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what are the long-term effects of using raid? | i'm talking about the one you plug into the wall. when it kills insects, it surely can't be good for my lungs and brain, or are the doses simply low enough not to be harmful? what are the long-term effects, then? | i did some research as a layman. one forum user [claims it contains](_url_1_) 300mg of transfluthrin, but i can't seem to find any sc johnson or raid site that corroborates that. transfluthrin is a pyrethroid, related to a pesticide produced by chrysanthemums called pyrethrum. the epa has [scant information on pyrethroids](_url_0_), but the consensus seems to be that low doses are mostly harmless. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/pyrethroids4mosquitoes.htm",
"http://www.shanghaiexpat.com/phpbbforum/raid-plug-ins-is-it-deet-free-t112291.html"
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is it necessary to understand where we learned a harmful belief or thought or is replacing them good enough? | the generation before mine always talks about because their parents did x they learned y. | while freud was successful in bringing applied psychology into mainstream awareness and practice, equally we still have some throw-backs to his now-unsupported theories. one of those is the intense focus on childhood experience and upbringing including as you said believing that because their parents did x they learnt y. in many respects from a practical point of view knowing the exact learning history of a harmful belief is irrelevant to learning a more helpful one. i would also argue that many people's claims of where their beliefs originated has more to do with their narration of themselves rather than accurate summary about their own cognition. however a caveat - many people may find identifying a potential learning history such as 'my parents did x' may find this makes it easier to change said belief. without such a rationale people may not even identify what their beliefs are explicitly or acknowledge them as a learnt function (rather than an accurate understanding). for example patient a might believe all people are untrustworthy and abusive, thusly struggling to maintain relationships. questioning their upbringing and what their parents taught them is not typically a valid way to introduce change of this belief, but believing that comes from how they were raised may illustrate that the belief is changeable rather. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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hey reddit, what are some jobs in science that will allow me to travel the world? | marine biologists and geologists often have opportunities to travel, depending on what kind of employment you can land. also, while in college you should look into studying abroad. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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|
what is the proper name for a period t, when two wavelengths of different periods simultaneously intercept the x-axis after every t units of time? | suppose you are observing your car indicator beeping at a certain periodical frequency (every x seconds) and the car in front of you also has an indicator beeping (every y seconds). after every x•y seconds, the beeps appear to synchronize at least once. i tried to visualize it as wave functions, but what is the proper term for me to lookup the solution online? thanks a bunch | it's related to the "beat" period/frequency - there's a wiki article here: _url_0_ (and also something very relevant here: _url_1_ ) this happens if you have two notes that are *slightly* different in frequency. the interferences broduces a volume oscillation with a frequency equal to the difference in frequencies. you can hear this if you're trying to tune a guitar. if you're off by like 5 hz, you hear a rapid "wawawawawawawa" as the volume oscillates at 5 hz. as you bring the string in tune, the beat frequency gets slower and slower ("wawawawaw waaa waaaa waaaaaaaaaa") as the difference in frequencies goes to zero. | 11 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)",
"https://xkcd.com/165/"
] | [
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my sister took vinegar, mixed it with salt, and added a wad of thin copper wire. she removed it, and it grew crystals on it. she re-added it to the vinegar/salt solution, added a piece of steel, and it is now coated in copper. what happened, step by step, on a chemical level? | i would give you the exact details, but i actually found a nice little website that explains it all very simply. if you have further questions, i will be happy to answer; but i think the "what's going on?" section answers your question nicely. _url_0_ | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer/copper_caper.html"
] | [
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|
diamagnetic interactions with fields? | what happens to a magnetic field when it reaches a diamagnetic material? if i had a magnet and pushed it towards a diamagnetic wall what do the field lines look like? would they flatten against the wall, reflect off the wall, or something different. | the diamagnetic material will have an induced field in the opposite direction of the exciting material, pushing the field lines somewhat out and away from the wall, depending on the magnetic susceptibility of the material. superconductors have a magnetic susceptibility of -1 and are perfect diamagnets, so will completely expel the field lines. for a weaker diamagnet (everything else) the field lines will still penetrate the wall but will be attenuated and 'flattened' a bit. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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] |
when two different versions of the same word come about (e.g. jail and gaol), what decides which word ultimately "wins"? | like how "jail" won this particular time | ease of use usually picks the winner, and the resulting decline in usage picks the loser. in your example, [*gaol*](_url_0_) is still used in the uk and australia, but not nearly as much as *jail*. *gaol* uses more column width (which has given *jail* the nod in australian newspapers) and it's also easily misread, usually as *goal*. if the trend continues, eventually everyone will spell it *jail*, and *gaol* will become an archaic spelling. so it is with language. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaol"
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how big do people from "pygmy" groups get when raised with a post-scarcity diet? | it's known that human stature is a product of both genetics and diet/upbringing. there are various peoples throughout the earth who are considered to be "pygmies" where the men barely reach five feet, in africa and southeast asia. most of these people i imagine are raised with a traditional diet, and i was wondering if it's known how big they get if raised with a western diet and lifestyle, the kind that leads to second-generation immigrants in north america being a head taller than their parents. | so it's kind of outside the scope of the effect of diet on genetically small ethnic groups - e.g. "pygmies"; but the post ww ii economic changes in japan are a classic case of a people who were stereotypically small, but only due to general dietary/protein scarcity. in the japanese economic boom of the late 1950's and 1960s, protein became much more available to the population at large. this had some interesting economic effects: school classrooms and student desks were too small. the school infrastructure had been sized for the steretypical small japanese population; but with the increased availability of dietary proteins during critical childhood development years, they grew to sizes similar to people in other developed economies. i also have some friends who grew up in former communist states in eastern europe in the 50's and 60's. both of them are very small ~ 5' 1" - 5' 3". however, emigrating to the us and having children here, their children are very much taller than they are. | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can you teach yourself to read, without other people or pictures (or other outside sources) as guides? | i got asked this question a few days ago and got to pondering. for example, if we are given an ancient book from a language nobody can read write speak or understand on hearing it, how can that be translated into modern day readable text? if i was given a book in a language i don't understand and get no help understanding it, given unlimited time could i one day translate it into english? had this been the case translating any existing text we can now understand where it's original state was unearthed and how would we even start the process of translating it? | could you (or i) do it ? who knows. it has certainly been done. the best example that comes to my mind is linear b. the bulk of the work cracking it was done by michael ventris, a self taught linguist. but credit should also be given to michael chadwick. (and for the sake of completeness alice kober's contribution has been recently regarded as underrecognized.) _url_1_ it's a great story. i thoroughly recommend michael chadwick's book, the decipherment of linear b: _url_0_ | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Decipherment-Linear-B-Canto/dp/0521398304",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B"
] | [
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super conductor wire + breaking thermal laws? | i was reading an article about room temperature superconducting materials, and the long term dream/goal of changing our electrical grids to superconducting material. this of course would remove all our waste energy during transfer. which got me thinking. if you had a power plant on one side of the planet, and you transferred all of its electrical energy to the other-side of the planet through a superconductor, how does that hold up with the laws of thermo-dynamics? (mostly entropy) from a just a gut instinct perspective, it seems wrong that you could transfer an 'unlimited' amount of energy from one end of the planet to the other and suffer no entropy as a result of it. if you open up the idea to a crazy thought experiment. if you were to create a network of thin superconducting material between galaxies and successfully be able to manipulate energy to mass and mass to energy at will at the ends of these networks, i don't see how we can transfer energy/mass around the galaxy at no loss? | i suspect that a room temperature superconductor (if even possible) would contain vortices (pools of non-superconducting material). it wouldn't perfectly super-conduct in all regions and there would be some heat loss, overall entropy would be created. also, most superconductors can only handle a certain amount of current and will not super-conduct past that point. there's more than just a factor of temperature when it comes to superconducting. you have critical fields, current, and pressure. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a fellow redditor claims that the pear lab confirmed the existence of psychokinesis and other paranormal phenomena. is this true? | the redditor suggests that skeptics have ignored these robust findings that clearly show paranormal phenomena to exist. i had never heard of pear until he mentioned it, and i was less than impressed with the research. am i missing something? these were the studies he provided when asked to validate his claims. [_url_0_](_url_0_) [_url_1_](_url_1_) [_url_3_](_url_3_) [_url_2_](_url_2_) | i am not an expert in this field, but i am a scientist and i read the first paper and looked over the others. here is my impression: * the first paper is written in a very unusual fashion. it may be a thesis. i would be very surprised if it has seen peer review. * the "operators" are the researchers themselves. this is not a suitable design to avoid bias and conflicts of interest. * the experiment was not systematically designed and included only a small dataset. the authors note this themselves, so it's not clear to me why they didn't do a better job. * the "anomalies" that are reported are laughably ridiculous. for example, they report that when the operators wanted the robot to spend longer on the table, the robot did indeed spend longer on the table. they report p=0.02 for this effect and consider this significant (the other papers have similarly unimpressive p-values). this is where the real problems lie. first of all, this is not a particularly low probability. if an equivalent experiment were run 50 times and the null result (no psychokinesis) were true, we would expect to see a result at least this improbable once. we have no clue how many similar experiments were run prior to this publication. with such a simple experimental set-up, it is easy to run a very large number of trials. so why are so few reported? have some previous experiments been omitted? it is not like a drug trial where the experiment can not be simply repeated as many times as you like. even for large complex experiments, there are issues surrounding publication bias (i.e., people not publishing results they don't like). here, where experimental repeats are trivial, alarm bells are very much ringing. moreover, p=0.02 would not be considered significant by any bayesian. typically p=0.05 is used as a cut-off for statistical significance, but let us not forget that that value is essentially arbitrary. it is a reasonable value for many purposes, but p < 0.05 is not the be all and end all. your choice of p-value for significance should really be determined by: (a) your goal. is it better to admit false positives or to avoid false negatives? if, for instance, you were trialling a new drug that could replace a drug that you know already works well, you don't want to risk accepting a false positive, so you should choose a more conservative p-value for significance, e.g., p = 0.01. (b) the prior probability. in other words, what is the burden of proof on the hypothesis that you are testing? if you show me that a drug known to act on sleep promoting pathways increases sleep at night with a p=0.02 chance that the result is a fluke, i'm willing to accept that it is likely correct. if you show me that people who eat a handful of jelly beans immediately gain 65 iq points relative to those who eat a handful of skittles with a p=0.02 chance that the result is a fluke, i'm very likely going to conclude that the result is a fluke and ask for a more stringent proof of the result. finally, the results here are frequently from multiple comparisons, which requires a reassessment of statistical significance. by that, i mean many different analyses were performed on the data and then the most significant ones were held up as impressive. however, every time you perform a new analysis, you are increasing the probability of finding a significant result by chance. that is not addressed by the authors. in sum, this is just really really bad science, i'm afraid. | 36 | [] | [
"http://www.icrl.org/pdf/Robot2_technical.pdf",
"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_21_1_jahn.pdf",
"http://www.princeton.edu/~pear/",
"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_09_2_peoch.pdf"
] | [] | [
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what are some little things that people can do everyday that could improve one's health? | stuff like, for example, take an omega-3 fish pill everyday with breakfast, or brush your teeth in the morning and at night. make a list of little things like that. also, what are some myths that are supposed to be good for you but don't really help (like, for example, antioxidants) | eat, pray, and love... no, just kidding. 1. practice good hygiene 2. monitor energy balance (calories in vs. calories out) 3. cultivate close relationships and personal interests moderate your vices, and don't get too caught up in trying to live forever; life is too short. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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ant hill garnets? a simple question. | [deleted] | i'm actually finishing up a dissertation that partially feature the localities that the ant hill garnets come from. as far as i know, "ant hill garnets" only come from a few localities near the four corners in the american southwest. they are erupted in a bizarre kind of volcanic deposit known as a serpentine ultramafic microbreccia diatreme, or sum diatreme. there are a few of these sum diatremes around the four corners, and all contain various abundances of garnets. the garnets are very red because they are pyropic in composition, and sourced from the mantle between ~80 and 150 km depth. once the garnets come to the surface, the rock that contains them (a fine grained serpentine matrix) weathers rapidly. the ants remove the garnets while building colonies. the garnets can make up as much as 50% of an ant mound, which can be quite large. its possible to collect from these places in your own, but please get permission from the property holder first. the navajo nation also requires a collection permit, easy to obtain. | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://rruff.info/doclib/am/vol61/AM61_762.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet#Garnet_group_endmember_species"
] | [
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what purpose does the actually uvula serve? | in addition to its biological functions, the uvula is also a speech organ that is involved in the articulation of some languages. more research is needed to determine definitively whether this has had an impact on the development of this organ. in japanese, the word for "japan" (日本) is pronounced \[nʲi.ho**ɴ**\], with a voiced uvular nasal occlusive in the coda position (end) of the final syllable. in arabic, the word for "story" (قصةٌ) is pronounced \[**q**isˤˈsˤɑtun\], with a voiceless uvular plosive occlusive in the onset position of the first syllable of the word. in inuktitut, the word for "because i returned" (utirama) is pronounced \[ʔuti**ɢ**ama\], with a voiced uvular plosive occlusive in the onset position of the third syllable of the word. in french, the word for "\[to\] stay" (rester) is pronounced \[**ʁ**ɛste\], with a voiced uvular fricative continuant in the onset position of the first syllable. in castilian spanish, the word for "skinny" (enjuto) is pronounced \[ẽ̞ɴˈ**χ**ut̪o̞\], with a voiceless uvular fricative continuant in the onset position of the second syllable. there are many more sounds and languages that employ these sounds than what i've listed here. in english, we only use the uvula to articulate the paralinguistic and onomatopoeic expression "glug glug glug," which is transcribed \[ʛ.ʛ.ʛ\]. edit: spacing; wording | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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|
what sparked the very first life? | could somebody explain how life first popped up on the earth. also, please keep your religion to yourself, i want to hear scientific theories. thanks! | well, that kinda depends...what is "life"? one common theory is micelles. to put it simply, these are little oil droplets in water. take a pubble of muck, full of organic compounds. a subset of the molecules in the muck are able to form micelles. they clump together and bingo...micelles. they grow to a stable point and then stop, because there is no more micelle-making material in that puddle of muck. call that stuff molecules of class "a" one of the millions of micelles in one of the billions of little puddles scattered around the globe one forms in just the right way...maybe it traps a metal inside, maybe "a" has an ever so slightly different structure...whatever. but the result is that it is able to take another class of molecules in the much, call them "b" and turn them into a or use them in conjunction with a...whatever. but now more of those can form, and they do. there's a rainstorm, and the puddle with ab micelles merges with the puddle next to it....and the ab micelles spread. over and over and over for thousand of years and ab type micelles are everywhere....and among the billions of little pool scattered around the globe, one just so happens to form a new way to make better or more micelles. this goes on, adding more complex ways of doing things, expanding the toolkit to make more of itself until you get to a simple organism, something that can take its environment and turn it into a copy of itself. but this is conjecture...nobody knows how it happened, we can just propose possibilities as to how it could have happened. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is the arc length formula an estimate of the length, or exact value? | _url_0_ | the integral is the exact value. whether you can actually compute the integral, of course, depends on the curve in question, so you might or might not be able to evaluate the integral exactly, but that's a separate issue. | 11 | [] | [
"http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v600/twistedfate320/Random%20pics/integral1dx2.jpg"
] | [
"http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v600/twistedfate320/Random%20pics/integral1dx2.jpg"
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why is the flashpoint for a biodiesel 130 deg celcius when the flashpoint of its composition is higher ? | so a major component of biodiesel is linoleic acid and oleic acid methyl ester. according to [_url_0_](_url_0_) and [_url_1_](_url_1_) under the properties section, the experimental flash point value is stated to be 200 and 230 deg. why is this the case ? | there are other compounds in the mixture with lower flash points. once they ignite, they supply enough energy to ignite the entire mixture. | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4516661.html",
"http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447491.html"
] | [] | [
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what are the truths about those who adhere to a dietary fast in order to give their a digestive system a rest? | it might seem that i am anthropomorphizing the digestive system of the human body, but does the digestive system even need a rest, and if given one, what are the benefits? | i once had abdominal pains and went to the hospital. they put me on an iv and stuck a naso-gastric tube into my stomach so that nothing at all would be going through my digestive tract. within a day, the pain was gone. i still remember the attending's summary for a roomful of med students: "behold the miracle of the naso-gastric tube!" a day or two later they removed the tube, the pain came back, and i had my appendix taken out, however. so your mileage may vary. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=intermittent+fasting&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1%2C34"
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what is the exact reason to why tokamaks doesn't generate energy? | i couldn't find a clear answer online to this answer, so i figured i would post it here. what is the exact reason to why tokamaks (or any magnetically confined reactor) doesn't work? i know it takes a lot of energy to heat the plasma and to contain it, and that we can only do that for short periods of time. but what is the limiting factor? what step do we need to overcome to make fusion reactors produce energy? i'd be thankful if you included sources! | first the tokamak is actually really good confinement concept. for example in edge of tokamak the plasma temperature increases about 50 million degrees in a distance as wide as my thumb. now the truth is that fusion is a very hard problem. and as good as we are at confining plasmas, we are not yet good enough to make an economical power plant. we think we know how to build a tokamak that can produce more thermal power than we put into it, and in fact we are building a science experiment (iter) to study just that. but creating a positive net power is just one part of building an economical power plant. there are many issues that we still need to address before we can build an economical power plant. there is no single issue that has supreme importance. below i list a few broad areas that we need to address. there are multiple physics and technological issues that contribute to each area, and my list is not complete. long pulse: a power plant needs to be able to run continuously 24 hours a day 7 days week. most fusion experiments only operate for a few seconds at a time. this is actually long enough to do the science that we need to understand confinement. but we need to develop the science and technologies to extend the pulse lengths and operate steady state. disruptions: tokamak's can go unstable and suddenly lose confinement. these sudden loss of confinement events can damage the reactor. we need to develop better control of the plasma to avoid disruptions, and also develop mitigation systems to protect the reactor in the event of an disruption. materials: the inside of a burning fusion reactor is a very harsh environment. we need to develop materials that can withstand this environment for prolonged periods of time. size: right now we only know how to build a large burning fusion reactor. large reactors are expensive and costly. in order to be economically viable (and to speed up the rate research) we need to find a way to shrink the size of a burning reactor. predictability: plasma physics is a challenging field of study. there is a lot that we understand about plasma confinement, but our predictive capability isn't sufficient to convince a power company to build a billion dollar power plant. | 22 | [] | [] | [] | [
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building an autonomous hovercraft for engineering class: what materials should we use? | from the little experience i have with building small hovercrafts, you may want to consider having the air flow out of many small holes from the bottom of the skirt, not from inside of the skirt. i recall having a small rc hovercraft when i was a kid and it used this method. basically, air was pumped into the skirt and came out directly between the skirt and the floor, opposed to how this image shows it coming out from the center: _url_0_ having several exhaust holes around the base instead of riding 'pillow' of air seemed to create more stability. i would imagine that for a larger vehicle build for transporting people the larger pillow may work better as you will likely have more lift, but with a small engine and a central exhaust, if the vehicle tips slightly (when turning or accelerating), air is going to want to escape faster from the lifted side thereby creating unforeseen movement. think of it kind of like pumping air into an upside-down bucket. the bucket will not go directly up and let an equal amount of air out from all sides; it will pop up on one side tipping sideways and probably stay that way until no more air is pumped in. what you want to achieve would the the equivalent of having a large ring buckets all connected and having air pumped in. as long as your pump is strong enough to maintain a constant pressure, an equal amount of air should flow from each, and maintain a stable lift for you. as i mentioned above, you also want to ensure that you have adequate back pressure. if your exhaust vents are too large, then adequate back pressure will be lost if one of the vents becomes slightly less restricted than the others. | 2 | [] | [] | [
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|
can someone explain this video of massive sheet of ice overtaking people's lawns? | there's a video going around facebook where a massive sheet of ice appears to be growing out of a lake at a very rapid pace. i found a copy on youtube here: _url_0_ can anyone explain what's happening? | it's hard to be conclusive without more information but my guess would be that a steady wind has pushed up all the ice to one side of the lake, causing it to creep up onto shore. | 2 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5L5i0SjLsY"
] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqptbtwXUCs"
] | [
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imagine an android pattern-based lockscreen with a 6x6 grid, how many possible combinations/permutations are there in this scenario? | this was a random thought i had today as my pattern lockscreen is a 6x6 grid instead of the usual 3x3. due to the nature of how you could draw your patterns, my family and i, non-statistician laymen, were trying to figure this out. one answer was that the number of combinations/permutations would be less than 36! (factorial) my gut reaction would be that it exceeds 36! (factorial). any input would would be greatly appreciated. | a 6x6 grid has 36 points. * if you could touch a point twice, the number would be infinite (or if there's a cap on the length of the combination, it's 36^n ) * if you can't, the maximum is 36x35x34..., which is 36! (10^41 ) * i believe that you actually can't go from any point to any point though - going a1 to a6 automatically adds in all the ones in between, so you can really only go to a2, b1, or b2. this drastically reduces the number of possibilities, since you only have 3 (corner), 5 (edge) or 8 (middle) possibilities to move to, which becomes fewer later on. calculating how many moves that gives you is going to take a lot more time, since it probably also depends on where you start, but it's going to be a lot less than 36! edit: of course, for any string of points, you have 36 (or 32, if there's a minimum number of points needed) possible cutoff points, so take the total number of strings and multiply be 36 - it's 36!*36 | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/pIxT8IG",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix",
"https://possiblywrong.wordpress.com/2012/07/28/security-of-the-android-pattern-lock/",
"http://imgur.com/BlaLaEo"
] | [
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