn't do it\" during the botched sketch. He becomes famous for his catchphrase but soon becomes tired of being known",
"title": "Bart Gets Famous"
},
{
"id": "2359123",
"text": "pursue ya, They'll love to run their fingers through your hair! The jingle was created by Hanley M. Norins of the Young & Rubicam advertising agency. The Brylcreem television advertisement included a cartoon animation of a man with initially shaggy hair who happily has a little dab applied, and, miraculously, the hair combs and smooths itself. When the dry look became popular, partly inspired by the unoiled moptops of The Beatles, the last line was changed from \"They'll love to run their fingers through your hair\", to \"They'll love the natural look it gives your hair.\" Subsequent television advertisements used",
"title": "Brylcreem"
},
{
"id": "6799261",
"text": "a small TV set on top of a larger TV set, each of them displaying on its screen the title of a current TV sitcom. While the upper TV set showed \"Love on a Rooftop\", the one underneath blared \"Hey, Landlord!\". One \"Channel Chuckles\" gag was a caricature of Mr. Spock from \"Star Trek\" receiving letters requesting advice on child-rearing (a reference to Doctor Benjamin Spock). Another \"Channel Chuckles\" gag depicted a mad scientist working in his laboratory while a nearby television intoned the slogan of a current DuPont ad campaign: \"Better Living Through Chemistry\". Another familiar slogan was lampooned",
"title": "Channel Chuckles"
},
{
"id": "5011785",
"text": "for Smucker's preserves (\"With a name like Smucker's, it has to be good!\"), a role he resumed in his later years. Beginning in the 1980s, Adams provided the voiceover for Cadbury Creme eggs, which were advertised on television with Adams' catchy slogan, \"Nobunny knows Easter better than him [the Cadbury Bunny].\" Also in the 1980s, Adams did voice-over TV commercials for Sherwin-Williams Paints. Adams also did radio commercials for the Salvation Army. In addition, Adams was the narrator for Kix commercials in the 1990s as well as a few Dentyne commercials and a few Swanson commercials. He was also the",
"title": "Mason Adams"
},
{
"id": "5748633",
"text": "he was accidentally trapped in his garage all week, clearing Bart. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore. Fat Tony (voiced by Joe Mantegna) and his henchmen, Legs and Louie, made their first appearances on \"The Simpsons\". The episode features cultural references to songs such as \"Witchcraft\" and \"One Fine Day\", and the American television series \"MacGyver\". Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13.4 and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. After having a particularly bad day",
"title": "Bart the Murderer"
},
{
"id": "17399477",
"text": "a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and corporate logos. In 2012, the company enlisted the firm of Hornall Anderson to give the 'Quaker man' a slimmer, somewhat younger look. The man is now sometimes referred to as \"Larry\" by insiders at Quaker Oats. And in 1965, a new advertising slogan was introduced: \"Nothing is better for thee, than me\". The company has never had any ties with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). When the company was being built up, Quaker businessmen were known for their honesty (truth is often considered a Quaker testimony). \"The Straight",
"title": "Quaker Oats Company"
},
{
"id": "7778406",
"text": "Luther Gillis\" 14 years before the Seinfeld episode, in the December 7, 1989 (Season 8 Episode 11) \"Cheers\" episode \"Feeble Attraction\" and in the May 13, 1993 \"Cheers\" episode \"The Guy Can't Help It\". On the May 7, 1992 \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart's Friend Falls in Love\" Bart says, \"Well, Milhouse, tis better to have loved and lost, yada yada yada.\" The phrase was used in the \"She's Back\" episode of \"Wings\", on 1/3/95, when character Sandy Cooper \"yada, yadas\" through the wedding ceremony to Joe Hackett. The phrase was used in the fifth episode of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\",",
"title": "The Yada Yada"
},
{
"id": "7239212",
"text": "Jump Street\". The animation industry had experienced a decline in the 1980s. In 1987, \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" premiered with mild success. During this time, a series of short cartoons originally intended to be bumpers gained a following with young and old audiences, and Fox ordered thirteen episodes of a new animated television series based on these, titled \"The Simpsons\". When \"The Simpsons\" premiered in December 1989, the series was instantly popular. Merchandise featuring the show’s breakout character Bart Simpson has accumulated over US$1 billion in sales. \"The Simpsons\" was the first successful primetime animated series since \"The Flintstones\", paving",
"title": "Fox cartoons"
},
{
"id": "13264950",
"text": "1, 1991. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". McFarlane Toys released a line of action figures based on the film. In 2014 and 2015, Lego sets based on \"The Simpsons\" were produced, including The Simpsons House and a set of Collectible Lego Minifigures. \"The Simpsons\" has inspired special editions",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "4950006",
"text": "\"The Cosby Show\" was a ratings rival with \"The Simpsons\". \"Squiggy\" being sent to boost \"The 1895 Challenge\" ratings is another reference to \"The Cosby Show\", whom sent \"Smitty\" (Adam Sandler) to the Cosby's house. The episode title is a reference to The Beatles song \"Helter Skelter\". Bart laments having access only to \"Mutt and Jeff\" comic books and is quoted as saying, \"This has been the worst week of my life. I miss my toys and my video games. Mutt and Jeff comics are NOT funny! They're gay, I get it!\". Although everything in the Victorian House is supposed",
"title": "Helter Shelter (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "16842969",
"text": "debuted. Its theme song included the line \"the dog ate all my homework last night\". Thus embedded in the American consciousness, it would be exploited for comic purposes in other television shows and comic strips. Users of the popular \"TV Tropes\" website have devoted a page to collecting examples from various popular media. It became an occasional running gag on \"The Simpsons\", which also began airing that year, mostly playing off Bart's tendency to offer ridiculous excuses for all sorts of misconduct to his teacher Mrs. Krabappel. In a 1991 episode, a difficult day for Bart begins with Santa's Little",
"title": "The dog ate my homework"
},
{
"id": "9979902",
"text": "Jeff are spending time together, and Jeff expresses his joy that Billy has finally accepted him \"not only as a son, but as a spider.\" Billy, suddenly remembering that Jeff is a spider, begins to beat him with a stick, though as usual, Jeff fails to notice the hatred in it. Wrath of the Spider Queen is a reference to R.A. Salvatore's book series, featuring the society of dark elves, who worship the Spider Queen. When Jeff says, \"Nobody puts Jeffy in a corner.\" this is a parody of the line \"Nobody puts Baby in a corner.\" from the popular",
"title": "Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen"
},
{
"id": "741570",
"text": "while and still be permitted to live.\" In 2003, Bart placed first in a poll of parents in the United Kingdom who were asked \"which made-up character had the most influence\" on children under 12 years old. In 1998, \"Time\" named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was the only fictional character to make the list. He had previously appeared on the cover of the edition of December 31, 1990. He was also ranked No. 48 in \"TV Guide\"s \"50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time\" in 1996 and both he and Lisa",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "6107764",
"text": "of dishonesty to music. This concept was featured in a 2001 episode of \"The Simpsons\", entitled \"New Kids on the Blecch\". In the episode, a cartoon representation of a pitch corrector (labeled \"Studio Magic\") was used to make up for the total lack of singing talent in a manufactured boy band, of which Bart Simpson was a member. In 2003, Allison Moorer began attaching stickers to her 2002 album \"Miss Fortune\" reading \"Absolutely no vocal tuning or pitch-correction was used in the making of this record.\" A \"Chicago Tribune\" report from 2003 stated that \"many successful mainstream artists in most",
"title": "Pitch correction"
},
{
"id": "6443463",
"text": "Blue Fish\", where he is a waiter at a Japanese restaurant. It is revealed in this episode that the characters Ned Flanders, Moe Szyslak and Montgomery Burns are left-handed, just like \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening. \"The Simpsons\" writer George Meyer came up with the idea of The Leftorium when the creators were trying to figure out what Ned's failed business would be. The inspiration came from a friend of Meyer's who opened a left-handed store that was quickly forced to close down due to lack of business. The title of the episode is a reference to the title of",
"title": "When Flanders Failed"
},
{
"id": "5891299",
"text": "directed by Susie Dietter. Show runner David Mirkin originally came up with the idea of Bart having a girlfriend that was more evil than he was. Meryl Streep guest stars in the episode as Jessica Lovejoy. It features cultural references to films such as \"Planet of the Apes\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Since airing, the episode has received acclaim from both critics and fans, and \"Entertainment Weekly\" named Meryl Streep's role as one of the best guest appearances on \"The Simpsons\". During a church sermon, Bart falls in love with Reverend Lovejoy's daughter, Jessica. However, when he approaches",
"title": "Bart's Girlfriend"
},
{
"id": "19903656",
"text": "3.66 million people, making it Fox's highest rated show of the night. Treehouse of Horror XXVIII \"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII\" is the fourth episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 622nd episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 22, 2017. The Simpson family is on a plate, as part of candies distributed on Halloween at a house. Bart as a Butterfinger bar is afraid of being taken, Marge as a Mars bar comforts him saying he's always the last taken, and Homer, an Oh Henry!",
"title": "Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"
},
{
"id": "742809",
"text": "by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney. Barney can be seen in \"The Simpsons\" opening credits since 2009, passed out under a pile of leaves (but still holding his beloved bottle of Duff Beer) and being awaken by Bart Simpson skateboarding over his stomach, causing him to let out his trademark burp. Barney's father, Arnie Gumble, was a World War II veteran who died in 1979 in a parade float accident. Little is known about his mother, except that she lives in Norway and that she served",
"title": "Barney Gumble"
},
{
"id": "12446739",
"text": "Lipstick on a pig To put \"lipstick on a pig\" is a rhetorical expression, used to convey the message that making superficial or cosmetic changes is a futile attempt to disguise the true nature of a product or person. Pigs have long been featured in proverbial expressions: a \"pig's ear\", a \"pig in a poke\", as well as the Biblical expressions, \"\" and \"ring of gold in a swine's snout.\" Indeed, whereas the phrase \"lipstick on a pig\" seems to have been coined in the 20th century, the concept of the phrase may not be particularly recent. The similar expression,",
"title": "Lipstick on a pig"
},
{
"id": "10028164",
"text": "place in the midst of season 17, when Volkmann's last dubbed episode was \"We're on the Road to D'ohwhere\" and Engelke's first dubbed episode was \"My Fair Laddy\". Whilst Elisabeth Volkmann's voice is not so close, Anke Engelke's voice is rather \"adapted\" to the original voice. Bart is dubbed by Sandra Schwittau and Lisa by Sabine Bohlmann who also dubs Maggie. One important difference is that Homer's \"D'oh!\" is yelled as a fierce \"NEIN!\" \"(\"NO!\")\". Whenever Homer strangles Bart, he says \"Na warte, du Kleiner ...\" \"(\"Wait you little ...\")\" or \"Du mieser Kleiner ...\" \"(\"You mean little ...\")\". Another",
"title": "Non-English versions of The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "20658396",
"text": "The script commits some of the signature latter-day \"Simpsons\" sins, but more than any other, it's just comically inert. The story doesn't drive forward, it lounges like Homer in a hammock and wobbles. There was one—and only one—joke that roused itself to at least cleverness, if not laughter. Homer, rattled behind the wheel by Bart's \"Art of War\"-inspired campaign of manipulation, rear-ends Wiggum's cruiser. Producing a balloon, presumably for a sobriety test, Wiggum has Homer make a bunny, then hauls him off to provide the entertainment for Ralph's birthday party.\" \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\" scored a 0.9 rating with",
"title": "No Good Read Goes Unpunished"
},
{
"id": "408071",
"text": "English Dictionary in 2008. Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". \"The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations\" includes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\" (season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. \"The Simpsons\" was",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "13264953",
"text": "7-Eleven stores. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary. \"The Simpsons\" is the first television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production. The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Approximately one billion will be printed. Microsoft produced a limited edition \"The Simpsons Movie\" Xbox 360. Samsung released \"The Simpsons Movie\" phone, however the quality of build on ths phone left it prone to screen",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "2124332",
"text": "\"anti-Bart\" (referring to Bart Simpson) while discussing how other characters have tried to \"claim Bart's place of honor.\" Voice actress Pamela Adlon received positive reception for her portrayal of Bobby. She received an Emmy for her role in the episode \"Bobby Goes Nuts\", the only actor in the series to have won one. IGN editor Talmadge Blevins quotes a line spoken by Bobby, \"That's my purse! I don't know you!\", describing it as one of the \"most memorable lines ever uttered on television.\" In 2002, \"TV Guide\" ranked Bobby Hill number 48 on its \"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All",
"title": "Bobby Hill (King of the Hill)"
},
{
"id": "13264914",
"text": "The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons is an American animated comedy franchise whose eponymous family consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The Simpsons were created by cartoonist Matt Groening for a series of animated shorts that debuted on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" on Fox on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour prime time show that was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). The popularity of \"The Simpsons\" has made it a billion-dollar merchandising and",
"title": "The Simpsons (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "741535",
"text": "was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Cartwright is the only one of the six main \"Simpsons\" cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\". The voice came naturally",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "4955662",
"text": "high on lists of \"Worst \"Simpsons\" Episodes Ever\" due to its recycling of plotlines, as well as the scene wherein Homer, dressed as a panda, is implied to be sexually assaulted by another panda at the zoo. The family take Bart to dinner at the Singing Sirloin restaurant (as seen in \"Life on the Fast Lane\") for getting his first \"A\" on an astronomy quiz. When asked how he achieved this rarity, Bart explains that he was in Mrs. Krabappel's class trying to force a hamster and a lizard to mate, but was forced to hide in the coat closet",
"title": "Homer vs. Dignity"
},
{
"id": "5947348",
"text": "the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said \"Marge getting to let her hair down is always a treat, and in Ruth Powers she seems to have a real friend. A pity we don't see more of her\". \"The A.V. Club\" named Homer's line \"Stupid TV! Be more funny!\" as one of the quotes from \"The Simpsons\" that can be used in everyday situations. On their 2000 album \"And Then Nothing Turned Itself Inside Out\", indie rock band Yo La Tengo has a song entitled \"Let's Save Tony",
"title": "Marge on the Lam"
},
{
"id": "894673",
"text": "Bart and Milhouse's Radioactive Man, Manboy, Radiation Dude, Batboy, Mr. Hop, Batchick, Mr. Smarty Pants, Birdguy, Nick, Cat Girl, Power Person, Dog Kid, Iguana Girl, Snake Kid, Lava Lady, Star Dog, The Human Bee, Mister Amazing and Tree Man. Barney's Bowl-A-Rama is the bowling alley in Springfield. It is owned by Barney Gumble's Uncle Al. The very first known appearance is the episode \"Life on the Fast Lane\" where Homer forgets Marge's birthday and after rushing out to purchase a gift, he ends up buying a bowling ball. Marge is insulted at the fact her gift from Homer was something",
"title": "Springfield (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "408088",
"text": "struggle to be normal [and] he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\" On January 27, 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush said, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons.\" The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "11703348",
"text": "17 parts. The song was also parodied in \"The Simpsons\" episode, \"What to Expect When Bart's Expecting\", from Season 25, as \"Let Them Play!\", and was sung by Homer Simpson (Dan Castellaneta), Bart Simpson (Nancy Cartwright), Fat Tony (Joe Mantegna) and Louie (Dan Castellaneta). Key & Peele also parodied the song as \"One at a Time\". Nostalgia Critic along with others at Channel Awesome parodied this number as \"One Big Song\" during their 2013 review of the Les Misérables movie. Former Fox News Channel contributor and comedian Steven Crowder parodied the song with guests including Ben Shapiro, Dean Cain, and",
"title": "One Day More"
},
{
"id": "1920346",
"text": "Honus Wagner Sports Museum which includes many Wagner collectibles and memorabilia. Visitors receive replicas of the famous card. In the 1992 episode Homer at the Bat, the popular TV show The Simpsons made a reference to Wagner. The character Mr. Burns lists three ringers he wants for his company's baseball team, but they are Honus Wagner, Cap Anson, and \"Mordecai 'Three Fingers' Brown\". His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century. In 2000, Wagner was honored with a U.S. postage stamp. The stamp was issued",
"title": "Honus Wagner"
},
{
"id": "823645",
"text": "September, when a new, shorter, version was made. By all accounts, the session was chaotic, but nobody dared suggest to any of the Beatles that they were out of control. Harrison reportedly ran around the studio while holding a flaming ashtray above his head, \"doing an Arthur Brown\". The stereo version of the LP includes almost an extra minute of music compared to the mono, which culminates in Starr famously shouting \"I've got blisters on my fingers!\" Charles Manson was unaware that helter skelter is the British name for a spiral slide found on a playground or funfair, and he",
"title": "The Beatles (album)"
},
{
"id": "741528",
"text": "Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening describes Bart as \"what would happen if Eddie Haskell [from \"Leave It to Beaver\"] got his own show\". Groening has also said that he found the premise of \"Dennis the Menace\" disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace. Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into \"The Simpsons\", a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained",
"title": "Bart Simpson"
},
{
"id": "408030",
"text": "town of Springfield. Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Bouvier, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. Homer's dad Grampa Simpson lives",
"title": "The Simpsons"
},
{
"id": "894680",
"text": "fight between Bart and Lisa, Homer tells the story of how Lisa first got her sax. King Toot's is seen briefly during the opening of \"The Simpsons Movie\" and later while the dome is being put over Springfield. In \"Covercraft\" King Toot is revealed to be a sleazy, overweight middle-aged man with a mustache who torments Moe by dumping all of his junk into Moe's alley dumpster without paying him, and ends up having a huge fight with Moe that ends with them both getting arrested and the music store being closed for repairs. The Leftorium is a store in",
"title": "Springfield (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"id": "3600315",
"text": "to play in the donkey basketball game. While at the Springfield Elementary School donkey basketball game, Bart taunts a donkey with a carrot, unaware that the school is reciting the national anthem. After he places the carrot in his shorts, the donkey takes it and rips off Bart's shorts. While Bart is bent over to keep his privates covered with his shirt, the US flag is put up behind him and a photo is taken, which results in the crowd assuming that Bart is mooning the US flag. Shortly afterwards, the \"Springfield Shopper\" takes the story and completely turns it",
"title": "Bart-Mangled Banner"
},
{
"id": "11206088",
"text": "he gave Homer a \"Forget-Me-Shot\", which wiped out the last 24 hours of his memory; the ingredients of which include Jägermeister, sloe gin, triple and quadruple sec, gunk from a dog's eye, Absolut Pickle, the red stripe from Aquafresh toothpaste and the venom of the Louisiana loboto-moth then stirred with a home pregnancy test. Chief Wiggum tells Homer that there was a domestic disturbance at his house last night, which was reported by Ned Flanders. Homer instantly receives a flashback to the night before showing Wiggum questioning Marge about a black eye she had received, to which Marge nervously replies",
"title": "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mother Tucker context: the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \"worse of a sell-out\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by \"The Simpsons\" character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism\n\nAccording to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what??",
"compressed_tokens": 192,
"origin_tokens": 192,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bart Simpson context: television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" Lisa would advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\", which was available for a limited time.\n\ntitle: Butterfinger context: release. When the joke revealed, redirect visitorsitiousButterfinger\".2009, a new advertis for Butterfinger was produced appeared be a homage to the earlier Simpsons commercials. 2010, Butterfinger rev its \"Nobody better lay a finger slogan as \"Nob's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger 2011, a comedy horror film entitled \"Butterfinger 1\", was made promote the product In April 2013 an official announ via Twitter ofThe Simpsons stated that the \"Nobody better lay a finger\"ising featuring Bart Simpson\n:: station Brian invited him to speak at, Vid quickly after he This causes quit show not that \"se a than Ste appeared in a. isating a Butterfinger, and says \"Nobody better lay a fingerf\", par of manyci Bartpsonters the a phrase used bypsons character Homer Sim. The bit is also a to negative criticism\n\n characters from Foxs in numerous98,log \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\", \"Bite my Butterfinger!\", and \"Nothin' like a Butterfinger!\" Butterfinger, for unknown reasons, terminated a long standing advertising contract with \"The Simpsons\" in the end of 2001. Reacting to this, the January 2002 \"Simpsons\" episode \"Sweets and Sour Marge\" included a scene depicting Butterfinger bars as nonflammable; the character Chief Wiggum says, \"Even the fire doesn't want them.\" In February 2003, in the episode \"Barting Over\", Bart claims\n\nAccording to the Bart Simpsons TV ad, Nobody better lay a finger on my what??",
"compressed_tokens": 516,
"origin_tokens": 14582,
"ratio": "28.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
Subsets and Splits