Datasets:

amphora
/

SPOT-MetaData

title stringlengths 32 185	paper_category stringclasses 10 values	error_category stringclasses 9 values	error_location stringlengths 5 37	error_severity stringclasses 2 values	error_annotation stringlengths 61 355
A missing theorem on dual spaces	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Lemma 3,4	retract	The issue is that an error in Proposition 2.3 undermines the validity of Lemmas 3 and 4, and Theorem 4.1 depends on results from Proposition 2.3; therefore, Lemmas 3 and 4 are only valid if the conclusions of Proposition 2.3 hold for the map q used in Theorem 4.1.
A New Radio to Overcome Critical Link Budgets	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Unknown	retract	The error is that the beamforming gain for N antennas is incorrectly calculated as N, when it should actually be N^2, since coherent beamforming results in the received power increasing by the square of the number of antennas.
On the triviality of the unramified Iwasawa modules of the maximal multiple $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extensions	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Section 4.2.3	errata	There is a mathematical error in Section 4.2.3, where either an equation is misstated, a step in a proof is incorrect, or an assumption is improperly applied, leading to an invalid or inaccurate result in the derivation.
A Simple, Nearly-Optimal Algorithm for Differentially Private All-Pairs Shortest Distances	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Sec 3, Sec4	retract	The error is the incorrect assumption in Sections 3 and 4 that the topology of the shortest path trees is public, which may not be true; additionally, in Section 3, Lemma 2.4 is applied inappropriately under this false assumption.
Application of carboxymethylcellulose in combination with essential oils nano-emulsions edible coating for the preservation of kiwifruit	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 3	errata	The error is that some images of kiwi fruits in Fig 3 have been duplicated or manipulated (such as being mirror-flipped or stretched) across different groups or time points, making them appear unexpectedly similar when they should represent distinct samples.
The Scientific Case Against Net Zero: Falsifying the Greenhouse Gas Hypothesis	Environmental Science	Equation / proof	Section. 3.1.2	errata	The author used the base-10 logarithm (log10) instead of the natural logarithm (ln, neperian logarithm) in the IPCC radiative forcing equation, resulting in incorrect temperature change calculations.
Synthesis, Structural Investigations, and Dielectric Properties of Irradiated Flexible Polymeric Composite Films	Materials Science	Figure duplication	Fig. 5B,5C	errata	Figures 5B and 5C present images of what are claimed to be different samples, but both images actually show the same area of the sample, with Figure 5C being a horizontally stretched version of Figure 5B, resulting in inconsistent scale bars and data misrepresentation.
Glycerol-silica/chitosan conjugated self-assembled nano-flower framework for Herstulla thompsoni delivery with effectiveness in natural settings: Optimization and pilot scale production	Biology	Reagent identity	Title, Introduction	retract	The name of the fungus "Hirsutella thompsonii" is misspelled in the title and introduction, which is a critical error because scientific names must be accurate for proper identification and credibility.
Efficient Fault-Tolerant Single Qubit Gate Approximation And Universal Quantum Computation Without Using The Solovay-Kitaev Theorem	Physics	Equation / proof	Equation 6	retract	The error is that Equation 6, derived using real arithmetic, is incorrectly applied to a context that uses modulo 2 arithmetic, making the result incompatible with the actual operations on the state ket.
Innovative fabrication of highly efficient CeO2 ceramic nanomaterials for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of toxic contaminants under sunlight	Materials Science	Data inconsistency	Fig. 6	errata	The error is that the XRD pattern in Fig. 6 shows an unusual double trace in the highlighted section, which was introduced during digital editing—specifically, due to inappropriate manipulation like "painting" and using the Magic Eraser tool, rather than reflecting true experimental data.
Illuminating the dark kinome: utilizing multiplex peptide activity arrays to functionally annotate understudied kinases	Biology	Reagent identity	Overall	errata	The error is that the recombinant protein fragments used for at least three kinases do not include their respective kinase domains, meaning the reagents do not have intrinsic kinase activity and the experimental results do not reflect actual kinase function for those proteins.
A stretchable, electroconductive tissue adhesive for the treatment of neural injury	Engineering	Figure duplication	Fig 5	errata	The error is that images representing different experimental conditions and time points in Figure 5 were duplicated or swapped during figure assembly, resulting in panels that inaccurately display the same or overlapping images for distinct groups.
Photocatalytic removal of textile wastewater-originated methylene blue and malachite green dyes using spent black tea extract-coated silver nanoparticles	Multidisciplinary	Data inconsistency	Fig. 4	errata	The error in Fig. 4 is that the UV-Vis spectrum for the "chemically synthesized Ag nanoparticles" displays an artifact—a sharp, anomalous peak at ~260 nm—due to unfiltered junk data not being removed before plotting, and the horizontal axis label is also misspelled.
Unveiling the antiviral inhibitory activity of ebselen and ebsulfur derivatives on SARS-CoV-2 using machine learning-based QSAR, LB-PaCS-MD, and experimental assay	Multidisciplinary	Equation / proof	Eq. 1	errata	The error is that the equation for pIC50 was incorrectly written as just 1/IC50, when it should be pIC50 = log(1/IC50 (M)), which is the standard way to calculate pIC50.
Every Polish group has a non-trivial topological group automorphism	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 1.1	retract	The error is that extending a non-trivial automorphism of L by fixing elements of a maximal independent subset Y of U can inadvertently redefine the automorphism on elements of L that are generated by Y, making the extension invalid.
Facile synthesis of SnSe‚ÄìMnTe nanocomposite as a promising electrode for supercapacitor applications	Materials Science	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig 2d	errata	The error is that the EDX spectrum in Figure 2d was incorrectly labeled, showing inconsistencies such as a flat background and missing expected iron peaks, which led to incorrect assignment of elements to peaks.
Unveiling the biological effects of radio-frequency and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields on the central nervous system performance	Medicine	Reagent identity	Overall	errata	The error is that the manuscript incorrectly refers to "C57BL/6 rats," but C57BL/6 is a strain of mice, not rats; thus, there is a misidentification of the animal model used.
On the uniqueness of the strictly convex quadrilateral central configuration with a fixed angle	Physics	Equation / proof	Proposition 2	retract	The error in Proposition 2 and Lemma 1 is that their equations or proof steps are incorrect, undermining the validity of subsequent results and the main conclusion of the paper.
On the uniqueness of the strictly convex quadrilateral central configuration with a fixed angle	Physics	Equation / proof	Lemma 1	retract	Lemma 1 contains incorrect equations or logical steps, undermining the validity of the proof and making the results that rely on it, including Proposition 2 and the main theorem, unreliable.
Nevanlinna Theory on Geodesic Balls of Complete K√§hler Manifolds	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Introduction	retract	The error is that the Green function $G_R(o,x)$ for the geodesic ball $B(R)$ was incorrectly stated to satisfy the Dirichlet boundary condition on the geodesic sphere $\partial B(R)$, when in fact it does not necessarily vanish on the boundary as required by the Dirichlet condition.
Qsyn: A Developer-Friendly Quantum Circuit Synthesis Framework for NISQ Era and Beyond	Physics	Data Inconsistency (text-text)	Table 2	errata	The values or entries in Table 2 are inconsistent or incorrect compared to reliable sources or other parts of the document, indicating a need for data verification and correction.
A Relationship Between Nonphysical Quasi-probabilities and Nonlocality Objectivity	Physics	Equation / proof	Equation 8	retract	The error is that the calculation incorrectly claims different eigenvalues for β^{T}β in the right-identity case, when in fact the eigenvalues remain unchanged for both the left- and right-identity cases, invalidating the argument's main result.
Extraction and characterization of biocompatible hydroxyapatite (Hap) from red big eye fish bone: Potential for biomedical applications and reducing biowastes	Environmental Science	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig1, Fig2	errata	Figures 1 and 2 are supposed to display FT-IR and XRD spectra, but instead show SEM images, indicating the figure images and their legends are mismatched and do not represent the described data.
Self-assembling chitosan based injectable and expandable sponge with antimicrobial property for hemostasis and wound healing	Chemistry	Figure duplication	Fig 6	errata	The problem is that there is significant image overlap between a treatment and a control panel in Figure 6J, indicating duplicated or reused images where different experimental conditions were supposed to be shown.
Shafarevich-Tate groups of holomorphic Lagrangian fibrations II	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Kahler Twists	errata	There is likely a mistake in the formulation or derivation of equations related to Kähler twists, such as an incorrect application of properties of Kähler manifolds or errors in twisting procedures within the proof.
ITERTL: An Iterative Framework for Fine-tuning LLMs for RTL Code Generation	Computer Science	Experiment setup	Sec 4.1	errata	The problem is that there are inaccuracies or mistakes regarding the description or implementation of [REDACTED-NAME] in the experimental setup, which could lead to misunderstandings or misrepresentation of how the experiment was conducted.
From Tripods to Bipods: Reducing the Queue Number of Planar Graphs Costs Just One Leg	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorems 1.2, 1.3	retract	The error is that the decomposition technique claimed as original in Theorems 1.2 and 1.3 was previously established by other authors, and furthermore, Lemma 4.2 is incorrect, rendering the current proofs insufficient and requiring new technical details.
From Tripods to Bipods: Reducing the Queue Number of Planar Graphs Costs Just One Leg	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Lemma 4.2	retract	Lemma 4.2 is incorrect, so the proof relying on it is invalid and requires new technical details to correct the decomposition argument.
Retraction Note to: Molecular characterization of the 14‑3‑3 gene family in rice and its expression studies under abiotic stress	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 14, Fig 15	errata	The error is that multiple blots within Figure 14 and Figure 15 appear to be duplicated, indicating possible data manipulation or misrepresentation, which undermines the reliability of the results and conclusions.
Large Bricks and Join-irreducible torsionfree classes	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Proposition 3.9	retract	There is a logical gap in the proof of Proposition 3.9, meaning that a necessary step or justification is missing, so the conclusion does not properly follow from the premises given.
DNA methylation remodeling and the functional implication during male gametogenesis in rice	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 2B	errata	The error is image duplication in Figure 2B, where the same image was mistakenly used for both the cmt3b mutant and wild-type conditions due to a mix-up during image organization.
Hybrid films loaded with 5-fluorouracil and Reglan for synergistic treatment of colon cancer via asynchronous dual-drug delivery	Engineering	Figure duplication	Fig 6	errata	Figure 6 contains duplicated XRD patterns, meaning the same data appears multiple times, which suggests either an error in figure preparation or potential data manipulation.
Quantum advantage in zero-error function computation with side information	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Claim 3	errata	The error in Claim 3 is likely due to an incorrect equation or flaw in the logical steps of the proof, which may result from the misuse of mathematical principles, incorrect assumptions, or an invalid derivation that undermines the claim's validity.
Impacts of Low Energy Argon Beam on Enhancing the Surface Wettability and Electrical Performance of CA/PANI Films	Materials Science	Figure duplication	Fig. 5C,5D	errata	The error is that Figures 5C and 5D, which are described as different samples in the figure caption, actually show the same sample area at different magnifications, and there are inconsistencies between the published scale bars and the actual magnification, indicating misleading representation of the data.
The first superconducting final focus quadrupole prototype of the FCC-ee study	Physics	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Table 2	errata	The data values presented in Table 2 do not match the corresponding figures or calculations elsewhere in the document, indicating inconsistencies that compromise the accuracy and reliability of the information.
CONDA: Condensed Deep Association Learning for Co-Salient Object Detection	Computer Science	Data inconsistency	Sec 4.1	errata	The problem is that Section 4.1 reports an incorrect number of images for a dataset, leading to data inconsistency that needs correction.
A Strongly Subcubic Combinatorial Algorithm for Triangle Detection with Applications	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Overall in paper	retract	The triangle detection algorithm is incorrect because the reasoning or analysis provided for Case 2.1 in Subsection 2.1 is flawed, which can lead to incorrect detection results in certain cases.
A Strongly Subcubic Combinatorial Algorithm for Triangle Detection with Applications	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Sec 2	retract	The analysis in Case 2.1 is faulty because it incorrectly assumes that the triangle detection algorithm will always succeed under certain conditions, but there exist cases where the algorithm fails, making the proof invalid.
Efficient Human Pose Estimation: Leveraging Advanced Techniques with MediaPipe	Computer Science	Statistical reporting	Sec 3.3	retract	The error is that the angle was calculated incorrectly in Section 3.3, leading to potential inaccuracies in the reported statistical results that rely on this value.
How to surpass no-go limits in Gaussian quantum error correction and entangled Gaussian state distillation?	Physics	Equation / proof	Lemma 3,4	retract	The error is that the statements or proofs of Lemma 3 and Lemma 4 contain inaccuracies, likely due to incorrect assumptions, logical gaps, or invalid mathematical steps, which compromise the validity of their conclusions.
Hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects of quinacrine against bile duct ligation-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: Role of bone morphogenetic proteins signaling	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 5	errata	The error is that two western blot sections in Figure 5 are identical in both their bands and background, even though they are supposed to represent different samples/experiments, indicating a duplication or misassembly of figure panels.
The effect of Relativistic Aberration on Cosmological Distances	Physics	Equation / proof	Computations	retract	The error is that the computations incorrectly assume galaxies are in a different reference frame than the observer, leading to fundamentally flawed equations and invalid results throughout the paper.
A Simple Ricci Flow Proof of the Uniformization Theorem	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 3.3	retract	The proof incorrectly assumes that the value of A at t=0 and t=T are identical, but without a justification or condition ensuring this, the main inequality in the argument does not necessarily hold.
Advanced targeted curcumin delivery using biodegradable hierarchical microspheres with calcium pectinate matrix and hyaluronic acid moieties for enhancing colitis amelioration	Chemistry	Figure duplication	Fig 4B	errata	The images for Occludin and Claudin-1 in the LPS and HA-NLC groups in Figure 4B appear to be misplaced, indicating possible figure duplication or mislabeling of results.
Algebraic description of complex conjugation on cohomology of a smooth projective hypersurface	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 2.3	retract	The statement and proof of Theorem 2.3 is not correct. What was described in the paper is an order 2 operation which swaps the Hodge components, which gives the complex conjugation only when the Hodge component has dimensions 1. But our description does not give the complex conjugation in the general case where the Hodge component has a bigger dimension
On the Existence of an Extremal Function for the Delsarte Extremal Problem	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 7	errata	The error is that the uniform convergence on compact subsets cannot be concluded without first establishing that the limit function f is continuous and satisfies f(0)=1, which has not been shown at this point in the proof.
‚ÄúSol-gel auto combustion synthesis of Al3+-Gd3+ ions co-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for nanoelectronics applications‚Äù	Materials Science	Figure duplication	Fig 1	errata	Some panels in Figure 1 are duplicates, showing identical spectra, due to a mistake during figure assembly and labeling, resulting in mislabeled or repeated data that does not accurately represent the intended experimental results.
Vitamin C facilitates direct cardiac reprogramming by inhibiting reactive oxygen species	Medicine	Figure duplication	Fig. 2	errata	The error is that identical images were mistakenly used in Figure 2B to represent two different experimental control conditions, indicating a duplication of figures during figure preparation.
Explicit expression and fast algorithms for the inverse of some matrices arising from implicit time integration	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 2.2	retract	There is a mistake in the logical steps or calculations in the proof of Theorem 2.2, resulting in formula (2.10) being incorrect; as a result, any numerical results or conclusions that depend on this formula may also be invalid or misleading.
Intratumoral delivery of Mitomycin C using bio-responsive Gellan Gum Nanogel: In-vitro evaluation and enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 5A	errata	Figure 5A contains panels that were inadvertently duplicated, meaning the same image was used more than once, which is an error in figure assembly and misrepresents the experimental data.
Chlorogenic acid-assisted dopamine‚Äësodium alginate composite nanofiber membranes for promoting wound healing	Chemistry	Figure duplication	Fig 9c	errata	The error is that in Figure 9c, the TGF-β1 image for the PVA group was duplicated from the control group, resulting in the same image being used for both groups due to an error during figure assembly.
Screening High-Performance Hybrid Halides Scintillators: A Comprehensive Analysis and Prediction Model	Chemistry	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig 7	errata	The error in Fig 7 is that the figure caption is incorrect—it is the same as the caption for Fig 6, leading to confusion and inconsistency between the figure content and its description.
Multiplicative Chow-Künneth decomposition and homology splitting of configuration spaces	Mathematics	Equation / proof	1.10. Corollary	retract	Corollary 1.10 contradicts known statements in the literature
A novel ENTH domain-containing protein TgTEPSIN is essential for structural maintenance of the plant-like vacuolar compartment and bradyzoite differentiation in toxoplasma gondii	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 4B	errata	The error is that multiple panels within Figure 4B are duplicated or overlap with each other, indicating that the same or very similar images were used to represent different experimental conditions, which is a misuse of figure data.
CR functions at CR singularities: approximation, extension, and hulls	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 4.2	errata	There is a logical gap in the proof of Theorem 4.2, meaning that one or more steps necessary to arrive at the conclusion are missing or insufficiently justified, making the argument incomplete.
MSP-MVS: Multi-granularity Segmentation Prior Guided Multi-View Stereo	Computer Science	Experiment setup	Overview	errata	The problem is that there is a significant flaw in how the experiment was designed in the Multi-granularity section, which affects the reliability of the resulting data analysis and the validity of the study’s conclusions.
Chitosan nonwoven fabric composited calcium alginate and adenosine diphosphate as a hemostatic bandage for acute bleeding wounds	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 2G,E	errata	The error is that the same cell images were used in two different experimental conditions in Figures 2G and 2E, indicating a figure duplication likely caused by an error during figure assembly.
Multiplication formula for Hernandez and Leclerc's quivers with potentials	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Section 2	retract	The error is that Jacobian algebras do not generally have the Ext-symmetry required for the GLS multiplication formula, and generalized preprojective algebras are not always Jacobian because the nilpotency relations for loops are not derived from the potential.
On the principal eigenvalue for compound Poisson processes	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 2.1	retract	The main flaw is that the proof does not account for a key exception or missing condition, which leads to Theorem 2.1 being stated too generally and thus not holding in all claimed cases.
Going Beyond Word Matching: Syntax Improves In-context Example Selection for Machine Translation	Computer Science	Statistical reporting	Sec 5	retract	The problem is that Section 5 compares baselines that are not directly comparable, which could lead to misleading or confusing interpretations of the results.
HDRTransDC: High Dynamic Range Image Reconstruction with Transformer Deformation Convolution	Computer Science	Statistical reporting	Sec 4.2, 4.3	retract	The error is related to potentially incorrect metric calculations in Sections 4.2 and 4.3, meaning the statistical results reported in these sections may be inaccurate or misleading and require further validation.
The Art of Staying Ahead of Deadlines: Improved Algorithms for the Minimum Tardy Processing Time	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Sec 3	retract	The error is that the runtime analysis omits the contribution of the processing times within the interval [d_j - p_j, d_{j - 1}], which leads to an incomplete and therefore incorrect calculation of the total processing time.
The interplay between additive and symmetric large sets and their combinatorial applications	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Page 4	errata	The definition or expression of the operation $ p \odot_t q $ is incorrect, which undermines the validity of the subsequent results that rely on this operation.
A form of refined Roth's theorem and its application to the $abc$-conjecture	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 1.6	retract	Theorem 1.6 contains an error because one or more of the equations or logical steps used in the proof are incorrect, possibly due to an invalid assumption or a misapplied result that invalidates the theorem's conclusion.
Token Jumping in Planar Graphs has Linear Sized Kernels	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Claim 7	retract	The proof incorrectly claims a linear kernel size in k, but the correct approach only yields a quadratic kernel, as shown in later work; the original proof thus overstates the achievable bound.
Macrophage ILF3 promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm by inducing inflammatory imbalance in male mice	Multidisciplinary	Figure duplication	Fig. 4	errata	A micrograph image was accidentally duplicated and rotated to appear as two different experimental conditions in Figure 4, which misrepresents the data and is a figure duplication error.
Multivalent supramolecular fluorescent probes for accurate disease imaging	Multidisciplinary	Data Inconsistency (figure-figure)	Fig. 2	errata	In Figures 2J and 2K, the x-axis intervals are visually equal, but the numerical increments between the tick marks are inconsistent, particularly for the last two values, which may mislead readers about the timing or progression of the data presented.
Expression of CGRP in the Trigeminal Ganglion and Its Effect on the Polarization of Macrophages in Rats with Temporomandibular Arthritis	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 5	errata	Figure 5 contains duplicated images that are also found in Figure 6, specifically due to the inadvertent use of enlarged and cropped versions of the same images across both figures, resulting in partial duplication.
Agar-gelatin Maillard conjugates used for Pickering emulsion stabilization	Chemistry	Figure duplication	Fig 5E	errata	The error is that the same image was mistakenly used twice in Figure 5E, resulting in a duplicated panel, which was an oversight during figure preparation and not related to data manipulation.
The synergistic roles of MsRCI2B and MsRCI2E in the regulation of ion balance and ROS homeostasis in alfalfa under salt stress	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig5A	errata	The error in the 3rd row of Fig 5A is due to the incorrect placement of an image during figure assembly, resulting in an overlap or misrepresentation of the intended control, although the proper control was performed and shown elsewhere in the manuscript.
Farnesoid X receptor activation protects against renal fibrosis via modulation of β-catenin signaling	Medicine	Figure duplication	Fig 6	errata	Figure 6 contains a duplicated image where the same image was mistakenly copied for both the CTL and HFD+CDCA groups, an error acknowledged by the authors as a result of negligence during figure assembly.
Farnesoid X receptor activation protects against renal fibrosis via modulation of β-catenin signaling	Medicine	Data Inconsistency (text-text)	Abstract & Method 2.6	errata	There is a discrepancy between the Abstract and Method 2.6 regarding the duration of high-fat diet treatment in mice: the Abstract states 20 weeks, while the Methods section initially stated 12 weeks, causing confusion about the experimental timeline and raising concerns about data consistency throughout the paper.
Assessment of clean production level in phosphate mining enterprises: Based on the fusion group decision weight and limited interval cloud model	Environmental Science	Data inconsistency	Eq. 1	errata	Equation 1 is inconsistent with the described data constraints and real-world application, particularly because the transformation or distribution applied (e.g., Gaussian for nonnegative indicators) does not make sense for left-constrained (nonnegative) values, leading to a misrepresentation or incorrect modeling of the data.
Superacid In Situ Protected Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks	Chemistry	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig 4c	errata	There are inconsistencies between the figure numbering and COF nomenclature in Figure 4c and the related Supporting Information, resulting in mismatched figure references and inconsistent or incorrect chemical names, which can cause confusion and reduce the clarity and accuracy of the article.
Superacid In Situ Protected Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks	Chemistry	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Figure 4c, Tables S6, S7, S8	errata	There are multiple naming errors and inconsistencies in Figure 4c and Tables S6, S7, and S8, including incorrect or inconsistent COF names such as "TAPT-TPB-COF" instead of "TAPT-TFB-COF" and inconsistent use of the name "TAPB-DMTA-COF" vs. "TPB-DMTP-COF," leading to confusion and potential misidentification of compounds.
Superacid In Situ Protected Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks	Chemistry	Data Inconsistency (figure-figure)	Figures 6K, 6L, 7A, 7G, and 7I.	errata	The error is that the COF names given in the captions of Figures 6K, 6L, 7A, 7G, and 7I do not match the names of the COFs actually shown in the corresponding figure panels, leading to confusion and inconsistencies between the text and the figures.
Impact of extraction methods on the properties of Carica papaya pseudostem fibers from Cameroon used as reinforcement in biocomposites	Multidisciplinary	Figure duplication	Fig. 3	errata	The error is that images intended to represent fibers treated with different NaOH concentrations (specifically Figure 3C and 3D) are duplicated, with the same image being used to depict both conditions, which misrepresents the experimental results.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor is a T cell-negative costimulatory molecule	Medicine	Figure duplication	Fig S7	errata	The error is that two panels in Figure S7 (CD3 and GLP-1R) appear to show overlapping or duplicated images, indicating they are not distinct experiments and suggesting an assembly or upload mistake in the figure.
Long noncoding RNA Malat1 protects against osteoporosis and bone metastasis	Multidisciplinary	Figure duplication	Fig. 4	errata	The error is that a micro-CT image of bone tissue from a male mouse was mistakenly duplicated and labeled as a female sample in Fig. 2b, misrepresenting the data for female mice in the figure.
Fields of definition of dynamical systems on $\mathbb{P}^{1}$. Improvements on a result of Silverman	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Page 5	retract	The error is that the proof incorrectly claims that having equal ramification degrees implies equal orders of vanishing at 0 and ∞, but equal ramification degrees alone do not guarantee equal orders of vanishing, so the conclusion does not follow.
Multifunctional polydopamine/hemin-cyclodextrin reinforced chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel: A synergistic platform for wound healing	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 5	errata	The error is that Figure 5 contains duplicated images that are supposed to represent different experimental conditions, which was caused by an inadvertent mistake during typesetting.
Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/PANI nanocomposite for efficient Pb (II) adsorption from contaminated water	Multidisciplinary	Figure duplication	Fig. 1	errata	The error is that Figures 1c and 1d show not only similar but completely identical PXRD patterns, including the random noise, which is not possible for separate experimental measurements and indicates inappropriate duplication of the data.
Multi-Antenna Towards Inband Shift Keying	Computer Science	Equation / proof	Unknown	errata	The error is that the paper underestimates the beamforming gain for transmit beamforming with N antennas, stating it as N when the correct value is N^2.
Characteristic ideal of the fine Selmer group and results on $Œº$-invariance under isogeny in the function field case	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Proposition 4.6	retract	The proof of Proposition 4.6 contains a mistake that affects the validity of subsequent results (including Theorem 4.9), likely due to a faulty argument or incorrect application of an equation, as acknowledged by a correction in a later preprint.
Characteristic ideal of the fine Selmer group and results on $Œº$-invariance under isogeny in the function field case	Mathematics	Equation / proof	Theorem 5.1	retract	The error in the proof of Theorem 5.1 involves a flaw or gap in the logical reasoning or calculations that invalidates the original proof, and a corrected version has been provided in arXiv:2407.21431.
The impact understanding of exosome therapy in COVID-19 and preparations for the future approaches in dealing with infectious diseases and inflammation	Multidisciplinary	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Section. Exosome confirmation methods	errata	The error is that the figure shows a micrograph from a TESCAN MIRA 3 device, whereas the text in the Materials and Methods section incorrectly describes the instrument used as a Hitachi S-4160 and Zeiss EM10C, resulting in a discrepancy between the described methods and the actual data presented.
In-situ acid catalysis strategy to achieve rapid ambient pressure drying preparation of aerogels	Materials Science	Data inconsistency	Fig3c	errata	The XRD curve for [H+]=3.5 in Figure 3c was incorrectly duplicated from the [H+]=3.0 data due to a copy-paste error during figure preparation, resulting in a data inconsistency for that panel.
Author Correction: Selective manipulation of the inositol metabolic pathway for induction of salt-tolerance in indica rice variety	Multidisciplinary	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig. 3	errata	The error is that the figures and related text incorrectly refer to a 10-day salination stress period, when the actual experiments and data presented are based on a 7-day stress period, leading to a mismatch between the reported experimental timeline and what was actually performed.
Author Correction: Selective manipulation of the inositol metabolic pathway for induction of salt-tolerance in indica rice variety	Multidisciplinary	Data Inconsistency (figure-text)	Fig. 4	errata	The figure and its legend incorrectly state that the salination stress period was 10 days, when in fact the data and experiments were conducted over a 7-day stress period, leading to inconsistency between the text and the figure.
Assessing the effect of therapeutic level of oxytetracycline dihydrate on pharmacokinetics and biosafety in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)	Multidisciplinary	Statistical reporting	Table. 1	errata	The error is that negative values are reported for pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, elimination rates, and LOQ in Table 1, which are nonsensical since these parameters should always be positive based on their definitions in pharmacokinetics and analytical chemistry.
A green, versatile, and facile strategy for anti-biofouling surface with ultra-high graft density polyethylene glycol	Biology	Figure duplication	Fig 6A	errata	There is a figure duplication error in Fig 6A where images that should represent different bacterial species or treatment conditions instead share overlapping or identical areas, due to improper handling and copying of image files during figure preparation.

SPOT-MetaData

Metadata & Annotations for Scientific Paper ErrOr DeTection (SPOT)
SPOT contains 83 papers and 91 human-validated errors to test academic verification capabilities.

📖 Overview

SPOT-MetaData contains all of the annotations for the SPOT benchmark—no paper PDFs or parsed content are included here. This lightweight repo is intended for anyone who needs to work with the ground-truth error labels, categories, locations, and severity ratings.

Parse contents are available at: link.
For codes see: link.

Benchmark at a glance

83 published manuscripts

91 confirmed errors (errata or retractions)

10 scientific domains (Math, Physics, Biology, …)

6 error types (Equation/Proof, Fig-duplication, Data inconsistency, …)

Average paper length: ~12 000 tokens & 18 figures

📜 License

This repository (metadata & annotations) is released under the CC-BY-4.0 license.

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