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PubMedQA-fine-tuned-llama-3-2-3B-labels

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[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTwo-year follow-up survey of patients with allergic contact dermatitis from an occupational cohort: is the prognosis dependent on the omnipresence of the allergen?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Skin diseases are the most frequently recognized occupational diseases in Denmark. The prognosis for occupational contact dermatitis is often poor.\n-OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prognosis, assessed by eczema, job status and skin-related quality of life, among patients allergic to rubber chemicals and latex (ubiquitous allergens) and epoxy (nonubiquitous allergen), 2\xa0years after recognition of occupational allergic contact dermatitis.\n-METHODS: From a cohort of all patients recognized as having occupational dermatitis by the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries in 2010, 199 patients with relevant rubber allergy (contact allergy to rubber chemicals or contact urticaria from latex) or epoxy allergy were identified. Follow-up consisted of a questionnaire covering current severity of eczema, employment, exposure and quality of life.\n-RESULTS: The response rate was 75%. Clearance of eczema was reported by 11% of patients and 67% reported improvement. Overall 22% of patients with allergy to a nonubiquitous allergen had total clearance of eczema compared with 10% of cases allergic to ubiquitous allergens and 0% of those with contact urticaria (P\xa0=\xa00·116). Improvement was significantly more frequent in those who had changed jobs compared with those who had not (P\xa0=\xa00·01).'}]

no

The prognosis for occupational contact dermatitis is not entirely dependent on the omnipresence of the allergen, as 22% of patients with allergy to a nonubiquitous allergen had total clearance of eczema, compared to 10% of cases allergic to ubiquitous allergens.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Assessing the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients consists of periodical clinical evaluations and laboratory tests. We aimed to assess the role of calprotectin tests in predicting clinical relapse in IBD patients.\n-METHODS: Ninety-seven patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 65 with Crohn\'s disease (CD) in clinical remission were prospectively included in the study. A 10-g stool sample was collected for calprotectin assay. The cutoff level was set at 130 mg/kg of feces. Patients were followed up for 1 yr after the test or until relapse. The cumulative proportion of relapses was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Statistics for equality of survival distribution were tested using the log-rank test.\n-RESULTS: The calprotectin test was positive in 44 UC patients and 26 of them relapsed within a year, while 11 of 53 UC patients with a negative calprotectin test relapsed within the same time frame. Thirty CD patients had a positive calprotectin test and 13 of them relapsed within a year, as did 7 of the 35 with a negative test result. A significant correlation emerged between a positive calprotectin test and the probability of relapse in UC patients (P= 0.000). In CD patients, only cases of colonic CD showed a significant correlation between a positive calprotectin test and the probability of relapse, i.e., 6 colonic CD patients were positive for the calprotectin test and 4 relapsed (P= 0.02).'}]

yes

A significant correlation emerged between a positive calprotectin test and the probability of relapse in UC patients, and in colonic CD patients, a significant correlation was found between a positive calprotectin test and the probability of relapse.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan nurse-led preoperative education reduce anxiety and postoperative complications of patients undergoing cardiac surgery?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The effect of preoperative education on anxiety and postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery patients remains unclear.AIM: The aim of the study was to estimate the effectiveness of a nurse-led preoperative education on anxiety and postoperative outcomes.\n-METHODS: A randomised controlled study was designed. All the patients who were admitted for elective cardiac surgery in a general hospital in Athens with knowledge of the Greek language were eligible to take part in the study. Patients in the intervention group received preoperative education by specially trained nurses. The control group received the standard information by the ward personnel. Measurements of anxiety were conducted on admission-A, before surgery-B and before discharge-C by the state-trait anxiety inventory.\n-RESULTS: The sample consisted of 395 patients (intervention group: 205, control group: 190). The state anxiety on the day before surgery decreased only in the intervention group (34.0 (8.4) versus 36.9 (10.7); P=0.001). The mean decrease in state score during the follow-up period was greater in the intervention group (P=0.001). No significant difference was found in the length of stay or readmission. Lower proportions of chest infection were found in the intervention group (10 (5.3) versus 1 (0.5); P=0.004). Multivariate linear regression revealed that education and score in trait anxiety scale on admission are independent predictors of a reduction in state anxiety.'}]

yes

The nurse-led preoperative education was effective in reducing anxiety, as shown by a significant decrease in state anxiety on the day before surgery and during the follow-up period, as well as a lower proportion of chest infections.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there a discrepancy between patient and physician quality of life assessment?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: Quality of Life (QoL) assessment remains integral in the investigation of women with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Previous work suggests that physicians tend to underestimate patients\' symptoms and the bother that they cause. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between physician and patient assessed QoL using the Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ).\n-METHODS: Patients complaining of troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were recruited from a tertiary referral urodynamic clinic. Prior to their clinic appointment they were sent a KHQ, which was completed before attending. After taking a detailed urogynecological history, a second KHQ was filled in by the physician, blinded to the patient responses, on the basis of their impression of the symptoms elicited during the interview. These data were analyzed by an independent statistician. Concordance between patient and physician assessment for individual questions was assessed using weighted kappa analysis. QoL scores were compared using Wilcoxons signed rank test.\n-RESULTS: Seventy-five patients were recruited over a period of 5 months. Overall, the weighted kappa showed relatively poor concordance between the patient and physician responses; mean kappa: 0.33 (range 0.18-0.57). The physician underestimated QoL score in 4/9 domains by a mean of 5.5% and overestimated QoL score in 5/9 domains by a mean of 6.9%. In particular, physicians underestimated the impact of LUTS on social limitations and emotions (P<0.05).'}]

yes

The study found relatively poor concordance between patient and physician quality of life assessment, with physicians underestimating QoL score in 4/9 domains by a mean of 5.5% and overestimating QoL score in 5/9 domains by a mean of 6.9%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nImpact of MPH programs: contributing to health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The "health workforce" crisis has led to an increased interest in health professional education, including MPH programs. Recently, it was questioned whether training of mid- to higher level cadres in public health prepared graduates with competencies to strengthen health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Measuring educational impact has been notoriously difficult; therefore, innovative methods for measuring the outcome and impact of MPH programs were sought. Impact was conceptualized as "impact on workplace" and "impact on society," which entailed studying how these competencies were enacted and to what effect within the context of the graduates\' workplaces, as well as on societal health.\n-METHODS: This is part of a larger six-country mixed method study; in this paper, the focus is on the qualitative findings of two English language programs, one a distance MPH program offered from South Africa, the other a residential program in the Netherlands. Both offer MPH training to students from a diversity of countries. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 graduates (per program), working in low- and middle-income health systems, their peers, and their supervisors.\n-RESULTS: Impact on the workplace was reported as considerable by graduates and peers as well as supervisors and included changes in management and leadership: promotion to a leadership position as well as expanded or revitalized management roles were reported by many participants. The development of leadership capacity was highly valued amongst many graduates, and this capacity was cited by a number of supervisors and peers. Wider impact in the workplace took the form of introducing workplace innovations such as setting up an AIDS and addiction research center and research involvement; teaching and training, advocacy, and community engagement were other ways in which graduates\' influence reached a wider target grouping. Beyond the workplace, an intersectoral approach, national reach through policy advisory roles to Ministries of Health, policy development, and capacity building, was reported. Work conditions and context influenced conduciveness for innovation and the extent to which graduates were able to have effect. Self-selection of graduates and their role in selecting peers and supervisors may have resulted in some bias, some graduates could not be traced, and social acceptability bias may have influenced findings.'}]

yes

MPH programs contribute to health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries by providing graduates with competencies to strengthen health systems, including changes in management and leadership, introduction of workplace innovations, and wider impact beyond the workplace.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs diffusion-weighted imaging a significant indicator of the development of vascularization in hypovascular hepatocellular lesions?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting the development of vascularization in hypovascular hepatocellular lesions (HHLs).\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two HHLs that were diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) arteriography were evaluated retrospectively. The lesion on DWI was classified as isointense, hypointense, or hyperintense. Follow-up studies that included intravenous dynamic CT or magnetic resonance imaging were performed.\n-RESULTS: The 730-day cumulative developments of vascularization in hypointense, isointense, and hyperintense lesions were 17%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The differences among these developments were not statistically significant.'}]

no

Diffusion-weighted imaging is not a significant indicator of the development of vascularization in hypovascular hepatocellular lesions, as the differences in developments among isointense, hypointense, and hyperintense lesions were not statistically significant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre failures of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction associated with steep posterior tibial slopes?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Recently, increasing number of literature has identified the posterior tibial slope (PTS) as one of the risk factors of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, few studies concerning the association between failure of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and PTS have been published. The objective of this study was to explore the association between the failure of ACLR and PTS at a minimum of two years follow-up.\n-METHODS: Two hundred and thirty eight eligible patients from June 2009 to October 2010 were identified from our database. A total of 20 failure cases of ACLR and 20 randomly selected controls were included in this retrospective study. The demographic data and the results of manual maximum side-to-side difference with KT-1000 arthrometer at 30° of knee flexion and pivot-shift test before the ACLR and at the final follow-up were collected. The medial and lateral PTSs were measured using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, based on Hudek\'s measurement. A comparison of PTS between the two groups was performed.\n-RESULTS: The overall failure rate of the present study was 8.4%. Of the 40 participants, the mean medial PTS was 4.1° ± 3.2° and the mean lateral PTS was 4.6° ± 2.6°. The medial PTS of the ACLR failure group was significantly steeper than the control group (3.5° ± 2.5° vs. 6.1° ± 2.1°, P = 0.000). Similarly, the lateral PTS of the ACLR failure group was significantly steeper than the control group (2.9° ± 2.1° vs. 5.5° ± 3.0°, P = 0.006). For medial PTS ≥ 5°, the odds ratio of ACLR failure was 6.8 (P = 0.007); for lateral PTS ≥5°, the odds ratio of ACLR failure was 10.8 (P = 0.000).'}]

yes

The study found that the medial and lateral posterior tibial slopes (PTS) of patients who experienced failures of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) were significantly steeper than those of control patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes evidence-based practice improve patient outcomes?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is widely promoted, but does EBP produce better patient outcomes? We report a natural experiment when part of the internal medicine service in a hospital was reorganized in 2003 to form an EBP unit, the rest of the service remaining unchanged. The units attended similar patients until 2012 permitting comparisons of outcomes and activity.\n-METHODS: We used routinely collected statistics (2004-11) to compare the two different methods of practice and test whether patients being seen by the EBP unit differed from standard practice (SP) patients. Data were available by doctor and year. To check for differences between the EBP and SP doctors prior to reorganization, we used statistics from 2000 to 2003. We looked for changes in patient outcomes or activity following reorganization and whether the EBP unit was achieving significantly different results from SP. Data across the periods were combined and tested using Mann-Whitney test.\n-RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in outcomes were detected between the EBP and the SP doctors prior to reorganization. Following the unit\'s establishment, the mortality of patients being treated by EBP doctors compared with their previous performance dropped from 7.4% to 6.3% (P\u2009<\u20090.02) and length of stay from 9.15 to 6.01 days (P\u2009=\u20090.002). No statistically significant improvements were seen in SP physicians\' performance. No differences in the proportion of patients admitted or their complexity between the services were detected. Despite this, EBP patients had a clinically significantly lower risk of death 6.27% versus 7.75% (P\u2009<\u20090.001) and a shorter length of stay 6.01 versus 8.46 days (P\u2009<\u20090.001) than SP patients. Readmission rates were similar: 14.4% (EBP); 14.5% (SP). EBP doctors attended twice as many patients/doctor as SP doctors.'}]

yes

The evidence-based practice unit showed improved patient outcomes, with a lower mortality rate and shorter length of stay, compared to the standard practice group, despite no initial statistically significant differences in outcomes between the two groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMultidisciplinary decisions in breast cancer: does the patient receive what the team has recommended?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to breast cancer management is the gold standard. The aim is to evaluate MDT decision making in a modern breast unit.\n-METHODS: All referrals to the breast MDT where breast cancer was diagnosed from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011 were included. Multidisciplinary team decisions were compared with subsequent patient management and classified as concordant or discordant.\n-RESULTS: Over the study period, there were 3230 MDT decisions relating to 705 patients. Overall, 91.5% (2956 out of 3230) of decisions were concordant, 4.5% (146 out of 3230), were discordant and 4% (128 out of 3230) had no MDT decision. Of 146 discordant decisions, 26 (17.8%) were considered \'unjustifiable\' as there was no additional information available after the MDT to account for the change in management. The remaining 120 discordant MDT decisions were considered \'justifiable\', as management was altered due to patient choice (n=61), additional information available after MDT (n=54) or MDT error (n=5).'}]

yes

The study found that 91.5% of multidisciplinary team decisions in breast cancer management were concordant with patient management, indicating that the patient received what the team has recommended.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes quilting suture prevent seroma in abdominoplasty?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Seroma is the most frequent complication in abdominoplasty. Some patients are more prone to develop this complication. Ultrasound is a well-known method with which to diagnose seroma in the abdominal wall. The purpose of this study was to verify the efficacy of the use of quilting suture to prevent seroma.\n-METHODS: Twenty-one female patients who presented with abdominal deformity type III/A according to the authors\' classification of abdominal skin and myoaponeurotic deformity had undergone abdominoplasty. The selected patients should have had at least one of the following characteristics: body mass index greater than 25 kg/m; weight loss greater than 10 kg; previous incision in the supraumbilical region; or present thinning of the subcutaneous in the area above the umbilicus. Ultrasound was performed for every patient from 15 to 18 days after the operation to search for fluid collection in the abdominal wall.\n-RESULTS: The average fluid collection found was 8.2 cc per patient. Only two patients underwent aspiration because ultrasound showed greater than 20 cc collected above the fascial layer. These patients did not present with recurrence of seroma after aspiration.'}]

yes

The study found that the average fluid collection was 8.2 cc per patient, and only two patients required aspiration due to fluid collection above the fascial layer, indicating that quilting suture may prevent seroma in abdominoplasty.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes feeding tube insertion and its timing improve survival?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To examine survival with and without a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tube using rigorous methods to account for selection bias and to examine whether the timing of feeding tube insertion affected survival.\n-DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.\n-SETTING: All U.S. nursing homes (NHs).\n-PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six thousand four hundred ninety-two NH residents with advanced cognitive impairment from dementia and new problems eating studied between 1999 and 2007.\n-MEASUREMENTS: Survival after development of the need for eating assistance and feeding tube insertion.\n-RESULTS: Of the 36,492 NH residents (88.4% white, mean age 84.9, 87.4% with one feeding tube risk factor), 1,957 (5.4%) had a feeding tube inserted within 1\xa0year of developing eating problems. After multivariate analysis correcting for selection bias with propensity score weights, no difference was found in survival between the two groups (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)\xa0=\xa01.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)\xa0=\xa00.94-1.13). In residents who were tube-fed, the timing of PEG tube insertion relative to the onset of eating problems was not associated with survival after feeding tube insertion (AHR\xa0=\xa01.01, 95% CI\xa0=\xa00.86-1.20, persons with a PEG tube inserted within 1\xa0month of developing an eating problem versus later (4\xa0months) insertion).'}]

no

No difference was found in survival between the two groups after multivariate analysis correcting for selection bias with propensity score weights.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes prostate morphology affect outcomes after holmium laser enucleation?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prostate morphology or technique used has any effect on postoperative outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was completed for all patients undergoing a holmium laser enucleation of the prostate at our institution. Prostate morphology was classified as either "bilobar" or "trilobar" according to the cystoscopic appearance. The baseline characteristics, complications, and postoperative outcomes were collected.\n-RESULTS: A total of 304 patients with either "bilobar" (n\xa0= 142) or "trilobar" (n\xa0= 162) prostate morphology were included. The trilobar group was more likely to have longer operative times (112 vs 100 minutes, P\xa0= .04), although this difference was not significant on multivariate analysis. The postoperative outcomes were similar between the 2 groups for American Urological Association symptom score, change in American Urological Association symptom score, bother score, maximal flow rate, change in maximal flow rate, postvoid residual urine volume, and complication rate. However, the trilobar group had a significantly greater decrease in their PVR urine volume (296 vs 176 mL, P\xa0= .01), a difference that persisted on multivariate analysis. A subset analysis of the trilobar prostates revealed that performing a 2-lobe technique achieved shorter operative and enucleation times, although the difference was not significant.'}]

no

The study found that prostate morphology, specifically whether the prostate was bilobar or trilobar, did not significantly affect postoperative outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, with the exception of a slightly longer operative time in the trilobar group and a greater decrease in postvoid residual urine volume.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo acute changes in heart rate by isoproterenol affect aortic stiffness in patients with hypertension?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Increased aortic stiffness is a independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension. Acute changes of the heart rate (HR) have been reported not to affect the aortic stiffness in pacing. However, it is unknown whether acute changes in HR caused by sympathomimetics can affect the aortic stiffness in patients with hypertension. We investigated the effect of acute changes in HR produced by isoproterenol on the aortic stiffness in 17 hypertensive patientss (mean age: 59 +/- 9 years).\n-METHODS: All vasoactive drugs were discontinued at least 3 days before the study. The carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by the foot-to-foot method. The pulse waves were recorded at the baseline and at every increase of HR by 5 to 10 bpm with a gradual increase of the dose of isoproterenol. The blood pressures and HR were measured simultaneously. For the analysis, HR, PWV, compliance (C), and compliance index (Ci) were converted as percent changes (delta) from the baseline values. Percent changes of the parameters of the aortic stiffness, i.e., deltaPWV, deltaC, and deltaCi, were grouped by every 10% increase in deltaHR.\n-RESULTS: There was no significant difference among groups in deltaPWV, deltaC and deltaCi (p>0.05 for each of the group). The regression analysis showed no significant correlation of deltaHR with deltaPWV and deltaC (r = 0.18, 0.13 respectively, p>0.05 for each). deltaCi had a poor correlation with deltaHR (r = 0.22, p<0.05). However, only 4.6% of deltaCi could be referred to deltaHR (r2 = 0.046).'}]

no

There was no significant difference among groups in deltaPWV, deltaC and deltaCi (p>0.05 for each of the group). The regression analysis showed no significant correlation of deltaHR with deltaPWV and deltaC (r = 0.18, 0.13 respectively, p>0.05 for each).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\n"Occult" posttraumatic lesions of the knee: can magnetic resonance substitute for diagnostic arthroscopy?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: We investigated the actual role of MRI versus arthroscopy in the detection and characterization of occult bone and/or cartilage injuries in patients with previous musculoskeletal trauma of the knee, pain and severe functional impairment. Occult post-traumatic osteochondral injuries of the knee are trauma-related bone and/or cartilage damage missed at plain radiography.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively selected 70 patients (men:women = 7:3; age range: 35 +/- 7 years) with a history of acute musculoskeletal trauma, negative conventional radiographs, pain and limited joint movements. All patients were submitted to conventional radiography, arthroscopy and MRI, the latter with 0.5 T units and T1-weighted SE. T2-weighted GE and FIR sequences with fat suppression.\n-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We identified three types of occult post-traumatic injuries by morpho-topographic and signal intensity patterns: bone bruises (no. 25), subchondral (no. 33) and osteochondral (no. 35) injuries. Arthroscopy depicted 45 osteochondral and 19 chondral injuries. A bone bruise was defined as a typical subcortical area of signal loss, with various shapes, on T1-weighted images and of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted and FIR images. The cortical bone and articular cartilage were normal in all cases, while osteochondral injuries exhibited associated bone and cartilage damage with the same abnormal MR signal intensity. Sprain was the mechanism of injury in 52 cases, bruise in 12 and stress in 6. In 52 sprains (30 in valgus), the injury site was the lateral compartment in 92.3% of cases (100% in valgus), associated with meniscal damage in 73% of cases (90% in valgus) and with ligament injury in 90.4% (100% in valgus). In 12 bruises, the injury site was the lateral compartment in 58.3% of cases, the knee cap in 25% and the medial compartment in 16.7%; meniscal damage was associated in 25% of cases and ligament damage in 8.3%. In 6 stress injuries, the injury site was localized in the medial tibial condyle in 80% of cases, while meniscal and ligament tears were absent.'}]

yes

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can substitute for diagnostic arthroscopy in detecting and characterizing occult posttraumatic lesions of the knee, including bone bruises, subchondral injuries, and osteochondral injuries.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCould ESC (Electronic Stability Control) change the way we drive?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: ESC (Electronic Stability Control) is a crash avoidance technology that reduces the likelihood of collisions involving loss of control. Although past and emerging research indicates that ESC is effective in reducing collision rates and saving lives, and its inclusion in all vehicle platforms is encouraged, drivers may demonstrate behavioral adaptation or an overreliance on ESC that could offset or reduce its overall effectiveness. The main objective of the present study was to determine whether behavioral adaptation to ESC is likely to occur upon the widespread introduction of ESC into the Canadian vehicle fleet. Secondary objectives were to confirm the results of a previous ESC public survey and to generate a baseline measure for the future assessment of planned and ongoing ESC promotional activities in Canada.\n-METHODS: Two separate telephone surveys evaluated drivers\' perceptions and awareness of ESC. The first surveyed 500 randomly selected owners/drivers of passenger vehicles. The second surveyed 1017 owners/drivers of 2006-2008 ESC-equipped passenger vehicles from the provinces of Quebec and British Columbia, Canada.\n-RESULTS: Though ESC drivers were much more likely than drivers of other vehicles to be aware of ESC (77% vs. 39%) and that their own vehicle was equipped with it (63% vs. 8%), 23 percent had never heard of it. Ninety percent of drivers who knew that their vehicle was equipped with ESC believed that ESC had made it safer to drive and reported being confident that ESC would work in an emergency. Twenty-three percent of ESC owners who knew their vehicle had ESC reported noticing long-lasting changes in their driving behavior since they began driving the vehicle.'}]

yes

Yes, ESC could change the way we drive, as 23% of ESC owners who knew their vehicle had ESC reported noticing long-lasting changes in their driving behavior since they began driving the vehicle.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe insertion allele of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism. A candidate gene for insulin resistance?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD), although the mechanism of this association is not apparent. We tested the hypothesis that the deletion allele of the ACE gene is associated with insulin resistance.\n-METHODS AND RESULTS: We related ACE genotype to components of the insulin-resistance syndrome in 103 non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) and 533 nondiabetic white subjects. NIDDM subjects with the DD genotype had significantly lower levels of specific insulin (DD 38.6, ID 57.1, and II 87.4 pmol.L-1 by ANOVA, P = .011). Non-insulin-treated subjects with the DD genotype had increased insulin sensitivity by HOMA % (DD 56.4%, II 29.4%, P = .027) and lower levels of des 31,32 proinsulin (DD 3.3, II 7.6 pmol.L-1, P = .012) compared with II subjects. There were no differences in prevalence of CHD or levels of blood pressure, serum lipids, or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity between the three ACE genotypes. In nondiabetic subjects there were no differences in insulin sensitivity, levels of insulin-like molecules, blood pressure, PAI-1, serum lipids, or CHD prevalence between the three ACE genotypes.'}]

no

The insertion allele of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism is not associated with insulin resistance, as evidenced by no differences in insulin sensitivity, levels of insulin-like molecules, blood pressure, PAI-1, serum lipids, or CHD prevalence between the three ACE genotypes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo ventricular arrhythmias in athletes subside over time?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Sudden death in athletes can occur during sport activities and is presumably related to ventricular arrhythmias.\n-OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term follow-up ofathletes with ventricular arrhythmias during an exercise test.\n-METHODS: From a database of 56,462 athletes we identified 192 athletes (35 years old who had ventricular arrhythmias during an exercise test. Ninety athletes had>or =3 ventricular premature beats (VPB) (group A) and 102 athletes had ventricular couplets or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia during an exercise test (group B). A control group of 92 athletesfrom without ventricular arrhythmias was randomly seleclted from the database (group C). Of the 192 athletes 39 returnied for a repeat exercise test after a mean follow-up period of 70 +/- 25 months and they constitute the study population.\n-RESULTS: Twelve athletes from group A, 21 fromgroup B and 6 from group C returned for a repeat exercise test. The athletes reached a significantly lower peak heart rate during their follow-up exercise test (P = 0.001). More athletes were engaged in competitive sports during their initialexercise test than in the follow-up test (P = 0.021). Most of theathletes who had VPB and/orventricular couplets and/or NSVT during their initial exercise test had far fewer ventricular arrhythmias in the follow-up exercise test (P = 0.001).'}]

yes

Most of the athletes who had ventricular arrhythmias during their initial exercise test had far fewer ventricular arrhythmias in the follow-up exercise test.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes ethnicity affect where people with cancer die?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Ageing is a growing issue for people from UK black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups. The health experiences of these groups are recognised as a \'tracer\' to measure success in end of life patient-preferred outcomes that includes place of death (PoD).AIM: To examine patterns in PoD among BAME groups who died of cancer.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mortality data for 93,375 cancer deaths of those aged ≥65 years in London from 2001-2010 were obtained from the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS). Decedent\'s country of birth was used as a proxy for ethnicity. Linear regression examined trends in place of death across the eight ethnic groups and Poisson regression examined the association between country of birth and place of death.\n-RESULTS: 76% decedents were born in the UK, followed by Ireland (5.9%), Europe(5.4%) and Caribbean(4.3%). Most deaths(52.5%) occurred in hospital, followed by home(18.7%). During the study period, deaths in hospital declined with an increase in home deaths; trend for time analysis for those born in UK(0.50%/yr[0.36-0.64%]p<0.001), Europe (1.00%/yr[0.64-1.30%]p<0.001), Asia(1.09%/yr[0.94-1.20%]p<0.001) and Caribbean(1.03%/yr[0.72-1.30%]p<0.001). However, time consistent gaps across the geographical groups remained. Following adjustment hospital deaths were more likely for those born in Asia(Proportion ratio(PR)1.12[95%CI1.08-1.15]p<0.001) and Africa(PR 1.11[95%CI1.07-1.16]p<0.001). Hospice deaths were less likely for those born in Asia(PR 0.73 [0.68-0.80] p<0.001), Africa (PR 0.83[95%CI0.74-0.93]p<0.001), and \'other\' geographical regions (PR0.90[95% 0.82-0.98]p<0.001). Home deaths were less likely for those born in the Caribbean(PR0.91[95%CI 0.85-0.98]p<0.001).'}]

yes

The study found that ethnicity affects where people with cancer die, with hospital deaths being more likely for those born in Asia and Africa, and hospice deaths being less likely for those born in Asia, Africa, and 'other' geographical regions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre patients with serious mental illness more likely to be admitted to nursing homes with more deficiencies in care?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI) who qualify for nursing home placement tend to require high levels of both psychiatric and nursing care. However, it is unknown whether they are equally likely to be admitted to nursing homes with adequate quality of care compared with other patients.\n-METHODS: We analyzed a national cohort of more than 1.3 million new nursing home admissions in 2007 using the minimum data set. The total and healthcare-related deficiency citations for each facility were obtained from the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting file. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses determined the association of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with admissions to facilities with higher deficiencies.\n-RESULTS: Compared with other patients, patients with schizophrenia (n=23,767) tended to enter nursing homes with more total (13.3 vs. 11.2, P<0.001) and healthcare-related deficiencies (8.6 vs. 7.2, P<0.001); and patients with bipolar disorder (n=19,741) were more likely to enter facilities with more problematic care too (12.5 vs. 11.2, P<0.001 for total deficiencies; and 8.2 vs. 7.2, P<0.001 for healthcare-related deficiencies). After sequentially controlling for the within-county choice of facilities, patient characteristics, and facility covariates, the association of SMI with admitting to higher-deficiency nursing homes persisted.'}]

yes

Patients with serious mental illness, specifically those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes with more deficiencies in care, compared to other patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes an additional antirotation U-Blade (RC) lag screw improve treatment of AO/OTA 31 A1-3 fractures with gamma 3 nail?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Poor bone quality and unstable fractures increase the cut-out rate in implants with gliding lag screws. The U-Blade (RC) lag screw for the Gamma3®nail was introduced to provide monoaxial rotational stability of the femoral head and neck fragment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of the U-Blade (RC) lag screw is associated with reduced cut-out in patients with OTA/AO 31A1-3 fractures.MATERIAL &\n-METHODS: Between 2009 and 2014, 751 patients with OTA/AO 31A1-3 fractures were treated with a Gamma3®nail at our institution. Out of this sample 199 patients were treated with U-blade (RC) lag screws. A total of 135 patients (117 female, 18 male) with standard lag screw (treatment group A) were matched equally regarding age (±4 years) sex, fracture type and location to 135 patients with U-blade (RC) lag screw (treatment group B). Within a mean follow up of 9.2 months (range 6-18 months) we assessed the cut-out rate, the calTAD, lag screw migration, the Parker\'s mobility score and the Parker\'s ratio at postoperatively, six and 12 months following surgery. Furthermore we recorded all complications, ASA-Score, hospital stay and duration of surgery retrospectively.\n-RESULTS: The most common fracture among group B with a cut-out of the lag screw were AO/OTA 2.3 and 3.2 fractures whereas in group A cut-out was most commonly seen in AO/OTA 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 fractures, there was no significant reduction of the cut-out rate in group B 2.2% (n=3) compared to group A 3.7% (n=5). The duration of surgery was significantly shorter in group A (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in lag screw placement, the Parker\'s ratio and mobilization.'}]

no

The use of an additional antirotation U-Blade (RC) lag screw does not significantly reduce the cut-out rate in patients with AO/OTA 31 A1-3 fractures with Gamma3 nail.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Low intakes or blood levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA + DHA) are independently associated with increased risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD). In randomized secondary prevention trials, fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD mortality at intakes of about 1 g/day. Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) composition reflects long-term intake of EPA + DHA. We propose that the RBC EPA + DHA (hereafter called the Omega-3 Index) be considered a new risk factor for death from CHD.\n-METHODS: We conducted clinical and laboratory experiments to generate data necessary for the validation of the Omega-3 Index as a CHD risk predictor. The relationship between this putative marker and risk for CHD death, especially sudden cardiac death (SCD), was then evaluated in several published primary and secondary prevention studies.\n-RESULTS: The Omega-3 Index was inversely associated with risk for CHD mortality. An Omega-3 Index of>or = 8% was associated with the greatest cardioprotection, whereas an index of<or = 4% was associated with the least.'}]

yes

The Omega-3 Index, which is the RBC EPA + DHA fatty acid composition, is inversely associated with risk for CHD mortality, and an Omega-3 Index of>or = 8% is associated with the greatest cardioprotection, whereas an index of<or = 4% is associated with the least.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMay mean platelet volume levels be a predictor in the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Our aim in this study was to investigate whether mean platelet volume (MPV) value could be used as an early marker to predict pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).\n-METHODS: Overall, 44 patients with PID and 44 healthy women were included in the study. The control group consisted of 44 women who applied to the clinic for a routine gynaecological check-up, without chronic disease or a history of medication use. Owing to the fact that it would affect thrombocyte function, women who have the following conditions were excluded from the study: women who were taking anticoagulant therapy, oral contraceptives, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory medications and who had chronic diseases. The leukocyte count, platelet count, neutrophil ratio and MPV values were collected from PID and the control group. C reactive protein values of patients with PID were also noted.\n-RESULTS: MPV values in patients with PID were lower than those in the control group. This reduction in MPV is statistically significant when the PID patient group is compared with the control group (p\u2009<\u20090.001). A negative correlation was discovered between platelet count and MPV values (p\u2009=\u20090.019, r\u2009=\u2009-\u20090.425). Receiver-operating curve analysis pointed out that MPV has greater area under curve value than neutrophil rate, leukocyte and platelet count (0.73, 0.64, 0.72 and 0.49 respectively).'}]

yes

Yes, mean platelet volume levels can be a predictor in the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease, as MPV values in patients with PID were lower than those in the control group, and a negative correlation was discovered between platelet count and MPV values.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo cytokine concentrations in pancreatic juice predict the presence of pancreatic diseases?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: Cytokine concentration in pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic disease is unknown. Secretin stimulation allows endoscopic collection of pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum. We aimed to evaluate the cytokine concentrations in pancreatic juice of patients with abdominal pain to discriminate presence from absence of pancreatic disease.\n-METHODS: From January 2003-December 2004, consecutive patients with abdominal pain compatible with pancreatic origin were enrolled. Patients underwent upper endoscopy. Intravenous secretin (0.2 mug/kg) was given immediately before scope intubation. Pancreatic juice collected from the duodenum was immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays were performed. Pancreatic juice levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were measured by modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The final diagnosis was made by the primary gastroenterologist on the basis of medical history; laboratory, endoscopic, and imaging studies; and clinical follow-up. Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used for statistical analysis.\n-RESULTS: Of 130 patients screened, 118 met the inclusion criteria. Multivariate analysis revealed that only interleukin-8 was able to discriminate between normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis (P = .011), pancreatic cancer (P = .044), and the presence of pancreatic diseases (P = .007). Individual cytokine concentrations were not significantly different in chronic pancreatitis compared with pancreatic cancer.'}]

yes

Multivariate analysis revealed that only interleukin-8 was able to discriminate between normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and the presence of pancreatic diseases.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the sex of acute stroke patients influence the effectiveness of rt-PA?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Women have been reported to show more frequent recanalization and better recovery after intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment for acute stroke compared with men. To investigate this we studied a series of stroke patients receiving IV rt-PA and undergoing acute transcranial doppler (TCD) examination.\n-METHODS: Acute stroke patients received IV rt-PA and had acute TCD examination within 4 hours of symptom onset at 4 major stroke centers. TCD findings were interpreted using the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) flow grading system. The recanalization rates, and poor 3-month outcomes (modified Rankin scale>2) of men and women were compared using the chi-square test. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess sex as a predictor of recanalization and poor 3-month outcome after controlling for age, baseline NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), time to treatment, hypertension, and blood glucose.\n-RESULTS: 369 patients had TCD examinations before or during IV rt-PA treatment. The 199 (53.9%) men and 170 (46.1%) women had mean ages of 67\u2009±\u200913 and 70\u2009±\u200914 years, respectively. The sexes did not differ significantly in baseline stroke severity, time to TCD examination, or time to thrombolysis. Of the men, 68 (34.2%) had complete recanalization, 58 (29.1%) had partial recanalization, and 73 (36.6%) had no recanalization. Of the women, 53 (31.2%) had complete recanalization, 46 (27%) had partial recanalization, and 71 (41.8%) had no recanalization (p\u2009=\u20090.6). Multiple regression analyses showed no difference between the sexes in recanalization rate, time to recanalization, or clinical outcome at 3 months.'}]

no

The sex of acute stroke patients does not influence the effectiveness of rt-PA, as the recanalization rates and poor 3-month outcomes did not differ significantly between men and women.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre head and neck specific quality of life measures necessary?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether head and neck-specific health status domains are distinct from those assessed by general measures of quality-of-life (QOL).\n-METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 55 head and neck cancer patients in tertiary academic center was made. Three head and neck-specific measures,-including the Head&Neck Survey (H&NS); a brief, multi-item test which generates domain scores; and a general health measure,-were administered.\n-RESULTS: The H&NS was highly reliable and more strongly correlated to the specific measures than to the general measure. Eating/swallowing (ES) and speech/communication (SC) were not well correlated with general health domains. Head and neck pain was highly correlated to general bodily pain (0.88, p<.0001). Despite correlations to some general health domains, appearance (AP) was not fully reflected by any other domain.'}]

yes

The study found that head and neck-specific quality of life measures, such as the Head&Neck Survey (H&NS), are distinct from those assessed by general measures of quality-of-life (QOL) and have a higher correlation with specific measures than with general measures.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDiabetes mellitus among Swedish art glass workers--an effect of arsenic exposure?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to search for evidence of an association between occupational arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus, as implied by the relation of this disease to arsenic in drinking water in a recent study from Taiwan.\n-METHODS: A case-referent analysis on death records of 5498 individuals in the art glass producing part of southeastern Sweden was performed. Out of all the enrolled subjects, 888 were glass workers. According to occupational title, glassblowers, foundry workers, and unspecified workers were regarded as potentially exposed to arsenic. Persons with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus either as an underlying or contributing cause of death were considered cases. Referents were decedents without any indication of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes.\n-RESULTS: A slightly elevated risk [Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH-OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.82-1.8] was found for diabetes mellitus among the glassworks employees, especially in combination with cardiovascular disease (MH-OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.81-2.3). For the glassblowers, other foundry workers and unspecified glassworkers probably exposed to arsenic, the M-H odds ratio was 1.4 (95% CI 0.92-2.2). Unspecified glass workers, who probably included persons with high exposure, carried the higher risk (MH-OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8).'}]

yes

A slightly elevated risk of diabetes mellitus was found among Swedish art glass workers, especially in combination with cardiovascular disease, with a Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio of 1.2-1.8.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes SYNTAX score predict in-hospital outcomes in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: SYNTAX score (SxS) has been demonstrated to predict long-term outcomes in stable patients with coronary artery disease. But its prognostic value for patients with acute coronary syndrome remains unknown.AIM: To evaluate whether SxS could predict in-hospital outcomes for patients admitted with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).\n-METHODS: The study included 538 patients with STEMI who underwent pPCI between January 2010 and December 2012. The patients were divided into two groups: low SxS (<22) and high SxS (>22). The SxS of all patients was calculated from aninitial angiogram and TIMI flow grade of infarct related artery was calculated after pPCI. Left ventricular systolic functions of the patients were evaluated with an echocardiogram in the following week. The rates of reinfarction and mortality during hospitalisation were obtained from the medical records of our hospital.\n-RESULTS: The high SxS group had more no-reflow (41% and 25.1%, p<0.001, respectively), lower ejection fraction (38.2 ± 7.5% and 44.6 ± 8.8%, p<0.001, respectively), and greater rates of re-infarction (9.5% and 7.3%, p = 0.037, respectively) and mortality (0.9% and 0.2%, p = 0.021, respectively) during hospitalisation compared to the low SxS group. On multivariate logistic regression analysis including clinical variables, SxS was an independent predictor of no-reflow (OR 1.081, 95% CI 1.032-1.133, p = 0.001).'}]

yes

The SYNTAX score is an independent predictor of no-reflow and mortality during hospitalisation in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs micro-computed tomography reliable to determine the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To analyze the reliability of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary bones at the alveolar process in human clinics by direct comparison with conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of osseous microstructural variables including bone volumetric density (BV/TV) of 39 biopsies from the maxillary alveolar bone was performed by micro-CT. Conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry of 10 bone biopsies was performed by optic microscopy (OM) and low-vacuum surface electronic microscopy (SEM). Percentages of bone between micro-CT and conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry were compared.\n-RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were observed between BV/TV and the percentage of bone (%Bone) analyzed by SEM (r\xa0=\xa00.933, P\xa0<\xa00.001), by toluidine blue staining OM (r\xa0=\xa00.950, P\xa0<\xa00.001) and by dark field OM (r\xa0=\xa00.667, P\xa0=\xa00.05). The high positive correlation coefficient between BV/TV and trabecular thickness illustrates that a value of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules thicker than 0.2\xa0mm. The high negative correlation between BV/TV and trabecular separation shows that values of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules separated less than 0.3\xa0mm each other.'}]

yes

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is reliable to determine the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone, as shown by significant positive correlations between bone volumetric density (BV/TV) and conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry methods.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes use of hydrophilic guidewires significantly improve technical success rates of peripheral PTA?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: To determine whether the use of hydrophilic guidewires has increased the technical success rate of peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).MATERIAL/\n-METHODS: We performed 125 procedures and analyzed the technical success rates of PTA using the conventional guidewire first and then if needed, the hydrophilic guidewire for iliac and SFA stenoses or occlusions. Angioplasty was performed on 25 stenosed, 25 occluded iliac arteries and 25 stenosed, 50 occluded femoral arteries. The result was defined as technical success when the lesion was crossed by a guidewire and balloon, then it was dilated with restoration of vessel lumen and less than 30% residual stenosis and the rise in ABI values was at least 0.15 after 24 hours.\n-RESULTS: The technical success rate after PTA of stenosed iliac arteries was achieved in 96% (24/25) using conventional wires and 100% using hydrophilic guidewire; in iliac occlusions, the rates were 60% (15/25) and 96%, respectively; in femoral stenosis - 84% (21/25) and 100%; in occlusions in the first group: lesions<10 cm -64% (16/25) and 96%, in the second group: lesions>10 cm -48% (12/25) and 88%. In the iliac group, there was no significant difference in the success of iliac stenosis PTA. However, there were significant changes in the success rates of PTA performed for SFA stenosis and iliac and SFA occlusions.'}]

yes

The use of hydrophilic guidewires significantly improves technical success rates of peripheral PTA, especially in stenosis and occlusion procedures, with higher success rates compared to conventional guidewires.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes frozen section alter surgical management of multinodular thyroid disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Frozen section (FS) evaluation during thyroid surgery is often used to guide intraoperative management. We sought to determine the utility of FS in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for multinodular thyroid disease.\n-METHODS: From May 1994 through November 2004, 236 patients with multinodular goiter underwent thyroidectomy at our institution. Patient data were retrospectively analyzed to see if a frozen section was performed during the procedure and whether it changed the patient\'s outcome.\n-RESULTS: Of the 236 patients, 135 (57%) had intra-operative FS. There were no differences between patients who had FS analysis and those who did not with regard to age, gender, and the incidence of malignancy. Of the patients who had FS, 4/135 (3%) were subsequently diagnosed with thyroid cancer on permanent histology. Three of these FS were misread as benign. Therefore, the sensitivity of FS for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was only 25%. Importantly, in none of the 135 patients did FS alter the intraoperative management.'}]

no

No, frozen section does not alter surgical management of multinodular thyroid disease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCould chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: There has been a significant spike in fentanyl-related deaths from illicit fentanyl supplied via the heroin trade. Past fentanyl access was primarily oral or dermal via prescription fentanyl patch diversion. One factor potentially driving this increase in fatalities is the change in route of administration. Rapid intravenous (IV) fentanyl can produce chest wall rigidity. We evaluated post-mortem fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations in a recent surge of lethal fentanyl intoxications.\n-METHODS: Fentanyl related deaths from the Franklin County coroner\'s office from January to September 2015 were identified. Presumptive positive fentanyl results were confirmed by quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and were able to quantify fentanyl, norfentanyl, alfentanyl, and sufentanyl.\n-RESULTS: 48 fentanyl deaths were identified. Mean fentanyl concentrations were 12.5\u2009ng/ml, (range 0.5\u2009ng/ml to\u2009>40\u2009ng/ml). Mean norfentanyl concentrations were 1.9\u2009ng/ml (range none detected to 8.3\u2009ng/ml). No appreciable concentrations of norfentanyl could be detected in 20 of 48 cases (42%) and were less than 1\u2009ng/ml in 25 cases (52%). Elevated fentanyl concentrations did not correlate with rises in norfentanyl levels. In several cases fentanyl concentrations were strikingly high (22\u2009ng/ml and 20\u2009ng/ml) with no norfentanyl detected.\n-DISCUSSION: The lack of any measurable norfentanyl in half of our cases suggests a very rapid death, consistent with acute chest rigidity. An alternate explanation could be a dose-related rapid onset of respiratory arrest. Deaths occurred with low levels of fentanyl in the therapeutic range (1-2\u2009ng/ml) in apparent non-naïve opiate abusers. Acute chest wall rigidity is a well-recognized complication in the medical community but unknown within the drug abuse community. The average abuser of illicit opioids may be unaware of the increasing fentanyl content of their illicit opioid purchase.'}]

yes

The lack of any measurable norfentanyl in half of the cases suggests a very rapid death, consistent with acute chest rigidity, which could be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs severe pain immediately after spinal augmentation a predictor of long-term outcomes?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Severe, immediate postprocedural pain and the need for analgesics after vertebroplasty can be a discouraging experience for patients and caregivers. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the presence of severe pain immediately after vertebroplasty predicts short- and long-term pain relief.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chart review was performed to categorize patients regarding pain severity and analgesic usage immediately after vertebroplasty (<4 h). "Severe" pain was defined as at least 8 of 10 with the 10-point VAS. Outcomes were pain severity and pain medication score and usage at 1 month and 1 year after vertebroplasty. Outcomes and clinical characteristics were compared between groups by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Fisher exact test.\n-RESULTS: Of the 429 vertebroplasty procedures identified, 69 (16%) were associated with severe pain, and 133 (31%) were associated with analgesic administration immediately after the procedure. The group experiencing severe pain had higher preprocedure median VAS rest pain scores (5 [IQR, 2-7]) and activitypain scores (10 [IQR, 8-10]) compared with patients who did not experience severe pain (3 [IQR, 1-6]; P = .0208, and 8 [IQR, 7-10]; P = .0263, respectively). At 1 month postprocedure, VAS rest and activity pain scores were similar between the severe pain group and the nonsevere pain group (P = .16 and P = .25, respectively) and between the group receiving pain medication and the group not receiving pain medication (P = .25 and P = .67, respectively). This similarity continued for 1 year after the procedure. Analgesic usage was similar among all groups at 1 year postprocedure.'}]

no

The study found that severe pain immediately after spinal augmentation is not a predictor of long-term outcomes, as the pain scores at 1 month and 1 year were similar between the severe pain group and the nonsevere pain group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan computerised tomography replace bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastases from breast cancer?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was included in CT thorax and abdomen to detect bony metastases from breast cancer.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of 77 pairs of CT (thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and BS in newly diagnosed patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) were compared prospectively for 12 months. Both scans were blindly assessed by experienced radiologists and discussed at multidisciplinary team meetings regarding the diagnosis of bone metastases.\n-RESULTS: CT detected metastatic bone lesions in 43 (98%) of 44 patients with bone metastases. The remaining patient had a solitary, asymptomatic bony metastasis in shaft of femur. BS was positive in all patients with bone metastases. There were 11 cases of false positive findings on BS.'}]

yes

Computerised tomography (CT) can detect bone metastases from breast cancer with a high degree of accuracy, even when the pelvis is included in the scan, and can potentially replace bone scintigraphy in some cases.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes obesity impact the pattern and outcome of trauma in children?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is pandemic condition. The effect of obesity on trauma outcomes in children has been relatively understudied. We conducted this study to ascertain the effects of obesity on the hospital outcome of injured children.\n-METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients aged 2 to 18 years admitted to the King Abdul Aziz Medical City between May 2001 and May 2009 was conducted. Patients were categorized as lean (body mass index<95th percentile) and obese (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile). Groups were compared regarding admission demographics, mechanism of injury, pattern of injury, length of stay, intensive care unit admission, ventilation duration, types of procedures performed, injury severity score, and mortality.\n-RESULT: Nine hundred thirty-three patients were included, of those 55 (5.89%) children were obese. The obese children were older than nonobese (P = .001) and had a higher injury severity score (P = .001) and a lower pediatric trauma score (P = .00), heart rate (P = .0081), and respiratory rate (P = .000). There were no differences between groups with regard to sex, mechanism of injury, and surgical procedures. Obese children were more likely to have rib fractures (P = .02) and pelvic injuries (P = .033). There was no significant association between mortality and obesity (P = .42).'}]

yes

The study found that obese children had a higher injury severity score and a lower pediatric trauma score, and were more likely to have rib fractures and pelvic injuries, but there was no significant association between mortality and obesity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs non-invasive diagnosis of esophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatic cirrhosis possible by duplex Doppler ultrasonography?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIM: Esophageal varices are present in 30% to 40% of patients in compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A) and in 60% to 85% of patients in decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes B and C). It is important to identify patients with compensated cirrhosis at risk for esophageal varix development. We evaluated the accuracy of a duplex Doppler ultrasonographic index for predicting the presence or absence of esophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A) by using endoscopy as the reference standard.\n-METHODS: Fifty-six enrolled patients underwent duplex Doppler ultrasonography followed by screening endoscopy. Mean portal vein velocity (PVV), splenic index (SI), splenoportal index (SPI), hepatic and splenic arterial resistive, and pulsatility indices (hepatic artery resistive index [HARI], hepatic artery pulsatility index [HAPI], splenic artery resistive index [SARI], splenic artery pulsatility index [SAPI]) were recorded. Univariate logistic regression analysis was followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve construction for the indices that were significant.\n-RESULTS: The indices HARI, HAPI, SARI, SAPI were not helpful (p\u2009>\u20090.05). Mean PVV, SI, and SPI were all predictive of the presence of esophageal varices (p\u2009<\u20090.05) and SPI was found to be the most accurate parameter. Of the various cut-off levels of SPI evaluated, a cut-off value of SPI at 5.0, offered the highest diagnostic accuracy (88%). For the 28 patients with SPI<5.0, the absence of esophageal varices in 27 of them could be correctly diagnosed using only SPI without invasive screening endoscopy, with high negative predictive value (96%) and sensitivity (96%). Of the remaining 28 patients with SPI ≥5.0, presence of esophageal varices could be similarly correctly diagnosed in 22 of them by using SPI without screening endoscopy, with high positive predictive value (79%) and specificity (82%).'}]

yes

Yes, non-invasive diagnosis of esophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatic cirrhosis is possible by duplex Doppler ultrasonography, specifically using the splenoportal index (SPI) with a cut-off value of 5.0, which offered the highest diagnostic accuracy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs (18)F-FDG a surrogate tracer to measure tumor hypoxia?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been reported as a surrogate tracer to measure tumor hypoxia with positron emission tomography (PET). The hypothesis is that there is an increased uptake of FDG under hypoxic conditions secondary to enhanced glycolysis, compensating the hypoxia-induced loss of cellular energy production. Several studies have already addressed this issue, some with conflicting results. This study aimed to compare the tracers (14)C-EF3 and (18)F-FDG to detect hypoxia in mouse tumor models.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: C3H, tumor-bearing mice (FSAII and SCCVII tumors) were injected iv with (14)C-EF3, and 1h later with (18)F-FDG. Using a specifically designed immobilization device with fiducial markers, PET (Mosaic®, Philips) images were acquired 1h after the FDG injection. After imaging, the device containing mouse was frozen, transversally sliced and imaged with autoradiography (AR) (FLA-5100, Fujifilm) to obtain high resolution images of the (18)F-FDG distribution within the tumor area. After a 48-h delay allowing for (18)F decay a second AR was performed to image (14)C-EF3 distribution. AR images were aligned to reconstruct the full 3D tumor volume, and were compared with the PET images. Image segmentation with threshold-based methods was applied on both AR and PET images to derive various tracer activity volumes. The matching index DSI (dice similarity index) was then computed. The comparison was performed under normoxic (ambient air\n-, FSAII: n=4, SCCVII, n=5) and under hypoxic conditions (10% O(2) breathing\n-, SCCVII: n=4).\n-RESULTS: On AR, under both ambient air and hypoxic conditions, there was a decreasing similarity between (14)C-EF3 and FDG with higher activity sub-volumes. Under normoxic conditions, when comparing the 10% of tumor voxels with the highest (18)F-FDG or (14)C-EF3 activity, a DSI of 0.24 and 0.20 was found for FSAII and SCCVII, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, a DSI of 0.36 was observed for SCCVII tumors. When comparing the (14)C-EF3 distribution in AR with the corresponding (18)F-FDG-PET images, the DSI reached values of 0.26, 0.22 and 0.21 for FSAII and SCCVII under normoxia and SCCVII under hypoxia, respectively.'}]

no

No, (18)F-FDG is not a surrogate tracer to measure tumor hypoxia, as the study found a decreasing similarity between (14)C-EF3 and FDG under both ambient air and hypoxic conditions, with a DSI of 0.24 and 0.20 under normoxic conditions and a DSI of 0.36 under hypoxic conditions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan dogs prime autistic children for therapy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Canine-assisted therapy has been receiving growing attention as a means of aiding children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, only limited studies have been done and a great deal of literature related to this intervention is anecdotal. The present study aims at providing additional quantitative evidence on the potential of dogs to positively modulate the behavior of children with ASD.SETTINGS/\n-LOCATION, SUBJECTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: A 12-year-old boy diagnosed with ASD was exposed, at his usual treatment location (the Portuguese Association for Developmental Disorders and Autism at Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal), to the following treatment conditions: (1) one-to-one structured activities with a therapist assisted by a certified therapy dog, and (2) one-to-one structured activities with the same therapist alone (as a control). To accurately assess differences in the behavior of the participant between these treatment conditions, the therapist followed a strict research protocol. The behavior of the participant was continuously video-recorded during both treatment conditions for further analysis and comparison. Treatment outcomes: In the presence of the dog, the participant exhibited more frequent and longer durations of positive behaviors (such as smiling and positive physical contacting) as well as less frequent and shorter durations of negative behaviors (such as aggressive manifestations).'}]

yes

Dogs can positively modulate the behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by increasing the frequency and duration of positive behaviors and decreasing the frequency and duration of negative behaviors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre 99mTc leukocyte scintigraphy and SBFT studies useful in children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The goal of this retrospective study was to assess whether 99mTc-white blood cell (WBC) scintigraphy and upper gastrointestinal small bowel follow-through (UGI-SBFT) could exclude inflammation in children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).\n-METHODS: Of a population of 313 children who had a 99mTc-WBC scan, 130 children were studied exclusively to rule out IBD. Sixty-nine colonoscopies with biopsies were done within a short time interval of the 99mTc-WBC scans. There were also 51 controls studied with 99mTc-WBC scintigraphy.\n-RESULTS: Of the 130 children studied to exclude IBD, the final diagnosis was Crohn\'s disease in 27, ulcerative colitis in nine, miscellaneous colitis in 13, probably normal in 42, and normal in 39. The 99mTc-WBC scans were positive in all but three newly diagnosed Crohn\'s disease, ulcerative colitis, or miscellaneous colitis children. The false-negative 99mTc-WBC studies were seen in children with mild inflammation on biopsies and normal UGI-SBFT studies. In the 46 children with a true-positive 99mTc-WBC scan, 81% (17/21) of UGI-SBFT studies were normal. In five children with equivocal UGI-SBFT studies, the 99mTc-WBC scan correctly predicted if inflammation was present in the terminal ileum.'}]

yes

99mTc leukocyte scintigraphy and SBFT studies can be useful in children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease, but they are not foolproof and can have false-negative results, particularly in cases of mild inflammation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nRisk factors for avascular necrosis of bone in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: is there a role for antiphospholipid antibodies?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Avascular necrosis of bone (AVN) is a well known complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of antiphospholipid antibody status (IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant) with adjustment for corticosteroid use as risk factors for the development of AVN.\n-METHODS: A cohort of 265 patients receiving long term follow up in our SLE clinic from 1978 to 1998 was analysed. Patients with AVN complications were detected and then matched for age, sex, ethnicity, duration of disease, and organ disease with two other patients with SLE. A further 31 patients were chosen at random for the analysis.\n-RESULTS: Eleven patients had AVN, giving a point prevalence of 4%. There were no significant differences demonstrable in the presence of individual antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) or their combination between the group with AVN or the two control groups.'}]

no

There were no significant differences demonstrable in the presence of individual antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) or their combination between the group with AVN or the two control groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nProstate bed target interfractional motion using RTOG consensus definitions and daily CT on rails : Does target motion differ between superior and inferior portions of the clinical target volume?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Using high-quality CT-on-rails imaging, the daily motion of the prostate bed clinical target volume (PB-CTV) based on consensus Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) definitions (instead of surgical clips/fiducials) was studied. It was assessed whether PB motion in the superior portion of PB-CTV (SUP-CTV) differed from the inferior PB-CTV (INF-CTV).\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight pT2-3bN0-1M0 patients underwent postprostatectomy intensity-modulated radiotherapy, totaling 300\xa0fractions. INF-CTV and SUP-CTV were defined as PB-CTV located inferior and superior to the superior border of the pubic symphysis, respectively. Daily pretreatment CT-on-rails images were compared to the planning CT in the left-right (LR), superoinferior (SI), and anteroposterior (AP) directions. Two parameters were defined: "total PB-CTV motion" represented total shifts from skin tattoos to RTOG-defined anatomic areas; "PB-CTV target motion" (performed for both SUP-CTV and INF-CTV) represented shifts from bone to RTOG-defined anatomic areas (i.\u2009e., subtracting shifts from skin tattoos to bone).\n-RESULTS: Mean (± standard deviation, SD) total PB-CTV motion was -1.5\xa0(±\u202f6.0), 1.3\xa0(±\u202f4.5), and 3.7\xa0(±\u202f5.7)\xa0mm in LR, SI, and AP directions, respectively. Mean (±\u202fSD) PB-CTV target motion was 0.2\xa0(±1.4), 0.3\xa0(±2.4), and 0\xa0(±3.1)\xa0mm in the LR, SI, and AP directions, respectively. Mean (±\u202fSD) INF-CTV target motion was 0.1\xa0(±\u202f2.8), 0.5\xa0(±\u202f2.2), and 0.2 (±\u202f2.5)\xa0mm, and SUP-CTV target motion was 0.3\xa0(±\u202f1.8), 0.5\xa0(±\u202f2.3), and 0\xa0(±\u202f5.0)\xa0mm in LR, SI, and AP directions, respectively. No statistically significant differences between INF-CTV and SUP-CTV motion were present in any direction.'}]

no

No statistically significant differences between INF-CTV and SUP-CTV motion were present in any direction.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEsophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy in portal hypertension: safe and effective?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication of portal hypertension. In this study, we compared the therapeutic effect of a novel surgical procedure, esophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy (EDWS), with the widely used modified esophagogastric devascularization (MED) with splenectomy for the treatment of portal hypertension.\n-METHODS: Fifty-five patients with portal hypertension were included in this retrospective study. Among them, 27 patients underwent EDWS, and the other 28 patients underwent MED. Patients\' characteristics, perioperative parameters and long-term follow-up were analyzed.\n-RESULTS: The portal venous pressure was decreased by 20% postoperatively in both groups. The morbidity rate of portal venous system thrombosis in the EDWS group was significantly lower than that in the MED group (P=0.032). The 1- and 3-year recurrence rates of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage were 0% and 4.5% in the EDWS group, and 0% and 8.7% in the MED group, respectively (P=0.631).'}]

yes

The study compared esophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy (EDWS) with modified esophagogastric devascularization (MED) with splenectomy for portal hypertension and found that EDWS was safe and effective, with a lower morbidity rate of portal venous system thrombosis and lower recurrence rates of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes maternal obesity have an influence on feeding behavior of obese children?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: Obese children and adolescents referred to the pediatric endocrinology department were enrolled consecutively. Height and weight of all children and their mothers were measured. Maternal feeding practices were measured using an adapted version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Answers were compared between obese (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) and non-obese mothers.\n-RESULTS: A total of 491 obese subjects (292 girls, mean age 12.0 ± 2.8 years) and their mothers participated in this study. A direct correlation between children\'s BMI and their mothers\' BMI was found (P<0.001) both in girls (r = 0.372) and boys (r = 0.337). While 64.4% of mothers were found obese in the study, only half of them consider themselves as obese. No difference were found in the scores of the subscales "perceived responsibility", "restriction", "concern for child\'s weight" and "monitoring" between obese and non-obese mothers. Child\'s BMI-SDS positively correlated with mothers\' personal weight perception, concern for child\'s weight and restriction after adjustment for child\'s age (P<0.001, P = 0.012 and P = 0.002, respectively).'}]

yes

Maternal obesity has an influence on the feeding behavior of obese children, as evidenced by the positive correlation between children's BMI-SDS and mothers' personal weight perception, concern for child's weight, and restriction.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs plate clearing a risk factor for obesity?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Identifying eating behaviors which contribute to excess weight gain will inform obesity prevention strategies. A tendency to clear one\'s plate when eating may be a risk factor for obesity in an environment where food is plentiful. Whether plate clearing is associated with increased body weight in a cohort of US participants was examined.\n-METHODS: Nine hundred and ninety-three US adults (60% male, 80% American European, mean age=31 years) completed self-report measures of habitual plate clearing together with behavioral and demographic characteristics known to be associated with obesity.\n-RESULTS: Plate clearing tendencies were positively associated with BMI and remained so after accounting for a large number of other demographic and behavioral predictors of BMI in analyses (β=0.18, 95% CIs=0.07, 0.29, P<0.001); an increased tendency to plate clear was associated with a significantly higher body weight.'}]

yes

Plate clearing tendencies were positively associated with BMI and remained so after accounting for a large number of other demographic and behavioral predictors of BMI in analyses, indicating that plate clearing is a risk factor for obesity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nShould lower limb fractures be treated surgically in patients with chronic spinal injuries?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To report the outcomes of surgical treatment of lower limb fractures in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries.\n-MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 37 lower limb fractures were treated from 2003 to 2010, of which 25 fractures were treated surgically and 12 orthopaedically.\n-RESULTS: Patients of the surgical group had better clinical results, range of motion, bone consolidation, and less pressure ulcers and radiological misalignment. No differences were detected between groups in terms of pain, hospital stay, and medical complications.\n-DISCUSSION: There is no currently consensus regarding the management of lower limb fractures in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries, but the trend has been conservative treatment due to the high rate of complications in surgical treatment.'}]

yes

Patients of the surgical group had better clinical results, range of motion, bone consolidation, and less pressure ulcers and radiological misalignment.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs vancomycin MIC creep a worldwide phenomenon?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is the primary treatment for infections caused by methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The association of vancomycin treatment failures with increased vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a well-recognized problem. A number of single-centre studies have identified progressive increases in glycopeptide MICs for S. aureus strains over recent years - a phenomenon known as vancomycin MIC creep. It is unknown if this is a worldwide phenomenon or if it is localized to specific centers.\n-METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of vancomycin MIC for isolates of MRSA over a 3-year period in a tertiary university hospital in Portugal. MRSA isolates from samples of patients admitted from January 2007 to December 2009 were assessed. Etest method was used to determine the respective vancomycin MIC. Only one isolate per patient was included in the final analysis.\n-RESULTS: A total of 93 MRSA isolates were studied. The vancomycin MICs were 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L for 1 (1.1%), 19 (20.4%), 38 (40.9%), 35 (37.6%) isolates, respectively. During the 3 year period, we observed a significant fluctuation in the rate of MRSA with a vancomycin MIC\u2009>\u20091 mg/L (2007: 86.2%; 2008: 93.3%; 2009: 58.8%, p\u2009=\u20090.002). No MRSA isolate presented a MIC\u2009>\u20092 mg/L.'}]

maybe

The study found a significant fluctuation in the rate of MRSA with a vancomycin MIC >1 mg/L over a 3-year period, but it is unknown if this is a worldwide phenomenon or if it is localized to specific centers.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors cause rebound aggravation of symptoms?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Rebound acid hypersecretion might occur after treatment with proton pump inhibitors. This study looks for a rebound aggravation of symptoms after short-term treatment with lansoprazole.STUDY: Sixty-two patients (19 men and 43 women; mean age, 54 years; range, 32-77 years) with heartburn and regurgitation and normal upper endoscopy findings were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a crossover design. There were two 5-day treatment periods with lansoprazole 60 mg once daily or placebo in random order, separated by a 9-day washout period. Reflux, total, and antacid scores were calculated for each of the treatment periods. Higher scores during the placebo period in the group given lansoprazole first than in the group given placebo first indicated a rebound aggravation of symptoms.\n-RESULTS: The mean symptom scores during the placebo period in the groups given lansoprazole first and placebo first were as follows: reflux score, 21.5 and 17.6, respectively (not significant); total score, 11.2 and 10.3, respectively (not significant); and antacid score, 8.2 and 7.2, respectively (not significant).'}]

no

The study found no significant rebound aggravation of symptoms after short-term treatment with lansoprazole, as the mean symptom scores during the placebo period in the groups given lansoprazole first and placebo first were not significantly different.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo family physicians make good sentinels for influenza?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine whether volunteer family physician reports of the frequency of influenza-like illness (ILI) usefully supplement information from other influenza surveillance systems conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n-DESIGN: Evaluation of physician reports from five influenza surveillance seasons (1987-88 through 1991-92).\n-SETTING: Family physician office practices in all regions of the United States.\n-PARTICIPANTS: An average of 140 physicians during each of five influenza seasons.\n-INTERVENTIONS: None.\n-OUTCOME MEASURES: An office visit or hospitalization of a patient for ILI, defined as presence of fever (temperature>or = 37.8 degrees C) and cough, sore throat, or myalgia, along with the physician\'s clinical judgment of influenza. A subset of physicians collected specimens for confirmation of influenza virus by culture.\n-RESULTS: Physicians attributed 81,408 (5%) of 1,672,542 office visits to ILI; 2754 (3%) patients with ILI were hospitalized. Persons 65 years of age and older accounted for 11% of visits for ILI and 43% of hospitalizations for ILI. In three of five seasons, physicians obtained influenza virus isolates from a greater proportion of specimens compared with those processed by World Health Organization laboratories (36% vs 12%). Influenza virus isolates from sentinel physicians peaked from 1 to 4 weeks earlier than those reported by World Health Organization laboratories. Physicians reported peak morbidity 1 to 4 weeks earlier than state and territorial health departments in four of five seasons and 2 to 5 weeks earlier than peak mortality reported by 121 cities during seasons with excess mortality associated with pneumonia and influenza.'}]

yes

Family physicians were able to report influenza-like illness (ILI) cases 1 to 4 weeks earlier than those reported by World Health Organization laboratories, and in three of five seasons, they obtained influenza virus isolates from a greater proportion of specimens.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAberrant loss of dickkopf-3 in gastric cancer: can it predict lymph node metastasis preoperatively?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) may act as a tumor suppressor as it is down-regulated in various types of cancer. This study assessed the DKK3 protein expression in gastric cancer and its potential value as a prognostic marker.\n-METHODS: DKK3 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 158 gastric cancer samples from patients who underwent gastrectomy from 2002 to 2008. Clinicopathological parameters and survival data were analyzed.\n-RESULTS: Loss of DKK3 expression was found in 64 of 158 (40.5%) samples, and it was associated with advanced T stage (p<0.001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), UICC TNM stage (p<0.001), tumor location (p = 0.029), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.035), and perineural invasion (p = 0.032). Patients without DKK3 expression in tumor cells had a significantly worse disease-free and overall survival than those with DKK3 expression (p<0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). TNM stage (p = 0.028 and p<0.001, respectively) and residual tumor (p<0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) were independent predictors of disease-free and overall survival. Based on the preoperative clinical stage assessed by computed tomography (CT), loss of DKK3 expression was predominantly associated with worse prognosis in patients with clinically node-negative advanced gastric cancer (AGC). The combination of DKK3 expression status and CT increased the accuracy of CT staging for predicting lymph node involvement from 71.5 to 80.0% in AGC patients.'}]

yes

Loss of DKK3 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, and patients without DKK3 expression had a significantly worse disease-free and overall survival than those with DKK3 expression.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs ganglionated plexi ablation during Maze IV procedure beneficial for postoperative long-term stable sinus rhythm?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: We investigated the role of surgical ablation targeting the autonomous nervous system during a Cox-Maze IV procedure in the maintenance of sinus rhythm at long-term follow-up.\n-METHODS: The patient population consisted of 519 subjects with persistent or long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing radiofrequency Maze IV during open heart surgery between January 2006 and July 2013 at three institutions without (Group 1) or with (Group 2) ganglionated plexi (GP) ablation. Recurrence of atrial fibrillation off-antiarrhythmic drugs was the primary outcome. Predictors of AF recurrence were evaluated by means of competing risk regression. Median follow-up was 36.7 months.\n-RESULTS: The percentage of patients in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) off-antiarrhythmic drugs did not differ between groups (Group 1-75.5%, Group 2-67.8%, p = 0.08). Duration of AF ≥ 38 months (p = 0.01), left atrial diameter ≥ 54 mm (0.001), left atrial area ≥ 33 cm(2) (p = 0.005), absence of connecting lesions (p= 0.04), and absence of right atrial ablation (p<0.001) were independently associated with high incidence of AF recurrence. In contrast the absence of GP ablation was not a significant factor (p = 0.12).'}]

maybe

The study found that the percentage of patients in normal sinus rhythm off-antiarrhythmic drugs did not differ between groups with and without ganglionated plexi ablation during Maze IV procedure.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDouble reading of barium enemas: is it necessary?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness, clinical impact, and feasibility of double reading barium enemas.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Independent double readings of 1,003 consecutive barium enemas (822 double- and 181 single-contrast examinations) were prospectively performed. From this pool of 1,003 examinations, 994 were included in our study. Examinations showing at least one polyp or carcinoma 5 mm or larger were considered to have positive results. For combined readings, results were considered positive if either of the two interpreters reported finding a polyp or carcinoma. A McNemar test was used to compare the first reader\'s results with the combined results of the first and second readers. Results were retrospectively correlated with endoscopic or surgical results in 360 patients, and agreement between first and combined readings and endoscopic results was determined.\n-RESULTS: Adding a second reader increased the number of positive results on examinations from 249 to 315 (p<0.0001) and resulted in potential alteration of clinical treatment in 98 patients (9.9%). Sensitivity of the first and combined readings for detection of all lesions was identical, 76.3% (95% CI, 65.4-87.1%). Specificity decreased from 91.0% (95% CI, 87.9-94.3%) for the first reading to 86.4% (95% CI, 82.2-90.0%) for the combined reading. The overall measurement of agreement decreased from a kappa value of 61.8 (95% CI, 51.2-72.4%) for the first reading to 52.9 (95% CI, 42.2-63.6%) for the combined reading. The second reading required an average of 3.3 min. Sensitivity for the detection of adenocarcinomas was 100%.'}]

yes

Adding a second reader increased the number of positive results on examinations from 249 to 315 and resulted in potential alteration of clinical treatment in 98 patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs severe macrosomia manifested at 11-14 weeks of gestation?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between fetal biometry in the first or early second trimester and severe macrosomia at delivery.\n-METHODS: This case-control study included 30 term severely macrosomic neonates; 90 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) neonates served as controls. All pregnancies underwent nuchal translucency (NT) screening at 11-14 weeks\' gestation. Pregnancies were dated by accurate last menstrual period consistent with crown-rump length (CRL) measurements at the time of screening, early pregnancy CRL or date of fertilization. The association between birth weight and the difference between the measured and the expected CRL at the time of NT screening was analyzed.\n-RESULTS: The difference between measured and expected CRL, expressed both in mm and in days of gestation, was statistically greater in the severely macrosomic neonates compared with controls (mean, 6.66 +/- 4.78 mm vs. 1.17 +/- 4.6 mm, P<0.0001 and 3 +/- 2.2 days vs. 0.5 +/- 2.3 days, P<0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the extent of macrosomia and the discrepancy between expected and measured fetal size at the time of NT screening (r = 0.47, P<0.01 and r = 0.48, P<0.01, respectively).'}]

yes

The difference between measured and expected CRL, expressed both in mm and in days of gestation, was statistically greater in the severely macrosomic neonates compared with controls, indicating that severe macrosomia was manifested at 11-14 weeks of gestation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo older adults with cancer fall more often?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To examine whether a history of cancer increased the likelihood of a fall in community-dwelling older adults, and if cancer type, stage, or time since diagnosis increased falls.\n-DESIGN: A longitudinal, retrospective, cohort study.\n-SETTING: A home- and community-based waiver program in Michigan.\n-SAMPLE: 862 older adults aged 65 years or older with cancer compared to 8,617 older adults without cancer using data from the Minimum Data Set-Home Care and Michigan cancer registry.\n-METHODS: Reports of falls were examined for 90-180 days. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare differences between the groups.\n-MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Cancer, falls, patient characteristics, comorbidities, medications, pain, weight loss, vision, memory recall, and activities, as well as cancer type, stage, and time since diagnosis.\n-FINDINGS: A fall occurred at a rate of 33% in older adults with cancer compared to 29% without cancer (p<0.00). Those with a history of cancer were more likely to fall than those without cancer (adjusted odds ratio 1.16; 95% confidence interval [1.02, 1.33]; p = 0.03). No differences in fall rates were determined by cancer type or stage, and the odds of a fall did not increase when adding time since cancer diagnosis.'}]

yes

Older adults with cancer were more likely to fall than those without cancer, with a fall rate of 33% compared to 29% without cancer.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nScrotal approach to both palpable and impalpable undescended testes: should it become our first choice?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To determine the advantages of scrotal incision in the treatment of undescended testis. Undescended testis is a common pediatric condition and is conventionally managed surgically by orchidopexy. A single scrotal incision orchidopexy has become accepted as a valid approach for patients with palpable undescended testicles. Because this approach also allows easy detection of atrophic testes or testicular remnants, it recently has also emerged as an alternative initial surgical approach to impalpable undescended testicles.\n-METHODS: All orchidopexies performed between 2004 and 2008 at our university hospital were prospectively included in this study. A total of 194 scrotal orchidopexies were performed in 154 patients (mean age, 71 months; range, 4-229 months). In all cases a scrotal approach was chosen irrespective of the initial position or presence of an open processus vaginalis. Testicular position was examined at follow-up after a mean period of 10 months (3-22 months).\n-RESULTS: Overall, 36 of the 46 impalpable testicles (78%) could be diagnosed and treated accordingly, using only a scrotal incision. Conversion to laparoscopy was needed in 4 cases. A limited number of postoperative complications were seen. In all cases, the testes were palpable and remained in the scrotum on follow-up.'}]

yes

A scrotal approach to both palpable and impalpable undescended testes has been shown to be effective and can be a valid first choice in treatment.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs grandmultiparity an independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes among grandmultiparous women to those of multiparous women 30 years or older.\n-METHODS: A database of the vast majority of maternal and newborn hospital discharge records linked to birth/death certificates was queried to obtain information on all multiparous women with a singleton delivery in the state of California from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998. Maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes of grandmultiparous women were compared to multiparous women who were 30 years or older at the time of their last birth.\n-RESULTS: The study population included 25,512 grandmultiparous and 265,060 multiparous women 30 years or older as controls. Grandmultiparous women were predominantly Hispanic (56%). After controlling for potential confounding factors, grandmultiparous women were at significantly higher risk for abruptio placentae (odds ratio OR: 1.3; 95% confidence intervals CI: 1.2-1.5), preterm delivery (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2-1.4), fetal macrosomia (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.4-1.6), neonatal death (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.8), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3) and blood transfusion (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.8).'}]

yes

After controlling for potential confounding factors, grandmultiparous women were at significantly higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes, including abruptio placentae, preterm delivery, fetal macrosomia, neonatal death, postpartum hemorrhage, and blood transfusion.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia exist?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The placement of the superficial cervical plexus block has been the subject of controversy. Although the investing cervical fascia has been considered as an impenetrable barrier, clinically, the placement of the block deep or superficial to the fascia provides the same effective anesthesia. The underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional organization of connective tissues in the anterior region of the neck.\n-METHODS: Using a combination of dissection, E12 sheet plastination, and confocal microscopy, fascial structures in the anterior cervical triangle were examined in 10 adult human cadavers.\n-RESULTS: In the upper cervical region, the fascia of strap muscles in the middle and the fasciae of the submandibular glands on both sides formed a dumbbell-like fascia sheet that had free lateral margins and did not continue with the sternocleidomastoid fascia. In the lower cervical region, no single connective tissue sheet extended directly between the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The fascial structure deep to platysma in the anterior cervical triangle comprised the strap fascia.'}]

no

The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia does not exist as a single connective tissue sheet extending directly between the sternocleidomastoid muscles in the lower cervical region.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs crime associated with over-the-counter pharmacy syringe sales?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: More than 50,000 new HIV infections occur annually in the United States. Injection drug users represent twelve percent of incident HIV infections each year. Pharmacy sales of over-the-counter (OTC) syringes have helped prevent HIV transmission among injection drug users in many states throughout the United States. However, concerns exist among some law enforcement officials, policymakers, pharmacists, and community members about potential links between OTC syringe sales and crime.\n-METHODS: We used a geographic information system and novel spatial and longitudinal analyses to determine whether implementation of pharmacy-based OTC syringe sales were associated with reported crime between January 2006 and December 2008 in Los Angeles Police Department Reporting Districts. We assessed reported crime pre- and post-OTC syringe sales initiation as well as longitudinal associations between crime and OTC syringe-selling pharmacies.\n-RESULTS: By December 2008, 9.3% (94/1010) of Los Angeles Police Department Reporting Districts had at least one OTC syringe-selling pharmacy. Overall reported crime counts and reported crime rates decreased between 2006 and 2008 in all 1010 Reporting Districts. Using generalized estimating equations and adjusting for potential confounders, reported crime rates were negatively associated with OTC syringe sales (adjusted rate ratio: 0.89; 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 0.99).'}]

yes

The implementation of pharmacy-based over-the-counter syringe sales was associated with a decrease in reported crime rates in Los Angeles Police Department Reporting Districts.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs prophylactic fixation a cost-effective method to prevent a future contralateral fragility hip fracture?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: : A previous hip fracture more than doubles the risk of a contralateral hip fracture. Pharmacologic and environmental interventions to prevent hip fracture have documented poor compliance. The purpose of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic fixation of the uninjured hip to prevent contralateral hip fracture.\n-METHODS: : A Markov state-transition model was used to evaluate the cost and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for unilateral fixation of hip fracture alone (including internal fixation or arthroplasty) compared with unilateral fixation and contralateral prophylactic hip fixation performed at the time of hip fracture or unilateral fixation and bilateral hip pad protection. Prophylactic fixation involved placement of a cephalomedullary nail in the uninjured hip and was initially assumed to have a relative risk of a contralateral fracture of 1%. Health states included good health, surgery-related complications requiring a second operation (infection, osteonecrosis, nonunion, and malunion), fracture of the uninjured hip, and death. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio estimated as cost per QALY gained in 2006 US dollars with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios below $50,000 per QALY gained considered cost-effective. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of patient age, annual mortality and complication rates, intervention effectiveness, utilities, and costs on the value of prophylactic fixation.\n-RESULTS: : In the baseline analysis, in a 79-year-old woman, prophylactic fixation was not found to be cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio = $142,795/QALY). However, prophylactic fixation was found to be a cost-effective method to prevent contralateral hip fracture in: 1) women 71 to 75 years old who had 30% greater relative risk for a contralateral fracture; and 2) women younger than age 70 years. Cost-effectiveness was greater when the additional costs of prophylaxis were less than $6000. However, for most analyses, the success of prophylactic fixation was highly sensitive to the effectiveness and the relative morbidity and mortality of the additional procedure.'}]

yes

Prophylactic fixation was found to be cost-effective in certain groups, such as women 71 to 75 years old with 30% greater relative risk for a contralateral fracture and women younger than age 70 years, but the success of prophylactic fixation was highly sensitive to the effectiveness and the relative morbidity and mortality of the additional procedure.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs double-balloon enteroscopy an accurate method to diagnose small-bowel disorders?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of the double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for diagnosis of the small bowel disorders.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients (20 women, 24 men; mean age 53.5 years-old, range 21-89 years) with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding, diarrhea, polyposis, weight-loss, Roux-en-Y surgery, and other indications underwent DBE.\n-RESULTS: Twenty patients had occult or obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. The source of bleeding was identified in 15/20 (75%): multiple angiodysplasias in four, arterial-venous malformation beyond the ligament of Treitz in two that could be treated with injection successfully. Other diagnoses included: duodenal adenocarcinoma, jejunal tuberculosis, erosions and ulcer of the jejunum. Of 24 patients with other indications, the diagnosis could be achieved in 18 of them (75%), including: two lymphomas, plasmocytoma, Gardner\'s syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers\' syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, Behçet\'s disease, jejunal submucosal lesion, lymphangiectasia due to blastomycosis and unspecific chronic jejunitis. Of three cases with Roux-en-Y reconstruction, two underwent DBE in order to perform biopsies of the excluded duodenum. Additionally, two patients underwent DBE to exclude Crohn\'s disease and lymphoma of the small bowel. The mean length of small bowel examination was 240 +/- 50 cm during a single approach. The diagnostic yield was 75% (33/44 cases) and therapeutic yield was 63.6%. No major complications were observed, only minor complication such as sore throat in 4/44 (9.1%).'}]

yes

The double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) method was found to have a diagnostic yield of 75% and a therapeutic yield of 63.6% in diagnosing small-bowel disorders, with a low rate of major complications.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes strategy training reduce age-related deficits in working memory?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Older adults typically perform worse on measures of working memory (WM) than do young adults; however, age-related differences in WM performance might be reduced if older adults use effective encoding strategies.\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current experiment was to evaluate WM performance after training individuals to use effective encoding strategies.\n-METHODS: Participants in the training group (older adults: n = 39; young adults: n = 41) were taught about various verbal encoding strategies and their differential effectiveness and were trained to use interactive imagery and sentence generation on a list-learning task. Participants in the control group (older: n = 37; young: n = 38) completed an equally engaging filler task. All participants completed a pre- and post-training reading span task, which included self-reported strategy use, as well as two transfer tasks that differed in the affordance to use the trained strategies - a paired-associate recall task and the self-ordered pointing task.\n-RESULTS: Both young and older adults were able to use the target strategies on the WM task and showed gains in WM performance after training. The age-related WM deficit was not greatly affected, however, and the training gains did not transfer to the other cognitive tasks. In fact, participants attempted to adapt the trained strategies for a paired-associate recall task, but the increased strategy use did not benefit their performance.'}]

yes

Strategy training reduces age-related deficits in working memory, as both young and older adults showed gains in WM performance after training.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the SCL 90-R obsessive-compulsive dimension identify cognitive impairments?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance of the Symptom Checklist 90-R Obsessive-Compulsive subscale to cognition in individuals with brain tumor.\n-DESIGN: A prospective study of patients assessed with a neuropsychological test battery.\n-SETTING: A university medical center.\n-PATIENTS: Nineteen adults with biopsy-confirmed diagnoses of malignant brain tumors were assessed prior to aggressive chemotherapy.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Included in the assessment were the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, California Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test B, Symptom Checklist 90-R, Mood Assessment Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Chronic Illness Problem Inventory.\n-RESULTS: The SCL 90-R Obsessive-Compulsive subscale was not related to objective measures of attention, verbal memory, or age. It was related significantly to symptoms of depression (r = .81, P<.005), anxiety (r = .66, P<.005), and subjective complaints of memory problems (r = .75, P<.005). Multivariate analyses indicated that reported symptoms of depression contributed 66% of the variance in predicting SCL 90-R Obsessive-Compulsive Scores, whereas symptoms of anxiety contributed an additional 6% (P<.0001).'}]

yes

The SCL 90-R obsessive-compulsive dimension was related to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and subjective complaints of memory problems, but not to objective measures of attention, verbal memory, or age.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs fetal anatomic assessment on follow-up antepartum sonograms clinically useful?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a fetal anatomic survey on follow-up antepartum sonograms.\n-METHODS: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted at a low-risk maternity clinic from July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2006. Eligible women had at least 1 prior sonographic examination beyond 18 weeks\' gestation with a complete and normal fetal anatomic assessment and at least 1 follow-up sonogram. Full fetal anatomic surveys were performed on all follow-up sonograms regardless of the indication. Neonatal charts were reviewed for those patients whose follow-up sonograms revealed unanticipated fetal anomalies. Neonatal intervention was defined as surgical or medical therapy or arranged subspecialty follow-up specifically for the suspected fetal anomaly.\n-RESULTS: Of a total of 4269 sonographic examinations performed, 437 (10.2%) were follow-up studies. Of these, 101 (23.1%) were excluded because the initial sonogram revealed a suspected fetal anomaly, and 42 (9.8%) were excluded for other reasons. Of the remaining 294 women, 21 (7.1%) had an unanticipated fetal anomaly, most often renal pyelectasis. Compared with follow-up sonography for other reasons, repeated sonography for fetal growth evaluation yielded a higher incidence of unexpected fetal anomalies: 15 (12.3%) of 122 versus 6 (3.5%) of 172 (P = .01). When compared with the neonates in the nongrowth indications group, those neonates whose mothers had sonographic examinations for fetal growth had a higher rate of neonatal interventions: 6 (40.0%) of 15 versus 0 (0%) of 6 (P = .04).'}]

yes

The study found that fetal anatomic assessment on follow-up antepartum sonograms was clinically useful in identifying unanticipated fetal anomalies, with a higher incidence of unexpected fetal anomalies in repeated sonography for fetal growth evaluation compared to other indications.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between leg muscle power and sprinting speed with changes of direction.\n-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: the study was designed to describe relationships between physical qualities and a component of sports performance.\n-SETTING: testing was conducted in an indoor sports hall and a biomechanics laboratory.\n-PARTICIPANTS: 15 male participants were required to be free of injury and have recent experience competing in sports involving sprints with changes of direction.\n-MEASURES: subjects were timed in 8 m sprints in a straight line and with various changes of direction. They were also tested for bilateral and unilateral leg extensor muscle concentric power output by an isokinetic squat and reactive strength by a drop jump.\n-RESULTS: The correlations between concentric power and straight sprinting speed were non-significant whereas the relationships between reactive strength and straight speed were statistically significant. Correlations between muscle power and speed while changing direction were generally low and non-significant for concentric leg power with some moderate and significant (p<0.05) coefficients found for reactive strength. The participants who turned faster to one side tended to have a reactive strength dominance in the leg responsible for the push-off action.'}]

yes

The relationships between muscle power and running speed with changes of direction were generally low and non-significant for concentric leg power, but moderate and significant coefficients were found for reactive strength.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan magnetic resonance imaging accurately predict concordant pain provocation during provocative disc injection?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To correlate magnetic resonance (MR) image findings with pain response by provocation discography in patients with discogenic low back pain, with an emphasis on the combination analysis of a high intensity zone (HIZ) and disc contour abnormalities.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two patients (aged 17-68 years) with axial low back pain that was likely to be disc related underwent lumbar discography (178 discs tested). The MR images were evaluated for disc degeneration, disc contour abnormalities, HIZ, and endplate abnormalities. Based on the combination of an HIZ and disc contour abnormalities, four classes were determined: (1) normal or bulging disc without HIZ; (2) normal or bulging disc with HIZ; (3) disc protrusion without HIZ; (4) disc protrusion with HIZ. These MR image findings and a new combined MR classification were analyzed in the base of concordant pain determined by discography.\n-RESULTS: Disc protrusion with HIZ [sensitivity 45.5%; specificity 97.8%; positive predictive value (PPV), 87.0%] correlated significantly with concordant pain provocation (P<0.01). A normal or bulging disc with HIZ was not associated with reproduction of pain. Disc degeneration (sensitivity 95.4%; specificity 38.8%; PPV 33.9%), disc protrusion (sensitivity 68.2%; specificity 80.6%; PPV 53.6%), and HIZ (sensitivity 56.8%; specificity 83.6%; PPV 53.2%) were not helpful in the identification of a disc with concordant pain.'}]

yes

Disc protrusion with high intensity zone (HIZ) correlated significantly with concordant pain provocation, with a sensitivity of 45.5% and a specificity of 97.8%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs a 9-month treatment sufficient in tuberculous enterocolitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis has increased in parallel with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic and the use of immunosuppressive therapy, and the growing incidence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, especially with intestinal involvement, reflects this trend. However, the duration of anti-tuberculous therapy has not been clarified in intestinal tuberculosis.AIM: To compare the efficacy of different treatment durations in tuberculous enterocolitis in terms of response and recurrence rates.\n-METHODS: Forty patients with tuberculous enterocolitis were randomized prospectively: 22 patients into a 9-month and 18 into a 15-month group. Diagnosis was made either by colonoscopic findings of discrete ulcers and histopathological findings of caseating granuloma and/or acid-fast bacilli, or by clinical improvement after therapeutic trial. Patients were followed up with colonoscopy every other month until complete response or treatment completion, and then every 6 months for 1 year and annually. Complete response was defined as a resolution of symptoms and active tuberculosis by colonoscopy.\n-RESULTS: Complete response was obtained in all patients in both groups. Two patients in the 9-month group and one in the 15-month group underwent operation due to intestinal obstruction and perianal fistula, respectively. No recurrence of active intestinal tuberculosis occurred during the follow-up period in either group.'}]

yes

A 9-month treatment is sufficient in tuberculous enterocolitis, as complete response was obtained in all patients in both the 9-month and 15-month groups, and no recurrence of active intestinal tuberculosis occurred during the follow-up period.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes coronary angiography before emergency aortic surgery affect in-hospital mortality?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between coronary angiography and in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing emergency surgery of the aorta without a history of coronary revascularization or coronary angiography before the onset of symptoms.\n-BACKGROUND: In the setting of acute ascending aortic dissection warranting emergency aortic repair, coronary angiography has been considered to be desirable, if not essential. The benefits of defining coronary anatomy have to be weighed against the risks of additional delay before surgical intervention.\n-METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patient charts and the Cardiovascular Information Registry (CVIR) at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.\n-RESULTS: We studied 122 patients who underwent emergency surgery of the aorta between January 1982 and December 1997. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 18.0%, and there was no significant difference between those who had coronary angiography on the day of surgery compared with those who had not (No: 16%, n = 81 vs. Yes: 22%, n = 41, p = 0.46). Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of myocardial infarction (MI) was the only predictor of in-hospital mortality (relative risk: 4.98 95% confidence interval: 1.48-16.75, p = 0.009); however, coronary angiography had no impact on in-hospital mortality in patients with a history of MI. Furthermore, coronary angiography did not significantly affect the incidence of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) during aortic surgery (17% vs. 25%, Yes vs. No). Operative reports revealed that 74% of all CABG procedures were performed because of coronary dissection, and not coronary artery disease.'}]

no

Coronary angiography before emergency aortic surgery does not affect in-hospital mortality, as the rate of in-hospital mortality was similar between patients who had coronary angiography on the day of surgery and those who did not.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs bicompartmental knee arthroplasty more favourable to knee muscle strength and physical performance compared to total knee arthroplasty?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Bicompartmental knee arthroplasty features bone and ligament sparing as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and is presumably better in the recovery of muscle strength and function compared to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) though not previously reported in the literature. The aim of the study was to compare isokinetic knee muscle strength and physical performance in patients who underwent either bicompartmental knee arthroplasty or TKA.\n-METHODS: Each of 24 patients (31 knees) was prospectively examined preoperatively, at 6 and 12 months after each surgery. Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength as well as position sense were measured using the Biodex system. Timed up and go test, stair climbing test, and the 6-min walk test were used to assess physical performance. The results of each group were also compared with those from the corresponding healthy control, respectively.\n-RESULTS: Demography showed significant difference in the mean age between bicompartment (54.8 ± 5.6 years) and TKA groups (65.7 ± 6.7 years). Comparing between the two groups, knee extensor and flexor torque, hamstring/Quadriceps ratio, position sense, and physical performance were not significantly different preoperatively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery. In intra-group analysis, muscle strength and position sense at each time point were not different in both groups. In physical performance, both groups resulted in improvement in the 6-min walk test, and only TKA group showed enhancement in stair climbing test.'}]

no

Bicompartmental knee arthroplasty is not significantly different in knee muscle strength and physical performance compared to total knee arthroplasty, although it is presumably better in the recovery of muscle strength and function.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan gingival crevicular blood be relied upon for assessment of blood glucose level?\n\nContext:\n-UNLABELLED: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is undiagnosed in approximately half of the patients actually suffering from the disease. In addition, the prevalence of DM is more than twice as high as in patients with periodontitis when compared to periodontally healthy subjects. Thus, a high number of patients with periodontitis may have undiagnosed DM. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether blood oozing from a gingival crevice during routine periodontal examination can be used for determining glucose levels.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational cross-sectional studies were carried out in 75 patients (43 males and 32 females) with chronic periodontitis who were divided into two groups: Group I and Group II, respectively. Blood oozing from the gingival crevices of anterior teeth following periodontal probing was collected with the stick of glucose self-monitoring device, and the blood glucose levels were measured. At the same time, finger-prick blood was taken for glucometric analysis and subsequent readings were recorded.\n-RESULTS: The patient\'s blood glucose values ranged from 74 to 256 mg/dl. The comparison between gingival crevicular blood and finger-prick blood showed a very strong correlation, with a t value of 3.97 (at P value = 0.001).'}]

yes

The study found a very strong correlation between gingival crevicular blood and finger-prick blood, indicating that gingival crevicular blood can be relied upon for assessment of blood glucose level.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPredicting admission at triage: are nurses better than a simple objective score?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: In this single-centre prospective study, triage nurses estimated the probability of admission using a 100\u2005mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and GAPS was generated automatically from triage data. We compared calibration using rank sum tests, discrimination using area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and accuracy with McNemar\'s test.\n-RESULTS: Of 1829 attendances, 745 (40.7%) were admitted, not significantly different from GAPS\' prediction of 750 (41.0%, p=0.678). In contrast, the nurses\' mean VAS predicted 865 admissions (47.3%), overestimating by 6.6% (p<0.0001). GAPS discriminated between admission and discharge as well as nurses, its AUC 0.876 compared with 0.875 for VAS (p=0.93). As a binary predictor, its accuracy was 80.6%, again comparable with VAS (79.0%), p=0.18. In the minority of attendances, when nurses felt at least 95% certain of the outcome, VAS\' accuracy was excellent, at 92.4%. However, in the remaining majority, GAPS significantly outperformed VAS on calibration (+1.2% vs +9.2%, p<0.0001), discrimination (AUC 0.810 vs 0.759, p=0.001) and accuracy (75.1% vs 68.9%, p=0.0009). When we used GAPS, but \'over-ruled\' it when clinical certainty was ≥95%, this significantly outperformed either method, with AUC 0.891 (0.877-0.907) and accuracy 82.5% (80.7%-84.2%).'}]

yes

The study found that GAPS (Generalized Admitting Probability Score) outperformed nurses in predicting admission at triage, with better calibration, discrimination, and accuracy, especially in the majority of attendances where nurses' accuracy was lower.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTarget Serum Urate: Do Gout Patients Know Their Goal?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine gout patients\' knowledge of their condition, including the central role of achieving and maintaining the serum urate (SU) goal with the use of urate-lowering therapy (ULT).\n-METHODS: This study of 612 gout patients was conducted at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Gout patients were included based on administrative diagnostic codes and receipt of at least 1 allopurinol prescription over a 1-year period. Questionnaires were mailed to patients and linked to medical records data. The questionnaire included gout-specific knowledge questions, the Patient Activation Measure, and self-reported health outcomes. Knowledge was assessed descriptively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of SU goal knowledge. Associations of knowledge with health outcomes were examined in exploratory analyses.\n-RESULTS: The questionnaire had a 62% response rate. Only 14% of patients knew their SU goal, while the majority answered correctly for the other 5 gout-specific knowledge questions. In adjusted analyses, having a rheumatologist as initial prescriber (odds ratio [OR] 3.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.4-6.2]) and knowing all of the other 5 gout-specific knowledge questions (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.3-3.4]) were associated with greater odds of knowing the SU goal. SU goal knowledge was associated with self-reported global health status, but not with self-reported health-related quality of life or gout-specific health status.'}]

no

Only 14% of gout patients knew their target serum urate goal, while the majority answered correctly for other gout-specific knowledge questions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDiagnosis and follow-up in constipated children: should we use ultrasound?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: We investigated the efficacy of ultrasound in determining megarectum and fecal load and the response to treatment in constipation and tried to specify objective criteria in this study.\n-METHODS: A total of 66 cases were queried and divided into 2 groups as constipated (n = 35; mean age, 6.8 ± 2.9 years) and control (n = 31; mean age, 8.4 ± 3.8 years) according to Rome III criteria. After the clinical evaluation, pelvic ultrasonography (US) was performed by 2 separate radiologists. The bladder capacity and the transverse rectal diameter were measured with a full bladder. Then the rectal diameter and rectal anterior wall thickness were measured, and the presence of fecal load in the rectum and sigmoid colon was recorded with an empty bladder. The examination and ultrasound were repeated after treatment for a month in these patients.\n-RESULTS: Comparison of the US measurements of the 2 radiologists performing the US tests did not show any interobserver difference (r = 0.981; P<.001). We therefore believe our results are objective and reproducible. We found a positive correlation between the rectal diameters and the age, height, weight, and bladder capacity. The posturination mean rectal diameter was thicker in the constipated group (3.02 ± 1.04 cm) than in the control group (1.98 ± 0.64 cm) (P<.001). The cutoff point of rectal diameter for a diagnosis of constipation was determined as 2.44 cm (71% sensitive; 76% specific; area under curve, 0.825; P<.001). The rectal anterior wall thickness and fecal load were higher in the constipated patients (P<.001). There was a significant decrease in the constipation score and fecal load after treatment for a month (P<.001), but the rectal diameter had not reached normal limits yet despite the decrease (2.71 ± 0.77 cm) (P>.05).'}]

yes

The study found that ultrasound can be used to determine megarectum and fecal load and to specify objective criteria in constipation, and it was effective in diagnosing constipation and tracking response to treatment.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre neighbourhood social capital and availability of sports facilities related to sports participation among Dutch adolescents?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to explore whether availability of sports facilities, parks, and neighbourhood social capital (NSC) and their interaction are associated with leisure time sports participation among Dutch adolescents.\n-METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on complete data from the last wave of the YouRAction evaluation trial. Adolescents (n\u2009=\u2009852) completed a questionnaire asking for sports participation, perceived NSC and demographics. Ecometric methods were used to aggregate perceived NSC to zip code level. Availability of sports facilities and parks was assessed by means of geographic information systems within the zip-code area and within a 1600 meter buffer. Multilevel logistic regression analyses, with neighborhood and individual as levels, were conducted to examine associations between physical and social environmental factors and leisure time sports participation. Simple slopes analysis was conducted to decompose interaction effects.\n-RESULTS: NSC was significantly associated with sports participation (OR: 3.51 (95%CI: 1.18;10.41)) after adjustment for potential confounders. Availability of sports facilities and availability of parks were not associated with sports participation. A significant interaction between NSC and density of parks within the neighbourhood area (OR: 1.22 (90%CI: 1.01;1.34)) was found. Decomposition of the interaction term showed that adolescents were most likely to engage in leisure time sports when both availability of parks and NSC were highest.'}]

yes

Neighbourhood social capital was significantly associated with sports participation among Dutch adolescents, while availability of sports facilities and parks was not.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDid the call for boycott by the Catholic bishops affect the polio vaccination coverage in Kenya in 2015?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Polio eradication is now feasible after removal of Nigeria from the list of endemic countries and global reduction of cases of wild polio virus in 2015 by more than 80%. However, all countries must remain focused to achieve eradication. In August 2015, the Catholic bishops in Kenya called for boycott of a polio vaccination campaign citing safety concerns with the polio vaccine. We conducted a survey to establish if the coverage was affected by the boycott.\n-METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted in all the 32 counties that participated in the campaign. A total of 90,157 children and 37,732 parents/guardians were sampled to determine the vaccination coverage and reasons for missed vaccination.\n-RESULTS: The national vaccination coverage was 93% compared to 94% in the November 2014 campaign. The proportion of parents/guardians that belonged to Catholic Church was 31% compared to 7% of the children who were missed. Reasons for missed vaccination included house not being visited (44%), children not being at home at time of visit (38%), refusal by parents (12%), children being as leep (1%), and various other reasons (5%). Compared to the November 2014 campaign, the proportion of children who were not vaccinated due to parent\'s refusal significantly increased from 6% to 12% in August 2015.'}]

yes

The call for boycott by the Catholic bishops affected the polio vaccination coverage in Kenya in 2015, as the proportion of children who were not vaccinated due to parent's refusal significantly increased from 6% to 12% in August 2015.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nRecurrent spontaneous abortion and skewed X-inactivation: is there an association?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between skewed X-inactivation and recurrent spontaneous abortion in a large, well-defined sample of women with recurrent loss.\n-STUDY DESIGN: X-chromosome inactivation patterns were compared in 5 groups of women. Group 1 (recurrent spontaneous abortion) consisted of 357 women with 2 or more spontaneous losses. In group 2 (infertility), there were 349 subjects from infertility practices recruited at the time of a positive serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. Group 3 (spontaneous abortion) women (n = 81) were recruited at the time of an ultrasound diagnosis of an embryonic demise or an anembryonic gestation. Groups 4 (primiparous) and 5 (multiparous) were healthy pregnant subjects previously enrolled in another study to determine the incidence and cause of pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The Primiparous group included 114 women in their first pregnancy, whereas the Multiparous group consisted of 79 women with 2 or more pregnancies but without pregnancy loss.\n-RESULTS: The rate of extreme skewing (90% or greater) in the recurrent spontaneous abortion population was 8.6%, and not statistically different from any of the other groups, except the Primiparous group (1.0%, P<.01). The incidence of X-inactivation skewing of 90% or greater was no different whether there had been at least 1 live birth (9.9%), or no previous live births and at least 3 losses (5.6%, P>.05). When age and skewing of 90% or greater are compared, subjects with extreme skewing have a mean age of 2 years older than those without extreme skewing (P<.05).'}]

maybe

The study found that the rate of extreme skewing in the recurrent spontaneous abortion population was 8.6%, which was not statistically different from any other group, except for the Primiparous group where it was 1.0% (P<.01).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes increased patient awareness improve accrual into cancer-related clinical trials?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Oncology literature cites that only 2% to 4% of patients participate in research. Up to 85% of patients are unaware that clinical trials research is being conducted at their treatment facility or that they might be eligible to participate.\n-OBJECTIVES: It was hypothesized that patients\' satisfaction with information regarding clinical trials would improve after targeted educational interventions, and accruals to clinical trials would increase in the year following those interventions.\n-METHODS: All new patients referred to the cancer center over a 4-month period were mailed a baseline survey to assess their knowledge of clinical research. Subsequently, educational interventions were provided, including an orientation session highlighting clinical trials, a pamphlet, and a reference to a clinical trials Web site. A postintervention survey was sent to the responders of the initial survey 3 months after the initial mailing.\n-RESULTS: Patient satisfaction with information significantly increased after the interventions. There was no increase in subsequent enrollment in clinical trials. Patients who indicated an inclination to participate in clinical trials tended to have greater satisfaction with the information they received.'}]

no

Increased patient awareness through targeted educational interventions does not improve accrual into cancer-related clinical trials, as there was no increase in subsequent enrollment in clinical trials.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes airway surgery lower serum lipid levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is tightly linked to increased cardiovascular disease. Surgery is an important method to treat OSA, but its effect on serum lipid levels in OSA patients is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effect of upper airway surgery on lipid profiles.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 113 adult patients with OSA who underwent surgery (nasal or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPPP]) at a major, urban, academic hospital in Beijing from 2012 to 2013 who had preoperative and postoperative serum lipid profiles.\n-RESULTS: Serum TC (4.86±0.74 to 4.69±0.71) and LP(a) (median 18.50 to 10.90) all decreased significantly post-operatively (P<0.01, 0.01, respectively), with no changes in serum HDL, LDL, or TG (P>0.05, all). For UPPP patients (n=51), serum TC, HDL and LP(a) improved (P=0.01, 0.01,<0.01, respectively). For nasal patients (n=62), only the serum LP(a) decreased (P<0.01). In patients with normal serum lipids at baseline, only serum LP(a) decreased (P<0.01). In contrast, in patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia, the serum HDL, TG and LP(a) showed significant improvements (P=0.02, 0.03,<0.01, respectively). In patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia, the serum LP(a) decreased significantly (P=0.01), with a similar trend for serum TC (P=0.06). In patients with mixed hyperlipidemia, the serum TC and LDL also decreased (P=0.02, 0.03, respectively).'}]

yes

Yes, airway surgery lowers serum lipid levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients, as evidenced by significant decreases in serum TC, LP(a), and in some cases, HDL, LDL, and TG levels post-operatively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs withdrawal-induced anxiety in alcoholism based on beta-endorphin deficiency?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE: Associations between several psychopathological alterations and lowered beta-endorphin(beta E) plasma levels have already been stated in former studies. However, whereas single measures during static conditions generally failed in linking beta E levels with psychopathology, dynamic changes of beta E in particular have been shown to be associated with spells of anxiety and depression. During alcohol withdrawal, a decreased secretion of beta E with a delayed normalization has been reported, but up to now only few data became available regarding the interaction of plasma beta E and psychopathological parameters.\n-OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis whether beta E during acute alcohol withdrawal is associated with anxiety, depression, and craving.\n-METHODS: We observed self-rated anxiety, depression, and craving during alcohol withdrawal and assessed beta E levels (RIA) in a consecutive sample of 60 alcoholics on day 1 and day 14 after onset of withdrawal, and in 30 healthy volunteers. To control for mutual interactions of beta E and the pituitary-adrenocortical hormone secretion, plasma corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were also determined.\n-RESULTS: In accordance with prior studies, beta E was significantly lowered on day 1 and day 14 of alcohol withdrawal relative to controls. Plasma levels of ACTH correlated significantly with beta E in alcoholics at both time points and in controls, without differing significantly between the groups. Self-rated anxiety, depression, and alcohol craving decreased significantly between day 1 and day 14. Levels of beta E were inversely correlated with anxiety day 1 (r=-0.58) and day 14 (r=-0.71). Partial correlation coefficients controlling for ACTH plasma levels revealed that this correlation was largely independent from ACTH. In addition, a significant inverse relationship was found between beta E and craving on day 14 (r=-0.28). No association appeared between beta E and depression.'}]

yes

The study found that withdrawal-induced anxiety in alcoholism is associated with beta-endorphin deficiency, as evidenced by decreased beta-endorphin levels during acute alcohol withdrawal and an inverse correlation between beta-endorphin levels and anxiety.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo older patients receive adequate stroke care?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: National guidelines and government directives have adopted policies for urgent assessment of patients with a transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke not admitted to hospital. The risk of recurrent stroke increases substantially with age, as does the potential benefit of secondary prevention. In order to develop effective strategies for older patients, it is important to identify how stroke care is currently provided for this patient group.\n-METHODS: Between 2004 and 2006, older patients (>75 years) referred to a neurovascular clinic were compared with younger patients (<or =75 years). Sociodemographic details, clinical features, resource use and secondary prevention in a neurovascular clinic were collected.\n-RESULTS: Of 379 patients referred to the clinic, 129 (34%) were given a non-stroke diagnosis. Of the remaining 250 patients, 149 (60%) were<or =75 years. Median time from symptom onset to clinic appointment was similar for the two groups (24 (IQR 15-42) vs 24 (IQR 14-43) days; p = 0.58). Older patients were more likely to be in atrial fibrillation (10.1% vs 22.8%, p<0.001) and have lacunar stroke (34.7% vs 22.1%; p = 0.04). CT rates were similar in the two groups (27.8% vs 80.0%, p = 0.75). Scans were performed more quickly in younger patients (p<0.01). MRI scan rates were higher in younger patients (26% vs 4%, p<0.01), as was carotid Doppler imaging (92% vs 77%, p<0.01). There were no differences in prescribed secondary preventive treatments. Older patients experienced less delay for carotid endarterectomy (49 vs 90 days, p<0.01). Younger patients were more likely to be given advice on weight reduction (30.2% vs 12.9%, p<0.01) and diet (46.3% vs 31.7%, p = 0.02) than older patients.'}]

yes

Older patients receive adequate stroke care in terms of timely assessment and treatment, but there are differences in the types of tests and secondary preventive treatments provided compared to younger patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoppler examination of uteroplacental circulation in early pregnancy: can it predict adverse outcome?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To determine whether spectral Doppler measurements obtained from bilateral uterine, arcuate, radial, and spiral arteries in early gestation correlate with adverse pregnancy outcome.\n-METHODS: One hundred five pregnant women underwent transvaginal Doppler sonographic examination of uteroplacental circulation at 6-12 weeks\' gestation. Resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of bilateral uterine, arcuate, radial, and spiral arteries were measured. Diameters of gestational sac (GS) and yolk sac, crown-rump length (CRL), GS-CRL difference, and GS/CRL ratio were also recorded. Correlation was made with pregnancy outcome.\n-RESULTS: Sixteen women developed adverse pregnancy outcome. In these women, right uterine artery PI and RI were significantly higher than in women with normal obstetrical outcome. Spiral artery PI and RI values were also higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. GS-CRL difference, GS/CRL ratio, and yolk sac diameters were significantly lower in this group.'}]

yes

Doppler examination of uteroplacental circulation in early pregnancy can predict adverse outcome, as indicated by higher resistance index and pulsatility index values in bilateral uterine, arcuate, radial, and spiral arteries in women who developed adverse pregnancy outcome.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan vitamin C prevent complex regional pain syndrome in patients with wrist fractures?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome type I is treated symptomatically. A protective effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been reported previously. A dose-response study was designed to evaluate its effect in patients with wrist fractures.\n-METHODS: In a double-blind, prospective, multicenter trial, 416 patients with 427 wrist fractures were randomly allocated to treatment with placebo or treatment with 200, 500, or 1500 mg of vitamin C daily for fifty days. The effect of gender, age, fracture type, and cast-related complaints on the occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome was analyzed.\n-RESULTS: Three hundred and seventeen patients with 328 fractures were randomized to receive vitamin C, and ninety-nine patients with ninety-nine fractures were randomized to receive a placebo. The prevalence of complex regional pain syndrome was 2.4% (eight of 328) in the vitamin C group and 10.1% (ten of ninety-nine) in the placebo group (p=0.002); all of the affected patients were elderly women. Analysis of the different doses of vitamin C showed that the prevalence of complex regional pain syndrome was 4.2% (four of ninety-six) in the 200-mg group (relative risk, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.13 to 1.27), 1.8% (two of 114) in the 500-mg group (relative risk, 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.77), and 1.7% (two of 118) in the 1500-mg group (relative risk, 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.75). Early cast-related complaints predicted the development of complex regional pain syndrome (relative risk, 5.35; 95% confidence interval, 2.13 to 13.42).'}]

yes

The study found that the prevalence of complex regional pain syndrome was significantly lower in the vitamin C group compared to the placebo group, with a relative risk of 0.41, 0.17, and 0.17 for the 200-mg, 500-mg, and 1500-mg groups, respectively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs digoxin use for cardiovascular disease associated with risk of prostate cancer?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Digoxin is a commonly used medication for heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias that has recently been suggested as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer (PCa) have shown anti-tumor activity with digoxin. We explore the relationship between use of digoxin and PCa risk.\n-METHODS: Data from a population-based case-control study of incident cases aged 35-74 years at PCa diagnosis in 2002-2005 in King County, Washington were available. Controls were identified by random digit dialing and frequency matched by age. Use of digoxin was determined from in-person questionnaires regarding medical and prescription history. The relationship of digoxin use with PCa risk was evaluated with logistic regression.\n-RESULTS: One thousand one cases of PCa and 942 controls were analyzed. The prevalence of digoxin use in controls was 2.7%, and use was positively correlated with age. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race, PSA screening, and family history of PCa, digoxin use was associated with a reduction in the odds ratio of PCa (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.30-1.10). Among those with ≥3 PSA tests over the preceding 5 years (546 cases, 380 controls), digoxin use was associated with a stronger reduction of PCa risk (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.98).'}]

yes

Digoxin use for cardiovascular disease is associated with a reduction in the odds ratio of prostate cancer, indicating a possible protective effect against prostate cancer.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre income-related differences in active travel associated with physical environmental characteristics?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Rates of active travel vary by socio-economic position, with higher rates generally observed among less affluent populations. Aspects of both social and built environments have been shown to affect active travel, but little research has explored the influence of physical environmental characteristics, and less has examined whether physical environment affects socio-economic inequality in active travel. This study explored income-related differences in active travel in relation to multiple physical environmental characteristics including air pollution, climate and levels of green space, in urban areas across England. We hypothesised that any gradient in the relationship between income and active travel would be least pronounced in the least physically environmentally-deprived areas where higher income populations may be more likely to choose active transport as a means of travel.\n-METHODS: Adults aged 16+ living in urban areas (n\u2009=\u200920,146) were selected from the 2002 and 2003 waves of the UK National Travel Survey. The mode of all short non-recreational trips undertaken by the sample was identified (n\u2009=\u2009205,673). Three-level binary logistic regression models were used to explore how associations between the trip being active (by bike/walking) and three income groups, varied by level of multiple physical environmental deprivation.\n-RESULTS: Likelihood of making an active trip among the lowest income group appeared unaffected by physical environmental deprivation; 15.4% of their non-recreational trips were active in both the least and most environmentally-deprived areas. The income-related gradient in making active trips remained steep in the least environmentally-deprived areas because those in the highest income groups were markedly less likely to choose active travel when physical environment was \'good\', compared to those on the lowest incomes (OR\u2009=\u20090.44, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.22 to 0.89).'}]

yes

The study found that income-related differences in active travel are associated with physical environmental characteristics, with the income-related gradient in making active trips remaining steep in the least environmentally-deprived areas.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan Roux-en-Y gastric bypass provide a lifelong solution for diabetes mellitus?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of diabetes had witnessed progressive development and success since the first case of pancreatic transplantation. Although this was a great step, wide clinical application was limited by several factors. Bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass is emerging as a promising option in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this article is to explore the current application of gastric bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes and the theoretical bases of gastric bypass as a treatment option for type 1 diabetes.\n-METHODS: We performed a MEDLINE search for articles published from August 1955 to December 2008 using the words "surgical treatment of diabetes," "etiology of diabetes" and "gastric bypass."\n-RESULTS: We identified 3215 studies and selected 72 relevant papers for review. Surgical treatment of diabetes is evolving from complex pancreatic and islets transplantation surgery for type 1 diabetes with critical postoperative outcome and follow-up to a metabolic surgery, including gastric bypass. Gastric bypass (no immune suppression or graft rejection) has proven to be highly effective treatment for obese patients and nonobese animals with type 2 diabetes. There are certain shared criteria between types 1 and 2 diabetes, making a selected spectrum of the disease a potential target for metabolic surgery to improve or cure diabetes.'}]

maybe

Gastric bypass has proven to be highly effective treatment for obese patients and nonobese animals with type 2 diabetes, but the article does not specifically state that it can provide a lifelong solution for diabetes mellitus.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the severity of obstructive sleep apnea predict patients requiring high continuous positive airway pressure?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate polysomnographic and anthropomorphic factors predicting need of high optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).\n-DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis.\n-PATIENTS: Three hundred fifty-three consecutive obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients who had a successful manual CPAP titration in our sleep disorders unit.\n-MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The mean optimal CPAP was 9.5 +/- 2.4 cm H2O. The optimal CPAP pressure increases with an increase in OSA severity from 7.79 +/- 2.2 in the mild, to 8.7 +/- 1.8 in the moderate, and to 10.1 +/- 2.3 cm H2O in the severe OSA group. A high CPAP was defined as the mean + 1 standard deviation (SD;>or =12 cm H2O). The predictor variables included apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). High CPAP was required in 2 (6.9%), 6 (5.8%), and 63 (28.6%) patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. On univariate analysis, AHI, BMI, ESS score, and the proportion of males were significantly higher in those needing high CPAP. They also have a lower MSLT mean. On logistic regression, the use of high CPAP was 5.90 times more frequent (95% confidence interval 2.67-13.1) in severe OSA patients after adjustment for the other variables. The area under the receiver operator curve was 72.4%, showing that the model was adequate.'}]

yes

The severity of obstructive sleep apnea, as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), is a significant predictor of patients requiring high continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The optimal CPAP pressure increases with an increase in OSA severity, and a high CPAP was required in 63% of severe OSA patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo the changes in the serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, TNFalpha, and IL-6 reflect the inflammatory activity in the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is the major complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure and there are some reports showing cytokine changes in ERCP-induced pancreatits.GOALS: To investigate the association between early changes (within 24 hours) in the serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, and IL-6 levels and the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis.STUDY: Forty five consecutive patients who underwent therapeutic ERCP and 10 patients with acute pancreatitis without ERCP were enrolled to the study. Serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, TNFalpha, and IL-6 were determined immediately before, 12 hours and 24 hours after ERCP.\n-RESULTS: Seven of the 45 patients (15.5%) developed post-ERCP pancreatitis. The levels of IL-4 at 24 hours after ERCP were significantly lower in the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis than in those without pancreatitis, while TNFalpha levels at 12 hours after ERCP were higher in the complicated group than those of the uncomplicated group. The ratios of TNFalpha/IL-4 at 12 and 24 hours after ERCP were found significantly higher in the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis than in those without pancreatitis. IL-6 in the complicated patients was found significantly increased at 24 hours after ERCP.'}]

yes

The changes in the serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, TNFalpha, and IL-6 reflect the inflammatory activity in the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis, as evidenced by significantly lower IL-4 levels, higher TNFalpha levels, and increased IL-6 levels in patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis compared to those without.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs routine intraoperative frozen-section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer worthwhile?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Routine intraoperative frozen section (FS) of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) can detect metastatic disease, allowing immediate axillary dissection and avoiding the need for reoperation. Routine FS is also costly, increases operative time, and is subject to false-negative results. We examined the benefit of routine intraoperative FS among the first 1000 patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who had SLN biopsy for breast cancer.\n-METHODS: We performed SLN biopsy with intraoperative FS in 890 consecutive breast cancer patients, none of whom had a back-up axillary dissection planned in advance. Serial sections and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins were performed on all SLN that proved negative on FS. The sensitivity of FS was determined as a function of (1) tumor size and (2) volume of metastatic disease in the SLN, and the benefit of FS was defined as the avoidance of a reoperative axillary dissection.\n-RESULTS: The sensitivity of FS ranged from 40% for patients with Tla to 76% for patients with T2 cancers. The volume of SLN metastasis was highly correlated with tumor size, and FS was far more effective in detecting macrometastatic disease (sensitivity 92%) than micrometastases (sensitivity 17%). The benefit of FS in avoiding reoperative axillary dissection ranged from 4% for Tla (6 of 143) to 38% for T2 (45 of 119) cancers.'}]

yes

The benefit of routine intraoperative frozen-section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer is worthwhile, as it can detect metastatic disease, allowing immediate axillary dissection and avoiding the need for reoperation, with a range of benefit from 4% to 38% depending on tumor size.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPreoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: is it a prognostic factor?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Platelet count is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers; however, its role in esophageal cancer is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of preoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).\n-METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2008, a retrospective analysis of 425 consecutive patients with ESCC was conducted. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for survival prediction was plotted to verify the optimum cutoff point for preoperative platelet count. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic parameters.\n-RESULTS: A ROC curve for survival prediction was plotted to verify the optimum cutoff point for platelet count, which was 205 (× 10(9)/L). Patients with platelet count ≤ 205 had a significantly better 5-year survival than patients with a platelet count>205 (60.7 vs. 31.6 %, P<0.001). The 5-year survival of patients either with platelet count ≤ 205 or>205 were similar (68.6 vs. 58.8 %, P = 0.085) when the nodes were negative. However, the 5-year survival of patients with platelet count ≤ 205 was better than that of patients with a platelet count>205 when the nodes were involved (32.0 vs. 12.7 %, P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that platelet count (P = 0.013), T grade (P = 0.017), and N staging (P<0.001) were independent prognostic factors.'}]

yes

Preoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a prognostic factor, with patients having a platelet count ≤ 205 having a significantly better 5-year survival than patients with a platelet count>205.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan we predict urinary stone composition based on an analysis of microelement concentration in the hair and urine?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: In recent years the role of trace elements in lithogenesis has received steadily increasing attention.\n-OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to attempt to find the correlations between the chemical content of the stones and the concentration of chosen elements in the urine and hair of stone formers.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: The proposal for the study was approved by the local ethics committee. Specimens were taken from 219 consecutive stone-formers. The content of the stone was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, and colorimetric methods. An analysis of 29 elements in hair and 21 elements in urine was performed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.\n-RESULTS: Only a few correlations between the composition of stones and the distribution of elements in urine and in hair were found. All were considered incidental.'}]

no

No, we cannot predict urinary stone composition based on an analysis of microelement concentration in the hair and urine, as only a few correlations were found between the composition of stones and the distribution of elements in urine and hair, and all were considered incidental.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCould ADMA levels in young adults born preterm predict an early endothelial dysfunction?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Sporadic data present in literature report how preterm birth and low birth weight are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in later life. High levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a strong inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, are associated with the future development of adverse cardiovascular events and cardiac death.\n-AIMS: 1) to verify the presence of a statistically significant difference between ADMA levels in young adults born preterm at extremely low birth weight (<1000 g; ex-ELBW) and those of a control group of healthy adults born at term (C) and 2) to seek correlations between ADMA levels in ex-ELBW and anthropometric and clinical parameters (gender, chronological age, gestational age, birth weight, and duration of stay in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit).\n-METHODS: Thirty-two ex-ELBW subjects (11 males [M] and 21 females [F], aged 17-29years, mean age 22.2 ± 2.3 years) were compared with 25 C (7 M and 18F). ADMA levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with highly sensitive laser fluorescent detection.\n-RESULTS: ADMA levels were reduced in ex-ELBW subjects compared to C (0.606+0.095 vs 0.562+0.101 μmol/L, p<0.05), and significantly correlated inversely with gestational age (r=-0.61, p<0.00001) and birth weight (r=-0.57, p<0.0002).'}]

yes

ADMA levels were reduced in young adults born preterm compared to those born at term, and significantly correlated inversely with gestational age and birth weight.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan fractional lasers enhance transdermal absorption of topical lidocaine in an in vivo animal model?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been shown in vitro that pretreatment of skin with fractional lasers enhances transdermal delivery of drugs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate in vivo firstly that laser enhances transdermal drug absorption and secondly that this can be manipulated by altering laser settings.STUDY DESIGN/\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four pigs were used in the IACUC approved animal study. On day 0, 5 g of 4% topical lidocaine was applied under occlusion for 60 minutes to a 400 cm(2) area on the abdomen. Blood was drawn at 0, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. On day 7, the Er:YAG laser was used at 500, 250, 50, and 25 µm ablative depth, respectively, over a 400 cm(2) area on the abdomen. Five grams of 4% topical lidocaine was applied immediately with occlusion for 60 minutes, and then removed. Blood was drawn at 0, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. The serum was extracted and analyzed for lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX).\n-RESULTS: Serum levels of lidocaine and MEGX were undetectable in untreated skin. Following laser treatment both lidocaine and MEGX were detectable. Peak levels of lidocaine were significantly higher (P = 0.0002) at 250 µm (0.62 mg/L), compared to 500 µm (0.45 mg/L), 50 µm (0.48 mg/L), and 25 µm (0.3 mg/L). Peak levels of MEGX were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0001) at 250 µm (0.048 mg/L), compared to 500 µm (0.018 mg/L), 50 µm (0.036 mg/L), and 25 µm (0.0144 mg/L).'}]

yes

Fractional lasers enhance transdermal absorption of topical lidocaine in an in vivo animal model, with peak levels of lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) being significantly higher at 250 µm compared to other laser settings.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes intra-abdominal desmoid disease affect patients with an ileal pouch differently than those with an ileorectal anastomosis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Nobody has analyzed the sequelae of desmoids according to the type of surgery that precipitated them.\n-OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether the clinical effects of abdominal desmoids would be worse in patients with restorative proctocolectomy than in patients with ileorectal anastomosis.\n-DESIGN: This is a retrospective, database study.\n-PATIENTS: Included were patients with familial adenomatous polyposis who had undergone proctocolectomy with IPAA or colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, and subsequently developed an intra-abdominal desmoid tumor.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures were the clinical course of the desmoids; morbidity, and the requirement for stoma.\n-RESULTS: There were 86 patients: 49 had restorative proctocolectomy and 37 had ileorectal anastomosis. Patient demographics were similar. Average follow-up was 9.8 years (range, 2.7-23.8) and 16.3 years (range, 2.3 - 42.9). Treatment of the desmoids included surgery (64.4% vs 65.6%), medical therapy (69.4% vs 59.5%), chemotherapy (36.2% vs 30.0%), and radiotherapy (4.5% vs 10.0%), and was the same for each group. The overall complication rate of desmoids was similar, approaching 70%. The risk of individual complications was also similar (bleeding (2.0% vs 0.0%), fistula (10.2% vs 13.5%), bowel obstruction (32.7% vs 48.6%), pain (34.7% vs 21.6%), and death related to desmoid tumors (2.0% vs 10.8%)); 38.8% of the restorative proctocolectomy group and 51.4% the ileorectal group had surgery for desmoid tumor complications (P = .21), and 22.4% and 22.2% of patients ultimately had permanent stomas.\n-LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the relatively small numbers of patients.'}]

no

The study found that the clinical effects of abdominal desmoids were not significantly different in patients with restorative proctocolectomy and those with ileorectal anastomosis, in terms of morbidity, requirement for stoma, and treatment of desmoids.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes anastomotic leakage affect functional outcome after rectal resection for cancer?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage is the most threatening early complication in sphincter-preserving rectal cancer surgery. While the oncological consequences have been well examined, only few data exist about the functional outcome.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated continence function in 150 patients after curative sphincter-preserving rectal cancer surgery. Functional results were compared in 22 patients with a clinically relevant anastomotic leakage, confirmed radiologically or endoscopically, and 128 patients with uneventful recovery. Evaluation of continence function was based on the Cleveland Clinic Continence Score and was examined in all patients with anastomotic leakage and in 111 patients without complications 107+/-46 weeks postoperatively. Additionally, 14 patients with anastomotic leakage and 58 patients with uneventful recovery underwent anorectal manometry 26+/-15 weeks postoperatively.\n-RESULTS: The continence score in patients after anastomotic leakage did not differ significantly from that in patients without complications. Sphincter function was similar. Maximum tolerable volume and rectal compliance were slightly but not significantly worse after leakage.'}]

no

The continence score in patients after anastomotic leakage did not differ significantly from that in patients without complications. Sphincter function was similar. Maximum tolerable volume and rectal compliance were slightly but not significantly worse after leakage.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHealth care for immigrants in Europe: is there still consensus among country experts about principles of good practice?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: European Member States are facing a challenge to provide accessible and effective health care services for immigrants. It remains unclear how best to achieve this and what characterises good practice in increasingly multicultural societies across Europe. This study assessed the views and values of professionals working in different health care contexts and in different European countries as to what constitutes good practice in health care for immigrants.\n-METHODS: A total of 134 experts in 16 EU Member States participated in a three-round Delphi process. The experts represented four different fields: academia, Non-Governmental Organisations, policy-making and health care practice. For each country, the process aimed to produce a national consensus list of the most important factors characterising good practice in health care for migrants.\n-RESULTS: The scoring procedures resulted in 10 to 16 factors being identified as the most important for each participating country. All 186 factors were aggregated into 9 themes: (1) easy and equal access to health care, (2) empowerment of migrants, (3) culturally sensitive health care services, (4) quality of care, (5) patient/health care provider communication, (6) respect towards migrants, (7) networking in and outside health services, (8) targeted outreach activities, and (9) availability of data about specificities in migrant health care and prevention. Although local political debate, level of immigration and the nature of local health care systems influenced the selection and rating of factors within each country, there was a broad European consensus on most factors. Yet, discordance remained both within countries, e.g. on the need for prioritising cultural differences, and between countries, e.g. on the need for more consistent governance of health care services for immigrants.'}]

no

There is a broad European consensus on most factors characterizing good practice in health care for immigrants, but discordance remained both within countries and between countries on certain issues.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan clinical supervision sustain our workforce in the current healthcare landscape?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Clinical supervision is widely recognised as a mechanism for providing professional support, professional development and clinical governance for healthcare workers. There have been limited studies about the effectiveness of clinical supervision for allied health and minimal studies conducted within the Australian health context. The aim of the present study was to identify whether clinical supervision was perceived to be effective by allied health professionals and to identify components that contributed to effectiveness. Participants completed an anonymous online questionnaire, administered through the health service\'s intranet.\n-METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with community allied health workers (n = 82) 8 months after implementation of structured clinical supervision. Demographic data (age, gender), work-related history (profession employment level, years of experience), and supervision practice (number and length of supervision sessions) were collected through an online survey. The outcome measure, clinical supervision effectiveness, was operationalised using the Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale-26 (MCSS-26). Data were analysed with Pearson correlation (r) and independent sample t-tests (t) with significance set at 0.05 (ie the probability of significant difference set at P<0.05).\n-RESULTS: The length of the supervision sessions (r(s) ≥ 0.44), the number of sessions (r(s) ≥ 0.35) and the total period supervision had been received (r(s) ≥ 0.42) were all significantly positively correlated with the MCSS-26 domains of clinical supervision effectiveness. Three individual variables, namely \'receiving clinical supervision\', \'having some choice in the allocation of clinical supervisor\' and \'having a completed clinical supervision agreement\', were also significantly associated with higher total MCSS-26 scores (P(s)<0.014).'}]

yes

The study found that clinical supervision was perceived to be effective by allied health professionals, and the length of supervision sessions, number of sessions, and total period supervision received were significantly positively correlated with clinical supervision effectiveness.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the determination of specific IgE against components using ISAC 112 a reproducible technique?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The ImmunoCAP ISAC 112 is a fluoro-immunoassay that allows detection of specific IgE to 112 molecular components from 51 allergenic sources. We studied the reliability of this technique intra- and inter- assay, as well as inter-batch- and inter-laboratory-assay.\n-METHODS: Twenty samples were studied, nineteen sera from polysensitized allergic patients, and the technique calibrator provided by the manufacturer (CTR02). We measured the sIgE from CTR02 and three patients\' sera ten times in the same and in different assays. Furthermore, all samples were tested in two laboratories and with two batches of ISAC kit. To evaluate the accuracy of ISAC 112, we contrasted the determinations of CTR02 calibrator with their expected values by T Student test. To analyse the precision, we calculated the coefficient of variation (CV) of the 15 allergens that generate the calibration curve, and to analyse the repeatability and the reproducibility, we calculated the intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) to each allergen.\n-RESULTS: The results obtained for CTR02 were similar to those expected in 7 of 15 allergens that generate the calibration curve, whereas in 8 allergens the results showed significant differences. The mean CV obtained in the CTR02 determinations was of 9.4%, and the variability of sera from patients was of 22.9%. The agreement in the intra- and inter-assay analysis was very good to 94 allergens and good to one. In the inter-batch analyse, we obtained a very good agreement to 82 allergens, good to 14, moderate to 5 allergens, poor to one, and bad to 1 allergen. In the inter-laboratory analyse, we obtained a very good agreement to 73 allergens, good to 22, moderate to 6 and poor to two allergens.'}]

yes

The determination of specific IgE against components using ISAC 112 has a good to very good agreement in intra- and inter-assay analysis, as well as inter-batch- and inter-laboratory-assay, with a low number of poor or bad agreements.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in women with suspected preeclampsia a prognostic factor for maternal and neonatal adverse outcome?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and how it relates to other prognostic factors.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study from December 2009 to February 2012 with analysis of demographic, clinical and biochemical data from two obstetric day assessment units in hospitals in Southeast Scotland. We included 717 pregnant women, with singleton pregnancies after 20 weeks\' gestation, referred for evaluation of suspected preeclampsia and having their first ACR performed. The ability of ACR to predict future outcomes was assessed in both univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. The latter assessed its prognostic value independent of (adjusting for) existing prognostic factors. Primary outcome measures were maternal and neonatal composite adverse outcomes, and a secondary outcome was gestation at delivery.\n-RESULTS: In all, 204 women (28.5%) experienced a composite adverse maternal outcome and 146 women (20.4%) experienced a composite adverse neonatal outcome. Multivariate analysis of log-transformed ACR demonstrated that a 1-unit increase in log ACR is associated with an increased odds of adverse maternal [odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-1.80] and adverse neonatal (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29) composite outcomes, and with reduced gestational age at delivery (coefficient: -0.46, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.38).'}]

yes

The first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in women with suspected preeclampsia is a prognostic factor for maternal and neonatal adverse outcome, with a 1-unit increase in log ACR associated with an increased odds of adverse maternal and adverse neonatal composite outcomes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there awareness of pharmaceutical expenditure in the reformed primary care system?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of feeding information on pharmacy back to primary care doctors in order to create awareness (knowledge) of pharmaceutical expenditure (PE).\n-DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study, through personal interview.\n-SETTING: Reformed PC, Sabadell, Barcelona.\n-PARTICIPANTS: The 80 PC doctors working with primary care teams.\n-INTERVENTIONS: As the personal feed-back on PE, each doctor was asked for the PE generated during 1997 and the mean cost of prescriptions to active and pensioner patients. The statistical test used was the t test to compare means for paired data, with p<0.05 the required level of significance.\n-RESULTS: Out of the total doctors interviewed (80), 71 replies were obtained for the annual PE and 76 for the mean cost of prescriptions, for both active and pensioner patients. Significant differences were found between the annual PE in reality and doctors\' estimates: around twelve million pesetas. The differences between the real mean costs of prescription and the estimates were also significant.'}]

yes

There is awareness of pharmaceutical expenditure in the reformed primary care system, as the study found significant differences between the annual PE in reality and doctors' estimates, and also between the real mean costs of prescription and the estimates.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo women with ovaries of polycystic morphology without any other features of PCOS benefit from short-term metformin co-treatment during IVF?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Women with ovaries of polycystic morphology (PCO), without any other features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), respond similarly to women with PCOS when stimulated with exogenous gonadotrophins, and both groups share various endocrinological disturbances underlying their pathology. In women with PCOS, metformin co-treatment during IVF has been shown to increase pregnancy rates and reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether metformin co-treatment before and during IVF can also increase the live birth rate (LBR) and lower severe OHSS rates for women with PCO, but no other manifestations of PCOS.\n-METHODS: This study was a double-blind, multi-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The study population included 134 women with ovulatory PCO (and no evidence of clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism) undergoing IVF treatment at three tertiary referral IVF units. The primary outcome was LBR.\n-RESULTS: In total, 134 women were randomized, 69 to metformin and 65 to placebo. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics. With regard to IVF outcome, no significant improvements were found in the metformin group when compared with the placebo group. In particular, there was no difference between the groups in rates of live birth [metformin n = 27 (39.1%), placebo n = 30 (46.2), (95% confidence interval 0.38, 1.49, odds ratio = 0.75)], clinical pregnancy [metformin n = 29 (42.0%), placebo n = 33 (50.8%)]or severe OHSS [metformin n = 6 (8.7%), placebo n = 5 (7.7%)].'}]

no

With regard to IVF outcome, no significant improvements were found in the metformin group when compared with the placebo group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEstimated fetal weight by ultrasound: a modifiable risk factor for cesarean delivery?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether knowledge of ultrasound-obtained estimated fetal weight (US-EFW) is a risk factor for cesarean delivery (CD).\n-STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort from a single center in 2009-2010 of singleton, term live births. CD rates were compared for women with and without US-EFW within 1 month of delivery and adjusted for potential confounders.\n-RESULTS: Of the 2329 women in our cohort, 50.2% had US-EFW within 1 month of delivery. CD was significantly more common for women with US-EFW (15.7% vs 10.2%; P<.001); after we controlled for confounders, US-EFW remained an independent risk factor for CD (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9). The risk increased when US-EFW was>3500 g (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.7).'}]

yes

Yes, estimated fetal weight by ultrasound is a modifiable risk factor for cesarean delivery, as it was found to be significantly more common in women with US-EFW and remained an independent risk factor after controlling for confounders.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes Mammographic Density have an Impact on the Margin Re-excision Rate After Breast-Conserving Surgery?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Limited and conflicting data exist on an association between mammographic density (MD) and re-excision rates after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Additionally, the correlation of MD with resection of unnecessary margins during initial BCS is unknown.\n-METHODS: All women with a diagnosis of breast cancer from 2003 to 2012 and enrolled in a larger study on MD were evaluated. Operative and pathology reports were reviewed to determine margin resection and involvement. Mammographic density was determined both by breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) classification and by an automated software program (Volpara Solutions). Additional margins were deemed unnecessary if the lumpectomy specimen margin was free of invasive tumor [≥2 mm for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)] or if further re-excision was needed.\n-RESULTS: Of 655 patients, 398 (60.8%) had BCS, whereas 226 (34.5%) underwent initial mastectomy. The women with denser breasts (BI-RADS 3 or 4) underwent initial mastectomy more frequently than the women with less dense breasts (40.0 vs. 30.5%, respectively; p = 0.0118). Of the patients with BCS, 166 (41.7%) required separate re-excision. Additional margins were taken during BCS in 192 (48.2%) patients, with 151 (78.6%) proving to be unnecessary. In the bivariable analysis, the patients with denser breasts according to BI-RADS classification and volumetric density showed a trend toward requiring more frequent re-excision, but this association was not seen in the multivariable analysis. The rate of unnecessary margins did not differ by breast density. In the multivariate analysis, the re-excision rates increased with DCIS (p<0.0003) and decreased with resection of additional margins (p = 0.0043).'}]

maybe

The study found a trend toward requiring more frequent re-excision in patients with denser breasts, but this association was not seen in the multivariable analysis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre women who are treated for hypothyroidism at risk for pregnancy complications?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes that are associated with pregnancy and treated hypothyroidism.\n-STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all women who received prenatal care and were delivered at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1989 and 2001. All patients with hypothyroidism diagnosed before pregnancy or early in pregnancy were identified. Maternal, fetal, and obstetric outcomes were then collected and analyzed for women with hypothyroidism and compared with women without hypothyroidism.\n-RESULTS: Among 20,499 deliveries, there were 419 women (2.1%) who were treated for hypothyroidism during the study period. Hypothyroidism was more common among women>or =35 years old, white women, and women without Medicaid insurance. Treated hypothyroidism was not associated with any increase in maternal, fetal, or neonatal complications. In addition, hypothyroidism did not affect mode of delivery.'}]

no

Treated hypothyroidism was not associated with any increase in maternal, fetal, or neonatal complications.