text stringlengths 130 541k | id stringlengths 47 47 | date stringdate 2013-05-18 04:54:19 2013-06-20 13:35:46 | dump stringclasses 1 value | embeddings listlengths 1 351 | file_path stringclasses 916 values | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 30 166k | url stringlengths 14 835 | quality_score float64 0.16 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
When I play Tap Tap Revenge 4 on my Ipod Touch, I have difficulties playing the songs on harder levels. I have no problem with the songs or the difficulty modes, but with my fingers. Can anyone tell me a strategy or technique to use so I can play this game easily?
I find the best way to do it is to use three fingers, one per lane. If that doesn't work, just try experimenting with different variations of where you hold your hand. Some people play with two fingers, some with only one (except for the multi-note sections, obviously). | <urn:uuid:d2d7fa2d-4401-4dcc-8380-301a62ecdbd3> | 2013-05-18T05:51:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.030075188726186752,
0.013569079339504242,
0.01785714365541935,
0.004875469952821732,
0.042058270424604416,
-0.0491071417927742,
0.009985902346670628,
0.07706766575574875,
-0.01785714365541935,
-0.055921051651239395,
0.025258459150791168,
0.030075188726186752,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966191 | 118 | http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/74479/strategies-for-tap-tap-revenge-4?answertab=oldest | 0.324799 |
Building a structure over zoned buildings, as agent86's comment points out, counts as bulldozing the building and dezoning the land. Recall that in SimCity 4, bulldozing zoned building requires the city to buy then decommission the structure from private hands, which means that doing this with hi-rise apartments or office blocks can be quite expensive. You will also of course displace any citizens living or working in those zones as you demolish the buildings.
In addition, in rare cases when building a small structure such as the 1x1 bus stop it is possible to create zones which cannot access roads anymore. For example, take a 4x4 zoned area (
< indicate the direction of the zone):
If we build a bus stop at
s, it is possible that the zone marked
* could become trapped. This is rare as the game usually intelligently realigns the zones so that they always face roads, but it is possible to happen if this area was occupied by 2x1 buildings. | <urn:uuid:795bc993-6d8c-47bf-98ff-0006af6d616c> | 2013-05-18T07:15:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.011439732275903225,
-0.00920758955180645,
0.0078125,
0.007254464086145163,
0.0753348246216774,
-0.0350167416036129,
0.007289341650903225,
0.0926339253783226,
0.008021763525903225,
-0.0352957583963871,
0.0362723208963871,
0.0350167416036129,
0.0421316958963871... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964626 | 210 | http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/90260/are-there-any-consquences-to-building-over-zoned-buildings?answertab=votes | 0.244554 |
Back in March we showed you an awesomely beautiful animated short action film called Ruin, directed by Wes Ball. The movie is set in a post-apocalyptic North American city overgrown with green foliage. It's really an impressive short, so it's not really a surprise that it's going to be adapted into a live-action full length feature film.
20th Century Fox has made an offer to acquire the rights for the short, and McG (Terminator Salvation) is in negotiations to produce it. Ball is attached to direct the feature, and will co-write the script with T.S. Nowlin. Lucasfilm executive Steve Tzirlin is also in negotiations to produce the film. He oversaw story and script development for Star Wars: The Clone Wars. The studio is hoping to turn this into a franchise.
According to THR, Ball worked on Ruin on and off for two years. Before this deal, he did graphic work for HBO and Blu-ray and DVD featurettes for such movies as Star Trek and Aliens in the Attic. He also won a Student Academy Award bronze medal in 2003 for his story A Work in Progress.
This is a great looking short, and it's great that Ball is going to get to turn it into a feature film! Congratulations Ball, we hope you have a blast making this film and starting a new career! Watch the short, and let us know what you think about it getting the big screen treatment! | <urn:uuid:28566021-c30b-4920-9fb1-344404a569f0> | 2013-05-18T07:24:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005883193574845791,
0.0023104038555175066,
-0.005073361098766327,
0.02934451214969158,
0.07469512522220612,
0.000753263127990067,
-0.003013052511960268,
0.0625,
-0.028391769155859947,
-0.03525152429938316,
-0.008384146727621555,
0.022961128503084183,
0.025724... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979443 | 297 | http://geektyrant.com/news/2012/7/20/mcg-adapting-awesome-short-film-ruin.html | 0.266579 |
"You guys, Republicans -- Florida, Ohio, Wisconsin -- all of you, don't you find this embarrassing? I mean if the only way you think you can win an election is to make it logistically more difficult for people who support Democrats to cast their votes or to make Democratic leaning states just count less towards who gets elected president, then you really are not competing in our democracy. You are competing against our democracy.
How about competing on the merits? Democrats have ideas, Republicans have ideas. Let's air them out and let the voters pick -- all the voters, unless you are too chicken to try that again." | <urn:uuid:96f4c64b-0b31-401e-9c2b-a419b3317573> | 2013-05-18T07:19:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.009396115317940712,
-0.003747888607904315,
0.017842059955000877,
0.006545607931911945,
0.0840371623635292,
-0.056587837636470795,
-0.012035473249852657,
0.048775337636470795,
-0.026499155908823013,
-0.08910472691059113,
0.05616553872823715,
0.03378378227353096,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968804 | 126 | http://geewizz6485144.newsvine.com/_news/2012/11/21/15341194-rachel-maddow-show | 0.499582 |
|Hometown:||Virginia Beach, Va.|
|High School:||Frank W. Cox|
2011: One-year letterwinner that will look for an increased role in the midfield.
2010: Lettered in her debut campaign … appeared in 13 games off the bench, registering one goal … first collegiate goal came in a 4-3 loss to Sewanee (10/16).
High School: Earned four letters in field hockey, three in swimming and two in softball at Frank W. Cox … helped lead the field hockey team to three-consecutive district, regional and state championships … also helped lead the swim team to three district championships and a pair of regional crowns.
Personal: Undeclared major. | <urn:uuid:7a038e79-3840-4d1c-ab84-2c8e621c0f7d> | 2013-05-18T08:01:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0207403264939785,
0.0194382444024086,
-0.013485862873494625,
-0.0048363097012043,
0.0357142873108387,
-0.0338541679084301,
-0.0072079612873494625,
0.0877976194024086,
0.00034586587571538985,
-0.0262276791036129,
0.0474330373108387,
0.0472470223903656,
0.051711... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940114 | 154 | http://generalssports.com/sports/fh/2011-12/Bios/hensleigh%20alex%20v8m9 | 0.430358 |
What is a Softphone?By:Robert Pepper (G+)
A softphone is software that allows the user to make telephone calls on a computer. Google Voice and Skype are popular softphones. Softphones have their own network, and typically calling one user within the network is free, but it costs a small amount to send or receive calls. Some VoIP providers, including residential provider Vonage, and enterprise provider 8x8, have softphone software as an add-on. Most enterprise VoIP providers offer an app that connects your smartphone to their network, rather than the phone's native carrier, essentially turning a phone into another kind of phone.
There are many ways to use a softphone the same way you would use a landline. You can buy a Skype phone, use a headset or microphone, or use a USB adapter as an ATD converter. There are also apps for tablets, including the iPod Touch, that allow you to use softphones over Wi-Fi. A softphone is good for residential users, and works well as a second line in a home. | <urn:uuid:4aef7549-f56f-45e2-8bee-05a0bbc1db02> | 2013-05-18T05:58:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0064221397042274475,
0.047404661774635315,
0.009202860295772552,
-0.025423727929592133,
0.03919491544365883,
-0.04210805147886276,
-0.0015889829955995083,
0.07733050733804703,
-0.024099575355648994,
-0.03469279780983925,
0.08527542650699615,
0.018273305147886276,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955171 | 220 | http://getvoip.com/what-is-voip/what-is-a-softphone | 0.731473 |
"I love this set. I purchased it for my parents for Christmas, and it served as a great, unique addition to their collection of serveware. It is incredibly functional, and holds plenty, great for variety of appetizers and snacks. It is perhaps smaller than I originally estimated from the pictures, however it works great and is a great buy."
(Click anywhere inside this popup to close it) | <urn:uuid:ff8502ab-8245-47f0-ad97-2faf46fd3c46> | 2013-05-18T08:06:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.059065934270620346,
0.030906593427062035,
0.00837053544819355,
0.018114697188138962,
0.025068681687116623,
-0.02120535634458065,
-0.015968406572937965,
0.05597527325153351,
-0.050137363374233246,
-0.06627747416496277,
0.04773351550102234,
0.03708791360259056,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98021 | 82 | http://gifts.redenvelope.com/home/cubist-appetizer-serving-set-10927957?ref=HomeNoRef%3Fref%3DHomeNoRef&tile=shopothercat_podA&viewpos=23&trackingpgroup=rbake | 0.314414 |
"PK Jordan has been a real inspiration with her assertiveness by taking a proactive approach in dispute resolution. Her approach to resolving the issues gave me confidence in her judgment which required an in-depth analysis of my case. This team player approach, with her personal touch regarding my immediate needs, gave me comfort and peace with the solutions and final results. It has been rewarding to work with a professional that will listen actively to my dispute and obtain the results I needed. This comes with my sincere recommendation that her professional services will be provided in a successful and rewarding outcome for you and your loved ones."
Steve H. Information Technology Professional | <urn:uuid:927aa925-6bcf-4c0b-bb09-33cf0b689eb7> | 2013-05-18T06:49:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.041130512952804565,
0.015739889815449715,
0.01608455926179886,
0.018152574077248573,
0.05078125,
-0.007755055092275143,
-0.0009981043403968215,
0.109375,
-0.008501837961375713,
-0.07536764442920685,
0.015969669446349144,
0.013556985184550285,
-0.1066176444292... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973194 | 126 | http://gilbertsba.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=viewlink&link_id=35&Itemid=496 | 0.163421 |
Following its spectacular plunge from grace in 2008 when its banking system crashed, inflicting huge damage on foreign creditors as well as on local residents, Iceland caught attention for trying to come to grips with what happened by bringing court cases against bankers and others allegedly responsible for the crash as well as for inviting the people of Iceland and its directly elected representatives to draft a new post-crash constitution designed inter alia to reduce the likelihood of another crash.
Up against the wall, with throngs of protesters boisterously banging their pots and pans in parliament square in Reykjavík, the post-crash government formed in 2009, to its credit, set the process in motion. A National Assembly was convened comprising 950 individuals selected at random from the national registry. Every Icelander 18 years or older had an equal chance of being selected to a seat in the assembly. Next, from a roaster of 522 candidates from all walks of life, 25 representatives were elected by the nation to a Constitutional Assembly to draft a new constitution reflecting the popular will as expressed by the National Assembly. Believe it or not, the Supreme Court, with eight of its nine justices at the time having been appointed by the Independence Party, now disgraced as the main culprit of the crash and in opposition, annulled the Constitutional Assembly election on flimsy and probably also illegal grounds, a unique event. The parliament then decided to appoint the 25 candidates who got the most votes to a Constitutional Council which took four months in 2011, as did the framers of the US constitution in Philadelphia in 1787, to draft and unanimously pass a new constitution. The constitutional bill stipulates, among other things: (a) electoral reform securing ‘one person, one vote’; (b) national ownership of natural resources; (c) direct democracy through national referenda; (d) freedom of information; and (e) environmental protection plus a number of new provisions designed to superimpose a layer of checks and balances on the existing system of semi-presidential parliamentary form of government. The preamble sets the tone: “We, the people of Iceland, wish to create a just society where everyone has a seat at the same table.” The people were invited to contribute to the drafting through the Constitutional Council’s interactive website. Foreign experts on constitutions, e.g. Prof. Jon Elster of Columbia University and Prof. Tom Ginsburg of the University of Chicago, have publicly praised the bill and the democratic way in which it was drafted.
Even so, it was clear from the outset that strong political forces would seek to undermine the bill. First, there are many politicians who think it is their prerogative and theirs alone to revise the constitution and view the National Assembly and the Constitutional Council elected by the people and appointed by parliament as intruders on their turf. Second, many politicians rightly worry about their reelection prospects under ‘one person, one vote’. Third, many politicians fear losing their clout with more frequent use of national referenda, and also fear exposure under a new freedom of information act. For example, a crucial telephone conversation between the prime minister and the governor of the Central Bank in the days before the crash in 2008 is still being kept secret even if a parliamentary committee has demanded to hear a recording of it. Last but not least, many vessel owners dislike the prospect of being deprived of their privileged and hugely profitable access to the common-property fishing grounds. As a matter of public record after the crash, politicians and political parties were handsomely rewarded by the banks before the crash. It does not take a rocket scientist to figure out that vessel owners must have likewise treated politicians and political parties generously in the past, an umbilical cord that many politicians clearly want to preserve.
In sum, it was clear that in a secret ballot the constitutional bill would never have had a chance of being adopted by parliament, not even after the national referendum on the bill on 20 October 2012 where 67% of the electorate expressed their support for the bill as well as for its main individual provisions, including national ownership of natural resources (83% said Yes), direct democracy (73% said Yes), and ‘one person, one vote’ (67% said Yes). But the parliament does not vote in secret. In fact, 32 out of 63 members of parliament were induced by an e-mail campaign organized by ordinary citizens to declare that they supported the bill and wanted to adopt it now. Despite these public declarations, however, the bill was not brought to a vote in the parliament, a heinous betrayal – and probably also an illegal act committed with impunity by the president of the parliament. Rather, the parliament decided to disrespect its own publicly declared will as well as the popular will as expressed in the national referendum by putting the bill on ice and, to add insult to injury, hastily requiring 2/3 of parliament plus 40% of the popular vote to approve any change in the constitution in the next parliament, meaning that at least 80% voter turnout would be required for a constitutional reform to be accepted in the next session of parliament. The politicians apparently paid no heed to the fact that under these rules Iceland’s separation from Denmark would not have been accepted in the referendum of 1918. In practice, this means that we are back to square one as intended by the enemies of the new constitution. There is faint hope that the new parliament will respect the will of the people if the outgoing one failed to do so despite its promises. In her farewell address, the outgoing Prime Minister, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, declared this to be the saddest day of her 35 years in parliament.
via Thorvaldur Gylfason.
- Crowdsourcing Icelandic constitution: a myth or reality? | Re:Imagining Democracy
- Why Did The Media Keep The Recent Peaceful Icelandic Revolution Quiet? (secretsofthefed.com)
- Iceland’s Revolution Against Globalist Banksters (leaksource.wordpress.com)
- Icelandic Politicians Ignore Crowdsourced Constitution; Pirate Party Rejoices (intellihub.com) | <urn:uuid:38260daa-54bf-4a94-ac33-4f50095e3ede> | 2013-05-18T05:48:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.007781982421875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0003414154052734375,
0.09228515625,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.030517578125,
0.099609375,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.048828125,
0.0498046875,
0.00201416015625,
-0.043212890625,
0.020751953125,
0.0390625,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967893 | 1,252 | http://globalfree.wordpress.com/category/english/protests/ | 0.318515 |
This article, by Andrea Dip, is a part of Agência Pública's special #CopaPública [pt] coverage, and was originally published on June 26, 2012, with the title Elisângela Got Home Just in Time to See it Being Torn Down: Watch the Minidoc [pt]
Elisângela wasn't home when authorities arrived without warning to tear down her house on Pavão-Pavãozinho hill in Rio de Janeiro.
Her 17-year-old daughter answered the door and was told that the property was going to be destroyed at that very moment. Panicking, the girl called her mother:
Tem vários homens da Prefeitura aqui na porta; eles estão dizendo que vão derrubar a nossa casa.
There are many men here from the city at the door; they're saying they are going to tear down our house.
Elisângela ran back home, tried to reason with the men, ask for some time to find another home, but it was no use. In a few hours, all that was left was debris. This happened in early 2011. To this day, Elisângela has not been compensated nor relocated. Her daughter had to go live with her grandmother, while Elisângela still searches for a new home.
The minidocumentary “We Are the Legacy: the Story of Elisângela” (“O Legado Somos Nós: A História de Elisângela”) is the first in a series of video portraits being produced by the human rights organization Witness, which partnered with the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee (Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas), in an attempt to tell the stories of those affected by forced evictions in Rio de Janeiro, directly or indirectly connected to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Priscila Neri, from Witness, explains that the idea is to give an alternative to the official narrative, which claims that everything is being done in compliance with the law and through constant dialogue with the communities.
In Elisângela's particular case, the justification provided at the time of the eviction was that her home was in a risk area in Pavão-Pavãozinho, but only some houses were destroyed and, according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city hasn't even removed the debris yet. The hill is located between two of Rio's most sought-after neighborhoods: Ipanema and Copacabana.
According to the dossier [pt] published by the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city intends to use the argument of geotechnical or structural risk to evict more than 300 families from the Pavão-Pavãozinho community:
Até o momento a Prefeitura não apresentou o laudo que comprove o risco e nem discutiu com a comunidade a possibilidade de realização de obras para garantir a segurança dos moradores.
Up until now the city hasn't presented any technical report that backs up the risk claim nor has it discussed with the community the possibility of carrying out infrastructural work to ensure the residents’ safety.
Still according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, engineers that have written technical reports about areas like the Pavão-Pavãozinho have pointed out that doing construction work to restrain or strengthen the slope, in order to eliminate the risk of slippage, would cost even less than relocating the families that live in the area.
Watch the minidoc: | <urn:uuid:99b724e0-5c28-45d7-afef-256ccf46dded> | 2013-05-18T07:24:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.007354736328125,
0.1083984375,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.000583648681640625,
0.08642578125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0966796875,
0.008544921875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.036376953125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954647 | 798 | http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/03/01/rio-de-janeiro-elisangela-home-destroyed/ | 0.412469 |
Westminster Confession of Faith
The Westminster Confession of Faith is perhaps the most notable expression in creedal form of the truths of the Bible. It was the work of that assembly of divines which was called together by Parliament and met in London, at Westminster Abbey, during the years 1643-1648. It was this assembly which also produced the Larger and Shorter Catechisms. The Confession and the Catechisms are used by many churches as their doctrinal standards, subordinate to the Word of God.
The text of the Confession as given in this document is in the form adopted by the Bible Presbyterian Church in 1938, and, except for a few revisions, which are largely concerned with eschatology, as well as with the relation of the civil magistrate to the church, it agrees with the text of the original manuscript of the Confession. A list of changes can be found here, together with the reading of the original. | <urn:uuid:4d48bee1-2f67-4bb2-97bc-a77c48682d50> | 2013-05-18T06:30:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04377880319952965,
-0.015913018956780434,
-0.005868375767022371,
-0.005328340921550989,
0.08122120052576065,
-0.010944700799882412,
-0.011304723098874092,
0.06883640587329865,
-0.029521889984607697,
-0.07056451588869095,
0.0552995391190052,
-0.02318548411130905,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981746 | 194 | http://gracebpc.org/about/our-beliefs/creeds-confessions/westminster-confession-of-faith/ | 0.171564 |
The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine the connections between identities and literacies for a group of students entering the university while highlighting their adolescent literacy experiences as urban-schooled Latino/as. This year-long qualitative research study utilized case study research methods (Merriam, 1998; Stake, 1994, 1995), along with the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1984), and the critical analytical tools of Fairclough's (1995) levels of discourse, and Curriculum Spaces Research Theory (Cary, 2006). Data collection included focus group interviews, along with individual interviews, digitally recorded and transcribed in their entirety, as well as occasional observations, participants' class syllabi, written work, and personal online communication with the researcher. A theory of identities in practice (Holland, Skinner, Lachicotte, and Cain, 1998) coupled with a broad definition of literacies (Gee, 2000-2001; New London Group, 1996; Street, 1995, 2003) were utilized as frameworks for viewing the university as a figured world where literacies serve as mediating tools for the negotiation of identities (Holland, et al., 1998; Holquist, 1990; Vygotsky, 1962). At the same time, a discussion of discourses (Cary, 2006; Foucault, 1977; Usher & Edwards, 1994) and academic literacies (Zamel & Spack, 1998) offered a window into a discussion of power within institutions.
Findings suggest that these students experienced a continuous redefinition of self, due in large part to exposure to White, middle to upper class students who were not a part of their urban school experience. Additionally, as students learned to participate in the academic community of the university, they noted a growing disconnect with family and friends, even though their education was taking place less than six miles from where they attended high school. Learning these new literacies, both academic and otherwise, appeared to cause participants to reevaluate their former identities and their positions in and around various figured worlds. These case studies offer insight into the literacy experiences of Latino/a students in both secondary and post-secondary schools. This research encourages identity work as a means of exploring the individuality of experience of students who are traditionally under-served in our nation's secondary and post-secondary institutions. | <urn:uuid:dd7b9604-240a-451d-a1dd-948f491a4faa> | 2013-05-18T06:51:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.009033203125,
0.021728515625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0091552734375,
0.07421875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0234375,
0.099609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.1064453125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0419921875,
0.031005859375,
0.041015625,
-0.0203857421875,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954634 | 482 | http://gradworks.umi.com/33/15/3315076.html | 0.182465 |
The basics of heat stress
When the thermometer rises, it can-and often does-create a multitude of problems. Anyone, given the right (or wrong) conditions, can get heat stress. Some are lucky enough to suffer only from heat cramps, while those who are less fortunate may be laid up by heat exhaustion or devastated by heat stroke. As the long, hot days of summer approach, it is helpful to review the effects of warm weather on the human body, the illnesses that may result and what you can do.
How the body stays cool Unknowingly, you constantly engage your body in the life-and-death struggle to disperse the heat it produces. If allowed to accumulate, this heat would quickly increase your body temperature beyond its comfortable 98.6oF. This does not normally happen because your body is able to lose enough heat to maintain a steady temperature. You become aware of this struggle for heat balance during hard labor or exercise in hot environments, when your body produces heat faster than it can lose it. Under certain conditions, your body may build up too much heat, your temperature may rise to life-threatening levels, and you may become delirious or lose consciousness. This is called heat stroke, and it is a serious medical emergency. If you do not rid your body of excess heat fast enough, it cooks the brain and other vital organs. It often is fatal, and those who survive may have permanent damage to their vital organs. Before your temperature reaches heat-stroke levels, however, you may suffer heat exhaustion with its flu-like symptoms, and while treating its symptoms you avoid heat stroke.
How does your body dispose of excess heat? Humans lose heat largely through their skin, similar to how a car loses heat through its radiator. Exercising muscles warms the blood, just as a car's hot engine warms its radiator fluid. Warm blood travels through the skin's dilated blood vessels losing heat by evaporating sweat to the surrounding air, just like a car loses engine heat through its radiator.
When blood delivers heat to the skin, two of the most important ways the body loses heat are radiation and evaporation (vaporization of sweat). When the temperature is 70oF or less, the body releases its heat by radiation. As environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. In fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. This leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature.
Water loss Your body is about half water. You lose about 2 quarts every day (breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat). A working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. Because the body's water absorption rate of 1.5 quarts per hour is less than the body's 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. This happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses.
If you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. Thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. In fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. One guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. You are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. Cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more.
In the Gulf War, American armed forces followed the practice of the Israeli army: drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. This tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. In contrast, during the Six Day War of 1967, more than 20,000 Egyptian soldiers died3/4with no visible wounds3/4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily.
While working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. Generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. You cannot "catch up" by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. Therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work.
Cool water (50oF) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. The best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar (less than 8 percent). You should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that increases water loss through urination. Alcoholic beverages also dehydrate by increasing urination. Soda pop contains about 10 percent sugar and, therefore, your body does not absorb it as well as water or commercial sports drinks. The sugar content of fruit juices ranges from 11 to 18 percent and has an even longer absorption time. Commercial sports drinks contain about 5 to 8 percent sugar.
Electrolyte loss Sweat and urine contain potassium and sodium, which are essential electrolytes that control the movement of water in and out of the body's cells. Many everyday foods contain these electrolytes. Bananas and nuts are rich with potassium, and most American diets have up to 10 times as much sodium as the body needs. Getting enough salt is rarely a problem in the typical American diet. In fact, most Americans consume an excessive amount of sodium-averaging 5 to 10 grams of sodium per day-although we probably require only 1 to 3 grams. Therefore, sodium loss is seldom a problem, unless a person is sweating profusely for long periods and drinking large amounts of water.
Commercial sports drinks can be useful if you are participating in vigorous physical activity for longer than 1 hour (some experts say longer than 4 hours). Most of the time, however, people merely require water to remain hydrated. The truth is that excessive sodium can draw water out of the body cells, accentuating the dehydration. In addition, drinking large amounts of water (more than 1 quart an hour) can cause water intoxication, a condition that flushes electrolytes from the body. Frequent urination and behavior changes (irrationality, combativeness, coma, seizures, etc.) are signs of water intoxication.
Effects of humidity Sweat can only cool the body if it evaporates. In dry air, you will not notice sweat evaporating. However, sweat cannot evaporate in high-humidity conditions; it just drips off the skin. At about 70-percent humidity, sweating is ineffective in cooling the body.
Because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. Therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially those who are generating heat with vigorous work.
Who is at risk? Everyone is susceptible to heat illness if environmental conditions overwhelm the body's temperature-regulating mechanisms. Heat waves can set the stage for a rash of heat-stroke victims. For example, during the 1995 summer heat wave in Chicago, the death toll reached 590.
People who are obese, chronically ill or alcoholics have an increased risk. The elderly are at higher risk because of impaired cardiac output and decreased ability to sweat. Infants and young children also are susceptible to heat stroke, as well.
The fluid loss and dehydration resulting from physical activity puts outdoor laborers at particular risk. Certain medications predispose individuals to heat stroke, such as drugs that alter sweat production (antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants) or interfere with thermoregulation.
Heat illnesses Several disorders exist along the spectrum of heat illnesses. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are on the more serious side of the scale, whereas heat syncope, heat edema and prickly heat are less serious (see "Heat illnesses," page C 18). Only heat stroke is life-threatening. Untreated heat-stroke victims always die.
* Heat cramps are painful muscular spasms that occur suddenly. They usually involve the muscles in the back of the leg or the abdominal muscles. They tend to occur immediately after exertion and are caused by salt depletion. Victims may be drinking water without adequate salt content. However, some experts disagree because the typical American diet is heavy with salt.
* Heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above-normal body temperatures. A depletion of water or salt3/4or both3/4causes this condition. Some experts believe severe dehydration is a better term because it happens to workers who do not drink enough fluids while working in hot environments. Symptoms include severe thirst, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. Uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke.
* Heat stroke is classified in two ways: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke, also known as the "slow cooker," may take days to develop. This condition is prevalent during summer heat waves and typically affects poor, elderly, chronically ill, alcoholic or obese persons. Because the elderly often have medical problems, heat stroke exacerbates the problem, and more than 50 percent of elderly heat-stroke victims die3/4even with medical care. Death results from a combination of a hot environment and dehydration. Exertional heat stroke also is more common in the summer. You see it frequently in athletes, laborers and military personnel who sweat profusely. Known as the "fast cooker," this condition affects healthy, active individuals who strenuously work or play in a warm environment. Exertional heat-stroke victims usually are sweating when stricken, while the classic victims are not sweating. Its rapid onset does not allow enough time for severe dehydration to occur.
Because uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke, you should know how to tell the difference between them. If the victim feels extremely hot when touched, suspect heat stroke. Another mark of heat stroke is that the victim's mental status (behavior) changes drastically3/4ranging from being slightly confused and disoriented to falling into a coma. In between these conditions, victims usually become irrational, agitated or even aggressive and may have seizures. In severe cases, the victim can go into a coma in less than 1 hour. The longer a coma lasts, the lower the chance for survival, so rescuers must be quick.
A third way of distinguishing heat stroke from heat exhaustion is by rectal temperature. Obviously, this is not very practical because conscious heat-stroke victims may not cooperate. Taking a rectal temperature can be embarrassing to both victim and rescuer. Moreover, rectal thermometers are seldom available, and the whole procedure of finding the appropriate thermometer and then using it wastes time and distracts from important emergency care. In most cases, an ambulance arrives within 10 to 20 minutes.
* Heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self-limiting condition. Victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. Victims who are not nauseated can drink water.
* Heat edema, which is also a self-limiting condition, causes ankles and feet to swell from heat exposure. It is more common in women unacclimated to a hot climate. It is related to salt and water retention and tends to disappear after acclimation. Wearing support stockings and elevating the legs often helps reduce swelling.
* Prickly heat, also known as a heat rash, is an itchy rash that develops on skin that is wet from sweating. Dry and cool the skin.
Cooling methods Sometimes the only way to stop possible damage is to cool the victim as quickly as possible. However, it is important to pay attention to both the cooling methods and cautions.
* Ice baths cool a victim quickly but require a great deal of ice3/4at least 80 pounds3/4to be effective. Needing a big enough tub also limits this method. Cool-water baths3/4(less than 60oF)3/4can be successful if you stir the water to prevent a warm layer from forming around the body. This is the most effective method in highly humid conditions (greater than 75-percent humidity).
* Spraying the victim with water combined with fanning is another method for cooling the body. The water droplets act as artificial sweat and cool the body through evaporation. However, this method is not effective in high humidity3/4greater than 75 percent.
* Ice bags wrapped in wet towels and placed against the large veins in the groin, armpits and sides of the neck also cool the body, though not nearly as quickly as immersion.
Cautions to remember when employing any cooling method include: * Do not delay the onset of cooling while waiting for an ambulance. Doing so increases the risk of tissue damage and prolonged hospitalization. * Stop cooling when the victim's mental status improves to avoid hypothermia. * Do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the skin. It can be absorbed into the blood, causing alcohol poisoning. Its vapors are a potential fire hazard. * Do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. They are not effective because the brain's control-center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases.
Adjusting to heat Most heat illness occur during the first days of working in the heat. Therefore, acclimation (adjusting to the heat) is the main preventive measure. To better handle the heat, the body adjusts by decreasing the salt content in sweat and increases the sweating rate. Year-round exercise can help workers prepare for hot weather. Such activity raises the body's core temperature so it becomes accustomed to heat. Full acclimation, however, requires exercise in hot weather. You can do this by exercising a minimum of 60 to 90 minutes in the heat each day for 1 to 2 weeks.
The acclimated heart pumps more blood with each stroke than a heart unused to working in the heat. Sweating earlier and doubles the amount of sweat per hour from 1.5 quarts to 3 quarts or more.
When new workers are exposed to hot weather, team them with veterans of the heat who know how much water to drink. Heat illnesses are avoidable. With knowledge, preparation, fluid replacement and prompt emergency care, heat casualties need not be a factor for those working in warm weather.
Dr. Alton Thygerson is a professor of health science at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. He also serves as the technical consultant for the National Safety Council's First Aid Institute.
Want to use this article? Click here for options!
© 2013 Penton Media Inc. | <urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971> | 2013-05-18T06:19:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.002349853515625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.00750732421875,
0.006500244140625,
0.10986328125,
-0.09912109375,
0.01092529296875,
0.146484375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.025634765625,
0.07421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0400390625,
0.038330078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943288 | 3,036 | http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_basics_heat_stress/ | 0.444744 |
Oh! I love that book. I borrow it from a friend. The fabric is cute, what will you make it into?
Such a fun book!
Aww..the cover itself is already adorable! I'd bet you'll be making something fun. :-)
Thanks for your comment.. It is nice to know that there is someone out there (other than my husband) reading my posts! Xx | <urn:uuid:a8c7ceb0-cba0-4eec-9f5b-4feab235eb95> | 2013-05-18T05:33:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0420258603990078,
0.03951149433851242,
0.014098419807851315,
0.025323275476694107,
0.01993534527719021,
-0.01670258678495884,
0.0033001077827066183,
0.038972701877355576,
-0.02514367736876011,
-0.03322557359933853,
-0.04148706793785095,
-0.0030980603769421577,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971677 | 83 | http://growcooksew.blogspot.com/2011/01/my-creative-space.html | 0.201762 |
Do you really believe that, absent some catastrophe, demand, in the long run, will diminish anywhere?
Well, if it doesn't, so what? If the end of civilization as we know it is inevitable, does that mean we should be energy hogs now and use everything up as quickly as possible (which would bring on that catastrophe)?
Demand will level out or diminish at some point: we'll either lean to live within our means, or we'll use up our resources and return (perhaps violently) to lower populations and older lifestyles.
I favor trying to learn to live within our means. The sooner we start, the greater chance that we'll avoid a catastrophe. Technology can help. Conservation can help. That's what Carter was talking about 30 years ago. And if people had paid more attention, I think we could have been about 25 years ahead of where we are today.
And there are a few trends towards decreasing energy consumption. Population is a big driver of demand, but many developed nations are experiencing close to zero or even negative population growth. There's little reason why we couldn't reduce our gasoline consumption if we all got more fuel-efficient vehicles over the next decade, and if we didn't have population growth we wouldn't need more cars.
I agree that near-term global demand will go up, but I don't see why it needs to go up indefinitely. And that growth will stand a better chance of being sustainable if it's done more efficiently rather than less. No outcome is certain, but I think it's worth making the effort. | <urn:uuid:bc05b3a0-8e13-4e7a-89a9-75093c402533> | 2013-05-18T05:56:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.028702445328235626,
-0.00462805712595582,
0.014775815419852734,
0.00005771802898379974,
0.07642663270235062,
-0.08661685138940811,
-0.0040123979561030865,
0.09646739065647125,
-0.023947011679410934,
-0.03447690233588219,
0.05197010934352875,
-0.001708984375,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973064 | 319 | http://gunks.com/ubbthreads7/ubbthreads.php/topics/33958/2 | 0.265261 |
I have tried to fast without Dr Rasputin and failed. Now I am starting once more and alone a new week of fasting, hoping to succeed this time. The first two days are the most difficult, because I am addicted to food. Last week I had a glass of milk and felt a wave of pleasure and wellbeing - and I broke down. I am drinking strong coffee trying to overcome these difficult two days. | <urn:uuid:edd68b81-8d8d-4b0e-ab7b-ce343c7367a7> | 2013-05-18T07:13:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.02993421070277691,
0.004317434038966894,
-0.0007452713907696307,
-0.004687500186264515,
0.09407895058393478,
-0.03437500074505806,
-0.02944078855216503,
0.09342104941606522,
0.012335526756942272,
0.01587171107530594,
-0.017351973801851273,
0.027960525825619698,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985066 | 84 | http://h2oreuse.blogspot.com/2010/10/new-cycle-of-fasting.html?showComment=1287392893124 | 0.391122 |
This is another useful Sql Server Stored Procedure I found on the net written by Nigel Rivett.
The procedure uses the
xp_cmdshell extended stored procedure to shell out an FTP command. You can use this procedure to ftp a file from one place to another. Of course, you will need to make sure that your command runs in the proper security context.
I made some very slight modifications in my own version of this procedure. I changed some of the parameters to be of type
instead of varchar for my international friends. I also changed the name to suit my own naming conventions.
It takes in the following parameters.
||The host name.
||The username for the FTP site.
||The password for the FTP site.
||The subfolder within the FTP site to place the file. Make sure to use forward slashes and leave a trailing slash.
||The filename to write within FTP. Typically the same as the source file name.
||The path to the directory that contains the source file. Make sure to have a trailing slash.
||The source file to ftp.
||The working directory. This is where the stored proc will temporarily write a command file containing the FTP commands it will execute.
Here is an example of the usage.
@FTPServer = 'ftp.example.com' ,
@FTPUser = n'username' ,
@FTPPWD = n'password' ,
@FTPPath = n'/dir1/' ,
@FTPFileName = n'test2.txt' ,
@SourcePath = n'c:\vss\mywebsite\' ,
@SourceFile = n'MyFileName.html' ,
@workdir = n'c:\temp\'
I will soon combine this and my random time of day generator sql into a very useful stored procedure for you. | <urn:uuid:557270a5-13c3-479a-bd2c-57d46d10be1d> | 2013-05-18T06:29:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.016590388491749763,
0.017591532319784164,
0.00607837550342083,
-0.028175057843327522,
0.03947368264198303,
-0.05406178534030914,
0.01694793999195099,
0.06264302134513855,
-0.011584668420255184,
-0.03775743767619133,
0.04891304299235344,
0.04977116733789444,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.706414 | 396 | http://haacked.com/archive/2006/04/21/sqlstoredproceduretoftpfilesfromsqlserver.aspx | 0.889485 |
Data structures for manipulating (biological) sequences.
Generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions,
like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides.
|A sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data.
Sequences are type-tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids,
or unknown type.
All items are lazy bytestrings. The Offset type can be used for indexing.
|A sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data.
The type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences
|An offset, index, or length of a SeqData
|The basic data type used in Sequences
|Quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences
|Basic type for quality data. Range 0..255. Typical Phred output is in
the range 6..50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad.
|Quality data is a Qual vector, currently implemented as a ByteString.
|Read the character at the specified position in the sequence.
|Return sequence length.
|Return sequence label (first word of header)
|Return full header.
|Return the sequence data.
|Check whether the sequence has associated quality data.
|Return the quality data, or error if none exist. Use hasqual if in doubt.
|Adding information to header
|Modify the header by appending text, or by replacing
all but the sequence label (i.e. first word).
|Converting to and from [Char]
|Convert a String to SeqData
|Convert a SeqData to a String
Returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and
with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk.
By freshly copying internal storage, defragSeq allows garbage
collection of the original data source whence the sequence was
read; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an
entire sequence file buffer to be retained.
By compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragSeq avoids
linear-time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into
|map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of (char,word8) pairs.
This will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn't
try to examine it.
The current implementation is not very efficient.
|Phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types
|Nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [A,C,G,T].
IUPAC specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but
it is not supported at this point.
|Complement a single character. I.e. identify the nucleotide it
can hybridize with. Note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually
want the reverse complement (see revcompl for that).
|Calculate the reverse complement.
This is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet,
and it leaves other characters unmodified.
|Calculate the reverse complent for SeqData only.
|For type tagging sequences (protein sequences use Amino below)
|Proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the IUPAC alphabet.
|Translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein
sequence. This works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify ORFs
or otherwise QA the result.
|Convert a sequence in IUPAC format to a list of amino acids.
|Convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in IUPAC format.
|Display a nicely formated sequence.
|A simple function to display a sequence: we generate the sequence string and
| call putStrLn
|Returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string
| representation of a sequence. Highlighting is done using ANSI-Escape
|Default type for sequences
|Produced by Haddock version 2.6.1| | <urn:uuid:0811e322-860e-4f42-9263-ac9ca9ec229a> | 2013-05-18T05:26:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.037841796875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.028564453125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.0869140625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.1806640625,
0.029296875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.03564453125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.775457 | 838 | http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/bio/0.4.5/doc/html/Bio-Sequence-SeqData.html | 0.447766 |
§ 51. Major-General Sir ALFRED KNOX
asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what was the loss to the revenue of the arrangement made with the breweries in 1923 by which the cost of beer to the consumer was reduced by 1d. per pint?
§ Mr. CHURCHILL
It was estimated at the time of the 1923 Budget that the reduction in duty by£1 per bulk barrel would, after allowing for a consequential increase in consumption, cost the Exchequer about£16½ millions in the first full year. It is not possible to say exactly what the cost has been, but I see no reason to suppose that that estimate was far out.
Captain ARTHUR EVANS
In view of the rating relief which the breweries will receive under the Bill which is being brought in by the Government, may I ask my right hon. Friend whether they can see their way substantially to reduce the price of beer?
§ Mr. T. WILLIAMS
Has any guarantee been given to the right hon. Gentleman by the breweries that, in view of their enormous profits, they will hand the benefit on to the consumers?
§ Mr. R. RICHARDSON
Has the right hon. Gentleman's attention been drawn to the difference between the dividends paid by the breweries in 1914 and those paid to-day? | <urn:uuid:2c1e6dde-5aae-4dcf-9bc7-ac7f6ae3b701> | 2013-05-18T08:11:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.024501660838723183,
0.03882890194654465,
-0.015053986571729183,
0.008876660838723183,
0.07848837226629257,
-0.050664450973272324,
-0.024190198630094528,
0.06270764023065567,
-0.006410921923816204,
-0.04318936914205551,
0.06769102811813354,
0.02377491630613804,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974322 | 277 | http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1928/nov/20/beer-duty | 0.263834 |
Contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. In these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. Many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. The goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. At the present time, NATO, the OSCE, the EU, NAFTA, OPEC, ASEAN, the G-8, the D-8, and APEC are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions.
These institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. All of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the Second World War, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. Member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. Even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. The creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency (as in the EU) safeguard the future of member states. Defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields.
A similar organization will provide considerable benefits to Muslim nations. For those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified Islamic world under the auspices of the Islamic Union.
Economic Development and Increasing Prosperity
Economic cooperation is necessary on two counts: stability and development. Muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. Developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. While various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force's educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. Society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in Muslim countries. This partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas.
Most Muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources (e.g., natural gas and crude oil). These resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. In the Islamic world, 86% of the population's living standards fall below $2,000, 76% under $1,000, and 67% under $500 per year. When the Islamic world's total resources are considered,(1) this is quite a paradox: Roughly half of the petrol consumed in the West is exported from the Islamic world, as is 40% of the world's agricultural production.(2) Many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the Islamic world's oil and gas exports, in particular those of the Persian Gulf.(3)
The Persian Gulf holds two-thirds of the planet's discovered crude oil reserves. Data obtained from research concludes that Saudi Arabia alone holds 25.4% of the world's oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. A further 11% is found in Iraq, 9.6 % in the UAE, 9.2 % in Kuwait, 8.6 % in Iran, 13% in other OPEC member states. The rest is distributed across the remainder of the world.(4) Research commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125%.(5) This means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the Gulf region. Moreover, the Middle East has 40% of the global natural gas reserves; 35 % of these reserves are in the Gulf region.(6) Algeria, Libya, and other North African countries have 3.7 % of the world's reserves.
The Caucasus and Central Asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. For instance, Kazakhstan has between 10-17.6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet.
Turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer.(7) Some other Muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. For instance, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are two of the world's leading gold producers. Turkey has one of the world's richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and Tajikistan has the world's largest aluminum producing facilities.
These advantages will become more important in the twenty-first century, which some have already christened the "energy century." Energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. Given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. The Islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. Therefore, the resources' contributions to the country's economy are limited to export earnings. These countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. Worse still, some Muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. Explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other Muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources.
Naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the Islamic world's only economic problem. However, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. The economies of Muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. Some nations' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of OPEC, while other nations' depend upon agriculture. These differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. Developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. All of this will be possible with the Islamic Union.
Joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another's experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. Such mutual financial support is compatible with Islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that Muslims strive to acquire. Many verses in the Qur’an remind Muslims to watch over the needy.
Society's internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. As international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one-sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. For example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. A manpower-poor country’s need will be met by another Islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower-rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. This will be to the benefit of both. Sharing know-how and experience will increase prosperity, and all Muslims will benefit from technological developments.
Joint ventures that realize the Islamic world's unification of opportunities and means will enable Muslims to produce hi-tech products. The Islamic common market will enable Muslim-made products to be marketed in other Muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross-border obstacles. The marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all Muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. The living standards and wealth of Muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. Some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the Gulf, the Pacific Rim, and North Africa. Trade agreements signed by Turkey are already operational in the Islamic world. Bilateral cooperation exists in some regions; however, their scope must be widened. Such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all Muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed—a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other.
All of these can be realized only under a central authority's leadership and coordination. Achieving this will be possible if Muslim nations adopt the Qur'an's values and the Prophet's (May God bless him and grant him peace) Sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt Islamic culture. The Islamic Union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation.
Mutual cooperation among Muslims, part of the Islamic code, must be adhered to by all Muslims, for God commands people to refrain from avarice and to guard the needy and support one another. In fact, destitute people have a due share of the believers' wealth (Qur'an, 51:19). As the Qur'an proclaims:
Our Lord also reveals that believers are one another's guardians (Qur'an, 9:71). The word "guardian" conveys such meanings as friend, helper, mentor, and protector. It also expresses the importance of cooperation and solidarity between Muslim nations. The cooperation that will arise from this fraternal awareness between Muslim nations will bring prosperity and wealth to Muslims and eradicate poverty, an important problem of the Islamic world. Societies that follow the Qur'an's values will not experience famine, destitution, and poverty. Muslims will develop their nations by following rational and long-term policies, establishing good relations with other nations and people, valuing trade and development, and learning from other cultures' experiences. This was so in history and, God willing, under the Islamic Union's leadership it will be so once again.
1- Demetrios Yiokaris, Islamic Leage Study Guide-1997, United Nations: Study Guides. Online at: www.vaxxine.com/cowac/islmclg1.htm.
2- “Islamic Countries have the resources to match the west, scientist”, Arabic News.com, 28 May 2000. Online at: www.arabicnews.com/ansub/ Daily/Day/000628/2000062848.html.
3- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The Gulf and Transition: Executive Summary and Major Policy Recommendations” (October 30, 2000).
4- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 3.
5- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 3.
6- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 4.
7- Jim Nichol, “Central Asia’s New States: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests,” CRS (Congressional Research Service) Issue Brief for Congress (June 13, 2003). Online at: www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=16833. | <urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b> | 2013-05-18T07:25:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01123046875,
0.0380859375,
0.003997802734375,
0.01446533203125,
0.11767578125,
-0.06640625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.1259765625,
-0.012939453125,
0.0093994140625,
0.08740234375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.04248046875,
0.0546875,
0.0184326171875,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937494 | 2,451 | http://harunyahya.com/en/Makaleler/4324/How-Islamic-Union-will-affect-the-economic-development | 0.861339 |
Harold Urey was the teacher of the American researcher Stanley Miler at Chicago University. Because of Urey’s contribution to Miller’s 1953 experiment on the origin of life, this is also known as the Urey-Miller Experiment. This experiment is the only “proof” used to supposedly confirm the molecular evolution thesis, which is put forward as the first stage in the evolutionary process. However, the experiment was never able to offer any findings to support evolutionist claims regarding the origin of life. (See The Miller Experiment.)
—See Miller Experiment, The. | <urn:uuid:aaa3980b-2afc-4ec3-8fb3-0574c7576493> | 2013-05-18T08:02:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.041749998927116394,
-0.004031249787658453,
0.020500000566244125,
-0.008624999783933163,
0.09099999815225601,
-0.0729999989271164,
0.010687500238418579,
0.11050000041723251,
-0.0494999997317791,
-0.048500001430511475,
0.02199999988079071,
0.006500000134110451,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95018 | 119 | http://harunyahya.com/en/books/14789/The_Evolution_Impasse_II/chapter/4895 | 0.803301 |
Created 07/14/2012 - 10 months ago
Ailing Bollywood superstar Rajesh Khanna was admitted to a Mumbai on Saturday again after his health condition worsened. Earlier, the superstar was admitted to Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital following kidney ailments on June 24.
News - Rajesh Khanna admitted to Mumbai hospital again: Rajesh Khanna has been suffering from kid... http://t.co/g2oAWzwp #breakingnews
Rajesh Khanna hospitalised again. Admitted to Lilavati aftr complaining of weakness,being treated fr low Blood pressure http://t.co/qXQRgghh | <urn:uuid:02dbc7e0-aedc-49a0-a13e-8b1504c195f0> | 2013-05-18T08:02:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.03167517110705376,
0.025616496801376343,
-0.002657312899827957,
-0.005978954024612904,
0.07823128998279572,
-0.03252550959587097,
-0.02359693869948387,
0.07185374200344086,
-0.023915816098451614,
-0.006350977811962366,
0.024872448295354843,
0.035076528787612915,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936832 | 133 | http://hashonomy.com/link/rajesh-khanna-admitted-to-mumbai-hospital-again-india-news-india-today-341491/ | 0.260735 |
Wallet found at Everett hospital spurs stories of its owner
Julie Muhlstein / The Herald
Steve Jesmer, a senior engineer at Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, recently found a wallet believed to have been lost at the hospital about 40 years ago.
Julie Muhlstein / The Herald The late Larry Corbaley's wallet -- with $3, a driver■─˘s license, military and pharmacist identification, a credit card and family photos ■─ý was found earlier this month during renovations of a fifth-floor room at Providence Regional Medical Center Everett's Colby campus
Julie Muhlstein / The Herald The late Larry Corbaley's wallet -- with $3, a driver's license, military and pharmacist identification, a credit card and family photos -- was found earlier this month during renovations of a fifth-floor room at Providence Regional Medical Center Everett's Colby campus
That's known only because Steve Jesmer recently found it. Unfortunately, Jesmer can't give it back -- not to Corbaley.
A longtime pharmacist who owned Larry's Pharmacy in Mukilteo, Corbaley died in 2000.
Jesmer is a senior engineer at Providence Regional Medical Center Everett's Colby Campus. He found the black leather wallet, which likely disappeared about 40 years ago, while doing remodeling work in a fifth-floor room of the hospital's older building, called the A Wing.
It was Jan. 8, and he was working on a heater in room 522.
"The billfold was between a control valve and an opening in the wallboard," Jesmer said.
He showed it to a supervisor, and they looked at the contents. There was a driver's license, a Social Security card, a pharmacist's credentials and military identification -- Corbaley was a Navy veteran. An Arco gas credit card had a 1973 expiration date. Corbaley's driver's license was due to expire in 1974. And there was cash -- three $1 bills, each dated 1969.
"It's amazing what you can learn about someone in a wallet," said Jeanette Hoffman, an executive assistant at the hospital.
Close inspection raises a little mystery. On his driver's license, Corbaley's birthdate is printed as Feb. 15, 1926, but the military card shows him to be a year older, with a Feb. 15, 1925, birth date. Did he add a year to his age to join the Navy early?
A larger mystery is whether Corbaley was a patient or a visitor, at what was then Everett General Hospital, when his wallet went missing. "We don't know," said Cheri Russum, a hospital spokeswoman.
The man's nephew was the first relative contacted by the hospital.
"They had my name. I was in the phone book," said Craig Corbaley, 60, who lives in Mukilteo. His late father, Art Corbaley, was Larry's brother.
Craig Corbaley helped the hospital contact Kathy Corbaley, the late pharmacist's daughter. She lives in Eastern Washington near Lake Roosevelt.
"We are going to send the wallet back to Kathy," Russum said Tuesday.
It wouldn't surprise Kathy Corbaley if her father did indeed fudge his birthdate to join the Navy. "Dad definitely would do that," she said. Her father, who studied pharmacy at Washington State University, "was a workaholic," she said.
He grew up in Puyallup, and according to family lore weighed just 2 pounds at birth.
Kathy Corbaley, 61, said he started Larry's Pharmacy in the 1950s in the location that's now Arnies Restaurant in Mukilteo. She grew up in Mukilteo and attended the old Rosehill School near her father's store. He later moved to Stanwood, and opened a pharmacy in Mount Vernon.
Among cards in the wallet was a 1973 calendar from Larry's Pharmacy in Mount Vernon. Corbaley later moved back to Mukilteo and had another pharmacy there. He was also on the Mukilteo City Council in the late 1970s.
Craig Corbaley said his uncle had suffered a stroke and cancer before he died. He joked about the "three whole dollars" in the wallet. But Jesmer said that in the early 1970s, when gas was about 30 cents a gallon, $3 could gas up a car and buy lunch.
Kathy Corbaley can't remember her dad losing a wallet. "I wasn't living at home then. By 1972, I had already gone to college," she said.
Knowing her father's character, she doubts he was too upset.
"I imagine Dad just took it in stride," she said. "He would have just replaced everything -- and not in a hurry."
Julie Muhlstein: 425-339-3460, email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:3dac0fdd-ea5c-4192-ac9e-6b79fa98d9a1> | 2013-05-18T06:48:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0211181640625,
0.025634765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.1025390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0068359375,
0.10986328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.07177734375,
0.09814453125,
0.033935546875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.048828125,
-0.0407714... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979967 | 1,035 | http://heraldnet.com/article/20130123/NEWS01/701239916/1122/Biz | 0.27741 |
Henry Robinson has created an excellent series of articles on consensus protocols. Henry starts with a very useful discussion of what all this talk about consensus really means: The consensus problem is the problem of getting a set of nodes in a distributed system to agree on something - it might be a value, a course of action or a decision. Achieving consensus allows a distributed system to act as a single entity, with every individual node aware of and in agreement with the actions of the whole of the network.
In this article Henry tackles Two-Phase Commit, the protocol most databases use to arrive at a consensus for database writes. The article is very well written with lots of pretty and informative pictures. He did a really good job.
In conclusion we learn 2PC is very efficient, a minimal number of messages are exchanged and latency is low. The problem is when a co-ordinator fails availability is dramatically reduced. This is why 2PC isn't generally used on highly distributed systems. To solve that problem we have to move on to different algorithms and that is the subject of other articles.
References allow you to track sources for this article, as well as articles that were written in response to this article. | <urn:uuid:e37f32b6-0455-44bb-b719-a9e1ef06a7ff> | 2013-05-18T07:25:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03554832562804222,
0.017077136784791946,
0.028229553252458572,
0.009061338379979134,
0.061802975833415985,
-0.05204461142420769,
0.006186105776578188,
0.0924721211194992,
-0.00981645006686449,
-0.027416357770562172,
0.06552044302225113,
0.013940520584583282,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97308 | 242 | http://highscalability.com/blog/2009/2/9/paper-consensus-protocols-two-phase-commit.html | 0.358398 |
Dáil Éireann - Volume 259 - 24 February, 1972
Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Multi-Channel Reception.
Mr. Desmond Mr. Desmond
166. Mr. Desmond asked the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs the estimated number of television sets and viewers in the Republic who have multi-channel reception; the total estimated number of sets and viewers in the Republic; and the estimated number of persons in Northern Ireland who have effective RTE reception.
Mr. G. Collins Mr. G. Collins
Mr. G. Collins: It is estimated that there are approximately 550,000 television sets in the State covering a population of about 2.4 million and that about one-third of these are equipped to receive external programmes. It is understood that about 200,000 persons in Northern Ireland live in areas where RTE television transmissions can be satisfactorily received with a relatively simple outdoor aerial, but no estimate is available of the number of sets in Northern Ireland which are equipped to receive such transmissions.
Dáil Éireann 259 Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. Multi-Channel Reception. | <urn:uuid:e22ae299-2f1c-40a9-857d-792744242904> | 2013-05-18T08:01:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.000279564963420853,
0.03504902124404907,
-0.012132353149354458,
0.006740196142345667,
0.09215686470270157,
0.020220588892698288,
-0.015625,
0.0676470622420311,
0.007598039228469133,
-0.01727941259741783,
0.1303921639919281,
0.0033547794446349144,
-0.041176471... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932144 | 233 | http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0259/D.0259.197202240093.html | 0.329192 |
In the early 1900s, a dispute arose over who controlled Greenland—Norway or Denmark. The case was submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1933. The court ruled in Denmark’s favor.
After WWII, the United States developed a geopolitical interest in Greenland. In 1946, they offered to buy the country from Denmark for $100 million dollars. Denmark refused to sell though. They did, however, allow the US to reopen Thule Air Base in 1950. From 1951 and 1953, the base was greatly expanded as a part of a NATO Cold War defense strategy. It is still the US Air Forces’ northernmost base, located inside the Arctic Circle.
Though Xerxes did not found the Achaemenid Persian Empire, he ruled it at its greatest size, and made it the global force that it was at the time. His failed invasion of Greece has secured him a legendary place in not just Asian, but also Western culture.
If once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination.
—Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)
Tritones is a musical interval that spans three whole tones. This interval, the gap between two notes played in succession or simultaneously, was branded Diabolus in Musica or the Devil’s Interval by medieval musicians.
One historian said, on the tritone: “It apparently was the sound used to call up the beast. There is something very sexual about the tritone.In the Middle Ages when people were ignorant and scared, when they heard something like that and felt that reaction in their body they thought ‘uh oh, here come the Devil’.”
The Devil’s Interval came back into vogue under Wagner, of all people, who used it in his operas. Since then, the tritone has been used for everything from ACDC to The Simpson’s theme song.
The first light portrait and first human portrait every taken. From October or November, 1839. It is a self-portrait by Robert Cornelius.
A caricature of Europe right before WWI. For a full explanation of the imagery for each country, click on the image.
Around 300 BCE, the Maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic Period, around 200-900 CE. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centers. It started to decline around 900 CE when - for reasons which are still debated - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by 1200 CE, the Maya civilization finally came to a close, although some peripheral centers continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century. Even today, many in Guatemala and Mexico identify first as Maya and second as their nationality.
Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina, at the time of the American Civil War.
In 98 AD, the Roman historian Tacitus wrote a detailed description about the Fenni, a people to the north. This is probably the earliest written reference to the Finnish people. According to him, these poor, savage Fennis lived somewhere in the northeast Baltic region — at the time inhabited by many other peoples, and the description also fits the Sami, another group still living near the Arctic Circle today. Given the name’s closeness to the modern Finns, they think it was probably them. Historians can never be certain exactly who Tacitus was referring to, however. Welcome to history class, guys!
In the mid-1950s, Sammy Davis Jr was involved with Kim Novak, who was a valuable star under contract to Columbia Studios.
The head of the studio, Harry Cohn, called one of the mob bosses. He paid the mob to threaten Sammy into ending the affair.
Great Britain finished repaying the United States’ lend-lead aid from World War II in 2006.
August 12, 1944: a band of battle-hardened nurses take a break to get their picture taken in a field close to the front lines in France.
Successor of the unfortunate Pope Formosus, Pope Boniface VI joins the league of forgotten Popes. Very little is known about him, and what is known, he probably wishes we’d forget. Pope for just 15 days, Boniface died from gout. This nasty disease comes from eating too much red meat and other rich foods. This causes a build-up of uric acid (gross) leading to swelled joints and purplish skin. Two years after his death, John IX declared Boniface Vi’s election null and void but he is still included in the official list of Popes.
This is the remarkable Lady Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton. In 1940 she was Natalie Latham, a former debutante and fixture at New York society balls, now 30, twice divorced with two children and still so beautiful that Vogue printed items about her.
All this changed when German U-boats began their devastating attacks on the North Atlantic convoys supplying Britain. Although America had not entered the war, Natalie Latham decided to do something to help, and established Bundles for Britain, which began as little more than a “knitting bee” — albeit one convened by Natalie Latham and some of the grandest dames of the New York social scene. The group quickly expanded to over 1.5 million volunteers, with branches all over the country. Bundles for Britain started shipping over not just clothing but also blankets, children’s cots, ambulances, X-ray machines, hospital beds, oxygen tents, surgical instruments, blood transfusion kits, tinned food and children’s cots. Every item was labelled “From your American friends.”
In Britain, she secured the support of Winston Churchill’s wife, Clementine, and of Janet Murrow, wife of the CBS reporter Ed Murrow, whose live radio broadcasts to America during the Blitz began with the words: “This is London.” When Bundles for Britain held a raffle, Queen Elizabeth donated items, including a piece of shrapnel that had hit Buckingham Palace. King George VI later appointed Natalie Latham an honorary CBE; she was the first non-British woman thus honored.
After her fourth husband’s death in 1951, she arrived in London to promote Common Cause, an anti-communist organization she had founded, and met the third son of the 13th Duke of Hamilton, Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, MP for Inverness-shire and an ardent anti-communist. They eventually moved to the US, and she died on January 14, 2013. | <urn:uuid:a1f038cb-890b-4c07-8d0a-10c8339ec271> | 2013-05-18T05:57:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0174560546875,
0.01025390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.002777099609375,
0.08056640625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.12109375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0537109375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.00445556640625,
0.031005859375,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966188 | 1,431 | http://historical-nonfiction.tumblr.com/page/5 | 0.384345 |
History of Homopathy
ELCHER, GEORGE E., M. D., of New York city, was born in Greenwich, Conn., on February 7th, 1818. His father and grandfather were both eminent physicians of the old school ; the former died in 1859, after thirty years of extensive practice in New York city. His grandfather, after serving as Surgeon in the revolutionary army during the war, settled in Greenwich, Conn., where he had a very large practice until the time of his death, which occurred in 1824.
After a preparatory course of study at the New York University, Dr. Belcher commenced the study of medicine under Prof. J. M. Smith, M. D., and afterward graduated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1839. After graduating, he was for several years associated with his father, and acquired a favorable reputation. Hearing occasionally and incidentally of good results from homopathic treatment, he procured a copy of Hahnemann's "Organon," and of Hering's "Jahr," which he read, and then experimented with homopathic remedies. The first few trials were so strikingly successful, as to fix his attention, and settle the course of his future professional life.
In 1844, he married the second daughter of John Harper, Esq., of New York city. Dr. Belcher is a member of the New York Medical Society, of the County, and of the State Homopathic Medical Societies, also of the American Institute of Homopathy. He has made a few contributions to theNorth American Homopathic Medical Journal. He has devoted his life to his profession.
Source : Cleave's Biographical Cyclopędia of Homopathic Physicians and Surgeons By Egbert Cleave
Copyright © Sylvain Cazalet 2002 | <urn:uuid:b8bc5c39-ab9c-4743-91b1-9b5b462d46cd> | 2013-05-18T05:24:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.02083333395421505,
0.023767605423927307,
-0.020393192768096924,
-0.02274060994386673,
0.09213615208864212,
-0.02332746423780918,
0.0026775235310196877,
0.060446009039878845,
-0.026261737570166588,
-0.07276995480060577,
0.07863849401473999,
0.005171654745936394,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988277 | 376 | http://homeoint.org/history/bio/b/belcherge.htm | 0.321932 |
Following the advice of one fellow here in the forum, I think that I should try to explain how a freaking compressor works with a simple language. Hope you find it interesting. I'm not a pro but I think this will give more light on this tricky subject. Let's start...
Let me explain it with my own words. Compressor is a signal processor. You can find it in most recording software as well as rack units. A compressor reduces dynamic range. What does it do?
The compressor tames the highest peaks of your sound wave and allows the signal to be louder. Given that the sound waves are more even, your wave sounds more punchy and tight. overuse of compressor kill dynamics and that's the reason you must be careful and not over compress you tracks.
In these example you can see the track after and before being compressed. What you might notice first is that the weird peaks you fin in the original wave are less pronounced in the compressed track. Also notice that the overall gain (volume) of the new track is almost the same. How does it happen? Well, let's analyze my compressor setting.
That's the point where you signal processor start to work. When the signal surpasses -18.0 dB it starts reducing the volume. How much?
That's the reduction you're applying to the portion for the signal that past your threshold. I'm using a 3 to 1 reduction. It means that if I have 3db going past the threshold I'm gonna end with 1db. Any compression stronger than 20:1 is considered limiting.
Attack & release
To put in easy words that's thow fast or slow your compressor active and deactivate. In this example I've used a fast attack and faster release. You can experiment with these knobs. Depending on the kind of source your compressing, these setting could vary (metal kicks benefit from high attack and some cymbals sound better with slow releases)
It's called hard knee compression when the processor kicks in quickly and soft knee compression when it comes gradually as the signal rises. I've used a soft-knee compression to make it sound more natural.
So you reduced the overall level of your track. Now what? Well, you can apply some Gain to increase the volume until the compressed track matches the uncompressed track.
You can hear both examples in here:
It would be nice of the experts to comment on this subject . | <urn:uuid:e54fbcb9-ed06-47f9-b780-5486998b6172> | 2013-05-18T05:17:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0546875,
0.0059814453125,
0.012939453125,
-0.014892578125,
0.05810546875,
-0.09375,
0.0096435546875,
0.10498046875,
-0.046875,
-0.048583984375,
0.06396484375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.05322265625,
-0.0093994140625,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939657 | 498 | http://homerecording.com/bbs/general-discussions/newbies/noobs-before-posting-~read-ultimate-newbie-faq-thread-282550/ | 0.274232 |
"What constitutes great personal style? This is one of the questions I get asked the most. We tend to think that to acheive great personal style someone must have perfect clarity about who they are and what they stand for. I politely disagree. I think conflict about who you are often leads to even greater expression. That is why young people, or the young at heart, are those that inspire or move fashion forward. They are still struggling to find themselves: "Am I a rocker? A footballer? Or a little bit of both?". These contradictions produce the most interesting looks." | <urn:uuid:30c88c76-759d-4610-af82-0f614ff3c7d0> | 2013-05-18T05:48:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04150390625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.013916015625,
0.068359375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.10595703125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0478515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0927734375,
0.0225830078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.01171... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976834 | 118 | http://hotgossipcooljams.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html | 0.232555 |
SAN DIEGO -- The San Diego Padres avoided arbitration with third baseman Chase Headley on Wednesday, agreeing to a one-year, $8.575 million deal with the 2012 Silver Slugger and Gold Glove winner.
Headley, who finished fifth in the National League MVP voting in 2012, was seeking $10.3 million. The Padres offered him $7.075 million when players and clubs exchanged arbitration figures last week.
Headley led the NL with 115 RBIs while earning a salary of $3.475 million last season. He also hit a career-best 31 home runs and was the NL Player of the Month in August and September.
"The process of arbitration is never that easy, and in this case, it's a good raise," said Padres general manager Josh Byrnes. "We're happy it's done. Chase earned his salary."
There had been some initial dialog about trying to work out an extension for Headley, who remains under team control until 2015. For now, though, that's been tabled.
"We couldn't frame it up where it made sense for both sides," Byrnes said.
Pitcher Clayton Richard is now the lone Padres player without a contract for 2013. Richard, who matched his career best in victories with 14 last season, is seeking $5.55 million. The team offered $4.905 million. | <urn:uuid:4476734c-c0c7-4039-9c3c-bf9abf3973e9> | 2013-05-18T06:44:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.012096773833036423,
0.0463709682226181,
0.0023815524764358997,
0.0018649193225428462,
0.026008063927292824,
-0.03306451439857483,
0.00466229859739542,
0.07661290466785431,
-0.008870967663824558,
-0.06854838877916336,
0.06693548709154129,
0.05604838579893112,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974272 | 282 | http://houston.astros.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130130&content_id=41271528&c_id=sd | 0.252034 |
In a word or phrase, what does leadership mean to you? Courage.
Why did you join the program? I joined this program because I want to help make a difference in other people lives. I look forward to learning from these experiences to help guide me in my future decisions.
What have you gained from the program? From my first workshop, I have learned a lot about marketing my assets and how to present myself in front of others. I'm anticipating learning much more.
What is your favorite part of the program? I am looking forward to taking a lot of trips to explore other parts of the country and learning from my peers in the process. | <urn:uuid:9bc3421f-2d2e-4a51-b6ec-736c9ededa2f> | 2013-05-18T05:49:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.044289566576480865,
0.0010468187974765897,
0.0027259441558271646,
0.0036252248100936413,
0.0858812928199768,
-0.024842625483870506,
0.0029086105059832335,
0.0508093535900116,
-0.04608812928199768,
-0.052383095026016235,
0.002374662784859538,
0.020233813673257828,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970497 | 133 | http://houston.astros.mlb.com/players/jeter_derek/components/leaders/New%20Folder/nyc_lena.jsp | 0.818001 |
Anonymity is important!
There is good information about P2P at www.planetpeer.de/
, however it's mostly in German. But there is a discussion forum
and a wiki
which are mostly in English.
I have some German pages on P2P
I experiment with anonymity protocols because they are important.
They are not important because I fear others are watching me. You can always ask me, I will tell you the truth. I must do this, as I am a very bad liar.
However I am mathematican. Because of that, I know, that all those ideas of "surveillance, protection and control" are very harmfull. There is a mathematical proof, that, if you ever each the goal, that you can control everything and have every bad move under surveillance, the Internet becomes unusable for ordinary people.
Anonymity protocols hinder that. They not only make it impossible to do surveillance, they also make it impossible for others to control what you say, what you see and what you think.
And more over, it is a known fact, that authenticity can only be reached through anonymity. Else votes for elections would not be held in anonymity. So taking away the anonymity from the Internet would mean to take authenticity from it. Without anonymity, all sources of authentic news on the Net will die out.
This must not happen. Anonymity tools are important for our future!
- I donated money to JAP
- I run a freenet node.
- I now run an I2P node, too. | <urn:uuid:88eb6ed6-341a-41e3-9e3a-9703c25584bd> | 2013-05-18T05:28:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.027197405695915222,
0.02125360257923603,
-0.005988833028823137,
-0.003894992871209979,
0.06340057402849197,
-0.06268011778593063,
-0.003039445262402296,
0.06700288504362106,
0.009681195951998234,
-0.003197045996785164,
0.07492795586585999,
-0.0010075197787955403,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957354 | 328 | http://hydra.geht.net/tino/english/anon/ | 0.289166 |
Wildlife of Austria
We return to the lakes, forests and mountains of wonderful Eastern Austria in spring, at a time when the breeding season is in full swing, and the mountains are in flower, and again in early autumn, with the excitement of passage migrants.
National Parks of Austria Six of the ecologically most valuable regions of Austria have been declared national parks. They cover 2,350 km² or about 3% of the national territory.
From Wild Wonders of Europe: | <urn:uuid:56439897-013e-4e13-973a-50bfbf526e54> | 2013-05-18T07:12:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005630630534142256,
-0.02716779336333275,
-0.025760134682059288,
0.008868243545293808,
0.108671173453331,
-0.041103605180978775,
0.016258446499705315,
0.09684684872627258,
-0.008023648522794247,
0.004926801659166813,
0.008903434500098228,
0.028012387454509735,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920068 | 97 | http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-of-austria/ | 0.208918 |
This is one of the tastiest Polish dishes. I make pierogi every month. My kids and my husband like them a lot. For my kids I make pierogi with fruit because of their allergies. For me and my husband I make pierogi ruskie with potatoes, cheese and onion.
Below is the recipe for the dough and an explanation how to make it. The recipe does not contain milk or eggs.
Pierogi with blueberries
This recipe makes pierogi for four. It is almost not possible to tell how many pierogi you will make because it depends on many things: how big the pierogi are, how thick the dough is…
Ingredients for pierogi’s dough:
- 0.5 kg all-purpose flour;
- 1 cup warm water;
- 1/4 teaspoon salt.
- 4 -5 handfuls of blueberries, you can also use other fruit for filling, for example: strawberries, apples, etc.
You will also need:
- big bowl;
- large pastry board or board;
- glass or round cookie cutter;
- big pot or big sauce pan;
- 2 tbsp of oil and 1 tbsp of salt to add to the boiling water;
- sotted spoon.
Rinse and dry the blueberries.
Place the flour into a large bowl, add the salt.
Using your left hand, pour the warm water slowly into the bowl with the flour. At the same time mix the water with the flour using your right hand. The water must be warm, not lukewarm, not cool. The water should be very warm, but not too hot, so you do not burn your hand. The warm water makes your dough more flexible and easier to form and roll out. Each flour is different, so it is difficult to specify how much water you need to use to make your dough perfect. Add more flour if your dough is too sticky, add a little bit more water if your dough seems to be too dry.
When the dough in the bowl starts to resemble a ball and does not stick to your hand, you can transfer the dough onto a large pastry board or a board or a clean countertop. Knead the dough on a floured work surface until the dough is soft, flexible, smooth and no longer sticks to the work surface.
Shape the dough into a ball and place it in a bowl, then cover the bowl with a cotton cloth so the dough does not dry out.
Cut out a small piece of dough. Shape the small piece of dough into a ball, then sprinkle it with flour.
Roll out the dough thinly (about 3 mm) on a lightly floured work surface.
Using a glass or a round cookie cutter cut circles out of the rolled-out dough. The size of the circles is important. Big circles will give us very large pierogi, small circles will give us a lot of small pierogi.
Apply a few blueberries (a teaspoon) on a dough circle, sparkle with sugar.
Press the dough on the edges firmly so pierogi will not open during cooking.
Place the pierogi in rows on a cotton cloth so they do not touch each other.
Use a big saucepan or a big pot because pierogi should be cooked in a large amount of water. Add salt and oil (about 3 table spoons) to the boiling water then place the pierogi in the water.Using a wooden spoon, stir cooking pierogi gently, so they do not stick to the pot’s bottom. Do not cover the pot with a lid. Once the pierogi start floating on the surface, cook them for about 2 -3 minutes more. Cooking time will depend on the size of the dumplings. Using a sotted spoon remove pierogi from the water and place them on the plates.
Serve immediately with sugar. If you are not allergic to milk, you can eat them with sour cream or butter. | <urn:uuid:688e9abb-d5ea-47a0-be5b-6bc0461c6c07> | 2013-05-18T06:27:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0238037109375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.007476806640625,
0.09326171875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.07373046875,
0.00021648406982421875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.07177734375,
0.03369140625,
0.0419921875,
0.01409912109375,
0.02844238... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913495 | 817 | http://idealhousewife.wordpress.com/2013/01/06/pierogi-with-blueberries/ | 0.319554 |
Yesterday I was chatting to a really experienced high school teacher. I asked for his opinion on what makes an excellent student or learner. This is what he said:
"It's not really about what students do inside the classroom. The best students are always the ones that do the most outside the classroom: for example, the ones that go online after a lesson to search for more information, or to look for different ways to understand a topic or solve a problem."
The good news is that if you're reading this blog post, you're already one of these students. You're on the right track! | <urn:uuid:f3c741dd-ad61-4881-b671-c20c994c8dd6> | 2013-05-18T06:43:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.051049619913101196,
0.0002329586131963879,
0.010138358920812607,
-0.003965887241065502,
0.06488549709320068,
-0.07061068713665009,
0.013895515352487564,
0.058921754360198975,
-0.000544191338121891,
-0.05820610746741295,
0.02242366410791874,
0.027910305187106133,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976086 | 123 | http://ielts-simon.com/ielts-help-and-english-pr/2012/06/ielts-advice-what-do-the-best-students-do.html | 0.807691 |
Last Tuesday, the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly approved the draft Resolution on Extrajudicial, Summary, and Arbitrary Executions. The main aspect of this resolution is that it mentions for the first time gender identity as a characteristic warranting protection from unlawful executions. This resolution comes up for a vote in the Committee every [...]
Tag Archive for 'Extra-judicial Executions'
Mr Erwin Sperisen, a Swiss and Guatemalan citizen, was arrested yesterday in Geneva for crimes he allegedly committed between 2004 and 2007 in his capacity of Head of Police of Guatemala. The charges relate, in particular, to cases of extra-judicial executions, torture, forced disappearance and rape perpetrated by the police forces under his control. In [...] | <urn:uuid:e4d1ccc4-4949-4396-b0e8-d38db75afb11> | 2013-05-18T07:24:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0023164970334619284,
0.02162063866853714,
-0.011582485400140285,
0.01980377919971943,
0.11119186133146286,
-0.029978197067975998,
-0.036518894135951996,
0.10174418240785599,
0.004769258666783571,
-0.026344476267695427,
0.07085755467414856,
0.022892441600561142,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948544 | 147 | http://ilawyerblog.com/tag/extra-judicial-executions/ | 0.463851 |
but "iron fist" to be honest, some things when they are wrong, you dont have any other choice than to repeat and repeat and repeat again and again and again and next 20 years, because there is no other way to fight against stupidity. Example: You see something and you say thats wrong, no one give a damn, and you stop, you say "its fine". What kind of mentality is that? To change something you must fight. Or at least try. Without that mentality, world would be much worse place. We all should fight for something good. When we all see something is wrong and there is no reaction than we must repeat again, again and again... Thats fight for right thing. If you dont agree, fine, we have than different opinions, but you can't stop me from fighting when Im 100 % shore Im right. Thats democracy.
Lemmy: "We are Motorhead and we play rock 'n' roll!" | <urn:uuid:8ec07293-b7e1-4d83-8bf8-faf5c87b05ba> | 2013-05-18T05:56:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03215579688549042,
-0.0002641908067744225,
0.0173611119389534,
-0.013511473312973976,
0.08997584879398346,
-0.03547705337405205,
0.00016629869060125202,
0.057367149740457535,
-0.012907608412206173,
-0.06642512232065201,
0.06974637508392334,
0.017889492213726044,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945677 | 196 | http://imotorhead.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=51411&page=1 | 0.35722 |
Ratings agency Standard & Poor's affirmed India's sovereign rating at "BBB-minus" with a "negative" outlook, reiterating there was a one-in-three chance of a ratings downgrade over the next 12 months, a statement said on Friday. Full Article
China president takes charge of sweeping economic reform plans - sources. Full Article
Confused while buying stocks? Get buy, sell or hold recommendations from VantageTrade. Full Coverage
Andrew Flintoff survives knock down to win debut fight
REUTERS - Former England cricketer Andrew Flintoff beat American Richard Dawson on points after surviving a knockdown in his first professional fight at the MEN Arena in Manchester on Friday.
The 34-year-old got a rousing reception from the 5,000 fans and won the first of four two-minute rounds before being caught by a left hook early in the second that sent him to the canvas.
However, Flintoff got up to receive a standing eight count and battled back with a more composed performance against a flagging opponent for a 39-38 win on the referee's scorecard.
"You talk about the Ashes and things but as a personal achievement, this is the best," Flintoff, part of England's Ashes-winning teams in 2005 and 2009, told BoxNation.
Despite his successful start the former all-rounder was cautious about his future in the sport, saying "we'll see how we go. It's not natural to me, I've had to work so hard.
"The feeling of being in there and winning at the end, I can't believe it but I'm not pretending to be something I'm not," he added.
Flintoff, coached by former world champion Barry McGuigan, had weighed in at 216lbs (97.98kg), 25lbs (11.34kg) lighter than Dawson, 23, who had won his previous two professional fights.
Flintoff, who played 79 tests before retiring from cricket in September 2010 through injury, became a national treasure by leading England to their famous Ashes victory in 2005 - their first test series win over Australia in almost two decades.
(Writing by Ken Ferris; Editing by Greg Stutchbury)
- Tweet this
- Share this
- Digg this | <urn:uuid:0a1ce51d-8193-40ba-beb6-3efec9513b19> | 2013-05-18T06:26:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0277099609375,
0.037841796875,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0791015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0341796875,
0.10498046875,
0.008544921875,
-0.059326171875,
0.05859375,
0.05029296875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.033203125,
0.033203125,
-0.003662109... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977095 | 464 | http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/12/01/andrew-flintoff-boxing-idINDEE8B000420121201?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+reuters%2FINtopNews+%28News+%2F+IN+%2F+Top+News%29 | 0.21879 |
I actually think this was pretty responsible. Rather than banning it outright, which would result in kids wanting to rebel even more, she offers it in her home where she can control the amount people drink. Good on ya, Mrs George. You’re a cool mom.
oh my god please shut up
If your phone gets wet, try putting it in a bag of dry rice. At night, the rice will attract Asians who will fix your electronics for you. | <urn:uuid:39449d3b-dd7e-4b42-9a30-f4c676f72c66> | 2013-05-18T06:02:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.023360148072242737,
0.052289605140686035,
0.017790840938687325,
-0.011757425963878632,
0.11262376606464386,
-0.027073020115494728,
0.0012859684647992253,
0.0897277221083641,
-0.024288365617394447,
-0.08663365989923477,
0.06157178059220314,
0.0016437190352007747,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967244 | 95 | http://insidemymind-jj.tumblr.com/ | 0.567015 |
Bison Grass a unique grass with powerful actions
There's nothing bison like more than this little grass known for its hardiness, which is found on the vast plains of eastern Poland. The Polish use « bison grass » in their vodka to give it a delicious flavour. Its other virtues? Bison grass stimulates the blood circulation and has a powerful fortifying effect on the body. | <urn:uuid:ded43295-0666-432f-b5ff-e1b67d310d49> | 2013-05-18T06:30:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.038486842066049576,
0.03750000149011612,
-0.009786183945834637,
0.016694078221917152,
0.10394737124443054,
-0.0736842080950737,
-0.009703947231173515,
0.12434210628271103,
-0.008511513471603394,
-0.03700657933950424,
0.03503289446234703,
0.03815789520740509,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946428 | 78 | http://int.clarins.com/ClarinsMen-Line-Control-Eye-Balm/C070200008,en,pd.html?start=2&cgid=540&prefn1=ageRange&prefv1=40's%7C50's | 0.223387 |
This is an old lecture by linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky (professor at MIT) given at UC Berkeley in 2003. For that evening in the Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lecture series, Chomsky examined biolinguistics - the study of relations between physiology and speech.
A second video of Chomsky is featured below, which is the second half of this talk. Fair warning - this is not easy material - Chomsky is speaking to people who are well-versed in this field.
Chomsky has been one the most influential scholars over the last three or four decades - between 1980 and 1992, he was cited as a source more than any other living scholar, and ranked eighth overall.
As background for this lecture, Wikipedia offers a good summary of his influence in linguistics (below the video).
Chomskyan LinguisticsChomskyan linguistics, beginning with his Syntactic Structures, a distillation of his Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955, 75), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. This approach takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax characterized by a formal grammar; in particular, a context-free grammar extended with transformational rules.
Perhaps his most influential and time-tested contribution to the field, is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the "productivity" or "creativity" of language. In other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer-speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms. He has always acknowledged his debt to Pāṇini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar although it is also related to rationalist ideas of a priori knowledge.
It is a popular misconception that Chomsky proved that language is entirely innate and discovered a "universal grammar" (UG). In fact, Chomsky simply observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the "language acquisition device" (LAD) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the LAD is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. The universal features that would result from these constraints are often termed "universal grammar" or UG.
The Principles and Parameters approach (P&P)—developed in his Pisa 1979 Lectures, later published as Lectures on Government and Binding (LGB)—makes strong claims regarding universal grammar: that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world's languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain (such as the pro-drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in English, or can be optionally dropped, as in Spanish), which are often likened to switches. (Hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach.) In this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items (words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples.
Proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. The similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur (and, according to Chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language-specific, learning mechanism were being employed), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness.
More recently, in his Minimalist Program (1995), while retaining the core concept of "principles and parameters," Chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the LGB model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasizes principles of economy and optimal design, reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic P&P.
Chomsky's ideas have had a strong influence on researchers of the language acquisition in children, though many researchers in this area such as Elizabeth Bates and Michael Tomasello argue very strongly against Chomsky's theories, and instead advocate emergentist or connectionist theories, explaining language with a number of general processing mechanisms in the brain that interact with the extensive and complex social environment in which language is used and learned.
His best-known work in phonology is The Sound Pattern of English (1968), written with Morris Halle (and often known as simply SPE). This work has had a great significance for the development in the field. While phonological theory has since moved beyond "SPE phonology" in many important respects, the SPE system is considered the precursor of some of the most influential phonological theories today, including autosegmental phonology, lexical phonology and optimality theory. Chomsky no longer publishes on phonology. | <urn:uuid:249ad1f9-cb8f-42dd-b955-c4814c5a2452> | 2013-05-18T07:19:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.040283203125,
0.00518798828125,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.06689453125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.1259765625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.061767578125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.04638671875,
0.03271484375,
0.0302734375,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945467 | 1,107 | http://integral-options.blogspot.com/2012/04/noam-chomsky-language-and-mind.html | 0.170121 |
Chinese researchers have turned to the light absorbing properties of butterfly wings to significantly increase the efficiency of solar hydrogen cells, using biomimetics to copy the nanostructure that allows for incredible light and heat absorption.
Butterflies are known to use heat from the sun to warm themselves beyond what their bodies can provide, and this new research takes a page from their evolution to improve hydrogen fuel generation. Analyzing the wings of Papilio helenus, the researchers found scales that are described as having:
[...] Ridges running the length of the scale with very small holes on either side that opened up onto an underlying layer. The steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. The walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales. Using the images of the scales, the researchers created computer models to confirm this filtering effect. The nano-hole arrays change from wave guides for short wavelengths to barriers and absorbers for longer wavelengths, which act just like a high-pass filtering layer.
So, what does this have to do with fuel cells? Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen takes energy, and is a drain on the amount you can get out of a cell. To split the water, the process uses a catalyst, and certain catalysts — say, titanium dioxide — function by exposure to light. The researchers synthesized a titanium dioxide catalyst using the pattern from the butterfly's wings, and paired it with platinum nanoparticles to make it more efficient at splitting water. The result? A 230% uptick in the amount of hydrogen produced. The structure of the butterfly's wing means that it's better at absorbing light — so who knows, you might also see the same technique on solar panels, too. | <urn:uuid:9a374252-df3c-4004-8693-6678182914d9> | 2013-05-18T05:09:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0359589047729969,
0.00795519445091486,
0.00570776266977191,
0.004370005801320076,
0.09417808055877686,
-0.06934931874275208,
0.02111872099339962,
0.1307077556848526,
-0.019263697788119316,
-0.011130137369036674,
0.06421232968568802,
0.0039954339154064655,
0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92605 | 355 | http://io9.com/5897144/mimicking-butterfly-wings-could-boost-hydrogen-fuel-production | 0.332805 |
Ajinomoto is the manufacturer of the artificial sweetener, aspartame. The supermarket, Asda, commenced a campaign which was designed to ensure that, by the end of 2007, none of its 9,000 own-label food and soft-drinks products would contain any artificial colours or flavours or any hydrogenated fat or flavour enhancers. The catch-phrase used was 'NO HIDDEN NASTIES'. One of the statements used in conjunction with the catch-phrase was "No artificial colours or flavours and no aspartame" and "We promise that all good for you products are always low or lower in fat and won't ever contain any hydrogenated fat, artificial flavours, artificial colours or aspartame."
Ajinomoto alleged that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words on the packaging is that aspartame is an especially harmful or unhealthy, or potentially harmful or unhealthy, sweetener and is one which consumers concerned for their own health and that of their families would do well to avoid, either altogether or in the quantities likely to be found in soft drinks and other food products.
In the recent decision, Sir Charles Gray had to decide whether to grant Ajimoto's request for a trial of the preliminary issue "as to the statement(s) of fact contained in or conveyed by the words complained of in paragraphs 4 and 8 of the Particulars of Claim". The alternative would be to hold a single trial incorporating (i) the meaning of the statement; (ii) whether the statement was false and (iii) whether the statement was malicious.
The judge held that in the interests of saving costs, it was right for the preliminary issue to be tried first. If Ajimoto's contention that the meaning of Asda's statements were that aspartame was harmful was rejected then there would be no issue as to falsity, and malice would not be relevant. The judge accepted that the issue of meaning was essentially a "slam dunk" point. Separating the issue of meaning out into a preliminary trial was commonly used in defamation actions and would work here. However, the judge did suggest that the approach might be considered an abuse if it was used as a tactic to 'slice up' the action into three separate trials of meaning, falsity and malice. | <urn:uuid:57996e4e-d3dc-42e0-9309-cc0067e6cc8b> | 2013-05-18T07:12:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0291748046875,
0.0159912109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.10595703125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.01513671875,
0.125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.033447265625,
0.08642578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.08837890625,
0.0052490234375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0233154... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97366 | 466 | http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2009/04/malicious-falsehood-case.html | 0.565681 |
Utility for making a doctest file out of Python or IPython input.
%prog [options] input_file [output_file]
This script is a convenient generator of doctest files that uses IPython’s irunner script to execute valid Python or IPython input in a separate process, capture all of the output, and write it to an output file.
It can be used in one of two ways:
With a plain Python or IPython input file (denoted by extensions ‘.py’ or ‘.ipy’. In this case, the output is an auto-generated reST file with a basic header, and the captured Python input and output contained in an indented code block.
If no output filename is given, the input name is used, with the extension replaced by ‘.txt’.
With an input template file. Template files are simply plain text files with special directives of the form
to include the named file at that point.
If no output filename is given and the input filename is of the form ‘base.tpl.txt’, the output will be automatically named ‘base.txt’.
A simple output stream that indents all output by a fixed amount.
Instances of this class trap output to a given stream and first reformat it to indent every input line.
Create an indented writer.
Write a string to the output stream.
Code runner factory.
This class provides an IPython code runner, but enforces that only one runner is every instantiated. The runner is created based on the extension of the first file to run, and it raises an exception if a runner is later requested for a different extension type.
This ensures that we don’t generate example files for doctest with a mix of python and ipython syntax.
Instantiate a code runner. | <urn:uuid:5a33e205-f2aa-4702-bbcd-5ac319087560> | 2013-05-18T05:50:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03896699100732803,
-0.0023876833729445934,
0.033160146325826645,
-0.00473716389387846,
0.029798287898302078,
-0.0705990195274353,
0.03606357052922249,
0.08618582040071487,
-0.020018337294459343,
-0.012072127312421799,
0.09963325411081314,
0.034382641315460205,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836684 | 396 | http://ipython.org/ipython-doc/dev/api/generated/IPython.testing.mkdoctests.html | 0.339109 |
Tuesday, 8 June 2010
Glory be to Allah and all praise be to Allah, and there is no deity (worthy of worship) save Allah, and Allah is Great.
Al Hasan Al Basri (ra) said," You always see the believer reproaching himself and saying things like: Did I want this? Why did I do that? Was this a better thing to do or should I have behaved otherwise?
Hazrat Umar Al Farooq (ra) Said:
"The Wisest Of Men is he who can account for his own actions."
Start With the Self.
A man was on his death bed, Someone asked him to give some wise counsel before he departed, the world he Said.
" When I was young I wanted to change the world and solve its problems, As I got older I realized that perhaps I should lower my sights, I thought I would be better served in changing my country as time went on I realized that people of country could not be changed. I decided to change the people of my town , but they also did not wish to change, When I reached my old age I thought I would try changing my Family, here also I found my endeavors go to waste, try as I might my family members would not change.
" Now that I am on my death bed, I have realized that if I had sought to improve myself, and removed my own defects, then perhaps my family members would have been influenced. Then seeing the behavior of my family people of my town would have been influenced. By seeing the spiritual change and improvement of the people of my town, the people of my country would have been influenced. And perhaps through the people of my country the world may have been influenced."
* Source Unknown.
Is it not the case that we spend very little time reflecting on ourselves, but seek out the faults and defects of others. I joined this forum last week, to help improve my knowledge, instead what I have found myself doing is getting engaged, in fruitless debates be it sectarian issues, political issues or otherwise. I wish to change the world but I find it near impossible, to change myself.
MaY Allah give us all the Tawfiq to improve our own behavior and conduct and a sinner like me in particular, ameen.
Shaqeeq Bin Ibraheem (ra) says: " In four things a person conforms with me by way of his tongue but opposes me by way of his deeds.
1.) He says that we are the servants (and slaves) of Allah subhanahu wa tala,
Yet does the deeds of free people.
2.) He says that Allah subhanahu wa tala is responsible, for our sustenance, yet his heart is not at ease upon this responsibility until at such time that he is not in possession of any worldly material;
3). He says that the hereafter holds virtue over the world, yet he always worries about hoarding wealth for this world (he has no worry for the hereafter);
4.) He says that death is inevitable, it will definitely come, yet his deeds are like those who do not want to die."
In short we spend our whole lives in the pursuit of wealth, material things and violating the rights of others, It fails to register with us that one day we shall die, only our deeds will accompany us to the grave: Often we find people who fall out with their loved ones over something petty, they spend the rest of their lives in enmity, neither willing to apologise, or compromise.If one of them passes away then the one who remains alive is filled with remorse of course by then it is too late to make ammends.
Enhance your good deeds, settle your debts, Make ammends with those whom
you have fallen out with, does it really matter whose right ,or whose in the wrong, Will our status be lowered if we are the ones who compromise and offer an apology.
The Third Kalimah
The third kalimah has a unique and very interesting story behind it. It all started before Allah Ta'alah created Adam A.S. The Angels were trying to move the Arsh (Throne) of Allah Ta'alah but it was too heavy and wouldn't budge. So they asked Almighty Allah for help. Allah told them to recite "Subhanallah." The Angels did as they were told and found that it gave them power and strength and they were able to move the Arsh. They liked this so much that they began constantly hymning "Subhanallah."- (Glory be to Allah)
Then Allah created Adam A.S. When Allah blew life into Adam, the first thing he did was sneeze and say "Alhamdulillah" (All parise be to Allah)The angels liked this act so much that they added this to their parise and glorification of Allah. Thus the kalimah became "Subhanallah Walhamdulillah"
Hundreds of years passed and the Prophet Nooh A.S. was now on earth. For nine hundred years he proclaimed the oneness of Allah with the words "La illaha illalah." (There is none worthy of worhip The Angels loved this act so much that they added this to the kalimah. Thus, the kalimah now became "Subhanallah Walhamdulillah Wa La illaha illalah."
The Angels kept repeating this kalimah day and night. Many centuries passed and the Prophet Ebrahim A.S. (Abraham) was asked by Almighty Allah to sacrifice his beloved son Ismaeel A.S. He was about to slaughter his son and He needed something to give him the courage he needed to do this difficult deed. So he recited "Allahu Akbar." (Allah is Great) The Angels loved this act so much that they added "Allahu Akbar" to the kalimah. Thus the kalimah became "Subhanallah Walhamdulillah Wa La illaha illalah Allahu Akbar."
More centuries passed. It was the night of Meraj, when our Beloved Prophet Muhammed S.A.W. ascended to the Heavens with Gibraeel A.S. There Gibraeel A.S. told Nabee S.A.W. the story and Nabee S.A.W. added the final part of the Kalmiah "Wala Howla Wa La Quwata Illah Billah Hil Aleyeel Azeem." Thus the kalimah now became Subhanallah Walhamdulillah Wa La illaha illalah Allahu Akbar Wala Howla Wa La Quwata Illah Billah Hil Aleyeel Azeem" (There is no Power and Might except from Allah, The Most High, The Great)
And up to this day, this kalimah (or declaration of faith) buzzes around the Arsh of Almighy Allah.
Third Kalima is Tumjeed, this is the Kalima(the first part) that is recited 33 times after each Farz Namaaz, and is called tasbih Fatima.
urah Fatiha protects one from the anger of Allah.
Surah Yaseen from the thirst of the Day of Judgement.
Sura Waaqiah from poverty and starvation
Surah Mulk from the punishment of the grave
Surah Kausar from the enemity of the enemy
Surah Kaafiroon from kufr at the time of death
Surah Ikhlaas from hypocrisy
Surah ! Falaq fr om calamities.
Surah Naas from evil thoughts
Should someone become aware of the above from your message and read any of these surahs, u will also receive the sawaab for passing on the knowledge. So keep forwarding…….
Hazrat Muhammad S.A.W.W (PBUH) says that
“If a person recites ” Ayatal Kursi” after every Farz Namaz then there will be nothing between him and Heaven except Death”
2) There is a Hadith that says “3rd kalima” is such a great medicine that it cures every disease and the most minor disease it cures is “Sorrow” (Gham).
Third kalima being: ” Subhaan Allah, WalHamdo Lillah, Wa La Illaha IlAllah, Wa Aallah o Abar. Wa Lahoalwalla quwatta illa billah hilm Ali al Azeem.”
3) Another Hadith says “if a person recites surah ikhlaas 10 times in a day then Allah build a palace for him in the Heaven.(Subhaan Allah)”
and the last but not the least ALLAH says ” spread the knowledge whatever u have …Its duty of each n every Muslim”
May ALLAH accepts our good deeds…Aamin (InshahALLAH)
..........The Third Kalima...........
Relates Hazarat Sumara bin Jundub that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) once said that of all the spoken words and the Kalimas the most excellent were these four:
Narrates Abu Haraira that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) said, "The Kalima of is dearer to me than the entire world on which the sun shines.
This Kalima is most complete and comprehensive and all the aspects of Divine Praise are covered by it. In some Traditions the phrase is also included in it. It occurs after . A revered spiritual mentor used to explain the import of the Kalima to the present writer in following manner:
Subhaa nallah, 'Glory be to Allah, Free from all faults and blemishes and other things that are not worthy of His Glory .
Alhamdu lillah, 'Praise be to Allah, He is the embodiment of perfection and the center of every kind of virtue, (therefore) all praise is for Him, and when such is His Glory that He is absolutely blemishless and all the wonderful virtues are assembled in Him, He alone is our Lord and the sole object of our heart's desire .
Laa ilaaha illalaah, 'There is no Allah save Him, We are His own helpless slaves and of no one else.
Allahu Akbar, 'Allah is Great, He is Most Powerful, Almighty. We can never acquit ourselves of our duties to Him as His slaves nor can we ever gain nearness onto Him except that he himself blesses us with His grace.
Laa howla walaa quwwata illa billaah, 'There is no power or virtue but in Allah."
A well-known Tradition of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) has it that the Prophet's beloved daughter (and Hazrat Ali's wife), Hazrat Fatima, used to perform all the domestic duties with her own hands. She had even to draw water from the well and to carry it home and to grind the corn in the millstone. One day she begged the holy Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) to provide her with a domestic servant upon which the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) observed, "I will tell you of something that will serve you better than a domestic servant. Recite Subhaa-nallaah 33 times, Alhamdu lillaah 33 times, and Allahu Akbar 34 times after each Salaah and on retiring to bed. This will be of greater value to you than a servant."
Another Tradition says, "Whoever will recite after each Salaah 33 times Subhaa-nallaah, 33 times Alhamdu lillaah, and 34 times Allahu Akbar, and, at the end of it, the Kalima of ‘Laa ilaaha illal laahu wahdahu laa sharika lahu lahul mulku wa-lahul hamdu wa huwa alaa kulli shay-in qadiir’. (There is no Allah but one Allah. He is alone. No partner hath. He Him belongs sovereignty and unto Him belongs Praise and He is all-Powerful) all his sins will be forgiven even if they be as profuse as the foam of the sea."
May Allah give us all the Tawfiq to examine our own faults and rectify them ameen.
May Allah give us all the tawfiq to reform ourselves, and a hypocrite like myself
in particular ameen.
P.s I humbly request that you please, remember me in your duas. | <urn:uuid:a6cf9cb7-fcce-4f27-be25-55a75921cb6d> | 2013-05-18T05:24:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0205078125,
0.00010347366333007812,
-0.012451171875,
-0.041015625,
0.08544921875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.08740234375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.041748046875,
0.056884765625,
0.0146484375,
0.0517578125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.03271484375,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961121 | 2,708 | http://islamicchildrenstudy.blogspot.com/2010/06/third-kalima.html | 0.479553 |
Name/position: Khalif Barnes, offensive tackle.
NFL experience: Fourth year.
Born: San Diego.
On his iPod: Right now, I've got some Jay-Z in there, some Lupe Fiasco. ... Just some good music I can groove to.
Favorite athlete in any sport: Michael Jordan.
Favorite NFL city: I'd be [in trouble] if I said anything but Jacksonville, huh?
Can't stop eating: Tacos.
With two losses, what's the general feeling on the team? We're in a bit of a hole right now because we're 0-2, but it's early in the season. There's a whole lot of ball left. Last year, we were in a similar situation, but we were 1-1. ... The guys are out there fighting. The energy is there, and when you look at the tape, there are plenty of plays we've made. But there's a lot we left out there as well. So coming back after looking at the mistakes, we know that there's a lot of ball left. We just need to correct things, and we'll be all right.
How would you describe the rivalry between Jacksonville and Indianapolis? It's pretty tough. We've been chasing them for quite a while. They've won our division for the last four or five years, so it's a good game every time we get together and play these guys. They have good guys on defense that we have to account for. I think our teams match up well with one another. | <urn:uuid:d0fc6588-25cf-4958-ab3b-8b9ab67a3464> | 2013-05-18T08:09:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0025776708498597145,
-0.019894622266292572,
0.018895348533988,
-0.014807412400841713,
0.080668605864048,
-0.039789244532585144,
0.026526162400841713,
0.02852470986545086,
-0.007085755933076143,
-0.10174418240785599,
0.06940407305955887,
0.055959302932024,
0.02... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978304 | 319 | http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/091708/jag_333220730.shtml | 0.278714 |
Every now and then I hear 待ちに待った, as in:
待ちに待ったライブ a long-awaited concert
I started wondering if this pattern can apply to other verbs, and it certainly seems to, if Google is any indication. I found instances of 望みに望んだ, 祈りに祈った, and even things like 飲みに飲んだ.
Question A: Can I use this pattern with any verb showing intent? Is there a particular nuance behind it, or does it simply mean "to [verb] and then [verb] some more"?
Question B: For the linguists in the room (y'all know who you are), how is the に classified in this pattern? Is it the same に as in 買いに行く? | <urn:uuid:57279683-8e87-4859-b381-e2a90352be07> | 2013-05-18T05:50:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0535714291036129,
0.0225074402987957,
-0.01925223134458065,
0.01627604104578495,
0.0747767835855484,
-0.0900297611951828,
-0.0069754463620483875,
0.095238097012043,
-0.0379464291036129,
-0.041480652987957,
0.0284598208963871,
0.02083333395421505,
0.0258556548... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895068 | 191 | http://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1856/how-does-one-use-the-v-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-stem-%E3%81%AB-v%E3%82%BF-pattern-as-in-%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AB%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F/1876 | 0.920555 |
XFIRE-358 explains that because XFire does not support RPC-Encoding it cannot be used as a client to the Google Web Service.
It also can't be used as a server to a PHP client, because PHP 5's SOAP extension requires RPC-Encoding.
The FAQ (http://docs.codehaus.org/display/XFIRE/FAQ) says,
"However, the basic framework to support RPC/Encoded services is in place. Someone just needs to finish it." | <urn:uuid:4f4a1e2a-8415-44a4-a847-2a3b634eea7a> | 2013-05-18T05:55:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.061449579894542694,
0.02087710052728653,
0.04096638783812523,
0.026260504499077797,
0.04070378094911575,
-0.04989495873451233,
0.012605042196810246,
0.0882352963089943,
-0.025866596028208733,
-0.007320115342736244,
-0.0016330750659108162,
0.04332983121275902,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920233 | 106 | http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/XFIRE-425?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:changehistory-tabpanel | 0.322223 |
Jennifer Love Hewitt's Mother Dies
The actress's mom Patricia, 67, lost her battle with cancer on Tuesday, Hewitt's rep announced in a statement.
"Her family mourns her loss," the rep says. "She was an angel to all who knew her and they are grateful she is now in a better place. They ask for privacy at this difficult time. No further details are being provided."
Hewitt, 33, who kept her mom's illness private, appreciated her acceptance of the career decisions she made.
For example, the actress's mother was able to find her role as a prostitute on The Client List "hilarious," Hewitt joked two years ago.
"She was like, 'So let's review ... For 15 years people have been talking about your boobs. Earlier this year, you wrote about your hoo haw in a book. Now you're playing a crack ho on TV.' She was like, 'Do you think maybe you could do an animated movie next?' "
I'm sad for her. I know just how she feels. My thoughts are with her. | <urn:uuid:29f8967f-d392-4e90-957f-bf2d6d677ca4> | 2013-05-18T07:13:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005883097182959318,
0.03669028356671333,
0.0076859816908836365,
-0.006484058685600758,
0.07489878684282303,
-0.047064777463674545,
0.027074899524450302,
0.055921051651239395,
-0.049848176538944244,
-0.0597166009247303,
0.03694332018494606,
0.007464575115591288,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988147 | 229 | http://jjb.yuku.com/topic/711810/Jennifer-Love-Hewitt-s-Mother-loses-her-battle-with-cancer | 0.74898 |
The most illustrious Czars and mighty Princes, John and Peter Alexewitz, my most gracious Lords, having in their Wise Council of State resolved to send a splendid Embassy, on some important affairs, to the Great Bogdaichan, or Sovereign of the famous Kingdom of Kitai, by us Europeans commonly called China: This obliged me with a welcoming opportunity of traveling through part of the famous, but hitherto unknown, Siberian and Kitaian Countries, (never before visited by any German) and informing my self by credible witnesses of the remainder of those Lands, as well as obtaining a certain knowledge of several things with which the World hath not been hitherto acquainted.
Evert Ysbrants Ides was the first educated European to travel in Siberia and gather firsthand information about the collection of fossil ivory. Ides' opportunity to travel across Siberia was the direct result of the satisfactory settlement of a small war on the Chinese border.
The speed with which the first wave of Russian fur traders, called promyshleniki, crossed Siberia created serious supply problems for them. Men carrying small loads of goods and supplies could easily cross Siberia using a network of rivers and short portages by boat in the summer and sled in the winter. Bringing large loads of bulky goods, specifically enough grain to feed a small settlement, was a much more difficult and expensive proposition. It could take three or four years for a shipment of grain to reach a remote place like Yakutsk and, by then, the majority of the load would be inedible. Because of this, the promyshleniki were relieved and excited when they began to hear rumors of the Amur, a valley in the south filled with grain, cattle, and silver.
The first expedition to reach the Amur was a group of 132 cossacks under Vassily Poiarkov in 1643-46. The Amur natives, whom the Russians called Daurians, greeted Poiarkov with hospitality but the relationship turned sour as the Russians resorted to kidnapping, plunder, and, it is reputed, cannibalism to get what they wanted. This kind of behavior went over with the locals about as well as you might expect. Poiarkov had to fight his way out of the country and lost half of his command to native attacks and starvation. However, because he confirmed that the Amur was a land of cattle and grain (he didn't find any silver), the expedition was proclaimed a success. Several other Russians tried to map out a better route into the Amur valley. In 1651, Yerofey Khabarov fought his way down the river with even more brutality than Poiarkov had and built a fort near the site of the city that now bears his name. This is when things began to go to hell.
Khabarov knew, but chose to ignore, that the Amur was within the Chinese sphere of influence. What he might not have known was that it was also part of the homeland of the new Qing dynasty of China. The only reason he was able to occupy as much land as he did was that most of the armed Manchu horsemen were still busy conquering China. A year after Khabarov built Achansk, a Chinese military expedition arrived to drive him out of the valley. This was the beginning of more than thirty years of seesawing occupation of the Amur country. By the early eighties, with most of China finally pacified, the Kangxi emperor was ready to deal with the Russians once and for all. Now it was the turn of Moscow to get alarmed.
Moscow, in the 1680s, was infected with a bad case of "who's in charge here?" In April 1682, Tsar Fedor III died at the tender age of twenty one without leaving an heir. The succession fell on his brothers Ivan and Peter. The elder of the two, Ivan, was severely epileptic, nearly blind, and may have suffered from a variety of other problems (diagnosing the physical and mental health of historical figures is more of a parlor game than a science among historians). Peter was strong as an ox, but only ten years old. To further complicate matters, the two boys had different mothers and the two sets of in-laws formed powerful and antagonistic factions at court. Fedor's death was followed by a week of riot and rebellion (not all of which was related to the succession). When the dust cleared, Ivan and Peter had been declared co-tsars and their sister Sophia was the de facto regent ruling in their names.
Except for a few years during the reign of Catherine the Great, historians have not been kind to Sophia. She has been reduced to cartoonish stereotype of a scheming woman (which is bad) who was finally put back in her place by a strong male (which is good). In fact, Sophia Alexeevna Romanov was an extraordinary woman. She was intelligent, well informed, and literate in three languages. She was comfortable giving orders and appearing in public at a time when most upper-class Russian women were kept in harem-like seclusion for their entire lives. During the seven years that she served as regent for the two tsars, Sophia had successes and failures no different than any other rulers’. For the advance of mammoth knowledge, her most important achievement was settling the Amur conflict.
Since the beginning of the century, the tsars had recognized the potential for Siberia to become a private trade route to China, but every attempt at making official contact with the Chinese court had failed due to cultural misunderstandings. Despite that, the Kangxi emperor wanted to open trade with the Russians and hoped that a show of strength would be enough to drive the promyshleniki and Cossacks out of the Amur valley. In 1684 a large and well supplied Chinese army arrived on the lower Amur and began to move west driving the Russians before them. At Albazin, on the northern bend of the Amur, the Russians attempted to make a stand, but were soon defeated. The Chinese allowed the survivors to retreat, razed their fort, and moved down river to their base of operations. When word of the defeat on the Amur reached Sophia and her advisors, they quickly dispatched an envoy to make peace with the Chinese.
This should have been the end of the crisis, but, before the envoy could arrive, the Siberian Russians returned to Albazin and built a new fort provoking the Chinese army to return and start a new siege. They were only saved by the arrival in Beijing of advance messengers from the embassy. The Kangxi emperor ordered his army to lift the siege and prepared his own diplomatic mission to meet the Russians. Further complications--and there are always further complications in diplomacy--delayed the meeting of the two missions until the summer of 1689. The negotiation took place at the Russian outpost of Nerchinsk on a tributary of the Amur almost 300 miles west of Albazin. Amid elaborate ceremonies by the official heads of the missions, the real negotiations were carried out in Latin by a Polish cavalry officer (for the Russians) and a French Jesuit (for the Chinese). The agreement, signed on August 27, the first formal treaty signed between China and a Western power, required the Russians to evacuate the entire Amur valley, but established formal trade through Nerchinsk.
Sophia did not get to celebrate the Treaty of Nerchinsk. At the same time that the negotiations were wrapping up in the East, Sophia's regency was coming to an abrupt and unanticipated end in Moscow. Sophia's position had been dramatically weakened by two disastrous campaigns in the Crimea and by her half brother Peter turning seventeen in June. Amid rumors that Sophia was planning to murder Peter and rule in her own name, supporters of the two Romanovs engaged in a month of dramatic maneuvers that resulted in Peter taking control and Sophia retiring to a convent. Peter's half brother Ivan stayed on as co-tsar until his natural death seven years later.
When word of the treaty reached Peter, he accepted the terms and began planning a trade mission to Beijing. Russia had a severe shortage of literate agents who were competent to make their way through foreign cultures, which explains the necessity of hiring Latin speaking Polish cavalry officers to conduct delicate diplomatic negotiations. For his first official trade mission to China, Peter hired a German, Dutch, or possibly Danish merchant named Evert Ysbrants Ides*. Ides had been in Russia since 1677, operating his own merchant house, first in Archangel and later in Moscow. In the spring of 1692, Ides left Moscow at the head of a 400 man caravan with instructions to exchange ratifications of the treaty, determine the best items for trade, feel out official attitudes toward the treaty, and request that a Chinese envoy be sent to Moscow.
The most direct route from Moscow to China is the same one that the Trans-Siberian Railway follows today, around the southern end of the Ural Mountains, across the steppe lands at the center of Eurasia, across Lake Baikal, and on to the Amur. Unfortunately, the steppe lands were controlled by Kirghiz nomads and unsafe for Russian merchants. For this reason, Ides' caravan had to take a much more roundabout path to Baikal that took them across the Urals on the same path as Ermak a century before, down the Irtysh River to its junction with the Ob, up the Ob and its tributary the Ket, to a portage into the Yenisei basin, and up the Angara River to Baikal. By October, the mission had only reached the way station of Makofskoi on the Ket portage. It was here that Ides had had his encounter with fossil mammoths.
Amongst the hills, which are situate North-East of [Makofskoi], and not far from hence, the Mammuts Tongues and Legs are found; as they are also particularly on the Shores of the Rivers Jenize, Trugan [Lower Tunguska], Mongamsea [Taz], Lena, and near Jakutskoi [Yakutsk], even as far as the Frozen Sea. ... I had a Person with me to China, who had annually went out in search of these Bones; he told me, as a certain truth, that he and his Companions found the Head of one of these Animals, which was discovered by the fall of such a frozen piece of Earth. As soon as he opened it, he found the greatest part of the Flesh rotten, but it was not without difficulty that they broke out his Teeth, which were placed before his Mouth, as those of the Elephants are; they also took some Bones out of his head, and afterwards came to his Fore-foot, which they cut off, and, carried part of it to the City of Trugan [Turukhansk], the Circumference of it being as large as that of the wast of an ordinary Man. The Bones of the Head appeared somewhat red, as tho' they were tinctured with Blood.
This account by Ides is the first Western description of a frozen mammoth and the beginning of a scientific and popular fascination that hasn't ended over three hundred years later.
Locating the mammoth to which Ides' unnamed traveling companion referred is a little tricky. Makofskoi was, and still is, a small town on the western end of the portage between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. Ides gave no indication of how far he meant when he said mammoth remains were found in the hills to the Northeast. My conclusion, based on Ides' phrase "not far from hence," is that the find must have been close to Makofskoi. The explorer Adolf Nordenskiold, who traveled along the Arctic coast in the late nineteenth century, thought, because the hunter took the mammoth's foot to Turukhansk, that the find must have been close to that place. Turukhansk is 450 miles north of Makofskoi, which is not "not far from hence." In Ides' day there were two major towns on the Yenesei where his companion might have sold the ivory, Turukhansk and Yeneseisk, which is only eighty miles from Makofskoi. That argues in Nordenskiold's favor. If the find was closer to Yeneseisk the only reasons the hunter would have had for going all the way to Turukhansk would have been if Turukhansk was offering a better price for ivory or if he had other business there. Without more evidence there's no way to settle the matter. If we split the difference between Makofskoi and Turukhansk we arrive at the Stony Tunguska River. Maybe the site was blown up in 1908 by the Tunguska meteorite.
Ides goes on to report what the locals believed about the remains.
Concerning this Animal there are very different reports. The Heathens of Jakuti, Tungusi, and Ostiacki, say that they continually, or at least, by reason of the very hard Frosts, mostly live under ground, where they go backwards and forwards; to confirm which they tell us, That they have often seen the Earth heaved up when one of these Beasts was on the March, and after he was past, the place sink in, and thereby make a deep Pit. They further believe, that if this Animal comes so near to the surface of the frozen Earth as to smell, or discern the Air, he immediately dies, which they say is the reason that several of them are found dead, on the high Banks of the River, where they unawares came out of the Ground. This is the opinion of the Infidels concerning these Beasts, which are never seen.
But the old Siberian Russians affirm, that the Mammuth is very like the Elephant, with this only difference, that the Teeth of the former are firmer, and not so straight as those of the latter. They also are of Opinion, that there were Elephants in this Country before the Deluge, when this Climate was warmer, and that their drowned bodies floating on the Surface of the Water of that Flood, were at last wash'd and forced into Subterranean Cavities...
The description of the mammoth as a subterranean animal that dies on exposure to surface air is almost identical to that given by the Chinese writer Tung-fang So in the second century BC.
The three "heathen" tribes that Ides mentions are names given by the Russian conquerors and used to lump together all of the peoples of the Lower Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, and Lena river basins. That is to say, he was ascribing the belief in the mammoth as a giant mole to most of the people of Western and Central Siberia. Later travelers ascribed different beliefs to many of these peoples. Still other travelers confirmed Ides' observations. When Ides traveled across Siberia, most of these peoples had been under Russian rule for a century, giving them plenty of time to have heard about the ideas of tribes with which they had had very little contact and to have learned the Biblical stories of Noah and Behemoth. Today, it is virtually impossible to sort out which tribes believed what before their contact with the Russians.
While Ides was the first educated European to travel in Siberia and report firsthand information on the collection of fossil ivory, he wouldn't be the last. Peter the Great's diplomacy, wars, economic needs, and personal curiosity would send a constant stream of educated Europeans into his Eastern realms. They in turn would send back a constant stream of information that would be eagerly consumed by a Europe that was looking at the world through an increasingly scientific lens.
Hmmm. I still seem to be having trouble with that "keep your blog posts under a thousand words" thing. Oh well...
* Ides nationality and name have been the source of much confusion over the years. Accounts of his journey describe him variously as Dutch, German, and Danish. In the opening quote he implies that he considers himself to be German, but the first edition of his book was published in Dutch. The confusion comes from the fact that his parents were Dutch immigrants to Holstein, a German-speaking province that is the home of many cows and was then ruled by the King of Denmark. It's likely that Ides was fluent in both German and Dutch.
The possible spellings given for his first and middle names are even more varied than his nationality. Because his middle name is sometimes spelled Ysbrand, some writers have assumed that he and the mission's secretary, Adam Brand, were one person. Adding to that confusion was the fact that both of them published memoirs of the journey, which the same writers who thought they were the same person assumed were merely different editions of the same book. They weren't, it wasn't, and that's that. | <urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a> | 2013-05-18T05:58:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00151824951171875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.020263671875,
0.01507568359375,
0.11376953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.1025390625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.040771484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.026... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984575 | 3,506 | http://johnmckay.blogspot.com/2009/03/fragments-of-my-research-viii.html | 0.389032 |
Did you know that the only difference between the peach and the nectarine is one gene?!?! And, I bet you can guess one of the traits this gene controls.... that's right... peach fuzz!
Really, I've been reading a great book "How to Pick a Peach" and in it, the author gives great information about many of the seasonal produce. Love it. That's where I learned about the peach vs. nectarine gene.
So, while this muffin recipe is really a peach muffin recipe, I made ours with a less fuzzy variety... the nectarine.
Peach (or Nectarine) Muffins
1 C flour
1/3 C whole wheat flour
1 tsp. cinnamon
1 tsp. baking powder
pinch of salt
1/4 C applesauce
1/2 C brown sugar
1/2 C milk
~2 C diced peaches/nectarines
1/2 tsp. vanilla
1/2 C oats
1/2 tsp. cinnamon
1 T brown sugar
In a bowl, combine flours, cinnamon, baking powder and salt. Stir well.
In another bowl, mix the egg, applesauce, brown sugar, milk, and vanilla together.
Add in fruit.
Then, mix the wet and dry ingredients together.
Pour into muffin cups -- either 6 jumbo or 12 regular muffin cups.
Mix together topping and sprinkle over the muffins, lightly press into the muffins so the topping sticks.
Bake at 400 until muffins are done, about 20 minutes.
Allow muffins to cool, out of the muffin tin for about 10 minutes before eating. | <urn:uuid:e727440a-cc3a-4f72-8530-e37d83d0131d> | 2013-05-18T06:19:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03912889584898949,
0.015846317633986473,
-0.006285410840064287,
0.022220255807042122,
0.031692635267972946,
0.02620396576821804,
-0.01133144460618496,
0.04851274937391281,
0.013987252488732338,
-0.050637394189834595,
0.0881728008389473,
0.04160764813423157,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894299 | 353 | http://joyinmykitchen.blogspot.com/2009/09/peach-muffins.html?showComment=1253117813948 | 0.158309 |
Phillies - 001 001 022 - 6 9 1
Yankees - 000 000 001 - 1 6 0
Cliff Lee pitched a complete game (9-6-1-0-10, 122), not allowing a Yankee beyond second base until an unearned run scored in the ninth.
Chase Utley hit two solo home runs off Sabathia (7-4-2-3-6, 113) and Raul Ibanez hit a two-run single in the eighth. Shane Victorino and Ryan Howard had RBIs in the ninth.
Derek Jeter had three of New York's six hits and scored the lone run in the ninth. Alex Rodriguez went 0-for-4 with three strikeouts. Mark Teixeira was also 0-for-4 and, like Slappy, failed to hit the ball out of the infield.
It's the third straight World Series in which the Yankees lost Game 1 (2001 and 2003). Eleven of the last 12 teams to win Game 1 have gone on to win the World Series.
Cliff Lee (3.22, 138 ERA+) / CC Sabathia (3.37, 133 ERA+) | <urn:uuid:9e9bed94-e6a7-4dfa-bd51-ac8aab3b4a4f> | 2013-05-18T07:14:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.04813507944345474,
0.0032132056076079607,
-0.001149823539890349,
-0.04259072616696358,
0.012096773833036423,
-0.06804435700178146,
0.0016774823889136314,
0.07207661122083664,
0.00856854859739542,
-0.03931451588869095,
0.06552419066429138,
0.04561492055654526,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90785 | 245 | http://joyofsox.blogspot.com/2009/10/ws1-phillies-at-yankees-757-pm.html?showComment=1256773447460 | 0.191487 |
A pregnant women is advised by the gemara (Nidda 17a) to avoid stepping on cut human nails out of fear of miscarriage. What can she do if she has already stepped on them? Is there a way to "fix" things to avoid a miscarriage (chalilah)?
|show 3 more comments|
One source for the two approaches everyone is talking about is in the Ri MiLunel here (second column third paragraph). He writes that some say it is because of her fragility and some say it is because of sorcery. Interestingly, the way he formulates the second option - because of sorcery, not simply spiritual dangers - it would appear that he would hold that this does not apply in an era where we are generally not concerned about sorcerers. Couple that with the fact that (as others pointed out) according to the first option it doesn't seem logical that the danger should last longer than the moment she steps on the nails anyway, and we can basically conclude that according to the Ri MiLunel the answer to the question is she has nothing to worry about.
I believe there are 2 possible approaches. 1st the approach stated by Seth J that we wish to avoid the woman stepping on something and the shock and or disgust will cause her to worry and then subequently cause the loss of the unborn child G-d forbid! So in this case it would be appropriate to simply not worry and put faith in HKB'H.
If however the reason is something spiritual (e.g. the Zohar HaKodesh states that the first drop of semen goes to the nails) then there may well be a spiritual matter.
With all aspects - davening to HaShem can erase any tekana. The is a sefer by the Mevaser Tov (current Biala Rebbe) that writes even if the knife is beginning to cut ones throat davening to HaShem can tear up the decree. | <urn:uuid:7d22f764-677f-4780-98d9-39a0afc6f15e> | 2013-05-18T08:03:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.018947964534163475,
0.0070701357908546925,
0.0028457297012209892,
-0.015059389173984528,
0.07409502565860748,
-0.06080316752195358,
-0.007246889173984528,
0.09162896126508713,
-0.020503394305706024,
-0.027149321511387825,
-0.002969457069411874,
0.0147058824077248... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960971 | 406 | http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/16911/what-can-a-pregnant-woman-do-if-she-already-stepped-on-nails?answertab=oldest | 0.306474 |
Of all tunes available in the world, why do we choose a "worker's" song? A song composed by slaves as they served their masters?
Why not something more uplifting?
This question is unlikely to help any future visitors; it is only relevant to a small geographic area, a specific moment in time, or an extraordinarily narrow situation that is not generally applicable to the worldwide audience of the internet. For help making this question more broadly applicable, see the FAQ.
We are thanking Hashem that Haman wanted to kill us. Had he only made us slaves, Esther wouldn't have gone to speak to Achashveirosh and we would have remained slaves.
To remind us what could have happened, we sing a slave song. | <urn:uuid:0083cf10-9054-4aea-9074-021036252879> | 2013-05-18T05:56:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.046310242265462875,
-0.0023178651463240385,
-0.0014766096137464046,
0.010542168281972408,
0.07115963846445084,
-0.07454819232225418,
-0.0076713101007044315,
0.10015060007572174,
-0.012001129798591137,
-0.006306475959718227,
0.005247552879154682,
0.005576995667070... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970015 | 152 | http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/26522/why-do-we-sing-mi-shenichnas-adar-to-the-tune-of-pick-a-bale-of-cotton?answertab=active | 0.7753 |
Fri February 15, 2013
Kushner's 'Lincoln' Is Strange, But Also Savvy
Originally published on Fri February 15, 2013 12:11 pm
This interview was originally broadcast on Nov. 15, 2012.
Tony Kushner spent years writing the screenplay for Steven Spielberg's film Lincoln, but that wasn't the only heavy lifting he had to do. It also took some effort to overcome Daniel Day-Lewis' reluctance to play the title role.
"I wanted to write to him and say, 'Daniel, apart from the fact that you're like one of the greatest actors ever, look in the mirror. God is trying to tell you something — you look like Abraham Lincoln!" Kushner tells Fresh Air's Dave Davies.
Lincoln is based in part on Doris Kearns Goodwin's biography of the 16th president, Team of Rivals — which helped convince the actor to accept the part. Kushner says that reading the book made Day-Lewis "feel that he was playing a character, as opposed to Superman."
Kushner, who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1993 for his play Angels in America, read more than 20 books about Lincoln as he prepared to write the screenplay.
"The man was just kind of a miracle worker in terms of finessing almost impossible circumstances and getting a result that he felt that he needed," Kushner says. "It was a combination of cunning [and] ruthlessness — he was sometimes very hard on his friends and asked them to make terrible sacrifices of their own ambitions."
On the many interpretations of Lincoln
"Although there are no interpretations of Lincoln that say that he was a bad person, or a person who at one point loved slavery and changed his mind — [interpretations] that make any sense to me and that I think are in any way credible — there are certainly various versions of Lincoln and aspects of Lincoln. Like for instance his melancholy (which I don't think he was) that are legitimate readings of him, and everybody has to pick their own. ... Many people who knew him, including most of his closest friends, talk about how isolated and lonely and strange he was.
"And I would imagine Shakespeare and Mozart and Albert Einstein were also very strange. I think it must be very hard to have a cognitive process that really only in some ways resembles the cognitive processes of most of your fellow human beings. And the ability to see things that no one else can see, on one level, is a blessing — it's certainly a blessing for the rest of us when something is made of it — but it also must be a kind of curse, because it seals you up in a world that only you can see.
"I mean, he was famously a joker, and a person who told stories, and a person who laughed and talked about how he had to laugh. He loved Shakespeare, and he loved Robert Burns, who were both writers who combine real heartbreak and tragedy with incredible humor and wit. And Lincoln said, 'I couldn't survive what I'm going through if I couldn't laugh.'
"I don't think he was a depressed person. I think he was a man with an enormous capacity for grief that didn't deprive him of the ability to act. And he felt no need to hide the fact that he was grieving — and in fact saw, as the president of the United States, a duty to talk to the country about its grief during a time when we now think as many as 800,000 men in a country of 30 million died in combat in a four-year period."
On getting a sense of 19th-century speech for the screenplay
"The syntax in the middle of the 19th century is not all that antiquated. If you read any American authors from that time, it's more ornate, but certainly syntactically, the structures of the sentences are virtually identical to ours. They didn't use incomplete sentences in their writing, but there's some evidence that there was a good deal of that in the speech.
"My main concern was to make it playable — that it had to be language that wouldn't get in the way either of what the actors needed to do with it, or the audience hearing it. That it rang true. And for that, 19th-century novels were an enormous help — also newspaper accounts and even transcripts of some conversations that are available. And I used the Oxford dictionary, and I checked every single word through all 10 million pages that I wrote. If any word struck me as possibly post-1865, the OED is great, because it's a word museum. And it will tell you when every word, as far as we know, first appeared in the English language."
On Mary Todd Lincoln's contribution to the White House image
"She apparently sold Lincoln's annual letter to Congress — which is what the State of the Union Address used to be — to a newspaper to raise money to buy stuff for the White House. And that, of course, was a huge transgression, and the House seriously thought of calling her up and investigating her. Lincoln stopped that.
"The thing that I think people don't understand about Mary, or don't give her credit for, is that when they came to the White House, it was in an absolute shambles — as was the country. Obviously, it was falling apart in 1861. And I think because she came from a political family and had a very keen sense of political theater, she knew that the backdrop for the Lincoln administration had to be splendid and suggest power and coherence, since the U.S. at that moment was anything but coherent. It was disintegrating.
"And she did it. When you look at the engravings from the time, people were clearly just blown away at how beautiful the place was. And she deserves an enormous amount of credit for doing that with almost no budget."
On how Lincoln would have approached Reconstruction had he lived
"I think that what Lincoln was doing at the end of war was a very, very smart thing. And it is maybe one of the great tragedies of American history that people didn't take him literally after he was murdered. The inability to forgive and to reconcile with the South in a really decent and humane way, without any question, was one of the causes of the kind of resentment and perpetuation of alienation and bitterness that led to the quote-unquote 'noble cause,' and the rise of the Klan and Southern self-protection societies.
"The abuse of the South after they were defeated was a catastrophe, and helped lead to just unimaginable, untellable human suffering. So had Lincoln not been murdered, and had he really been able to guide Reconstruction, I think there's a good reason to believe that he would have acted on those principles, because he meant them. We know that he meant them literally, because he told [Ulysses S.] Grant to behave accordingly."
DAVID BIANCULLI, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm David Bianculli, editor of TV Worth Watching, sitting in Terry Gross. On today's show, two Academy Award nominees for Best Screenplay. We'll hear later from Wes Anderson, whose script for "Moonrise Kingdom," co-written with Roman Coppola, is nominated for Best Original Screenplay. We'll begin with Tony Kushner, who is nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay for the movie "Lincoln."
Tony Kushner's play about AIDS in the Reagan era, "Angels in America," was a seven-hour epic that won the Pulitzer Prize and became an HBO miniseries. He's written several other plays, as well as the screenplay for the Steven Spielberg film "Munich."
Kushner spent years collaborating with Spielberg on the screenplay for "Lincoln," which stars Daniel Day-Lewis as America's 16th president. One of Kushner's primary sources was the book "Team of Rivals" by historian Doris Kearns Goodwin. The movie is up for 12 Oscars, more than any other film this year, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay. Tony Kushner spoke to FRESH AIR contributor Dave Davies in 2012.
Here's a scene from the film, in which Lincoln, played by Daniel Day-Lewis, is sitting alone with two telegraph operators, late at night, as he's about to compose a message to General Ulysses S. Grant. The debate about slavery and human equality is on his mind, and as Kushner wrote the scene, Lincoln reflects on Euclid, the ancient Greek mathematician he studied to understand the principles of logic.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOVIE, "LINCOLN")
DANIEL DAY-LEWIS: (As Abraham Lincoln) Euclid's first common notion is this: Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to each other. That's a rule of mathematic reasoning. It's true because it works, has done and always will do. In his book, Euclid says this is self-evident. You see, there it is, even in that 2,000-year-old book of mechanical law, it is a self-evident truth that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to each other.
DAVE DAVIES, HOST:
Tony Kushner, welcome back to FRESH AIR. You know, you focus on this film on this period when Lincoln is trying to get the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery passed, near the end of his administration, of his life. It's remarkable to me that it's a fascinating story that's really about a legislative battle, and a lot of friends who have seen it have said that. It's just - and I think it's because the dialogue works so well.
You're the guy who wrote the version of Lincoln that we see on the screen, and, you know, I think I read that more words have been written about Abraham Lincoln than any other American. And I know that you read a lot of them.
TONY KUSHNER: Doris claims that Abraham Lincoln is the third-most-written-about person in human history.
DAVIES: After who, Jesus and...
KUSHNER: And Shakespeare - pretty good company.
DAVIES: Right, and so you had to take all of those images, and a lot of them are dark and melancholy. I mean, the Lincoln that you see at the Lincoln Memorial, that you often see in portraits, seems like a really somber man.
KUSHNER: I mean, the one that we see on screen is, you know, is at times light and playful, tells kind of folksy stories. Can you just talk a little bit about, you know, the Lincoln that you decided to give us? Did you feel you had to, in some respects, reflect people's popular images of him?
No, I mean, I thought that the important thing was to make an interpretation, and I was certainly influenced enormously by Doris' interpretation. I read Sandburg, I read Doris and just in terms of pure biographies of Lincoln, I think about 20, and a whole host of other things, as well.
And I was fascinated by how available to interpretation this man was, especially given that he didn't live all that long and didn't leave a huge amount of autobiographical stuff behind. But what he did and when he was doing what he did made him a perfect candidate for a fairly wide degree of interpretation.
Although there are no interpretations of Lincoln that say that he was a bad person or a person who at one point loved slavery and then changed his mind didn't make any sense to me in that I think are in any way credible. There are certainly various versions of Lincoln that are legitimate readings of him, and everybody has to pick their own.
I mean, it's interesting that you say that the statue in the memorial is somber. It's certainly not grinning. I find in the reading about the memorial that I've done, I've found many, many, many people who feel that there's something very warm and inviting about his sort of pensive posture and face, and not closed off. On the other hand, many people who knew him, including most of his closest friends, talk about how isolated, and lonely and strange he was.
I don't believe he was a depressed person. I think he was a man with an enormous capacity for grief that didn't deprive him of the ability to act. And he felt no need to hide the fact that he was grieving and, in fact, saw as the president of the United States a duty to talk to the country about its grief during a time when we now think as many as 800,000 men in a country of 30 million died in combat in a four-year period. Death, you know, it was everywhere.
DAVIES: You know, as somebody who has covered government and politics for a lot of years, I mean, I find it fascinating because it's both about lofty stuff like policy and principle but also about seedy stuff, you know, backroom deals and patronage and self-interest.
And that's very much here in this film here. It's about this - Lincoln's efforts to get this 13th Amendment passed through the U.S. House of Representatives. And I thought we'd listen to a clip here, and this is a scene from the film where Lincoln needs votes in the House of Representatives, however he can get them, for the 13th Amendment.
And Secretary of State William Seward, played by David Strathairn, is speaking with three rogues, for lack of a better term, who are going to corner some House members, offer some things and get some votes. They're played by James Spader, John Hawkes and Tim Blake Nelsen. And we'll hear David Strathairn as Secretary Seward speaking first.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOVIE, "LINCOLN")
DAVID STRATHAIRN: (As William Seward) The president's never to be mentioned, nor I. You are paid for your discretion.
JOHN HAWKES: (As Robert Latham) Well, you can have that for nothing. What we need money for is bribes - to speed things up.
STRATHAIRN: (As Seward) No, nothing strictly illegal.
JAMES SPADER: (As W.N. Bilbo) It's not illegal to bribe congressmen. They starve otherwise.
TIM BLAKE NELSON: (As Richard Schell) I have explained to Mr. Bilbo and Mr. Latham that we're offering patronage jobs to the Dems who vote yes, jobs and nothing more.
STRATHAIRN: (As Seward) That's correct.
HAWKES: (As Latham) Congressmen come cheap. A few thousand bucks will buy you all you need.
STRATHAIRN: (As Seward) The president would be unhappy to hear you did that.
HAWKES: (As Latham) Well, will he be unhappy if we lose?
STRATHAIRN: (As Seward) The money I managed to raise for this endeavor is only for your fees, your food and lodging.
NELSON: (As Schell) If that squirrel-infested attic you quartered us in is any measure, you ain't raised much.
DAVIES: How much of a deal-making politician was Abraham Lincoln?
KUSHNER: From the beginning of his career as a politician, he was very, very good at strategizing and, sort of, parsing the difference between means and ends. Really it has to be said he did that with a clarity and foresight that's at least, in terms of anything I've read, unparalleled in the history of small-d democratic leadership. The man was just a kind of miracle worker in terms of finessing almost impossible circumstances and getting a result that he felt that he needed.
It was a combination of cunning, ruthlessness. He was sometimes very hard on his friends and asked them to make terrible sacrifices. And, you know, I think absolutely marrow-deep ethical character, a great reader of human psychology, a great listener and a great observer of people, a great judge of character. And all these things combined to make him arguably, I would argue, the greatest president we've ever had.
DAVIES: And we see in the film he gets votes by offering jobs, and he gets votes by the power of his own persuasion.
DAVIES: Tell us about getting a sense of 19th-century speech. I mean, is there a lot of antiquated language and syntax here? I mean, it sounds pretty contemporary.
KUSHNER: Yeah, the syntax in the middle of the 19th century is not all that antiquated. I mean, if you read any American authors from that time, it's more ornate, but certainly syntactically, the structures of the sentences are virtually identical to ours.
My main concern was to make it playable, that it had to be language that wouldn't get in the way either of what the actors needed to do with it or the audience hearing it, that it rang true. And for that, 19th-century novels were an enormous help, also newspaper accounts and even transcripts of some conversations that are available.
And I used the Oxford English Dictionary, and I checked every single word through all 10 million pages that I wrote. I always - if any word struck me as possibly post-1865, you know, the OED is great because it's a word museum, and it'll tell you when every word, as far as we know, first appeared in the English language. So I relied on it very, very heavily.
DAVIES: Words like shindy(ph) and flibflub(ph) appear here. What's a shindy?
KUSHNER: A shindig, a party.
DAVIES: OK, and flibflub?
KUSHNER: I know that he used the word flubdub.
DAVIES: OK, flubdub.
KUSHNER: Because he sort of famously said it. You know, it may be flibdub or whatever in the film. There was some playing around with it. But since these were nonsense words, we kind of felt that they were fair game. But a flubdub was like an ornament, a decoration, and Lincoln at one point said to someone that Mary was spending too much money on flubdubs for the mansion. She was criticized for that, although I think unfairly.
DAVIES: Right, there were investigations and even threats of prosecution.
KUSHNER: Well, what she was investigated for was actually a genuinely criminal thing. She sold, apparently sold Lincoln's annual letter to Congress, which is what the State of the Union Address used to be, to a newspaper to raise money to buy stuff for the White House. And that of course was a huge transgression, and the House seriously thought of calling her up and investigating her. Lincoln stopped that.
You know, the thing that I think people don't understand about Mary or don't give her credit for is that when they came to the White House, it was an absolute shambles, as was the country. Obviously, it was falling apart in 1861.
And I think because she came from a political family and had a very keen sense of political theater, she knew that the backdrop for the Lincoln administration had to be splendid and suggest power and coherence, since the United States at that moment was anything but coherent. It was disintegrating.
And she did it. She - when you look at the engravings from the time, people were clearly just blown away at how beautiful the place was, and it became an image of federal power, and she deserves an enormous amount of credit for doing that with almost no budget.
DAVIES: We're speaking with Tony Kushner. He wrote the screenplay for "Lincoln." We'll talk more after a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
BIANCULLI: If you're just joining us, our guest is playwright Tony Kushner. He wrote the screenplay for "Lincoln," which stars Daniel Day-Lewis. You know, we do see Lincoln and Mary, his wife, in some pretty intense moments here. How did you decide how to portray that marriage in the film?
KUSHNER: Well, the month that we're dealing with gave us a great opportunity because Robert, their eldest son, who had been kept out of the war primarily because his parents, especially his mother, were terrified that he would be killed, insisted that he go into the Army before the war ended.
He didn't want to be one of the only men his age who wasn't a veteran, and so Lincoln got him a position on Grant's staff but over Mary's violent objections. And that conflict gave us a window into what was unquestionably a very stormy and tumultuous and difficult relationship between two very difficult people. People always think about Mary as being difficult, and she absolutely was, but Lincoln wasn't easy, either.
He was remote and complicated and rather interestingly fond of telling her things that would upset her horribly, like these dreams that he kept having. And he would leave her kind of in a state night after night, telling her that he was having these kind of scary dreams.
It's an enormously complicated relationship, and the family is a tragic family. It's really - it's marked by death. Their adored middle son, Willie, died in 1862. In a way he was a victim of the war because he died drinking water that was probably corrupted by the sewage of the troops stationed along the banks of the Potomac.
They suffered a very personal intimate loss while the country was suffering its losses, and I think that helped connect Lincoln to the grief of the country, if he needed any help. So it was a complicated and interesting aspect of his life, and I feel that it also mattered to him enormously, so we decided to make it a part of the story.
DAVIES: I also wanted to hear a bit of debate from Congress from the movie. And this is Tommy Lee Jones, who plays the Pennsylvania radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens. He's making a point, and he is insulting a congressman from Ohio - I believe that's George Pendleton, right...
DAVIES: ...who is played by Peter McRobbie. And in this clip he's holding back from his belief that all men are truly created equal because he was advised that you have to be moderate in order to get the votes you need to get the 13th Amendment passed. And so the kind of play on words here is that he's sort of indicating that perhaps not all people are created equal. Let's listen.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOVIE, "LINCOLN")
TOMMY LEE JONES: (as Thaddeus Stevens) How can I hold that all men are created equal when here before me stands, stinking, the moral carcass of the gentleman from Ohio, proof that some men are inferior, endowed by their maker with dim wits, impermeable to reason, with cold pallid slime in their veins instead of hot red blood?
JONES: (as Thaddeus Stevens) You are more reptile than man, George. So low and flat, that the foot of man is incapable of crushing you.
PETER MCROBBIE: (as George Pendleton) How dare you?
DAVIES: And some lively floor debate from the film "Lincoln," written by our guest Tony Kushner. How much is that's actual floor debate?
KUSHNER: The debates were really impassioned and full of invective and racist diatribe and some really glorious moments of oratory. Stevens' speech right there is a combination of stuff that he actually said, stuff that Ben Wade, 'Bluff' Wade, the senator - a radical senator from Massachusetts - who was in some ways his counterpart in the Senate, said, and stuff that I made up.
But I feel that it's a reasonably accurate representation of Stevens. When he got angry he could be completely terrifying, and people feared. He was an absolutely astonishing human being, a great legislator, a moral visionary and a moral giant and a real radical in every sense of the word in terms of his thinking about race and economics, really an astonishing guy, who I think has been woefully underappreciated.
DAVIES: This is a story of, you know, Lincoln seeing the need for the abolition of slavery as the war is ending as really a transcendent moment in the country's history and him getting this done through, you know, commitment to principle, powers up persuasion, and deals when he had to make them.
And you, know, it's hard not to draw a parallel to me, it seems, between the political moment of 1865 and the current one. I mean we're not at war today - at least not in a civil war - but there is a sense of urgency in our political discourse.
I mean the nation is deeply divided. I think both sides in the debate in some respects see the country as at a turning point with the, you know, the core principles of the republic being threatened. Did you think about that as you told the story?
KUSHNER: Oh absolutely. I mean I consider it a real benefit and even blessing of the assignment of making a movie about Lincoln that I was able to look at the Obama years through a Lincoln lens, which I have found enormously useful. I think Obama is a great president, and I feel that there is immense potential now for building, rebuilding a real progressive democracy in this country after a great deal of damage has been done to it.
And I think that it faces many obstacles, and one of its obstacles is an impatience on the part of very good, very progressive people, with the kind of compromising that you were just mentioning, the kind of horse trading that is necessary.
I mean when you asked earlier if Lincoln - how long had Lincoln been a dealmaker, and I think, you know, there probably is no politician of any competence whatsoever who isn't good at that because that's, in fact, where politics is. It's not about purity. It's about compromise and strategy and making things actually happen in real time on this Earth, as opposed to a metaphysical realm.
DAVIES: And it strikes me that one of the scenes that we see at the end of this film is Lincoln, as the war is ending, talking about reconciliation, saying let these Southern soldiers return to their homes.
DAVIES: I don't want to be hounding the Confederacy's political and military leaders.
KUSHNER: I think that what Lincoln was doing at the end of the war was a very, very smart thing, and it is maybe one of the great tragedies of American history that people didn't take him literally after he was murdered. The inability to forgive and to reconcile with the South in a really decent and humane way without any question was one of the causes of a kind of resentment and the perpetuation of alienation and bitterness that led to the quote-unquote noble cause and the rise of the Klan and Southern self-protection societies and so on.
The abuse of the South after they were defeated was a catastrophe and led - helped lead to just unimaginable, untellable human suffering. So had Lincoln not been murdered and had he really been able to guide Reconstruction, I think there's good reason to believe that he would have acted on those principles because he meant them. We know that he meant them literally because he told Grant to behave accordingly.
DAVIES: Well, Tony Kushner, thanks so much for speaking with us.
KUSHNER: Sure. My pleasure.
BIANCULLI: Tony Kushner, speaking with FRESH AIR contributor Dave Davies in 2012. Kushner is up for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for "Lincoln." We'll hear from another screenwriter up for an Oscar, Wes Anderson, next. I'm David Bianculli, and this is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:b2828b31-1aaa-4110-9b56-d62050c64341> | 2013-05-18T05:50:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.006011962890625,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.08642578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0035400390625,
0.11572265625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.07568359375,
0.03662109375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00421142578125,
0.029541015625,
0.043945312... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986031 | 5,890 | http://kccu.org/post/kushners-lincoln-strange-also-savvy-0 | 0.266928 |
There's this kid who gets bullied a lot by everyone. What should I do?
Hooray for the person who sent this question in to us! There are a lot more kids who witness bullying than there are victims of bullying. Often, people who see something happen are called bystanders. Wouldn't it be excellent if those bystanders would do something to help someone who's being bullied?
But how exactly do you find your courage and do it?
First, be sure to let an adult know what's going on. If it's happening at school, have a talk with a teacher or school counselor about it. If it happens at camp, the camp counselor is the one to talk to. Approach the adult and say you need to talk. Explain what's been going on the best you can. Give details. The adult can take steps to stop the bullying.
Plus, once they know about bullying, adults can do things to help the kid who's been bullied feel better and stronger. Adults can also help the kid who bullies learn to treat others with respect, friendship, and kindness.
After talking to an adult, here are some other things you can do. Be friendly to the kid who gets bullied. For example, say "hi" at the lockers or bus line, include that kid at your lunch table, or invite the kid to play at recess or to be in your group for a project. This helps for two reasons:
Any kid who gets bullied is likely to feel left out and alone. Your friendship helps that kid feel included and welcome.
Friendship also helps prevent bullying because bullies are less likely to pick on kids when they are with friends.
And when you see the bully acting mean, you can say, "Hey, knock it off, that's not cool," and invite the kid who's being picked on to walk away with you. You can just say, "C'mon, let's go." This can work even better if you get a couple of your friends to join you in standing up for the kid. Tell your friends ahead of time: "I'm going to stick up for that kid. Will you do it with me?"
Be sure to update the adult about what's going on until the problem is solved. This is also a very good thing to talk to parents about. Your parent will want to know about all this and can give you more advice and support. Plus, your mom or dad will be proud that you're the kind of kid who cares and who stands up for others and for what's right!
Bullying makes kids feel terrible — and not just the kid who's being bullied. Just seeing someone else be bullied makes others feel bad. That's because meanness affects everyone in the environment. It's like meanness pollution, so let's all fight it! | <urn:uuid:9022b5f8-0239-4a69-bea8-89dd01d471fd> | 2013-05-18T06:51:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00762939453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.00872802734375,
0.007781982421875,
0.12353515625,
-0.043701171875,
0.020751953125,
0.07421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.054931640625,
0.08642578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974867 | 576 | http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=CookChildrens&lic=403&cat_id=20950&article_set=83229&tracking=K_RelatedArticle | 0.744579 |
You may associate pneumonia with the melodrama of a soap opera: prolonged hospital stays, oxygen tents, and family members whispering in bedside huddles. It's true that pneumonia can be serious. But more often pneumonia is an infection that can be easily treated at home without a hospital stay.
What Is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia (pronounced: noo-mow-nyuh) is an infection of the lungs. When someone has pneumonia, lung tissue can fill with pus and other fluid, which makes it difficult for oxygen in the lung's air sacs to reach the bloodstream. With pneumonia, a person may have difficulty breathing and have a cough and fever; occasionally, chest or abdominal pain and vomiting are symptoms, too.
Pneumonia is commonly caused by viruses, such as the influenza virus(flu) and adenovirus. Other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus(RSV), are common causes of pneumonia in young children and infants.
Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause pneumonia, too. People with bacterial pneumonia are usually sicker than those with viral pneumonia, but can be effectively treated with antibiotic medications.
You might have heard the terms "double pneumonia" or "walking pneumonia." Double pneumonia simply means that the infection is in both lungs. It's common for pneumonia to affect both lungs, so don't worry if your doctor says this is what you have — it doesn't mean you're twice as sick.
Walking pneumonia refers to pneumonia that is mild enough that you may not even know you have it. Walking pneumonia (also called atypical pneumonia because it's different from the typical bacterial pneumonia) is common in teens and is often caused by a tiny microorganism, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Like the typical bacterial pneumonia, walking pneumonia also can be treated with antibiotics.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms?
Many symptoms are associated with pneumonia; some of them, like a cough or a sore throat, are also common with other common infections. Often, people get pneumonia after they've had an upper respiratory tract infection like a cold.
Symptoms of pneumonia can include:
unusually rapid breathing
chest or abdominal pain
loss of appetite
vomiting and dehydration
Symptoms vary from person to person, and few people get all of them.
When pneumonia is caused by bacteria, a person tends to become sick quickly and develops a high fever and has difficulty breathing. When it's caused by a virus, symptoms generally appear more gradually and might be less severe.
Someone's symptoms can help the doctor identify the type of pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, for example, often causes headaches, sore throats, and rash in addition to the symptoms listed above.
The routine vaccinations that most people receive as kids help prevent certain types of pneumonia and other infections. If you have a chronic illness, such as sickle cell disease, you may have received additional vaccinations and disease-preventing antibiotics to help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by bacteria.
People with diseases that affect their immune system (like diabetes, HIV infection, or cancer), are 65 or older, or are in other high-risk groups should receive a pneumococcal vaccination. They also may receive antibiotics to prevent pneumonia that can be caused by organisms they're especially susceptible to. In some cases, antiviral medication might be used to prevent viral pneumonia or to lessen its effects.
Doctors recommend that everyone 6 months and older gets a flu vaccine. That's because pneumonia often happens as a complication of the flu. Call your doctor's office to see when these vaccines are available.
Because pneumonia is often caused by germs, a good way to prevent it is to keep your distance from anyone you know who has pneumonia or other respiratory infections. Use separate drinking glasses and eating utensils; wash your hands frequently with warm, soapy water; and avoid touching used tissues and paper towels.
You also can stay strong and help avoid some of the illnesses that might lead to pneumonia by eating as healthily as possible, getting a minimum of 8 to 10 hours of sleep a night, and not smoking.
How Long Does It Last?
The length of time between exposure and feeling sick (called the incubation period) depends on many factors, particularly the type of pneumonia involved.
With influenza pneumonia, for example, someone may become sick as soon as 12 hours or as long as 3 days after exposure to the flu virus. But with walking pneumonia, a person may not have symptoms until 2 to 3 weeks after becoming infected.
Most types of pneumonia resolve within a week or two, although a cough can linger for several weeks more. In severe cases, it may take longer to completely recover.
If you think you may have pneumonia, tell a parent or other adult and be sure you see a doctor. Be especially aware of your breathing; if you have chest pain or trouble breathing or if your lips or fingers look blue, you should go to a doctor's office or to a hospital emergency department right away.
How Is Pneumonia Treated?
If pneumonia is suspected, the doctor will perform a physical exam and might order a chest X-ray and blood tests. People with bacterial or atypical pneumonia will probably be given antibiotics to take at home. The doctor also will recommend getting lots of rest and drinking plenty of fluids.
Some people with pneumonia need to be hospitalized to get better — usually babies, young kids, and people older than 65. However, hospital care may be needed for a teen who:
already has immune system problems
has cystic fibrosis
is dangerously dehydrated or is vomiting a lot and can't keep fluids and medicine down
has had pneumonia frequently
has skin that's blue or pale in color, which reflects a lack of oxygen
When pneumonia patients are hospitalized, treatment might include intravenous (IV) antibiotics (delivered through a needle inserted into a vein) and respiratory therapy (breathing treatments).
Antiviral medications approved for adults and teens can reduce the severity of flu infections if taken in the first 1 to 2 days after symptoms begin. They're usually prescribed for teens who have certain underlying illnesses such as asthma or who have pneumonia or breathing difficulty.
If you have been exposed to influenza and you begin to develop symptoms of pneumonia, call a doctor.
If your doctor has prescribed medicine, be sure to follow the directions carefully.
You may feel better in a room with a humidifier, which increases the moisture in the air and soothes irritated lungs. Make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have a fever. If you have a fever and feel uncomfortable, ask the doctor whether you can take over-the-counter medicine such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring it down. But don't take any medicine without checking first with your doctor — a cough suppressant, for example, may not allow your lungs to clear themselves of mucus.
And finally, be sure to rest. This is a good time to sleep, watch TV, read, and lay low. If you treat your body right, it will repair itself and you'll be back to normal in no time. | <urn:uuid:d7bdcf2d-ea1c-4316-a4f7-13bbedd58cdc> | 2013-05-18T05:22:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0206298828125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.015625,
0.1435546875,
-0.0810546875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.11767578125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.053955078125,
0.11474609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.044921875,
-0.0177001953... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958104 | 1,475 | http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=K_HovnanianChildrens_Hospital&lic=184&cat_id=20174&article_set=22204&tracking=T_RelatedArticle | 0.805751 |
My Son Is Being Deployed; How Do I Help My Other Kids Cope?
How can I help my younger children deal with their older brother's deployment?
When your son or daughter in the military is deployed, you probably have many emotions. It's natural to feel proud of his or her service and courage. It's also natural to feel sad or worried about the separation you'll endure, and concerned about your child's safety and well being.
When parents are so busy dealing with their own complicated emotions, it's easy to overlook the worries that younger siblings might have. But your other children are affected, too.
That's why it's important to include all family members in the process of preparing for separation. Siblings have a need to say goodbye, too, each in their own way. They also need to know that even though they might not see their brother or sister for a while, there are ways to keep in touch and think of each other. Decide how you'll do this. Maybe you'll plan to keep an old-fashioned scrapbook for certain things, use email, texting, online chat, or video calling to communicate, or create a web-based photo album you can share.
Encourage your kids to verbalize their concerns and questions so you'll know where answers and reassurance are needed. Talk about how you'll help each other through this difficult time.
Remember that kids can sense your stress and anxiety even if you don't talk about it. It's far better to let them know that they're not alone in their worries. By sharing your feelings, you can help them feel comfortable talking about theirs as well.
While your son or daughter is away, create some new, enjoyable routines or activities with your other kids. Institute a family game night, story night, movie night, or make-your-own-pizza night. Spending positive relaxing time together keeps you feeling close, and can make it easier to cope with the difficult period of deployment. | <urn:uuid:94aefbb9-5f69-4710-b182-8acbc2fea6fd> | 2013-05-18T08:03:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.008065604604780674,
0.04535637050867081,
0.008268088102340698,
0.008065604604780674,
0.0939524844288826,
-0.00917926523834467,
0.017683586105704308,
0.0712742954492569,
-0.03752699866890907,
-0.037796977907419205,
0.10421166568994522,
0.027402807027101517,
-0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978876 | 406 | http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=Nemours&lic=60&cat_id=20251&article_set=61499&tracking=P_RelatedArticle | 0.552108 |
What Is It?
Fertility awareness is a way to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around the time of ovulation (the release of an egg during a girl's monthly cycle). Couples who do want to have a baby can also use this method to have sex during the time that they are most likely to conceive. Fertility awareness can include methods such as natural family planning, periodic abstinence, and the rhythm method.
How Does It Work?
If a couple doesn't have sex around the time of ovulation, the girl is less likely to get pregnant. The trick is knowing when ovulation happens. Couples use a calendar, a thermometer to measure body temperature, the thickness of cervical mucus, or a kit that tests for ovulation. The ovulation kits are more useful for couples who are trying to get pregnant. The fertile period around ovulation lasts 6 to 9 days and during this time the couple using only fertility awareness for birth control who does not want to get pregnant should not have sex.
How Well Does It Work?
Fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. Over the course of 1 year, as many as 25 out of 100 typical couples who rely on fertility awareness to prevent pregnancy will have an accidental pregnancy. Of course, this is an average figure, and the chance of getting pregnant depends on whether a couple uses one or more of the fertility awareness methods correctly and consistently and does not have unprotected sex during the fertile period.
In general, how well each type of birth control method works depends on a lot of things. These include whether a person has any health conditions, is taking any medications that might interfere with its use, whether the method chosen is convenient — and whether it is used correctly all the time. In the case of fertility awareness, it also depends on how consistent a woman's ovulatory cycle is, how accurately a couple keeps track of when she could be ovulating, and how reliably unprotected sex is avoided during the fertile period.
Protection Against STDs
Abstinence (not having sex) is the only method that always prevents pregnancy and STDs.
Who Uses It?
Fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. It is often very difficult to tell when a girl is fertile. Because teens often have irregular menstrual cycles, it makes predicting ovulation much more difficult. Even people who have previously had regular cycles can have irregular timing of ovulation when factors such as stress or illness are involved. Fertility awareness also requires a commitment to monitoring body changes, keeping daily records, and above all not having sex during the fertile period.
How Do You Get It?
For couples interested in this method, it is best to talk to a doctor or counselor who is trained in fertility awareness. He or she can then teach the couple the skills they need to know to practice this birth control method accurately.
How Much Does It Cost?
The tools needed for fertility awareness — such as ovulation detection kits and thermometers, for example — are available in drugstores. But they can be expensive. Again, it's best to talk to a doctor for advice on using this method.
Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD
Date reviewed: April 2010
Share this page using:
Note: All information on TeensHealth® is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995- The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ebd8d085-e439-4183-b008-e3abccc3efd1> | 2013-05-18T08:10:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00994873046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.1083984375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.12109375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.09228515625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.061767578125,
0.0107421875,
0.048095703125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955668 | 713 | http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_rhythm.html?tracking=T_RelatedArticle | 0.583452 |
Q: What does the raw food consist of?
A: The raw meat that we supply is rated human grade and is broken down like this:
The raw food never contains grains, salt or anything off the "do not feed" list like tomatoes, grapes, eggplant etc.
- 62-65% of the food is made up of raw beef trim and RAW chicken with ground bone.
- 25-27% of the food contains primarily veggies and some fruit. This includes broccoli, cauliflower and/or carrots. Occasionally zucchini, cucumbers and/ or green beans are used as well. A leafy vegetable, such as bok choy, suey choy, kale and/ or romaine, is always included in the mix. Apples and/ or melons round out the fruit portion of the food.
- 10% of the food contains organs - primarily liver and heart, but occasionally kidneys etc.
Please email us your questions about a raw food diet for your dog so we can get started on adding your questions to our FAQs page. | <urn:uuid:eb4f8769-ebdf-437e-bbe5-a14de52b90bc> | 2013-05-18T05:49:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00979764387011528,
0.017289958894252777,
0.004322489723563194,
0.02330942638218403,
0.05455942451953888,
-0.017289958894252777,
0.0007404264761134982,
0.0660860687494278,
0.021900614723563194,
-0.022028688341379166,
0.061219263821840286,
0.03893442451953888,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931063 | 221 | http://kootenaydogsintheraw.webs.com/faq.htm | 0.517175 |
Why allow players to give their multiplayer characters custom names if the game never actually displays them? That's commenter ChrisPBacon's question in today's Speak Up on Kotaku.
I unlocked Geth Foxworthy in the new Mass Effect 3 multiplayer stuff. What exactly is the point of naming multilayer characters? Batmantarian, Alan Turian, Krognan the Barbarian, nobody sees these names but me? | <urn:uuid:0a40faf2-bdd0-47a0-9f3a-83eda95f56e6> | 2013-05-18T06:37:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.014416881836950779,
0.011114690452814102,
0.013530927710235119,
0.007611147128045559,
0.06443298608064651,
-0.020457474514842033,
-0.009141430258750916,
0.09858247637748718,
0.007852770388126373,
-0.05476804077625275,
0.02947809360921383,
0.03688788786530495,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898746 | 85 | http://kotaku.com/5901191/what-good-is-a-mass-effectjeff-foxworthy-joke-if-no-one-ever-sees-it?tag=naming | 0.465999 |
"Boba Fett? BOBA Fett?? Where?"
Yesterday, Disney's CEO confirmed that in addition to the upcoming Star Wars trilogy, there will be all kinds of single-character spin-off films.
Today, Entertainment Weekly is reporting that one of those films will feature young Han Solo, and another will star Boba Fett. According to EW, the Han story will occur between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, and the Fett film will take place either between New Hope and Empire or Empire and Return of the Jedi. (Since, you know, it'd be tough to do it after Return of the Jedi. Update: Or not! Because apparently he survived, thanks to his awesome armor. Update 2: Or maybe he actually died! I don't even know. Anyway...)
This sound good? Or like a disaster? I've always had a suspicion that the thing that made Boba Fett cool was the fact that he was this infamous badass in a mask with a jetpack, and that he was mysterious. The more I learn about him, the less cool he seems. That said, you know, Star Wars bounty hunter movie. Could be good.
'Star Wars' spin-offs: A young Han Solo movie, and a Boba Fett film — EXCLUSIVE [Entertainment Weekly] | <urn:uuid:4e1c3210-1003-48fe-9ad6-f976ffbe304a> | 2013-05-18T08:12:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0072115384973585606,
-0.003971572034060955,
-0.0036580266896635294,
-0.006035744212567806,
0.08235786110162735,
-0.005591555032879114,
-0.013116639107465744,
0.07817725837230682,
-0.02163461595773697,
-0.09155518561601639,
-0.006950250826776028,
0.019753344357013... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956544 | 273 | http://kotaku.com/5982190/sounds-like-young-han-solo-and-boba-fett-will-get-their-own-star-wars-movies?tag=star-wars | 0.202149 |
The man who allegedly wore a gas mask while robbing a Starbucks last week was identified Monday as Kyle Kamal Starner of Laguna Niguel.
He was allegedly walking around Laguna while "extremely intoxicated," Amormino said. And "the officer noticed he was in possession of a gas mask when he stopped him."
Because Starner was already on probation for burglary and possession of stolen property, he is subject to search and seizure, and deputies searched his Laguna Niguel home Friday night, Amormino said.
There, they found a handgun and clothing matching the Swirlz robbery description, Amormino said.
He remains in custody, Amormino said.
Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly said the items found in Starner's home matched descriptions from the Starbucks robbery. They are believed to be from the Swirlz heist, authorities said. | <urn:uuid:7e5422a4-f596-433e-96e2-d38d08a0f6a7> | 2013-05-18T07:13:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0014111094642430544,
0.014653109945356846,
-0.011662679724395275,
0.006840609945356846,
0.13456937670707703,
-0.05562201142311096,
-0.017419258132576942,
0.06309808790683746,
-0.005121112335473299,
-0.049940191209316254,
0.06788277626037598,
0.048444975167512894,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96126 | 181 | http://lagunaniguel-danapoint.patch.com/groups/police-and-fire/p/starbuck-s-gas-masked-robber-s-name-released-lives-in611623033c | 0.371657 |
by David Hogue
Interfaces and devices are providing more and more power and functionality to people, and in many cases this additional power is accompanied by increasing complexity. Although people have more experience and are more sophisticated, it still takes time to learn new interfaces, information, and interactions. Although we are able to learn and use these often difficult interfaces, we increasingly seek and appreciate simplicity.
The Complexity Curve describes how a project moves from boundless opportunity and wonderful ideas to requirements checklists and constraints then finally (but only rarely) to simplicity and elegance. Where many projects call themselves complete when the necessary features have been included, few push forward and strive to deliver the pleasing and delightful experiences that arise from simplicity, focus, and purpose.
In this session, David M. Hogue, Ph.D. - VP of Experience Design, applied psychologist, and adjunct faculty member at San Francisco State University - will introduce the Complexity Curve, discuss why our innovative ideas seem to fade over the course of a project, explain why "feature complete" is not the same as "optimal experience", and offer some methods for driving projects toward simplicity and elegance.
9th–13th March 2012 | <urn:uuid:2702375f-772b-4bf3-83f5-c0a1c97ff837> | 2013-05-18T05:49:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04263392835855484,
0.0036830357275903225,
0.02645089291036129,
0.0056361607275903225,
0.02712053619325161,
-0.01707589253783226,
-0.0031529017724096775,
0.1004464253783226,
-0.0005719866021536291,
0.008258928544819355,
0.06383928656578064,
0.02120535634458065,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956672 | 240 | http://lanyrd.com/2012/sxsw-interactive/schedule/?coverage=slides&session_type=solo&topics=design,complexity | 0.174141 |
UFC 116 Live Coverage from Las Vegas
UFC 116 takes place tonight from Las Vegas, headlined by the UFC heavyweight title matchup between Brock Lesnar and Shane Carwin. Stay tuned for live results throughout the evening from Octagonside at the MGM Grand Garden Arena.
Jon Madsen vs. Karlos Vemola
Both fighters are undefeated prospects. Vemola is a physically imposing powerhouse while Madsen is a wrestling standout.
Round 1. Madsen lands the first telling blow of the fight, a really stiff hook that stuns Vemola slightly. Vemola goes for a takedown but eats some punches and knees in the process. They clinch against the cage, and there isn't much action. Referee Mario Yamasaki eventually separates them halfway through the round. Vemola charges across the ring for another takedown but is again thwarted by Madsen and they clinch against the cage. Yamasaki separates them again. Vemola swings wildly and again clinches. This time Madsen not only blocks but takes Vemola down himself. Madsen ends up in Vemola's half guard. Madsen throws a few light punches and elbows as the round comes to a close. 10-9 Madsen.
Round 2. Madsen takes Vemola down at the start of the round. He is mostly inactive from top position, throwing a few elbows against the cage. Vemola tries to stand up and eats some punches in the process. Madsen keeps him down and throws some punches and elbows. They are stood up, and Madsen throws a few hard hooks. Vemola goes for a takedown but again has no success. Vemola lands a nice straight punch that was probably his best blow of the fight. They again clinch next to the cage. The crowd has been surprisingly kind to what has been a very dull fight. Vemola doesn't look like a UFC-caliber fighter. 10-9 Madsen.
Round 3. They clinch again. Madsen goes for a takedown but doesn't get it. Vemola lands a few nice kicks, first to the leg and then to the body. Madsen takes Vemola down. Madsen postures up in Vemola's guard and throws a few punches. Vemola looks for a kimura submission from the bottom but doesn't come close to extending it. The crowd finally begins to boo the fight as Madsen moves into side control. Madsen is in north/south when they are stood up, which is an odd standup choice but this isn't exactly a riveting fight. On the feet Vemola goes for a guillotine choke but Madsen escapes and gets top position. He's pretty much immediately stood up by Yamasaki and the fighters throw a little to close the round. 10-9 Madsen, very easy to score 30-27 decision.
Winner: Jon Madsen, unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27).
Daniel Roberts vs. Forrest Petz
Roberts needs a win here following a UFC debut loss to John Howard. Petz is returning to the UFC. He last fought for the company in 2007, and has a 2-3 UFC record.
Round 1. Roberts immediately shoots in for a takedown. He gets Petz down but Petz works his way back up against the cage. They feel each other out in the standup, with neither man throwing much. Roberts goes for a takedown. He again gets Petz down but Petz again stands back up. Roberts makes his third concerted takedown effort and this time successfully keeps Petz down. He takes the back of Petz and looks to hook in a rear naked choke with a minute left in the round. Petz is able to hold on for the remainder of the round. 10-9 Roberts.
Round 2. Petz lands a few nice leg kicks. Roberts moves in for a takedown and eats a good uppercut in the process. Roberts again looks for a takedown and this time secures it. Petz uses the cage to try to stand back up but is pulled back down into position for a Roberts rear naked choke. Petz again does a good job defending the choke and escapes the position. He opens up with hard punches on Roberts, who looks tired. Petz lands a really good overhand right and is swinging for the knockout. Roberts again takes him down and works into side control. Petz gets up and takes down Roberts. Roberts looks for a guillotine at the end of the round. Tough round to score. I give it to Petz narrowly because he did more damage. 19-19 through two.
Round 3. Petz begins the round again with some leg kicks. He lands a nice straight right. Petz is throwing a lot more than Roberts but isn't landing anything huge. Roberts throws a body kick and is caught with a hard counter left punch. Roberts shoots for a takedown and gets Petz down with two minutes left. He opens up with some punches and elbows. Petz then moves to stand up and Roberts has to concentrate on preventing that. Roberts mounts Petz with 30 seconds left. Petz tries to reverse but can't do it. First round was clearly Roberts, the other two are close. 10-9 Roberts, 29-28 Roberts.
Winner: Daniel Roberts, split decision (29-28, 28-29, 29-28).
Gerald Harris vs. Dave Branch
Branch is a former Bellator fighter who is making his UFC debut. Harris has won two straight UFC fights and sports a 16-2 career MMA record.
Round 1. Harris is keeping his posture very low. Branch throws a head kick that doesn't connect all the way. Harris moves in with punches and is caught with a counter knee. Harris throws a wild overhand punch that misses but then follows with a short punch that connects. He moves Branch back with a jab and throws a wild hook with bad intentions but it misses. Harris moves forward with more heavy punches and looks to take Branch down with a minute left in the round. Harris slams Branch down hard at the close of the round. 10-9 Harris.
Round 2. Harris throws a right hook and takes Branch down. Harris drops down a few hard punches inside Branch's guard. Branch stands back up. They clinch for a bit and Harris takes Branch back down. Branch gets up and eats a couple hard punches in the process. Harris lands a very nice jab and the round concludes. Harris looks good. 10-9 Harris.
Round 3. Branch moves aggressively forward with a head kick and Harris throws a counter punch at the same time. Harris takes Branch down but in the process Branch moves to set up a triangle choke. Harris lifts him up and slams him down, escaping danger. Branch gets back up. They clinch against the cage and the crowd begins to loudly boo. Referee Herb Dean separates them and Harris again looks for a takedown. Branch jumps up into standing guard but Harris pushes Branch's face forward with his forearm and then slams him down with power and knocks Branch out from the slam. Harris noticed Branch was out upon impact and pulled back on his punches. Spectacular finish.
Winner: Gerald Harris, knockout, round 3.
Kendall Grove vs. Goran Reljic
They are running low on time and for the past couple fights both fighters have come out together. I don't recall seeing that at any previous UFC PPV events. There have been no post-fight interviews either. Grove is the winner of the Ultimate Fighter season 3. He was originally going to be on the Spike TV portion of this event but following some negative comments about Spike TV he was moved down to the untelevised portion. Reljic looked fantastic in his UFC debut against Wilson Gouveia but lost his last fight to C.B. Dollaway.
Round 1. Reljic is more agressive in the standup, mixing in punches and kicks. Grove is able to defend well early and throws a high kick of his own. Reljic has a very diverse offense, mixing punches and kicks at all ranges. Reljic takes the fight to the ground with two minutes left in the round. Reljic stands up, looking to throws some punches down into Grove's guard, but Grove throws a powerful upkick that drops Reljic down. Grove gets back up and throws some knees. He lands a really hard one to the head towards the end of the round. Reljic was dominating the round early but Grove came back strong and landed the best blows of the round late. 10-9 Grove.
Round 2. Grove moves in with some light jabs and is answered with a hard punch counter. Grove immediately goes for a takedown and gets it. Reljic reverses position with an omoplata and ends up on top. He is on his feet throwing down and the crowd reacts big to Grove's attempts at upkicks. Reljic moves down into Grove's guard and Grove throws elbows from the bottom. Reljic becomes more active on top with punches. Grove is still being more aggressive from the bottom with strikes but isn't moving his hips up to attempt any submissions. They are stood up with a minute left. Neither man is able to land any telling blows. 10-9 Reljic, 19-19. Grove spends the period between the rounds standing and bouncing on his feet.
Round 3. Grove comes out more actively, backing Reljic up with jabs and some power punches by the cage. Reljic shoots for a takedown but it is blocked. Grove looks to have a lot more energy at this stage of the fight. He mixes in high and low kicks. Grove catches Reljic with a straight right and appears to be taking over the fight. Reljic shoots for a takedown. Grove looks for a guillotine, releases, and throws a nice knee to the head. Grove follows with more knees as Reljic looks to get the fight to the ground. Reljic finally does with a minute left in the round. Reljic looks to move into side control and finally gets his leg through Grove's guard with 45 seconds left. Reljic has north/south but Grove gets up as the round comes to a close. 10-9 Grove, 29-28 Grove but this is a close fight.
Winner: Kendall Grove, split decision (30-27, 28-29, 29-28).
This is going to be a weird Spike TV broadcast because they don't have any shorter fights to air.
Seth Petruzelli vs. Ricardo Romero
Petruzelli is famous for knocking out Kimbo Slice and (as Joe Rogan joked at the weigh-ins last night) almost single-handedly killing EliteXC. Romero is a well regarded prospect whose only loss was via DQ.
They need to kill this idea of playing generic music and having both men enter at the same time. Fighter entrances build drama for the fight.
Round 1. Petruzelli opens up at the start with hard punch combinations. Romero goes for a takedown but it is easily blocked. Petruzelli is really tagging Romero with punches and Romero flees out of trouble. Petruzelli closes a punch combination with a high kick that drops Romero to the canvas. Romero gets back up and is okay. Romero lands his best punch of the fight but Petruzelli answers with a series of punches and a spinning back kick. Romero takes Petruzelli down halfway through the fight. Romero looks to grab a choke but Petruzelli gets out and starts throwing down punches from top position. He is really hammering Romero and Romero desperately gets up and takes top position. Romero mounts Petruzelli. He looks for an Americana. He then moves for a rear naked choke attempt. Petruzelli avoids and ends up back in mount. Romero looks for an armbar but Petruzelli gets up and ends up back on the feets. Petruzelli drops Romero and begins throwing down bizarre double ax handles. Romero then moves for a rear naked choke again at the close. That was one unbelievable, phenomenal round of action. 10-9 Petruzelli.
Round 2. Petruzelli again gets the best of the standup, having success with early kicks. He backs Romero against the cage and opens up with punches. Romero desperately shoots in and Petruzelli looks to get an armbar in the process. He has the arm extended but can't lock in both legs to secure the submission. Romero is bleeding from the head as Petruzelli throws elbows from the bottom. Romero moves into side control, drops a hard elbow and looks again for the armlock. He cranks it and Petruzelli submits. Petruzelli waited too long and it looks like something snapped in his arm. Petruzelli is in a lot of pain. Tremendous fight by both men.
Winner: Ricardo Romero, submission, round 2.
Chris Tuchscherer vs. Brendan Schaub
Tuchscherer is a training partner of Brock Lesnar while Schaub is a training partner of Shane Carwin in a little preview of the main event of the evening. Tuchscherer is a thick wrestler while Schaub is a much more athletic former pro football player and striker.
Round 1. Tuchscherer moves in for a takedown and is caught with some hard punches in the process. He backs up. Schaub drops Tuchscherer with a power right and goes to town with punches before referee Herb Dean steps in and stops the fight.
Winner: Brendan Schaub, TKO, round 1.
George Sotiropoulos vs. Kurt Pellegrino
Sotiropoulos is an Australian jiu jitsu standout who is riding a wave of momentum following a very impressive win over Joe Stevenson. Pellegrino is a criminally underrated lightweight star whose star power isn't equal to his skill.
Round 1. Sotiropoulos connects on some early punches and pursues Pellegrino. Sotiropoulos drops Pellegrino with a left and continues to punch him on the ground. Pellegrino spins out of trouble and gets back to his feet. Sotiropoulos lands a couple nice hooks and a knee. Pellegrino takes Sotiropoulos down but then lets him back up. Sotiropoulos hits a nice knee. Pellegrino takes him down with 50 seconds left. Sotiropoulos uses the rubber guard to tie up Pellegrino. Pellegrino throws a few punches as the round ends. 10-9 Sotiropoulos.
Round 2. Pellegrino throws a superman punch and Sotiropoulos uses the opportunity to take an offbalance Pellegrino down. Sotiropoulos works to pass guard and nearly gains full mount. He drops down some elbows from half guard onto Pellegrino. Sotiropoulos looked like he might be setting up for a knee bar but Pellegrino avoids danger. Against the cage, Pellegrino stands up. Sotiropoulos tries to take him back down but Pellegrino defends.They trade, with each man getting in some blows. Pellegrino's body language has radically shifted from the start of the fight. 10-9 Sotiropoulos.
Round 3. The round starts as pure boxing. Sotiropoulos lands a few nice punches and moves in to push the action but is taken down for his trouble. Pellegrino grounds and pounds Sotiropoulos while avoiding Sotiropoulos' attempts at submissions. Sotiropoulos ties Pellegrino up and begins throwing punches of his own from the bottom. Sotiropoulos gets back up and connects with some straight punches on Pellegrino. Pellegrino drops Sotiropoulos with a knee and a hook, but fortunately for Sotiropoulos the round comes to an end. 10-9 Pellegrino, 29-28 Sotiropoulos.
Winner: George Sotiropoulos, unanimous decision (30-27, 29-28, 30-27).
Stephan Bonnar vs. Krzystof Soszynski
This is a rematch of a controversial fight they had in Australia. It was an exciting fight that was stopped due to a bad cut on Bonnar. The fight was ruled a TKO victory for Soszynski, but replays showed the cut was caused by an accidental head butt.
Round 1. They immediately move in and begin exchanging punches. They trade leg kicks. Bonnar catches a leg kick and uses it to take Soszynski down. Bonnar tries some ground and pound but Soszynski uses an armbar attempt to reverse position. As Bonnar stands up Soszynski starts unloading with huge power punches against the cage. Bonnar is able to avoid the biggest shots but is cut. Bonnar hits Soszynski with a hard knee to the body. Soszynski follows in Bonnar with punches and Bonnar covers up. Bonnar lands a couple elbows against the cage and opens up with punches of his own. Bonnar goes for a takedown but can't get it and Soszynski lands a nice punch as Bonnar is backing up. Soszynski again moves in with heavy punches and they just throw huge blows back and forth. Bonnar uses a head kick and push kick as the round comes to an end. Bonnar has separate cuts under both eyes. Excellent round. 10-9 Soszynski.
Round 2. Bonnar starts with a nice pair of jabs. Soszynski keeps moving in with big looping punches. One lands right on Bonnar's chin and is one of the best blows of the fight. They start recklessly swinging yet again next to the cage. It looks like Soszynski is in trouble and then it looks like Bonnar is in trouble. We then get the same sequence again with Bonnar mixing in a head kick and a knee to the head. This is an incredible fight. Bonnar gets a takedown. Soszynski stands back up. Bonnar drops Soszynski with a knee to the head and throws repeated punches to the head. Sosyznski is just covering up and the referee finally stops the fight after dozens of uncontested punches. Bonnar poses comically. That was a heck of a win for Bonnar.
Winner: Stephan Bonnar, TKO, round 2.
After the fight Bonnar talks about how much he loves laying it all out on the line for the fans and gets a huge positive reaction from the audience.
Chris Lytle vs. Matt Brown
Lytle and Brown are known for action-packed standup wars and this fight was put together basically to be an exciting brawl. Of course, they have their work cut out for them to win fight of the night over Romero/Petruzelli and Bonnar/Soszynski.
Round 1. Lytle throws a big overhand right that doesn't connect. Brown throws a few hooks. They clinch against the cage. Lytle throws mostly body punches with Brown using a few knees. As they separate Brown lands a nice head kick and follows that with a heavy knee to the body. Brown takes Lytle down but Lytle quick gets up. Brown looks for an anaconda choke but eventually lets it go. Back on the feet Lytle throws more big haymakers but doesn't have much success landing them. Brown drops Lytle with a straight counter as the round comes to an end. 10-9 Brown.
Round 2. Lytle again opens up wide wild overhand punches. He grabs a guillotine and works into mount position. Lytle releases the guillotine and switches into side control. He uses his legs to triangle Brown's head and one arm and then looks to hyperextend the other. Brown submits.
Winner: Chris Lytle, round 2, submission.
Chris Leben vs. Yoshihiro Akiyama
Akiyama is one of the biggest attractions in Japanese and Korean MMA, and won his UFC debut last year against Alan Belcher. He was supposed to fight Wanderlei Silva on this card but Silva had to pull out of the fight due to an injury. Leben takes the fight on short notice, having fought just two weeks ago on the Ultimate Fighter Finale. He is a wrestler and brawler well known for his antics on the first season of the Ultimate Fighter reality show. Leben seems in a very good mood dancing to the ring, and this is a great low risk high reward fight for him. Akiyama comes out to "Time to Say Goodbye" by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman, the best entrance in MMA.
Round 1. Leben throws a kick and Akiyama sweeps it to score a takedown. He throws a few punches and Leben quickly gets back up. "Leben" chants and then "Aki" chants. Leben moves in with punches and gets caught with a hook. Leben throws a few hard leg kicks and mixes in a body kick. Leben gets caught with an accidental low blow. Starting back Akiyama lands a nice straight right punch. Akiyama uses a spinning back elbow and takes Leben down. Leben looks for an armbar but Akiyama isn't in trouble and throws some punches from top. Leben looks for the armbar again. This time he has it deeper but Akiyama gets out. Akiyama then looks for a kimura of his own. Akiyama is in Leben's half guard and looks to pass. Leben just gets back up. In the process Akiyama looks for a guillotine but doesn't have Leben in trouble. They trade punches and Akiyama takes Leben down with a judo trip at the end of the round. Close round, I've got it slightly for Akiyama, 10-9.
Round 2. Akiyama lands a nice body punch and head kick. Leben looks to be moving much more slowly. Akiyama lands a hard spinning back fist on Leben. Akiyama moves in recklessly and gets caught with a hard Leben counter. This leads to an incredible sequence with each man landing really hard punches right on the chin. Very little defense, just trading power punches. It looked at various points like each man was in trouble of being dropped. Akiyama in particular was just tagging Leben but Leben has a great chin and fought through it firing back. Akiyama scores the takedown. Leben stands up and receives some punches while doing so. Akiyama looks for a takedown again. Leben tries for a guillotine but it isn't deep. Leben moves in and is caught with a straight right to the chin. Leben lands a series of his own, just catching Akiyama repeatedly on the chin. Each guy has to be wondering what exactly it takes to stop the other guy. Really tough round to score. 10-9 Akiyama. This has been a great, great PPV card.
Round 3. Both men look spent. Leben throws a high kick. Akiyama throws a punch on an off balance Leben and pushes him to the ground. Akiyama goes for the old can opener while Leben throws punches from the bottom. Leben again looks for an armbar. Akiyama gets out and moves into top position. They trade punches with Leben throwing from the bottom and Akiyama from the top. The crowd chants for Leben. They're just brawling with each other despite Leben fighting from his back. Akiyama is getting the better of it as one would expect from top. Leben locks in a triangle choke and is throwing punches with 30 seconds left. Akiyama taps and that's it. The crowd erupts. Amazing fight.
Winner: Chris Leben, round 3, submission.
UFC heavyweight title: Brock Lesnar vs. Shane Carwin
Lesnar is the champion but was out of action for a long period of time with diverticulitis and Carwin won the interim heavyweight title with a win over Frank Mir. Both men weighed in at the heavyweight maximum of 265 pounds. Lesnar is getting mostly cheers coming out, in contrast to all his other Las Vegas UFC fights.
Round 1. Lesnar shoots for a takedown. Carwin defends and throws a nice knee to the head. He opens up with big punches and Lesnar is in huge trouble. He's just covering up and Carwin is raining down punches. Lesnar is doing nothing from his back. Carwin is pummeling Lesnar. Carwin is dropping huge elbows and punches. Lesnar has no answers whatsoever. Lesnar is bleeding. Carwin backs up and Lesnar just stays on his back. Lesnar finally gets up with a minute left in the fight. Lesnar looks to take Carwin down. Carwin defends. Lesnar throws a nice knee to the head. 10-7 Carwin.
Round 2. Lesnar is smiling as the round starts. Lesnar takes Carwin down. He throws some punches from inside Carwin's half guard. Lesnar has an arm triangle choke. He squeezes and gets the tap. What a performance by Lesnar. The crowd goes crazy with cheers. This has been one of the best UFC cards, if not the best, of all time.
Winner: Brock Lesnar, submission, round 2.
"I stand before you a humble champion and I'm still the toughest SOB around," Lesnar declares after the fight. | <urn:uuid:5685f5db-d5ba-4548-8843-367d82ab53fd> | 2013-05-18T06:47:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.04443359375,
0.0126953125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.1123046875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.1025390625,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.06884765625,
0.03271484375,
0.02294921875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.04296875,
0.041259765625,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957827 | 5,301 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2010/07/ufc-116-live-coverage-from-las-vegas.html | 0.381199 |
You are about to send this message to your friend.
E-mail addresses are a prime target of the email harvesters which spammers use.
In order to protect our users' privacy, access to this data is thus restricted by a password given in the image below.
Since email harvesters cannot read images, this prevents them from finding the addresses
and using them to send spam mail.
We apologize for the inconvenience this causes, but we feel we must do our
part to hinder the proliferation of spam mail. | <urn:uuid:c1819c79-d71d-4d8b-bfa7-a09319245b39> | 2013-05-18T06:59:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.024439102038741112,
0.019764957949519157,
0.01816239394247532,
-0.0020616319961845875,
0.0833333358168602,
-0.07905983179807663,
-0.0002858740626834333,
0.11591880023479462,
0.01655982993543148,
-0.02350427396595478,
0.060363247990608215,
-0.0015942173777148128,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895467 | 109 | http://linguistlist.org/issues/emailmessage/verification.cfm?iss=20-1.html&submissionid=221147&topicid=14&msgnumber=1 | 0.393584 |
I've released man-pages-3.38. The release tarball is available on kernel.org. The browsable online pages can be found on man7.org. The Git repository for man-pages is available on kernel.org.
The most notable changes in man-pages-3.38 are as follows:
- A new get_nprocs_conf(3) page by Petr Beňas documents the get_nprocs_conf() and get_nprocs() functions.
- A new mallopt(3) page (by me) documents the mallopt() library function and corresponding environment variables used for controlling the behavior of the malloc(3) suite of functions.
- A new malloc_get_state(3) page (by me) documents the malloc_get_state() and malloc_set_state() functions.
- The mtrace(3) page has been completely rewritten (by me), adding a lot of detail.
- A new scandirat(3) page by Mark Bannister documents the scandirat() function.
- Mark Bannister also added documentation of the qsort_r() function to the qsort(3) page.
- I've added documentation of the aligned_alloc() function (specified in the recently released C11 standard) and the obsolete pvalloc() function to the posix_memalign(3) page.
- The malloc(3) page adds a short discussion of allocation arenas. | <urn:uuid:1624966c-3636-4bfb-9ca2-be6aae012bd8> | 2013-05-18T06:26:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03209969773888588,
0.013406344689428806,
0.012084592133760452,
0.013500755652785301,
0.040030211210250854,
-0.05740181356668472,
0.027379153296351433,
0.023413896560668945,
-0.04210725054144859,
-0.025113293901085854,
0.02964501455426216,
0.03134441003203392,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.71501 | 321 | http://linux-man-pages.blogspot.com/2012/03/man-pages-338-is-released.html?showComment=1333375380906 | 0.37994 |
By the time Scarlett had undressed and blown out the candle, her
plan for tomorrow had worked itself out in every detail. It was a
simple plan, for, with Gerald's single mindedness of purpose, her
eyes were centered on the goal and she thought only of the most direct
steps by which to reach it.
Scarlett obeyed, bracing herself and catching firm hold of one of the
bedposts. Mammy pulled and jerked vigorously and, as the tiny circumference
of whalebone girdled waist grew smaller, a proud, fond look came into her eyes.
There was no one to tell Scarlett that her own personality, frighteningly
vital though it was, was more attractive than any masquerade she might adopt.
Had she been told, she would have been pleased but unbelieving. And the
civilization of which she was a part would have been unbelieving too, for
at no time, before or since, had so low a premium been placed on feminine naturalness.
As they neared the intersecting road that came down the thickly wooded
hill from Mimosa and Fairhill, the sound of hooves and carriage wheels became
plainer and clamorous feminine voices raised in pleasant dispute sounded from
behind the screen of trees. Gerald, riding ahead, pulled up his horse and signed
to Toby to stop the carriage where the two roads met. | <urn:uuid:72148cfe-5f91-4a58-a8bd-6ad3d83ca51b> | 2013-05-18T06:34:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005778769962489605,
0.01056547649204731,
0.009920635260641575,
0.01795634999871254,
0.08412698656320572,
-0.0337301604449749,
-0.013888888992369175,
0.07976190745830536,
-0.01855158805847168,
-0.03313492238521576,
0.04841269925236702,
0.003968254197388887,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982249 | 291 | http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-dr-geo/2006-04/msg00130.html | 0.400971 |
WE have in this chapter to consider why the females of many birds have not acquired the same ornaments as the male; and why, on the other hand, both sexes of many other birds are equally, or almost equally, ornamented? In the following chapter we shall consider the few cases in which the female is more conspicuously coloured than the male.
In my Origin of Species* I briefly suggested that the long tail of the peacock would be inconvenient and the conspicuous black colour of the male capercailzie dangerous, to the female during the period of incubation: and consequently that the transmission of these characters from the male to the female offspring had been checked through natural selection. I still think that this may have occurred in some few instances: but after mature reflection on all the facts which I have been able to collect, I am now inclined to believe that when the sexes differ, the successive variations have generally been from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex in which they first arose. Since my remarks appeared, the subject of sexual colouration has been discussed in some very interesting papers by Mr. Wallace,*(2) who believes that in almost all cases the successive variations tended at first to be transmitted equally to both sexes; but that the female was saved, through natural selection, from acquiring the conspicuous colours of the male, owing to the danger which she would thus have incurred during incubation.
* Fourth edition, 1866, p. 241.
*(2) Westminster Review, July, 1867. Journal of Travel, vol. i., 1868, p. 73.
This view necessitates a tedious discussion on a difficult point, namely, whether the transmission of a character, which is at first inherited by both sexes can be subsequently limited in its transmission to one sex alone by means of natural selection. We must bear in mind, as shewn in the preliminary chapter on sexual selection, that characters which are limited in their development to one sex are always latent in the other. An imaginary illustration will best aid us in seeing the difficulty of the case; we may suppose that a fancier wished to make a breed of pigeons, in which the males alone should be coloured of a pale blue, whilst the females retained their former slaty tint. As with pigeons characters of all kinds are usually transmitted to both sexes equally, the fancier would have to try to convert this latter form of inheritance into sexually-limited transmission. All that he could do would be to persevere in selecting every male pigeon which was in the least degree of a paler blue; and the natural result of this process, if steadily carried on for a long time, and if the pale variations were strongly inherited or often recurred, would be to make his whole stock of a lighter blue. But our fancier would be compelled to match, generation after generation, his pale blue males with slaty females, for he wishes to keep the latter of this colour. The result would generally be the production either of a mongrel piebald lot, or more probably the speedy and complete loss of the pale-blue tint; for the primordial slaty colour would be transmitted with prepotent force. Supposing, however, that some pale-blue males and slaty females were produced during each successive generation, and were always crossed together, then the slaty females would have, if I may use the expression, much blue blood in their veins, for their fathers, grandfathers, &c., will all have been blue birds. Under these circumstances it is conceivable (though I know of no distinct facts rendering it probable) that the slaty females might acquire so strong a latent tendency to pale-blueness, that they would not destroy this colour in their male offspring, their female offspring still inheriting the slaty tint. If so, the desired end of making a breed with the two sexes permanently different in colour might be gained.
The extreme importance, or rather necessity in the above case of the desired character, namely, pale-blueness, being present though in a latent state in the female, so that the male offspring should not be deteriorated, will be best appreciated as follows: the male of Soemmerring's pheasant has a tail thirty-seven inches in length, whilst that of the female is only eight inches; the tail of the male common pheasant is about twenty inches, and that of the female twelve inches long. Now if the female Soemmerring pheasant with her short tail were crossed with the male common pheasant, there can be no doubt that the male hybrid offspring would have a much longer tail than that of the pure offspring of the common pheasant. On the other hand, if the female common pheasant, with a tail much longer than that of the female Soemmerring pheasant, were crossed with the male of the latter, the male hybrid offspring would have a much shorter tail than that of the pure offspring of Soemmerring's pheasant.*
* Temminck says that the tail of the female Phasianus Soemmerringii is only six inches long, Planches coloriees, vol. v., 1838, pp. 487 and 488: the measurements above given were made for me by Mr. Sclater. For the common pheasant, see Macgillivray, History of British Birds, vol. i., pp. 118-121.
Our fancier, in order to make his new breed with the males of a pale-blue tint, and the females unchanged, would have to continue selecting the males during many generations; and each stage of paleness would have to be fixed in the males, and rendered latent in the females. The task would be an extremely difficult one, and has never been tried, but might possibly be successfully carried out. The chief obstacle would be the early and complete loss of the pale-blue tint, from the necessity of reiterated crosses with the slaty female, the latter not having at first any latent tendency to produce pale-blue offspring.
On the other hand, if one or two males were to vary ever so slightly in paleness, and the variations were from the first limited in their transmission to the male sex, the task of making a new breed of the desired kind would be easy, for such males would simply have to be selected and matched with ordinary females. An analogous case has actually occurred, for there are breeds of the pigeon in Belgium* in which the males alone are marked with black striae. So again Mr. Tegetmeier has recently shewn*(2) that dragons not rarely produce silver-coloured birds, which are almost always hens; and he himself has bred ten such females. It is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a breed of dragons with blue males and silver females. This tendency is indeed so strong that when Mr. Tegetmeier at last got a silver male and matched him with one of the silver females, he expected to get a breed with both sexes thus coloured; he was however disappointed, for the young male reverted to the blue colour of his grandfather, the young female alone being silver. No doubt with patience this tendency to reversion in the males, reared from an occasional silver male matched with a silver hen, might be eliminated, and then both sexes would be coloured alike; and this very process has been followed with success by Mr. Esquilant in the case of silver turbits.
* Dr. Chapius, Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge, 1865, p. 87.
*(2) The Field, Sept., 1872.
With fowls, variations of colour, limited in their transmission to the male sex, habitually occur. When this form of inheritance prevails, it might well happen that some of the successive variations would be transferred to the female, who would then slightly resemble the male, as actually occurs in some breeds. Or again, the greater number, but not all, of the successive steps might be transferred to both sexes, and the female would then closely resemble the male. There can hardly be a doubt that this is the cause of the male pouter pigeon having a somewhat larger crop, and of the male carrier pigeon having somewhat larger wattles, than their respective females; for fanciers have not selected one sex more than the other, and have had no wish that these characters should be more strongly displayed in the male than in the female, yet this is the case with both breeds.
The same process would have to be followed, and the same difficulties encountered, if it were desired to make a breed with the females alone of some new colour.
Lastly, our fancier might wish to make a breed with the two sexes differing from each other, and both from the parent species. Here the difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. We see this with the fowl; thus the two sexes of the pencilled Hamburghs differ greatly from each other, and from the two sexes of the aboriginal Gallus bankiva; and both are now kept constant to their standard of excellence by continued selection, which would be impossible unless the distinctive characters of both were limited in their transmission.
The Spanish fowl offers a more curious case; the male has an immense comb, but some of the successive variations, by the accumulation of which it was acquired, appear to have been transferred to the female; for she has a comb many times larger than that of the females of the parent species. But the comb of the female differs in one respect from that of the male, for it is apt to lop over; and within a recent period it has been ordered by the fancy that this should always be the case, and success has quickly followed the order. Now the lopping of the comb must be sexually limited in its transmission, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the male from being perfectly upright, which would be abhorrent to every fancier. On the other hand, the uprightness of the comb in the male must likewise be a sexually-limited character, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the female from lopping over.
From the foregoing illustrations, we see that even with almost unlimited time at command, it would be an extremely difficult and complex, perhaps an impossible process, to change one form of transmission into the other through selection. Therefore, without distinct evidence in each case, I am unwilling to admit that this has been effected in natural species. On the other hand, by means of successive variations, which were from the first sexually limited in their transmission, there would not be the least difficulty in rendering a male bird widely different in colour or in any other character from the female; the latter being left unaltered, or slightly altered, or specially modified for the sake of protection.
As bright colours are of service to the males in their rivalry with other males, such colours would be selected whether or not they were transmitted exclusively to the same sex. Consequently the females might be expected often to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree; and this occurs with a host of species. If all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males; and this likewise occurs with many birds. If, however, dull colours were of high importance for the safety of the female during incubation, as with many ground birds, the females which varied in brightness, or which received through inheritance from the males any marked accession of brightness, would sooner or later be destroyed. But the tendency in the males to continue for an indefinite period transmitting to their female offspring their own brightness, would have to be eliminated by a change in the form of inheritance; and this, as shewn by our previous illustration, would be extremely difficult. The more probable result of the long-continued destruction of the more brightly-coloured females, supposing the equal form of transmission to prevail would be the lessening or annihilation of the bright colours of the males, owing to their continual crossing with the duller females. It would be tedious to follow out all the other possible results; but I may remind the reader that if sexually limited variations in brightness occurred in the females, even if they were not in the least injurious to them and consequently were not eliminated, yet they would not be favoured or selected, for the male usually accepts any female, and does not select the more attractive individuals; consequently these variations would be liable to be lost, and would have little influence on the character of the race; and this will aid in accounting for the females being commonly duller-coloured than the males.
In the eighth chapter instances were given, to which many might here be added, of variations occurring at various ages, and inherited at the corresponding age. It was also shewn that variations which occur late in life are commonly transmitted to the same sex in which they first appear; whilst variations occurring early in life are apt to be transmitted to both sexes; not that all the cases of sexually-limited transmission can thus be accounted for. It was further shewn that if a male bird varied by becoming brighter whilst young, such variations would be of no service until the age for reproduction had arrived, and there was competition between rival males. But in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. Consequently the males which varied in brightness whilst young would suffer much destruction and be eliminated through natural selection; on the other hand, the males which varied in this manner when nearly mature, notwithstanding that they were exposed to some additional danger, might survive, and from being favoured through sexual selection, would procreate their kind. As a relation often exists between the period of variation and the form of transmission, if the bright-coloured young males were destroyed and the mature ones were successful in their courtship, the males alone would acquire brilliant colours and would transmit them exclusively to their male offspring. But I by no means wish to maintain that the influence of age on the form of transmission, is the sole cause of the great difference in brilliancy between the sexes of many birds.
When the sexes of birds differ in colour, it is interesting to determine whether the males alone have been modified by sexual selection, the females having been left unchanged, or only partially and indirectly thus changed; or whether the females have been specially modified through natural selection for the sake of protection. I will therefore discuss this question at some length, even more fully than its intrinsic importance deserves; for various curious collateral points may thus be conveniently considered.
Before we enter on the subject of colour, more especially in reference to Mr. Wallace's conclusions, it may be useful to discuss some other sexual differences under a similar point of view. A breed of fowls formerly existed in Germany* in which the hens were furnished with spurs; they were good layers, but they so greatly disturbed their nests with their spurs that they could not be allowed to sit on their own eggs. Hence at one time it appeared to me probable that with the females of the wild Gallinaceae the development of spurs had been checked through natural selection, from the injury thus caused to their nests. This seemed all the more probable, as wing-spurs, which would not be injurious during incubation, are often as well developed in the female as in the male; though in not a few cases they are rather larger in the male. When the male is furnished with leg-spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them,- the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in Gallus. Hence it might be argued that the females had aboriginally been furnished with well-developed spurs, but that these had subsequently been lost through disuse or natural selection. But if this view be admitted, it would have to be extended to innumerable other cases; and it implies that the female progenitors of the existing spur-bearing species were once encumbered with an injurious appendage.
* Bechstein, Naturgeschichte Deutschlands, 1793, B. iii., 339.
In some few genera and species, as in Galloperdix, Acomus, and the Javan peacock (Pavo muticus), the females, as well as the males, possess well-developed leg-spurs. Are we to infer from this fact that they construct a different sort of nest from that made by their nearest allies, and not liable to be injured by their spurs; so that the spurs have not been removed? Or are we to suppose that the females of these several species especially require spurs for their defence? It is a more probable conclusion that both the presence and absence of spurs in the females result from different laws of inheritance having prevailed, independently of natural selection. With the many females in which spurs appear as rudiments, we may conclude that some few of the successive variations, through which they were developed in the males, occurred very early in life, and were consequently transferred to the females. In the other and much rarer cases, in which the females possess fully developed spurs, we may conclude that all the successive variations were transferred to them; and that they gradually acquired and inherited the habit of not disturbing their nests.
The vocal organs and the feathers variously modified for producing sound, as well as the proper instincts for using them, often differ in the two sexes, but are sometimes the same in both. Can such differences be accounted for by the males having acquired these organs and instincts, whilst the females have been saved from inheriting them, on account of the danger to which they would have been exposed by attracting the attention of birds or beasts of prey? This does not seem to me probable, when we think of the multitude of birds which with impunity gladden the country with their voices during the spring.* It is a safer conclusion that, as vocal and instrumental organs are of special service only to the males during their courtship, these organs were developed through sexual selection and their constant use in that sex alone- the successive variations and the effects of use having been from the first more or less limited in transmission to the male offspring.
* Daines Barrington, however, thought it probable (Philosophical Transactions, 1773, p. 164) that few female birds sing, because the talent would have been dangerous to them during incubation. He adds, that a similar view may possibly account for the inferiority of the female to the male in plumage.
Many analogous cases could be adduced; those for instance of the plumes on the head being generally longer in the male than in the female, sometimes of equal length in both sexes, and occasionally absent in the female,- these several cases occurring in the same group of birds. It would be difficult to account for such a difference between the sexes by the female having been benefited by possessing a slightly shorter crest than the male, and its consequent diminution or complete suppression through natural selection. But I will take a more favourable case, namely the length of the tail. The long train of the peacock would have been not only inconvenient but dangerous to the peahen during the period of incubation and whilst accompanying her young. Hence there is not the least a priori improbability in the development of her tail having been checked through natural selection. But the females of various pheasants, which apparently are exposed on their open nests to as much danger as the peahen, have tails of considerable length. The females as well as the males of the Menura superba have long tails, and they build a domed nest, which is a great anomaly in so large a bird. Naturalists have wondered how the female Menura could manage her tail during incubation; but it is now known* that she "enters the nest head first, and then turns round with her tail sometimes over her back, but more often bent round by her side. Thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been sitting." Both sexes of an Australian kingfisher (Tanysiptera sylvia) have the middle tail-feathers greatly lengthened, and the female makes her nest in a hole; and as I am informed by Mr. R. B. Sharpe these feathers become much crumpled during incubation.
* Mr. Ramsay, in Proc. Zoolog. Soc., 1868, p. 50.
In these two latter cases the great length of the tail-feathers must be in some degree inconvenient to the female; and as in both species the tail-feathers of the female are somewhat shorter than those of the male, it might be argued that their full development had been prevented through natural selection. But if the development of the tail of the peahen had been checked only when it became inconveniently or dangerously great, she would have retained a much longer tail than she actually possesses; for her tail is not nearly so long, relatively to the size of her body, as that of many female pheasants, nor longer than that of the female turkey. It must also be borne in mind that, in accordance with this view, as soon as the tail of the peahen became dangerously long, and its development was consequently checked, she would have continually reacted on her male progeny, and thus have prevented the peacock from acquiring his present magnificent train. We may therefore infer that the length of the tail in the peacock and its shortness in the peahen are the result of the requisite variations in the male having been from the first transmitted to the male offspring alone.
We are led to a nearly similar conclusion with respect to the length of the tail in the various species of pheasants. In the Eared pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum) the tail is of equal length in both sexes, namely sixteen or seventeen inches; in the common pheasant it is about twenty inches long in the male and twelve in the female; in Soemmerring's pheasant, thirty-seven inches in the male and only eight in the female; and lastly in Reeve's pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy-two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. Thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male; and this can be accounted for, as it seems to me, with much more probability, by the laws of inheritance,- that is by the successive variations having been from the first more or less closely limited in their transmission to the male sex than by the agency of natural selection, resulting from the length of tail being more or less injurious to the females of these several allied species.
We may now consider Mr. Wallace's arguments in regard to the sexual colouration of birds. He believes that the bright tints originally acquired through sexual selection by the males would in all, or almost all cases, have been transmitted to the females, unless the transference had been checked through natural selection. I may here remind the reader that various facts opposed to this view have already been given under reptiles, amphibians, fishes and lepidoptera. Mr. Wallace rests his belief chiefly, but not exclusively, as we shall see in the next chapter, on the following statement,* that when both sexes are coloured in a very conspicuous manner, the nest is of such a nature as to conceal the sitting bird; but when there is a marked contrast of colour between the sexes, the male being gay and the female dull-coloured, the nest is open and exposes the sitting bird to view. This coincidence, as far as it goes, certainly seems to favour the belief that the females which sit on open nests have been specially modified for the sake of protection; but we shall presently see that there is another and more probable explanation, namely, that conspicuous females have acquired the instinct of building domed nests oftener than dull-coloured birds. Mr. Wallace admits that there are, as might have been expected, some exceptions to his two rules, but it is a question whether the exceptions are not so numerous as seriously to invalidate them.
* Journal of Travel, edited by A. Murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 78.
There is in the first place much truth in the Duke of Argyll's remark* that a large domed nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree-haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. Nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the young: this is the case, for instance, with Pyranga aestiva,*(2) one of the most splendid birds in the United States, the male being vermilion, and the female light brownish-green. Now if brilliant colours had been extremely dangerous to birds whilst sitting on their open nests, the males in these cases would have suffered greatly. It might, however, be of such paramount importance to the male to be brilliantly coloured, in order to beat his rivals, that this may have more than compensated some additional danger.
* Journal of Travel, edited by A. Murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 281.
*(2) Audubon, Ornithological Biography, vol. i., p. 233.
Mr. Wallace admits that with the king-crows (Dicrurus), orioles, and Pittidae, the females are conspicuously coloured, yet build open nests; but he urges that the birds of the first group are highly pugnacious and could defend themselves; that those of the second group take extreme care in concealing their open nests, but this does not invariably hold good;* and that with the birds of the third group the females are brightly coloured chiefly on the under surface. Besides these cases, pigeons which are sometimes brightly, and almost always conspicuously coloured, and which are notoriously liable to the attacks of birds of prey, offer a serious exception to the rule, for they almost always build open and exposed nests. In another large family, that of the humming-birds, all the species build open nests, yet with some of the most gorgeous species the sexes are alike; and in the majority, the females, though less brilliant than the males, are brightly coloured. Nor can it be maintained that all female humming-birds, which are brightly coloured, escape detection by their tints being green, for some display on their upper surfaces red, blue, and other colours.*(2)
* Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. ii., p. 108. Gould's Handbook of the Birds of Australia, vol. i., p. 463.
*(2) For instance, the female Eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish loins; the female Lampornis porphyrurus is blackish-green on the upper surface, with the lores and sides of the throat crimson; the female Eulampis jugularis has the top of the head and back green, but the loins and the tail are crimson. Many other instances of highly conspicuous females could be given. See Mr. Gould's magnificent work on this family.
In regard to birds which build in holes or construct domed nests, other advantages, as Mr. Wallace remarks, besides concealment are gained, such as shelter from the rain, greater warmth, and in hot countries protection from the sun;* so that it is no valid objection to his view that many birds having both sexes obscurely coloured build concealed nests.*(2) The female horn-bill (Buceros), for instance, of India and Africa is protected during incubation with extraordinary care, for she plasters up with her own excrement the orifice of the hole in which she sits on her eggs, leaving only a small orifice through which the male feeds her; she is thus kept a close prisoner during the whole period of incubation;*(3) yet female horn-bills are not more conspicuously coloured than many other birds of equal size which build open nests. It is a more serious objection to Mr. Wallace's view, as is admitted by him, that in some few groups the males are brilliantly coloured and the females obscure, and yet the latter hatch their eggs in domed nests. This is the case with the Grallinae of Australia, the superb warblers (Maluridae) of the same country, the sun-birds (Nectariniae), and with several of the Australian honey-suckers or Meliphagidae.*(4)
* Mr. Salvin noticed in Guatemala (Ibis, 1864, p. 375) that humming-birds were much more unwilling to leave their nests during very hot weather, when the sun was shining brightly, as if their eggs would be thus injured, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather.
*(2) I may specify, as instances of dull-coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight Australian genera described in Gould's Handbook of the Birds of Australia, vol. i., pp. 340, 362, 365, 383, 387, 389, 391, 414.
*(3) Mr. C. Horne, Proc. Zoolog. Soc., 1869. p. 243.
*(4) On the nidification and colours of these latter species, see Gould's Handbook of the Birds of Australia, vol. i., pp. 504, 527.
If we look to the birds of England we shall see that there is no close and general relation between the colours of the female and the nature of the nest which is constructed. About forty of our British birds (excluding those of large size which could defend themselves) build in holes in banks, rocks, or trees, or construct domed nests. If we take the colours of the female goldfinch, bullfinch, or black-bird, as a standard of the degree of conspicuousness, which is not highly dangerous to the sitting female, then out of the above forty birds the females of only twelve can be considered as conspicuous to a dangerous degree, the remaining twenty-eight being inconspicuous.* Nor is there any close relation within the same genus between a well-pronounced difference in colour between the sexes, and the nature of the nest constructed. Thus the male house sparrow (Passer domesticus) differs much from the female, the male tree-sparrow (P. montanus) hardly at all, and yet both build well-concealed nests. The two sexes of the common fly-catcher (Muscicapa grisola) can hardly be distinguished, whilst the sexes of the pied fly-catcher (M. luctuosa) differ considerably, and both species build in holes or conceal their nests. The female blackbird (Turdus merula) differs much, the female ring-ouzel (T. torquatus) differs less, and the female common thrush (T. musicus) hardly at all from their respective males; yet all build open nests. On the other hand, the not very distantly-allied water-ouzel (Cinclus aquaticus) builds a domed nest, and the sexes differ about as much as in the ring-ouzel. The black and red grouse (Tetrao tetrix and T. scoticus) build open nests in equally well-concealed spots, but in the one species the sexes differ greatly, and in the other very little.
* I have consulted, on this subject, Macgillivray's British Birds, and though doubts may be entertained in some cases in regard to the degree of concealment of the nest, and to the degree of conspicuousness of the female, yet the following birds, which all lay their eggs in holes or in domed nests, can hardly be considered, by the above standard, as conspicuous: Passer, 2 species; Sturnus, of which the female is considerably less brilliant than the male; Cinclus; Motallica boarula (?); Erithacus (?); Fruticola, 2 sp.; Saxicola; Ruticilla, 2 sp.; Sylvia, 3 sp.; Parus, 3 sp.; Mecistura anorthura; Certhia; Sitta; Yunx; Muscicapa, 2 sp.; Hirundo, 3 sp.; and Cypselus. The females of the following 12 birds may be considered as conspicuous according to the same standard, viz., Pastor, Motacilla alba, Parus major and P. caeruleus, Upupa, Picus, 4 sp., Coracias, Alcedo, and Merops.
Notwithstanding the foregoing objections, I cannot doubt, after reading Mr. Wallace's excellent essay, that looking to the birds of the world, a large majority of the species in which the females are conspicuously coloured (and in this case the males with rare exceptions are equally conspicuous), build concealed nests for the sake of protection. Mr. Wallace enumerates* a long series of groups in which this rule bolds good; but it will suffice here to give, as instances, the more familiar groups of kingfishers, toucans, trogons, puff-birds (Capitonidae), plantain-eaters (Musophagae, woodpeckers, and parrots. Mr. Wallace believes that in these groups, as the males gradually acquired through sexual selection their brilliant colours, these were transferred to the females and were not eliminated by natural selection, owing to the protection which they already enjoyed from their manner of nidification. According to this view, their present manner of nesting was acquired before their present colours. But it seems to me much more probable that in most cases, as the females were gradually rendered more and more brilliant from partaking of the colours of the male, they were gradually led to change their instincts (supposing that they originally built open nests), and to seek protection by building domed or concealed nests. No one who studies, for instance, Audubon's account of the differences in the nests of the same species in the northern and southern United States,*(2) will feel any great difficulty in admitting that birds, either by a change (in the strict sense of the word) of their habits, or through the natural selection of so-called spontaneous variations of instinct, might readily be led to modify their manner of nesting.
* Journal of Travel, edited by A. Murray, vol. i., p. 78.
*(2) See many statements in the Ornithological Biography. See also some curious observations on the nests of Italian birds by Eugenio Bettoni, in the Atti della Societa Italiana, vol. xi., 1869, p. 487.
This way of viewing the relation, as far as it holds good, between the bright colours of female birds and their manner of nesting, receives some support from certain cases occurring in the Sahara Desert. Here, as in most other deserts, various birds, and many other animals, have had their colours adapted in a wonderful manner to the tints of the surrounding surface. Nevertheless there are, as I am informed by the Rev. Mr. Tristram, some curious exceptions to the rule; thus the male of the Monticola cyanea is conspicuous from his bright blue colour, and the female almost equally conspicuous from her mottled brown and white plumage; both sexes of two species of Dromolaea are of a lustrous black; so that these three species are far from receiving protection from their colours, yet they are able to survive, for they have acquired the habit of taking refuge from danger in holes or crevices in the rocks.
With respect to the above groups in which the females are conspicuously coloured and build concealed nests, it is not necessary to suppose that each separate species had its nidifying instinct specially modified; but only that the early progenitors of each group were gradually led to build domed or concealed nests, and afterwards transmitted this instinct, together with their bright colours, to their modified descendants. As far as it can be trusted, the conclusion is interesting, that sexual selection together with equal or nearly equal inheritance by both sexes, have indirectly determined the manner of nidification of whole groups of birds.
According to Mr. Wallace, even in the groups in which the females, from being protected in domed nests during incubation, have not had their bright colours eliminated through natural selection, the males often differ in a slight, and occasionally in a considerable degree from the females. This is a significant fact, for such differences in colour must be accounted for by some of the variations in the males having been from the first limited in transmission to the same sex; as it can hardly be maintained that these differences, especially when very slight, serve as a protection to the female. Thus all the species in the splendid group of the trogons build in holes; and Mr. Gould gives figures* of both sexes of twenty-five species, in all of which, with one partial exception, the sexes differ sometimes slightly, sometimes conspicuously, in colour,- the males being always finer than the females, though the latter are likewise beautiful. All the species of kingfishers build in holes, and with most of the species the sexes are equally brilliant, and thus far Mr. Wallace's rule holds good; but in some of the Australian species the colours of the females are rather less vivid than those of the male; and in one splendidly-coloured species, the sexes differ so much that they were at first thought to be specifically distinct.*(2) Mr. R. B. Sharpe, who has especially studied this group, has shewn me some American species (Ceryle) in which the breast of the male is belted with black. Again, in Carcineutes, the difference between the sexes is conspicuous: in the male the upper surface is dull-blue banded with black, the lower surface being partly fawn-coloured, and there is much red about the head; in the female the upper surface is reddish-brown banded with black, and the lower surface white with black markings It is an interesting fact, as shewing how the same peculiar style of sexual colouring often characterises allied forms, that in three species of Dacelo the male differs from the female only in the tail being dull-blue banded with black, whilst that of the female is brown with blackish bars; so that here the tail differs in colour in the two sexes in exactly the same manner as the whole upper surface in the two sexes of Carcineutes.
* See his Monograph of the Trogonidae, 1st edition.
*(2) Namely, Cyanalcyon. Gould's Handbook of the Birds of Australia, vol. i., p. 133; see, also, pp. 130, 136.
With parrots, which likewise build in holes, we find analogous cases: in most of the species, both sexes are brilliantly coloured and indistinguishable, but in not a few species the males are coloured rather more vividly than the females, or even very differently from them. Thus, besides other strongly-marked differences, the whole under surface of the male king lory (Aprosmictus scapulatus) is scarlet, whilst the throat and chest of the female is green tinged with red: in the Euphema splendida there is a similar difference, the face and wing coverts moreover of the female being of a paler blue than in the male.* In the family of the tits (Parinae), which build concealed nests, the female of our common blue tomtit (Parus caeruleus), is "much less brightly coloured" than the male: and in the magnificent sultan yellow tit of India the difference is greater.*(2)
* Every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of Australia. See Gould, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 14-102.
*(2) Macgillivray's British Birds, vol. ii., p. 433. Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. ii., p. 282.
Again, in the great group of the woodpeckers,* the sexes are generally nearly alike, but in the Megapicus validus all those parts of the head, neck, and breast, which are crimson in the male are pale brown in the female. As in several woodpeckers the head of the male is bright crimson, whilst that of the female is plain, it occurred to me that this colour might possibly make the female dangerously conspicuous, whenever she put her head out of the hole containing her nest, and consequently that this colour, in accordance with Mr. Wallace's belief, had been eliminated. This view is strengthened by what Malherbe states with respect to Indopicus carlotta; namely, that the young females, like the young males, have some crimson about their heads, but that this colour disappears in the adult female, whilst it is intensified in the adult male. Nevertheless the following considerations render this view extremely doubtful: the male takes a fair share in incubation,*(2) and would be thus almost equally exposed to danger; both sexes of many species have their heads of an equally bright crimson; in other species the difference between the sexes in the amount of scarlet is so slight that it can hardly make any appreciable difference in the danger incurred; and lastly, the colouring of the head in the two sexes often differs slightly in other ways.
* All the following facts are taken from M. Malherbe's magnificent Monographie des Picidees, 1861.
*(2) Audubon's Ornithological Biography, vol. ii., p. 75; see also the Ibis, vol. i., p. 268.
The cases, as yet given, of slight and graduated differences in colour between the males and females in the groups, in which as a general rule the sexes resemble each other, all relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. But similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests.
As I have before instanced the Australian parrots, so I may here instance, without giving any details, the Australian pigeons.* It deserves especial notice that in all these cases the slight differences in plumage between the sexes are of the same general nature as the occasionally greater differences. A good illustration of this fact has already been afforded by those kingfishers in which either the tail alone or the whole upper surface of the plumage differs in the same manner in the two sexes. Similar cases may be observed with parrots and pigeons. The differences in colour between the sexes of the same species are, also, of the same general nature as the differences in colour between the distinct species of the same group. For when in a group in which the sexes are usually alike, the male differs considerably from the female, he is not coloured in a quite new style. Hence we may infer that within the same group the special colours of both sexes when they are alike, and the colours of the male, when he differs slightly or even considerably from the female, have been in most cases determined by the same general cause; this being sexual selection.
* Gould's Handbook of the Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pp. 109-149.
It is not probable, as has already been remarked, that differences in colour between the sexes, when very slight, can be of service to the female as a protection. Assuming, however, that they are of service, they might be thought to be cases of transition; but we have no reason to believe that many species at any one time are undergoing change. Therefore we can hardly admit that the numerous females which differ very slightly in colour from their males are now all commencing to become obscure for the sake of protection. Even if we consider somewhat more marked sexual differences, is it probable, for instance, that the head of the female chaffinch,- the crimson on the breast of the female bullfinch,- the green of the female greenfinch,- the crest of the female golden-crested wren, have all been rendered less bright by the slow process of selection for the sake of protection? I cannot think so; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. On the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small, may to a large extent be explained on the principle of the successive variations, acquired by the males through sexual selection, having been from the first more or less limited in their transmission to the females. That the degree of limitation should differ in different species of the same group will not surprise any one who has studied the laws of inheritance, for they are so complex that they appear to us in our ignorance to be capricious in their action.*
* See remarks to this effect in Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. ii., chap. xii.
As far as I can discover there are few large groups of birds in which all the species have both sexes alike and brilliantly coloured, but I hear from Mr. Sclater, that this appears to be the case with the Musophagae or plantain-eaters. Nor do I believe that any large group exists in which the sexes of all the species are widely dissimilar in colour: Mr. Wallace informs me that the chatterers of S. America (Cotingidae) offer one of the best instances; but with some of the species, in which the male has a splendid red breast, the female exhibits some red on her breast; and the females of other species shew traces of the green and other colours of the males. Nevertheless we have a near approach to close sexual similarity or dissimilarity throughout several groups: and this, from what has just been said of the fluctuating nature of inheritance, is a somewhat surprising circumstance. But that the same laws should largely prevail with allied animals is not surprising. The domestic fowl has produced a great number of breeds and sub-breeds, and in these the sexes generally differ in plumage; so that it has been noticed as an unusual circumstance when in certain sub-breeds they resemble each other. On the other hand, the domestic pigeon has likewise produced a vast number of distinct breeds and sub-breeds, and in these, with rare exceptions, the two sexes are identically alike.
Therefore if other species of Gallus and Columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would hold good in both cases. In like manner the same form of transmission has generally prevailed under nature throughout the same groups, although marked exceptions to this rule occur. Thus within the same family or even genus, the sexes may be identically alike, or very different in colour. Instances have already been given in the same genus, as with sparrows, flycatchers, thrushes and grouse. In the family of pheasants the sexes of almost all the species are wonderfully dissimilar, but are quite alike in the eared pheasant or Crossoptilon auritum. In two species of Chloephaga, a genus of geese, the male cannot be distinguished from the females, except by size; whilst in two others, the sexes are so unlike that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species.*
* The Ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 122.
The laws of inheritance can alone account for the following cases, in which the female acquires, late in life, certain characters proper to the male, and ultimately comes to resemble him more or less completely. Here protection can hardly have come into play. Mr. Blyth informs me that the females of Oriolus melanocephalus and of some allied species, when sufficiently mature to breed, differ considerably in plumage from the adult males; but after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. In the dwarf bitterns (Ardetta), according to the same authority, "the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male." So again the female Falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. Mr. Swinhoe states that with one of the drongo shrikes (Dicrurus macrocercus) the male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish-black; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers; and does not completely assume the uniform black colour of the male for three years. The same excellent observer remarks that in the spring of the second year the female spoon-bill (Platalea) of China resembles the male of the first year, and that apparently it is not until the third spring that she acquires the same adult plumage as that possessed by the male at a much earlier age. The female Bombycilla carolinensis differs very little from the male, but the appendages, which like beads of red sealing-wax ornament the wing-feathers,* are not developed in her so early in life as in the male. In the male of an Indian parrakeet (Paloeornis javanicus) the upper mandible is coral-red from his earliest youth, but in the female, as Mr. Blyth has observed with caged and wild birds, it is at first black and does not become red until the bird is at least a year old, at which age the sexes resemble each other in all respects. Both sexes of the wild turkey are ultimately furnished with a tuft of bristles on the breast, but in two-year-old birds the tuft is about four inches long in the male and hardly apparent in the female; when, however, the latter has reached her fourth year, it is from four to five inches in length.*(2)
* When the male courts the female, these ornaments are vibrated, and "are shewn off to great advantage," on the outstretched wings: A. Leith Adams, Field and Forest Rambles, 1873, p. 153.
*(2) On Ardetta, Translation of Cuvier's Regne Animal, by Mr. Blyth, footnote, p. 159. On the peregrine falcon, Mr. Blyth, in Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. i., 1837, p. 304. On Dicrurus, Ibis, 1863, p. 44. On the Platalea, Ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. On the Bombycilla, Audubon's Ornitholog. Biography, vol. i., p. 229. On the Palaeornis, see, also, Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. i., p. 263. On the wild turkey, Audubon, ibid., vol. i., p. 15; but I hear from Judge Caton that in Illinois the female very rarely acquires a tuft. Analogous cases with the females of Petrcocssyphus are given by Mr. R. Sharpe, Proeedings of the Zoological Society, 1872, p. 496.
These cases must not be confounded with those where diseased or old females abnormally assume masculine characters, nor with those where fertile females, whilst young, acquire the characters of the male, through variation or some unknown cause.* But all these cases have so much in common that they depend, according to the hypothesis of pangenesis, on gemmules derived from each part of the male being present, though latent, in the female; their development following on some slight change in the elective affinities of her constituent tissues.
* Of these latter cases Mr. Blyth has recorded (Translation of Cuvier's Regne Animal, p. 158) various instances with Lanius, Ruticilla, Linaria, and Anas. Audubon has also recorded a similar case (Ornitholog. Biography, vol. v., p. 519) with Pyranga aestiva.
A few words must be added on changes of plumage in relation to the season of the year. From reasons formerly assigned there can be little doubt that the elegant plumes, long pendant feathers, crests, &c., of egrets, herons, and many other birds, which are developed and retained only during the summer, serve for ornamental and nuptial purposes, though common to both sexes. The female is thus rendered more conspicuous during the period of incubation than during the winter; but such birds as herons and egrets would be able to defend themselves. As, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting off inconvenient ornaments during the winter. But this view cannot be extended to the many waders, whose summer and winter plumages differ very little in colour. With defenceless species, in which both sexes, or the males alone, become extremely conspicuous during the breeding-season,- or when the males acquire at this season such long wing or tail-feathers as to impede their flight, as with Cosmetornis and Vidua,- it certainly at first appears highly probable that the second moult has been gained for the special purpose of throwing off these ornaments. We must, however, remember that many birds, such as some of the birds of paradise, the Argus pheasant and peacock, do not cast their plumes during the winter; and it can hardly be maintained that the constitution of these birds, at least of the Gallinaceae, renders a double moult impossible, for the ptarmigan moults thrice in the year.* Hence it must be considered as doubtful whether the many species which moult their ornamental plumes or lose their bright colours during the winter, have acquired this habit on account of the inconvenience or danger which they would otherwise have suffered.
* See Gould's Birds of Great Britain.
I conclude, therefore, that the habit of moulting twice in the year was in most or all cases first acquired for some distinct purpose, perhaps for gaining a warmer winter covering; and that variations in the plumage occurring during the summer were accumulated through sexual selection, and transmitted to the offspring at the same season of the year; that such variations were inherited either by both sexes or by the males alone, according to the form of inheritance which prevailed. This appears more probable than that the species in all cases originally tended to retain their ornamental plumage during the winter, but were saved from this through natural selection, resulting from the inconvenience or danger thus caused.
I have endeavoured in this chapter to shew that the arguments are not trustworthy in favour of the view that weapons, bright colours, and various ornaments, are now confined to the males owing to the conversion, by natural selection, of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes, into transmission to the male sex alone. It is also doubtful whether the colours of many female birds are due to the preservation, for the sake of protection, of variations which were from the first limited in their transmission to the female sex. But it will be convenient to defer any further discussion on this subject until I treat, in the following chapter, of the differences in plumage between the young and old. | <urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107> | 2013-05-18T06:19:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0120849609375,
0.01055908203125,
0.002716064453125,
0.0007476806640625,
0.091796875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.017822265625,
0.10595703125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.022216796875,
0.049560546875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.09765625,
0.01318359375,
0.0235595703125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971138 | 11,677 | http://literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-descent-of-man/chapter-15.html | 0.606556 |
recently added numerous new items to its inventory of state-of-the-art video equipment. Included in the purchase were 15 new projectors, including the Barco SLM R10 and RLM G5 and Christie Digital L8 and LX20, two new High End Systems Catalyst systems, eight AV Stumpfl screens, and five NEC 61" plasma panels.
It's important to our clients that we offer the latest and best equipment," commented Scharff Weisberg VP of staging Michael Halper. "Our recent acquisitions represent the state of the art in the industry and have been thoroughly researched in terms of quality and relevance to our clients' business."
The largest portion of the purchase is new video projectors, with models from Barco and Christie Digital selected to provide a wide range of performance and cost options. The new Catalyst systems will be put to work immediately on the Broadway production of Wicked, which opens in San Francisco in June before coming to New York in October. The AV Stumpfl projection screens were chosen for their fast-fold capabilities and square corners.
In other equipment news, the company will be purchasing new audio equipment including a 48-input Midas Heritage 3000 console and linear-array speaker system. Research is also being completed on a new high-resolution video switching. | <urn:uuid:f2d0009f-393b-4f4b-bdf5-16fee0414c62> | 2013-05-18T07:29:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.021359426900744438,
0.010416666977107525,
0.004129840061068535,
-0.0002186579367844388,
0.09006734192371368,
0.004524410702288151,
0.004103535320609808,
0.048400674015283585,
-0.05071548745036125,
-0.022832492366433144,
0.05513468012213707,
0.0015519780572503805,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958084 | 264 | http://livedesignonline.com/news/show_business_scharff_weisberg_announces | 0.209968 |
Author's note: I apologize for taking so long to post this chapter. I had a lot of thoughts and ideas to weed through, and I hope this works for you. If you like what I've written or have some constructive criticism, please post a review or send me a message.
Previously: Chris, Nathan, Vin, and Josiah have left town to carry out a job for Judge Travis. Sammy, feeling constrained by the watchful eyes of the residents of Four Corners snuck out of town to the pond. While there, she comes close to being attacked by two men, only to be rescued by Michael Langdon.
Oren Travis sat on the porch outside the saloon, smoking a cigarillo. He would be catching the stage to Red Fork later in the day. Chris had sent a telegram reporting that he and the other peacekeepers had arrived there the day before with their prisoners. Having turned the men over to the town marshal, they were on their way back to Four Corners.
Crushing out his cigarillo, he rose and stretched the kinks out of his back. He was planning to go spend some time with his grandson before he had to leave. However, Judge Travis's attention was caught by Sammy and a man he vaguely recognized riding into town. Normally, a sight like that wouldn't have piqued his interest as people rode into and out of town all the time. But he knew how protective Chris was of Sammy, and he couldn't imagine Chris having condoned the activity.
Curious, Judge Travis watched as the two riders neared the livery stable. Sammy dismounted, but the man remaining atop his horse. They exchanged words, but he was too far away to hear what was being said. Sammy led her horse into the stable, while the man continued in the direction of the saloon. As he couldn't help but notice that the girl was moving a bit too stiffly, his curiosity was piqued even more.
Resuming his seat, he decided to wait for the man to dismount and move onto the porch. "Did I just see you ride in with Samantha Browning?" he asked, lighting another cigarillo.
"What business is it of yours if I did?" Michael studied the older man. His brow furrowed slightly. The older man was slightly familiar, but Michael couldn't place him. Either way, he was in no mood for small talk at the moment.
"I'm Oren Travis, territorial judge. I'm also a good friend of Chris Larabee."
Damn, Michael thought. Now he remembered. During his marshal days, it had once been his duty to escort a prisoner to a trial before Judge Travis. Michael removed his hat and dusted it against his pant leg in agitation. Given the man's identity and his connection to Chris, he supposed it would be better to answer than not. Sighing in frustration, he said, "I was riding into town when I spotted her at the pond, and she wasn't alone. There were two saddle bums who were preparing to raise sand with her." Michael settled his hat back on his head. "I chased them off and escorted her back here."
Judge Travis glanced in the direction of the livery stable. He almost felt sorry for the girl, as Chris certainly wouldn't be happy when he heard what happened. Turning back to Michael, he asked, "she okay?"
Michael debated about how to answer that question. Given the sensitivity of the subject, he decided to be a bit judicious in his response. "They didn't hurt her, but I'd say she's still a mite sore." When Judge Travis raised his eyebrow in inquiry, Michael continued. "That's something you'll have to discuss with her. Now, if you'll excuse me." He moved past the older man and into the saloon.
Oren Travis removed his hat and scratched his head as he contemplated his next move. Finally making up his mind, he stepped off the saloon's porch and headed toward the livery stable. He paused as he stepped into the darken structure and watched Sammy as she carried her horse's saddle to the tack room. His earlier impression had been right, she was moving a bit too stiffly.
Sammy started when she came out of the tack room and saw Judge Travis standing in the wide doorway. She had known he was in town, but hadn't run into him, so she couldn't help but wonder why he was here now. For the moment, however, she tried to ignore him as she entered her horse's stall to begin the grooming process.
"I heard you've had quite the day," Judge Travis stated as he neared the stall. He casually crossed his arms on the top of the stall door, patiently waiting for Sammy to respond. His instincts told him to tread carefully if he wanted to have his curiosity satisfied.
Sammy looked up from running the curry brush along the horse's side and met Judge Travis's eyes. When she had first met the man, she had resented him for the role he'd played in preventing her from being able to pursue her revenge against the Slater gang. Since she had adapted to life in Four Corners and had grown closer to Chris, some of that resentment had eased. That didn't stop her attitude from showing through. "Yeah, so?"
Judge Travis grinned. He'd had a lot of practice reading people, and Sammy was definitely uncomfortable. Whether it was his presence or the thought of what suspected had happened between her and Langdon was yet to be determined.
"I ran into Michael Langdon over at the saloon. He told me what happened."
"Why, that boot-licker. He had no business telling you about it. Or anyone else, for that matter." Sammy nearly slung the brush onto the shelf. The horse shied away in fear at her sudden outburst.
Ignoring her language, Judge Travis stepped back and opened the stall door. "Come on out of there," he directed. Taking her by the arm as she exited the enclosure, he led her over to sit on a hay bale. He took a seat beside her.
"I've been meaning to sit down and talk with you about how you're finding life here in Four Corners. Mary tells me you're settling in well." He glanced over at Sammy.
Not quite sure where this conversation was going, she shrugged. "I suppose I am."
Judge Travis bit back a grin at her reticence. This was going exactly as he'd expected. "She also tells me you are helping out at the school. How's that going? Are you enjoying the work?"
Sammy tried not to pleasure at the idea of her time at the school show on her face. "It's a good job. I do enjoy it."
"Maybe I can make some inquiries about getting you admitted into one of the normal schools back east so you can be formally trained as a teacher." He paused a moment to let the idea settle in. "That is, if that is what you want to do. Why don't you think about it and discuss it with Chris?"
She wouldn't admit it, but Judge Travis's offer had certainly taken her by surprise. "I'll think about it."
He nodded and settled back on his makeshift seat. Now was the time to get to the meat of the matter. "You want to tell me about what happened at the pond?"
Sammy shifted so she could look the older man in the eye. What she saw there was concern and a measure of patience, rather than the condemnation she had expected to see. She sighed heavily and shifted so that her back was against the wall and pulled her feet up onto the bale of hay. In doing so, she took some of the pressure off her still sore backside. Wrapping her arms around her raised knees, she leaned her head back so that she could study the hayloft.
"I had to get out of town for a while. Since Chris left, people seemed to be watching my every move. It was worse than when Chris is around. At least he lets me have the run of town without having to explain my every move."
"I suppose that would make a person itchy," Judge Travis commented when Sammy paused.
"Yeah, I managed to make my way out of town without being stopped. At first I planned to just ride for a while, then head back to town. But, when I got to the pond I decided to stop. I was sittin' on that giant boulder that overlooks the water. You know the one?" she asked. When Judge Travis nodded, indicating he knew the area to which she was referring. "Well, I'd been sittin' there maybe fifteen minutes, just thinking about stuff, when two men came up behind me." She shuddered at the thought of what had nearly happened. "I spent enough time with the Slater gang that I knew exactly what they had planned. Those sons-a-bitches would have done it, too, if Michael Langdon hadn't shown up." She ignored the judge's raised eyebrow at her use of the vulgar term.
Judge Travis acted on instinct and draped his arm around her shoulders and pulled her close to his side. "You were a very lucky young woman."
Sammy took comfort from Oren's embrace. "I know. I don't think I've ever been so scared, even when I was living with the Slaters." She wiped a tear from her eye. Giving a short laugh, she continued, "I guess I finally learned that lesson Chris keeps trying to teach me about ridin' out alone."
A thought suddenly occurred to her. "You're not going to tell Chris about this, are you?" Sammy asked, turning pleading eyes to the older man.
The judge studied her a moment. Deciding that fostering trust between them was more important than telling on her to Chris, he shook his head. "No, what you just told me stays between us." He smiled kindly when Sammy sighed in relief. "However, Four Corners is a small town. It's a good bet he'll hear about it from someone else. You'd do better to tell him yourself."
XxxxxxX XxxxxxX XxxxxxX
Chris sighed as he and his friends rode back into Four Corners. He was weary from being on the road for so long. He wanted a drink, a meal, a bath, and to check in with Mary and Sammy, and not particularly in that order.
"What's eatin' you, Cowboy?" Vin asked. He hadn't missed his friend's sigh.
"Nothin'," he replied as he dismounted in front of the livery stable. He looked around at what he could see of the town. It didn't look like anything had changed. "Just glad to be home." And wasn't it strange to be calling someplace "home," he thought. He'd spent much of the last several years on the run from his memories, only to finally find his place in this town.
"I hear that," Nathan stated from his other side.
Josiah grinned as he led his horse into the stable. "It's a wonder how quickly a place can become home."
The four men unsaddled and groomed their horses in companionable silence. Each was lost in his own thoughts of what Four Corners and the people had come to mean to them.
Finally, giving his horse one final affectionate slap on the rump, Chris stepped out of the stall. He'd decided that the first order of business was to be a drink and a serving of whatever Inez had prepared in the kitchen of the saloon. Then he'd go by the boarding house for a change of clothes before heading over to the bath house to get cleaned up.
A few minutes later, he was ensconced at a corner table, a beer at his elbow and a plate of tamales and beans in front of him. Given the relatively early hour, the saloon was nearly empty, but the few customers who were there were giving the black-clad gunman a wide berth.
Michael Langdon entered the saloon just as Chris stood to leave. Deciding now was as good a time as any to have this particular discussion, he stepped into the older man's path. "Can I have a word with you, Larabee? I'll buy you a beer."
Chris nearly shoved Michael out of his path and walked on. However, something in the younger man's face made him pause. He turned on his heel and headed back to the table he'd just vacated. "You've got five minutes," he said over his shoulder. "Keep your beer."
Michael nodded and followed Chris. Given their history, he supposed five minutes was as good as he was going to get.
"Whatta you want?" Chris demanded as soon as Michael neared the table.
Michael nearly changed his mind, but what he was after would be worth the confrontation. He pulled a chair out and sat. Leaning back, he crossed his arms over his chest. "I know we haven't gotten off on the right foot, but I want to change that."
"Why?" Chris questioned as he studied the other man's face. He wasn't sure he liked what he saw there.
Michael shifted in his chair. He nearly walked away from the table, but that wouldn't get him what he wanted. "I want your permission to court Sammy."
Chris stared at the younger man for several long seconds before smiling. It was a grin many people had learned to fear. "And exactly why would I do that?" He leaned back in his chair in a deceptively relaxed pose.
"Because I'm not the same man you first met. That's my past. It's not my present or my future. Right now, I want to work hard and make a good living and find a good woman to settle down and raise a family with. I think Sammy may just be that woman." Michael studied Chris, trying to read the inscrutable expression on his face.
Chris leaned forward to brace his hands on the table, bringing his face close to Michael's. "I catch you anywhere near Sammy, and by the time I get done with you there won't be enough of you left to even interest the buzzards." He straightened and stalked out of the saloon.
His temper was on a slow boil when Chris stepped into the foyer of the boarding house. The first thing he noticed was the piano music. He instantly recognized it as something Sammy played when there was something weighing heavily on her mind.
The music abruptly stopped, and Sammy appeared in the parlor doorway. "You're home," she said as she moved to embrace Chris. She stopped short as she reached him. "You smell worse than a horse."
Chris gave a short bark of laughter. "Hello to you, too." He studied Sammy's face. "Something on your mind?"
Sammy nodded. "It can wait. I'm sure you want to get cleaned up."
Chris's eyes narrowed. Whatever had been on Sammy's mind had her upset. He glanced around the parlor, trying to decide if he'd ruin any of Mrs. Patterson's furniture if he sat on it. Finally deciding it was safe enough, he grasped Sammy by the arm and led her into the room. "You're more important than me taking a bath. If you can stand the smell, we can talk about whatever's eatin' at you."
Sammy sighed heavily. This wasn't a conversation she had looked forward to having, but she supposed it would be better to get it over with sooner rather than later. "How was your trip?" she asked, hoping to ease into the subject.
"Long and dirty," Chris replied shortly. "Somehow, I don't think my trip is what's on your mind. Something happen while I was gone?"
Sammy shrugged and moved to pace the room, unable to stand still. "After you rode out, everybody in town started keeping an eagle eye on me. I couldn't walk down the street without ten people asking me what I was doing or where I was going." She turned to face Chris, and he could see the strain in her face.
"I didn't put them up to it, if that's what yer thinkin."
"I didn't think you had," Sammy responded. "I'd like to think you trust me more than that." She moved to sit on the small rocking chair in the corner of the room. "It got to be too much, and I had to get away for a while." She studied Chris's face as she told him exactly what had happened at the pond, including what had happened between her and Michael. "I guess I finally learned my lesson," she said as she shrugged her shoulders.
Chris rubbed his hands over his face and stared at Sammy over the tips of his fingers. His gaze was so intent that she started squirming in her seat. He supposed this was what had spurred Langdon to approach him about courting her. "I ought to blister your ass, you know that don't you?"
"Yes, sir," Sammy replied in a soft voice. This was exactly what she had been expecting and was afraid that sitting was soon to become just a fond memory.
Chris let her continue to squirm for several long moments. "I'm proud of you." He nearly grinned at the surprise that crossed Sammy's face. Obviously, it wasn't what she had expected to hear. "But I won't. In the time you've been here, you've grown into a responsible, caring young lady. I'm going to give you the benefit of the doubt this time and assume you've more than learned your lesson." He paused to allow his words to sink in. "But," he said, his voice taking on a stern tone, "you pull anything like that again, and I'll strip all the skin off your backside. Is that clear?"
Sammy grinned. "Perfectly." She stood and considered her next move. Making up her mind, she threw her arms around Chris and hugged him tightly.
"I love you, Chris."
He hugged her back, oblivious to the tear that left a muddy track through the dust that coated his face. Yes, he thought, he was home.
Author's Note: I've decided to end this story here. I promise to return to Four Corners one day. There are still so many stories to tell. In the meantime, I've got some ideas to explore in my NCIS story, More Than She Can Chew. | <urn:uuid:f31245b5-2b1c-43cf-9cf2-6d47b8d90fbf> | 2013-05-18T07:21:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00115966796875,
0.0107421875,
0.0087890625,
0.00421142578125,
0.1103515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.07373046875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0546875,
0.054931640625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0615234375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.994369 | 3,880 | http://m.fanfiction.net/s/7216374/18/ | 0.338508 |
UEFA Champions League holders Chelsea FC failed in their quest to lift the FIFA Club World Cup after falling to a 1-0 defeat at the hands of SC Corinthians Paulista.
José Paolo Guerrero headed the winner after 69 minutes, and the Blues, who lost Gary Cahill to a red card late on, were unable to find an equaliser despite late pressure which included Juan Mata connecting with a post.
After defeating Mexico's CF Monterrey to reach the final, Chelsea went close to going ahead against the Copa Libertadores champions when Cahill had an early effort blocked on the line. Emerson hit the post for the Brazilian side before Cássio Ramos in the Corinthians goal denied Frank Lampard and Victor Moses.
The winner came as Danilo's shot looped into the air off defender Cahill and Guerrero reacted smartly to head the ball past three defenders on the line, ensuring the trophy failed to return to Europe for the first time since 2006.
"We had enough chances to at least draw the match," said Lampard. "Corinthians are a very good, very organised team as Brazilian teams at club level can be."
© 1998-2013 UEFA. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:da625dd9-207e-4490-8074-d791eb322b09> | 2013-05-18T05:33:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.03802281245589256,
0.02293250896036625,
-0.00001554887967358809,
-0.012357414700090885,
0.05917300283908844,
-0.04111216589808464,
-0.007129277568310499,
0.05204372480511665,
0.051330797374248505,
-0.07176806032657623,
0.034933459013700485,
0.0444391630589962,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960992 | 249 | http://m.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/1907505/ | 0.461864 |
[Python-Dev] Math.sqrt(-1) -- nan or ValueError?
hasan.diwan at gmail.com
Tue Sep 4 23:43:04 CEST 2007
I'm trying to fix a failing unit test in revision 57974. The test in
question claims that math.sqrt(-1) should raise ValueError; the code itself
gives "nan" as a result for that expression. I can modify the test and
therefore have it pass, but I'm not sure if an exception would be more
appropriate. I'd be happy for some direction here. Many thanks!
Hasan Diwan <hasan.diwan at gmail.com>
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
More information about the Python-Dev | <urn:uuid:98a77e57-ca2d-4e38-bde0-9c34e1c399ac> | 2013-05-18T05:14:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.05954141914844513,
0.008367233909666538,
0.022096892818808556,
0.027181953191757202,
0.02588757313787937,
-0.04123520851135254,
-0.0020802514627575874,
0.1042899414896965,
-0.017381656914949417,
-0.039016272872686386,
0.039755918085575104,
0.025702662765979767,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.792247 | 170 | http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2007-September/074415.html | 0.186272 |
How do we explain clp to newcomers?
mwh at python.net
Tue Oct 1 16:17:07 CEST 2002
claird at lairds.org (Cameron Laird) writes:
> Is there a canonical page, presumably at www.python.org, or, more
> specifically, the Wiki, that answers the question, "What do you
> mean, 'post my question to the Usenet comp.lang.python newsgroup'?"?
> If there isn't one already, I'll make one for the Wiki. I'd like
> to avoid the labor, of course.
Not the most obvious location, to be sure.
Programming languages should be designed not by piling feature on
top of feature, but by removing the weaknesses and restrictions
that make the additional features appear necessary.
-- Revised(5) Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme
More information about the Python-list | <urn:uuid:dd1afc61-7151-4a26-add6-5a96596f7bff> | 2013-05-18T06:22:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04945388436317444,
0.019265776500105858,
0.025485437363386154,
0.012287621386349201,
0.06917475908994675,
-0.06310679763555527,
0.00033895252272486687,
0.07554611563682556,
-0.02472694218158722,
-0.015094053000211716,
0.016155946999788284,
0.03883495181798935,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.817963 | 198 | http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2002-October/119052.html | 0.196648 |
Section 19. Notwithstanding the provisions of any premium finance agreement to the contrary, any insured may pay it in full at any time before maturity of the final installment of the balance thereof, and in so paying such balance shall receive a refund credit thereon for such anticipation. Such refund credit shall be computed on a method which is at least as favorable to the insured as the actuarial method, so-called. If the prepayment is made other than on an installment due date, it shall be deemed to have been made on the first installment due date if the payment is before that date, and in any other case it shall be deemed to have been made on the next preceding or next succeeding installment due date, whichever is nearer to the date of prepayment. Where the amount of the credit for anticipation of payment is less than one dollar, no refund need be made. The details of application and the rules for partial prepayments shall be subject to the regulations issued under the provisions of section one hundred and sixty-two B of chapter one hundred and seventy-five. | <urn:uuid:97ddfa79-1b28-4b70-a987-2ad0aa2615e5> | 2013-05-18T08:09:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.027580970898270607,
0.05440283566713333,
-0.014549595303833485,
-0.02909919060766697,
0.06351214647293091,
-0.06072874367237091,
-0.038208503276109695,
0.057692307978868484,
-0.07995951175689697,
-0.033906880766153336,
0.09463562816381454,
-0.0020242915488779545,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953356 | 215 | http://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleIV/Chapter255C/Section19 | 0.246309 |
MASH UP is "Song made from bits of other songs"
v. To take elements of two or more pre-existing pieces of music and combine them to make a new song.
n. A song comprised of elements of two or more pre-existing pieces of music.
2. I'm in the middle of mashing-up songs by Tom Jones and Michael Jackson. (verb usage)
1. I'll play my mash-up of Tom Jones and Michael Jackson at the club tomorrow night. (noun usage) | <urn:uuid:3bc85866-618f-41bc-bcdb-64828491b287> | 2013-05-18T06:20:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0485491082072258,
-0.00920758955180645,
-0.006173270288854837,
0.0078125,
0.1138392835855484,
-0.010463169775903225,
-0.005929129663854837,
0.0619419626891613,
-0.0672433003783226,
-0.0535714291036129,
0.0343191958963871,
-0.0013078962219879031,
-0.0625,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938165 | 109 | http://mallpolis.com/tag/mash | 0.980519 |
Madman was stretching tonight, trying to work out some kinks.
"Not good," he said. "Feels like there's a storm coming on."
"Oh, don't say that!" I said. "You know what kind of storm it's likely to be in November."
He looked at me. "What month is it?" he asked.
And that's where today's title came from... | <urn:uuid:d1e2620a-07b3-4c88-aaea-fcc02d5f3adf> | 2013-05-18T05:53:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.004421359859406948,
-0.0029189561028033495,
0.00983001384884119,
-0.0007243732688948512,
0.059065934270620346,
-0.06559065729379654,
-0.003155048005282879,
0.03554258123040199,
-0.04000686854124069,
-0.13461539149284363,
0.05631868168711662,
0.0446428582072258,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989574 | 86 | http://mangofeet.blogspot.com/2009/12/oh-hit-its-december.html | 0.99419 |
The list is the origin of culture. It's part of the history of art and literature. What does culture want? To make infinity comprehensible. It also wants to create order — not always, but often. And how, as a human being, does one face infinity? How does one attempt to grasp the incomprehensible? Through lists, through catalogs, through collections in museums and through encyclopedias and dictionaries. There is an allure to enumerating how many women Don Giovanni slept with: It was 2,063, at least according to Mozart's librettist, Lorenzo da Ponte. We also have completely practical lists — the shopping list, the will, the menu — that are also cultural achievements in their own right.
…At first, we think that a list is primitive and typical of very early cultures, which had no exact concept of the universe and were therefore limited to listing the characteristics they could name. But, in cultural history, the list has prevailed over and over again. It is by no means merely an expression of primitive cultures. A very clear image of the universe existed in the Middle Ages, and there were lists. A new worldview based on astronomy predominated in the Renaissance and the Baroque era. And there were lists. And the list is certainly prevalent in the postmodern age. It has an irresistible magic.
…We like lists because we don't want to die.
Here is much more. Make sure you read the quotation under the photo; I don't want to reproduce it on a family blog.
I wonder if this interview was translated from some other language, given the difference between "lists" and "enumeration." Here is an important MR post: Jeffrey Lonsdale writes.
I thank Cardiff Garcia for the pointer. | <urn:uuid:677a2991-3cf1-4c15-8111-a72e57592df6> | 2013-05-18T04:55:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.030634235590696335,
0.0005027131992392242,
0.008774630725383759,
0.000476254615932703,
0.06557881832122803,
-0.035252463072538376,
0.006619458086788654,
0.10036946088075638,
-0.039716750383377075,
-0.0027132080867886543,
0.0554187186062336,
-0.00527247553691268,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972037 | 366 | http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2009/11/umberto-eco-on-lists.html | 0.517622 |
NOTE FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE
VATICAN CITY, 5 FEB 2009 (VIS) - The Secretariat of State of the Holy See, published the following note yesterday afternoon:
"In the wake of reactions provoked by the recent Decree from the Congregation for Bishops lifting the excommunication on the four prelates of the Society of St. Pius X, and with reference to declarations denying and reducing the Shoah pronounced by Bishop Williamson, a member of that society, it is felt appropriate to clarify certain aspects of the issue:
1. Remission of the excommunication
"As has previously been explained, the Decree from the Congregation for Bishops, dated 21 January 2009, was an act by which the Holy Father benignly responded to repeated requests from the superior general of the Society of St. Pius X.
"His Holiness wished to remove an impediment that hindered the opening of a door to dialogue, and he now awaits a similar readiness to be expressed by the four bishops, in complete adherence to the doctrine and discipline of the Church.
"The extremely serious penalty of excommunication 'latae sententiae', which these bishops incurred on 30 June 1988, formally announced on 1 July of the same year, was a consequence of their illegitimate ordination by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.
"The remission of the excommunication has freed the four bishops from a serious canonical penalty, but it has not altered the juridical position of the Society of St. Pius X which, at the present time, enjoys no canonical recognition within the Catholic Church. Even the four bishops, though released from excommunication, have no canonical function in the Church and cannot legally exercise a ministry within her".
2. Tradition, doctrine and Vatican Council II
"An indispensable condition for any future recognition of the Society of St. Pius X is their full recognition of Vatican Council II and of the Magisterium of Popes John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI.
"As already affirmed in the Decree of 21 January 2009, the Holy See will not fail, in ways considered most appropriate, to join the parties concerned in a profound examination of outstanding issues, so as to be able to reach a full and satisfactory solution to the problems that gave rise to this painful split".
3. Declarations concerning the Shoah
"Msgr. Williamson's views on the Shoah are absolutely unacceptable, and firmly rejected by the Holy Father as he himself said on 28 January when, referring to that brutal genocide, he reiterated his complete and indisputable solidarity with our Brothers and Sisters who received the First Covenant, affirming that the memory of that terrible event must 'induce humankind to reflect upon the unpredictable power of evil when it conquers the heart of man', adding that the Shoah remains 'an admonition for everyone against oblivion, negation and reductionism, because violence against a single human being is violence against all'.
"In order to be readmitted to episcopal functions within the Church, Bishop Williamson must absolutely, unequivocally and publicly distance himself from his views concerning the Shoah, which were unknown to the Holy Father at the moment he lifted the excommunication."The Holy Father asks all the faithful to accompany him in prayer, that the Lord may illuminate the path of the Church. May all pastors and faithful increase their commitment in support of the delicate and onerous mission of the Successor of the Apostle Peter, the 'custodian of unity' within the Church".
Thursday, February 5, 2009
Pope, Bishop Williamson, and SSPX
From the Vatican, trying to explain the issues surrounding the lifting of the excommunications of the four SSPX Bishops. | <urn:uuid:fb129d48-aa92-4b63-87e0-5be92a75e0bc> | 2013-05-18T06:50:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04296875,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.006103515625,
0.00390625,
0.087890625,
-0.029296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.1015625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0830078125,
-0.021728515625,
0.033935546875,
0.010803222... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954587 | 770 | http://marysaggies.blogspot.com/2009/02/pope-bishop-williamson-and-sspx.html | 0.3443 |
We all know BioWare
is acclaimed for the presentation of its games. Single-player games like Knights of the Old Republic
, Mass Effect
, and DragonAge
have a way of capturing a player and immersing him in the world. How many of you have ever wondered what it would be like to invite your friends along for a ride on a BioWare game, too? This could be the key reason BioWare decided to make Flashpoints
in Star Wars: The Old Republic
is a world designer at BioWare Austin. In the most resent developers blog
, he details what it takes to build a Flashpoint. He explains that it's not all about getting to the next boss fight: "Fighting through legions of enemies is part of what makes the cooperative gameplay feel heroic, but we find it helps if your enemies do more than just stand around waiting to be attacked.
" According to Sky, many players have run dungeons that have them wondering why they are there, with no sense of purpose. "We want you to feel like you are the heroes in a Star Wars action sequence, but we also want to give you opportunities to roleplay with your friends
." Sky indicates again that SWTOR
's emphasis is not only making a great game but also making a great story.
Be sure to read the whole developers blog
on the official Star Wars: The Old Republic | <urn:uuid:de476bf6-7df1-464d-8fd2-63b63c0e4ad6> | 2013-05-18T08:02:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.005478896200656891,
-0.008573457598686218,
0.009385146200656891,
-0.025365259498357773,
0.0982142835855484,
-0.023843344300985336,
0.005707183387130499,
0.06331168860197067,
-0.02922077849507332,
-0.041801948100328445,
0.04829545319080353,
0.024959415197372437,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955729 | 282 | http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/02/04/swtor-dev-builds-mini-movies-in-flashpoints/ | 0.183206 |
The order of the smallest possible non trivial group containing elements $x$ and $y$ such that $x^7 = y^2 = e $ and $ yx = x^4 y$ is
I am stuck on this problem. Can anyone help me please?
|show 5 more comments|
|show 10 more comments|
First solution - $x=y=e$ satisfies the relations. The smallest non-trivial group has order 2, and the relations can be satisfied within that group.
Now suppose we want $x$ and $y$ distinct (not stated in the question).
If $x$ and $y$ are both non-trivial (i.e. $\neq e$) then the first relation shows that the group must contain non-trivial elements of orders 2 and 7, and then Lagrange means that the order of such a group must be divisible by 14. [note we have not used the second relation or shown it is compatible with this conclusion]
So to get a non-trivial group of order less than 14, one of $x$ or $y$ must be the identity. If we set $y=e$ we see that $x^7=x^3=1$ so that $x=e$, which is not what we want. If we set $x=e$ then $y^2=e$ and this can be done in a group of order 2.
Up to isomorphism, there is only one group of order 1, one group of order 2, one group of order 7, and two groups of order 14. Figure out (or look up) what those groups are. Which ones are non-trivial? Look for suitable elements $x$ and $y$ in those groups. You may want to start from the smallest group and work your way up. | <urn:uuid:924c1b49-7912-427d-88df-099bb7cc05c2> | 2013-05-18T06:20:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.02261306531727314,
-0.005103643052279949,
-0.01499685924500227,
-0.0012857255060225725,
0.0659547746181488,
-0.07129397243261337,
0.0018746074056252837,
0.047110553830862045,
-0.021199747920036316,
0.0266959797590971,
0.11683417111635208,
-0.004357726313173771,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893518 | 394 | http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/269012/the-order-of-the-group?answertab=active | 0.95891 |
See also the
Dr. Math FAQ:
order of operations
Browse High School Basic Algebra
Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
Selected answers to common questions:
Solving simple linear equations.
Positive/negative integer rules.
Completing the square.
Direct and indirect variation.
Inequalities and negative numbers.
- Normalization [08/01/2001]
How do I figure out: 90 + 70 + 88 + 94 + x / 5 = 85 ?
- The Nth Root of N [11/28/2000]
Is the nth root of n (a whole number other than 1) ever a rational
- Number of Equations Needed in a Simultaneous Linear System [10/29/2003]
Could you tell me why we need the same number of equations as
variables in order to get a unique solution to a system of
simultaneous linear equations?
- Number * Sum of Remaining Four Numbers [04/03/2003]
Find 5 numbers such that when each number is multiplied by the sum of
the remaining 4 numbers, the following values will result: 152, 245,
297, 320, 360.
- Objects in a Pyramid [7/8/1996]
Objects are stacked in a triangular pyramid... how many objects are in
the nth layer from the top?
- Old Test Questions Answered [1/23/1995]
I am studying for my midterm, and I've come across two questions that I
got wrong and don't understand why....
- One Variable Equations with Decimals [02/11/1997]
How do you solve 8.25x + 3 = 17.5 + x?
- Open Sentence, Statement [09/18/2001]
What is an open sentence?
- Operator Precedence [08/13/2003]
Since the following statement is true: (1+1)**(5-2) is 8, why is the
following statement true and not false: 2**1+1 is 3 and not 4, and
3*1**3 is 3 and not 27...' ?
- Ordering Exponents and Variables [04/08/2000]
Is there a rule for putting terms in descending order if the variables
have the same exponent? What about negative exponents and descending
- Ordering Products, Powers, and Parameters of Trigonometric Functions [10/31/2010]
A student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric
functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. Doctor Peterson digs into a history book
-- as well as another math doctor's conversation -- to illuminate the vagaries of the
- Order in Linear Expressions [11/20/2001]
Can you give me a convincing argument as to why, in an equation such as
y=13-7x, where y is a function of x, it should be written as y=-7x+13?
- Order of Operations [05/19/1999]
Given a, b, x, and y, find ax/by.
- Order of Operations with Percentages [04/05/2001]
Why does the order of operations exclude percentage, square roots, etc.?
- Other Ways to Get the Quadratic Formula [02/19/2010]
Doctor Jacques shares two ways to derive [-b +/- SQRT(b^2 - 4ac)]/2a
without explicitly completing the square.
- Pairs of Odd Integers [09/24/1997]
Find all pairs of odd integers a and b that satisfy the equation: a +
128b = 3ab.
- Parabola with Horizontal or Vertical Axis [05/03/2001]
How can I find the focus and directrix of a parabola whose axis is either
horizontal or vertical, like 2x^2 = -y?
- Parabolic Golf Shot Equations [01/24/2002]
Does the ball reach the green?
- Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [01/14/1999]
How do you tell without graphing whether the graphs of these equations
are parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
- Parallel Lines [12/31/1998]
What are some ways of proving lines parallel - geometrically and
- Parametric Form for Equation of a Line [6/30/1996]
How can you convert an equation such as y = -3x/4 + 7/2 to parametric
- Parity [8/2/1996]
How do I determine if the given function is odd, even or neither? What's
the symmetry of the graph?
- Partial Fractions [01/29/1998]
How do I express 3/1-(x^3) in partial fractions?
- Pascal's Triangle Pattern [04/22/1999]
What pattern does multiplying each entry by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... in order,
and adding the products yield?
- Perfect Square: Solving Two Equations [6/14/1996]
x^2 + 5 is a perfect square, and x^2 - 5 is a perfect square.
- Perimeter Equals Area in a Triangle [4/2/1996]
When will the area and perimeter of a right triangle be numerically
- Picture Frame, Triangle Measurements [5/20/1996]
My teacher gave us ten questions to answer and I could do all except two:
1) A framed rectangular picture is 35cm long and 25cm wide... 2) The base
of a triangle is 9cm more than the perpendicular height...
- Plus or Minus Sign [03/08/2002]
What does this equation mean: y = +- k ? The - sign is directly under the
- Point Equidistant from 3 Other Points [04/11/1999]
How do you find a point that is equidistant from three other points?
- Point on a Line [03/23/2001]
Can you please tell me a formula to find if a point exists on a line?
Both are in x,y form.
- Polynomial Brain-Twisters [12/4/1995]
I'm stumped on some similar polynomial problems...
- Polynomial Degrees and Definition of a Field [03/02/1998]
The degree of polynomials added together, and definition of a field.
- Polynomial Factoring Rules [04/02/1997]
How do I apply the polynomial factoring rules to t^21+1 and 25y^2-144 =
- Polynomial Problem [3/11/1995]
A remainder of 9 results when the polynomial p(x) is divided by x-2, a
remainder of -3 when p(x) is divided by x+2, and a remainder of 3 when
divided by x-1. Find the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x-2)(x+2)(x-
- Population and Percentage [03/07/1999]
Given population data, find the number of women in two different years.
- Positive Unit Fractions [10/02/2002]
Find five different positive unit fractions whose sum is 1. (A unit
fraction is a fraction whose numerator is 1. All denominators must
also be natural numbers.)
- Precedence of Unary Operators [09/01/99]
The PEMDAS rule for order of operations ignores unary operators. Can you
explain the proper precedence for them, and give an example showing how
not knowing the rule can cause an incorrect result?
- Preparing for an Algebra Test [11/1/1995]
A 9th grade math student asks for help preparing for final exams. What is
the difference between the terms: solve and simplify? How do you find the
gradient in a graph?
- Prize Money [09/04/1997]
If first prize wins $1,000 out of $6,000 and twentieth prize wins $100,
how much money do second through nineteenth place win? Is this a
- Probability of a Function Having Complex Roots [05/11/2000]
What is the probability that the function f(x) = x^2 + px + q = 0 will
have complex roots when p and q lie between 0 and 1? ...when p and q lie
between 0 and 5? ...when p and q are greater than 0? | <urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804> | 2013-05-18T08:03:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.033935546875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.0089111328125,
0.06982421875,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.1220703125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.09423828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.038330078125,
0.035644... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813244 | 1,828 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/high_algebra.html?start_at=441&num_to_see=40&s_keyid=38309224&f_keyid=38309225 | 0.440499 |
A group of 10 is going to be selected from a pool of 8 men and 8 women...
In how many ways ways can the selection be carried out if:
a) we choose 10 people at random?
b) there must be 5 men and 5 women?
c) there must be more women than men?
Also, if you have time, can you answer:
- How many strings of 6 decimaal digit.s have exactly three digits that are 4's?
I suck at this problems and help would be great! Thank you! | <urn:uuid:f6603605-4b54-440f-9986-a0111517e3e5> | 2013-05-18T06:25:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.027378318831324577,
0.02571902610361576,
-0.02018805220723152,
0.014449668116867542,
0.09126105904579163,
-0.04148229956626892,
-0.013758296146988869,
0.05669247731566429,
-0.01057798694819212,
-0.03622787445783615,
0.044247787445783615,
-0.006084071006625891,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944016 | 115 | http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/138796-counting-permutations-combinations.html | 0.970977 |
This should be a trivial question for mathematicians but not for typical physicists.
I know that the spectrum of a linear operator on a Banach space splits into the so-called "point," "continuous" and "residual" parts [I gather that no boundedness assumption is needed but I could be wrong]. I further know that the point spectrum coincides with the set of eigenvalues of the operator. It seems from the terminology that the point spectrum is a discrete set of isolated point and that the eigenvalues cannot form a continuum. But I haven't been able to find a clear statement in a math reference about this.
Actually, I'm mostly interested in self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space; so a simpler version of my question would be: Can a self-adjoint operator have a continuous set of eigenvalues? And if yes, under what conditions do the eigenvalues have to be discrete?
I appreciate any help. | <urn:uuid:c31c3b71-ce65-4d2f-aca4-8bf108f005db> | 2013-05-18T06:59:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.058015696704387665,
-0.004414237570017576,
-0.0033632286358624697,
0.016676008701324463,
0.03377242013812065,
-0.051289238035678864,
-0.0044843051582574844,
0.07623318582773209,
-0.030128924176096916,
-0.0024348373990505934,
0.06165919452905655,
0.019618833437561... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943143 | 197 | http://mathoverflow.net/questions/39923/can-a-self-adjoint-operator-have-a-continuous-set-of-eigenvalues/77406 | 0.969324 |
I am curious if the setup for (co)homology theory appears outside the realm of pure mathematics. The idea of a family of groups linked by a series of arrows such that the composition of consecutive arrows is zero seems like a fairly general notion, but I have not come across it in fields like biology, economics, etc. Are there examples of non-trivial (co)homology appearing outside of pure mathematics?
I think Hatcher has a couple illustrations of homology in his textbook involving electric circuits. This is the type of thing I'm looking for, but it still feels like topology since it is about closed loops. Since the relation $d^2=0$ seems so simple to state, I would imagine this setup to be ubiquitous. Is it? And if not, why is it so special to topology and related fields? | <urn:uuid:e67bb4c7-94dd-45ec-bff6-0160114c48b0> | 2013-05-18T06:32:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.08066502213478088,
-0.020782019942998886,
0.012854063883423805,
0.021551724523305893,
0.021397782489657402,
-0.06927339732646942,
0.004060191102325916,
0.09790640324354172,
-0.057573892176151276,
-0.016394704580307007,
0.0330972895026207,
-0.013084975071251392,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974328 | 174 | http://mathoverflow.net/questions/60108/occurrences-of-cohomology-in-other-disciplines-and-or-nature/99381 | 0.634669 |
1 We start with 30 second-1 minute warm up poses.
2 Simply looking for the flow and rhythm of the pose . . .
3 Always pushing the pose while maintaining clarity
7 Too much emphasis on anatomy in these-
8 Starting to get some acting in here . . .
9 . . . and now some fun stuff!
10 All these were made from the same male model, using his pose as a springboard for character and story. Two minute poses. | <urn:uuid:70514d0c-97a8-4d94-94b3-a01513d0f2ed> | 2013-05-18T05:01:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.013231981545686722,
0.0024809965398162603,
0.002516187960281968,
-0.01034628413617611,
0.06559684872627258,
-0.07995495200157166,
-0.008973817341029644,
0.0855855867266655,
-0.004170185886323452,
-0.011683558113873005,
0.09290540218353271,
0.030405405908823013,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954659 | 98 | http://mattjonezanimation.blogspot.com/2011/05/latest-gesture-class-efforts.html?showComment=1306816054067 | 0.332586 |
I've always had a genuine interest in ostensibly "non-religious" films that evoke Christian imagery and yet tell a conventional story. Often, these are more insightful and less melodramatic than movies specifically about Jesus.
One of the most obvious examples is The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). Klautu, the alien visitor with an important message for humanity, takes on the name of "Carpenter" while on earth. After being killed by soldiers, he is literally brought back to life amidst a flash of light. Both Hombre (1967) and Cool Hand Luke (1967) feature Christ-like anti-establishment title characters. Likewise, the grandfather (Alan Arkin) in 2006's Little Miss Sunshine is a sort of savior. Sure, he's a heroin-dealing, cocaine-using, porn fan. But his life and death function to guide the main characters out of their nihilistic Hell. After the events surrounding the cathartically chaotic beauty contest, the family returns to their van and ponders an empty linen bed sheet (shroud) which had formerly covered Arkin's corpse.
Films like those listed above perform a tricky balancing act that incorporates, to varying degrees, symbolic elements from the New Testament, such as the Resurrection (a tricky thing in real life too), while retaining a story that stands on its own.
Sergio Leone's The Good, The Bad and the Ugly (1966) is an another example of such a film. Loaded with Christian imagery, it still holds up as a traditional Western.
...Full Post at Basket of Kisses. | <urn:uuid:87da495e-4339-4c66-803c-6a6818740365> | 2013-05-18T07:20:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0068464381620287895,
-0.007938507944345474,
-0.012936827726662159,
0.016633065417408943,
0.048723116517066956,
-0.009702621027827263,
-0.0045572915114462376,
0.11693548411130905,
-0.036122310906648636,
-0.0776209682226181,
0.04838709533214569,
0.01579301059246063... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936535 | 330 | http://maulofamerica.blogspot.com/2011/04/special-easter-movie-review-good-bad.html | 0.224891 |
My brake pedal requires a further distance to push than it used to. This is not to say it's harder to actually apply the brake; it's just that when I apply the brake, the pedal goes further back than it used to.
I know this is an adjustment usually; I think you can adjust the pedal directly? Or is there an alternative approach? Is it difficult to do?
EDIT: I verified that the brake fluid is at the maximum level. | <urn:uuid:65910fc1-1138-439d-ab7c-9417d34d0379> | 2013-05-18T05:50:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.05097087472677231,
0.016383495181798935,
0.021389562636613846,
0.004114835988730192,
0.04126213490962982,
-0.10436893254518509,
-0.016383495181798935,
0.0758495181798935,
-0.05188106745481491,
-0.05461164936423302,
0.032008495181798935,
0.033070389181375504,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952764 | 94 | http://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/3489/brake-pedal-requires-more-distance-to-push?answertab=votes | 0.528854 |
Welcome to MedLibrary.org. For best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14,000 medication labels and package inserts. For additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below:
Chromatography [|krəʊmə|tɒgrəfi] (from Greek χρῶμα chroma "color" and γράφειν graphein "to write") is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation.
Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more advanced use (and is thus a form of purification). Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive.
Chromatography, literally "color writing", was first employed by Russian-Italian scientist Mikhail Tsvet in 1900. He continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls. Since these components have different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they gave the technique its name. New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes.
Chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvet's chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules.
Chromatography terms
- The analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography.
- Analytical chromatography is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte(s) in a sample.
- A bonded phase is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing.
- A chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.
- Plotted on the x-axis is the retention time and plotted on the y-axis a signal (for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. In the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated.
- A chromatograph is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e.g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation.
- Chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary (stationary phase), while the other (the mobile phase) moves in a definite direction.
- The eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column.
- The eluent is the solvent that carries the analyte.
- An eluotropic series is a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power.
- An immobilized phase is a stationary phase that is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing.
- The mobile phase is the phase that moves in a definite direction. It may be a liquid (LC and Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC)), a gas (GC), or a supercritical fluid (supercritical-fluid chromatography, SFC). The mobile phase consists of the sample being separated/analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. In the case of HPLC the mobile phase consists of a non-polar solvent(s) such as hexane in normal phase or polar solvents in reverse phase chromotagraphy and the sample being separated. The mobile phase moves through the chromatography column (the stationary phase) where the sample interacts with the stationary phase and is separated.
- Preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis.
- The retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system (from the column inlet to the detector) under set conditions. See also: Kovats' retention index
- The sample is the matter analyzed in chromatography. It may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. When the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is/are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as waste.
- The solute refers to the sample components in partition chromatography.
- The solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography.
- The stationary phase is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. Examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography
Chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. Any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. When we make one solvent immobile (by adsorption on a solid support matrix) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography. If matrix support is polar (e.g. paper, silica etc.) it is forward phase chromatography, and if it is non polar (C-18) it is reverse phase.
Techniques by chromatographic bed shape
Column chromatography
Column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open tubular column). Differences in rates of movement through the medium are calculated to different retention times of the sample.
In 1978, W. C. Still introduced a modified version of column chromatography called flash column chromatography (flash). The technique is very similar to the traditional column chromatography, except for that the solvent is driven through the column by applying positive pressure. This allowed most separations to be performed in less than 20 minutes, with improved separations compared to the old method. Modern flash chromatography systems are sold as pre-packed plastic cartridges, and the solvent is pumped through the cartridge. Systems may also be linked with detectors and fraction collectors providing automation. The introduction of gradient pumps resulted in quicker separations and less solvent usage.
In expanded bed adsorption, a fluidized bed is used, rather than a solid phase made by a packed bed. This allows omission of initial clearing steps such as centrifugation and filtration, for culture broths or slurries of broken cells.
Phosphocellulose chromatography utilizes the binding affinity of many DNA-binding proteins for phosphocellulose. The stronger a protein's interaction with DNA, the higher the salt concentration needed to elute that protein.
Planar chromatography
Planar chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the stationary bed (paper chromatography) or a layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate (thin layer chromatography). Different compounds in the sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase. The specific Retention factor (Rf) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance.
Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is a technique that involves placing a small dot or line of sample solution onto a strip of chromatography paper. The paper is placed in a jar containing a shallow layer of solvent and sealed. As the solvent rises through the paper, it meets the sample mixture, which starts to travel up the paper with the solvent. This paper is made of cellulose, a polar substance, and the compounds within the mixture travel farther if they are non-polar. More polar substances bond with the cellulose paper more quickly, and therefore do not travel as far.
Thin layer chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely employed laboratory technique and is similar to paper chromatography. However, instead of using a stationary phase of paper, it involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat, inert substrate. Compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. For even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high-performance TLC can be used.
Displacement chromatography
The basic principle of displacement chromatography is: A molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix (the displacer) competes effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser affinities. There are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. In elution mode, substances typically emerge from a column in narrow, Gaussian peaks. Wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired for maximum purification. The speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. But for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. Operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. In many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. Thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. Displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than “peaks”. Because the process takes advantage of the nonlinearity of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentrations.
Techniques by physical state of mobile phase
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC), also sometimes known as gas-liquid chromatography, (GLC), is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column, which is typically "packed" or "capillary" (see below).
Gas chromatography is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase (often a liquid silicone-based material) and a mobile gas (most often helium). The stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small-diameter glass tube (a capillary column) or a solid matrix inside a larger metal tube (a packed column). It is widely used in analytical chemistry; though the high temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat denatures them), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. It is also used extensively in chemistry research.
Liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography (LC) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or a plane. Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
In HPLC the sample is forced by a liquid at high pressure (the mobile phase) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. HPLC is historically divided into two different sub-classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases. Methods in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase (e.g., toluene as the mobile phase, silica as the stationary phase) are termed normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) and the opposite (e.g., water-methanol mixture as the mobile phase and C18 = octadecylsilyl as the stationary phase) is termed reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Ironically the "normal phase" has fewer applications and RPLC is therefore used considerably more.
Specific techniques under this broad heading are listed below.
Affinity chromatography
Affinity chromatography is based on selective non-covalent interaction between an analyte and specific molecules. It is very specific, but not very robust. It is often used in biochemistry in the purification of proteins bound to tags. These fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as His-tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically. After purification, some of these tags are usually removed and the pure protein is obtained.
Affinity chromatography often utilizes a biomolecule's affinity for a metal (Zn, Cu, Fe, etc.). Columns are often manually prepared. Traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules.
However, HPLC techniques exist that do utilize affinity chromatogaphy properties. Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) is useful to separate aforementioned molecules based on the relative affinity for the metal (I.e. Dionex IMAC). Often these columns can be loaded with different metals to create a column with a targeted affinity.
Supercritical fluid chromatography
Supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure.
Techniques by separation mechanism
Ion exchange chromatography
Ion exchange chromatography (usually referred to as ion chromatography) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. It is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in planar mode. Ion exchange chromatography uses a charged stationary phase to separate charged compounds including anions, cations, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In conventional methods the stationary phase is an ion exchange resin that carries charged functional groups that interact with oppositely charged groups of the compound to retain. Ion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins using FPLC.
Size-exclusion chromatography
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is also known as gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or gel filtration chromatography and separates molecules according to their size (or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume). Smaller molecules are able to enter the pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. The average residence time in the pores depends upon the effective size of the analyte molecules. However, molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and thus suffer essentially no retention; such species are the first to be eluted. It is generally a low-resolution chromatography technique and thus it is often reserved for the final, "polishing" step of a purification. It is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions.
Expanded Bed Adsorption (EBA) Chromatographic Separation
Expanded Bed Adsorption (EBA) Chromatographic Separation captures a target protein from a crude feed stream when it passes through a chromatography column system containing adsorbent beads. With this technique the crude feedstock can be treated directly in the chromatographic column, avoiding the traditional clarification and pre-treatment steps. EBA Chromatographic Separation is highly scalable, from laboratory-based 1 cm diameter columns to large production columns up to 2 meter in diameter. These columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1,000,000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 MT protein per year.
Special techniques
Reversed-phase chromatography
Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) is any liquid chromatography procedure in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase. It is so named because in normal-phase liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase. Hydrophobic molecules in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the relatively hydrophobic stationary phase. Hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will tend to elute first.
Two-dimensional chromatography
In some cases, the chemistry within a given column can be insufficient to separate some analytes. It is possible to direct a series of unresolved peaks onto a second column with different physico-chemical (Chemical classification) properties. Since the mechanism of retention on this new solid support is different from the first dimensional separation, it can be possible to separate compounds that are indistinguishable by one-dimensional chromatography. The sample is spotted at one corner of a square plate,developed, air-dried, then rotated by 90° and usually redeveloped in a second solvent system.
Simulated moving-bed chromatography
Pyrolysis gas chromatography
Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry.
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. The sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600–1000 °C. Depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. Three different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers: Isothermal furnace, inductive heating (Curie Point filament), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. Large molecules cleave at their weakest points and produce smaller, more volatile fragments. These fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. Pyrolysis GC chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. The data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the GC/MS data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. To increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis.
Besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis GC of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside Programmable Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) injectors that provide quick heating (up to 30 °C/s) and high maximum temperatures of 600–650 °C. This is sufficient for some pyrolysis applications. The main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine GC analysis. In this case quartz GC inlet liners have to be used. Quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the PTV injector are published as well.
Fast protein liquid chromatography
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a term applied to several chromatography techniques which are used to purify proteins. Many of these techniques are identical to those carried out under high performance liquid chromatography, however use of FPLC techniques are typically for preparing large scale batches of a purified product.
Countercurrent chromatography
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids. The operating principle of CCC equipment requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin. The bobbin is rotated in a double-axis gyratory motion (a cardioid), which causes a variable gravity (G) field to act on the column during each rotation. This motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two immiscible liquid phases used. There are many types of CCC available today. These include HSCCC (High Speed CCC) and HPCCC (High Performance CCC). HPCCC is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently.
Chiral chromatography
Chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers. In the case of enantiomers, these have no chemical or physical differences apart from being three-dimensional mirror images. Conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them. To enable chiral separations to take place, either the mobile phase or the stationary phase must themselves be made chiral, giving differing affinities between the analytes. Chiral chromatography HPLC columns (with a chiral stationary phase) in both normal and reversed phase are commercially available.
See also
- IUPAC Nomenclature for Chromatography IUPAC Recommendations 1993, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 65, No. 4, pp.819–872, 1993.
- Still, W. C.; Kahn, M.; Mitra, A. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43(14), 2923–2925. doi:10.1021/jo00408a041
- Laurence M. Harwood, Christopher J. Moody (13 June 1989). Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp. 180–185. ISBN 978-0-632-02017-1 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK].
- Christian B. Anfinsen, John Tileston Edsall, Frederic Middlebrook Richards Advances in Protein Chemistry. Science 1976, 6-7.
- Displacement Chromatography 101. Sachem, Inc. Austin, TX 78737
- Pascal Bailon, George K. Ehrlich, Wen-Jian Fung and Wolfgang Berthold, An Overview of Affinity Chromatography, Humana Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-89603-694-9 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK], ISBN 978-1-60327-261-2 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK].
- IUPAC Nomenclature for Chromatography
- Chromedia On line database and community for chromatography practitioners (paid subscription required)
- Library 4 Science: Chrom-Ed Series
- Overlapping Peaks Program – Learning by Simulations
- Chromatography Videos – MIT OCW – Digital Lab Techniques Manual
- Chromatography Equations Calculators – MicroSolv Technology Corporation | <urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f> | 2013-05-18T08:11:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.027587890625,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01416015625,
0.07763671875,
-0.07373046875,
0.001495361328125,
0.095703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.045166015625,
0.05712890625,
0.0120849609375,
0.01507568359375,
0.021240234375,
0.02880859375,
-... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91032 | 4,943 | http://medlibrary.org/medwiki/Chromatography | 0.38377 |
Welcome to MedLibrary.org. For best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14,000 medication labels and package inserts. For additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below:
United States President Barack Obama, a member of the Democratic Party, was endorsed or supported by some members of the Republican Party and by some political figures holding conservative views in the 2008 election. Republican and conservative Obama supporters were often referred to as "Obama Republicans", "Obamacans" or "Obamacons".
Republican and conservative supporters of Obama included elected officials, former elected officials, academics, commentators, and retired military officers. According to exit polls on Election Day, 9% of those who identified themselves as Republicans voted for Barack Obama, up slightly from the 6% of self-identified Republicans who voted for John Kerry in 2004.
Etymology of "Obama Republican"
On February 12, 2008, Barack Obama mentioned Obama Republicans in his Potomac primary victory speech: "We are bringing together Democrats and independents, and yes, some Republicans. I know there's — I meet them when I'm shaking hands afterwards. There's one right there. An Obamacan, that's what we call them." In another speech, he said, "We, as Democrats right now, should tap into the discontent of Republicans. I want some Obama Republicans!" In his call for Republican votes, Obama referred to Ronald Reagan, who he says "was able to tap into the discontent of the American people...to get Democrats to vote Republican— they were called Reagan Democrats."
RepublicansforObama.org was founded in December 2006 by John Martin, a US Navy reservist. The organization grew to include over 2,500 registered members from across the United States, and was featured in USA Today, The New Yorker and other media throughout the 2008 Presidential Campaign.
Commentary and events
Conservative praise for Obama was highlighted in the conservative Insight Magazine in July 2007. Insight's story focused on Obama's character as contrasted with the then Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton. In January 2008, Andrew Sullivan of The Atlantic also praised Obama's character and personality. In March 2008, Andrew Bacevich, writing in The American Conservative, said that "principled conservatives" should consider voting for Obama since he promised a quick end to the Iraq war; which Bacevich said had contributed to the growth of federal and presidential power. Bruce Bartlett, writing in the New Republic, cited Obama's opposition to the Iraq war as the main issue which appealed to conservatives. Also mentioned were his opposition to some parts of the PATRIOT Act and his possible support for school vouchers.
In June 2008, Republican Douglas Kmiec was denied Roman Catholic communion for his support of Obama, due to an interpretation of church policy and Obama's pro-choice stance. In June 2008, Washington Post commentator Robert Novak blamed the policies of President George W. Bush for Republican defections to the Obama camp and suggested that Republicans Colin Powell and Chuck Hagel might soon declare their support for Obama. In July 2008, African-American libertarian-conservative columnist Thomas Sowell criticized "Obamacons" and advised them to more seriously consider Obama's liberal positions on many issues before supporting him over Republican candidate John McCain—despite Sowell's previous strident criticism of McCain.
On October 19, 2008, Colin Powell, who served as President George W. Bush's first Secretary of State, endorsed Obama in an appearance on Meet the Press. Calling Obama a "transformational figure," Powell cited John McCain's selection of Sarah Palin (who Powell believed is not "ready to be president"), Republican personal attacks on Obama, and Obama's ability to improve strained relations between the U.S. and its allies as reasons for his choice.
The Republican party reported a total of 700 Republican voters in Iowa who voted for Obama during the January 2008 caucuses, and 500 in Colorado during their February 2008 caucuses. Polls in late February 2008, the height of the Democratic primaries and the point at which the Republicans had virtually decided on John McCain, showed that up to 14% of Republicans supported Obama. Some disenchanted or moderate Republican donors who contributed to the George Bush campaign in 2004 have donated to the Obama campaign.
Following General Powell's endorsement, other prominent republicans continued to join the ranks of Republicans who had decided to vote for Senator Obama, including: Former Massachusetts Governor William Weld, former Minnesota Gov. Arne Carlson, former spokesman for President George W. Bush, Scott McClellan, and prominent conservatives Ken Adelman and Charles Fried.
This wave of endorsements led The Economist to publish an in-depth examination of "The Rise of the Obamacons" and their influence:
The biggest brigade in the Obamacon army consists of libertarians, furious with Mr Bush’s big-government conservatism, worried about his commitment to an open-ended “war on terror”, and disgusted by his cavalier way with civil rights. ... For many conservatives, Mr Obama embodies qualities that their party has abandoned: pragmatism, competence and respect for the head rather than the heart. Mr Obama’s calm and collected response to the turmoil on Wall Street contrasted sharply with Mr. McCain’s grandstanding. ... How much do these Obamacons matter? More than Mr McCain would like to think. The Obamacons are manifestations of a deeper turmoil in the Republican rank-and-file, as the old coalition of small-government activists, social conservatives and business Republicans falls apart. They also influence opinion. ... The more tantalising question is whether the rise of the Obamacons signals a lasting political realignment. ... If the Republican Party continues to think that the problem lies with the rats, rather than the seaworthiness of the ship, then the Obamacons are here to stay.
The rush of Republicans and other conservatives openly endorsing Barack Obama was the subject of satire on the television show The Colbert Report on October 29, 2008, which drew record ratings with a self-serving endorsement by the conservative host character played by comedian Stephen Colbert.
The final election Gallup Poll, from October 27 to November 2, indicated 10% of Republicans supported Obama instead of McCain, compared to 7% of "McCain Democrats." Gallup also indicated his support among self-described conservatives, although stronger than John Kerry's, was weaker than what Al Gore received. In August, Andrew Romano of Newsweek stated that the polls he had read indicate the cross-over voters "cancel each other out." However The Economist cited a poll in late October 2008 that indicated Obama was "winning 22% of self-described conservatives, a higher proportion than any Democratic nominee since 1980." February 2012 polls conducted that 20% of Republicans may vote for Obama.
Republican elected officials who endorsed Obama
- Former Minnesota Governor Arne Carlson
- Former Rhode Island Senator Lincoln Chafee. Two years later, he was elected Governor of Rhode Island as an Independent - Obama's avowed neutrality in the race was viewed by some, including the Democratic nominee, as a tacit endorsement of Chafee.
- Former Minnesota Senator David Durenberger supported John Kerry in the 2004 election, leaving the Republican Party. He now supports Obama.
- Former Oklahoma Congressman Mickey Edwards voted for Obama; announced one day after the election.
- Former Kansas Congressman, Nixon Administration Deputy Secretary of Defense and United States Permanent Representative to NATO Robert F. Ellsworth
- Former Maryland Congressman Wayne Gilchrest (who was an outgoing incumbent at the time) told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in a January interview.
- Former Virginia Governor Linwood Holton, father-in-law of former Governor Tim Kaine (D-VA)
- Former Iowa Congressman Jim Leach
- Former Maryland Senator Charles Mathias, Jr. Mathias was a liberal Republican who was often at odds with the conservative wing of the party as a senator.
- Former South Dakota Senator Larry Pressler
- Former Connecticut Governor and Senator Lowell Weicker. Weicker left the Republican Party in 1988 after a campaign in which prominent Republicans endorsed his opponent, Joe Lieberman. He supported Democrat Bill Bradley in 2000 and Howard Dean in 2004 for the presidency.
- Former Massachusetts Governor William Weld
- Mayor Lou Thieblemont of Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. Thieblemont switched his party registration from Republican to Democrat so that he could vote for Obama in the Pennsylvania primary.
- Fairbanks North Star Borough Mayor Jim Whitaker endorsed Obama and delivered a speech on the second day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.
Other national Republican figures who endorsed Obama
- Ken Adelman, former diplomat, director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and member of the Pentagon's Defense Policy Board
- Wick Allison, former publisher of National Review,
- Jack Antaramian, Florida real estate developer and Bush fundraiser
- William Donaldson, former Chairman of the Securities & Exchange Commission under George W. Bush (2003–05)
- Ken Duberstein, former Reagan chief of staff
- Julie Nixon Eisenhower, daughter of former President Richard Nixon, granddaughter-in law of Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower and president of the Eisenhower Institute. After endorsing Obama, Eisenhower announced on August 21, 2008 that she was leaving the Republican Party.
- Charles Fried, former U.S. Solicitor General and former McCain advisor.
- CC Goldwater, granddaughter of former Arizona Senator and Republican Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater (endorsing Barack Obama on behalf of herself, her sibling, and some of her cousins)
- Lilibet Hagel, wife of Senator Chuck Hagel (R-NE)
- Rita E. Hauser, Former White House intelligence advisor for George W. Bush
- Actor and former Bush supporter Dennis Hopper voted for Obama, citing his admiration of the Democratic nominee and particularly his dislike of Republican Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin.
- Larry Hunter, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Policy Innovation and Chief Economist for the Free Enterprise Fund, former Reagan policy advisor
- Rear Admiral John Hutson, USN (ret.), former Judge Advocate General of the Navy and the current dean and president of Franklin Pierce Law Center.
- Legal scholar Douglas Kmiec
- Scott McClellan, White House Press Secretary under George W. Bush from 2003–2006. Author of controversial book, What Happened.
- Tricia Mosley, former staffer to Senator Strom Thurmond
- Paul O'Neill, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 2001–02 under George W. Bush
- Colin Powell, former Secretary of State, National Security Advisor, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
- David Ruder, Chairman of the Securities & Exchange Commission under President Ronald Reagan
- Radio Host Michael Smerconish Later switched to Independent.
- Tag Tognalli, former Reagan White House Staff, 1981–1989 and Connecticut McCain Delegate to 2000 Republican National Convention.
Support for Obama from conservative writers
- Andrew Bacevich, Professor of International Relations at Boston University.
- Christopher Buckley, author, son of conservative figure William F. Buckley, Jr.
- Francis Fukuyama, author, key figure in the rise of neoconservatism and loosely affiliated with conservatism. Fukuyama left the neoconservative movement following the Iraq War and supported John Kerry in the 2004 election.
- Jeffrey Hart, senior editor of National Review magazine.
- Dorothy King, archeologist, author, and conservative blogger.
- Scott McConnell, editor of the American Conservative, a magazine associated with Patrick Buchanan. (McConnell had also endorsed John Kerry in 2004.)
- John Patrick Diggins, distinguished professor of history at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Writing in the American Conservative, Diggins wrote "I prefer the professor to the warrior."
- Andrew Sullivan, commentator and author of The Conservative Soul, who had also endorsed John Kerry in 2004.
- CNN.com CNN Transcripts, McCain, Obama Sweep Potomac Primaries
- Pew Research Center Publications (Nov. 5, 2008) "Inside Obama's Sweeping Victory"
- CNN Exit Poll - U.S. President, 2004
- Republicans Defect to the Obama Camp The Sunday Times, May 6, 2007. "Disagreements on the war have not stopped John Martin, a Navy reservist and founder of the website Republicans for Obama, from supporting the antiwar senator. He joined the military after the Iraq war and is about to be deployed to Afghanistan."
- About Republicans for Obama "Founded in late 2006 as part of the nationwide effort to encourage Senator Obama to run for the Presidency, our volunteer-run, grassroots group now includes over 2200 registered members from across the nation."
- A New Political Breed: Obamacans USA Today, March 19, 2008. "Founded in 2006, Campbell's organization might well be leading the charge among mutinous Republicans in the online world. He says it has 800 members in 19 states and is growing. On Super Tuesday, Campbell says, the site had 22,000 hits. Now, it gets 1,200 to 1,500 hits a day."
- The Conciliator The New Yorker, May 7, 2007."In his election to the U.S. Senate, Obama won forty per cent of the Republican vote; now there is a group called Republicans for Obama, founded by John Martin, a law student and Navy reservist shortly to be posted to Afghanistan, which has chapters in six states."
- Washington Watch: Obama's fund-raising record reveals weakness of Hillary's campaign Insight, July 7, 2007."Will the Democratic Party soon awaken to the growing American consensus? The nation will not be governed by the white-trash Hill-Billies of yesteryear and much prefers candidates with class and true grace—regardless of their race, religion or even political stripes."
- The Daily Dish The Atlantic January 2008. "Obama's legislative record, speeches, and the way he has run his campaign reveal, I think, a very even temperament, a very sound judgment, and an intelligent pragmatism. Prudence is a word that is not inappropriate to him. "
- Right Choice? The conservative case for Barack Obama Andrew J. Bacevich, The American Conservative, March 24, 2008. "Yet if Obama does become the nation’s 44th president, his election will constitute something approaching a definitive judgment of the Iraq War. As such, his ascent to the presidency will implicitly call into question the habits and expectations that propelled the United States into that war in the first place. Matters hitherto consigned to the political margin will become subject to close examination. Here, rather than in Obama’s age or race, lies the possibility of his being a truly transformative presidency."
- For an 'Obamacon,' Communion Denied Washington Post June 3, 2008.
- The Obamacons Who Worry McCain Washington Post, June 6, 2008.
- Conservatives should rethink their support of Obama Thomas Sowell, Deseret News July 10, 2008. "Back in the 18th century, Helvetius said, "When I speak I put on a mask. When I act, I am forced to take it off." Too many voters still have not learned that lesson. They need to look at the track record of Obama's actions. Back in the days of "The Lone Ranger" program, someone would ask, "Who is that masked man?" People need to start asking that question about Obama."
- Powell endorses Obama for president - Meet the Press- msnbc.com
- Barack + GOP = "Obamacans", Newsweek
- 'Obamacans' and 'McCainacrats' Will Help Decide Presidency, Crosswalk.com
- Former Bush donors now giving to Obama, McClatchy.dc.com
- Susan Davis, Obamacans: Prominent Republicans Line-Up Behind Obama, Wall Street Journal (October 24, 2008), at http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/10/24/obamacans-prominent-republicans-line-up-behind-obama/.
- The Economist: The Rise of the Obamacons
- WSJ: "Powell Endorses Obama, Reflecting Fractures in GOP"
- Election Polls: Group Voting
- Chasing the Mythical 'Obamacan' Masses
- Minneapolis Star-Tribune
- Chafee for Obama
- Condon, Stephanie (October 25, 2010). "Frank Caprio: Obama Can Take His Endorsement and "Shove It"". CBS News.
- Minneapolis Star Tribune, 21 October 2008 (letter)
- Ellsworth, Robert F.; Dimitri K. Simes (October 31, 2008). "TNI Publishers Split on Endorsement". The National Interest. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- Gilchrest 'Happy' To Retire (WBAL-TV)
- In Virginia, Obama surrogates continue push for win
- Republicans cross over for Obama
- "My Choice: Obama". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- Former GOP senator, vet backs Obama - Alexander Burns - Politico.com
- "Former Gov. William Weld endorses Obama"
- Lifelong Republican Mayor of Camp Hill, PA Switches Parties to Vote Obama
- The New Yorker
- National Review endorses Obama -- NOT Washington Times October 1, 2008. "Today it is conservatives, not liberals, who talk with alarming bellicosity about making the world 'safe for democracy,'" Mr. Allison wrote in the September 27 issue of D Magazine. "It is John McCain who says America's job is to 'defeat evil,' a theological expansion of the nation's mission that would make George Washington cough out his wooden teeth. This kind of conservatism, which is not conservative at all, has produced financial mismanagement, the waste of human lives, the loss of moral authority, and the wreckage of our economy that McCain now threatens to make worse."
- L.A. Times
- Three former U.S. SEC chairmen endorse Obama
- Former Reagan adviser endorses Obama
- Why I'm Backing Obama Washington Post
- Ike's Granddaughter Calls Obama 'Future of America' The Washington Independent
- Reflections on Leaving the Party. – The National Interest
- Reuters: More GOP Defections
- The Washington Post http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/10/07/mrs_hagel_to_endorse_obama.html
|url=missing title (help).
- Hunter, Larry (2008-07-16). "I'm a lifelong conservative activist and I'm backing Barack Obama". Race for the White House 2008 (New York Daily News). Retrieved 2009-12-11.
- John DiStaso's Granite Status: VFW backs Shea-Porter
- Dean John Hutson Endorses Obama
- For an 'Obamacon,' Communion Denied "Word spread like wildfire in Catholic circles: Douglas Kmiec, a staunch Republican, firm foe of abortion and veteran of the Reagan Justice Department, had been denied Communion. His sin? Kmiec, a Catholic who can cite papal pronouncements with the facility of a theological scholar, shocked old friends and adversaries alike earlier this year by endorsing Barack Obama for president. For at least one priest, Kmiec's support for a pro-choice politician made him a willing participant in a grave moral evil."
- When Republicans Endorse Obama Newsweek "They include lifelong Republican Tricia Moseley, a former staffer for the late Sen. Strom Thurmond, the one-time segregationist from South Carolina. Now a high-school teacher, Moseley says she was attracted to Obama's positions on education and the economy."
- Two former Bush Advisers Now Advising Obama, Will Appear at Economic Meeting Today
- Tapper, Jake (October 17, 2008). "In Philly, Conservative Radio Host Backs Obama". Political Punch (ABC News). Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- Republicans for Obama: From Reagan to Obama
- The Right Choice? The Conservative Case for Barack Obama
- Sorry, Dad, I'm Voting for Obama
- Former neocon supports Obama
- Andrew Billen (2004-07-14). "Why I won't vote for George Bush". The Times (London). Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- "The Great Conservative Crackup" by Jacob Heilbrunn
- PhDiva: On Being an Obamacon
- Scott McConnell
- Goodbye to All That: Why Obama Matters
- "Who's Getting Your Vote?". Reason. 2004-11. Retrieved 2008-10-27. | <urn:uuid:b68d043f-50bf-45cb-8a79-0457feb01965> | 2013-05-18T07:25:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0034637451171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0615234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.08984375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.0908203125,
0.038818359375,
0.007568359375,
0.00421142578125,
0.0361328125,
0.01... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942223 | 4,315 | http://medlibrary.org/medwiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008 | 0.22751 |
Other Proposed Treatments
It is one of the cardinal principles of natural medicine that treatment should aim not only to treat illness but also to enhance wellness. According to this ideal, a proper course of treatment should improve your sense of general well-being, enhance your immunity to illness, raise your physical stamina, and increase mental alertness, as well as resolve the specific condition you took it for.
Unfortunately, while there can be little doubt that this is a laudable goal, it is easier to laud it than to achieve it. Conventional medicine tends to focus on treating diseases rather than increasing wellness, not as a matter of philosophical principle, but because it is easier to accomplish.
Probably the strongest force affecting wellness is genetics. Beyond that, common sense steps endorsed by all physicians include increasing exercise, reducing stress, improving diet, getting enough sleep, and living a life of moderation without bad habits, such as smoking or overeating.
Beyond this, however, it is difficult to make strong affirmations, and the optimum forms of diet and exercise and other aspects of lifestyle remain unclear. In fact, they may always remain unclear, as it is impossible to perform double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on most lifestyle habits. (For information on why such studies are irreplaceable see "Why Does This Database Depend on Double-blind Studies?" )
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
In order to function at our best, we need good nutrition. However, the modern diet often fails to provide people with sufficient amounts of all the necessary nutrients. For this reason, use of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement might be expected to enhance overall health and well-being, and preliminary double-blind trials generally support this view.
For more information, see the article on General Nutritional Support .
The herb Panax ginseng has an ancient reputation as a healthful “tonic.” According to a more modern concept developed in the former USSR, ginseng functions as an “adaptogen.”
This term is defined as follows: An adaptogen helps the body adapt to stresses of various kinds, whether heat, cold, exertion, trauma, sleep deprivation, toxic exposure, radiation, infection, or psychologic stress. In addition, an adaptogen causes no side effects, is effective in treating a wide variety of illnesses, and helps return an organism toward balance no matter what may have gone wrong.
From a modern scientific perspective, it is not truly clear that such things as adaptogens actually exist. However, there is some evidence that ginseng may satisfy some of the definition’s requirements.
In addition, ginseng has also shown some potential for enhancing immunity , mental function , and sports performance , all effects consistent with the adaptogen concept. For more information on these possibilities, as well as dosage and safety issues, see the full Ginseng article .
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
Numerous other alternative therapies are claimed by their proponents to improve overall wellness, including acupuncture , Ayurveda , chiropractic , detoxification , homeopathy , massage , naturopathy , osteopathic manipulation , Reiki , Tai Chi , Therapeutic Touch , traditional Chinese herbal medicine , and yoga . However, there is as yet little meaningful evidence to support these claims.
For a discussion of homeopathic approaches to general wellness, see the Homeopathy database .
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 07/2012 -
- Update Date: 07/25/2012 - | <urn:uuid:39bb84af-9a63-43d7-b933-3bee4727c361> | 2013-05-18T06:51:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.030029296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.015380859375,
0.000965118408203125,
0.10205078125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.140625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.046875,
0.02099609375,
-0.05859375,
0.04833984375,
0.044189453125,
0.004913330... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936688 | 726 | http://memorialhospitaljax.com/your-health/?/38569/general-well-being | 0.300085 |
Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the U.N. Security Council. The ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. Soviet freighters bound for Cuba with military supplies stop dead in the water, but the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy.
After the Organization of American States endorsed the quarantine, President Kennedy asks Khrushchev to halt any Russian ships heading toward Cuba. The president's greatest concern is that a US Navy vessel would otherwise be forced to fire upon a Russian vessel, possibly igniting war between the superpowers. | <urn:uuid:3cdc115d-ed7c-46dc-bae1-ab6e1ae42215> | 2013-05-18T06:20:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03370098024606705,
0.05116421729326248,
-0.025888480246067047,
0.03232230246067047,
0.10110294073820114,
-0.004844516050070524,
-0.03216911852359772,
0.08578431606292725,
-0.0030637255404144526,
-0.048713237047195435,
0.09620098024606705,
0.02650122530758381,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918228 | 167 | http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct23/ | 0.524909 |
No sooner had the dust settled following the departure of the Mubarak family from Al-`Uruba palace in Cairo, than rumors began to fly of Suzanne Mubarak's last minute filling of suitcases with valuables before leaving for Sharm al-Shaykh, and of her deposed dictator husband's reportedly blaming her (along with former heir apparent, Gamal) for his regime's undoing. Tunisia's Leila Trabelsi Ben Ali was frequently pilloried for an addictive collection of sports cars, opulent palatial villas, and frequent extravagant designer shopping trips to Dubai, while in Jordan, Queen Rania al-`Abdallah has come under fire for a lavish 40th birthday party in the Wadi Rum desert.
In the Middle East and North Africa, as in other parts of the world, "first ladies," whether wives of presidents or monarchs -- especially those who play an "activist" public role -- are often the subject of direct and brutal criticism from their societies. While there is often ugly truth in these charges, what else might the images of corruption and interference they portray tell us? Is this merely sexism toward women in the public eye, examples of which abound around the world? Is it simply that it is "safer" to criticize the wife rather than the president or monarch himself? Or can something deeper about the society and the regime be read through the jokes, rumors and criticisms these powerful women elicit?
In some of the earliest Kifaya protests in Egypt during the 2000s, Suzanne Mubarak was often invoked as a way of attacking her husband. For example, protesters chanted then, "Ya Suzanne, Ya Suzanne libis Mubarak il-fustan" ("Hey Suzanne, Mubarak Put on a Dress.") At the same time, despite attempting to cultivate the persona of a leading woman interested in Egypt's children and literacy, she instead became a symbol of everything that was wrong with the Mubarak regime, from her public friendship with the controversial Culture Minister, Farouk Hosni, to her desire to tear down a hospital near Alexandria's Corniche because she thought it to be an eyesore.
During the 18-day uprising that forced her husband from office, Suzanne was not a target of the protesters, but she was undeniably guilty by association. While we will likely never know with certainty what transpired in the palace before Mubarak's final, failed address to the nation, it is unsurprising that Suzanne is popularly understood to have played a role. This is because Suzanne Mubarak is believed by many Egyptians to have been at the epicenter of Egypt's main political fault-line since 2000. Her purported support for her younger son, Gamal, to become Egypt's next president galvanized the country's citizenry in ways little appreciated by many observers. Egyptians viewed the inheritance of power as embarrassing and Suzanne was seen as the hand behind the succession project.
According to this perception, the now-former president was often portrayed as opposed to the idea. Yet, palace intrigue and rumor always depicted Suzanne as using Hosni as the vassal to execute her dynastic plan. It matters little if this was actually the case or rather Gamal's ambition. "Mama Suzanne" will be remembered in the annals of Egyptian history as the palace's power hungry broker willing to sacrifice the dignity of Egyptians in favor of building a family dynasty. This in many ways is much more damning than had demonstrators vented their anger directly at her during the last protests of the Mubarak presidency.
In the case of Tunisia's Leila Trabelsi, it was perhaps her incarnation of the glaring hypocrisy of the regime -- in which she was a key actor -- in two areas in which it claimed special success: economic development and women's rights. On the first, she used her position to her personal advantage and to that of her tribe for nearly two decades. She, as well as close members of her clan, have been accused of massively exploiting the Tunisian economy via shady or illegal acquisitions of public and private economic resources and assets (hotels chains, airline, radio stations, banks, private businesses, foreign direct investment & franchises, public land, etc.) In a country lauded by international institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF as a model of economic reform, the president's wife turned the development formula on its head, extorting billions in order to finance the acquisition of wealth for herself and her clan, to the detriment of the country's economic welfare.
As for women's rights, while aggressively striving to carve out a leading role among Arab first ladies by verbally championing women's causes -- an issue area in which Tunisia had long been a regional leader -- she missed an historic opportunity to play a constructive leadership role for Tunisian women. Worse, although hailing from humble origins herself, she ignored the lonely struggle of the many hard-working women of Tunisia's urban and rural disenfranchised neighborhoods, of the activist women fighting against human rights violations, and of the daring female whistleblowers who elected to expose the regime's excesses and who were faced with intimidation and jail, or forced into exile. Instead she was deeply complicit in a regime characterized by corruption, banditry, and brutal repression of women as well as men.
In the case of Queen Rania of Jordan it is also obvious that there is far more at work than popular resentment of the glamorous, tweeting image that has attracted such acclaim in the West. For several years, some of the chants heard at soccer matches between Jordan's two highest profile teams, al-Faisali (a symbol for Jordanians of East Bank origin) and al-Wihdat (a rallying point for Jordanians of Palestinian origin) have included calls for the king to divorce her: Rania is of Palestinian origin, and hence the slogans clearly indicate that among at least a part of the Jordanian population, the Palestinian roots of the queen are deeply resented. However, in the context of increasing political ferment in Jordan, as revolutions have unfolded in Egypt and Tunisia, the criticism of the queen has reached a new level. In an unprecedented move, in the first week in February, 36 members of Jordanian tribes signed a letter to King Abdallah II in which they directly charged Rania and members of her family with a range of financial misdealings.
While rumors of such corruption involving the queen and her clan are not new, the very public, and hence daring, publishing of them certainly is. It is indicative, not only of socio-economic crisis in Jordan, but also of many Transjordanians' association of (excessive) wealth with the overwhelmingly Palestinian business class. In addition, however, the letter charged that the Queen had been responsible for securing Jordanian passports for 78,000 Palestinians between 2005 and 2010. This claim simply adds fuel to the ongoing controversy regarding the Jordanian policy which, according to Human Rights Watch (Jordan: Stateless Again, 2010), between 2004 and 2008 deprived more than 2,700 Jordanians of Palestinian origin of their Jordanian citizenship. In a political climate in which the long-standing tensions between the kingdom's two communal groups have been increasing, owing in no small measure to the domestic political implications of the continuing failure to reach a Palestinian-Israeli peace, Rania has become a symbol of the threat and a target of the anger felt by those East Bankers who fear they are losing power, economically and demographically, to Jordanians of Palestinian origin.
Outside analysts would do well to watch carefully the content as well as the intensity of critiques aimed at the members of "first families." All three of these women symbolize not just power and extreme privilege, but serious ongoing struggles within their respective societies and even within the regimes themselves. The issues may be specific ones such as succession, the acquisition of the spoils of office or competition among factions in the regime. Or, they may be more general, such as increasing detachment of the authoritarian leadership from popular concerns regarding the economy or political and civil rights. In either case, among the general population these "first ladies" -- especially high-profile ones -- come to incarnate the ills and excesses of the corrupt regimes led by their husbands (regimes in which they, too, are deeply complicit). Far from merely crude sexism, and apart from the truths of excess and corruption they may well include, attacks leveled against them -- whether in chants at rallies or popular rumors -- should be examined as indications of deeper political, economic and social discontent.
Laurie A. Brand is the Robert Grandford Wright Professor and Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California. Rym Kaki is a lecturer in international development at the School of Policy, Planning and Development at the University of Southern California. Joshua Stacher is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Kent State University.
The Middle East Channel offers unique analysis and insights on this diverse and vital region of more than 400 million. | <urn:uuid:bed3b6f3-1bc1-4a06-98c8-33f2bf66753c> | 2013-05-18T05:59:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.01116943359375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0771484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.10546875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0888671875,
0.017822265625,
0.048828125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.034912109375,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967193 | 1,798 | http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/16/first_ladies_as_focal_points_for_discontent | 0.61849 |
Governor's Office of Agricultural Policy
$3,055,931 Invested in Kentucky Agricultural Diversification
The Kentucky Agricultural Development Board, chaired by Governor Ernie Fletcher, approved $3,055,931 in agricultural diversification projects across the Commonwealth during their monthly Board Meeting on December 16 , 2005 at the Franklin County Cooperative Extension Office in Frankfort, Kentucky.
State and County Agricultural Development Fund projects approved for funding at the December meeting include:
$74,500 Allen County Extension District Board
The Allen County Extension District Board was approved for $74,500 in Allen County Agricultural Development Funds to construct a certified test kitchen as part of the Allen County Agricultural Marketing Education Center.
$125,000 Appalachian Alternative Agriculture of Jackson County, Inc.
The Appalachian Alternative Agriculture of Jackson County, Inc. (3AJC) was approved for $125,000 in Jackson County funds to administer a menu of model programs.
$60,000 Clinton/Cumberland Cattlemen’s Association, Inc.
The Clinton/Cumberland Cattlemen's Association was approved for $60,000 in Cumberland County funds to administer a menu of model programs.
$19,120 Fire on The Ridge Farm, LLC
Fire on the Ridge Farm was approved for $19,120 in Bracken County funds to construct a facility to produce Hot Pepper Sauce.
$103,000 Gallatin County Livestock Association, Inc.
The Gallatin County Livestock Association was approved for $103,000 in Gallatin County Funds to administer a menu of model programs.
$150,000 Jackson County Cattlemen’s Association, Inc.
The Jackson County Cattlemen’s Association was approved for $150,000 in Jackson County funds to administer a menu of model programs.
$1,227,100 Kentucky Horticulture Council, Inc.
The Kentucky Horticulture Council was approved for $1,227,100 for the continuing support of education and training for the growth of Kentucky’s Horticulture Industry.
$18,000 Lawrence County Extension District Board
The Lawrence County Extension District Board was approved for $18,000 in Lawrence County funds to construct a farmer's market shed.
$50,000 Purple Toed Winery
Purple Toed Winery was approved for $50,000 as a part of the Agri-tourism Competitive Awards Program to construct a processing facility.
$200,000 Russell County Cattlemen’s Association
The Russell County Cattlemen’s Association was approved for $200,000 in Russell County funds to administer a menu of model programs.
$50,000 Southeast Vintners, LLC
Southeast Vintners, LLC., was approved for $50,000 of State funds as part of the 2005 Competitive Agri-tourism Awards program to assist in the construction and equipping of a processing facility for fermented apples.
$9,000 StoneBrook Winery LLC
StoneBrook Winery LLC was approved for $9,000 as a part of the 2005 Agri-tourism Competitive Awards Program to renovate an 1890 Farmstead for their agri-tourism business.
$2,500 Tim’s Cattle Hoof Trimming
Tim’s Cattle Hoof Trimming was approved for $2,500 of Boyle County funds to purchase equipment to start a mobile hoof trimming service for dairy and beef cattle.
$80,000 Warren County Conservation District
The Warren County Conservation District was approved for $80,000 in Warren County Agricultural Development Funds to administer the Warren County On-Farm Drainage Enhancement Program as a cost share program to install subsurface drainage systems.
$12,000 Whitley County Cattlemen’s Association, Inc.
The Whitley County Cattlemen’s Association was approved for $12,000 in Whitley County funds to administer a Heifer Replacement Program.
County model programs are designed to provide farmers with cost-share funding to allow them to improve and diversify their current production practices. For more information regarding the sign-up period and guidelines of programs funded in a specific county please contact the County Extension Office.
The Agricultural Diversification program is designed to assist in the transition into eleven new areas of agriculture including dairy, aquaculture, and horticulture. County Agricultural Diversification Programs approved by the Board totaled $10,000 and included:
$10,000 Nelson County
The Cattle Genetic Improvement program improves high quality herd genetics through the purchase of bulls, bull semen or bull leases. County Cattle Genetics Improvement Programs approved by the Board totaled $150,000 and included:
$150,000 Adair County
The Cattle Handling Facilities program assists with the implementation of best management and health practices that augment efficient production and marketing opportunities for beef and dairy producers. County Cattle Handling Programs approved by the Board totaled $15,569 and included:
$15,569 Adair County
The Dairy Diversification program assists existing and new dairy producers throughout the Commonwealth in renovating and modernizing dairy facilities. County Dairy Diversification Programs approved by the Board totaled $15,600 and included:
$15,600 Ballard County
The Fencing Improvement program improves net farm income through improved pasture quantity, quality and efficient use of fencing for livestock producers. County Fencing Improvement Programs approved by the Board totaled $66,200 and included:
$25,000 Johnson $41,200 Lawrence County
The Forage Improvement program improves pastures to allow for improved grazing by animals, reducing producer costs for feed, and improving feed quality. County Forage Improvement Programs approved by the Board totaled $285,000 and included:
$200,000 Adair County $85,000 Clay County
The Goat Diversification program works to assist producers to venture into meat goat and dairy goat production. County Goat Diversification Programs approved by the Board totaled $44,000 and included:
$40,000 Clay County $4,000 Russell County
The Hay, Straw, & Commodity Storage program allows producers to increase the quality and marketability of products to improve the overall farm income. County Hay, Straw and Commodity Storage Programs approved by the Board totaled $205,750 and included:
$74,500 Allen County $131,250 Ohio County
The Shared-use Equipment program allows producers who cannot justify ownership expenses associated with certain equipment by helping them access technology necessary to improve their operations in an economical manner. County Shared-use Equipment Programs approved by the Board totaled $7,592 and included:
$7,592 Clinton County
The Swine Diversification program allows new and existing swine producers to establish or renovate pork facilities. County Swine Diversification Programs approved by the Board totaled $26,000 and included:
$26,000 Ballard County
The Timber Production, Utilization & Marketing program allows producers to enhance timber production and processing on rural lands, while developing new revenue sources by growing and utilizing existing and new natural resources. County Timber Production, Utilization & Marketing Programs approved by the Board totaled $50,000 and included:
$50,000 Clay County
The Kentucky Legislature continues to make great strides towards lessening Kentucky’s dependence on tobacco production while revitalizing the farm economy by investing 50% of Kentucky's Master Settlement Agreement into the Kentucky Agricultural Development Fund. Of this 50% allocation, 65% of the Fund is set aside for regional and statewide agricultural projects, while 35% is earmarked for individual counties on the basis of their tobacco dependence. Since the inception of the program in January 2001, the Agricultural Development Board has approved over 2,280 proposals committing over $195 million to an array of county, regional, and state projects designed to increase net farm income and create sustainable new farm-based business enterprises.
****** Please contact the County Extension Office for more information regarding the model programs and when the sign up will take place in your county.********** | <urn:uuid:7214d08f-635a-42af-b736-faea46de747d> | 2013-05-18T07:26:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0169677734375,
0.030029296875,
-0.013427734375,
0.02197265625,
0.10693359375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0096435546875,
0.107421875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.043701171875,
0.1337890625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0458984375,
0.01... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916752 | 1,654 | http://migration.kentucky.gov/newsroom/kyagpolicy/051216_release.htm | 0.227887 |
BINGE EATING DISORDER
"Signs and Symptoms"
To date, there has been some degree of confusion as to what exactly the term "binge eating" really means. Although the professional community still has yet to define [or quantify] what constitutes a binge-eating episode, it's reasonable to assume the signs and symptoms listed below are a good barometer of what is characteristic binge eating. In many respects, Binge Eating Disorder [BED] is similar to Bulimia without the compensatory behaviors. In addition, the term compulsive overeating may be "interchangeable" with BED - although some compulsive overeaters have a pattern of eating constantly ["grazing"] rather than experiencing episodes of binge eating per se.
Signs and symptoms Binge Eating / Compulsive Overeating [COE]
- Preoccupation with food.
- Rapid consumption of food in significant excess of nutritional need
- Sneaking or hoarding food - even immediately after meals.
- Feeling ashamed or fearful when confronted about the problem.
- Excessive concern about weight and body shape.
- Sense of "losing control" during binge episode.
- Feeling lonely, depressed, worried, self preoccupied
- Spending a great deal of time alone / social isolation
- Alternating between binge eating and "dieting"
Treating BED at Milestones
As with many other eating disorders, the characteristics of a binge eating disorder appear to mimic [inherent among] other dependencies or addictions - whether to a substance or set of behaviors. In fact, the most recent committee of the American Psychiatric Association "officially" included BED as a bona fide disorder [disease]. The link below lists the criteria for "dependency" and requires only three of the several criteria "fit" for a diagnosis of dependency [aka addiction] to be considered.
The program offered at Milestones is comprised of two primary components, making the treatment experience unique in comparison to other programs.
The first is the setting - utilizing apartment-style residences affording residential participants an opportunity to experience treatment in a "real world" environment. Participants grocery shop with our dietitian within the community, learn to prepare their own meals per the prescribed [meal] food / meal plan they have formulated with the dietitian, attend a full schedule of groups and individual therapies at our clinical campus [near the residential complex], attend local community support groups in the evenings, and visit with our physicians and clinical staff regularly throughout their stay. In effect, the experience is one of providing a supportive and structured setting without the restrictive elements of a "hospital" or institutional facility. A key element in providing the support necessary to begin recovery is remaining in the company of other participants during the initial phase of the treatment. This provides both a form of supervision and a deterrent from the behavior often associated with binge eating: namely eating in isolation or alone.
Secondly, Milestones approaches treatment from a more "holistic" perspective. Doing so is best described by the acronym "SERF" - Spirituality, Exercise, Rest, and Food Plan.
Spirituality need not equate with any religious or spiritual beliefs imposed on or by anyone. In fact, Spirituality at Milestones simply is left up to the individual to cultivate with his or her own working definition. For most, it is a belief in a "higher power" and still for others it may be a return to some of their original religious beliefs. For everyone, it is an individual journey.
Exercise is individualized and represents collaboration between the resident and clinical team. It is meant to be in the service of restoring and maintaining a healthy body rather than an "intensive" means of controlling body weight.
Rest is simply about finding the correct balance in recovery between work and play and narrowing the gap between an "all or none", "feast or famine" approach to daily living.
The food plan suggested by Milestones is a blend of structured eating and a combination of healthy, whole foods that are bought and prepared by PARTICIPANTS with the guidance and supervision of our dietitian and ancillary staff. In brief participants select their own preferences within the guidelines of their individual food plans. The guidelines require participants to abstain from "junk foods" and eliminate most highly processed [sugar and flour laden] food products as well as weigh and measure portions per their food plan while in residence.
It is important to mention most participants who seek treatment for most eating disorders may have a tendency to focus on "trading in the binging and/or "purging" to become better at restricting or "losing weight" and as such, it is important to understand the predisposition to replace one form of an eating disorder for another. Acknowledging this is helpful to maintaining the prescribed treatment plan both during and after the residential treatment experience. Body mass and subsequent weight loss will likely change as a result of abstaining from overeating and move in the direction [towards] of a healthy "set point" as an outcome of the recovery process.
Each participant is assigned an individual therapist whom they meet with on a regular basis during their stay as well as attend groups and experiential therapies per the schedule In sum, the physical and emotional aspects of their eating disorder are addressed within these formats. | <urn:uuid:26e14fdc-9941-4f09-a1d7-7e7a78349e4e> | 2013-05-18T08:09:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0216064453125,
0.0079345703125,
0.01422119140625,
0.002716064453125,
0.107421875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.138671875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0002613067626953125,
0.1044921875,
0.046142578125,
-0.04248046875,
0.037353515625,
0.044189453125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958348 | 1,097 | http://milestonesprogram.org/binge-eating-treatment.php | 0.362617 |
A Reference Resource
Life Before the Presidency
Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874. For the first nine years of his life, he lived in the small town of West Branch, Iowa, the place of his birth. His Quaker father, Jessie Clark Hoover, a blacksmith and farm equipment salesman, suffered a heart attack and died when Herbert was six years old. Three years later, the boy's mother, Huldah Minthorn Hoover, developed pneumonia and also passed away, orphaning Herbert, his older brother Theodore, and little sister Mary. Passed around among relatives for a few years, Hoover ended up with his uncle, Dr. John Minthorn, who lived in Oregon.
The young Hoover was shy, sensitive, introverted, and somewhat suspicious, characteristics that developed, at least in part, in reaction to the loss of his parents at such a young age. He attended Friends Pacific Academy in Newberg, Oregon, earning average to failing grades in all subjects except math. Determined, nevertheless, to go to the newly established Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, Hoover studied hard and barely passed the university's entrance exam. He went on to major in geology and participated in a host of extracurricular activities, serving as class treasurer of the junior and senior student bodies and managing the school baseball and football teams. To pay his tuition, Hoover worked as a clerk in the registration office and showed considerable entrepreneurial skill by starting a student laundry service.
Career and Monetary Success
During the summers, Hoover worked as a student assistant on geological survey teams in Arkansas, California, and Nevada. After his graduation in 1895, he looked hard to find work as a surveyor but ended up laboring seventy hours a week at a gold mine near Nevada City, California, pushing ore carts. Luck came his way with an office job in San Francisco, putting him in touch with a firm in need of an engineer to inspect and evaluate mines for potential purchase. Hoover then moved to Australia in 1897 and China in 1899, where he worked as a mining engineer until 1902. A string of similar jobs took him all over the world and helped Hoover become a giant in his field. He opened his own mining consulting business in 1908; by 1914, Hoover was financially secure, earning his wealth from high-salaried positions, his ownership of profitable Burmese silver mines, and royalties from writing the leading textbook on mining engineering.
His wife, Lou Henry Hoover, traveled with him everywhere he went. Herbert and Lou met in college, where she was the sole female geology major at Stanford. He proposed to her by cable from Australia as he prepared to move to China; she accepted by return wire and they married in 1899. The couple was in China during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, a time when Lou helped nurse wounded Western diplomats and soldiers while Herbert assisted in the fighting to defend Tianjin, a city near the uprising. By the time the couple returned home to America in 1917, Lou had learned to shoot a gun and had mastered eight languages.
Over the course of his career as a mining engineer and businessman, Hoover's intellect and understanding of the world matured considerably. Hoover was raised a Quaker and although he rarely went to Meeting as an adult, he internalized that faith's belief in the power of the individual, the importance of freedom, and the value of "conscientious work" and charity. Hoover also applied the ethos of engineering to the world in general, believing that scientific expertise, when employed thoughtfully and properly, led to human progress. Hoover worked comfortably in a capitalist economy but believed in labor's right to organize and hoped that cooperation (between labor and management and among competitors) might come to characterize economic relations. During these years, Hoover repeatedly made known to friends his desire for public service.
Politically, Hoover identified with the progressive wing of the Republican Party, supporting Theodore Roosevelt's third-party bid in 1912. World War I brought Hoover to prominence in American politics and thrust him into the international spotlight. In London when the war broke out, he was asked by the U.S. consul to organize the evacuation of 120,000 Americans trapped in Europe. Germany's devastating invasion of Belgium led Hoover to pool his money with several wealthy friends to organize the Committee for the Relief of Belgium. Working without direct government support, Hoover raised millions of dollars for food and medicine to help desperate Belgians.
In 1917, after the United States entered the war, President Woodrow Wilson asked Hoover to run the U.S. Food Administration. Hoover performed quite admirably, guiding the effort to conserve resources and supplies needed for the war and to feed America's European allies. Hoover even became a household name during the war; nearly all Americans knew that the verb "to Hooverize" meant the rationing of household materials. After the armistice treaty was signed in November 1918, officially ending World War I, Wilson appointed Hoover to head the European Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. In this capacity, Hoover channeled 34 million tons of American food, clothing, and supplies to war-torn Europe, aiding people in twenty nations.
His service during World War I made Hoover one of the few Republicans trusted by Wilson. Because of Hoover's knowledge of world affairs, Wilson relied him at the Versailles Peace Conference and as director of the President's Supreme Economic Council in 1918. The following year, Hoover founded the Hoover Library on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University as an archive for the records of World War I. This privately endowed organization later became the Hoover Institution, devoted to the study of peace and war. No isolationist, Hoover supported American participation in the League of Nations. He believed, though, that Wilson's stubborn idealism led Congress to reject American participation in the League.
Secretary of Commerce
In 1920, Hoover emerged as a contender for the Republican presidential nomination. His run was blocked, however, by fellow a Californian, Senator Hiram Johnson, who objected to Hoover's support for the League. Republican Warren Harding won the White House in 1920 and appointed Hoover as his secretary of commerce, a position that Hoover retained under Harding's successor, President Calvin Coolidge.
Under Hoover's leadership, the Department of Commerce became as influential and important a government agency as the Departments of State and Treasury. Hoover encouraged research into measures designed to counteract harmful business cycles. He supported government regulation of new industries like aviation and radio. He brought together more than one hundred different industries and convinced them to adopt standardized tools, hardware, building materials, and automobile parts. Finally, he aggressively pursued international trade opportunities for American business. To win these reforms, Hoover strengthened existing agencies in the Commerce Department, like the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, or simply established new ones, like the Bureau of Standards, for the standardization project. He also formed commissions that brought together government officials, experts, and leaders of the relevant economic sectors to work towards reform.
The initiatives Hoover supported as commerce secretary—and the ways in which he pursued them—reveal his thinking about contemporary life in the United States and about the federal government's role in American society. Hoover hoped to create a more organized economy that would regularize the business cycle, eliminating damaging ebbs and flows and generating higher rates of economic growth. He believed that eradicating waste and improving efficiency would achieve some of these results— thus, his support for standardization and for statistical research into the workings of the economy. He also believed that the American economy would be healthier if business leaders worked together, and with government officials and experts from the social sciences, in a form of private-sector economic planning. This stance led him to support trade associations—industry-wide cooperative groups wherein information on prices, markets, and products could be exchanged among competitors—which Hoover saw as a middle way between competition and monopoly. He insisted, though, that participation in these associations remain voluntary and that the government merely promote and encourage, rather than require, their establishment.
Hoover hoped that these innovations would strengthen what he saw as the central component of the American experience: individualism. In 1922, Hoover published a small book, entitled American Individualism, that examined the Western intellectual tradition's major social philosophies, including individualism, socialism, communism, capitalism, and autocracy. Hoover concluded that individualism was the superior principle around which to organize society. He rejected the laissez-faire capitalism of the Right and the socialism and communism of the Left because he believed that these ideologies hindered rather than helped the individual. Instead, Hoover sought a "balance of perspective" between Right and Left that theoretically would create and maintain opportunities for Americans to succeed. Through enterprises like those he championed as commerce secretary, Hoover believed the federal government could facilitate the creation of political, social, and economic conditions in which individual Americans could flourish.
Hoover's positions and thinking placed him solidly in the progressive camp of the Republican Party. As secretary of commerce, Hoover emerged as a potential running-mate for Coolidge in the 1924 presidential election, though that effort fell short. Hoover's reputation with the American people reached its peak in 1927, when he took charge of relief efforts following disastrous floods along the Mississippi River. The episode displayed Hoover at his best: as a humanitarian and leader with the ability to solve problems. When Coolidge announced in 1927 that he would not seek reelection, Hoover became the leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. | <urn:uuid:494a31b6-e8c3-42b2-bcba-79889bce2dfd> | 2013-05-18T06:43:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0103759765625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.004364013671875,
0.053955078125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.000530242919921875,
0.1171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0703125,
0.03125,
0.032958984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.042236328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.021606... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971399 | 1,920 | http://millercenter.org/president/hoover/essays/biography/2 | 0.699978 |
Chemical structure of oxycodone
Oxycodone is a highly addictive drug that Jack is seen abusing in the flash-forwards. Some commonly known commercial formulations include "OxyContin", as well as the acetominophen-oxycodone combination sold as "Percocet".
Around a year after he had been rescued from the island, Jack had apparently become dependent on this drug. As a medical doctor, Jack would have been well aware of the addictive properties of the drug. ("Through the Looking Glass")
Benjamin Linus flushed down Jack's oxycodone stash while staying with him in a hotel room. ("The Beginning of the End")
- Oxycodone is a prescription opiate and has addictive properties similar to heroin which Charlie was addicted to at the time of the crash.
- In the United States, Oxycodone is classified as a "Schedule II Drug" and is highly regulated by the federal Drug Enforcement Agency. Refills for these drugs are not permitted in any US state, however, Jack apparently had 3 refills, according to the pharmacist in the flash forward. In some states, written prescriptions for Oxycodone and all other Schedule II drugs must be confirmed through the prescribing doctor within 72 hours.
- Jack is seen stealing sample packets of generic oxycodone. Although samples are liberally distributed by pharmaceutical sales representatives, US federal law prohibits samples of Schedule II drugs.
- Also known as "Hillbilly Heroin". Oxycodone was initially marketed as having less risk of dependence or addiction than other prescription painkillers. (Note that heroin was also initially, 100 years ago, marketed as a non-addictive substitute for morphine.)
- In July 2007, a federal judge fined the makers of OxyContin $634.5 million for misleading the public about its risk of addiction (AP) | <urn:uuid:8e5a8922-29b6-4cda-b694-176e4ef666bc> | 2013-05-18T05:07:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01942567527294159,
0.022522522136569023,
-0.005102759227156639,
-0.0077421171590685844,
0.10979729890823364,
-0.06615991145372391,
-0.0036775055341422558,
0.0996621623635292,
-0.034346845000982285,
-0.027730856090784073,
0.07770270109176636,
0.03476914390921593,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971115 | 378 | http://misc.thefullwiki.org/Oxycodone | 0.505496 |
I asked Austin to try on his clothes and make piles of what fit and what didn't. When I entered his room, I was engulfed by an enormous pile of smelly, wrinkly clothes. Seriously, his clothes covered every inch of his floor. I opened his closet door and saw this...
Yeah, a shirt, and his graduation robe. So, his choice was - wear shorts and the same 3 mangy t-shirts all winter long, wear his graduation robe to school, or (gulp) go shopping with me. Needless to say, he chose to wear shorts all winter long.
After folding the clothes he'd outgrown and packing them away for Jackson, I dragged his butt out to Old Navy despite his protests.
"How about this, Austin?" I asked, holding up a button down shirt with a collar.
He made a face like I had just suggested he wear a pink tutu to school, and backed away from me, shaking his head.
"What's wrong with it?" I demanded. "It doesn't have any holes? It isn't completely threadbare? It has (gasp) buttons?"
"I like t-shirts," he said simply, defending his accoutrement of choice.
OK, what do I care if my son wants to look like a hobo. It makes no difference to me. I moved over to a display of t-shirts and held up one for Austin's approval.
"Ummm no!" he said in no uncertain terms.
"For real? It's a t-shirt. It's a plain ole t-shirt. What's wrong with this?"
"It has stripes."
"and...?" I prompted.
"I don't like stripes. It has to be plain."
"Well, of course it does. What was I thinking?" I muttered to myself as I reached for a plain red shirt.
"Not red," instructed Austin before I could even hold it up.
"Tell you what. I'm going to look over in the women's section. You pick out at least 5 shirts before you come find me."
I walked by the display of freakish mannequins and looked at some cute, colorful sweaters. They're cute, but I could never wear something that hot. I passed the sweaters and browsed through some Ts. I held one up to me, but noticed it had long sleeves. Ugh, I'd never buy a shirt with long sleeves. I looked at another table loaded with colorful shirts. I started to look for my size when I realized they had a regular t-shirt neck instead of a lower v-neck and I knew I'd be clawing at my throat within seconds of putting this shirt on because it would rub against my neck and make me insane.
I moved on to another rack when it hit me. I'm worse than Austin is! This was yet another way in which we were alike. I remembered back to when he was a preschooler and he'd scream for hours that his socks felt weird. I looked down at my sockless feet and tried to remember if I even owned a pair of socks. Do I apologize to Austin and tell him that I understand his pickiness? Nah, no sense in letting him know that I'm weird too.
After he picked out his shirts, I grabbed
And yes, I actually do know how men's sizing works. But I was working with a teenage boy who came out of the dressing room and gave helpful feedback like, "I dunno. I think they fit. Umm, I didn't check the length. Oh, I was supposed to fasten them when I tried them on?"
In the end, I managed to buy a couple pairs of jeans and a handful of shirts for him. He really didn't even complain too much. It was probably the best shopping trip I've ever had with him.
Now to get winter coats for Austin and Savannah who seem to have grown freakishly long arms since last winter... | <urn:uuid:9f6cfeab-1b6d-4abd-bd94-4354481ad2b0> | 2013-05-18T08:03:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.025634765625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.060546875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01043701171875,
0.099609375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0810546875,
0.043701171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.037841796875,
0.04736328125,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991432 | 830 | http://mom2my6pack.blogspot.com/2009/10/i-have-nothing-to-wear.html | 0.727135 |
There have been many critical examinations of New York Times articles on this website, and I’ve had my share of such posts to the point where it has gotten tiresome. But there is literally an endless supply of material. A particularly irksome error appears in today’s paper, in an article by Isabel Kershner on the shocking (!) finding of the Turkel Commission that Israel acted legally in killing nine passengers on the Mavi Marmara. While the Times article is worthy of more in-depth analysis, there is one whopper that stands out above all others:
Israel imposed its maritime blockade on Gaza in January 2009 during its military offensive against Hamas, the Islamic militant group that controls Gaza. The commission justified the blockade on security grounds, citing a need ‘to prevent weapons, terrorists and money from entering the Gaza Strip, and the need to prevent the departure of terrorists.’
Note how the first sentence is presented as objective fact, that the blockade was imposed in January 2009 during Israel’s attack, thereby supporting the Commission’s claim in the second sentence that the purposes of the blockade were solely military. Anyone paying minimal attention to the Gaza siege knows full well that Israel had been punishing the entire civilian population by severely curtailing the availability of basic goods since at least 2006, including by land or sea. Prior to 2009, there had been several attempts to bring in such civilian goods by sea, with mixed success; some ships were allowed to pass and others were stopped, or even rammed by the Israeli Navy, like the Dignity in late December, 2008.. Where did Kershner get her starting date for the naval blockade? From the Turkel Commission Report itself, which stated in par. 5 of its Summary:
After the Hamas terrorist organization seized control of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the Government adopted various measures. On January 3, 2009, during Operation ‘Cast Lead,’ Israel imposed a naval blockade on the coastline of the Gaza Strip. . . the Government of Israel imposed the naval blockade on the Gaza Strip for military-security reasons, which mainly concerned the need to prevent weapons, terrorists, and money from entering the Gaza Strip, and the need to prevent the departure of terrorists and additional threats from the Gaza Strip by sea. The naval blockade was not imposed in order to restrict the transfer of humanitarian supplies to the Gaza Strip or to disrupt the commercial relations of the Gaza Strip. . . .
The naval blockade was imposed on January 3, 2009? What was it called before that date? What transformed an existing “blockade” of land and sea into some other type of “naval blockade” or vice versa? How could Kershner buy the nonsense that the naval blockade was implemented as late as January, 2009, with the goal of keeping weapons out of Gaza? This is not a trivial mistake, but a truly profound one. Israel’s long-standing policy of deliberately restricting a civilian population’s access to food, water, medicines, fuel, books and toys is generally viewed by all but the most cold-hearted as sadistic and cruel, not to mention illegal. There is a vast difference in public perception between keeping out arms and keeping out such basic necessities. In the wake of the Mavi Marmara murders, there was a thoroughly dishonest but reasonably successful campaign to re-cast the blockade as one that was designed to keep out military supplies only. It’s no surprise that the Turkel Commission continued in this effort, but how could Kershner forget what had been a continuing news story for three years before Cast Lead? Of course, if Kershner’s amnesia could have been cured had she glanced at the Ha’aretz article on the Turkel Commission, which accurately records: “The Turkel Commission also determined that Israel's three-and-a-half year blockade of the Gaza Strip does not break international law.”
This is the way lies become history. This is why so many believe that there were thousands of rockets launched from Lebanon against Israel in 1982 and again in 2000-2006, prompting the two “wars”; that Arafat initiated the Second Intifada of terrorism to win with violence what he failed to win through negotiations; that Israel’s siege of Gaza was to keep out weapons. Every time these factoids are repeated in the newspaper of record and similar MSM outlets, they become more ingrained in the collective memory. Even if Kershner did not deliberately lie, she was inexcusably lazy and careless in simply repeating a critical misrepresentation by the Turkel Commission, rather than accurately reporting an undisputed fact. | <urn:uuid:3951d6aa-0709-41d7-81fe-3504315b8305> | 2013-05-18T08:02:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0189208984375,
0.03271484375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01416015625,
0.0986328125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.11767578125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0283203125,
0.060546875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0517578125,
0.011474609375,
0.03662109375,
0.012573242187... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975013 | 951 | http://mondoweiss.net/2011/01/times-kershner-uses-biased-turkel-history-to-report-on-biased-turkel-report.html | 0.475105 |
Basically the rules state that if your property is producing income you can claim expenses (like interest on mortgage, rates, maintenance etc) on it, and you have to pay capital gains if you sell at a higher price than what you paid for it plus buying and selling costs.
If you live in it (and it does not produce any income) you do not pay any capital gains when you sell but also cannot claim expenses on it.
If you live in it as your primary residence, and then rent it out because you have to move else-where due to certain circumstances and the property remains your primary residence (ie you may have had to relocate due to work and are renting in this new location), you have 6 years in which to sell it and not be liable to pay any capital gains.
If you live in it for part of the time and rent it out during other times and you don't qualify for the above rule, then you are liable to pay capital gains based on the periods you have rented out the property. So you would need to estimate the value of the property for each point in time you move in and out to work out how much capital gain you would be liable for (it would be good to get an appraisal or valuation at these points in time).
If you live in the property and have paying house mates or use part of the property to produce income, you will have to work out what portion of the house is income producing and then use this percentage to work out the proportion of expenses you can claim against the income. You would also use this percentage to work out the capital gains tax you have to pay if you sold it.
For example, say you have a 3 bedroom house and rent out 1 bedroom and the normal rent for the whole house was $300 per week and you rented one bedroom for $100 per week, you could estimate that the proportion producing the income is 33.33%. Then you could claim 33.33% of all your property related expenses as a tax deduction. Also, say if you bought the house for $300,000 and sold it for $450,000 about 5 years later, your capital gains liability could be worked out as such (ignoring all buying and selling costs for simplicity):
Profit on sale: $450,000 - $300,000 = $150,000
Profit x Portion of Property Producing Income = $150,000 x 33.33% = $50,000
Capital Gain Liability (including discount for holding asset 12+ months) = $50,000 x 0.5 =$25,000.
You would then multiply your marginal tax rate by the $25,000 to work out how much capital gains tax you would have to pay. | <urn:uuid:1106aa15-92e1-43ef-bcee-61cee99c4344> | 2013-05-18T08:02:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0245361328125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.08984375,
-0.056640625,
0.003326416015625,
0.0791015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0849609375,
0.010498046875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.05322265625,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968971 | 560 | http://money.stackexchange.com/questions/13514/residence-vs-investment-property-in-australia | 0.551185 |