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[ "2009 Superleague Formula season The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship. The series was rebranded the \"Superleague Formula by Sonangol\" for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor. It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama. The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008, however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments. In Estoril, María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier. Bourdais described Superleague as \"the best alternative to F1\". Liverpool F.C., run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés, were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season. Changed teams Entering/Re-Entering Superleague Formula Leaving Superleague Formula" ]

[ "Auchlochan Platform railway station Auchlochan Platform railway station served Auchlochan, a hamlet in the county of South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was served by local trains on the Coalburn Branch south of Glasgow. There is now no station convenient for Auchlochan. Opened by the Caledonian Railway it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was then closed by the British Railways Board. The platform has been removed but the alignment of the line and a level crossing gate show its location. <a href=\"http%3A//www.railscot.co.uk/Coalburn_Branch/frame.htm\"></a>" ]

[ "Baker Street (musical) Baker Street is a musical with a book by Jerome Coopersmith and music and lyrics by Marian Grudeff and Raymond Jessel. Loosely based on the Sherlock Holmes story \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" by Arthur Conan Doyle, it is set in and around London in 1897, the year in which England celebrated the Diamond Jubilee of the reign of Queen Victoria (an event marked by an elaborate royal procession depicted by Bil Baird's marionettes). The musical veers from Conan Doyle's work in that Irene Adler becomes an associate of Holmes rather than his opponent, thus allowing an element of romance between the two. Because of problems the show went through during out of town tryouts, Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock, the successful composing team of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" were brought in to contribute additional songs including \"Cold Clear World\" and \"I Shall Miss You.\" They also wrote \"I'm In London Again\" which was the first number for Irene Adler, but after opening night, this number (which can be heard on the cast album) was dropped and replaced by another Bock-Harnick composition, \"Buffalo Belle\" which had Irene Adler performing an elaborate Wild West number. The musical opened on Broadway at the Broadway Theatre on February 16, 1965 running to October 30, and then transferred to the Martin Beck Theatre (now the Al Hirschfeld Theatre) on November 3, 1965, where it closed on November 14, 1965 after a total of 311 performances and six previews. Directed by Hal Prince, the cast included Fritz Weaver, Peter Sallis, Martin Gabel, Inga Swenson, Virginia Vestoff, Teddy Green, and, in supporting roles, Tommy Tune and Christopher Walken in their Broadway debuts. Producer Alexander H. Cohen felt the show was such an event that he announced, prior to the opening, men would not be admitted unless they were clad in jackets and ties, and women would be allowed in only if they wore dresses. This policy quickly changed once the mixed reviews were in and Cohen realized he needed all the business he could get, no matter how it was attired." ]

[ "Erny Pinckert William Ernest \"Erny\" Pinckert (May 1, 1908 – August 30, 1977), was an American football halfback at Southern California for coach Howard Jones. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Boston Braves/Redskins, who then moved to Washington, D.C. A younger brother of astrologer Jeane Dixon, he and his nine siblings were the children of Richard Franz Pinckert, a native of Gräfenhainichen, Duchy of Anhalt, and his wife, Emma, both Roman Catholics. His teams won the Rose Bowl in 1932 against Tulane University when Pinckert pulled a pair of double reverses that produced touchdown runs and in 1931 against the University of Pittsburgh. Pinckert was All-American after the 1930 and 1931 seasons. He was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1957. Tommy Trojan, officially known as the Trojan Shrine was based on a variety of USC football players, including Russ Saunders and Ernie Pinckert. The lower half in particular is based on Ernie Pinckert. Pinckert played in the NFL between 1932 and 1940 for the Boston Braves and the Washington Redskins." ]

[ "JW-Jones JW-Jones (born July 15, 1980) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader. He is a Juno Award nominee (2015), \"Billboard\" magazine Top 10 Selling artist, and winner of the International Blues Challenge for \"Best Self-Produced CD Award\" for his release 'High Temperature' in 2017. Jones' first recording contract was signed with CrossCut Records (Germany) in 2000, who released his first seven CDs in Europe. He was the first artist signed to the NorthernBlues Music label in Toronto and released his first six recordings with the label. Jones has also worked with Ruf Records in the USA, and is now signed to Blind Pig Records. In the last decade, he has released seven albums. He has played in 23 countries in four continents and continues to tour extensively. Jones, who lives in Ottawa, Ontario, has performed at blues festivals, theatres and clubs in Canada, the USA, Europe, United Kingdom, Russia, Australia and Brazil. On June 19, 2014, Jones was presented with a Forty Under 40 Award by Ottawa Business Journal/Ottawa Chamber of Commerce. It is a celebration of entrepreneurship in Ottawa - a \"salute to the region’s young business stars who balance business achievement, professional expertise and community involvement.\" In May 2009, Jones' song \"Parasomnia\" appeared on a \"Guitar World\" featured CD, \"Guitar Masters Vol. 2\", among B.B. King, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck and Carlos Santana. The Canadian national newspaper \"The Globe and Mail\" referred to Jones as \"one of this country's top blues guitar stars\". The US \"Blues Revue\" magazine' stated that \"Jones' style is a fluid amalgam of T-Bone Walker's big, bright chords, Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson's slashing leads, and Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown's jazzy sting\". \"Billboard\" called Jones part of \"a new wave of young talent moving onto Canada’s blues stage.\" Charlie Musselwhite stated, \"JW Jones is one of the best guitar players I’ve heard in a long time. He and his band do great tunes with cool arrangements and I love listening to them. They play with taste and fire at the same time.\" The guitarist Little Charlie Baty has said, \"JW is one of the young guns in the blues guitar world who consistently delivers the goods on record and on stage - and of course I'm gonna dig anybody who writes a tune called 'Batyology'!\" (an instrumental that Jones wrote in homage to Baty). The Canadian-born Hollywood actor Dan Aykroyd, who is also known for his \"Blues Brothers\" persona \"Elwood Blues\" has called the group an \"amazing blues band\". Chuck Leavell, a member of the Rolling Stones, wrote \"His evolution as a musician and vocalist shine through on this record like never before. Real songs, real playing by real people, and JW is the real deal\" in the liner notes for the JW-Jones release 'High Temperature'. Jones, who attended Ridgemont High School in Ottawa, Ontario, won the 1998 R&R Concerts \"Battle of the Bands\", at the age of eighteen. The prize package included studio time that was used to record a six song demo that was later reviewed by \"Blues Revue\". The next year, Jones won the 1999 Ottawa Blues Guitar Riff-Off competition. The prize package included studio time that was used to record his first album, \"Defibrillatin\" (SBR001-2000 / NBM0001-2001). The album included Steve Marriner, a then-high-school-age Ottawa blues harp player. AllMusic states that the \"Keyboardist [Pierre] Chretien [on organ and piano] is credited with bringing a jazz influence to Jones' and the band's sound\" during that time period. The CD liner notes say that Steve Hiscox played drums on the album and Nathan Morris played upright bass. Morris played on several subsequent albums and played and toured with the band. On subsequent albums, Morris is also credited for electric bass. In the 2000s, Jones was invited to perform on stage with a number of blues bands and artists, including The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Junior Watson, Little Charlie & the Nightcats, Rusty Zinn, Rick Holmstrom, Rod Piazza & The Mighty Flyers, Anson Funderburgh & The Rockets, The Mannish Boys and Hubert Sumlin. Jones' second album was \"Bogart's Bounce\", which included performances by the singer and blues \"harp\" player Kim Wilson (from The Fabulous Thunderbirds) and the pianist Gene Taylor (from The Blasters). His third album with his band, \"My Kind of Evil\" (2004), was produced by the multi-Grammy nominee Kim Wilson (singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds), and includes vocals by the Canadian singer/guitarist Colin James on two tracks, and Roxanne Potvin on another. Songs from the album have been played on the internationally syndicated \"House of Blues Radio Hour\". The music reviewer Brad Wheeler from Canada's \"The Globe and Mail\" newspaper praised the \"graceful ability he (Jones) shows on guitar\" in the album. Wheeler wrote, \"...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work.\"", "Wheeler wrote, \"...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work.\" The Allmusic review of \"My Kind of Evil\", by Chris Nickson, says,t \"He's very good on covers, such as \"I Don't Know,\" but his own songs — the vast majority of this disc — have plenty of life.\" In 2006, Jones released his fourth album, \"Kissing in 29 Days\", which included performances by David \"Fathead\" Newman on tenor saxophone. Newman was the main saxophone player with Ray Charles for 12 years. In \"Blues Revue\" magazine, Bret Kofford wrote, \"JW-Jones is highly regarded in blues circles.\" On May 13, 2008, the fifth album, \"Bluelisted\" went on sale. The recording includes special guests Little Charlie Baty (leader of the band Little Charlie & the Nightcats, which records on Alligator Records), Junior Watson, Richard Innes and Larry Taylor. The liner notes are written by Dan Aykroyd. On May 6, 2009, Hubert Sumlin (then 77), a blues guitarist who worked with Howlin' Wolf for more than 20 years and was named in the 100 Greatest Guitarists of all time by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, recorded with JW-Jones at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. The rhythm section was Richard Innes and Larry Taylor (who appear on \"Bluelisted\"). \"Midnight Memphis Sun\" (NorthernBlues/CrossCut/Ruf) was released on August 10, 2010. In April 2011, Jones signed an endorsement deal with Gibson Guitars. Jones' seventh album, \"Seventh Hour\", released on March 27, 2012, reached #1 on B.B. King's Bluesville on XM Sirius Satellite Radio, and led the band to performing at Buddy Guy's Legends in Chicago in February 2013, and opening for B.B. King at the RBC Ottawa Bluesfest on July 14, 2013. Jones was asked to co-host the Maple Blues Awards in Toronto on January 20, 2014, which took place mid-way through a tour with Johnny Winter. Jones opened for Jimmie Vaughan in May that year. On June 19, 2014, Jones was presented with a Forty Under 40 Award by Ottawa Business Journal/Ottawa Chamber of Commerce. It is the biggest and best celebration of entrepreneurship in Ottawa, a salute to the region’s young business stars who balance business achievement, professional expertise and community involvement. \"Belmont Boulevard\" was released on October 14 and is Jones's first release for the American blues label Blind Pig Records, recorded in Nashville with the Grammy Award winning producer Tom Hambridge. It debuted at #9 on \"Billboard\"'s Blues Charts on November 8, 2014. The disc was released in Canada on October 7, distributed by Stony Plain Records. It debuted and held the #1 position on Roots Music Report, the radio air-play chart, in Canada for thirteen weeks between October 2014 and February 2015. The album was nominated as Blues Album of the Year at the Juno Awards and Recording of the Year at Maple Blues Awards, and Jones was nominated for Guitarist of the Year. After Buddy Guy sang with JW-Jones at Buddy Guy's Legends in Chicago, Illinois, on April 14, 2015, he asked Jones to play guitar with him during two sold-out shows at Centrepointe Theatre in Ottawa on April 27 and 28, 2015. Guy joined the band for the fourth time in seven months, at his club on November 15, 2015. On July 17, 2015, Canned Heat invited Jones to perform during their set at Ottawa Bluesfest in Ottawa, and on September 12, 2015, invited Jones to perform during their set at Southside Shuffle Jazz & Blues Festival in Mississauga, Ontario, In Mar/Apr 2016, Jones performed in England, Scotland, and Wales, on his first UK Tour. On September 6, Guy sang with JW-Jones at Buddy Guy's Legends, the fifth time they have performed together on stage. Later that month, Jones performed two shows in Argentina, the 23rd country in which he has performed. Jones' ninth record, \"High Temperature\", produced in Nashville by Colin Linden with liner notes written by Chuck Leavell, a touring musician with The Rolling Stones, was released onn October 28, 2016. In November, JW-Jones' ninth release, \"High Temperature\" was named the \"Hot Shot Debut\" landing at No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" Top 10. On February 4, 2017, \"High Temperature\" won \"Best Self-Produced CD Award\" in Memphis at the International Blues Challenge, representing the Ottawa Blues Society. It was selected as a top 5 finalist a month earlier out of over 90 entries from worldwide blues societies. Chad Smith, drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers made a guest appearance with Jones at Blues On Whyte in Edmonton, Alberta, on May 27, 2017. The appearance led to radio interviews with Edmonton's Sonic 1029 and The Ryan Jespersen Show (Global News - 630 CHED) On November 12, 2017, Buddy Guy sang with JW-Jones at Buddy Guy's Legends, and told him \"I love the way you play, man\" during the appearance. This was the sixth time they have performed together on stage.", "This was the sixth time they have performed together on stage. 'High Temperature' was nominated for Recording/Producer of the Year at Maple Blues Awards with Colin Linden, and Jones' longtime bassist, Laura Greenberg was nominated for Bass Player of the Year. Jones has appeared in various acting roles on television; \"Bar Rescue\" (Spike TV) - season 3, episode 20, and commercials; Vinci tablet, Metropolitan Restaurant (Ottawa, Canada). He has done modelling for Indochino Suits and the high-tech company, Unify." ]

[ "Selgros Selgros is a large cash & carry company in Europe, owned by Transgourmet Holding, a wholly owned subsidiary of Coop (Switzerland). It started in 1989 as a joint venture between Rewe Group (50%) and Otto Group (50%). In March 2008, Rewe took over 100% of the company, and in October 2008 formed the Transgourmet Holding company with Coop. In 2011, Coop purchased the remaining interests of Transgourmet, which included Selgros. In Romania, Selgros owns a total of 22 hypermarkets throughout the country, with four stores in Bucharest, two stores in Constanţa, two stores in Târgu Mureş and with one store each in Timişoara, Cluj-Napoca, Iaşi, Craiova, Arad, Oradea, Braşov, Ploieşti, Bacău, Suceava, Galaţi, Brăila, Bistrița and Alba Iulia. In Poland, Selgros has opened 18 hypermarkets, with three stores in Warsaw, Wrocław and Łódź and with one store each in Szczecin, Gdańsk, Białystok, Bytom, Radom, Kraków, Poznań, Katowice, Lublin." ]

[ "Yarmouth Railroad Station The former Yarmouth Railroad Station was located on Railroad Avenue in Yarmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. The last station stood on land that is today occupied by a commercial warehouse at 91 Willow Street, Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts. The original station was built in the village of Yarmouth Port when the Cape Cod Railroad extended its line from Sandwich to Hyannis in 1854. This station burned to the ground in a spectacular fire on November 17, 1878. The Old Colony Railroad built a new station in the Town of Yarmouth in 1878 at the junction where the Hyannis branch turns to the south towards Hyannis and the former main line continued east to Provincetown. This station, shown in the image within this entry, burned down in 1941. In 1941 the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad built a new brick station in the same location as the previous station. It served the \"Day Cape Codder,\" \"Night Cape Codder\" and \"Neptune.\" This station was torn down around 1975 to make room for the Christmas Tree Shops' first warehouse." ]

[ "Joe Crozier (footballer, born 1914) Joseph Crozier (2 December 1914 – 27 July 1985) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 200 appearances in the Football League for Brentford. Having made the majority of his Brentford appearances in the club's only spell in the English top-flight, Crozier has been described as the club's best ever goalkeeper. He represented Scotland in wartime international matches. Crozier began his career at junior team Strathclyde and moved to Scottish Second Division club East Fife in 1934. He made 100 appearances for the club and earned a £1,000 move to English top-flight club Brentford in May 1937. Either side of the Second World War, Crozier made 224 appearances for the Bees. As a testament to his longevity, Crozier made 114 of his 200 league appearances consecutively. During the war, Crozier played as a guest at Hibernian and Airdrieonians. He departed Brentford in 1949 and saw out his career with spells at non-league clubs Chelmsford City, Kidderminster Harriers and Ashford Town (Kent). Crozier won three unofficial caps for Scotland in three wartime internationals versus England in 1943 and 1944. He conceded 16 goals in three defeats. The final match at Hampden Park in April 1944 was witnessed by a wartime record 133,000 crowd. After his retirement from football, Crozier became managing director of Cory Lighterage and a Freeman of the City of London." ]

[ "Devekut Devekut, debekuth, deveikuth or deveikus (Heb. דבקות; Mod. Heb. \"dedication\", traditionally \"clinging on\" to God) is a Jewish concept referring to closeness to God. It may refer to a deep, trance-like meditative state attained during Jewish prayer, Torah study, or when performing the 613 mitzvot (the \"commandments\"). It is particularly associated with the Jewish mystical tradition. דבק, or \"deveq\", the modern Hebrew word for glue, literally means 'to cling'. It is sometimes referred to as \"devequt\", \"dvequt\" or \"devequs\". The concept of Devequt is important in Jewish culture, particularly in Hasidism and in the history of Jewish thought, mysticism, and ethics. In modern Israeli Hebrew, \"Devequt\" or \"dvequt\" is also often a synonym for dedication toward a particular goal. In religious Judaism and in academia, \"Dvequt\" refers most commonly to the philosophical, mystical and Hasidic understanding of \"Devequt\" as \"cleaving\" or \"attaching oneself\" to God in all areas of life. In Kabbalah, close circles of elite scholars would seek elevated mystical states of devekut, often through ascetic practices. The path in devekut of historical Kabbalah, both in its first Medieval dissemination, and in its 16th century Renaissance, was dependent on many conditions. Kabbalistic thought was limited to more advanced scholars. This was both a historical tradition, and an inherent characteristic. The form of historical Kabbalah embodied in its texts required extensive understanding of mainstream Rabbinic texts, in order to correctly understand its subtle metaphors, and to avoid their anthropomorphism. This danger was subsequently born out in the heretical misinterpretations of Kabbalah by the Sabbateans and their successors. With advanced understanding, dveikut was allied with ascetic practices. With its emphasis on Divine Omnipresence, Hasidic philosophy sought to unify all aspects of spiritual and material life, to reveal their inner Divinity. Dveikut was therefore achieved not through ascetic practices that \"broke\" the material, but by sublimating materialism into Divine worship. Nonetheless, privately, many Hasidic Rebbes engaged in ascetic practices, in Hasidic thought for mystical reasons of bringing merit to the generation, rather than formerly as methods of personal elevation. The Baal Shem Tov taught of the superior advantage in Jewish service, of incorporating materialism within spirituality. In Hasidic thought, this was possible because of the essential Divine inspiration within Hasidic expression. In its terminology, it takes a higher Divine source to unify lower expressions of the material and the spiritual. In relation to the Omnipresent Divine essence, the transcendent emanations described in historical Kabbalah are external. This corresponds to the Kabbalistic difference between the Or (Light) and the Maor (Luminary). Essential Divinity permeates all equally, from the common folk to the scholars. Traditional Jewish philosophical, ethical and mystical thought describes the two fundamental emotions in spiritual devotion, of \"love of God\" and \"fear/awe of God\". Hasidic thought gives these standard notions its own interpretations. The founder of Hasidism, the Baal Shem Tov, opposed the ethical practices of admonishment (see Maggid), that could interpret fear of God as fear of punishment. In Hasidism such fear is seen as superficial, egotistical and misrepresentative of the Divine love for Creation. Hasidism sought to replace Jewish observance based on self-awareness with an overriding perception and joy of the omnipresent Divine (see Divine immanence). It likewise reinterpreted the traditional Jewish notion of humility. To the Hasidic Masters, humility did not mean thinking little of oneself, a commendable quality that derives from an external origin in Jewish spirituality, but rather losing all sense of ego entirely (\"bittul\"-the negation of ego). This inner psychological spirituality could only be achieved by beginning from the inside, through understanding and awareness of Divinity in Hasidic philosophy. The Hasidic leaders say that \"to dispel darkness (spiritual impurity and obstacles), one does not fight it\", the method of Mussar, as such success has the drawback of immersing oneself in the problems. Rather, \"one turns on the light\", as \"a little bit of light gets rid of a lot of darkness\". The light represents the illumination in the psyche of Hasidic thought. The great Masters of Mussar would counter that such a path has the danger of escapism, as understanding oneself is the basis of mature consciousness. In some Hasidic schools, this pitfall of mystical escapism is avoided. In Habad Hasidism, for example, Jewish meditation differed from \"General Hasidism\" in seeking intellectual understanding and inward contemplation over more external forms of emotional enthusiasm. Across all Hasidism the continual mystical joy and \"bittul\"-humility \"between man and God\", is ideally reflected likewise in self-sacrifice to help another person \"between man and man\". In Jewish law, self-sacrifice is called \"mesiras nefesh\", and involves the occasional situations when one forfeits life. In daily terminology in Hasidism, mesiras nefesh means instead devoted sacrifice for God or another person. It is indicative of this that the two Hasidic schools most focused on daily learning of Hasidic thought, Habad (Lubavitch) and Breslav, have also become the two schools involved in the Baal Teshuva movement.", "It is indicative of this that the two Hasidic schools most focused on daily learning of Hasidic thought, Habad (Lubavitch) and Breslav, have also become the two schools involved in the Baal Teshuva movement. In Habad, the talented young men and women devote themselves to going on Shlichus (outreach), rather than the traditional and commendable devotion to Torah study and personal spiritual advancement. In Habad thought, such material and spiritual help for another person achieves its own manifold spiritual illumination and refinement of one's personality. Just as some traditional forms of Jewish thought gave emphasis to fear of punishment as a helpful contribution to beginning Jewish observance, before progressing to more mature levels, so too do some Jewish approaches advocate motivation from eternal reward in the Hereafter, or the more refined ideal of seeking spiritual and scholarly self-advancement through Torah study. Study of Torah is seen by Rabbinic Judaism as the pre-eminent spiritual activity, as it leads to all other mitzvot (Jewish observances). To seek personal spiritual advancement through learning is a commendable ideal of Rabbinic Judaism. Hasidism, ideally, rejected the focus on spiritual reward, or ultimately also the ideal of spiritual self-advancement, as too self-centred. Before the magnificent awareness of Divine majesty, through the mystical path, the automatic response is sincerity and a desire to nullify oneself in the Divine presence. The Habad Shaliach, for example, who moves to a remote place to offer Jewish life there, generally absorbs the notion that it is worthwhile to reject even refined levels of self-centred spiritual advancement, from advanced Yeshiva study, to help another person in their spiritual and physical needs. This attitude has also spread in recent times to non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jewish Orthodoxy, as part of the spiritual campaign of the Baal Teshuvah movement. Traditionally, part of the early opposition of the Talmudic focused Mitnagdim, centred in Lithuania, was their fear that Hasidism demoted the traditional importance on Torah study, from its pre-eminent status in Jewish life. Some Hasidic interpretations saw mystical prayer as the highest activity, but their practitioners thought that through this, all their Jewish study and worship would become more spiritualised. By the mid-19th Century, the schism between the two interpretations of Eastern European Judaism had mostly healed, as Hasidism revealed its dedication to Talmudic scholarship, and the Lithuanian World saw advantages in ethical focus. Hasidic anecdotes illustrate its mystical idea of rejecting notions of reward and punishment in favour of \"bittul\" (nullification) of the ego and devoted self-sacrifice. In one account: The first leader of Habad Schneur Zalman of Liadi kept in his desk some of his unpublished Hasidic mystical writings. A fire broke out that destroyed them. Afterwards, he asked if anyone had secretly copied them. His close associates replied that no one had, since he had written atop their pages the warning of \"a mystical cutting off of one's soul in the next World for anyone who copies these manuscripts\". It seems that Schneur Zalman felt that he had not been given permission to distribute these teachings from Heaven. In response to their answer, he replied \"what has become of Hasidic self-sacrifice for the sake of Heaven?\"! The \"love of God\" and \"fear of God\" receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah. To Maimonides, for example, based on the synthesis of Jewish revelation with Greek philosophy, love and fear were to be awakened by contemplating the wonders of Creation, which could reveal the presence of their Creator. Hasidism adopts the Kabbalistic interpretations of the different forms of love, and the mystical interpretations of fear as awe before the Divine majesty. Basing itself on the Kabbalistic explanations of the terminology in the Song of Songs, the classic Hasidic manual for serving God, the Tanya by Schneur Zalman of Liadi, describes many types of mystical love and awe. The methods of Jewish meditation advocated here are particular to the Chabad school of thought, but this text is revered across general Hasidism, as being a systematically structured guide to daily Hasidic life. In all Hasidism, as in Kabbalah, love and awe are awakened by study of mystical texts, in Hasidism of Hasidic philosophy, and in the varying ways of the different schools within Hasidism of applying this in daily Jewish life. Based on Kabbalah, it differentiates between lower and higher forms of love, awe and nullification of the ego. The soulful advantage of Hasidism over Kabbalah is expressed in its ability to be expressed without recourse to the esoteric terms of Kabbalah. This is brought out most in the charismatic spiritual stories told about the beloved Masters of Hasidism, as well as in the mystical parables they told to illustrate ideas. One such parable differentiates between superficial forms of love of God and spiritual reward, with true forms of selfless love: A powerful King was grateful to two simple poor people for their devotion, and decided to show his gratitude. The poor labourers had never been into the palace before, but had only seen the King at state occasions. After receiving their invitations to see the King, in trepidation and excitement, they approached the palace. As they entered, they were amazed to behold the magnificence of the palace. One servant was so enamoured of these riches, that he stopped in the great halls to delight in their beauty.", "One servant was so enamoured of these riches, that he stopped in the great halls to delight in their beauty. He never progressed beyond these chambers. Meanwhile, the other servant was wiser, and his desire was only for the King. The beautiful ornaments did not distract him, as he entered the inner chamber, where he delighted in beholding the King himself. Likewise a story is told of how in moments of mystical rapture, Schneur Zalman of Liadi would be seen rolling on the floor, exclaiming \"God, I don't want your Garden of Eden (Heavenly World), I don't want your World-to-Come (Messianic days), I just want You!\". The teachers of Hasidism point out that fear of God is different from natural forms of worldly fear, which are uncomfortable experiences, and when experienced, at the time remove other emotions. The awe and trepidation felt when perceiving the mystical greatness of God carries its own delight and \"bittul\"-nullification, and can be felt together with longing and delight of mystical love. For one who has studied the texts of Hasidism, and has responded to their \"Wellsprings\", they can then carry this mystical perspective into daily life. Especially opportune, in traditional Hasidic life, was seeking times of solitude amongst Nature. In Breslov Hasidism, the simple prayers of one's heart in such a setting (Hitbodedut) becomes of central importance. Rabbi Nachman of Breslav poetically depicts the spiritual lifeforce in the grasses of the field as joining and helping in one's prayers. Psychologically too, the aesthetic beauty of Nature becomes elevated by seeing the Divine transcendence reflected in it. To a sensitised soul, a tree can take on the extra dimension of a mystical beauty, that unites the Divine immanence of God with the transcendence. Divine transcendence and immanence are traditional notions in Jewish thought. The Panentheism of the Baal Shem Tov gave new emphasis on the theology and perception of the immanent Divine in all things. This carried earlier Kabbalistic notions, that saw Nature as a manifestation of God, to their theological conclusions. (The Kabbalists explain that one of the Hebrew names of God \"Elo-h-im\", representing Divine immanence, is numerically equivalent in Gematria with \"HaTeva\" meaning \"Nature\"). In the second section of the Tanya, Schneur Zalman of Liadi articulated the philosophical explanations of this. Similarly, the Baal Shem Tov gave a new interpretation of Divine Providence, that described how the movement of a leaf in the wind is significant in the Divine plan. A tale of the Baal Shem Tov also depicts the relationship between consciousness of the Divine immanence in Nature, infused with the higher light of Divine transcendence: Once, when the Baal Shem Tov was on a journey, Sabbath overtook him on the highway. He stopped the wagon, and went out into the field to perform the services that welcome the coming of Sabbath, and to remain there until the Sabbath was ended. On the field, a flock of sheep were grazing. When the Baal Shem Tov raised his voice and spoke the prayers that welcome the Sabbath as the coming of a Bride, the sheep rose upon their hind legs, and lifted their heads in the air, and stood like people listening. And so they remained in wrapt attention for two hours, all the while that the Baal Shem spoke. In the tale, the sheep become aware in their instinctive feelings of the existence of a Divine transcendent reality. According to the tale, the Baal shem Tov's prayers could be holy enough for even instinctive creatures to perceive this. The early Hasidic movement around the Baal Shem Tov developed from elite esoteric mystical circles of pneumatics, sometimes connected in practical fellowship. True Deveikut in early Hasidism reflected the superior nature of elevated mystical conduct, beyond the attainment of the regular community, though reaching out to encourage the common folk through popular mystical teaching. With the development of Hasidism as a large scale social movement through the disciples of Dovber of Mezeritch, the doctrine of Mainstream Hasidic \"Popular Tzadikism\" developed, especially by Elimelech of Lizhensk. In this, while true deveikut was unattainable by the common folk through their own efforts, the substitution of attachment, sometimes called \"Deveikut\", to the Tzadik enabled everyone to perceive and experience Divinity. This was the first time that Jewish mysticism, embodied in the elite esoteric deveikut of the Tzadik, was combined with practical, popular social doctrine and movement. Tzadikism, and its parallel worship of God through materiality, became the most distinctive feature of Hasidic Judaism, distinguishing Hasidism from other forms of traditional Judaism. The Tzadik embodied Divinity, through Hasidism's adaption of the Kabbalistic notion of Yesod-Foundation, becoming the channel of Divine spiritual and physical blessing to his followers. The Russian Chabad school of Shneur Zalman of Liadi and his successors became the exception from Mainstream Hasidism, in seeking to communicate the elite esoteric dimension of deveikut as widely as possible, through its approach of intellectual investigation of Hasidic thought. In this, as in the different Polish Peshischa-Kotzk school that stressed personal autonomy, the main role of the Tzadik was as teacher in Habad, or mentor in Peshischa. The most extreme form of Mainstream Tzadikism, sometimes opposed by other Hasidic leaders, was embodied in \"Wonder-working\" Rebbes, for whom Divine channelling of blessing through theurgic practice became central, at the expense of Torah teaching.", "The most extreme form of Mainstream Tzadikism, sometimes opposed by other Hasidic leaders, was embodied in \"Wonder-working\" Rebbes, for whom Divine channelling of blessing through theurgic practice became central, at the expense of Torah teaching. Hasidism developed the customs of Tish (gathering), Kvitel (request) and Yechidut (private audience) in the conduct of the Tzadik. \"Teshuvah\", often translated into English as \"Repentance\", literally means \"Return\" to God in Judaism. Halachic codes identify its defining stages in personal spiritual repentance and atonement from sin. Musar literature generally see its role in broader self-understanding, spiritual growth, and personal fidelity. Hasidic thought, based upon Kabbalistic exegesis, gives it a mystical ascending structure. It interprets two levels of return, \"Lower Teshuvah\" (Lower Return to God), and \"Higher Teshuvah\" (Higher Return). In Hasidic philosophy, Teshuvah does not only involve repentance and rectification of previous spiritual faults. Rather, as the Baal Shem Tov taught, even perfectly righteous Tzadikim need to return to God, in the higher Teshuvah of continual ascent in holiness. With new revelations of mystical Divinity, come new awareness of \"Bittul\" (self-nullification) and desire for God in Deveikut. According to Kabbalistic exegesis of the Hebrew word \"Teshuvah\" (תשובה), it can be read as \"Returning the letter hei\" (תשוב-ה). The Tetragrammaton essential Divine name has two letters \"hei\", the second one corresponding to the lower revealed levels of the Four Worlds in Kabbalah, and the first one corresponding to the higher concealed realms. Spiritual lapses by man only reach the lower realms. Lower teshuvah returns the second hei in rectification, higher teshuvah redeems the higher hei in holy ascent. The service of the Hasidic Rebbe Tzadik is continual ascent in dveikut of love, awe and faith of God. This is called the service of \"Eschapchah\" (\"Transformation\" of darkness to light). The regular folk who rise and fall spiritually, engage more in the service of \"Iskafiah\" (\"Subjugation\" of impurity). With its characteristic articulation of Divine Omnipresence in everything, Hasidism emphasises the superior quality of both services. Stories are told of Hasidic Rebbes who envied the battle with impurity of the common folk. When a person falls spiritually, and is in need of \"Lower Teshuvah\", then Hasidic thought gives encouragement in their new reality. Talmudic theology describes its own two types of Teshuvah, \"Teshuvah from Fear\" of God, which erases sin, and \"Teshuvah from Love\" of God, which transforms sin into merit. In the path of Hasidic rectification of sin, through mystical dveikut the sin can be transformed (Eschapchah) into full inner merit. Once the Hasidic follower perceives their inner exile from God that sin caused, through mystical study they become awakened to an even stronger desire for God than the Tzadik can reach. This is compared to the thirst of a person in a dry desert without water. With devoted dveikut they can become a fully transformed person, and the route to their superior Divine level was through the sin itself. Accordingly, the Baal Shem Tov interpreted the Hebrew word for sin (חטא-\"Cheit\") as possessing a silent letter Aleph at the end. This represents, he said, the concealed spark of holiness within the sin itself, that is revealed in Teshuvah. Kabbalah describes this process as \"every spiritual descent is only in order to reach an even higher subsequent ascent\". In Hasidic Omnipresence, the Baal Shem Tov taught a new view of individual Divine Providence. In this every detail is a concealed part of the Divine plan. Each individual is destined to personally redeem their personal sparks of holiness. In Hasidism, therefore, the spiritual failure is itself the concealed inner beginning of the ultimate ascent. In Hasidic lore, the path of Nachman of Breslov is especially related to giving redemption and encouragement to those people who are caught up in personal difficulties and spiritual impurity. Through his creative articulation of Hasidic mysticism, his teachings can awaken a desire for deveikut, the path of personal hitbodedut expression of one's problems, and a mystical Tikkun HaKlali rectification for all. His main work \"Lkkutei Moharan\" is colloquially referred to as the Hasidic book to help those in spiritual difficulties (\"wickedness\"). The \"Tanya\" of Schneur Zalman of Liadi is subtitled the \"Hasidic book for the intermediate person\" who has ease to intellectually meditate on Hasidic philosophy to reach inner Teshuvah. The work \"Noam Elimelech\" by Elimelech of Lizhensk instructs the \"Hasidic book for the righteous\", and the Mainstream Hasidic path of Teshuvah through cleaving to the Tzadik. The Baal Shem Tov taught the spiritual value of simple Jewish folk. This was at a time after the 17th century Khmelnytsky Uprising had devastated Jewish communities in the Ukraine, and a gap had evolved between the centres of Talmudic scholarship and the unlettered masses. With the traditional preeminence in Rabbinic Judaism on Torah study, it was perceived that the unlettered masses, though not at fault, were spiritually inferior. Maggidim toured Jewish communities offering admonishment of further punishment as a means of encouraging Jewish observance among the disenfranchised masses. In this arena, the Baal Shem Tov's mysticism taught that the sincere common folk could be closer to God than a scholar who has self-pride in his accomplishments.", "In this arena, the Baal Shem Tov's mysticism taught that the sincere common folk could be closer to God than a scholar who has self-pride in his accomplishments. He conveyed his revolutionary ideas in parables, stories and terse teachings among the market places of the populace. The legendary tales about him, later copied in \"Shivchei HaBesht\" and other hagiographic compilations describe how much he cherished the sincere prayers of the simple, artless folk. In perhaps the most characteristic Hasidic story, the Baal Shem Tov's conduct instructed his new mystical teaching and boundless delight in the unlettered deveikut of the simple folk: The saintly prayers of the Baal Shem Tov and his close circle were unable to lift a harsh Heavenly decree they perceived one Rosh Hashanah (New Year). After extending the prayers beyond their time, the danger remained. An unlettered shepherd boy entered and was deeply envious of those who could read the holy day's prayers. He said to God \"I don't know how to pray, but I can make the noises of the animals of the field.\" With great feeling, he cried out, \"Cock-a-doodle-do. God have mercy!\" Immediately, joy overcame the Baal Shem Tov, and he hurried to finish the day's prayers. Afterwards, he explained that the heartfelt prayer of the shepherd boy opened the Gates of Heaven, and the decree was lifted. Through this emphasis, Hasidism popularised Jewish mysticism. It offered deveikut, that had previously been restricted in transcendent Kabbalistic forms, in new tangible, direct immanent perception. Later Hasidic paths adopted different methods in Jewish meditation for prayer, from the Breslov fostering of emotional Hitbodedut (\"secluded\" prayer), to Chabad intellectual Hitbonenut (\"Contemplative\" prayer). A revival of interest in Jewish music was sparked as part of Hasidism. Hasidic niggunim melodies are a distinctive form of voice instrumental music, expressing its mystical emotions of deveikut. Hasidism gave new emphasis to song as a form of worship in prayer. As many niggunim are without words, it is taught that the niggun can reach spiritual levels higher than the words of prayer can reach, as they open the heart to love and awe of God. As many niggunim were composed by Hasidic Masters, it is thought that through singing their melodies, the follower can be attached and inspired by the soul of their Rebbe. This musical dimension of Hasidic deveikut, similar to the new forms of worship in Hasidic storytelling, captures the characteristics of its mystical ecstasy. Different Hasidic groups evolved their own distinctive styles of niggun. Followers customarily gather around on Jewish holidays to sing in groups, receive and give spiritual inspiration, and celebrate brotherly camaraderie. Hasidic custom venerated pilgrimage to the particular Rebbe one had allegiance to, either to gain a private audience or to attend their public gatherings (Tish/Farbrengen). The celebrations give over his Torah teachings, sometimes personal messages, and are interspersed with inspirational niggunim. There are nigunim for private meditation, often in prayer, called \"devekus nigunim\". These are usually slower than communal nigunim, and without lyrics. The Baal Shem Tov spoke of devekus nigunim as \"songs that transcend syllables and sound\". Several tunes attributed to him are still used today. Some niggunim originate from non-Jewish sources. Hasidic custom, based on a practice of the Baal Shem Tov, adapted secular anthems, marches and folk songs, ascribing to them a new spiritual interpretation. Hasidic belief is that these songs, in their secular forms, are in spiritual exile. By adapting them to liturgical forms, they are raising \"Sparks of Holiness\", based on the Kabbalistic rectification of Isaac Luria. On Jewish festivals, such as in the intermediate days of Sukkot and during the traditional celebration of Simchat Torah, the most joyous day in the Jewish calendar, joyful niggunim are sung in the dancing in the synagogue. There is a historical debate in Rabbinic literature as to whether Torah study or Mitzvot (Jewish observances) are spiritually superior. The 613 Mitzvot themselves are able to be divided into ethical (\"between man and man\") and ritual (\"between man and God\") observances. Mystical literature, based on Kabbalah, gives its own metaphysical reasons for the mitzvot. Hasidism arose at a time when advanced Talmudic study was seen as the supreme Jewish activity, yet was out of reach of the unlettered masses. The Baal Shem Tov gave new prominence to prayer and sincere observance of the mitzvot by the artless common folk. To the Baal Shem Tov, \"God desires the heart\". Just as the simple prayers of the common masses could reach beyond the self-aware spirituality of scholars, so too, their mitzvot could also reach spiritual levels that the Tzadikim envyed and emulated. In the profound dimension of Hasidic philosophical interpretation of Kabbalah, the mitzvot are described as the metaphorical \"limbs of the King\" (God) and an embrace of the Divine essence expressed within the Will of the commandments. Hasidic tales are told of the deveikut of Rebbes and simple Jewish folk in their fulfilment of the mitzvot. Many tales are related of the fervour of Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev, called the \"Heavenly Advocate of Israel\" before God. His saintly emotional response to deveikut would break restrained rules of conduct, sometimes humorously in public.", "His saintly emotional response to deveikut would break restrained rules of conduct, sometimes humorously in public. In one story, he prepares himself to ritually slaughter a chicken according to the halachic laws of shechita: As he recited the blessing prior to the act, he dwelt on the holy commandment he was about to perform. \"Blessed art Thou, God..\", he began. \"..Who commands us concerning Shechita\", he concluded in such fervour that he lost all sense of his surroundings. Opening his eyes after the blessing, he looked around to find an empty room, with the chicken escaped. \"Where is the chicken\" he began asking! Jewish mysticism: Practices: Concepts:" ]

[ "Paper Mill Village Bridge The Paper Mill Village Bridge, also called the Paper Mill Bridge or Bennington Falls Covered Bridge, is a wooden covered bridge that carries Murphy Road across the Walloomsac River northwest of Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1889, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The Paper Mill Village Bridge is located adjacent to a former paper mill building, located on the south side of State Route 67A, just south of the campus of Bennington College, northwest of downtown Bennington. It is a single-span Town lattice truss structure, long and wide, with a roadway width of (one lane). It rests on stone abutments that have been partially faced in concrete. The sides are clad in vertical board siding, while the portal ends are finished in horizontal flushboard siding. The side walls only rise part of the way to the roof, which shelters the upper portions of the trusses. A number of the truss members have been doubled to strengthen them, and there are also additional floor beams. The Paper Mill Bridge was built in 1889 by Charles F. Sears, whose family was prominent in the local bridge-building business. The bridge, which is the longest covered bridge in Bennington County, is similar in design to the nearby Silk Covered Bridge, whose design is sometimes attributed to Sears' father Benjamin." ]

[ "The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, the stage, and film. Set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals, the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world. Except in \"The Horse and His Boy\", the protagonists are all children from the real world, magically transported to Narnia, where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in \"The Magician's Nephew\" to its eventual destruction in \"The Last Battle\". Inspiration for the series was taken from multiple sources; in addition to adapting numerous traditional Christian themes, Lewis freely borrowed characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales. The books have profoundly influenced adult and children's fantasy literature since World War II. Lewis's exploration of themes not usually present in children's literature, such as religion, as well as the books' perceived treatment of issues including race and gender, has caused some controversy. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" in 1939 (the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914), he did not finish writing the first book \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" until 1949. \"The Magician's Nephew\", the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation. The original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the \"Narnia\" books that are still used in the editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for \"The Last Battle\", the final book in the saga. The series was first referred to as \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" by fellow children's author Roger Lancelyn Green in March 1951, after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book \"The Silver Chair\", originally entitled \"Night under Narnia\". Lewis described the origin of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" in an essay entitled \"It All Began with a Picture\": Shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three school girls named Margaret, Mary and Katherine came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst, Lewis's home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript: In \"It All Began With a Picture\" C. S. Lewis continues: Although Lewis pled ignorance about the source of his inspiration for Aslan, Jared Lobdell, digging into Lewis’s history to explore the making of the series, suggests Charles Williams’s \"The Place of the Lion\" as a likely influence. The manuscript for \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" was complete by the end of March 1949. The name \"Narnia\" is based on Narni, Italy, written in Latin as \"Narnia\". Green wrote: \"The Chronicles of Narnia's\" seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956, selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille. The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, \"Prince Caspian\", \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" and \"The Horse and His Boy\", were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but instead appeared (along with \"The Silver Chair\") one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books (\"The Magician's Nephew\" and \"The Last Battle\") were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. In the United States, the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers, and later by HarperCollins. The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers, while at the same time Scholastic, Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order, book clubs, and book fairs. Harper Collins also published several one-volume collected editions containing the full text of the series.", "Harper Collins also published several one-volume collected editions containing the full text of the series. As noted below (see Reading order), the first American publisher, Macmillan, numbered the books in publication sequence, whereas Harper Collins, at the suggestion of Lewis's stepson, opted to use the series' internal chronological order when they won the rights to it in 1994. Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of Harper Collins. The seven books that make up \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" are presented here in order of original publication date: \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie, who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II. They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke's house that leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch, who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books. Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951, \"Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia\" tells the story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia. They are drawn back by the power of Susan's horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need. Narnia as they knew it is no more, as 1,300 years have passed, their castle is in ruins, and all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle, Miraz, who has usurped the throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia. Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952, \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb, return to Narnia, three years after their last departure. Once there, they join Caspian's voyage on the ship \"Dawn Treader\" to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the edge of the world. Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953, \"The Silver Chair\" is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children, focusing instead on Eustace. Several months after \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole. They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian's son Rilian, who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother's death. Fifty years have passed in Narnia since the events from \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\"; Eustace is still a child, but Caspian, barely an adult in the previous book, is now an old man. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle, face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian. Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950, \"The Horse and His Boy\" was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\". The protagonists, a young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree, both begin in bondage in the country of Calormen. By \"chance\", they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin, who are also fleeing to Narnia. Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955, \"The Magician's Nephew\" serves as a prequel and presents Narnia's origin story: how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings made by Digory's uncle. In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis, and another world turns out to be the beginnings of the Narnian world (where Jadis later becomes the White Witch). The story is set in 1900, when Digory was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" 40 years later. Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956, \"The Last Battle\" chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from the ape Shift, who tricks Puzzle the donkey into impersonating the lion Aslan, thereby precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian. This leads to the end of Narnia as it is known throughout the series, but allows Aslan to lead the characters to the \"true\" Narnia. Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read.", "Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read. The issue revolves around the placement of \"The Magician's Nephew\" and \"The Horse and His Boy\" in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others. The reading order of the other five books is not disputed. When first published, the books were not numbered. The first American publisher, Macmillan, enumerated them according to their original publication order, while some early British editions specified the internal chronological order. When Harper Collins took over the series rights in 1994, they adopted the internal chronological order. To make the case for the internal chronological order, Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham, quoted Lewis's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order: In the 2005 Harper Collins adult editions of the books, the publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page: Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view, and continues, \"most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions\". Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books' order in his lifetime had he so desired. They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" – that the mysterious wardrobe, as a narrative device, is a much better introduction to Narnia than \"The Magician's Nephew\", where the word \"Narnia\" appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader. Moreover, they say, it is clear from the texts themselves that \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" was intended to be read first. When Aslan is first mentioned in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", for example, the narrator says that \"None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do\" — which is nonsensical if one has already read \"The Magician's Nephew\". Other similar textual examples are also cited. Doris Meyer, author of \"C. S. Lewis in Context\" and \"Bareface: A guide to C. S. Lewis\", writes that rearranging the stories chronologically \"lessens the impact of the individual stories\" and \"obscures the literary structures as a whole\". Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book \"Imagination and the Arts in C. S. Lewis: Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds\", and in \"Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia\" he writes: Aslan, the Great Lion, is the eponymous lion of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the King of Beasts, son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea. He is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit, as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality. The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are introduced in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" (although we do not learn their surname until \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\"), and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy. Although introduced in the series as children, the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia. They go back to being children once they get back to their own world, but feature as adults in \"The Horse and His Boy\" during their Narnian reign. All four appear in \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" and \"Prince Caspian\"; in the latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return, as they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy, and Edmund appear in \"The Horse and His Boy\" – Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", where Aslan tells them, too, that they are getting too old. Peter, Edmund, and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan's Country in \"The Last Battle\"; Susan does not. Asked by a child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled \"Susan of Narnia\" so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited, C. S. Lewis replied: \"I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me. There's no use just asking me to write more.", "There's no use just asking me to write more. When stories come into my mind I have to write them, and when they don't I can't!...\" Lucy is the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings. Of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan, and of all the human characters who visit Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most. In \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe, and (with Susan) witnesses Aslan's execution and resurrection. She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant. In \"Prince Caspian\" she is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them. In \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds. As an adult in \"The Horse and His Boy\" she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard. Although a minor character in \"The Last Battle\", much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view. Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\", where he falls under the White Witch's spell from eating the Turkish Delight she gives him. Instantiating that book's Christian theme of betrayal, repentance, and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice, he betrays his siblings to the White Witch. But he quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions, and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan's life. He is named King Edmund the Just. In \"Prince Caspian\" and \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" he supports Lucy; in \"The Horse and His Boy\" he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and, later, the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard. In \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again. She is named Queen Susan the Gentle. In \"Prince Caspian\", however, she is the last of the four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them. As an adult queen in \"The Horse and His Boy\" she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen but refuses his marriage proposal, and his angry response leads the story to its climax. In \"The Last Battle\", we are told that she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game. Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies. In \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" he kills a Talking Wolf to save Susan, and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch. Aslan names him High King, and he is known as Peter the Magnificent. In \"Prince Caspian\" he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian's throne. In \"The Last Battle\" it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time. Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies, and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House. He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully, but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while. His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been, and his subsequent improved character is rewarded when Aslan changes him back into a boy. In the later books, Eustace comes across as a much nicer person, although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative. Nonetheless, he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch. He appears in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", \"The Silver Chair\", and \"The Last Battle.\" Jill Pole is not related to any of the other children who enter Narnia. She is a classmate and neighbour of Eustace Scrubb. She appears in \"The Silver Chair\", where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action, and returns in \"The Last Battle\". In \"The Silver Chair\" Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world, where Aslan gives her the task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian's lost son. In \"The Last Battle\" she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill-fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes. Digory Kirke is the character referred to in the title of \"The Magician's Nephew\". He first appears as a minor character in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", known only as \"The Professor\", who hosts the Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe. In \"The Magician's Nephew\" the young Digory, thanks to his uncle's magical experimentation, inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly-created world of Narnia; to fix his mistake Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother. He returns in \"The Last Battle\". Polly Plummer appears in \"The Magician's Nephew\" and \"The Last Battle\". She is the next-door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke.", "She is the next-door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke. She is tricked by a wicked magician (who is Digory's uncle) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded. The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back. This sets up the pair's adventures into other worlds, and they witness the creation of Narnia as described in \"The Magician's Nephew\". Tumnus, called \"Mr Tumnus\" by Lucy, is a faun who is featured prominently in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" and also appears in \"The Horse and His Boy\" and \"The Last Battle\". He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series; he invites her to his home with the intention of betraying her to Jadis, but quickly repents and befriends her. In \"The Horse and His Boy\" he devises the Narnian delegation's plan of escape from Calormen. He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of \"The Last Battle\". Tumnus is the faun in the snowy wood: the mental image of which, according to Lewis, was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series. Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called \"Caspian the Seafarer\" and \"Caspian the Navigator\" — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia. \"Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia\" is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian's ancestors the Telmarines. Caspian is also a central character in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", and appears briefly at the beginning and end of \"The Silver Chair\". Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of \"Prince Caspian\"; he is one of Caspian's rescuers and a leading figure in the \"Old Narnian\" rebellion, and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp. In \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea, and he appears briefly in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in \"The Silver Chair\". Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in \"Prince Caspian\". Utterly fearless, infallibly courteous, and obsessed with honour, he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan. In \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" his role is greatly expanded; he becomes a visionary as well as a warrior, and ultimately his willing self-exile to Aslan's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords, thus achieving the final goal of the quest. Lewis identified Reepicheep as \"specially\" exemplifying the latter book's theme of \"the spiritual life\". Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in \"The Silver Chair\". Though always comically pessimistic, he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene. Shasta, later known as Cor of Archenland, is the principal character in \"The Horse and His Boy\". Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland, and elder twin of Prince Corin, Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman's son in the country of Calormen. Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of \"The Horse and His Boy\", Shasta escapes to freedom, saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion, learns of his true identity, and is restored to his heritage. Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland, marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis, and fathers the next (and most famous) king of Archenland, Ram the Great. Aravis, daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, is a character in \"The Horse and His Boy\". Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta, she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash, crown prince of Calormen, to invade Archenland. She later marries Shasta, now known as Prince Cor, and becomes queen of Archenland at his side. Bree (Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah) is Shasta's mount and mentor in \"The Horse and His Boy\". A Talking Horse of Narnia, he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured. He first appears as a Calormene nobleman's war-horse; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, Bree organises and carries out their joint escape. Though friendly, he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story. The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of \"The Last Battle\". Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse, he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill. Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan's Kingdom.", "Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan's Kingdom. Jadis, commonly known during her rule of Narnia as the White Witch, is the main villain of \"The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe\" and \"The Magician's Nephew\" – the only antagonist to appear in more than one Narnia book. In \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\", she is the witch responsible for the freezing of Narnia resulting in the Hundred Year Winter; she turns her enemies into statues and kills Aslan on the Stone Table, but is killed by him in battle after his resurrection. In \"The Magician's Nephew\" she is wakened from a magical sleep by Digory in the dead world of Charn and inadvertently brought to Victorian London before being transported to Narnia, where she steals an apple to grant her the gift of immortality. King Miraz is the lead villain of \"Prince Caspian\". Prior to the book's opening he has killed King Caspian IX, father of the titular Prince Caspian, and usurped his throne as king of the Telmarine colonizers in Narnia. He raises Caspian as his heir, but seeks to kill him after his own son is born. As the story progresses he leads the Telmarine war against the Old Narnian rebellion; he is defeated in single combat by Peter and then murdered by one of his own lords. The Lady of the Green Kirtle is the lead villain of \"The Silver Chair\", and is also referred to in that book as \"the Queen of Underland\" or simply as \"the Witch\". She rules an underground kingdom through magical mind-control. Prior to the events of \"The Silver Chair\" she has murdered Caspian's Queen and then seduced and abducted his son Prince Rilian. She encounters the protagonists on their quest and sends them astray. Confronted by them later, she attempts to enslave them magically; when that fails, she attacks them in the form of a serpent and is killed. Prince Rabadash, heir to the throne of Calormen, is the primary antagonist of \"The Horse and His Boy\". Hot-headed, arrogant, and entitled, he brings Susan Pevensie, with a small retinue including Edmund Pevensie, to Calormen in the hope of marrying her. When the Narnians escape his clutches, he attacks Archenland with the intention of establishing a base from which to raid Narnia and take Susan back, but his plan is foiled by Shasta and Aravis warning the Archenlanders. He is captured by Edmund and transformed into a donkey by Aslan as a punishment. Shift is the most prominent villain of \"The Last Battle\". He is an elderly TalkingApe – Lewis does not specify what kind of ape, but Pauline Baynes' illustrations depict him as a chimpanzee. He persuades the naïve donkey Puzzle to pretend to be Aslan (wearing a lion-skin) in order to seize control of Narnia, and proceeds to cut down the forests, enslave the other Talking Beasts, and invite the Calormenes to invade. He loses control of the situation due to over-indulging in alcohol, and is eventually swallowed up by the evil Calormene god Tash. The main setting of \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" is the world of Narnia constructed by Lewis and, in \"The Magician's Nephew\", the world containing the city of Charn. The Narnian and Charnian worlds are themselves posited as just two in a multiverse of countless worlds that includes our own universe, the main protagonists' world of origin. Passage between these worlds is possible, though rare, and may be accomplished by various means. Narnia itself is described as populated by a wide variety of creatures, most of which would be recognisable to those familiar with European mythologies and British and Irish fairy tales. Lewis's stories are populated with two distinct types of character: Humans originating from the reader's world of Earth, and Narnian creatures and their descendants created by Aslan. This is typical of works that involve parallel universes. The majority of characters from the reader's world serve as the protagonists of the various books, although some are only mentioned in passing depending on chronology. Lewis does not limit himself to a single source of inspiration; instead, he borrows from many sources,including ancient Greek and German mythology, as well as Celtic literature. \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" describes the world in which Narnia exists as one major landmass encircled by an ocean. Narnia's capital sits on the eastern edge of the landmass on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean. This ocean contains the islands explored in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\". On the main landmass Lewis places the countries of Narnia, Archenland, Calormen, and Telmar, along with a variety of other areas that are not described as countries. The author also provides glimpses of more fantastic locations that exist in and around the main world of Narnia, including an edge and an underworld. There are several maps of the Narnian universe available, including what many consider the \"official\" one, a full-colour version published in 1972 by the books' illustrator, Pauline Baynes. This is currently out of print, although smaller copies can be found in the most recent HarperCollins 2006 hardcover edition of \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film \"\".", "Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film \"\". One, the \"Rose Map of Narnia\", is based loosely on Baynes' map and has Narnian trivia printed on the reverse. The other, made in a monochromatic, archaic style reminiscent of maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth, is available in print and in an interactive version on the DVD of the movie. The latter map depicts only the country Narnia and not the rest of Lewis's world. A recurring plot device in \"The Chronicles\" is the interaction between the various worlds that make up the Narnian multiverse. A variety of methods are used to initiate these cross-overs which generally serve to introduce characters to the land of Narnia. The Cosmology of Narnia is not as internally consistent as that of Lewis's contemporary Tolkien's Middle-earth, but suffices given the more fairy tale atmosphere of the work. During the course of the series we learn in passing, that the world of Narnia is flat and geocentric and has different stars from those of Earth, and that the passage of time does not correspond directly to the passage of time in our world. \"The Chronicles\" cover the entire history of the world of Narnia, describing the process by which it was created, offering snapshots of life in Narnia as its history unfolds, and how it is ultimately destroyed. As is often the case in a children's series, children themselves, usually from our world, play a prominent role in all of these events. The history of Narnia is generally divided into the following periods: creation and the period shortly afterwards, the rule of the White Witch, the Golden Age, the invasion and rule of the Telmarines, their subsequent defeat by Caspian X, the rule of King Caspian and his descendants, and the destruction of Narnia. Like many stories, the narrative is not necessarily always presented in chronological order. Lewis's early life has parallels with \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". At the age of seven, he moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast. Its long hallways and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent make-believe worlds whilst exploring their home, an activity reflected in Lucy's discovery of Narnia in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\". Like Caspian and Rilian, Lewis lost his mother at an early age, spending much of his youth in English boarding schools similar to those attended by the Pevensie children, Eustace Scrubb, and Jill Pole. During World War II many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas because of German air raids. Some of these children, including one named Lucy (Lewis's goddaughter) stayed with him at his home The Kilns near Oxford, just as the Pevensies stayed with The Professor in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\". Drew Trotter, president of the Center for Christian Study, noted that the producers of the film \"\" felt that the books' plots adhere to the archetypal \"monomyth\" pattern as detailed in Joseph Campbell's \"The Hero with a Thousand Faces\". Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature, an influence reflected throughout the books, and most strongly in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.\" The entire book imitates one of the immrama, a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero's sea journey to the Otherworld. Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes, as in Narnia. Lewis's term \"Cair,\" as in Cair Paravel, also mirrors \"Caer\", or \"fortress\" in the Welsh language. Reepicheep's small boat is a \"coracle\", a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles. Some creatures in the book such as the one-footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek, Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology: for example, centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter. Michael Ward's 2008 book \"Planet Narnia\" proposes that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving heavenly bodies or \"planets\" known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemaic geocentric model of cosmology (a theme to which Lewis returned habitually throughout his work). At that time, each of these heavenly bodies was believed to have certain attributes, and Ward contends that these attributes were deliberately but subtly used by Lewis to furnish elements of the stories of each book: Lewis's interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more overtly referenced in other works such as his study of medieval cosmology \"The Discarded Image\", and in his early poetry as well as in \"Space Trilogy\". Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward's assertion that Lewis intended \"The Chronicles\" to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible, though Ford addresses an earlier (2003) version of Ward's thesis (also called \"Planet Narnia\", published in the \"Times Literary Supplement\").", "Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward's assertion that Lewis intended \"The Chronicles\" to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible, though Ford addresses an earlier (2003) version of Ward's thesis (also called \"Planet Narnia\", published in the \"Times Literary Supplement\"). Ford argues that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books, but Ward's book answers this by arguing that the astrological associations grew in the writing: A quantitative analysis on the imagery in the different books of \"The Chronicles\" gives mixed support to Ward's thesis: \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\", \"The Silver Chair\", \"The Horse and His Boy\", and \"The Magician's Nephew\" do indeed employ concepts associated with, respectively, Sol, Luna, Mercury, and Venus, far more often than chance would predict, but \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\", \"Prince Caspian\", and \"The Last Battle\" fall short of statistical correlation with their proposed planets. George MacDonald's \"Phantastes\" (1858) influenced the structure and setting of \"The Chronicles\". It was a work that was \" a great balm to the soul\". Plato was an undeniable influence on Lewis’s writing of \"The Chronicles\". Most clearly, Digory explicitly invokes Plato's name at the end of \"The Last Battle\", to explain how the old version of Narnia is but a shadow of the newly revealed “true” Narnia. Plato’s influence is also apparent in \"The Silver Chair\" when the Queen of the Underland attempts to convince the protagonists that the surface world is not real. She echoes the logic of Plato’s Cave by comparing the sun to a nearby lamp, arguing that reality is only that which is perceived in the immediate physical vicinity. The White Witch in \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" shares many features, both of appearance and character, with the villainous Duessa of Edmund Spenser's \"Faerie Queene\", a work Lewis studied in detail. Like Duessa, she falsely styles herself Queen; she leads astray the erring Edmund with false temptations; she turns people into stone as Duessa turns them into trees. Both villains wear opulent robes and deck their conveyances out with bells. In \"The Magician's Nephew\" Jadis takes on echoes of Satan from John Milton's \"Paradise Lost\": she climbs over the wall of the paradisal garden in contempt of the command to enter only by the gate, and proceeds to tempt Digory as Satan tempted Eve, with lies and half-truths. Similarly, the Lady of the Green Kirtle in \"The Silver Chair\" recalls both the snake-woman Errour in \"The Faerie Queene\" and Satan's transformation into a snake in \"Paradise Lost\". Lewis read Edith Nesbit's children's books as a child and was greatly fond of them. He described \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" around the time of its completion as \"a children's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit\". \"The Magician's Nephew\" in particular bears strong resemblances to Nesbit's \"The Story of the Amulet\" (1906). This novel focuses on four children living in London who discover a magic amulet. Their father is away and their mother is ill, as is the case with Digory. They manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London and she is the cause of a riot; likewise, Polly and Digory transport Queen Jadis to London, sparking a very similar incident. Marsha Daigle-Williamson argues that Dante’s \"Divine Comedy\" had a significant impact on Lewis’s writings. In the Narnia series, she identifies this influence as most apparent in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" and \"The Silver Chair\". Daigle-Williamson identifies the plot of \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" as a Dantean journey with a parallel structure and similar themes. She likewise draws numerous connections between \"The Silver Chair\" and the events of Dante’s \"Inferno\". Colin Duriez, writing on the shared elements found in both Lewis’s and J. R. R. Tolkien’s works, highlights the thematic similarities between Tolkien’s poem \"Imram\" and Lewis’s \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\". \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" has been a significant influence on both adult and children's fantasy literature in the post-World War II era. In 1976, the scholar Susan Cornell Poskanzer praised Lewis for his \"strangely powerful fantasies\". Poskanzer argued that children could relate to \"Narnia\" books because the heroes and heroines were realistic characters, each with their own distinctive voice and personality. Furthermore, the protagonists become powerful kings and queens who decide the fate of kingdoms, while the adults in the \"Narnia\" books tended to be buffoons, which by inverting the normal order of things was pleasing to many youngsters. However, Poskanzer criticized Lewis for what she regarded as scenes of gratuitous violence, which she felt were upsetting to children. Poskanzer also noted Lewis presented his Christian message subtly enough as to avoid boring children with overt sermonizing. Examples include: Philip Pullman's fantasy series, \"His Dark Materials\", is seen as a response to \"The Chronicles\".", "Examples include: Philip Pullman's fantasy series, \"His Dark Materials\", is seen as a response to \"The Chronicles\". Pullman is a self-described atheist who wholly rejects the spiritual themes that permeate \"The Chronicles\", yet his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar character types, including talking animals. In another parallel, the first books in each series – Pullman's \"Northern Lights\" and \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\" – both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe. Neil Gaiman's young-adult horror novella \"Coraline\" has been compared to \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\", as both books involve young girls travelling to magical worlds through doors in their new houses and fighting evil with the help of talking animals. His \"Sandman\" comic book series also features a Narnia-like \"dream island\" in its story arc entitled \"A Game of You\". When the island is unmade by its creator Morpheus, the inhabitants march into the shadow of his cloak in a scene visually similar to Aslan's judgement of the inhabitants of Narnia in \"The Last Battle\". Bill Willingham's comic book series \"Fables\" makes reference at least twice to a king called \"The Great Lion\", a thinly veiled reference to Aslan. The series avoids explicitly referring to any characters or works that are not in the public domain. The novel \"Bridge to Terabithia\" by Katherine Paterson has Leslie, one of the main characters, reveal to Jesse her love of Lewis's books, subsequently lending him \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" so that he can learn how to behave like a king. Her book also features the island name \"Terabithia\", which sounds similar to Terebinthia, a Narnian island that appears in \"Prince Caspian\" and \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\". Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia: I thought I had made it up. Then, rereading \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" by C. S. Lewis, I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book. However, Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible, so both of us pinched from somewhere else, probably unconsciously.\" Science-fiction author Greg Egan's short story \"Oracle\" depicts a parallel universe in which an author nicknamed Jack (Lewis's nickname) has written novels about the fictional \"Kingdom of Nesica\", and whose wife is dying of cancer, paralleling the death of Lewis's wife Joy Davidman. Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge. Lev Grossman's \"New York Times\" best-seller \"The Magicians\" is a contemporary dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory, the magical land of his favourite childhood books. Fillory is a thinly veiled substitute for Narnia, and clearly the author expects it to be experienced as such. Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures, it is also accessed through a grandfather clock in the home of an uncle to whom five English children are sent during World War II. Moreover, the land is ruled by two Aslan-like rams named Ember and Umber, and terrorised by The Watcherwoman. She, like the White Witch, freezes the land in time. The book's plot revolves heavily around a place very like the \"wood between the worlds\" from \"The Magician's Nephew\", an interworld waystation in which pools of water lead to other lands. This reference to \"The Magician's Nephew\" is echoed in the title of the book. J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has said that she was a fan of the works of Lewis as a child, and cites the influence of \"The Chronicles\" on her work: \"I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in King's Cross Station — it dissolves and he's on platform Nine and Three-Quarters, and there's the train for Hogwarts.\" Nevertheless, she is at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world: \"Narnia is literally a different world\", she says, \"whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong. A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds. Generally there isn't much humour in the Narnia books, although I adored them when I was a child. I got so caught up I didn't think CS Lewis was especially preachy. Reading them now I find that his subliminal message isn't very subliminal.\" \"New York Times\" writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley, the obnoxious son of Harry's neglectful guardians, and Eustace Scrubb, the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan. As with any popular long-lived work, contemporary culture abounds with references to the lion Aslan, travelling via wardrobe and direct mentions of \"The Chronicles\". Examples include: Charlotte Staples Lewis, a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series \"Lost\", is named in reference to C. S. Lewis.", "Examples include: Charlotte Staples Lewis, a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series \"Lost\", is named in reference to C. S. Lewis. \"Lost\" producer Damon Lindelof said that this was a clue to the direction the show would take during the season. The book \"Ultimate Lost and Philosophy\", edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kaye, contains a comprehensive essay on \"Lost\" plot motifs based on \"The Chronicles\". The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell features a humorous nerdcore hip hop song titled \"Chronicles of Narnia (Lazy Sunday)\", which focuses on the performers' plan to see \"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" at a cinema. It was described by \"Slate\" magazine as one of the most culturally significant \"Saturday Night Live\" skits in many years, and an important commentary on the state of rap. Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia, whose songs are mainly about the \"Chronicles of Narnia\" or the Bible, feature Aslan on all their album covers. In anticipation of 9 December 2005 premiere of the film \"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", various Christian artists released a based on \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". During interviews, the primary creator of the Japanese anime and gaming series \"Digimon\" has said that he was inspired and influenced by \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". \"The Roar of Love\" is a 1980 concept album by Christian band 2nd Chapter of Acts based on \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\". The song \"Further Up, Further In\" from the album \"Room to Roam\" by The Waterboys is heavily influenced by \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", with the title coming from a passage in \"The Last Battle\". C. S. Lewis is acknowledged in the liner notes as an influence. A convert to Christianity in later life, Lewis had authored a number of works on Christian apologetics and other literature with Christian-based themes before writing the \"Narnia\" books. The character Aslan is widely accepted by literary academia as being based on Jesus Christ. Lewis did not initially plan to incorporate Christian theological concepts into his \"Narnia\" stories. Lewis maintained that the \"Narnia\" books were not allegorical, preferring to term their Christian aspects a \"supposition\". \"The Chronicles\" have, consequently, a large Christian following, and are widely used to promote Christian ideas. However, some Christians object that \"The Chronicles\" promote \"soft-sell paganism and occultism\" due to recurring pagan imagery and themes. In later years, both Lewis and the \"Chronicles\" have been criticised (often by other authors of fantasy fiction) for gender role stereotyping, though other authors have defended Lewis in this area. For example, Lucy gets a healing potion and a dagger, while Peter gets a sword. Most allegations of sexism centre on the description of Susan Pevensie in \"The Last Battle\" when Lewis writes that Susan is \"no longer a friend of Narnia\" and interested \"in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations\". Philip Pullman, inimical to Lewis on many fronts, calls the \"Narnia\" stories \"monumentally disparaging of women\". His interpretation of the Susan passages reflects this view: Susan, like Cinderella, is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another. Lewis didn't approve of that. He didn't like women in general, or sexuality at all, at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books. He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up. In fantasy author Neil Gaiman's short story \"The Problem of Susan\" (2004), an elderly woman, Professor Hastings, deals with the grief and trauma of her entire family's death in a train crash. Although the woman's maiden name is not revealed, details throughout the story strongly imply that this character is the elderly Susan Pevensie. The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents a critique of Lewis's treatment of Susan. Other writers, including fan-magazine editor Andrew Rilstone, oppose this view, arguing that the \"lipsticks, nylons and invitations\" quote is taken out of context. They maintain that in \"The Last Battle\", Susan is excluded from Narnia explicitly because she no longer believes in it. At the end of \"The Last Battle\" Susan is still alive with her ultimate fate unspecified. Moreover, in \"The Horse and His Boy\", Susan's adulthood and sexual maturity are portrayed in a positive light, and therefore argued to be unlikely reasons for her exclusion from Narnia. Lewis supporters also cite the positive roles of women in the series, including Jill Pole in \"The Silver Chair\", Aravis Tarkheena in \"The Horse and His Boy\", Polly Plummer in \"The Magician's Nephew,\" and particularly Lucy Pevensie in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\". Alan Jacobs, an English professor at Wheaton College, asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series (Jacobs, 2008: 259).", "Alan Jacobs, an English professor at Wheaton College, asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series (Jacobs, 2008: 259). In her contribution to \"The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy\", Karin Fry, an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, notes that \"the most sympathetic female characters in \"The Chronicles\" are consistently the ones who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth to Aslan through actively engaging in the adventures just like the boys.\" Fry goes on to say: The characters have positive and negative things to say about both male and female characters, suggesting an equality between sexes. However, the problem is that many of the positive qualities of the female characters seem to be those by which they can rise above their femininity ... The superficial nature of stereotypical female interests is condemned. Taking a different stance altogether, Monika B. Hilder provides a thorough examination of the feminine ethos apparent in each book of the series, and proposes that critics tend to misread Lewis’s representation of gender. As she puts it “...we assume that Lewis is sexist when he is in fact applauding the “feminine” heroic. To the extent that we have not examined our own chauvinism, we demean the “feminine” qualities and extol the “masculine” - not noticing that Lewis does the opposite.” In addition to sexism, Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of fostering racism. Over the alleged racism in \"The Horse and His Boy\", newspaper editor Kyrie O'Connor wrote: It's just too dreadful. While the book's storytelling virtues are enormous, you don't have to be a bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this fantasy anti-Arab, or anti-Eastern, or anti-Ottoman. With all its stereotypes, mostly played for belly laughs, there are moments you'd like to stuff this story back into its closet. Gregg Easterbrook, writing in \"The Atlantic\", calls the Calormenes \"standins for Muslims\", while novelist Philip Hensher raises specific concerns that a reader might gain the impression Islam is a \"Satanic cult\". In rebuttal to this charge, at an address to a C. S. Lewis conference, Dr. Devin Brown argued that there are too many dissimilarities between the Calormene religion and Islam, particularly in the areas of polytheism and human sacrifice, for Lewis's writing to be regarded as critical of Islam. Nicholas Wanberg has argued, echoing claims by Mervyn Nicholson, that accusations of racism in the books are \"an oversimplification\", but he asserts that the stories employ beliefs about human aesthetics, including equating dark skin with ugliness, that have been traditionally associated with racist thought. Critics also argue whether Lewis's work presents a positive or negative view of colonialism. Nicole DuPlessis favors the anticolonial view, claiming \"the negative effects of colonial exploitations and the themes of animals' rights and responsibility to the environment are emphasized in Lewis' construction of a community of living things. Through the negative examples of illegitimate rulers, Lewis constructs the 'correct' relationship between humans and nature, providing examples of rulers like Caspian who fulfill their responsibilities to the environment.\" Clare Etcherling counters with her claim that \"those 'illegitimate' rulers are often very dark-skinned\" and that the only \"legitimate rulers are those sons and daughters of Adam and Eve who adhere to Christian conceptions of morality and stewardship – either white English children (such as Peter) or Narnians who possess characteristics valued and cultivated by the British (such as Caspian).\" Various books from \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" have been adapted for television over the years, including: \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" was first adapted in 1967. Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each, the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing. The book was adapted again in 1979, this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children's Television Workshop, with a screenplay by David D. Connell. Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program, it was one of the first major made-for-television feature-length animated films. Many of the characters' voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors with the exception of the characters Aslan, Peter, Susan, and Lucy. Between 1988 and 1990, the first four books (as published) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials. They were also aired in America on the PBS/Disney show WonderWorks. They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards, including \"Outstanding Children's Program\", and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children's Programme (Entertainment / Drama) in 1988, 1989 and 1990. The serials were later edited into three feature-length films (the second of which combined \"Prince Caspian\" and \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" into one) and released on VHS and DVD. On 3 October 2018, the C.S. Lewis Company announced that Netflix had acquired the rights to new film and series adaptations of the Narnia books. According to \"Fortune\", this was the first time that rights to the entire \"Narnia\" catalogue had been held by a single company.", "According to \"Fortune\", this was the first time that rights to the entire \"Narnia\" catalogue had been held by a single company. Entertainment One, which had acquired production rights to a fourth \"Narnia\" film, also joined the series. Mark Gordon, Douglas Gresham and Vincent Sieber will serve as executive producers. A critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatisation was produced in the 1980s, starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirke. Collectively titled \"Tales of Narnia\", the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours. In Great Britain, BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassette and compact disc versions of the series. Between 1998 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatisations of the entire series through its Radio Theatre program. Over one hundred performers took part including Paul Scofield as the storyteller and David Suchet as Aslan. Accompanied by an original orchestral score and cinema-quality digital sound design, the series was hosted by Lewis's stepson Douglas Gresham and ran for just over 22 hours. Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on compact disc between 1999–2003. Many stage adaptations of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" have been produced over the years. In 1984, Vanessa Ford Productions presented \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" at London's Westminster Theatre. Adapted by Glyn Robbins, the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood. The production was later revived at Westminster and The Royalty Theatre and went on tour until 1997. Productions of other tales from \"The Chronicles\" were also staged, including \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" (1986), \"The Magician's Nephew\" (1988) and \"The Horse and His Boy\" (1990). In 1997, Trumpets Inc., a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company, produced a musical rendition of \"The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe\" that Douglas Gresham, Lewis's stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations), has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis's intent. The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian, while the music was composed by Lito Villareal. The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1998. The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell, with music by Shaun Davey. The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward, with the revival directed by Lucy Pitman-Wallace. Well received by audiences, the production was periodically re-staged by the RSC for several years afterwards. Limited engagements were subsequently undertaken at the Barbican Theatre in London and at Sadler's Wells. This adaptation also toured the United States in the early 2000s. Sceptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically, Lewis never sold the film rights to the \"Narnia\" series. In answering a letter with a question posed by a child in 1957, asking if the Narnia series could please be on television, C. S. Lewis wrote back: \"They'd be no good on TV. Humanized beasts can't be presented to the \"eye\" without at once becoming either hideous or ridiculous. I wish the idiots who run the film world [would] realize that there are stories [which] are for the \"ear\" alone.\" Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham, Lewis's stepson and literary executor, and the films' co-producer, give approval for a film adaptation. The first novel adapted was \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" as \"\" released in December 2005. Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the film was directed by Andrew Adamson, with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus. The movie was a critical and box-office success, grossing over $745 million worldwide. Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel \"\", released in May 2008, which grossed over $419 million worldwide. In December 2008 Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the \"Chronicles of Narnia\" film series. Already in pre-production at the time, 20th Century Fox and Walden Media eventually co-produced \"\", which was released in December 2010 going on to gross over $415 million worldwide. In May 2012, producer Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media's contract with the C.S. Lewis Estate had expired, and that there was a moratorium on producing any \"Narnia\" films outside of Walden Media. On 1 October 2013, it was announced that the C.S. Lewis Company had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce \"\". On 26 April 2017, Joe Johnston was hired to direct the film. In October, Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018. This was updated in November 2018 to indicate these plans had been halted now that Netflix had begun developing adaptations of the entire series." ]

[ "Rashidul Hasan SMA Rashidul Hasan (193214 December 1971) was a Bengali educationist. He was born in the district of Birbhum, West Bengal. In 1949, he migrated to East Pakistan. He was awarded Independence Day Award in 2018 posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh. Hasan obtained his BA (Hons.) and MA in English from University of Dhaka in 1957 and 1958, respectively. He taught at various colleges including Narsingdi, Pabna Edward College, and Krishna Chandra College of Bhirbhum in West Bengal. Finally, he joined the University of Dhaka English Department in 1967. He was a liberal democrat and a lifelong fighter against fundamentalism and communism. On the 20 September 1971, the Pakistani occupation army arrested Hasan, but with the help of a friend of his he returned 12 days later unharmed. On the morning of 14 December, two days before independence, Hasan was taken together with his close friend Anwar Pasha from the same flat within the University of Dhaka campus by the Al Badar forces. The two families were then living together in a flat in the Isa Khan Road area. After 22 days of his disappearance, his decomposed body was found in the Mirpur killing ground. On 3 November 2013, Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, a Muslim leader based in London, and Ashrafuz Zaman Khan, based in the United States, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 people in December 1971 - nine University of Dhaka teachers including Rashidul Hasan and Anwar Pasha, six journalists and three physicians." ]

[ "Laurent Susini Laurent Susini (born April 18, 1965) is a French molecular biologist; his research is in the area of cancer and the genetic basis of tumor reversion. Laurent Susini started at the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH). He obtained his PhD in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology from University Paris VII - Denis Diderot. He contributed to the first physical map of the Human Genome at Genethon and at Genset Corporation as a member of 's team, collaborating with research teams from Caltech and the Los Alamos National Lab. In the Lab of Prof. Moshe Oren at the Weizmann Institute of Science, he demonstrated that SIAH1 targets NUMB (gene), a protein involved in directing cell fate choices, for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. SIAH1 is a p53-inducible gene, active in the process of cell death and tumor suppression by a mechanism consisting of ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. Approaching cancer research with a different angle, not asking why the normal cells become malignant, but rather from the patients expectations: how do my tumor cells quit their malignant status, and thus, revert?, Laurent Susini joined Molecular Engines Laboratories (M.E.L. ), a biotech company with headquarters and laboratories located in Paris (France), in 2000, to develop a new generation of innovative drugs against cancer with Adam Telerman and Robert Amson. By conducting differential gene expression and bio-informatics analyses on the tumor reversion cellular models, they identified more than 200 genes involved in the process of tumor reversion, and specifically TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein / Translationally Controlled Tumour Protein ). This work led to potential drugs preventing, and managing cancer by inhibiting the expression of the gene tpt1/TCTP. Laurent Susini moved to Oncology Clinical Research in 2007 to contribute in clinical early development of anti-cancer drugs. First with Quintiles and then joining the Translational Clinical Oncology department from the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research to design and conduct phase I clinical trials, mainly in melanoma and heme malignancies. Laurent Susini has played a critical role in the research of M.E.L founded by Adam Telerman and Robert Amson. More particularly his expertise was instrumental for the genetic and epigenetic analyses of single revertant cells from different cancer cell lines, for the identification of a \"drugable\" target and for the generation of pharmacological compounds able to kill cancer cells. TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein was identified in a screen between tumor cells and revertant cells. Inhibition of TCTP influences reversion of tumor cells. Therefore, the objective was to develop drugs targeting TCTP in cancers overexpressing the protein. Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of the tumor reversion program, tumor progression and certain forms of inflammatory diseases. Laurent Susini described TCTP as a pro-survival protein antagonizing BAX, Bcl-2-associated X protein, function" ]

[ "Del Webb Delbert Eugene Webb (May 17, 1899 – July 4, 1974) was an American real estate developer, and a co-owner of the New York Yankees baseball club. He is known for founding and developing the retirement community of Sun City, Arizona, and for many works of his firm, Del E. Webb Construction Company. Webb was born in Fresno, California, to Ernest G. Webb, a fruit farmer, and Henrietta S. Webb. He dropped out of high school to become a carpenter's apprentice, and in 1919, he married Hazel Lenora Church, a graduate nurse. In 1920, Webb was a ship fitter, and they were living with his parents and two younger brothers in Placer County, California. At the age of 28, he suffered typhoid fever, and as a result moved to Phoenix, Arizona, to recover. In 1928, Webb began his namesake company which was a construction contractor. He received many military contracts during World War II, including the construction of the Poston War Relocation Center near Parker, Arizona. Poston interned over 17,000 Japanese-Americans and at the time was the third largest “city” in Arizona. Webb was associated with Howard Hughes and played golf with Hughes, Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Robert and Barry Goldwater. A lifelong baseball fan, in 1945, Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the New York Yankees for $2.8 million from the estate of Col. Jake Ruppert, Jr.. After buying out MacPhail in October 1947, Webb and Topping remained owners of the Yankees until selling the club to CBS in 1964. In 1946 and 1947, mob boss Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel hired Webb as a construction foreman for the Flamingo Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. After boasting about his claim that he'd personally killed some men, Siegel once said to Webb, \"Del, don't worry, we only kill each other.\" In 1948, Webb was contracted to build 600 houses and a shopping center called Pueblo Gardens in Tucson, Arizona. San Manuel, Arizona a mining company town and currently a resort town followed. Established in 1953, the town was built by Webb (along with M.O.W. Homes Inc.) for The Magma Copper Company. It required the building of streets, shopping centers, schools, a hospital and parks. This was a prelude to Sun City, Arizona, which was launched January 1, 1960, with five home models, a shopping center, recreation center and golf course. The opening weekend drew 100,000 people, ten times more than expected, and resulted in a \"Time\" magazine cover story. In between these two projects, in 1951, Webb was given the huge contract to build the Hughes Missile Plant (now Raytheon) in Tucson, Arizona. Webb also developed a chain of motor hotels under the “Hiway House” name, more \"formal\" hotels called \"Del Webb's Towne House\", and in addition to building the Flamingo for Siegel later owned his own casinos, the Sahara and The Mint in Las Vegas, and the Sahara Tahoe at Stateline, Nevada. Webb died at age 75 in Rochester, Minnesota at the Mayo Clinic, following surgery for lung cancer, less than two months after Topping’s death. Webb was portrayed by Andy Romano in the 1991 film \"Bugsy\". He was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 2000. The Del Webb Middle School, named in his honor, opened in Henderson, Nevada in 2005. A charitable foundation named for him funds medical research in Nevada, Arizona and California. One of the main thoroughfares in Sun City, Arizona is named \"Del Webb Boulevard.\" In 1919, Webb married his childhood sweetheart, Hazel Lenora Church. They divorced in 1952. In 1961, Webb married Toni Ince (aged 41), a buyer for Bullock's-Wilshire department store in Los Angeles. Toni Ince Webb (January 24, 1921 – July 10, 2008) lived in Beverly Hills, California until her death." ]

[ "Kyl-Lieberman Amendment The Kyl-Lieberman Amendment was an amendment to H.R.1585 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, which subsequently became a 2008 presidential election campaign issue. Its purpose was to \"express the sense of the Senate regarding Iran\", and mainly stated that: \"it should be the policy of the United States to combat...the violent activities...inside Iraq of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran\", and \"its foreign facilitators such as Lebanese Hezbollah\"; \"to support the...use of all instruments of United States national power in Iraq...in support of the policy described\"; and \"with respect to the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its proxies\", that the \"United States should designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps as a foreign terrorist organization\". Barack Obama and John McCain opposed the measure in Senate, which passed with a 76-22 vote, while Hillary Clinton voted yea." ]

[ "Manachanallur Manachanallur is a Town in Tiruchirappalli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. India census, Manachanallur had a population of 25,931. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Manachanallur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 69%. In Manachanallur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. There are 40 villages in this taluk. Manachanallur is well connected by road. The state highways SH62 pass through Manachanallur. There are regular buses to Thuraiyur. Manachanallur is also well connected to the neighbouring villages by mini buses. The nearest railway station and airport is located in Trichy, Manachanallur became a new assembly constituency of Tamil Nadu since the last elections. The constituency's Former MLA Mr. T. P. Poonachi had also become a minister for Khadi and Village Industries in the current Tamil Nadu cabinet. Current MLA of Mannachanallur - Mrs.Parameswari Murugan Manachanallur Giridharan, a noted music director hails from this town." ]

[ "Riri Fitri Sari Riri Fitri Sari (born 7 July 1970) is a Professor of Computer Engineering at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia. She was the CIO / Head of Information System Development and Services of the University of Indonesia UI (2006-2014). She was the eldest child of the couple Drs Mursyd AM MBA and Dra. Azizah Etek MA who was born on 7 July 1970 in Bukit Tinggi, Indonesia. In 1997, she received her MSc in Software Systems and Parallel Processing of Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, UK and subsequently a PhD from Leeds University, UK (2004). She is currently actively teaching and researching in the field of Internet of Things, Computer Network, Protocol Engineering, and the implementation of Information and Communication Technology. From her marriage to Dr. Ir. Adi Kusno Sambowo, she has three daughters, Almira, Naufalia, and Laura Sambowo. Since 2010, she has been outstanding actively involved with University Ranking and has been the Chairperson of UI GreenMetric Ranking of World University since then." ]

[ "Hurricane Festival The Hurricane Festival, also just Hurricane, is a music festival that takes place in Scheeßel near Bremen, Germany, usually every June. The festival and its guests are generally associated with the alternative part of mainstream music, although the festival has been becoming more and more mainstream over the years. The Southside Festival, often referred to as the \"sister\" of Hurricane, takes place on the same three days in the very south of Germany (contrary to Hurricane, which is in the north). Together they are a twin festival, since they are on the same days and usually have the same lineup with only few exceptions. In 1973, the first festival was held in Scheeßel, the place where today's Hurricane takes place. It was called \"Es rockt in der Heide\" at that time (literally translated: \"It's rocking in the heath\") and was attended by 52,000 people. At the \"First Rider Open Air\" in 1977, fans caused damage of more than a million marks when riots broke out, because only five of the announced 23 bands could perform—a huge scandal was uncovered few days later, forcing the organizing management to discontinue their festivals in Scheeßel. In 1997 rock returned to Scheeßel in the form of the Hurricane Festival, with numerous bands performing in front of 20,000 visitors. It has taken place on the , a motorcycle sand racetrack, ever since. Audience size peaked in 2008 with about 75,000 guests; from 2002 to 2006 between 40,000 and 60,000 people came. In 2003, the festival was extended from two to three days. In 2007 60,000 and in 2008 70.000 tickets were sold. In 2004 David Bowie suffered from chest pain. He was flown to the AK Altona by helicopter after finishing the show. There he was diagnosed with a heart attack. This has been his final full concert." ]

[ "William LeMessurier William \"Bill\" James LeMessurier, Jr. (; June 12, 1926 – June 14, 2007) was a prominent American structural engineer. Born in Pontiac, Michigan, LeMessurier graduated with a BA from Harvard, went to Harvard Graduate School of Design and then earned a master's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953. He was the founder and chairman of LeMessurier Consultants. He was awarded the AIA Allied Professions Medal in 1968, elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1978, elected an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects in 1988, and elected an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1989. In 2004, he was elevated to National Honor Member of Chi Epsilon, the national civil engineering honor society. While responsible for the structural engineering on a large number of prominent buildings, including Boston City Hall, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the Singapore Treasury Building and Dallas Main Center, LeMessurier is perhaps best known for a structural controversy. As the result of the questions of a student (Diane Hartley), LeMessurier re-assessed his calculations on the Citicorp headquarters tower in New York City in 1978, after the building had already been finished, and found that the building was more vulnerable than originally thought (in part due to cost-saving changes made to the original plan by the contractor). This triggered a hurried, clandestine retrofit which was described in a celebrated article in \"The New Yorker\". The article, titled \"The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis,\" is now used as an ethical case-study. LeMessurier died in Casco, Maine on June 14, 2007 as a result of complications after surgery he underwent on June 1 after a fall the day before." ]

[ "Epistates An epistates (, \"epistatai\") in ancient Greece was any sort of superintendent or overseer. In the Hellenistic kingdoms generally, an \"epistates\" is always connected with a subject district (a regional assembly), where the \"epistates\", as resident representative of the king, exercised control and collected taxes. In military texts, an \"epistates\" (the one who stands behind) is the man behind a \"protostates\" (the one who stands first). The phalanx was made up of alternate ranks of \"protostates\" and \"epistates\". Thus, in a file of 8 men, the \"protostates\" were the men in positions 1,3,5, and 7, while the \"epistates\" occupied positions 2,4,6, and 8. The word \"epistates\" is also used in \"common\" Koine Greek and in the Greek New Testament to refer to Christ. This word is translated into English as 'master,' but that is a simplistic translation. The word might be better understood as belonging to the set of Greek words meaning visitor or divine visitation (\"episkope\"), letter of instruction (\"epistole\"), as well as guardian or caretaker (\"episkopos\"), which was a word later translated as bishop. See Luke 5:5 for an example of textural usage." ]

[ "Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds is a science fiction novel by Wladislaw Somerville Lach-Szyrma, a Polish-English curate, author, and historian. Published in 1883, \"Aleriel\" is a Victorian novel, which was previously thought to be the first published work to apply the word \"Martian\" as a noun (it is now known that the word was first used in 1877): After the protagonist, Aleriel, lands on Mars, he buries his spacecraft in snow, \"so that it might not be disturbed by any Martian who might come across it\". A new edition was published in 2015. It includes the same text and a new introduction by Richard Dunn (Royal Museums Greenwich) and Marek Kukula (Royal Observatory Greenwich)." ]

[ "Pristimantis inusitatus Pristimantis inusitatus is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Ecuador and known from scattered localities along the eastern slopes of the Andes. Common name barking robber frog has been coined for it. The specific name \"inusitatus\" is derived from Latin \"in-\" (=negation) and \"usitatus\" (=\"usual\" or \"common\"), meaning \"rare or uncommon\". The species was described based on three specimens collected from three separate locations. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is subacuminate in dorsal view and protruding in lateral profile and has a pointed tip. The canthus rostralis is sharp. The tympanum is prominent. Both fingers and toes bear broad discs and have lateral fringes. Dorsal skin is shagreened or smooth; there are large warts laterally. Females are dorsally green. Male coloration varies from green to pinkish brown with dark brown markings. The limbs have faint brown bars. The venter is white. Its natural habitat is cloud forest at elevations of above sea level. It occurs in low vegetation near streams. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and human settlement." ]

[ "Velden, Limburg Velden () is a village in the municipality of Venlo (5,085 inhabitants) in Limburg, Netherlands. Velden is situated along the Meuse River about 5km north of the center of Venlo on N 271st Rijksstraatweg. The German border in the east is 2km. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Velden was also occupied by Prussian troops and so until 1814 the Prussian part of Gelderland. Then it fell to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which established the border into Germany by the distance of a cannon on the banks of the Meuse to the east. In the Treaty of London in 1839, the limits laid down and the entire area was in 1866 with the Netherlands. Until 1 January 2010 belonged to the former municipality of Arcen en Velden. A ferry crossing the Meuse goes to Grubbenvorst, which is accessible for motorists and cyclists. The long-distance Pieterpad goes through the village. Velden was elected along with two other places as greenest town in the Netherlands in 1999. Olympian Herman Bouwens and politician Ger Koopmans were born in Velden." ]

[ "Nikolaus von Laun Nikolaus von Laun, O.E.S.A. (also known as Nicolaus de Luna and Mikuláš z Loun) was a Bohemian Augustinian friar and scholar. He served as the Prior Provincial of the large Province of Bavaria-Bohemia. Nikolaus was one of the first Theology professors at Charles University in Prague (founded in 1348). He wrote several works in the subject area of homiletics. Between 1362 and his death in 1371 he served as a bishop. Nikolaus was born in the city of Louny (\"Laun\" in German), in the Kingdom of Bohemia, about 1300. He joined the Augustinian friars in 1315 and completed his studies at the studium of the Order located at the Priory of St. Thomas in the Lesser Town of Prague, then known as the German quarter of Prague. A subsequent period at the University of Paris earned him a doctorate in theology. He then returned to Prague and began work, in 1334, as a lecturer at the Augustinian College of St Thomas there. In 1342, and again from 1344 to 1354 and finally from 1362 till 1363, Nikolaus occupied the office of Prior Provincial of the Augustinian friars' Bavarian Province (which at the time also included Bohemia). As Provincial superior he founded several new monasteries, including one at Bělá pod Bezdězem (\"Weißwasser\" in German) in Northern Bohemia. He also campaigned for missionary activity in the Baltic region, and in 1345 Pope Clement VI granted his consent for the Baltic Augustinian Province to be added to the territories under Nikolaus' responsibility. Nikolaus was in good standing with the Prague political establishment, and in 1344 he delivered the address \"De pallio archiepisopi Arnesti\" (\"\"The mantle of Archbishop Arnesti\"\") on the occasion of the installation of Arnošt of Pardubice as the city's first archbishop. Three years later it was Nikolaus who delivered the \"Eris corona gloriae\" (\"\"To you the Crown of Glory\"\") address when Emperor Charles IV took on the crown of Bohemia. Following the establishment by the emperor of Prague University, Nikolaus was one of the five professors initially appointed to the Faculty of Theology. In 1362/63 Nikolaus was appointed an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Regensburg, becoming named the Titular Bishop of Castoria. Among Nikolaus' written works, one entitled \"Super Missus es exposicio litteralis\" deals with the infancy narratives found in the Gospel of Luke, giving details of the birth and childhood of Jesus. He probably also wrote for relatively advanced theological students. Nikolaus died in Regensburg on 26 March 1371." ]

[ "Sahar Tawfiq Sahar Tawfiq (born 1951) is an Egyptian novelist, short story writer and translator. Born and raised in Cairo, she studied Arabic language and literature at Al-Azhar University. She has worked as a teacher and educationist in both Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Her first published work was a short story in an Egyptian weekly in 1971. Her first collection of stories \"An Tanhadera ash-Shams\" (\"That the Sun May Descend\"; 1984) was well received. After a long hiatus, her next book, a novel called \"Ta'am ez-Zaitoun\" (\"The Taste of Olives\"), came out in 2000. Since then she has published more works of fiction. She has also translated works from English into Arabic, including books by Margaret Atwood, Ishmael Beah, Doris Lessing and Maxine Hong Kingston. Sahar Tawfiq's work has appeared in \"Banipal\" magazine. \"Points of the Compass\", a volume of her short stories translated by Marilyn Booth, won the Arkansas Arabic Translation Award in 1994. She was married to the late sculptor Adel al-Sharqawi. She lives in Maadi, Cairo." ]

[ "Agostini v. Felton Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. In this case, the Court overruled its decision in \"Aguilar v. Felton\" (1985), now finding that it was not a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment for a state-sponsored education initiative to allow public school teachers to instruct at religious schools, so long as the material was secular and neutral in nature and no \"excessive entanglement\" between government and religion was apparent. This case is noteworthy in a broader sense as a sign of evolving judicial standards surrounding the First Amendment, and the changes that have occurred in modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence. In 1965, Congress enacted Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act with the goal of providing adequate education to all children in the United States, regardless of individual economic conditions. This service, abbreviated as Title I, distributed federal funds to state governments, which, in turn, disbursed the funds to local education agencies. This funding was to be put towards providing remedial education services for low-income students who were at significant risk of failing to meet state academic performance standards. By law, these education services were to be provided to eligible students, whether enrolled in public school or not. Further, the services offered to children attending private schools were to be \"equitable in comparison\" to the services offered to children attending public school. All educational services were to be of a secular, neutral, and non-ideological nature. In 1966, the Board of Education of the City of New York (\"Board\") applied for Title I funding. In the eligible districts in New York City, 10% of schoolchildren attend private school, and of those 10%, 90% attended schools of a particular religious ideology. To prevent First Amendment complications, the Board arranged to bus private school attendees to public schools for after-school instruction. This plan failed, and another one was adopted, which failed as well. The Board then moved on to a plan whereby public school teachers would be permitted to provide instruction in the private school buildings themselves. A number of stipulations were attached to this, aimed at preventing a violation of the Establishment Clause, including mandatory surprise visits by state-employed supervisors and removal of all religious articles from the room to be used for Title I instruction. This plan was reviewed by the Supreme Court in \"Aguilar v. Felton\", where it was deemed to create a constitutionally impermissible \"entanglement\" between government and religion. The District Court, on remand, issued an injunction, enjoining the Board from following a Title I plan that violated the decision. After the Court's decision in Aguilar, the Board had to devise a new plan to provide Title I services without creating a conflict between Church and State. This plan involved spending over $100,000,000 in leasing property and vehicles to provide areas for public school teachers to instruct their students. This money, incurred annually over a series of years, had to be deducted from the Title 1 grant before the grant money was to be used for actual services provided, resulting in a net decrease in available funds for remedial education. In 1995, the Board, along with a group of parents of eligible parochial school attendees, filed motions in District Court, seeking an exemption from the Aguilar decision under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). This rule states, in part, that an exemption from a final judgment may be granted if it is found that it is, \"no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application.\" They argued that cases decided by the Supreme Court between Aguilar and 1995 had eroded the meaning of Aguilar, and that it was no longer good law. The District Court appeared sympathetic, and said that they were pursuing the appropriate method of relief, but denied the motion, noting that Aguilar was still in effect and it was unable to offer the exemption the Board sought. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the denial of the motion. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and heard arguments on April 15, 1997. Chief Corporation Counsel Paul Crotty argued on behalf of New York City, marking the last time that the city's chief attorney has appeared before the nation's highest court. The petitioners argument for relief revolved around three primary points. On June 23, 1997, Justice O'Connor delivered the opinion of the court. The decision was generally divided along ideological lines, with Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Kennedy joining the majority, and Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg and Breyer dissenting. The Court accepted the respondents' argument that there was no substantial change in factual circumstances. While there was obviously an increase in Board expenditures in maintaining their program, the Court noted that cost increases were not only predicted in Aguilar, they had been practically guaranteed. Furthermore, since the applicable case law had not changed since the Aguilar decision, there was nothing the Court could see as constituting a substantial change in factual circumstances. On the second argument, the Court again sided with the respondents. It noted that, indeed, five of the Justices had advocated a reconsideration of Aguilar when deciding another case.", "It noted that, indeed, five of the Justices had advocated a reconsideration of Aguilar when deciding another case. However, the Court said, this did not necessarily mean there had been a change in their jurisprudence or reasoning, because Aguilar's propriety was not in question when those comments were made. The Court stated that the views of its members, outside of a judgment to this effect, did not constitute a change in Establishment Clause law. The third argument is given the most examination by the Court. In order to determine if decisions subsequent to Aguilar have actually undermined it or the basis for its findings, the Court examines the cases and the changes in views since that decision was made. The Court notes that it has moved away from the idea that a public employee teaching in a parochial school will necessarily inculcate some of the religious messages inherent in their pervasively sectarian environment. It notes, for example, that in \"Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School Dist.\" the Court ruled that it was permissible for a deaf student to have a state-sponsored interpreter attend his Catholic high school in the performance of her duties. In this vein, the Court concludes that to consider a public employee's presence in a religious school inappropriate in and of itself would put far too much emphasis on form over substance. Another change in the Court's approach was that it no longer considered impermissible the use of government money to directly aid the educational functions of a religious school. As long as the money was given without government stipulations as to how it was spent, it was acceptable for such funding to be made available. Citing \"Witters v. Washington Dept. of Servs. for Blind\", the Court noted that it was not impermissible for the government to give vocational grants, even if the grant would be used to train for some religious job in the future, as long as there was an intervening \"genuinely independent and private\" choice of where the money would be spent. The Court compared this with a government employee receiving his paycheck, noting that it was certainly acceptable for the government to pay this employee even if it were clear he was going to donate a large portion of it to a religious organization. The idea of a public employee teaching in a religious school, the Court went on to say, was no longer commonly considered to foster a \"symbolic union\" between Church and State. Noting that the Dissent believed that, in fact, this did foster such a symbolic union, the Court countered by stating that it cannot be shown that such a symbolic union would vanish once the students and teachers were moved off campus. Taking that reasoning to its logical conclusion, it would forbid Title I entirely, as the union would be unavoidable. Further, the Court rejected the idea that Title I would be financing religious indoctrination if instruction could be conducted on religious campuses; Title I specifically notes that it is designed to \"supplement, not supplant\" the school's curriculum. Applying these rationales to the Board's case, the Court determined that the program, previously found unconstitutional in Aguilar, was neither aiding nor inhibiting religion in an impermissible fashion. Reasoning that the aid was distributed according to secular criteria, and offered to all eligible students regardless of school choice, the system of distributing aid was neutral with respect to religion. The program as enacted by the Board did not give any incentive for anyone to alter their religious views. The Court ultimately overruled Aguilar. It noted that, while stare decisis is an important doctrine, the Court is not prohibited by precedent to review changes in law or making alterations to previous decisions. It concluded that prevailing Establishment Clause law had changed significantly since Aguilar was decided, making Aguilar no longer good law. In summarizing its position, the Court notes: New York City's Title I program does not run afoul of any of three primary criteria we currently use to evaluate whether government aid has the effect of advancing religion: it does not result in governmental indoctrination; define its recipients by reference to religion; or create an excessive entanglement. We therefore hold that a federally funded program providing supplemental, remedial instruction to disadvantaged children on a neutral basis is not invalid under the Establishment Clause when such instruction is given on the premises of sectarian schools by government employees pursuant to a program containing safeguards such as those present here. The same considerations that justify this holding require us to conclude that this carefully constrained program also cannot reasonably be viewed as an endorsement of religion. In closing, the Court reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals, remanding the case down to them, and giving the lower court instructions to vacate its injunction. Because Aguilar was no longer good law, and the plan constructed by the Board did not create an excessive entanglement with religion, the Court concluded that the Board was entitled to the relief it had sought; moreover, the relief was not simply based on a federal rule, the decision removed the need for the Board to seek the exemption at all. Justice Souter authored a dissent, in which Justices Stevens, Ginsburg and Breyer joined. The dissent was somewhat formalistic in its objections to the majority finding.", "The dissent was somewhat formalistic in its objections to the majority finding. It stated that the principle of stare decisis was of too great weight to overrule a previous decision so easily, and that the case presented appeared to be more of a re-hearing of Aguilar than a new proceeding. The Dissent cited the Supreme Court's guidelines surrounding rehearings, accusing the Court of veiling its decision as a \"rethinking\" instead of a reversal of Aguilar. The Dissent summarized its own position, remarking: That cause lies in the maintenance of integrity in the interpretation of procedural rules, preservation of the responsive, non agenda setting character of this Court, and avoidance of invitations to reconsider old cases based on \"speculat[ions] on chances from changes in [the Court's membership]. In short, the Dissent felt that the ruling in this case was contrary to the integrity and stability of the Court, and did not comport with the apolitical nature of the judiciary." ]

[ "Rotem Reshef Rotem Reshef (born 1964) is an abstract, process-based Action painter based in New York and Tel Aviv . Reshef is a process-based action painter, working in two and three dimensional forms, widely known for her immersive site-specific painting installations. Following the tradition of Abstract Expressionist painters such as Jackson Pollock, Morris Louis and Helen Frankenthaler, her work is also mentioned in reference to Mark Rothko , Christopher Wool, Sam Gilliam, Katharina Grosse, Sam Falls and Claudio Parmiggiani. Reshef's practice is characterised by a \"Control and Release\" technique, in which she pours diluted paint on a horizontal canvas, tilting it and imprinting on it to create layered gestural compositions. Reshef’s imprinting technique also follows a process similar to “cameraless photography”, commonly known as photograming, but with painterly materials instead of the chemicals and light sensitive papers used in that technique. Since 2016 Reshef has been exploring the form of painting installation, in which unstretched scrolls of paintings create a three-dimensional, overlapping experience for the viewing audience. Her first Installation exhibition, opened in ArtSpace TLV gallery, presented about 44 meters (142 feet) of painting scrolls, hung from the ceiling to the floor, and surrounding the gallery. The exhibition was accompanied with two catalogues, \"Control l Release\" and \"Imprints\", with texts by the New York-based critic and artist, Stephen Maine, and by the Los Angeles-based exhibition curator, Sagi Refael. In 2017 Reshef had installed her large-scale piece “Time Traveler” in a solo exhibition at the Tall Wall Space in the University of La Verne, California, following an invitation from Dion Johnson, curator of the University of La Verne art galleries. The installing process was documented by photographer and videographer Eric Minh Swenson. The site-specific painting installation \"Time Traveler\" was created with six scrolls of paintings interwoven horizontally and vertically into a beautiful, color-blended vertical and horizontal grid. The entire installation casts the four seasons as the passage of time, with each season interlacing to form one cohesive tapestry. The canvases depict varied techniques, color schemes and atmospheres, reflecting of the era we live in, flooded by images in a non-linear way from all directions. The six scroll paintings are not exhibited separately but together, interwoven in a collision of simultaneous climates, as rain and storms in the summer, and heat waves in the winter. Due to the modular and site-specific nature of “Time Traveler”, its second iteration was installed in a new configuration. Rachel T. Schmid, Curator of Collections and Exhibitions at the Kwan Fong Art Gallery in the California Lutheran University , Reshef had installed “Time Traveler: Part ll - Compass”, a more politically charged version of the original artwork. By titling it \"Compass\", Reshef suggested a conceptual, artistic lighthouse, directing the viewers to inner introspection, at a time of lack of political and social leaders that can direct their countries and communities onto safe grounds. In a polemic era, the monumentality of this piece offers a sanctuary of silent observation and infinite interpretations. In the summer of 2018 Reshef presented two new bodies of work, the outdoor installation Intervals, on the facade of the Artists’ House in Tel Aviv, and Spectrum, at the Soho House in West Hollywood, California. “Spectrum” manifested Reshef's interest in the process of art making, and in the different ways to depict the elusive nature of the passage of time and of the fleeting seasons. The 22 paintings in this series, present monochromatic stages inspired by the different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, stressing the existing yet invisible rays of light known to science. On the shorter end of the spectrum is the ultraviolet wave of radiation, while on the longer end of the spectrum is the infrared wave of light. These both ends also mark the shifting tonalities and full range of hues between warm colors of reds and yellows, to cold colors of blues and purples, also sensualizing a change of moods and atmospheres, from somber to cheerful, from coolness to passion. The outdoor wall mural “Intervals”, presented a faux facade with twenty “windows” revealing bold, abstract monochrome paintings. Embodying tonal transitions from the scale of warm to cool colors, these works effectively highlighted a hierarchy of atmospheres in the passage of the seasons through the shades, temperatures and emotional qualities affected by the shortening and lengthening cycles of hours and days over the course of a year. Displaying Intervals on the wall of the Artists House comprised the completion of a circle and a gesture to the values of abstract painting represented in early Israeli art by Joseph Zaritsky, for whom this venue is named, and a homage to the movement he cofounded, \"Ofakim Hadashim\" (“New Horizons”). Alongside Reshef’s immersive painting installations, she continued developing her “imprinting” paintings, resulting with her “Ghost Libraries” series of 2017-2018. At a time that printed books are becoming obsolete by being converted into digital files, and public libraries are hardly still a romantic, dusty destination for acquiring knowledge, Reshef’s work was alluding to abandoned bookshelves. It seems that these imprinted compositions reflect the elusive stage between existing and disappearing.", "It seems that these imprinted compositions reflect the elusive stage between existing and disappearing. While the cyberspace dominates the “scattered” online information in an invisible, placeless matrix, these paintings “reorganize” and ensemble staged lost hierarchies, that act as a site of remembrance, almost physically replacing the void left by the removed bookcase in the domestic sphere. Drawing on the resemblance between the act of writing and artmaking, and between books and artworks as arenas for contemplation and imagined voyages, these representations resurface the significant role of singular intellect and creativity, and its potential to be a leaping point into the unknown. Earlier bodies of work present Reshef’s technique of painting without brushes, after developing her tilting method of paint use in 2010. \"Reef\" (2006-2013): A series of blue paintings that allude to sea creatures, corals and underwater surroundings. “Twilight\" (2006-2014): A series of mostly black paintings, some of them include the use of charcoal for the first time in Reshef’s practice. \"Deep\" (2009-2017): A body of work that Reshef characterizes as pools of thin and transparent layers of diluted paint, that form circular eyes or holes in the compositions. Reshef considers the pools of paint to be punctum in the painting in which are collected different shades of paint and which provide a reference to their origin. \"Life Forms\" (2004-2009): A series of paintings that seem to be inspired by the world of biology and micro-organisms. This is Reshef’s earliest series of paintings, in which she was still using brushes. Selected paintings from this body of work were exhibited in the solo show \"Orange Sunset\" at the \"Heder\" gallery in Tel Aviv in 2009 (Curator: Gilit Fisher). A catalogue accompanied the exhibition was published with a text by Joshua Simon (former director of MoBY - museums of Bat Yam). In the following year, 2010, Reshef had another solo exhibition in Tel Aviv, this time at the Zaritsky Artists House, grouping paintings from different bodies of work: \"Flow\" (2004-2014) and \"Imagine\" (2003-2014). The exhibition was accompanied with a catalogues, with a text by the curator Ron Bartos. In 2014 Reshef started creating her series of \"Imprints\", altering the wet paint with plastic sheets that cover it until it dries, encouraging an ongoing process of change, in which the composition is set free. This technique paved Reshef’s way both in the painting-installations, and to series as “Ghost Libraries” and “Spectrum” (both 2018). Reshef is a graduate of Hamidrash School of Art, Beit Berl (1988), and holds a master's degree from Reinwardt Academy Amsterdam (2004). Reshef was a recipient of the America-Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship (1987) and participated in the Inaugural Exhibition of The Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan. Group exhibitions Recognition Reshef’s monumental outdoor installation “Intervals” received a wide coverage in Israeli press, and was written about in an article by Avraham Balaban in Ha’aretz newspaper. Reshef’s large-scale painting installation “Time Traveler”, shown in her solo exhibition at the Tall Wall Space in the University of La Verne, California, in 2017, was praised in a review published in the Huffington Post by Los Angeles based art critic Shana Nys Dambrot. Soon after, a second iteration of “Time Traveler” was exhibited at the Kwan Fong Art Gallery in the California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, titled “Time Traveler: Part ll - Compass”. In 2014 Reshef was awarded Honorable Mention at LICC London International Creative Competition. In 2010 Reshef was awarded First Prize at Art&Business category in the 4th International Arte Laguna, Italy. In 1987 Reshef was awarded a promising young artist scholarship from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation. Residency Programs 2015 SVA's Summer Residency Program, School of Visual Arts, New York, NY." ]

[ "Maniac (producer) Maniac (born Brandon Jolie in Bow, East London) is an English grime producer. Maniac served 6 years of a 14-year sentence after being convicted of conspiracy to murder in 2009 before being given a conditional early release in 2015. In music, Maniac is a highly rated producer who has worked with artists such as Wiley, Tinchy Stryder and Chipmunk. Maniac has been praised for his original, distinctive sound and the variety of sounds he explores in his music. Maniac first came to prominence at the age of 16 when his track \"Bow E3\" was used by Wiley for his album \"Playtime Is Over\". In 2008 Maniac released a collaborative album with Tinchy Stryder entitled \"Tinchy Stryder vs. Maniac\". This was followed by his first solo CD \"New Age Grime\" in 2009. Maniac contributed a number of tracks to the 2008 film \"Adulthood\", recorded a single for a Nike advertising campaign and had his music featured on British soap EastEnders. Despite Maniac no longer being an active producer Maniac had recorded prolifically and had a large unreleased back catalogue. Tracks from this back catalogue have continued to be released, including the track \"Man Dem\" which featured on Chipmunk's 2010 platinum selling album \"I Am Chipmunk\" and \"Liquid Organ\" which was used by Wiley on his 2014 album \"Snakes & Ladders\". In 2015, Maniac was released from prison on a conditional licence and returned to making music his first release after being released was a single with Wiley entitled \"Outchea\". In October 2015, Maxsta announced that he would be releasing a collaborative EP with Maniac and Boothroyd on Rinse. Maniac produced four tracks for the \"BrOTHERHOOD\" film soundtrack, collaborating with Chip, AJ Tracey, P Money and Curtis Clacey." ]

[ "Tabriz arg theater The Lion and Sun Theater () or Arg was a theater in Tabriz which opened in 1927 and was destroyed in 1980. The building started in the reign of Reza Shah under the order of lieutenant general Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi to Red Lion and Sun Society. The design was inspired by the theater in St.Petersburg and was constructed with the help of Russian engineers and architects. Its construction was completed in 1927 and was inaugurated in September of the same year. The dimensions of the main hall were 30 by 10 meters. The hall had 16 lodges, each with six two-story porches and a total seating capacity of about 800. Around the floors, ceilings and entrance hallway there was a unique Stucco. In respect for the principles of acoustics, the sound reinforcement tools not need to use. Theater,fundamentally repaired by the Azerbaijan Democratic Party. A special place was built for the orchestra. Curtains and chandeliers were replaced and the theater was inaugurated for a second time on March 28, 1946 by J. Pishevari. The monument was destroyed in 1980 during construction for the Muslim Jumu'ah prayers in Tabriz." ]

[ "Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine; born 10 June 1982), is the second daughter and youngest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. Upon her birth, she was third in line of succession to the Swedish throne. She is currently seventh in the line of succession. Princess Madeleine is married to British-American financier Christopher O'Neill. They have three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas and Princess Adrienne. Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19:05 CEST at Drottningholm Palace and is a member of the Swedish Royal Family from the House of Bernadotte. She was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 31 August 1982, her godparents being her father's maternal cousin the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, her maternal uncle Walther L. Sommerlath, her father's paternal cousin Princess Benedikte of Denmark, and her paternal aunt Princess Christina, Mrs Magnuson. She was given the honorary title of Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland. It was the first time since the early 17th century (when such titles were still more than honorary) that a Swedish ducal title included more than one province. From 1985–1989, Madeleine began her education at Västerled Parish Pre-School. In the autumn of 1989, she entered Smedslättsskolan in Bromma, attending at the junior level. For the intermediate level, she proceeded to Carlssons School in Stockholm, and then went on to Enskilda Gymnasiet in Stockholm, which she attended at the senior level. She also completed upper secondary school at Enskilda, from which she graduated in 2001. During the autumn of 2001, she lived in London, where she studied English. In the spring of 2002, she took a basic module in Introduction to Swedish Law and studied for the European Computer Driving Licence. In January 2003, she enrolled at the Stockholm University where she began studies in art history. She took 60 Swedish academic units in this subject (two semesters). In the autumn of 2004, she began a course in ethnology at the same university. She speaks English, German and Swedish fluently, and also intermediate-level French. She graduated 23 January 2006 with a Bachelor of Arts in art history, ethnology and modern history. During 2007, she studied child psychology at University of Stockholm. Madeleine is an enthusiastic equestrian. She has owned horses (which were stabled at the Royal Stables) and competed in showjumping under the name \"Anna Svensson\". She also enjoys skiing, and is interested in theatre, dance and art. In recognition of her age of majority in 2001, a scholarship fund was created in her name by the Gävleborg province, which comprises her duchies of Hälsingland and Gästrikland. It encourages and supports young people involved in horse riding. In 2001, Madeleine first distributed such awards as 'Pony Rider of the Year with trainer in Gävleborg' and 'Gold Rider'. Madeleine undertakes various engagements on behalf of her father and the people of Sweden. She participates in the celebrations of Sweden's National Day, the Nobel festivities, dinners and state visits with other members of the royal family. She represented Sweden at the opening of the \"New Sweden Gallery\" on 5 June 2011, at the American Swedish Historical Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which features an animated map of the New Sweden settlement by Sean Moir. Madeleine is the patron of the organisation \"Min Stora Dag\" (the Swedish equivalent of Make-A-Wish Foundation), more commonly known as \"My Big Day\" (its translation into English). She is also affiliated with Europa Nostra, Carl Johan-League and the Royal Motorboat Club. In 2006, she interned for UNICEF for six months in New York City and worked for the division of Child Protective Services. In 2012, she co-founded the ThankYou by Childhood campaign which works to raise awareness of the issues surrounding the sexual abuse of children and the work the World Childhood Foundation does to prevent it. On 11 August 2009, Madeleine announced her engagement to lawyer Jonas Bergström (b. 1979). Madeleine said in her engagement interview that they became engaged in Capri in early June 2009. An engagement dinner took place on the engagement day in Solliden Palace on Öland. The engagement could only take place after Bergström had been awarded the official approval of the Swedish Cabinet \"Regeringen\" and that had been communicated to her father, the King. The wedding was originally due to take place in the second half of 2010 but was postponed due to \"many things happening in an intense period of time\", mainly her sister Victoria's wedding in June. Queen Silvia denied the rumoured relationship issues. However, media reporting of the relationship issues escalated, and on 24 April 2010 it was announced that the wedding would not go ahead, and the engagement was broken off. After her relationship with Bergström ended, Madeleine moved to New York City, where she worked for the World Childhood Foundation, the organisation that her mother co-founded. On 25 October 2012, the Swedish Royal Court announced her engagement with the British-born American financier Christopher O'Neill. On 23 December 2012, it was announced that the wedding would take place on 8 June 2013, at the Royal Palace chapel in Stockholm. O'Neill chose to remain untitled: a member of the Swedish Royal Family must hold Swedish citizenship which O'Neill declined. In September 2013, the couple announced they were expecting their first child.", "In September 2013, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. Their daughter Princess Leonore was born in New York City on 20 February 2014. Prior to the birth, Madeleine had announced on her Facebook page that she would be unable to travel to Stockholm for the Nobel Prize ceremony due to her pregnancy and also mentioned that she was expecting a girl. On 19 December 2014, it was announced that Madeleine and her husband were expecting their second child, and their son, Prince Nicolas, was born in Stockholm on 15 June 2015. In February 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that the family had moved to Stockholm from New York. In May 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that O'Neill had moved to London in April. In Autumn 2015, several months after the birth of Prince Nicolas, the entire family moved to London, where O'Neill's business is located. On 27 August 2017, it was announced that Madeleine and her husband were expecting their third child. On 9 March 2018, Princess Madeleine gave birth to her third child, Princess Adrienne, at Danderyd Hospital. In August 2018, the Swedish Royal Court announced that the princess and her family are moving to Florida. Madeleine is styled as: Her Royal Highness Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland." ]

[ "Samuel Kinsey Samuel Kinsey (25 May 1832 – 8 June 1883) was a Christian minister and leader of the reactionary wing of the German Baptist Brethren that became the Old German Baptist Brethren. Samuel Kinsey was born in Covington, Ohio on 25 May 1832 to Joel Kinsey and Elizabeth Brumbaugh. On 23 April 1852, he married Barbara Nead, daughter of Peter Nead, and together they had thirteen children. He joined the Brethren as a member in 1853. Kinsey was economically successful, and was at various times a carpenter, a farmer, proprietor of a general store, owner of a tree nursery, and publisher. The place where he lived became known as the town of Kinsey Station. He was a deacon and was elected in 1870 as a recognized minister of Lower Stillwater Brethren congregation in Randolph Township near Dayton, Ohio. Between 1851 and 1865, Brethren periodicals began to be published under progressive editors Henry Kurtz, James Quinter, and Henry Holsinger. At the same time, Kinsey's father-in-law, Peter Nead, was the primary leader for the reactionary wing of the Brethren, known as Old Order Brethren. Out of this group emerged a new periodical, \"The Vindicator\", with Kinsey as editor. It was first published on 1 March 1870 as an eight-page monthly, composed of scriptural interpretations, exhortations to piety, and news on church affairs. One of its goals was to counter the influence of progressive Brethren periodicals. A major controversy among the Brethren arose over the authority of tradition and the role of the church in establishing a church order or ordnung, known as the \"order of the Brethren\". In \"The Vindicator\", Kinsey rejected that the church had any authority to change or adapt the order. This view sharply contrasted with other Brethren at the time. The group that became the Church of the Brethren revered tradition and supported the role of the church in discerning an ordnung, but held this order to be changeable. Meanwhile, the faction that became the Brethren Church rejected the need for a unified church order or agreement on practices not explicitly defined in Christian scripture and sought to eliminate some Brethren traditions which they felt lacked support from the scriptures. In around 1874, Kinsey handed over control of his business interests to others in order to devote himself to the service of the church. He was a hymn writer. In 1878, Kinsey was one of four men appointed and financially supported by the Southern Ohio District of the Brethren to engage in missionary work in Kentucky. This work was largely unsuccessful. A significant part of Kinsey's ministry was also his ongoing publishing. The Vindicator was expanded to 32 pages per issue. His work was not well received; Kinsey was reprimanded by the 1881 Brethren Annual Conference for encouraging dissension and criticizing church authorities. The Old German Baptist Brethren split at this conference, with Nead and Kinsey as their primary leaders. The proliferation of unauthorized and uncontrolled periodicals has been claimed as a major cause of the division. In 1882, at their first meeting, the Old German Baptist Brethren recognized \"The Vindicator\" as their official publication. Kinsey was also ordained as an elder in 1882. Kinsey died on 8 June 1883. He was succeeded as editor by Joseph I. Cover. \"The Vindicator\" set a precedent of conservative periodicals that was followed by Mennonite George R. Brunk's \"Sword and Trumpet\". Kinsey has continued to be influential in the Old German Baptist Brethren. \"The Vindicator\" continues to be published for the Old German Baptist Brethren as of 2008." ]

[ "Namak Lake Namak Lake (, i.e., \"salt lake\") is a salt lake in Iran. It is located approximately east of the City of Qom and of Kashan at an elevation of above sea level. The lake is a remnant of the Paratethys sea, which started to dry from the Pleistocene epoch, leaving Lake Urmia and the Caspian Sea and other bodies of water. The lake has a surface area of about , but most of this is dry. Water only covers . The lake only reaches a depth between to . The most important water supply is the river Qom." ]

[ "Tasburgh Tasburgh (pronounced \"taze-bruh\") is a civil parish and a village in the south of Norfolk, England, located approximately 8 miles south of Norwich. It lies on the A140 road, north of Long Stratton and south of Newton Flotman. The River Tas flows nearby and Tasburgh Hall lies to the west of the village. The local church is dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin. The village is made up of Upper Tasburgh and Lower Tasburgh. The majority of Lower Tasburgh contains buildings from the early days of the village whilst Upper Tasburgh is made up of more modern housing. Children of primary school age attend Henry Preston Primary School, in Upper Tasburgh, whereas secondary school students attend Long Stratton High School. The village hall and adjacent social club is used for a range of functions and is home to Tasburgh's community run post office, set up following the closure of the post office store on Church Road in 2013. A public house, The Countryman, is located in the village, by the A140. This is opposite the site of a former Little Chef restaurant, which has since become a garden building show centre. The village is well served by public transport, with frequent bus services between Norwich and Long Stratton, operated by First Norfolk & Suffolk and Simonds of Botesdale calling in Tasburgh. A large hill fort (Ad Taum) abuts the village at the northwest, and the village church is built within it. This may be a remnant of the Danish invasion of the ninth century. Tasburgh church is a traditional Norfolk Saxon church of flint with a round tower. The first human beings to leave their mark on Tasburgh were fur clad Mesolithic hunter bands some time between 8500 BC and 4500 BC. Between what is now Low Road and the River Tas, behind both the old Horseshoes public house and the nearby garage workshop, a scatter of fine flint flakes has revealed where hunters trimmed their spear and arrow heads at a site where firm ground came close to the river by a ford which is still marked on maps. A second ford crossing the tributary stream from Hempnall lay a short distance to the south and remains in use, partly bridged, to this day. From their base the hunters could thus easily range through the wooded slopes on either side of the valleys of the Tas and the Hempnall stream, fishing, picking hazel nuts and berries or hunting deer, wild cattle and wild pigs. More of their flints have turned up higher on the valley slopes near the village hall and the church. Sometimes the chase must have taken them up into a dense forest of oak, elm and lime cloaking the flat clay land above the valleys, the area now called Upper Tasburgh. To obtain sufficient food the small group of hunters would need constantly to move around an area far wider than Tasburgh. Their only easy route would be along the strip of open woodland on the light soils of the valley sides, sandwiched between the river marshes and the dark forest on the higher ground. The line of Saxlingham Lane and Low Road follows this route and leads to both of the fords. By around 4000 BC the hunter bands had become merged with incoming Neolithic farmers. With flint axes and fire, patches of the valleyside woodland had been cleared for crops of primitive wheat and barley. Flint fragments from the farmer's tools have been found spread widely across the area enclosed by Grove Lane, Low Road and Church Hill where sites were likely to have been cultivated in rotation as the poorly manured soil became exhausted. Domesticated cattle, sheep and pigs would have been pastured on the marshes and in the woodland glades. Flints of these early farmers have never been found on the higher ground of Upper Tasburgh north of Church Road and east of Old Hall Farm, where the thick forest and heavy clay soil seems to have resisted clearance and cultivation. Some of these Neolithic people lived in what is now the eastern end of the churchyard where sherds of their pottery have been found together with pot boilers and considerable evidence of flint working. Their homes would have been circular thatched huts with wattle walls marking the beginning of human occupation in the area of the church. After 2500 BC came the knowledge of making tools and weapons of copper then of bronze - far more adaptable and effective materials than flint in most cases. Relics of the Bronze Age have been unearthed in Henry Preston Road where a distinctive beaker marked a probable early Bronze Age burial and behind Hall Farm in the far south of the parish where burial mounds have been traced. In both cases the burials had been made on what was then the fringe of the likely cultivated area. Their style indicates the development of an upper class. New lords arose soon after 500 BC when the warlike, artistic Celts brought access to iron, a far stronger and more accessible metal than bronze. Iron axes and iron-shod ploughs may well now have made inroads into the heavily forested claylands. Forty-three pieces of Iron Age pottery have been found close by the church, indicating that occupation continued in this area. By the first century AD the people of Norfolk and north Suffolk had become a single tribe, the lceni, and coins of this age inscribed IC.DURO.T are reported to have been found in Tasburgh. Chapel Hill, a knoll in the water meadows west of Tasburgh Hall, has produced extensive evidence of ancient burials.", "Chapel Hill, a knoll in the water meadows west of Tasburgh Hall, has produced extensive evidence of ancient burials. Ditch digging south west of the hillock in 1923 revealed several complete and broken amphorae (large wine jars). These were of a type used to transport Mediterranean wine in the first century AD. At this time wine was a rare luxury in Britain, consumed by the nobility, who had the habit of incorporating amphorae with the grave goods of their dead chieftains. This may signify that Chapel Hill is the burial site of an Icenian noble. After the Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 the Iceni became a client kingdom falling under full Roman rule following their revolt under Queen Boudica in AD 60. The most impressive sign of Roman times in Tasburgh was and remains the trunk road running from south to north across the parish, now the A140 which runs from Norwich to Ipswich. The road was constructed to link important Roman towns at London and Colchester with the newly established capital of the Iceni, Venta Icenorum, which stood alongside the River Tas at Caistor St Edmund. Built in a series of straight alignments thrust remorselessly across existing field patterns it stood on a thirty feet wide embankment. The roadway itself was twenty feet wide with a steeply cambered surface of hard packed gravel. With little maintenance from the end of the Roman era in AD 410 to the building of a turnpike in 1768, the embankment and road surface were worn down and the road fell away from its straight alignment on hills, including Tasburgh Hill. Where the road follows its original course in the north of the parish we can imagine couriers of the Imperial Post galloping by, smart mule carts, merchant's pack horses, lumbering farm wagons delaying other traffic and weary pedestrians; all using the road for many of the same reasons that we do today. The possible sites of Roman farmhouses are indicated by scatters of tile fragments at three locations. Excavations in the eastern end of the churchyard in 1975 and in 1979/80 produced 3421b of Roman tile pieces and two sherds of Romano-British pottery (Point X on Map). Broken roof tiles and pottery fragments have been held to indicate a farmhouse at the top of the now defunct Figgett Lane (Point Y on Map). A third farmhouse has been inferred from tiles found at Church Wood near Rainthorpe Hall (Point Z on Map). A minor Roman road to, or passing, this farmhouse is indicated by the north-western parish boundary, once a lane, which runs in a straight line toward the corner of Church Wood. Straight lengths of parish boundaries sometimes indicate the line of a lost Roman road. Two Roman coins have been found in the village, one close to the church and the other a short way uphill from the ford near the old Horseshoes public house. Pottery, held to be Roman, has been unearthed in association with burials at Chapel Hill. Five miles north along the Roman trunk road stood the tribal capital, Venta Icenorum, which translates as 'market town of the Iceni'. The Tasburgh farms were well placed to supply produce to Venta with its town hall, forum, public baths, arena and temples. A few miles south along the trunk road, a little beyond the present day Long Stratton, was a village which had grown up around a relay station for the Imperial Post. Roman rule finally disintegrated in AD 410. Anglo-Saxons, probably already here as mercenaries, were at Venta, soon to be joined by kinfolk arriving to settle. There is evidence that the better-off Britons fled leaving their villagers to be merged into an Anglo-Saxon dominated world which had become the kingdom of East Anglia by about AD 500. The only signs of early Anglo-Saxon activity in Tasburgh are pottery fragments from the churchyard excavations indicating that this site continued to be occupied. By AD 627 East Anglia had a Christian king and in time a small wooden church may well have stood on the site of the present building. One hundred and forty-four pieces of pottery from the churchyard site dating to between AD 600 and AD 900 show that settlement there continued despite the interruptions of Danish raids and invasions from AD 841. With Danes settled among the previous villagers the hamlet around the church expanded. The churchyard 'dig' revealed over 1000 pottery sherds dating to between AD 900 and AD 1100 together with strap fittings, loom weights, a knife and an arrowhead. The foundation trenches of a house of this period were also excavated. It was a wooden building thirty-six feet by seventeen feet and would have been open to the rafters with an open hearth from which smoke escaped through the thatched roof. About AD 1050 a small church of flints and mortar with a round tower was built. The tower, since heightened, still stands as part of today's church. At the place where the Roman road crossed the marshes of the Hempnall stream the embankment had worn away, leaving a miry morass aptly named Deepwade. This muddy obstacle and its name almost certainly originated in Saxon times when the local administrative area which included Tasburgh was called Depwade Hundred. In AD 1086, twenty years after the Norman conquest of England, the Domesday Books were compiled giving us the first written record of Tasburgh. The village is named Taseburc and its dimensions are given as ten by seven furlongs, there was a watermill and the land was ploughed by five, eight-ox teams.", "The village is named Taseburc and its dimensions are given as ten by seven furlongs, there was a watermill and the land was ploughed by five, eight-ox teams. Two hundred and thirty-one acres of arable land are recorded together with eighteen acres of meadowland, but we must bear in mind that Domesday 'acres' probably represented the taxable value of land rather than precise areas. The arable land and meadow were divided into four holdings, each being part of a widespread portfolio of estates held from the king by four magnates. These absentee landlords included Roger Bigot, Sheriff of both Norfolk and Suffolk and Count Alan of Brittany, son-in-law of the king. Two small thirty acre holdings seem to be embryo manors, but for the most part the land was farmed by twenty semi-free sub tenants, some called freemen, others known as sokemen. The size of their land varied widely, one man had thirty acres of arable and two acres of meadow while at the other end of the scale six men shared ten acres. The population can be estimated at around 125 persons, less than a third of the predominantly agricultural population of Victorian times. On the lands of Roger Bigot there were new masters on the spot in the form of Berard and Azelin, men with likely names for Norman army veterans. The archaeological evidence from the vicinity of the church shows that from around AD 1100 activity there declined until a hundred years later the church stood completely isolated. The village had transferred piecemeal to the valley below, its flimsy dwellings scattered around the edges of small greens. Before 1800 most of the houses in the village were timber framed, but a growing shortage of wood, starting in the previous century, had led to the larger houses being built in brick with tiled, rather than thatched, roofs. Examples are Tasburgh House, Watermill House and Tasburgh Hall (then called Tasburgh Lodge). From the early 19th century smaller houses followed suit and early brick buildings can be seen on Low Road between and including the Old Horseshoes public house and Forge Cottage, all built between 1818 and 1840. Other houses and farm buildings of these times were of clay lump construction, surviving specimens include Rookery Cottage and White Horse Farm in Lower Tasburgh. In the previous century the churchwardens had been able to balance their books on the income from fields given charitably, the Town Lands, but inflation during the Napoleonic Wars caused such an increase in costs that a compulsory Church Rate was necessary in order to raise money for major repairs to the church. Mail coaches, carriers carts and freight wagons passing along Ipswich Road, then a well maintained turnpike, brought trade to Upper Tasburgh. Here stood a large inn, the Bird-in-Hand (now the Countryman) and close by was a smithy. In 1817 a shop stood near the site of the present Norwich bus stop, with numerous outhouses and a large orchard, today the site of Orchard Way. The shop survived until about 1940. In Church Road stood the Cherry Tree public house (now Cherry Tree House) at that time reputed to be a den of poachers. Poverty continued to be a problem for many of the villagers, particularly during the agricultural depressions at the beginning and latter part of the century. In 1816 Thomas Clabburn left £400 invested in annuities for the relief of the parish poor, the interest to purchase bread or coal to be distributed on the first Monday of February each year. A handsome plate recording this charity can be seen on the vestry door of the church. Further relief for the needy came from the interest from £45 Consuls left by Miss Bateman in 1828. Alongside these the Meek Charity dating from 1598, was distributed. By 1840 the parish poor house, the Town House, was ninety years old and in a sad state of repair. The newly appointed rector, Henry Preston, did not hesitate to call it the 'Pest House' and donated materials for immediate repairs. At the same time he forbade the practice of forcing the old and infirm residents to work on the nearby allotments. In 1836 Pulham Workhouse, still clearly visible as Hillcrest Court on the A140, began to take over responsibility for the destitute of the area and the Town House was eventually converted into two cottages for the parish roadmen, being conveniently close to the parish gravel and marl pits in Marl Bottom. The Old Rectory standing to the west of the church was built by the Rev Henry Preston in 1840 to replace the ruinous rectory he had inherited at what is today Glebe Cottage on Low Road. His capacious and elegant Victorian building has in turn been succeeded by a new rectory built close by in 1983. The indefatigable Henry Preston brought education for all to Tasburgh when he founded a public elementary school on his rectory land alongside Church Hill (in those days, School Hill). The school was officially opened on 15 September 1844 with this prayer, 'Oh Lord my God, hearken unto the cry and to the prayer which thy servant prayeth unto Thee today, that Thine eyes may be open towards this house, night and day'. There were sixty-two children attending school that first year. Most came from Tasburgh, but some walked from Tharston and Flordon; the youngest were five years old. In 1854 the schoolmistress was Eliza Goddard.", "In 1854 the schoolmistress was Eliza Goddard. The single room of the school was enlarged in 1880 to accommodate no less than 100 pupils, and in 1899 a new classroom was added to hold thirty infants. A vast improvement in the transport of people, goods, livestock and mail came with the opening of the Eastern Union Railway through the area on 12 December 1849. Steam trains linked London, Ipswich, Diss and Norwich, five stopping daily at the local station at Flordon. At first the Norwich terminal was called Victoria Station and stood at the top of St Stephen's Street. A fine station was built at Flordon with buildings in typical Victorian style sporting large ornate chimneys, slate roofs and decorated brickwork. The first stationmaster was James Clayton. Close by stood the Railway Tavern kept by Jonathan Pawley. The coming of railways to Norfolk brought a drastic fall in the heavy traffic of stage coaches, carriers and wagons along the main road through Tasburgh. Within a year sales of hay at the Bird-in-Hand fell from 50 tons annually to around 17, and all five licensed stage coach services disappeared. In 1863 rail travel to Harleston, Bungay, Beccles and beyond became possible with the completion of the Waveney Valley Railway, which left the main line at Tivetshall Station. In 1881 a further branch line from Forncett Station to Wymondham opened up travel to many other parts of the county. All the railways in the area were absorbed into the Great Eastern Railway. By 1851 the population of 363 at the beginning of the century had grown to 475, and the village contained 113 houses. This growth reflected the boom in agriculture in the mid-19th century. At this time Tasburgh was quite self-contained, with two blacksmiths, two shopkeepers, two butchers, a shoemaker, a wheelwright, a miller and a maltster. There were eleven farmers, a cattle dealer and a pig jobber, who slaughtered the pigs that most of the villagers kept. Tasburgh Hall, still called Tasburgh Lodge, was occupied by Commander Gwyn, a one-legged veteran of the Napoleonic Wars while Tasburgh Grange was a maltings named Maltings Farm. There were five licensed premises and a windmill in addition to the watermill. Later, the uncertainties of wind and water power were overcome by the installation of a steam engine at the watermill. At this time the village comprised two separate straggles of houses, one along Saxlingham Lane and Low Road and the other clustered around Ipswich Road. The only dwellings in between were the Rectory and Old Hall Farm. Church Road was a tree-lined lane. The principal residence was Rainthorpe Hall, occupied by the Hon Frederick Walpole MP. An agricultural depression in the last part of the 19th century caused the population to fall as low as 368, when countryfolk were forced to seek work in the towns. Despite this the school had to be extended twice; the population was falling, but families were getting larger! In the early years of the century Tasburgh continued as a mainly agricultural community, only one villager worked in Norwich, one at Dunston Hall and two on the nearby railway; all the rest found their livelihood in the village. In addition to farmers, smallholders and farm workers, there was a rat and mole catcher and a hurdle maker. It was very much a self-contained community, with four publicans, a miller with two mill workers, two blacksmiths, a carpenter / wheelwright, two thatchers, a bricklayer, two carriers, two general dealers, two grocers, a pork butcher, a baker and three - yes three - shoemakers. In the public service there was a schoolmistress, two parish roadmen and a policeman. There were also two dressmakers, two washerwomen and a lady who treated people for sores, burns and abscesses. In 1911 the population was 355. Tasburgh Lodge had been improved and renamed Tasburgh Hall by its owner P. Berney Ficklin. At Rainthorpe Hall, Sir Charles Harvey was spending considerable sums both on the hall and St Mary's Church. The rector from 1897 to 1922 was the Rev Walter Robert Hurd. Sons of these three gentlemen were to have distinguished careers. Horatio Berney Ficklin was a judge Advocate at the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals. Oliver Harvey became British Ambassador in Paris and was made Lord Harvey of Tasburgh. Richard Hurd was later Canon Hurd; he had a lasting love of Tasburgh and left a substantial bequest to the church on his death in 1975. Lord Harvey and Canon Hurd are both buried in the churchyard. The Cherry Tree in Church Road was a free house and the publican made horehound beer, which was reputed to be good for coughs. He also sold cider which was made from apples grown in the orchard at the back. The landlady of The Bird in Hand was appropriately named Mrs Alice Sparrow. The Quaker chapel off Fairstead Lane was active, while the primitive Methodist Chapel on what is now Church Hill and the parish church both had large congregations and thriving Sunday schools. William Moore, who spent much of his life in the village, tells us that his grandfather was estate bricklayer and chimney sweep for Rainthorpe Hall. To sweep the great chimneys at the hall, his grandfather would take one of his eight sons to climb up into the dark chimney as far as he safely could, carrying a hoe to scrape away the soot.", "To sweep the great chimneys at the hall, his grandfather would take one of his eight sons to climb up into the dark chimney as far as he safely could, carrying a hoe to scrape away the soot. While up the chimney, enveloped in clouds of soot, the lad would be required to help the sweeping rods on their way up the chimney and to try to rescue any brush which came adrift. The local organisation for controlling the affairs of the village had devolved from the courts of the lords of the manors to the church during and after Tudor times. Now the Local Government Act of 1894 had passed the responsibility on to elected parish councils. The first recorded meeting of Tasburgh parish council was on 18 April 1900. The council was required to meet at least once a year within seven days of 25 March and not before 6 pm. The first council comprised William Briggs, William Duffield, Arthur Fuller, Samuel Rump, John and Robert Dix, with P. Berney Ficklin as chairman and Daniel Burgess as clerk. Meetings were held in the school room on a rather irregular basis. The cost of heating the room was two shillings, and Mrs Goose was employed to clean up afterwards for one shilling. One can only suppose that they were inveterate pipe and cigar smokers! Taking over duties from a church which still retained a strong influence in the village was difficult, and many of the early meetings dealt solely with appointments to committees or as trustees to the various village charities. Local government was much more at parish level, and there were officers to appoint, such as the overseer and assistant overseer, whose duties included the collection of the parish rates. In 1914 Ernest Wright was appointed parish constable and later had an assistant in John Harrison. Until after the First World War the railway was, for most people, the only link with the outside world, if they could afford the fare! Motor cars were unreliable and far too expensive for all but the privileged few, while horse-drawn transport and cycles were only suitable for local journeys. Something of the heavy casualties of the First World War is told by the War Memorial in the churchyard, which records the names of twelve Tasburgh men, who died at a time when the villagers fit for active service probably did not exceed forty-five. The Depwade Deanery Magazine of March 1919 tells of the passing of a wartime Tasburgh sailor, \"... A hero of Zeebrugge. With deep regret we record the death of Charles T. Lyon of this parish. After twenty-one years service in the Royal Naval Reserve he rejoined in August 1914 and was commissioned to HM Trawler Aurora being made Commodore of Group Seven in November. In the Zeebrugge expedition he showed the greatest gallantry ... after three years service in the war this hero was invalided out\". The article goes on to say that Charles Lyon had been given a gold watch and chain for diving into the sea to rescue men during a storm in 1882 and that in 1916 he saved the lives of twenty-seven men from torpedoed fishing smacks. Mrs Mildred Garrett has recalled that between the wars her father, the parish clerk Albert Matthews, started a bowls club with a green on the Mill Meadows between Tasburgh and Flordon. Also on the meadows were the two grass courts of the tennis club of the day. The Mill was not then in use, and was taken over once weekly for a dancing class, the instructor and pianist cycling out from Norwich. Once a month there was a dance, grandly call a 'ball', which often lasted until 3 am. A moonlit night was chosen, so that those walking from other villages could find their way home with ease. Mrs Garrett would cycle to Norwich or Wymondham to shop and well remembers Sir Charles and Lady Harvey travelling from Rainthorpe Hall to Tasburgh church in their carriage and pair. Her mother, together with Mrs Gates, the rector's wife, founded the first Women's Institute in Tasburgh in 1922. Throughout the 1920s and 30s travel became easier, as a few people acquired motor-cycles, and cars and bus services were developed. Orange-coloured buses of United Automobile Services pioneered the route along the A140 until they were absorbed by Eastern Counties Omnibus Company in 1931. The Eastern Counties service was five buses daily, including Sundays. Lower Tasburgh was served by the buses of Mr Trudgil of Pulham St Mary. One bus ran each way on Wednesdays and Fridays, with two return journeys on Saturdays. The trip to Norwich called for either plumpness or fortitude, for the buses had wooden seats, and one was fitted with solid tyres. The return fare was nine old pence (less than four new pence). At this time the present Grove Lane was called Coal House Hill, the Coal House standing on the site of the first house below the village hall. Here coal carted from Flordon Station was stored for distribution to the poor by the local charities. These charities had, by 1928, been condensed into three, the Fuel Allotment and Meek's Charity, the Poor's Land and the Clabburn and Bateman Charity. In that year they were all amalgamated into Tasburgh United Charities. The parish council still owned the pair of cottages in Marl Bottom which had been the Town House, the parish poorhouse. Despite re-thatching in 1916 and again in 1925 they became a liability and were sold in 1928 to Dennis Cushion for seventy pounds.", "Despite re-thatching in 1916 and again in 1925 they became a liability and were sold in 1928 to Dennis Cushion for seventy pounds. The beginnings of the village hall can be traced back to 1919 when the parish council resolved that 'a parish club or reading room should be erected centrally in the parish for the benefit of parishioners and for the fostering of a parochial feeling in the younger members of the parish'. In 1928 the parish subscribed to Norwich Fire Brigade the sum of four pounds yearly for their services. The brigade had stated that they were confident that they could get to Tasburgh in time, a brave statement indeed. This arrangement was made despite the fact that there was at the time a fire engine in use at Long Stratton, perhaps their charges were too high! All we currently know of sport in Tasburgh in the inter-war years is that Mr Berney Ficklin of Tasburgh Hall gave a silver cup to be played for at football between Upper and Lower Tasburgh. It is believed that the trophy was only played for on three occasions, the last being in 1968 when the score was appropriately one all after extra time. Children attended the school from the age of five and stayed until they were twelve; this was later extended to fourteen years. Bob Lammas was an exception, at the age of four he followed a flock of sheep passing his home. As they reached the school, he saw his brother and sister and went in to join them; meanwhile his distraught parents were searching the village for him. Miss Abbs, the teacher, gave Bob a halfpenny and made sure he reached home safely, but Bob was so upset at leaving the school that she allowed him to begin school one year early. Mrs Elizabeth Page recalls that she was quite overawed on her first day at school with so many children crowded into the building. The scholars were seated on long benches placed in a series of steps; as they grew older they were moved higher and higher up the steps. The school log book, kept since 1922, records all visitors, events and repairs. Many entries report the difficulty of keeping the building warm in winter, often the temperature was only , and it was not always possible to light the fire because of sulphur fumes and smoke. A regular visitor was Sir Charles Harvey of Rainthorpe Hall, but in March 1927 a far less welcome visitor paid a call. A ferocious bull took possession of the playground, and Kenneth Riches and Herbert Sayer were sent to remove it! In the same year three boys earned notoriety in a different way, for on 22 November the punishment book records that Harold Riches (12), Arthur Hurry (12), and Fred Larter (11) received 'four strokes on hands and buttocks for milking Mr Curson's cow when standing in a meadow ... and for telling lies about it'. Elizabeth Page remembers the annual school outings, paid for by Sir Charles Harvey, train journeys from Flordon to the seaside, her first sight of the sea. School concerts were held in the theatre at Rainthorpe Hall. Frances Rayner recalls starting at the school in 1939 when Mrs Cross was head teacher. All the children attended Sunday schools, the church school was taught by Alice Matthews, and all her pupils were in the choir. At the outbreak of the Second World War the school had declined to fourteen children and was the smallest in the Deanery. With the coming of evacuees billeted out in the village, the numbers of scholars swelled, and a shift system had to be introduced, the village children attending in the mornings and the evacuees in the afternoons. Later, most of the evacuees were taught at Tasburgh Hall by additional teachers. The 1939–45 World War started early in Tasburgh, for the parish council minute book records a request from Depwade Rural District Council in 1937 to appoint three air raid wardens. This done, two stirrup pumps were purchased to deal with incendiary bombs, and three more were given by the RDC. By 1939 there were five wardens. The parish council ran a competition in 1940 for those making the best use of their gardens for food production, and in 1941 a knitting group was formed to knit garments for the armed forces. As part of a national scheme, a salvage officer was appointed, and a derelict building at the bottom of Grove Lane was used to store paper, bottles, jam jars and metal; collections were made by the WVS aided by schoolchildren. In addition to finding material for the war effort, the salvage fund raised money for local charities and especially for the village hall building fund. With the fall of France, a parish invasion committee was set up in 1940, and a local unit of the Home Guard was formed under the charge of Ray Page the farmer then resident at Rookery Farm. The Home Guard post was in a building at The Bird in Hand (now the Countryman). William Moore reckons that the proximity of the public house was, on occasions, something of a temptation to the gallant patrol defending Tasburgh, as was the blazing fire in their guardroom. Tasburgh Hall became the headquarters of an army searchlight unit, with a searchlight on the lawn and another nearby at Hapton Hall. Later in the war, the army left, and the hall was used to house evacuees.", "Later in the war, the army left, and the hall was used to house evacuees. Beer supplies were severely restricted, the public houses opened only at weekends, when they were swamped by soldiers stationed in the area and, later in the war, by American servicemen from nearby airfields at Hethel, Tibenham and Hardwick. It was not unknown for the week's supply of beer to be consumed in an evening. William Moore says that some of the precious beer at the Horseshoes was held back for the locals, who had to call at the back door and drink secretly in the cellar. At these times the village policeman would leave his cycle in a field and approach on foot to join the clandestine drinkers. William Moore also speaks of more direct contact with the war, of tracer bullet holes in his cycle shed and of his bed, which would jump off its blocks with the force of bomb explosions during the Norwich blitz. Late in the war, German flying bombs, nicknamed doodle-bugs, would pass over, but one day he was blown from his feet when a doodle-bug motor cut out and it exploded in a nearby field. Teacher, Miss Hewett, was once shown as absent due to 'the shock of the blitz'. The only wartime casualty known to occur in the village was of a soldier who was crushed by a tank while guiding it along Old Hall Farm Loke. Loss of life by residents on active service was much less than in the First World War; one name only is recorded on the War Memorial. To save petrol during the war, buses were powered by gas, which was produced in a coke burner towed behind the bus on a two-wheeled trailer. William Moore says that very limited power resulted, and the buses could only manage about fifteen miles per hour. On reaching Dunston Hill the passengers had perforce to alight and walk up the hill behind the struggling bus. During the war, scholars would walk to school carrying their lunch of meat paste, jam or even lard sandwiches, together with their gas mask and identity card; anyone forgetting the last two items could be sent back home to get them. Bob Lammas and William Moore both recall a wartime drama in the village when a spy was captured. He lived in a cottage on Church Hill and toured the district on a bicycle visiting the Horseshoes public house to mix with the soldiers drinking there. One night a vigilant Home Guard saw a flashing light from the cottage as enemy planes were flying over. The incident was reported, and shortly after the Tasburgh Home Guard were called out to patrol the area until a light armoured vehicle and army lorries with Military Police arrived. The spy was arrested and a radio transmitter was found in the cottage chimney. William Moore has given a vivid description of Tasburgh some 50 years ago, of cottages lit by paraffin lamps, tin baths by the fire, water from wells and bucket toilets at the bottom of the garden. A family of seven occupied a cottage in Saxlingham Lane which had but two rooms downstairs and two up, with an outside wash-house and toilet; it was aptly named Teapot House. An even smaller dwelling stood alongside the Old Post Office, having just one room on each storey to accommodate a family of seven. William tells of the terrible winter of 1947, when heavy snow fell in February and the freeze-up lasted until April, to be followed immediately by heavy flooding. Coal was still rationed, so stocks were low, and few people could afford to have electricity laid on; most of the villagers had to rely on such firewood as they could find. Williarn Moore's family were cut off for three weeks, by which time they were almost out of food. They had eaten all their hens apart from two left to lay eggs. They shot what game they could and eventually had to resort to trapping small birds. By digging through the snow to Manor Farm they were able to obtain milk. Help came when paths were cleared into the village, partly by Italian prisoners of war held at Long Stratton. In those days shopping was a very different activity. William explains that prepackaging was minimal in the four village shops. Sugar came in hundredweight sacks, cheeses were bound in hessian and weighed 28 lb, butter was in 14 1b blocks, and biscuits were loose in 14 1b tins. Serving a customer took some time, for the grocer had to cut, weigh, price and pack each item while waiting customers enjoyed a gossip. Milk was delivered by Mr Alford, a dairy farmer from High Road Farm on the Ipswich Road. He came round daily with a horse and trap, from which fresh milk was measured to order from a metal churn. In 1945 Tasburgh Women's Institute was relaunched. The earliest surviving minutes are those of 1947, when Mrs Rosemary Hastings of Rainthorpe Hall was president, Mrs Larner, secretary and Mrs Mann, treasurer. Meetings were held monthly at Rainthorpe Hall with talks, demonstrations, competitions, flower shows and whist drives. The quality of WI cooking was such that they were praised in the press on several occasions and in 1969 won a silver rose bowl for their preserves. They formed a choir and helped the village in many ways, providing refreshments at fetes and plays, organising the poppy day collection and operating 'meals on wheels'.", "They formed a choir and helped the village in many ways, providing refreshments at fetes and plays, organising the poppy day collection and operating 'meals on wheels'. The WI also raised funds to pay for tables, chairs and other items at the village hall, where a plaque acknowledges their efforts. For their own enjoyment they organised outings to, what were in those days, such far-away places as Clacton, Felixstowe and Woburn. From the wartime salvage fund and from many money raising events, including the saving of pennies by the schoolchildren £562 16s 8d had, by May 1947, been raised for a village hall. For a small, relatively poor village this was a most creditable amount, since it was worth about £16,000 at today's money values. A leading light in the efforts to provide a hall was Mr K. Riches, chairman of the village hall committee. In 1949 a public meeting was called to discuss proposals for a hall, one being to rent a building. A breakthrough came the next year with the public-spirited offer of the gift of two fields covering about four acres by John Everson of Old Hall Farm and his sons Russell and George. Thus the village gained both a playing field and a site for the village hall midway between Upper and Lower Tasburgh. The first village hall committee represented the major organisations in the village at the time and comprised: Mr B. W. Cross, Parish Council; Mrs H. M. Mann, Women's Institute; Rev R. Maudsley, Parochial Church Council; Mr R. G. Clarke, Methodist Church; Mr J. Cadman, Tasburgh United Football Club; Mrs C. E. Cross, School Manager. The hall was opened on 8 September 1953 by Mrs Rosemary Hastings. The original building was by with two small rooms at the rear intended as a kitchen and a committee room. On the death of Canon A. E. Gates in 1948 Tasburgh had been the home of only three rectors in 111 years. In the next forty-six years there were to be no less than nine rectors, the first being Rev R. Maudsley. Henceforth Tasburgh rectors were also responsible for Tharston. After the Second World War, Tasburgh Football Club played on a tiny sloping pitch in Rainthorpe Park, close to the Newton Flotman-Flordon Road. They were not popular with visiting teams, since the pitch was riddled with molehills and rabbit holes. By 1952 the football team had moved to the new playing field, but in their keenness to leave behind the obstacles of their old field they failed to observe that the playing field was littered with sharp flints. Despite compulsory flint-picking sessions for players and officials before every match, players received many nasty cuts, and the club was forced to move yet again. This time they played on a field off Old Hall Farm Loke, where the changing facility comprised an by steel wartime air raid shelter. An entry in the Eastern Daily Press of 28 August 1953 records the Annual General Meeting of Tasburgh United Football Club, where it was decided to form a combined football and cricket club under the title of Tasburgh United Sports Club. The chairman was Mr K. Riches, and the secretary Mr J. Cadman. In the meanwhile local youths had developed another form of sport. On the land where Harvey Close now stands a cycle speedway track was developed, and the team racing there in the Depwade League had the proud name of the Tasburgh Tigers. By 1954 the football pitch at the playing field had been relaid, together with a cricket pitch and practice wicket. The village cricket team played on Saturdays and Sundays for some ten years. In this period football flourished, with three teams and many supporters; it was not unknown for three coaches to be required to convey the first team and supporters to away matches. In the 1956 / 57 season Tasburgh led the Norwich and District League. Within the next twenty years the football team faded then disbanded. The infant teacher at the school after the war was Miss Hewitt, who travelled every day from St Faith's on a motor-cycle. Two senior boys were detailed to wait at the school gate every morning to grab the cycle as she arrived and hold it while she disengaged gear, switched off and dismounted. What arrangements she made at the other end of her journey we do not know! Mrs Elizabeth Page remembers that Miss Hewitt delighted in taking the children down through Bluebell Wood while William Moore recalls the outside school toilets of corrugated iron and that water had to be fetched to the school in buckets filled at the rectory. Through the 1950s life at the school changed. There was a rail outing to London in 1954, and regular bus trips were made to Wymondham swimming pool. Attendance rose to fifty-seven in 1959, when the larger schoolroorn was divided by a curtain to make two, not very soundproof, classrooms. By now there were two cloakrooms, together with a scullery to help deal with school meals, which were prepared at Newton Flotman. The age limit for scholars was reduced to eleven years in 1959, the older children attending school in Long Stratton. In 1952 Rev Maudsley moved from the parish to be replaced by Rev Percy Gresty, who set about reforming the church choir with the able assistance of the organist and village postmaster, Phillip Lammas. The choir became eighteen strong and reached such a high standard that on occasions the church was packed.", "The choir became eighteen strong and reached such a high standard that on occasions the church was packed. For a while after the war the railway station at Flordon continued to play an important part in the life of the village as a source of mail, parcels, newspapers and coal, while farmers used the railway to transport their sugar beet, corn and cattle. As motor transport became ever more affordable its door to door convenience killed off much of the rail traffic and Flordon Station was closed in 1961 as part of the Beeching cuts after a life of 112 years. William Moore tells us that the landlord of the Railway Tavern at this time was Mr Brookes, who supplemented his income by cutting hair; boys could usually persuade him to sell them half a pint of cider while waiting for their hair to be cut. In 1961 the population of Tasburgh was 343, slightly less than the 1911 figure of 355. While some old cottages had been demolished and council houses had appeared on Grove Lane, Church Road and Ipswich Road the village remained completely rural in character. This changed dramatically after 1961 as widespread house building, mostly in Upper Tasburgh, led to a trebling of the population to reach 1117 in 1991. The first area to be developed was that now occupied by Valley Road, Willow Close and Curson Road. Mr Shepherd of Cherry Tree House applied for planning permission, but this was turned down on the grounds that Tasburgh was not designated as a development area, that housing would be intrusive on the landscape and that the land would be better used for agriculture. Mr Oliver, a Hempnall builder, appealed against the refusal pointing out that the land was light, stony and infertile and that there was a real demand for housing in the area. The tide now began to turn for neither Depwade Rural District Council nor the parish council objected to the appeal, this despite a local resident complaining that only five of the nine parish councillors had attended the relevant meeting and that the matter was not on the published agenda. Nevertheless, the appeal was dismissed, one of the grounds being that the school was due to close. Faced with a growing countywide demand for more housing the County Council relented and later in 1961 gave permission for Mr T. Riches to build fifty-six houses in the Valley Road area. This change of heart cleared the way for further successful applications. Building at Valley Road went ahead and in 1964 Mr K. Riches obtained clearance to develop Orchard Way. Planning proposals and village growth increased the workload of the parish council, who found it necessary to hold monthly meetings. The needs of the growing village led to the formation of the Playgroup by Christine Morris and Jenny Harvey in 1968 with meetings twice weekly at the village hall. By this date other organisations had arisen in addition to the Women's Institute and Football Club; Tasburgh Players had established themselves at the theatre in Rainthorpe Hall, there was a Church Youth Club, a Christian Alliance children's club, a Bingo Club and WI whist drives. A particularly lively club was the Young Women's Association with fortnightly meetings, outings and parties, among their highly varied activities was a midsummer ball, also a barbecue and swim by the River Tas at Saxlingham Thorpe. Two major annual events throughout the 60s and 70s were the church fete at Rainthorpe Hall and the village fete at the playing field. In September 1968 the low-lying parts of the village suffered from an extensive flood, water entering houses at Cat's Corner and along Low Road from Watermill House to Rookery House. A fire engine pumped three feet of water from Glebe Cottage and Mr J. Crawshay of Tasburgh Grange was able to sail a sixteen-foot dinghy from his front drive across the nearby meadows. The next area of housing growth was Woodland Rise and Everson Road, which received planning permission in 1969. From 1971 the pace of change became such that it can only be clearly recorded on a year by year basis. 1971 The population had almost doubled to 610. The Rev T. Macnaughton-Jones, who had been rector of Tasburgh and Tharston since 1958 retired, to be replaced by Rev Oswald Glass. 1972 Much concern having been expressed about overcrowding at the school, the parish council lobbied for a new school. The response of the education authority was to erect two portakabins. St Mary's Guild for women was started, led by Mrs Glass, the rector's wife. 1973 Planning permission was given for the building of Everson Close while Mr D. Addington of Old Hall Farm obtained consent for the development for housing of eleven acres behind the council houses in Church Road. Here Wilcon built the Churchfields development over the next ten years. Additionally to the major housing schemes of the 60s and 70s, individual, generally larger, dwellings were built in both Upper and Lower Tasburgh, Harvey Close having been developed in 1966. The First Tasburgh Brownies were formed in 1973 while the Youth Club, not for the first or last time, suffered from a shortage of leaders and had to resort to fortnightly meetings. Lack of support led to the closure of the Methodist Chapel. 1974 From Saxon times Tasburgh had been part of Depwade Hundred until, at the turn of this century, the larger Depwade Rural District Council was formed. Now an even larger local authority took over, South Norfolk District Council. The ancient name of Depwade continued only in the title of the church Deanery.", "The ancient name of Depwade continued only in the title of the church Deanery. 1975 The 130th anniversary of the school was celebrated by a Victorian Day. The headmaster, Mr Peter Ramm, teachers and scholars all wore Victorian costume and lessons were given in Victorian style. The Playgroup was now being run by Mrs Jean Campling and sessions had been increased to three mornings weekly. 1976 Negotiations began fora site fora new school; with the rapid expansion of the village the school roll stood at seventy-six, the next year it was to reach 100. 1977 This was the year of the Queen's Jubilee and Tasburgh entered into the celebrations with a will. Jubilee Day started with the church bells ringing, followed by children's sports on the playing field, after which the youngsters were presented with Jubilee crown coins. After a meal at the village hall the fun moved to Rainthorpe Hall for a children's party. Here Tasburgh Players gave a Jubilee Revue, which was followed in the evening by a bonfire and fireworks display at the playing field. The chief organiser was Mr James and the cost of £220 was met entirely by fund raising. After a short break Tasburgh Players had been reformed by a small group headed by Lynn McKinney with Mrs Rosemary Hastings as president. This year also saw the relaunch of a tennis club. They played at Tasburgh Grange by kind permission of Mr and Mrs Crawshay, later they also played at Tasburgh House. Enthusiastic fund raising enabled grass courts to be established at the playing field and the club immediately set their sights on providing hard courts. Another 'birth' in 1977 was the Babysitting Circle. 1978 A most welcome addition to the church came on 29 October when Mrs Walton of Tasburgh Hall opened the church room with its kitchen and toilet, built as an extension to the vestry. It was chiefly due to the efforts of Mr and Mrs Walton that the project was so quickly financed and completed. 1979 A new rector, Rev M. Fitzgerald arrived with responsibility for Tasburgh, Tharston, Flordon and Forncett. Work started on the long-awaited new school and the Young Women's Association was changed to the Monday Club. Last Days Of School 1980 The new school was opened on 2 June by the Bishop of Norwich. There were sixty-five pupils at the new lower age limit of eight years, older children being bussed to the Middle and High Schools at Long Stratton. Our Public spirited Victorian rector, Henry Preston, who founded our first village school would have been proud of the new school and of its subsequent achievements. It is entirely appropriate that both the present school and the road upon which it stands should bear his name. This year saw the last performance of Tasburgh Players at Rainthorpe Hall, they moved to the village hall taking the stage from Rainthorpe with them. 1980 saw the'launch'of the First Tasburgh Sea Scouts by Bernard Minns assisted by Lyndon Bringloe and Tim Braddock. 1981 The ever-growing population reached 930. The Tennis Club's hard courts were brought into use and the Old School was converted into a private house. Yet again the Youth Club was short of leaders and was only able to provide a weekly disco before ceasing altogether for a while. 1981, Norwich City FC manager, Ken Brown, hands out Royal Wedding crowns to Tasburgh scholars following postponement of sports day due to rain. 1982 The Rev R. Blakeley took over as rector. A great fillip to village activities came with the formation of the Inter-Village Sports Team to take part in competitions initiated by the Sports Council. With Pam Moore as co-ordinator a team competed in the district round at Harleston. Junior and senior sections took part in five-a-side football, netball, badminton, table tennis, a relay race and, for the seniors only, darts. Tasburgh won the district competition for small villages and continued to win at district level every year until the competition ceased. This entitled them to go forward to the county round where, as often as not, they met their constant rivals, Great and Little Massingham. This year the Badminton Club was formed as a direct outcome of the inter-village sports activities. 1983 The village hall was extended by the building of a new block across the front to provide an entrance hall, a committee room, toilets and an improved kitchen. A new rectory was completed close by the rectory built 141 years earlier. The Churchfields development was completed bringing to an end the burst of expansion in the village which had begun in 1961. The Inter-Village Sports Team beat the Massinghams in the county final and went forward to the regional competition at Shotley near Ipswich. After a dreadful start they recovered to take Tasburgh to the giddy heights of regional champions. New leaders having come forward the Youth Club restarted while the Playgroup extended its sessions from three to four weekly. 1984 Another offspring of the Inter-Village Sports Team was the Netball Club, formed this year. Tim Braddock took over as scout leader when both his founder colleagues moved away from the village. A cub scout pack was formed, but within a year its leader also moved away and the pack had to be disbanded. 1985 The Rev T. Raven took over as rector. The Monday Club ceased activities, but the Youth Club had by now been full reactivated with a wide programme of activities. 1986 The Cub Scout Pack was reformed. 1987 Maddy Munday took over the reins of Tasburgh Players, who were giving two performances a year.", "1987 Maddy Munday took over the reins of Tasburgh Players, who were giving two performances a year. 1988 The membership of the WI having fallen to eleven, it was felt necessary to close down an organisation which had in the past made a major contribution to village life. Mrs Gertrude Hardingham had been president of the Women's Institute for the past twenty-four years. A new group on the scene was the Carpet Bowls Club. 1989 Cub Scout five-a-side football led to the formation of an under-12 football team playing in the Norwich Sunday Youth League, football had returned to Tasburgh. Ken Ransom, together with Roger and Helen Burnett, had the idea to link Tasburgh with a European village. So it was that Ken and Roger crossed the Channel together with Gayle Macdonald and Steve Beckett representing the parish council and the Inter-Village Sports Team. Their objective was Linden, thirty kilometres from Brussels. Their original idea that the link might be on sporting lines soon changed for one based on two-way family visits. Thus Eurolink was formed and visits have taken place every year since with ties between the two villages growing ever stronger. 1990 On the retirement of Rev Raven the new rector was Rev David Harrison. Mrs Dyan McKelvey took over as headmistress after long service with Tasburgh School. This year the school was runner-up in a national environmental competition. A current annual event which can be traced back to 1990 is the Parish Harvest Supper run jointly by the village hall committee and the church. Despite the extension made in 1983 the village hall had become ever more inadequate for the increasing demands made upon it. After a public meeting the Village Hall Improvement Steering Committee was formed, it decided that the best plan was to extend the existing building and commenced fund raising and seeking grant aid. This year saw the demise of the First Tasburgh Brownie Pack after a life of seventeen years. 1991 The population of the village topped the thousand mark at 1117. Tasburgh had changed in thirty years from not much more than a rural hamlet into a large, mainly suburban, village. On 18 August the village sign was unveiled Following a competition the design was based on the ideas of three pupils of the school, Paul Beckett, Scott Harwood and Peter Starkey. The carpet bowls team competed with great credit in the inter-village competitions winning both the junior and senior events, but this was the last year of the competition and thus the end of the line for the highly successful Tasburgh team. The trophy cabinet in the village hall bears ample testimony to all those who represented the village so valiantly over the ten years of the competition. The junior arm of scouting was further strengthened by the formation of a Beaver colony for six- to eight-year-olds. Following a stewardship campaign by church members, two weekly activities were started on Wednesday afternoons in the church room. The Coffee Pot offered a club for all villagers followed in term time by Trekkers for school age children. After a hard fought campaign, mainly by mothers led by Sue Bing, a much needed footpath was completed alongside Grove Lane between Church Hill and the village hall. 1992 Tasburgh Festival of Gardens on Sunday 21 June gave many the opportunity to visit ten gardens displaying a wide variety of styles and sizes. The joint organisers were the Village Hall Improvement Committee and the church. The school again won national honours with the presentation of a curriculum award at the Barbican Centre, London. A copy of the Tasburgh village sign was fixed to the Linden school wall in memory of Ken Ransom, a founder member of Eurolink. At the Ipswich Road bus stop the parish council erected a most welcome bus shelter. With the twin objects of providing a social centre and raising money for the village hall improvements a Social Club committee was formed, chaired by Bob Bush. 1993 To provide a clubroom for the proposed Social Club, alterations were made to the front block of the village hall and legal moves made with a view to opening the club in 1994. Extensive repairs to the church were completed including the refurbishment of the tiles and exterior walls the cost being met from church funds, grants, a loan and a general appeal to all parishioners. Following the move from the parish of Rev D. Harrison the local parish grouping was changed, Tasburgh and Tharston remaining linked as they had been since 1948, but Forncett and Flordon were detached to be replaced by Saxlingham and Shotesham. 2010 (1 May) A group called \"Recreation For All,\" an amalgam of village hall user groups, got together to organise Tasburgh Community Festival. The Festival was scheduled to run for the two days of the Bank Holiday. It was officially opened by ex Norwich City players, Craig Fleming and Darren Huckerby. 2011 (June) and the 2nd Tasburgh Community Festival took place in the grounds of the village hall. 2012 (23 June) The 3rd Tasburgh Community Festival attracted a crowd. This year the inside of the village hall was used to accommodate three local bands. The day had an Olympic theme to it and started with a torch parade from the village sign. Arena acts included A World of Wings, the Lowestoft Dog Agility Display Team and Dr Ken the juggler. An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north east to Shotesham with a total ward population of 2,399. Nearby villages include Flordon, Hapton, Tharston, Long Stratton, Newton Flotman and Morningthorpe." ]

[ "Boca Ciega Bay Boca Ciega Bay is a body of water bordering Gulfport, Florida, St. Petersburg, and other municipalities in Pinellas County. Clam Bayou estuary feeds into the bay. Boca Ciega Bay is an aquatic preserve designated in 1968 to halt dredging-and-filling work done in the 1950s. There are mangrove islands as well as miles of canals bounded by seawalls. Along with the Pinellas County Aquatic Preserve, Boca Ciega Bay provides sandy beaches, mangrove shoreline and submerged habitats such as oyster bars, seagrass beds, coral habitat, and spring-fed caves. The 185-acre Boca Ciega Millennium Park in Seminole, Florida, is a protected natural area and preserve. The park features a 35-foot wooden observation tower with a panoramic view of Boca Ciega Bay. The park is a stop on the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission's \"Great Florida Birding Trail.\"" ]

[ "Fred Terry Fred Terry (9 November 1863 – 17 April 1933) was an English actor and theatrical manager. After establishing his reputation in London and in the provinces for a decade, he joined the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree where he remained for four years, meeting his future wife, Julia Neilson. With Neilson, he played in London and on tour for 27 further years, becoming famous in sword and cape roles, such as the title role in \"The Scarlet Pimpernel\". Terry was born in London into a theatrical family. His parents, Benjamin (1817–1896) of Irish descent, and Sarah (née Ballard) (1819–1892), of Scottish ancestry, were comic actors in a touring company based in Portsmouth (where Sarah's father was a Wesleyan minister) and had eleven children of which Fred was the youngest son. At least five of these became actors: Kate, Ellen, Marion, Florence and Fred. Two other children, George and Charles, were connected with theatre management. Terry's sister Kate was a very successful actress until her marriage and retirement from the stage in 1867, and his sister Ellen became the greatest Shakespearean actress of her time. His great-nephew (Kate's grandson), John Gielgud, became one of the twentieth century's most respected actors. Terry was educated in London, France and Switzerland. During his career, Terry toured extensively, playing in all the principal cities of the United Kingdom and North America. His first stage appearance was at the Haymarket Theatre in 1880 at the age of 16, in a revival of Bulwer-Lytton's \"Money\", with the Bancrofts. After appearances on tour, he was engaged at the Lyceum Theatre in 1884 in Henry Irving's production of \"Twelfth Night\", as Sebastian to the Viola of his sister Ellen. In her memoirs, his sister Ellen wrote, \"I don't think that I have ever seen any success so unmistakable and instantaneous.\" He then returned to touring, in Britain and the U.S. Back in London by the summer of 1887, he had a success at the Avenue Theatre, as Dr William Brown in \"Dr Bill\", by Hamilton Aidé, in 1890. He joined the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree at the Haymarket Theatre, appearing in numerous productions with the company from 1890 to 1894. His roles there included D'Aulnay in W. S. Gilbert's \"Comedy and Tragedy\" (1890) and John Christison in Henry Arthur Jones's \"The Dancing Girl\" (1891). In the cast of this last, he met Julia Neilson, daughter of Alexander Ritchie Neilson, whom he married later that year. For Tree, he also played Laertes in \"Hamlet\" and appeared in Sydney Grundy's translation of the French play \"A Village Priest\", \"Beau Austin\" and \"Peril\". Terry and Neilson's daughter Phyllis was born in 1892. In 1894, Terry and Neilson appeared together in \"Shall We Forgive Her?\" by Frank Harvey at the Adelphi Theatre. Their second child, Dennis, was born in October 1895. Two months later, the family travelled to America to perform with John Hare's company. There they played together in New York in \"The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith\" by Arthur Wing Pinero. In 1896, they returned to England, where he played at the Lyceum as Charles Surface in a revival of Sheridan's \"The School for Scandal\" with Johnston Forbes-Robertson. Terry and his wife appeared together in \"The Tree of Knowledge\" and other plays from October 1897 until the summer of 1898, including \"Much Ado About Nothing\" at the St James's Theatre, in which he played Don Pedro. Next, they appeared in \"The Gipsy Earl\". He was Squire Thornhill in William Gorman Wills's \"Olivia\" at the Lyceum in 1900. They then toured in \"As You Like It\". In 1900, with his wife, he assumed the management of the Haymarket Theatre. For the next 27 years, Terry and Neilson played together, mainly in popular romantic historical dramas, with Terry in swashbuckling roles. At the Haymarket, he was particularly known for his role of Charles II in the play \"Sweet Nell of Old Drury\" by Paul Kester, which became one of his signature roles. They toured extensively in the British provinces, but they had annual six-month London seasons at the New Theatre from 1905 to 1913. During these they premiered several new plays in London, including Baroness Orczy's \"The Scarlet Pimpernel\", which they adapted for the stage with J. M. Barstow (1905), with Terry creating his other signature part of Sir Percy Blakeney. Despite scathing reviews from the critics, the play was a record-breaking hit and played for more than 2000 performances, then enjoying numerous revivals. Terry and Neilson also introduced and starred with much success in \"For Sword or Song\" by Robert Legge and Louis Calvert (1903), \"Dorothy o' the Hall\" by Paul Kester and Charles Major (1906), and \"Henry of Navarre\" (1909) by William Devereux. \"Henry\" and \"Sweet Nell\" became their signature pieces during many tours of the British provinces and during their U.S. tour in 1910.", "\"Henry\" and \"Sweet Nell\" became their signature pieces during many tours of the British provinces and during their U.S. tour in 1910. They also produced \"The Popinjay\" by Boyle Lawrence, \"Frederick Mouillot\" (1911), and \"Mistress Wilful\" by Ernest Hendrie (1915). In 1915, Terry and Neilson took over the management of the Strand Theatre, reviving and starring in \"Sweet Nell of Old Drury\". Their later productions included \"The Borderer\" (1921), \"The Marlboroughs\" (1924), and \"The Wooing of Katherine Parr\" by William Devereux (1926). They also starred in \"A Wreath of a Hundred Roses\" (1922), which was a masque by Louis N. Parker at the Duke's Hall to celebrate the Royal Academy's centenary. Terry was also well known on tour for his Benedick in \"Much Ado\" and his Charles Surface. The couple's son Dennis became an actor, whose career was cut short by his death in 1932, and their daughter Phyllis Neilson-Terry became a noted actress. In 1918, a group of British theatre managers from 60 of the theatres that he had played in presented to Terry a portrait, painted by Frank Daniell, of Terry as Sir Percy Blakeney. Terry retired from the stage in 1927. He died at his home in St Pancras, London, in 1933 at the age of 69." ]

[ "Chambishi F.C. Chambishi F.C. is football (soccer) club from Zambia based in Chambishi. They are a member of the Zambian Division One. They play their home games at Chambishi Stadium. Chambishi Football Club is based in small town of Chambishi, some few kilometres from Kitwe. This team as produced a lot of great players who have gone as far as playing for European teams, apart from the national team. Currently, the team is lying fourth from top on the table with 16 teams. Chambishi boosts of the likes of late Moses Chikwalakwala, who died in the Gabon air crash which killed the entire Zambia National Soccer Team which was en route to Senegal for World Cup qualifiers and the great late webster chikabala (master mukishi)who was once Zambia's best midfilder. The team also boosts of Emmanuel Siwale, the late Bunda Mwaba, Ziko Chanda Makasa Kalipinde, Charles 'Pops' Mutale among others Today, the team is playing Division 1 football in Zone 2." ]

[ "Collaborative development environment A collaborative development environment (CDE) is an online meeting space where a software development project's stakeholders can work together, no matter what timezone or region they are in, to discuss, document, and produce project deliverables. The term was coined in 2002 by Grady Booch and Alan W. Brown. It is seen as an evolution from the integrated development environment (IDE), which combined programming tools on the desktop, and the extended development environment (XDE), which combined lifecycle development tools with an IDE (such as Microsoft's Visual Studio Team System and the IBM Rational Rose XDE); while the IDE focuses on tools to support the individual developer, the CDE focuses on supporting the needs of the development team as a whole. Although growing from a tool base in the software development sector, the CDE has been taken up in other sectors, with teams typically geographically dispersed, where it is beneficial to be able to collaborate across the web, including automotive and aeronautical engineering, movie production, and civil engineering." ]

[ "Canal Hollywood Canal Hollywood is a movies cable channel available in Spain and Portugal. For most of its history it was a single channel airing for all Iberia with feeds in Portuguese or Spanish, it later split. In 2011 was created a version in HD in Spain and Portugal. Canal Hollywood Portugal is a Portuguese basic cable and satellite televisionOwned by Dreamia (AMC Networks International Iberia and NOS), Canal Hollywood was founded in 1995, and was one of the first Iberian cable channels ever. It presents movies by all of the major studios. The Portuguese version is one of the most successful cable channels in Portugal, occasionally suppressing RTP2 ratings. It also became available throw cable, satellite or IPTV in Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde." ]

[ "1978 New Brunswick general election The 29th New Brunswick general election was held on October 23, 1978, to elect 58 members to the 49th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Richard Hatfield's Progressive Conservative Party narrowly won its third term. The result was the closest in New Brunswick history: the governing PCs won 30 seats to 28 for the opposition. The popular vote was very close: 146,719 votes were cast for Conservative candidates, and 146,596 for Liberals. In order to secure a workable majority following the election, Hatfield appointed Liberal Robert McCready as speaker of the legislature, despite strong objections from McCready's Liberal colleagues; McCready went on to seek re-election as a Conservative and served in Hatfield's cabinet. The Parti Acadien had its best ever showing in the election, winning 12% of the vote in the ridings where it fielded candidates, and coming within 200 votes of electing Armand Plourde in Restigouche West. In the lead up to 1978, the Opposition Liberal Party seemed destined to return to power. A number of scandals had been tied to the Conservatives and Liberal leader Robert Higgins was widely popular. In early 1978, Higgins believed he had tied some of the scandals directly to Hatfield himself. In a bold move, Higgins promised to resign should Hatfield prove that he was not tied directly to the scandal, which Hatfield promptly did. Higgins was forced to abruptly resign and was replaced by Joseph Daigle as leader. The Liberals mused that Hatfield had purposely ensured false information was leaked to the Liberals to lead them into making false accusations. Higgins' resignation created Hatfield's best chance to go to the polls. He called an election shortly after Daigle became Liberal leader. Despite the lack of a direct link to Hatfield, scandal remained tied to his government and a close election result was assured. Hatfield's government was not entirely clean, however. The Liberals pointed to the Conservatives' budgets, which no longer maintained a surplus. The Bricklin failure was also fresh on voters' minds. While campaigning in anglophone sections of the province, Hatfield accused Daigle of being an anti-monarchist for supporting Pierre Trudeau's constitutional reforms. Consisting of Victoria, Madawaska, Restigouche and Gloucester county ridings. Consisting of Carleton, York, Sunbury and Northumberland county ridings. Consisting of Queens, Kings, Saint John and Charlotte county ridings. Consisting of Kent, Westmorland and Albert county ridings." ]

[ "Ronaldo Vieira (footballer, born 1998) Ronaldo Augusto Vieira Nan ( (born 19 July 1998) is a professional footballer who plays for Italian side Sampdoria, mainly operating as a central midfielder. Born in Guinea Bissau, and also holding Portuguese nationality, he is an England U21s international. Vieira was raised in Portugal, where he signed for the academy at S.L. Benfica, the club he supported. He left Portugal in 2011 in search of more job opportunities for his family in England. Vieira began playing football in England for Whitley Bay Boys Club, a local team near Newcastle. Vieira then moved to Yorkshire and played two seasons in the Huddersfield Junior Football League for Batley Phoenix under the tutelage of coach Tony Shuttleworth. Vieira also had unsuccessful trials at Premier League sides Manchester City and Hull City. Vieira then signed for York-based i2i Football Academy whilst studying at York College. He joined Leeds United on trial in September 2015, after being recommended by i2i Coach and former Leeds Striker Richard Cresswell, Vieira signed for the academy after impressing. After impressing for the academy, Vieira signed a two-year professional deal with Leeds on 5 May 2016. Highly rated by then Head Coach Steve Evans, Vieira was named on the bench for Leeds on 7 May 2016 against Preston North End, and made his debut in the same game coming on as a substitute for Stuart Dallas in a 1–1 draw. Vieira became a regular starter for the first team during the 2016–17 pre-season under new head coach Garry Monk, including in the final pre season friendly against Serie A side Atalanta, where Vieira received the man of the match award in a 2–1 win. On 5 August 2016, Vieira was given the squad number 25 shirt for the upcoming 2016–17 season. On 7 August, on the opening day of the 2016–17 season Vieira made his first Leeds start against Queens Park Rangers in a 3–0 defeat, with Vieira also giving away a penalty. On 1 September 2016, with Vieira now part of Leeds' first-choice central midfield pairing with Liam Bridcutt, it was announced that Ronaldo had signed a new three-year deal with the Elland Road club. It was also confirmed on the same day, that twin brother, Romario Vieira had signed a one-year contract with Leeds after signing from Tadcaster Albion, joining up with the development squad for the 2016–17 campaign. On 26 October, Vieira scored the winning penalty for Leeds in the club's penalty shootout victory against Norwich City in the English League Cup, after a dramatic 2–2 draw in normal time. On 5 November, Vieira scored his first goal from open play, once again against Norwich City. His 90th-minute strike from long distance was enough to see Leeds edge out a 3–2 victory at Carrow Road. After becoming a first team regular and a key player at the club, playing 37 games during the 2016–17 season on 30 April 2017 Vieira was named the Young Player Of The Year at Leeds United's end of season awards. During the course of the season, Vieira was described as a 'wonderkid' by The Sun and International Business Times. On 24 May 2017, Vieira was rewarded for his impressive form and signed a new long term deal at the club signing a 4-year contract to keep him at the club until the end of the 2020–21 season. He scored his first goal of the 2017–18 season on 22 August 2017, scoring a goal in Leeds' 5–1 EFL Cup victory against Newport County. On 22 November, Vieira received his first professional red card when he was sent off against Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 31 January 2018, Ronaldo's brother Romario Vieira was named on the substitutes bench for Leeds for the first time against Hull City in Leeds' 0–0 draw, in the process Ronaldo and Romario became the third set of brothers to ever feature in a match day squad for Leeds United after Eddie and Frank Gray, and Ray and Rod Wallace. On 19 February 2018, Ronaldo Vieira was named '20th' in the most promising under 20 prospects in the whole of Europe, Vieira featured in a prestigious list by CIES with the likes of AC Milan Goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma featuring in 1st place and PSG Striker Kylian Mbappe in 3rd place. On 16 April 2018, Vieira was nominated as one of four players for Leeds United's Young Player of The Year award but lost out to Bailey Peacock-Farrell who won the Young Player of the Year award at Leeds' annual award ceremony. With a delayed return to the start of pre-season under new Leeds Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa after Vieira participated for England U21's in the 2018 Toulon Tournament, Vieira was named as captain for Leeds in their pre-season friendly 1–1 draw against York City on 20 July 2018, where he played in an unfamiliar new centre-back role. He also captained the side vs Oxford United and Guiseley AFC. On 26 July 2018, he was given the number 8 shirt for the upcoming 2018–19 season for Leeds. On 30 July 2018, Leeds accepted a bid from Serie A side U.C. Sampdoria for Vieira, with Vieira flying to Italy to complete a medical and discuss personal terms. with the Italian side looking to replace departed midfielder Lucas Torreira. On 1 August, the move was made official as he joined U.C. Sampdoria on a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee, with the Yorkshire Evening Post reporting the fee was over £7 million.", "Sampdoria on a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee, with the Yorkshire Evening Post reporting the fee was over £7 million. Vieira is eligible to represent Guinea Bissau, Portugal or England having been educated in the country for five years before the age of 18. On 28 January 2017, when asked who he would like to represent, Vieira said that his first choice would be to play for the Portugal national side, however he was open to the idea of playing for England. On 16 May 2017, Vieira was called up to the England U20 squad for the 2017 Toulon Tournament. Vieira was a regular starter in the tournament, he also played a key role for England on 10 June when he scored the winning penalty in the final against Ivory Coast U20s which saw England U20s crowned the 2017 Toulon Tournament Champions after winning 5–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. After his England U20 call-up, Vieira told the \"Yorkshire Evening Post\" in July 2017 that he had changed his preference from playing for Portugal because he had been living in England for a long time, and following discussions with family members who live in Portugal. He said that 'the decision was mine so I picked England'. Vieira received his first call up to England U21s on 21 May 2018 for the Toulon Tournament with England's group containing fixtures against Qatar U21s, China U21s and Mexico U21s. On 1 June, Vieira scored on his England U21s debut with a long range strike against Qatar U21s in a 4–0 victory. On 9 June 2018, Vieira started in the 2018 Toulon Tournament final against Mexico U21s with England winning the tournament after beating Mexico 2–1 in the final. Vieira moved to Portugal at the age of five, shortly after the death of his father. Ronaldo Vieira and his twin brother Romario were named after Brazil footballers, Ronaldo and Romário. Romario is also a footballer and joined his brother at Leeds United on 1 September 2016. Ronaldo's brother Romario Vieira represents the Guinea Bissau national side. England U21 England U20 Individual" ]

[ "Money Magazine (Hong Kong TV) Money Magazine is a business news and financial programme that is broadcast on Fridays at 8:00 pm in Hong Kong by television channel TVB Pearl. Its re-run is aired after 11 am the next day. The show is also available on TVB News and MyTVSuper mobile apps, and on TVB's website. After 22 years on air, the final episode of Money Magazine was aired on 29 June 2018. The successor of the program is Pearl Magazine, which merges Money Magazine and the current affairs program The Pearl Report on the channel. The \"Money Magazine\" team is made up of executive producer Michael Wong and reporters. As of 2018 they are:" ]

[ "XHLDC-FM XHLDC-FM is a radio station on 90.7 FM in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. It is owned by Grupo Larsa and carries an adult hits format known as Toño. XHLDC began as XHIMS-FM in Imuris, Sonora, with concession awarded to Radio Comunicación Creativa, S.A. de C.V., on August 16, 1994. The station came to air from Magdalena de Kino and owned by Grupo ACIR in 1997. The callsign changed that August to XHLDC-FM, in honor of assassinated presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, who was from Magdalena de Kino. The station's original format was grupera La Comadre, though it soon changed names to Stereo Sol, Fiesta Mexicana and finally to the Toño format once Larsa took control. In the early 2010s, Grupo ACIR sold many radio stations to Radiorama, including XHLDC. Radiorama then sold the station to Grupo Larsa, which owns many former ACIR stations in Sonora. The concession was not transferred until 2015." ]

[ "That Extraordinary Day That Extraordinary Day ( / ) is a science fiction novel written by Predrag Vukadinović. The novel connects the theme of time travel with the Second Coming of Christ, using cosmological and religious concepts. It was published as the 65th book in the Western Balkans science fiction and fantasy imprint \"Znak Sagite\" in 2012. It is Vukadinovic’s debut novel. As the human race awaits the year 2101, Russian criminals break into a science facility and steal the time machine. They end up in the 1st century AD, in the Holy Land, becoming not only the part of the Unknown years of Jesus, but a part of the Second Coming and the End Time. Slobodan Ivkov, critic of Belgrade's \"Blic\" daily evaluates the concept as \"more than intriguing\" and notes that \"documentary inserts undoubtedly enrich this work\". Writer and critic Zoran Stefanović in a detailed essay pointed out that the connection of modern physics and Orthodox Christian eschatology is a novelty in Serbian pop-culture, especially in prose fiction. He also praised the narrative rhythm and tempo, despite some storytelling flaws." ]

[ "Semiembossed film Semiembossed film is used as a liner to the calendared rubber to retain the properties of rubber and also to prevent dust and other foreign matters from sticking to the rubber while calendaring and during storage. It is manufactured with 100% virgin low-density polyethylene. The raw material is extruded and cast on the embossed roll and cooled. It can be of any color. Milky white, French blue, red and yellow are standard colors. The diamond-shaped embossing in the film helps in the easy removal of air between the film and the rubber. Semiembossed film is used by tyre manufacturers, tread and bonding gum manufacturers, conveyor belt manufacturers and other rubber coated fabric manufacturers. Film embossing is a mechanical process in which a flat film is transformed into an embossed product. During the process, thermal and stress fields are applied to the polymer, causing changes in the microstructure and physical dimensions of the material. The engineering analysis of the process requires the study of various aspects relating to the characterization of the microstructure before and after embossing, A variety of techniques were employed to characterize the properties and microstructure of the embossed film in relation to crystallinity, orientation, mechanical properties, and dimensions of the embossed films. The thermal treatment of the polymer film was shown to be the most significant factor in the process. By controlling the thermal treatment of the film, it is possible to manipulate the properties and dimensions of the embossed film. The important aspects: influencing thermal treatment include the radiation heater temperature, preheat roll temperature, line velocity, and film thickness. The initial film orientation and embossing pressure have a minor effect on the final properties of the embossed film. The main effect of the embossing pressure is on the bulk thickness of the embossed film." ]

[ "Isabella Stewart Gardner Isabella Stewart Gardner (April 14, 1840 – July 17, 1924) was a leading American art collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts. She founded the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. Gardner possessed an energetic intellectual curiosity and a love of travel. She was a friend of noted artists and writers of the day, including John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, Dennis Miller Bunker, Anders Zorn, Henry James, Okakura Kakuzo and Francis Marion Crawford. Gardner created much fodder for the gossip columns of the day with her reputation for stylish tastes and unconventional behavior. The Boston society pages called her by many names, including \"Belle,\" \"Donna Isabella,\" \"Isabella of Boston,\" and \"Mrs. Jack\". Her surprising appearance at a 1912 concert (at what was then a very formal Boston Symphony Orchestra) wearing a white headband emblazoned with \"Oh, you Red Sox\" was reported at the time to have \"almost caused a panic\", and remains still in Boston one of the most talked about of her eccentricities. Isabella Stewart was born in New York City on April 14, 1840, the daughter of wealthy linen-merchant David Stewart and Adelia Smith Stewart. Tradition traces her Stewart ancestry to the legendary King Fergus of Dál Riata (ca. 6th century CE). She grew up at 10 University Place in Manhattan, sometimes playing at her namesake grandmother Isabella's farm in Jamaica, Long Island. From age five to fifteen she attended a nearby academy for girls where she studied art, music, and dance, as well as French and Italian. Attendance at Grace Church exposed her to religious art, music and ritual. At age 16, she and her family moved to Paris where Isabella was enrolled in a school for American girls. Classmates included members of the wealthy Gardner family of Boston. In 1857 Isabella was taken to Italy and in Milan viewed Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli's collection of Renaissance art arranged in rooms designed to recall historical eras. She said at the time that if she were ever to inherit some money, she would have a similar house for people to visit and enjoy. She returned to New York in 1858. Shortly after returning, her former classmate Julia Gardner invited her to Boston, where she met Julia's brother John Lowell \"Jack\" Gardner. Three years her senior, he was the son of John L. and Catharine E. (Peabody) Gardner, and one of Boston's most eligible bachelors. They married in Grace Church on April 10, 1860, and then lived in a house that Isabella's father gave them as a wedding gift, at 152 Beacon Street in Boston. They would reside there for the rest of Jack's life. Jack and Isabella had one son, John Lowell Gardner 3rd (\"Jackie\"), born on June 18, 1863. He died from pneumonia on March 15, 1865. A year later Isabella suffered a miscarriage and was told she could not bear any more children. Her close friend and sister-in-law died about the same time. Gardner became extremely depressed and withdrew from society. On the advice of doctors, she and Jack traveled to Europe in 1867. Isabella was so ill that she had to be taken aboard the ship on a stretcher. The couple spent almost a year traveling, visiting Scandinavia and Russia but spending most of their time in Paris. The trip had the desired effect on Isabella's health and became a turning point in her life. It was on this trip that she began her lifelong habit of keeping scrapbooks of her travels. Upon her return, she began to establish her reputation as a fashionable, high-spirited socialite; though she had not yet determined her later life's focus. In 1875 Jack's brother, Joseph P. Gardner, died, leaving three young sons. Jack and Isabella \"adopted\" and raised the boys. Augustus P. Gardner was 10 years old at the time. Isabella's biographer, Morris Carter, wrote that \"in her duty to these boys, she was faithful and conscientious\". In 1874, Isabella and Jack Gardner visited the Middle East, Central Europe and Paris. Beginning in the late 1880s, they traveled frequently across America, Europe and Asia to discover foreign cultures and expand their knowledge of art around the world. Jack and Isabella would take more than a dozen trips abroad over the years, keeping them out of the country for a total of ten years. The earliest works in the Gardners' collection were accumulated during their trips to Europe especially. In 1891, she started to focus on European fine art after inheriting $1.75 million from her father. One of her first acquisitions was \"The Concert\" by Vermeer, purchased at a Paris auction house in 1892. She also collected from other places abroad such as Egypt, Turkey, and the Far East. The Gardners began to collect in earnest in the late 1890s, rapidly building a world-class collection primarily of paintings and statues, but also tapestries, photographs, silver, ceramics and manuscripts, and architectural elements such as doors, stained glass, and mantelpieces. In the early years of the 20th Century, Isabella traveled with friend and Boston architect Edmund March Wheelwright to collect for the Harvard Lampoon Building, also called \"Lampoon Castle\", a faux Flemish castle in Harvard Square.", "In the early years of the 20th Century, Isabella traveled with friend and Boston architect Edmund March Wheelwright to collect for the Harvard Lampoon Building, also called \"Lampoon Castle\", a faux Flemish castle in Harvard Square. Isabella donated many pieces of art to the castle over her years of collecting. The value of this collection is uncertain, due to the secret nature of the \"Lampoon\". Nearly 70 works of art in her collection were acquired with the help of dealer Bernard Berenson. Among the collectors with whom she competed was Edward Perry Warren, who supplied a number of works to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Gardner collection includes work by some of Europe's most important artists, such as Botticelli's \"Madonna and Child with an Angel\", Titian's \"Europa\", and Raphael's \"The Colonna Altarpiece\", and Diego Velázquez. She purchased some of her collection on her own, but often asked for male colleagues, such as her business partner, to purchase on her behalf as it was uncommon for women to participate in art collecting. Isabella Stewart Gardner’s favorite foreign destination was Venice, Italy. The Gardners regularly stayed at the Palazzo Barbaro, a major artistic center for a circle of American and English expatriates in Venice, and visited Venice’s artistic treasures with amateur artist and former Bostonian Ralph Curtis. While in Venice, Gardner bought art and antiques, attended the opera and dined with expatriate artists and writers. By 1896, Isabella and Jack Gardner recognized that their house on Beacon Street in Boston’s Back Bay, although enlarged once, was not sufficient to house their growing collection of art, including works by Botticelli, Vermeer, and Rembrandt. After Jack's sudden death in 1898, Isabella realized their shared dream of building a museum for their treasures. She purchased land for the museum in the marshy Fenway area of Boston, and hired architect Willard T. Sears to build a museum modeled on the Renaissance palaces of Venice. Gardner was deeply involved in every aspect of the design, though, leading Sears to quip that he was merely the structural engineer making Gardner's design possible. The building completely surrounds a glass-covered garden courtyard, the first of its kind in America. Gardner intended the second and third floors to be galleries. A large music room originally spanned the first and second floors on one side of the building, but Gardner later split the room to make space to display a large John Singer Sargent painting called \"El Jaleo\" on the first floor and tapestries on the second floor. After construction of the museum was completed, Gardner spent a year carefully installing her collection according to her personal aesthetic. The eclectic gallery installations, paintings, sculpture, textiles, and furniture from different periods and cultures combine to create a rich, complex and unique narrative. In the Titian Room, Titian's masterpiece \"The Rape of Europa\" (1561–1562) hangs above a piece of pale green silk, which had been cut from one of Isabella Stewart Gardner's gowns designed by Charles Frederick Worth. Throughout the collection, similar stories, intimate portrayals, and discoveries abound. The museum privately opened on January 1, 1903 with a grand opening celebration featuring a performance by members of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and a menu that included champagne and doughnuts. It opened to the public months later with a variety of paintings, drawings, furniture and other objects dating from ancient Egypt to Matisse. The museum is still arranged with a variety of textiles, furniture, and paintings floor to ceiling. Gardner lived on the fourth floor when in residence at the museum. After her death, the fourth floor served for many years as residence for the museum's director; more recently it has been converted for use as museum offices. In 1919, Isabella Stewart Gardner suffered the first of a series of strokes and died five years later, on July 17, 1924, at the age of 84. She is buried in the Gardner family tomb at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, between her husband and her son. Her will created an endowment of $1 million and outlined stipulations for the support of the museum, including that the permanent collection not be significantly altered. In keeping with her philanthropic nature, her will also left sizable bequests to the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children, Animal Rescue League of Boston, and Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. A devout Anglo-Catholic, she requested in her will that the Cowley Fathers celebrate an annual Memorial Requiem Mass for the repose of her soul in the museum chapel. This duty is now performed each year on her birthday and alternates between the Society of St. John the Evangelist and the Church of the Advent. The site of her former home (demolished in 1904) is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail." ]

[ "Taddeo Crivelli Taddeo Crivelli (fl. 1451, died by 1479), also known as Taddeo da Ferrara, was an Italian painter of illuminated manuscripts. He is considered one of the foremost 15th-century illuminators of the Ferrara school, and also has the distinction of being the probable engraver of the first book illustrated with maps, which was also the first book using engraving. His most prestigious commission was a lavishly illustrated two-volume Bible produced between 1455 and 1461 for Ferrara's ruler, Duke Borso d'Este. Other surviving works he took charge of in Ferrara include an illuminated copy of Boccaccio’s \"Decameron\" and a luxurious book of hours known as the \"Gualenghi-d'Este Hours\". After Borso's death in 1471 he moved to Bologna, where payments for his work declined. Despite the lavish works he supervised during his career he sometimes pawned parts of manuscripts he was supposed to illuminate, suggesting his finances were far from stable. His last recorded work dates from 1476. He appears to have been born in Ferrara sometime in the 1420s. His father, Niccolò Crivelli, and his grandfather, Bongrazia Crivelli, were both notaries. They were naturalized citizens of Ferrara, who are thought to have migrated from somewhere in Lombardy. Crivelli's own life is largely undocumented until 1451, by which time he was certainly working in Ferrara. Analysis of his personal account book between 1451 and 1457 alongside official court documents indicates that Crivelli was in charge of a busy workshop, sharing work out with assistants and colleagues. Nevertheless, records of illicit pawnbroking transactions of parts of manuscripts he had been engaged to illuminate suggest that his financial situation was far from stable. From 1455 until 1461, he worked, together with Franco dei Russi, on his most prestigious commission: the miniatures for the luxuriously produced personal Bible of Ferrara's ruler Borso d'Este, who chose to take it to Rome to show it off to Pope Paul II on the occasion of his investiture as Duke of Ferrara in 1471. Borso's commission for this lavish work specifically demanded \"magnificence\" fit for the subject: the resulting two-volume work, which has been called \"an encyclopedia of 15th-century Ferrarese illumination\", reflects the most exquisite and extravagant courtly taste of the age. Crivelli was responsible for the majority of the illustration work. Other painters who assisted Crivelli and Russi on the illuminations include Guglielmo Giraldi, Giorgio D'Allemagna and a youthful Girolamo da Cremona. Production of the Bible cost exactly twice the amount paid to Domenico Ghirlandaio for the entire Tornabuoni Chapel in Santa Maria Novella in Florence. The illumination work alone cost five thousand lire, which at the time represented a colossal sum of money. The Borso Bible (as it is sometimes called) is now conserved in the Biblioteca Estense in Modena. Crivelli is known to have completed other major works in Ferrara, at least two of which survive. A 1467 illuminated copy of Boccaccio’s \"Decameron\", which was commissioned for Teofilo Calcagnini, a court advisor to Borso, is conserved in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. A sumptuous book of hours, known as the \"Gualenghi-d'Este Hours\", produced some time after the marriage in 1469 of Orsina D'Este with Andrea Gualengo (another prominent advisor to Borso), is conserved in the Getty Museum. Although he may have produced larger paintings while in Ferrara, none has been found. A record of a pawnbroking transaction of 1472 suggests that he may have left Ferrara abruptly, presumably in the wake of Borso's death in 1471, and perhaps attracted by the patronage of the Bentivoglio family in Bologna. By 1473 Crivelli was working in Bologna with a fellow miniaturist, Domenico Pagliarolo (fl 1471–97), on a Gradual for the monastery of San Procolo. He also took on the unfamiliar task of engraving maps and nautical charts, and is usually accepted as the engraver of the 1477 Bolognese edition of Ptolemy's \"Cosmographia\", the first book both to contain printed maps and to be illustrated by engravings rather than woodcuts. A slightly later map of the world on a single sheet has also been attributed to him, but is now not thought to be his. Receipts show that in this period payments for his illuminations declined. He was engaged to work on manuscripts for the grand basilica of San Petronio, but ended up pawning parts of them (which his patrons later bought back). His last recorded work dates from 1476; by 1479 he is referred to as being dead. His wife Margherita bore him three sons and a daughter, Lodovica, who married the painter Lorenzo Costa. The style of the art-work in the Borso Bible has been linked to the Ferrara school of painting which developed under the influence of Cosmè Tura (and especially to the frescoes that were subsequently painted to decorate the \"Salone dei mesi\" in Palazzo Schifanoia). Some of Crivelli's stylistic traits, such as his use of line in representations of clothing and clouds, also suggest Lombard influence. The elaborately decorated miniatures for the Borso Bible are characterized by saturated colouring and rich costumes that would seem to comply with Borso's luxurious tastes. Architectural spaces are rendered by means of false perspective. Notes References" ]

[ "Augustin Sandtner Augustin Sandtner (8 August 1893 – 11 October 1944) was a German Communist Party anti-war activist and party officer who served, briefly, as a member of the Prussian parliament (\"\"Landtag\"\"). When the Nazis took power at the start of 1933 he campaigned for several weeks against fascism and war. Following his arrest he survived more than eleven of the twelve Nazi years in state captivity, but was shot dead at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp by Nazi paramilitaries (SS) a few months before the end of the Second World War. Augustin \"Gustl\" Sandtner was born in Munich. His father worked as a marble cutter/grinder. \"Gustl\" trained for work in a bakery. In 1911 he became an organiser in the \"Bakers and Pastry Makers Trades Union\". In 1912 he was conscripted to undertake his military service in the Imperial German Navy. During World War I he joined the \"International Group\" and the \"Spartacus League\" which grew out of it. As a member of the crew on the Battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz he organised (illegal) revolutionary groups and distributed anti-war literature. On 3 November 1918 he participated in the Kiel mutiny which triggered a year of insurrections across Germany. A few days later he led a delegation of the Kiel sailors south to Munich where he was elected a member of the Soldiers' and Workers' Council. During this period Sandtner became a member of the leadership of the Spartacus League, which over the final days of 1918 was reconfigured, renamed and relaunched, now the core of the new Communist Party of Germany. Sandtner was a member from the outset. As a member of the so-called Bavarian \"Red army\" during the short lived Bavarian Soviet Republic of April/May 1919, after the movement was crushed by a combination of still loyal government forces and \"Freikorps\" anti-communist volunteer units Sandtner found himself imprisoned at the end of May and threatened with execution. However, the government was keen not to encourage political extremists unnecessarily: many of those involved in the Munich insurrection received amnesties: Sandtner was released at the end of 1919. During 1920 and 1921 he was a member of the Communist Party regional leadership team (\"\"Bezirksleitung\"\") for south Bavaria. It was here that he met Hanna Ritter whom he would later marry. He was elected chair of the workers' council at BMW. In 1922 he was sentenced to three and a half years' imprisonment because of his involvement in organising solidarity support for the Communist led insurrections in central Germany in March of the previous year. After his release he moved to Berlin where he became a full-time party official in the city's Wedding and Moabit quarters. In 1926 he was re-arrested and taken into investigative custody because of \"anti-militarism work among members of the national army\". However, after a relatively brief period of detention he was amnestied, possibly in response to pressure applied by comrades locally, and released. He took over as head of the \"State emigration department\" (\"\"Reichsemigrantenabteilung\"\") of the party central committee. Sandtner next became local policy chief (\"\"Polleiter\"\") for several local party sub-districts including the northern part of the Berlin-Brandenburg district. His focus switched away from Berlin when he became policy chief (\"\"Polleiter\"\") for the party leadership team in Silesia. Two months later, following the regional election in April 1932, he was elected a member of the Prussian parliament (\"\"Landtag\"\"). The political backdrop changed with the Nazi take-over in January 1933 and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. The Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on \"communists\", and it was indeed those members (and former members) of the Communist Party who had not already gone into hiding or fled abroad who found themselves heading the government's political targets list. Augustin Sandtner spent the first part of 1933 in the border regions of Silesia organising joint rallies by Germany, Polish and Czechoslovakian workers opposed to fascism and the looming risks of war. On 7 February 1933 Sandtner was one of the participants at the , celebrated subsequently (especially during the \"East German\" years) as the last meeting held by the German Communist Party leadership before the participants were arrested and killed, or in a few cases managed to flee abroad. Augustin Sandtner was arrested in Breslau on 27 April 1933. In January 1934 he was sentenced to a three year prison term. At the end of the three year term he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Inside the concentration camp, as a leader of the illegal Communist Party organisation among the prisoners, working closely with members of resistance groups from other nations, he played a significant part in organising the anti-fascist struggle. After more than eleven years in detention, and still at Sachsenhausen, August Sandtner was one of 24 German camp inmates deemed culpable of \"illegal activities\" taken out, together with three French antifascists, and shot dead by Nazi paramilitaries (SS) on 11 October 1944. Others killed included Ernst Schneller and . Some of the streets named after \"communist heroes\" in the days of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were renamed following German reunification in 1990.", "Some of the streets named after \"communist heroes\" in the days of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were renamed following German reunification in 1990. However, Augustin Sandtner is still (2017) commemorated on the Berlin street map by Augustin-Sandtner-Straße in the city's Oranienburg quarter. There is also a Gustl-Sandtner-Straße in Teltow on Berlin's southern edge.. During the East German period an army engineering regiment, the Ingenieurbauregiment 2 \"Augustin Sandtner\", specialising in construction-engineering (including the building of large scale nuclear bunkers such as strategic command posts) was also named after Augustin Sandtner. The unit was also known by the unit designation IBR 2. In NVA nomenclature IBR was shorthand for Ingenieurbauregiment (Engineer Construction Regiment)." ]

[ "Judith Clingan Judith Ann Clingan (born 19 January 1945) is an Australian composer, conductor, performer and music educator. Since 1997, she has been the Director of Wayfarers Australia (formerly Waldorf Wayfarers) Australia Wide Choir. Clingan was born on 19 January 1945, in Sydney, New South Wales to Victor Lawrence Clingan and Marian Dorothy Tasker. She was educated at Hornsby Girls' High School, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales and the Australian National University (ANU). Clingan moved to Canberra with her family in 1963, and graduated from the ANU in 1966. In 1967 she founded the Canberra Children's Choir and began composing music for SSA voices. She studied voice, bassoon and composition at the Canberra School of Music (now ANU School of Music) She studied music education at the Zoltan Kodaly Pedagogical Institute of Music in Kecskemet (Hungary) from 1981-1982. In 1969 she founded the Summer Music Schools for Children, known as the Young Music Society prior to 1975. In 1983 she founded Gaudeamus Music and Performing Arts (now Music For Canberra) in 1983. She was the director of Gaudeamus for eleven years and during this time she remained a composer, writing choral and music theatre works for the group to perform. In 1990 members of Gaudeamus performed her music theatre work Kakadu at the International Society of Music Educators conference in Finland. In 1991 she began her involvement in Steiner education and since then has written many short choral and music theatre pieces for Steiner students. Clingan founded Voicebox Youth Opera when working in South Australia from 1994–1996, and directed the Canberra branch of Voicebox from 1997 - 2002. She composed many music theatre pieces during this time. In 1994 she founded Imagine Music Theatre. In 1997 she founded the choir Wayfarers Australia and the Canberra vocal group The Variables. She has been the recipient of many awards, fellowships and grants, including a Membership of the Order of Australia for services to music, Churchill Fellowship, Australia Council Composer Fellowship, ANU Creative Arts Fellowship, artsACT Creative Artists Fellowship, Canberra Times Artist of the Year, Sounds Australian award for her composition Kakadu, funding from the Australia Council, Arts ACT and Arts SA, commissions for original compositions and numerous residencies in Australia. Clingan is currently the director of Wayfarers Australia and Imagine Music Theatre." ]

[ "Yin Yicui Yin Yicui (; born January 1955) is a female Chinese politician currently serving as the Chairwoman of the Shanghai People's Congress, having assumed the post in 2013. Yin was born in Cangnan County, Zhejiang province. She began her career as a teenager in a food processing factory in Jing'an District, where she joined the Communist Youth League. Yin is a graduate of East China Normal University, where she received her bachelor's degree in 1982 and master's degree in 1995. After graduating she stayed at the school to be a political instructor and lecturer. In 1992 she was named deputy governor of Jing'an District, then in 1994 she was appointed deputy head of the municipal office of education and health (department-level). She entered government in 1997, then rose to the municipal Party Standing Committee in 1997, then head of propaganda in Shanghai in 2000. In May 2000 she became the Deputy Communist Party Secretary of Shanghai; she spent over a decade in the position. Finally she was promoted to Chair of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress in April 2013. She was succeeded in her deputy party chief post by Li Xi." ]

[ "Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as \"TheRide\", is the public transit system serving the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti area in Michigan. The authority mainly operates fixed-route bus service within its service area. It also operates the ARide paratransit system, University of Michigan-sponsored ExpressRide commuter buses to Canton and Chelsea, and ArtFairRide and FootballRide event shuttles. It oversees the iShareARide and VanRide carpooling services. TheRide operates transit centers in downtown Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti, as well as a number of park and ride facilities in the Ann Arbor area. The AAATA is also the designated authority for the planned Ann Arbor-Howell commuter rail line. The AAATA was the first transit authority in the United States to operate low-floor buses when, in early 1993, they took delivery of ten New Flyer D40LF buses. In terms of operation, only two Canadian authorities and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey operated such buses prior to the AAATA. The AAATA has 55 hybrid electric buses in its fleet of 92 and is the first public transit operator in the Midwest to state its intention to convert to all hybrid electric buses. In November 2012, the AATA broke ground on the new Blake Transit Center, at a cost of $8.1 million. The new 2-story, 12,019-square-foot downtown transit hub replaced a one-story structure built at the site at 328 South Fifth Avenue in the 1980s. The new Blake Transit Center was officially opened for use on July 7, 2014. In August 2013, the AAATA Board voted to change the agency's name from the Ann Arbor Transportation Authority (AATA) to the Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA). The name change reflects the addition of neighboring Ypsilanti to the agency board and the growing focus on regional services within Washtenaw County's urban core. In December 2013, the Ann Arbor City Council approved adding Ypsilanti Township as a charter member of the AAATA. AAATA uses a fixed-fare system. Full fare on fixed-route buses is $1.50, payable by cash or tokens. University of Michigan students, faculty, and staff with a valid yellow Mcard ride for free. Reduced cash fares and discounted passes and tokens are also available, with children under 6 and TheRide employees riding for free. 1-day and 30-day unlimited-ride passes are available for $4.50 and $58 respectively. Transfers are free, and are valid for unlimited connections to fixed-route buses for 90 minutes. They are not valid for return trips on the same route, event shuttles, or AirRide. Using a transfer on an ExpressRide bus reduces the fare by $1.50 to $4.75. The fare for the ExpressRide Canton and Chelsea is $6.25, payable by only cash. 30-day ExpressRide commuter passes and 10-ride tickets are available at discounts. FootballRide and ArtFairRide shuttles have the same $1.50 fare as normal service. Passes and transfers are not accepted, and reduced fares are not available. The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority operates the 787 AirRide line in cooperation with the Michigan Flyer coach service, which runs an express route between downtown Ann Arbor and the McNamara and North terminals of the Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Romulus, Wayne County. Fares are $12.00 for standard adults with reservation, $15.00 per walk-on, and $6.00 for the elderly or disabled. Children under 18 are allowed on free with a paying adult, during round trips. The AAATA ran a free \"Link Bus\" connecting central campus and downtown during the U-M school year until 20 August 2009." ]

[ "Sefton Park Sefton Park is a public park in south Liverpool, England. The park is in a district of the same name, located roughly within the historic bounds of the large area of Toxteth Park. Neighbouring districts include modern-day Toxteth, Aigburth, Mossley Hill, Wavertree and St Michael's Hamlet. The park is in area and is designated by English Heritage at Grade I in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The site of the park was once within the boundaries of the Royal Deer Park of Toxteth which became \"disparked\" in 1591. The land eventually came under the control of the Earl of Sefton. As Toxteth rapidly grew, the green fields and woodland of Toxteth Park grew into narrow streets and courts packed by tiny uninhabitable houses where the air was stagnant, there was little or no sanitation and running water consisted of one tap in the middle of the court. At the same time there was demand for large aristocratic mansions in the South of Liverpool. In 1862 the Borough Council Engineer recommended a site for this development. The Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 permitted corporations to borrow sums of money of up to half a million pounds to be repaid over thirty years. This allowed steps to be taken towards the purchase of land for Sefton Park. In 1867 the Council purchased of land for the development of the park for £250,000 from the Earl of Sefton. Even though it was recognised by politicians that clean, fresh open spaces were now regarded as necessity there was an outcry from the public that £250,000 was extravagant and wasteful. As with neighbouring Princes Park plots of land on the perimeter were sold for housing which helped in the funding of the layout of the park. Soon after, a European competition was launched to design a grand park. 29 entries were received and the competition was won by a French landscape architect Édouard André with work on the design also undertaken by Liverpool architect Lewis Hornblower. The park was opened on 20 May 1872 by Prince Arthur who dedicated it \"for the health and enjoyment of the townspeople\". The Park design is based on circular, oval and marginal footpaths, framing the green spaces, with two natural watercourses flowing into the man-made lake. Hornblower's designs for the park lodges and entrances were elaborate structures, and included follies, shelters and boathouses. The parkland itself included a deer park and the strong water theme was reflected by the presence of pools, waterfalls and stepping stones. The Park, its exclusive villas and ornamentation reflected the grandeur of the City during its mid Victorian period when Liverpool was the second city of the Empire. The perimeter road's outer edge is lined with Victorian buildings constructed to around 1890, and Edwardian houses. Additional development of the park continued with the construction of the iron bridge in 1873. The park had a gallops which led to it being nicknamed \"the Hyde Park of the North\" but was always referred to by locals as \"The Jockey Sands\". A major park improvement programme was undertaken in 1983 prior to the International Garden Festival, and in 2013 Sefton Park was granted the prestigious Green Flag Award for high standards. Sefton Park Cricket Club moved their ground to the park in 1876 and WG Grace was amongst the three Gloucestershire players who made up a \"South of England\" team who won there in 1877. The park also has tennis courts, a bowling green, a popular jogging circuit and local league football is a regular weekend fixture. It is also used every November to hold the European Cross Country Championships trial races for the British team. It also makes up part of the route of various annual roads races including the Liverpool Half Marathon, Rock & Roll Marathon and Spring 10k. The park has also been a site for Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra's summer pops season, Africa Oyé and the Moscow State Circus. Bands have also played at the park in the '80s such as Echo and the Bunnymen. In 2005 the park received provisional approval for a major £5 million Heritage Lottery funded renovation project which involves the refurbishment and improvement of many of the park's features. The work began in June 2007 was expected to be completed in summer 2009. This work was very controversial with some regular users of the park as it included destroying trees and breeding sites of birds. The work led to the formation of the \"Friends of Sefton Park\" campaigns. This is a Grade II* three-tier dome conservatory palm house designed and built by MacKenzie and Moncur of Edinburgh which opened in 1896. Liverpool millionaire Henry Yates Thompson (the great nephew of the founder of Princes Park) gifted £10,000 to the city to fund the construction. It was designed in the tradition of Joseph Paxton's glass houses and was stocked originally with a rich collection of exotic plants. During the Liverpool Blitz of May 1941 a bomb fell nearby and shattered the glass. It was reglazed in 1950 at a cost of £6,163 with costs covered by War Restoration funds. A period of decline and deterioration culminated in its closure in the 1980s on grounds of safety. In June 1992, a public meeting was held highlighting the dereliction and calling for restoration. A petition was presented to the City Council by what had become the \"Save the Palm House\" campaign. A public fund raising campaign was established, with a \"sponsor a pane\" programme generating over £35,000.", "A public fund raising campaign was established, with a \"sponsor a pane\" programme generating over £35,000. This led directly to the conversion of Save the Palm House into a registered charity (Friends of Sefton Park Palm House). The Palm House was partially repaired and reopened in 1993. It was fully restored at a cost of £3.5 million with Heritage Lottery and European funding and reopened in September 2001. It is now both a popular visitor attraction offering free and paid-for public entertainment and is venue for hire. The eight 'corners' of the Palm House are marked by statues by the French sculptor Léon-Joseph Chavalliaud. These include explorers Captain Cook, Christopher Columbus, navigators Gerardus Mercator and Henry the Navigator, botanists and explorers Charles Darwin, Carl Linnaeus and John Parkinson and landscape architect Andre le Notre. Inside the Palm House are two sculptures by Benjamin Edward Spence \"Highland Mary\" and \"The Angel's Whisper\". The grounds of the Palm House feature a statue of Peter Pan which was one of the last works by the British sculptor Sir George Frampton. This is Grade II listed and is a replica of a similar statue given as a gift for the visiting public to Kensington Gardens by author J.M. Barrie. The statue was donated to the park by George Audley in 1928 and was unveiled in the presence of Barrie. It originally sat in Sefton Park but was damaged in the 1990s. It was restored at Liverpool's Conservation Centre, and returned to the more secure location of the Palm House's grounds in December 2005. This is Grade II listed and situated in the centre of the Park next to the café and former site of the aviary. The fountain, made from bronze and aluminium, was unveiled in 1932 and is a replica of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain created by Sir Alfred Gilbert in London's Piccadilly Circus. It was restored in 2008 with a new aluminium Anteros statue replacing the original which now resides in Liverpool's Conservation Centre. The park features a Gothic drinking fountain and several prominent statues including a memorial to William Rathbone V by Sir Thomas Brock unveiled in 1887, and an obelisk, the Samuel Smith memorial located by the principal entrance to the Park. There is a bandstand, popular since the Victorian era, which is said to be the inspiration for The Beatles' song Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. An iron bridge was opened in 1873 which spans the Fairy Glen. There is a café in the centre of the park called the Aviary Cafe and a pirate themed children's play area opened in 2009. Barrage balloons and anti-aircraft guns were established on the Review Field in the Second World War. The Field of Hope is to the south-east quarter of the park. It is an area planted with thousands of daffodil bulbs through a charitable planting programme. An aviary was introduced to the park in 1901 and was home to many exotic birds. After falling into disuse in the 1990s, the old cages were removed during the restoration project and replaced with a new curved viewing point overlooking new outside planting. The park also boasted a small open-air theatre – \"The Concert\" – near the café which featured singers, magicians and talent contests to entertain local children during the summer holidays. This was removed in the 1970s. The lake was a popular venue for boating until the 1970s, with a jetty and boat hire facilities. The lake was totally emptied in 2007 for the extensive renovation work and all of the fish (which included specimen weights of carp, tench, roach, pike and golden orf) were caught with large nets and sent to various locations across the UK. Following its restoration, the lake was refilled in 2010. Turtles have also been spotted in the lake. There was a small pirate ship located in one of the lakes until the early 1990s when it was removed due to falling into disrepair. Ringo Starr mentions the park in his song \"In Liverpool\" on his album \"Ringo 2012\"" ]

[ "Ryan Daniel Ryan Daniel Squitieri (born April 23, 1986) is an American recording artist, singer, songwriter, and lead singer of the band Among the Thirsty. It was announced on October 31, 2016, that Daniel is now an artist rep for music compilation company Mattrix Mixtape presented by Matthew Rix. Daniel formed in 2005 Among The Thirsty, yet their first studio album wasn't released until 2009, \"Wonder\", by Rev Music Group on August 13, 2009. A song from the album, \"I'd Need a Savior\", charted on various Christian songs charts published by \"Billboard\" magazine, from its peak on the Christian Songs at 17, Christian AC Songs at No. 20, Christian AC Indicator at No. 15, and Christian Soft AC at No. 8. Their second album, \"Who You Say I Am\", was released by BEC Recordings on March 17, 2015. This album saw two songs chart on various Christian songs charts that \"Billboard\" magazine publishes. The first, \"What Love Looks Like\", charted on the Christian AC Indicator at a peak of No. 21, only. The second, \"Completely\", peaked on the following charts; Christian Airplay at No. 13, Christian Songs at No. 17, Christian Digital Songs at No. 18, Christian AC Songs at No. 25, and Christian AC Indicator at No. 15. The album was reviewed by \"CCM Magazine\", Christian Review Magazine, Christian Music Review, and 365 Days of Inspiring Media. They even got the chance to sit down with Jesus Freak Hideout and do an interview to discuss the album, and were profiled by Tony Cummings for Cross Rhythms. Their Christmas song, \"This Is Christmas\", charted on the Christian Soft AC, at a peak of No. 9. On November 2, 2016 Daniel sent an email out stating that he was the Artist Rep for Mattrix Mixtape volumes 2, 6 and the Atlanta Compilation. In that same email to his artist he stated that Among the Thirsty had sold over 100,000 copies of their debut radio single \"Completely\"." ]

[ "Kubotan Kubotan (sometimes erroneously spelled as \"kubaton\" or \"kobutan\") is a genericized trademark for a self-defense keychain weapon developed by Sōke Takayuki Kubota in the late 1960s. It is typically no more than 5.5 inches (14 centimetres) long and about half an inch (1.25 centimetres) in diameter, slightly thicker or the same size as a marker pen. The material is usually of a hard high-impact plastic (e.g. Lexan). The body of the Kubotan is lined with six round grooves with a screw eye or swivel and split ring attachment at one end for keys. The Kubotan keychain was originally based on a small bamboo weapon called the \"hashi stick\", an invention by Kubota's father Denjiro. Its popularity grew in 1969 to 1970s when Kubota, at the request of California State Senator Edward M. Davis then former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, created the weapon and began training female officers in its application. It is often touted as extremely effective in breaking the will of unruly suspects with painful locks and pressure point strikes. Because of this, the Kubotan is also sometimes dubbed the 'instrument of attitude adjustment'. Applied as a weapon, some of its usage can be similar to that of the yawara stick or koppo stick. The principal targets in self-defence include bony, fleshy and sensitive parts such as knuckles, forearms, the bridge of the nose, shins, stomach, solar plexus, spine, temple, ribs, groin, neck and eyes. The Kubotan is usually held in either an icepick grip (for hammerfist strikes) or forward grip (for stabbing, pressure point attacks and seizing). Common uses include hardening the fist (fistload) for punching, attacking vulnerable parts of an assailant's body, and gaining leverage on an assailant's wrist, fingers and joints. With keys attached, it can function as a flailing weapon. As a pressure point weapon it can attack any point a finger can, but with greater penetration because of the smaller surface area at the ends. For example, a law enforcement officer may wrap his arm around a suspect's neck while simultaneously digging the end of the Kubotan into the small of his back. The officer may also reach around the suspect's neck and underarm from behind and cause pain by stabbing the end of the Kubotan into the top of his pectoral muscle. In other locking and compliance applications, the body of the Kubotan can be used to create pain. A typical pain compliance technique involves seizing an attacker's wrist and sealing both hands around it with the length of the Kubotan laid across the radius bone. Downward squeezing pressure is then applied to the bone to take down the attacker. The Kubotan may appear as an innocuous key fob to the untrained eye. In some cases however it may be recognized and considered an offensive weapon in some jurisdictions. In the United States there are few legal restrictions on Kubotans, with the notable exception that they are prohibited as carry-on items for air travellers. Spiked self-defense keychain sticks (SDKS) are now specifically listed as offensive weapons on the British government's crime prevention website. Whether a non-spiked Kubotan (i.e. a rod) is classed as an offensive weapon in the UK depends upon the circumstances of the case and can be for a jury to decide. In April 2010 actor and entertainer Darren Day was found guilty of possessing an offensive weapon, namely a kubotan-style keyring, by a court in Edinburgh. Improvised versions of the Kubotan can be readily found and put to use. Because a Kubotan is just a rod of a hard material, any restrictive regulation would most likely be ambiguous and undefined due to the ability for any common item to be used in a kubotan-like fashion. In this respect, the Kubotan can be substituted by everyday items such as hairbrushes, pens, markers, flashlights, small wooden dowels and even electronic cigarettes. Metal pens (i.e. tactical pens) are also sometimes marketed as substitutes for the Kubotan. Over time the registered name \"Kubotan\" has been eroded and genericized to include many knockoffs and imitations of the original design. Some incorporate spikes, tapered ends and other gimmicks. \"Ninja\" keychain weapons often enhanced with blades, hidden darts and tear gas have also been known to be marketed and sold as \"Kubotans\". Though these weapons may be marketed as Kubotans, they are copycats and are more properly classified along lines of generic self-defense keychain sticks (SDKS) or generic self-defense pocket weapons. The term 'pocket stick' is also sometimes used to classify such hand weapons." ]

[ "How to Become Clairvoyant How to Become Clairvoyant is the fifth solo release from Robbie Robertson. It features Eric Clapton (on tracks 3-8 and 10), Steve Winwood, Trent Reznor (who provided textures on the track \"Madame X\"), Tom Morello, Robert Randolph, Rocco Deluca, Angela McCluskey, and Taylor Goldsmith of Dawes. Pino Palladino and Ian Thomas are the rhythm section. Robertson performed \"He Don't Live Here No More\" on CBS's \"Late Show with David Letterman\" and ABC's \"The View\" in support of the album, with the band Dawes. It was released on April 5, 2011 and became a hit in the USA, peaking at #13 in \"Billboard\" 200. All tracks composed by Robbie Robertson; except where indicated" ]

[ "Fourth Arts Block Fourth Arts Block (FAB) is the leadership organization for the East Village, Manhattan cultural district in New York City, United States, building a permanent home for the arts and preserving the neighborhood's creative character. FAB advocates for the District, directs marketing and outreach efforts, leads projects that contribute to sustainable development, and supports the development and capacity of its members. East Fourth Street is home to more than a dozen nonprofit cultural and community organizations, and was designated a Cultural District by Mayor Michael Bloomberg in January 2006. “Downtown's Theater Row\" contains 10 theater companies, two dance companies, four visual arts organizations, and two non-profit community development organizations that have worked to create a plan for the long-term development of the cultural buildings on the block. The East Village and Lower East Side of Manhattan has gone through remarkable change, particularly in the past three decades, when it began to experience a major real estate boom together with a huge influx of (mostly) young, single professionals attracted by the neighborhood's vibrant, diverse, creative character. The story of the neighborhood immediately surrounding East 4th Street between Second Avenue and the Bowery is unique in its history of artistic activity and grassroots activism. At the turn of the century, 66 East 4th Street, known as Turin Hall, was a focal point for the German immigrant community, and the first Yiddish theater in New York, in what became the Yiddish Theater District. Next door, at 64 E. 4th, was the Labor Lyceum, where early advocates for unionizing gathered and the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union was born. However, by the 1970s, the city was holding on to a large number of vacant properties, all acquired through eminent domain, with plans, developed by Robert Moses, to raze this \"slum area\" entirely. Neighborhood protest and the city's economic downturn halted everything other than the establishment of the 'Cooper Square Urban Renewal Area\" and a hopeful plan for its development. The empty buildings sat there unused until La Mama, a small experimental theater and a founder of the Off-Off-Broadway movement which embraced artistic experimentation and social protest, led by the legendary Ellen Stewart, secured a 30-day lease from the city on a dilapidated property. The city's condition for the low rent was simply that La Mama would bear full responsibility for anything beyond the most basic maintenance of the building's shell. Gradually, other neighborhood arts groups secured similar 30-day leases in adjoining vacant buildings on the block. Fixing the properties up was all on their shoulders; bit by bit they repaired the roofs, kept the boilers operating, and improved their spaces. The 30 day leases stayed in effect for anywhere from 15 to 30 years. That ended in October 2005 when these same pioneering tenants became owners and the East 4th Street Cultural District became a reality. Usually, at this chapter in the gentrification story, the exodus begins. Artists and small arts groups are forced out due to wildly escalating rents. Manhattan communities once more prove inhospitable to the kind of diversity and cutting edge creativity these small groups represent. However, in a decision that surprised many, the city - with unanimous support at all levels of government - decided to sell six buildings and two vacant lots on East 4th Street between 2nd Avenue and the Bowery for $1 each to the artist tenants. Local leadership, which has been actively seeking to diversify the area's reliance on bars/clubs/restaurants as its prime source of economic activity, enthusiastically lent its support. The East 4th Street Cultural District was created. All the properties are restricted to non-profit cultural use in perpetuity; and, to date, $4.7 million in city and state monies have been allocated for their renovation. The East 4th Street Cultural District is only one block long, yet it encompasses 17 theaters and rehearsal studios, three film editing suites, and a large screening room. Each year it hosts over 200,000 people attending performances, workshops, and readings involving more than 1200 artists. Through the plan for the Cultural District, more than of vacant space on East 4th Street will be transformed into active cultural use. FAB engages in a number of activities throughout the year that engage and strengthen the broader local community, such as the Load OUT!, a biannual “reuse and repurposing riot” aimed at transforming one person’s trash into another person’s treasure. Beginning in 2013, leaders from organizations on the Fourth Arts Block began inviting local civic and arts groups to plan for the first-ever Lower East Side History Month (LESHM), which took place in May 2014 and is imagined as an annual event. With 33 local groups on the steering committee alone, LESHM debuted with scores of theater, music, visual arts, panel discussion and participatory events scheduled throughout the month, with everything from a Bowery film festival to a discussion about saxophonist Ornette Coleman and the Five Spot Café. The month kicked off with “Chalk LES,” a weekend when anyone and everyone was encouraged to write official and personal histories on sidewalks where notable events occurred. Home to both the Rod Rogers Dance Company and the DUO Multicultural Arts Center (DMAC), 62 East 4th Street is a five-story building which stands between Second Avenue and the Bowery. By 2007 the building was severely deteriorated.", "By 2007 the building was severely deteriorated. The NYC Department of Design and Construction began the exterior renovation under the leadership of SUPERSTRUCTURES Engineers + Architects. The façade restoration of 62 East Fourth Street involved the recreation of the cornice and the balconies, replacement of the windows with historically appropriate materials, and analysis of paint in order to match the historic color. Now this once shabby façade is once again a point of pride for the block, and 62 East 4th Street has emerged with a fresh face as it continues its role as a vital contributor to the cultural life for which Greenwich Village remains known around the world. The restoration was substantially complete in 2011 and in 2012 received the prestigious Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy – a rare distinction since the building is not an officially designated New York City Landmark. East 4th Street is home to more than a dozen arts and community groups, most of whom are pioneers of the block and have had long histories of racial and ethnic diversity, artistic ingenuity, and engaging low-income families:" ]

[ "Chindian Chindian (; Hindi: चीनी भारतीय; ISAT: Chini Bhartiya) is an informal term used to refer to a person of mixed Indian and Chinese ancestry; i.e. from any of the host of ethnic groups native to modern China and India. There are a considerable number of Chindians in Malaysia and Singapore, where people of Chinese and Indian origin immigrated in large numbers during the 19th and 20th centuries. There are also a sizeable number living in Hong Kong and smaller numbers in other countries with large overseas Chinese and Indian diaspora, such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname and Guyana in the Caribbean, as well as in Indonesia, the Philippines, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. In Singapore, the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese and Indians. The government of Singapore classifies them as their father's ethnicity. According to government statistics, 2.4% of Singapore's population are multiracial, mostly Chindians. The highest number of interethnic marriages was in 2007, when 16.4% of the 20,000 marriages in Singapore were interethnic, again mostly between Chinese and Indians. Singapore only began to allow mixed-race persons to register two racial classification on their identity cards in 2010. Parents may choose which of the two is listed first. More than two races may not be listed even if the person has several different ethnicities in their ancestry. Like in Malaysia, most Chindians in Singapore are offspring of interracial relationships between Indian males and Chinese females. In Malaysia, the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese and Indians. The offspring of such marriages are informally known as \"Chindian\". The Malaysian government, however, considers them to be an unclassified ethnicity, using the father's ethnicity as the informal term. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian male and Chinese female, the majority of Chindian offspring in Malaysia are usually classified as \"Malaysian Indian\" by the Malaysian government. Indians have been living in Hong Kong long before the partition of India into the nations of India and Pakistan. They migrated to Hong Kong as traders, police officers and army officers during colonial rule. 25,000 of the Muslims in Hong Kong trace their roots back to what is now Pakistan. Around half of them belong to 'local boy' families, Muslims of mixed Chinese (Tanka) and Indian/Pakistani ancestry, descended from early Indian/Pakistani male immigrants who took local Chinese wives and brought their children up as Muslims. These \"local Indians\" were not completely accepted by either the Chinese or Indian communities. Some Chinese convicts deported from the Straits Settlements were sent to be jailed in Madras in India. The \"Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1\" reported an incident where the Chinese convicts escaped and killed the police sent to apprehend them: \"Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements (where there was no sufficient prison accommodation) and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings' in which they were confined at Lovedale. In 186^ seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar, aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search. On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later. Some police weapons were found in their possession, and one of the parties of police had disappeared—an ominous coincidence. Search was made all over the country for the party, and at length, on 15 September, their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghát, half way down the Sispára ghát path, neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders. It turned out that the wily Chinamen, on being overtaken, had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons.\" Other Chinese convicts in Madras who were released from jail then settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston. Paraiyan is also anglicized as \"pariah\". Edgar Thurston described the colony of the Chinese men with their Tamil pariah wives and children: \"Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur, and developed, as the result of ' marriage ' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating coffee on a small scale, and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas.", "In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs.\" Thurston further describe a specific family: \"The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones.\" Thurston's description of the Chinese-Tamil families were cited by others, one mentioned \"an instance mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female\" A 1959 book described attempts made to find out what happened to the colony of mixed Chinese and Tamils. According to Alabaster there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with leather was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among upper-caste Hindus, and work was relegated to lower caste \"muchis\" and \"chamars\". There was a high demand, however, for high quality leather goods in colonial India, one that the Chinese were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions licensed opium dens run by native Chinese and a \"Cheena Bazaar\" where contraband was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after India's Independence from Great Britain in 1947. Immigration continued unabated through the turn of the century and during World War I partly due to political upheavals in China such as the First and Second Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion. Around the time of the First World War, the first Chinese-owned tanneries sprang up. In Assam, local Assamese women married Chinese migrants during British colonial times. It later became hard to physically differentiate Chinese in Assam from locals during the time of their internment during the 1962 war, as the majority of these Chinese in Assam were mixed. In Guyana, Chinese men married Indian women due to the lack of Chinese women in the early days of settlement. Creole sexual relationships and marriages with Chinese and Indians were rare, however it has become more common for Indian women and Chinese men to establish sexual relations with each other and some Chinese men took their Indian wives back with them to China. Indian women and children were brought alongside Indian men as coolies while Chinese men made up 99% of Chinese coolies. The contrast with the female to male ratio among Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians. In the late 19th to early 20th century, Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and higher numbers of Indian women on the island. At first the prospect of relations with Indian women was unappealing to the original all male Chinese migrants yet they eventually had to establish sexual unions with Indian women since there were no Chinese women coming. The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children sired by Chinese men. These Chinese were mostly traders. Colonialist stereotypes in the sugar colonies of Indians emerged such as \"the degraded coolie woman\" and the \"coolie wife beater\", due to Indian women being murdered by their husbands after they ran away to other richer men since the ratio of Indian women to men was low. It was much more common for Chinese and Indians to intermarry than within their own group. Intermarriage between people of between different Chinese and Indian language groups is rare; it is so rare that the cases of intermarriage between Cantonese and Hakka can be individually named. Similarly, intermarriage between Hakka Chinese and Indians hardly occurs. In Trinidad, some Chinese men had relationships with Indian coolie women of Madrasee origin, siring children with them, and it was reported that \"A few children are to be met with born of Madras and Creole parents and some also of Madras and Chinese parents - the Madrasee being the mother\", by the missionary John Morton in 1876, Morton noted that it seemed strange since there were more Indian coolie men than Indian coolie women that Indian coolie women would marry Chinese men, but claimed it was most likely because the Chinese could provide amenities to the women since the Chinese owned shops and they were enticed by these. Indian women were married by indentured Chinese men in Trinidad. Few Chinese women migrated to Trinidad while the majority of Chinese migrants were men. The migration of Chinese to Trinidad resulted in intermarriage between them and others. Chinese in Trinidad became relatively open to having marital relations with other races and Indian women began having families with Chinese in the 1890s." ]

[ "At the Edge of the World (2008 film) At the Edge of the World is a 2008 documentary which chronicles the efforts of animal rights activist Paul Watson and 45 other volunteers, who set out in two Sea Shepherd ships to hinder the Japanese whaling fleet in the waters around Antarctica. The film won Best Environmental Film at the Vancouver International Film Festival. Director and Producer Dan Stone would later produce the first season of \"Whale Wars\". It depicts what actually went on during this excursion, with clips of beautiful scenery, news clips, whaling in action, and life on the ship. The documentary follows the events that took place during \"Operation Leviathan\" in early 2007. The RV \"Farley Mowat\", captained by Paul Watson and the newly acquired MY \"Robert Hunter\", captained by Alex Cornelissen meet in the Southern Ocean. As they are docked side to side, material is transferred from the \"Farley Mowat\" to the \"Robert Hunter\" to build a new helicopter deck. After some time the \"Robert Hunter\" is able to find the Nisshin Maru and engages it. In the course, one of the Sea Shepherd's small boats with two men on board gets lost. Both Sea Shepherd vessels must abandon the \"Nisshin Maru\", which later takes part in the search for them. Finally after 9 hours, they are able to locate them and they are saved. Having lost the \"Nisshin Maru\", the \"Robert Hunter\" later finds the \"Kaiko Maru\", a spotter vessel for the Japanese whaling fleet. They engage the ship and during maneuvering through an ice field collide with each other, damaging both ships. As the \"Farley Mowat\" approaches, the Japanese vessel calls out a Mayday, stopping the Sea Shepherds from further engagement. As the film ends, we find out that there was a fire on the \"Nisshin Maru\", killing one worker and ending the whaling season early due to damage to the ship. \"The Globe and Mail\" reviewer Fiona Morrow called it, \"an epic tale of hunter and hunted: a Moby-Dick for the environmental age.\"" ]

[ "Second Nature (Electronic song) \"Second Nature\" is a song by Electronic, released as the group's seventh single. It has an autobiographical lyric by Sumner which concerns his youth and growing up, while the music has a groovy shuffle which contrasts with the stricter dance tracks on its parent album \"Raise the Pressure\". \"Second Nature\" reached #35 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Second Nature\" was first released in the United States as a CD maxi single of DJ remixes in October 1996, then issued commercially by Parlophone in the UK and by Virgin Records in Germany the following February on two CDs and cassette. Each format had a different photograph on its cover. Unlike every other commercial Electronic single, no music video was made for \"Second Nature\", although it was promoted by live performances on \"TFI Friday\" and \"Later... with Jools Holland\". Its primary B-side \"Turning Point\" is an instrumental dance track that includes drum loops and sampled vocals. The other track on the first CD was the 12\" remix of third single \"Feel Every Beat\", which had not been released in Britain on Compact Disc before. The second CD featured three remixes, by Markus Schulz and C. I. McSpadden (\"Plastik Mix\" and \"Trance Atlantic Dub\") and Richie Santana (\"Sweet Remix\"). Apart from the \"Trance Atlantic Dub\" and an edited version of the \"Plastik Vox\" mix, none of the remixes on the American maxi single have been made commercially available, and the item is extremely rare. Designed at Fluid by Lee Basford and James Glover, Midge Wrighton from Albrighton, England was the original photographer for Electronic - \"Second Nature\" (1996). He died on 27 December 1999." ]

[ "Lily L. Allen Lily L. Allen (30 December 1867 – 14 February 1952) was an Irish author. Lily L. Oram was born to John Oram and Jane (Talbott) Oram at Newport, County Mayo, Ireland on 30 December 1867. In her twenties, Lily joined the Bible Christian Church and for a time was known as Sister Lily while she worked in the East London slums. She was a local preacher for the church and conducted missions over a wide area of the West Country. It was when conducting a mission in South Wales that she met her future husband and fellow writer James Allen, of Ilfracombe. They were married at Weston Bampfylde Church in May 1895. Her daughter Nora Allen wrote of her: ¨She was a beautiful woman with large brown eyes, dark brown hair, which became white rather early in life, very good features and, to the last, an upright carriage. She had a striking personality and was in many ways an individualist. Her religious outlook was undoubtedly influenced by her husband, for after her marriage she inclined more towards the unorthodox. On account of this, she was \"excommunicated\" from the Bible Christian Church and returned to the Church of England, in which she had been brought up, though she did not continue as a practising member. She was a strict vegetarian. In home life, she was thoroughly domesticated, an excellent cook and enjoyed the running and work of the house. After her husband’s death in 1912, Lily continued the publication of his magazine, \"The Epoch\", until failing sight forced her to give it up. She wrote several books, mainly on the lines of the power of thought and character building, but these never made the same impact on the public as those of James Allen. Allen died at Ilfracombe, England on 14 February 1952, aged 84. The books of both the Allens are still in print today." ]

[ "Right Stuf Inc. Right Stuf Inc. (formerly known as The Right Stuf International Inc.) is an independent video publisher and distributor of video programming that specializes in Asian entertainment (anime and live action films). The company has several divisions including: Nozomi Entertainment (production), Critical Mass (adult programming), RightStuf.com (online store) and 5 Points Pictures (live action). In March 2012, Right Stuf launched 5 Points Pictures, its live action label. Right Stuf was founded on July 31, 1987 by Robert Ferson and current CEO Shawne P. Kleckner. The company is headquartered in Grimes, Iowa. Nozomi Entertainment is Right Stuf's studio focusing on \"collector-grade releases for audiences of all ages.\" It publishes classic and modern anime programs for people of all ages. At the Anime Expo in 2007, CEO Shawne Kleckner announced that Right Stuf had changed the name of their production division to Nozomi Entertainment. The first title released under the new Nozomi Entertainment label was \"The Third\". Lucky Penny Entertainment is a Right Stuf studio-label focusing on \"high-quality and budget-friendly editions of both anime fan favorites and niche titles.\" The first series released under the Lucky Penny label were \"Ristorante Paradiso\", \"Hyakko\" and \"Aoi Hana: Sweet Blue Flowers\". Critical Mass Video is Right Stuf's studio for adult anime programming. It offers titles catering to an assortment of different preferences. 5 Points Pictures is Right Stuf’s distribution division for live action programming. In March 2012, Right Stuf, Inc. established 5 Point Pictures and announced its film distribution agreement with CJ Entertainment." ]

[ "James W. Loewen James William Loewen (born February 6, 1942) is an American sociologist, historian, and author, best known for his 1995 book, \"Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong\", which was republished in 2008, and again in 2018. Loewen was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Winifred and David F. Loewen, on February 6, 1942. His mother was a librarian and teacher, and his father was a medical director and doctor. Loewen grew up in Decatur. He was a National Merit Scholar as a graduate in 1960 from MacArthur High School. Loewen attended Carleton College. In 1963, as a junior, he spent a semester in Mississippi, an experience in a different culture that led to his questioning what he had been taught about United States history. He was intrigued by learning about the unique place of nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants and their descendants in Mississippi culture, commonly thought of as biracial. Loewen went on to earn a PhD in sociology from Harvard University based on his research on Chinese Americans in Mississippi. Loewen first taught in Mississippi at Tougaloo College, a historically black college founded by the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War. For 20 years, Loewen taught about racism at the University of Vermont, where he is now professor \"emeritus\" of sociology. Since 1997, he has been a visiting professor of Sociology at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Loewen co-authored a United States history textbook, \"Mississippi: Conflict and Change\" (1974), which won the Lillian Smith Book Award for Best Southern Nonfiction in 1975. However, the book was rejected for use in Mississippi's public schools by the Mississippi Textbook Purchasing Board on the grounds that it was too controversial and placed too much focus on racial matters. Loewen challenged the Board's decision in a lawsuit, \"Loewen v. Turnipseed\" (1980). Judge Orma R. Smith of the U.S. District Court ruled that the rejection of the textbook was not based on \"justifiable grounds\", and that the authors were denied their right to free speech and press. The American Library Association considers \"Loewen v. Turnipseed\", 488 F. Supp. 1138 (N.D. Miss. 1980), a historic First Amendment case and one of the foundations of the \"right to read freely.\" Loewen spent two years at the Smithsonian Institution, where he studied and compared twelve American history textbooks then widely used throughout the United States. He published his findings in \"Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong\" (1995). He concluded that textbook authors propagate factually false, Eurocentric, and mythologized views of history. Loewen points out in the book that many of the distortions found in American history texts are \"not even by the authors whose names grace the cover.\" In March 2012, the book's publisher, The New Press, listed \"Lies My Teacher Told Me\" as their top all-time bestseller. The book reflects Loewen's belief that history should not be taught as straightforward facts and dates to memorize, but rather as analysis of the context and root causes of events. Loewen recommends that teachers use two or more textbooks, so that students may realize the contradictions and ask questions, such as, \"Why do the authors present the material like this?\" Loewen builds off of \"Lies My Teacher Told Me\" in \"Teaching What Really Happened: How to Avoid the Tyranny of Textbooks & Get Students Excited About Doing History\" and lays out an argument for how history should be taught at the elementary and secondary levels. The first four chapters get to the heart of Loewen’s argument on how history should be taught and chapters 5–10 are about specific issues in history and how to teach them effectively. Chapter one makes the argument that history teachers need to free themselves from the history textbooks and go more in depth with specific issues in history. In chapter two Loewen argues that teacher expectations play a role in student performance, and knowing this can help teachers to close achievement gaps among students. The third chapter lays out why historiography is and should be important to students. Chapter four gives teachers ways to help students “Do history, [and] not merely learn it”. Chapters 5–10 treat special cases in history such as slavery and the South seceding from the United States. At the end of each chapter is a “Focused Bibliography\" which lists additional readings that Loewen feels are important to the chapter. The book is focused at current and future teachers, who may be frustrated with the way that history is usually presented at the elementary and secondary levels and provides ideas on how it should be taught and how to get students engaged. Continuing his interest in racism in the United States, Loewen wrote \"\", which was released in 2005. The book documents the histories of sundown towns, which are towns where African Americans, Jews, and other minority groups were forced (or strongly encouraged) to leave prior to sundown in order to avoid racist violence threatened and perpetrated by the towns' majority white populations. A review of the book, in the \"Washington Post\", noted that even though Loewen dedicated an entire chapter to research methodology, his claims regarding the number of communities which supported racial exclusion policies is both widely variable and vague.", "A review of the book, in the \"Washington Post\", noted that even though Loewen dedicated an entire chapter to research methodology, his claims regarding the number of communities which supported racial exclusion policies is both widely variable and vague. The review stated \"This vagueness, along with Loewen's almost evangelical passion for his material, raises questions of credibility – or at least of potential overstatement.\" Loewen has written about sundown towns repeatedly throughout his career, including in \"Lies Across America\", where he notably cited the affluent suburb of Darien, Connecticut as meeting his definition of a modern-day \"de facto\" sundown town. \"Sundown Towns\" garnered the illustrious Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award. It also gained excellent reviews in \"Publishers Weekly\" and \"Booklist\". The book inspired a nationwide online initiative to monitor and list sunset towns across the USA. In 2010, Loewen and Edward H. Sebesta co-authored the book, \"The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the Lost Cause\", an anthology containing a wide array of primary source documents pertaining to the Confederacy from the time of the American Civil War. At present, Loewen is researching a new book, \"Surprises on the Landscape: Unexpected Places That Get History Right\". The book is planned as follow-up to \"Lies Across America\", which noted historically inaccurate or misleading historical markers and sites across the United States. \"Surprises\" will call attention to historical sites that are accurate and provide honest representations of events. His official website invites the public to comment on what towns and historical sites should be included in terms of presenting history right. Loewen has written the following works:" ]

[ "ZED Habitats Biodiversity Conservation India [BCIL] is a group, popularly known as Group ZED, that is involved in providing green solutions for housing and other buildings. BCIL was incorporated in the year 1994 with an aim to move away from the 'social models' of development with grants and subsidies. BCIL focussed instead on green solutions for housing and other buildings. Called originally the Alt Tech Foundation, it secured a makeover in 2014 with Factor4 Foundation. It is a rare professionally managed company in an industry that is usually family-based and feudal in management. At the core are eight professionals drawn from diverse nations and cultures. Hariharan Chandrashekar. Chairman. He founded BCIL in the early 1990s. Today, he oversees business directions and actively steers Factor4 Foundation, an action research institution established in 2003. ADB Water Champion, one of '30 Indian Pearls'. Key strategic member of CII Indian Green Building Council. Editor of IGBC National Newsletter . Member of National Advisory Council of the CII-ITC Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development. Mentor for many green start-up’s. Sanjay Ramanujam, Director & CEO. An Ernst & Young chartered accountant, who served as part of their corporate finance advisory practice in India and the Middle East. He steered a mid-sized real estate development and investment company in Bahrain as the Group Financial Officer and managed a billion dollar in structured funding. Was Tishman Speyer India’s Sr Director Finance working on several debt funding mandates and large, commercial agreements. At Group BCIL, as CEO and Director, he steers business development, structures project business frameworks, and manages at the apex Strategic Business Plans for the ZED Group. Sean Foley, Vice Chairman. Market research. Customer relations. Strategic tech application. He is a doctoral in human ecology, he brings understanding of organization management and mentoring of quality and delivery among the mid managers at BCIL. Rajaram Krishnamurthy. Director. Capital and investment management. Channel business head. Amiy Roy. Director – Marketing. Branding." ]

[ "Splitting band knife The splitting band knife (or band knife or bandknife) is a kind of knife used in several fields including: tannery, EVA/rubber, foam, cork, shoe and leather goods, paper, carpet and other soft sheet materials. It is a power tool which is very similar in operation to a band saw, with an endless loop blade; the material to be cut is supported by a flat table. A splitting band knife can be produced in different sizes (length x width x thickness) according to the splitting machine on which it has to be fitted. Different technical characteristics define the quality of the product (blade) The blade can be welded and bevelled, toothed not rectified, rectified on both edge and surfaces, with pre-sharpening made by tools or grinding stones. A splitting band knife can be produced in several dimensions, usually with a length from mm 1000 to 15000, a width between mm 10 and 110, a thickness from mm 0,40 to 1,50. In the tannery sector the splitting band knife allows to divide/split leather and textile in its thickness. The final products of this operation are Split and Grain (internal and external parts) of the leather. Blades can be used to split every kind of material which has to be split in the thickness: In the tannery sector, splitting band knives can be used in following working: wet blue, lime, dry, wet white and other tannings. The blades which are mostly used in this sector are rectified on both edge and surfaces in order to guarantee the best splitting, that means a constance in the thickness of the leather that is produced/split (rectification of surfaces), and also to guarantee the maximum linearity during the splitting process ( back edge); the blade must run as stable as possible without oscillations at all, which could create defects on the leather. Moreover, blades are used to be provided pre-bevelled in order to save time to start the blade running up once it is fitted on the splitting machine. In the fields of rubber and cork, splitting band knives can be used on every kind of material that needs to be split in the thickness such as: In this sector blades can be used according to their application, to the splitting machine, to the material and to the cut/split precision required by the final product. In the production linked to shoes and leather goods, the splitting band knives allow to divide/split and equalize or “reduce” the leather in the thickness in order to improve the quality of the finished product. The final product of this working, equalization or “reduction” is a leather ready to become a shoe or leather goods (for example bags, wallets, belts, etc..) The hides used in this sectors are always finished leathers and in dry. In this field, splitting band knives can be used on every kind of material that needs to be split in the thickness such as: The blades which are mostly used in this sector are rectified on both edge and surfaces in order to guarantee the best splitting, that means a constance in the thickness of the leather that is produced/split (rectification of surfaces), and also to guarantee the maximum linearity during the splitting process ( back edge); the blade must run as stable as possible without oscillations at all, which could create defects on the leather. Moreover, blades are used to be provided pre-bevelled in order to save time to start the blade running up once it is fitted on the splitting machine. The splitting band knife can be used also in paper sector and allows to divide/to split the material in the thickness, for example paper reels (from toilet paper to the reels for industrial use, paper towel rolls for domestic use, etc..) In this production, the final product obtained by the splitting is: In this sector blades can be used according to their application, to the splitting machine, to the material and to the cut/split precision required by the final product Band Knife blades are used on two types of machine (vertical and horizontal) depending on the material being cut/processed. On a vertical band knife machine usually a narrow width band knife blade is used, the most common width being 10mm. The length of the band knife blade depends on the supplier of the band knife machine. The dimensions are indicated on a small metal tag pasted or riveted on the machine. The vertical machine band knife blade is most commonly a \"double bevel, double edge DBDE\" execution to enable cutting while advancing the table and also while retracting the work table, while as the \"double bevel, single edge DBSE\" execution cuts only in one direction. Productivity is enhanced when the operator cuts both while advancing and also while retracting the work table after adjusting the foam block after each pass for cutting. The DBDE execution blade can have a parallel or twisted 180 degrees welding. The twisted welding execution saves a grinding unit, as both edges pass the same grinding unit after two turns. It has been observed that a narrow width on a vertical band knife machine gives better dimensional accuracies on the foam block. The wider the vertical machine band knife - more the deflection and size variation from one end to the other extreme end.", "The wider the vertical machine band knife - more the deflection and size variation from one end to the other extreme end. Horizontal band knife blades are wider usually 30-60mm wide for foam converting is popular, for leather goods 40-50mm wide blade is popular, 85-110mm width is popular for the tannery splitting band knife. There are other widths depending on the machine manufacturer. The horizontal machine band knife blade is supported by a guide to give dimensional accuracies while cutting/splitting. Therefore, only blades that have passed as one main manufacturing step a surface grinding process reach the necessary thickness tolerances of less than 0,02mm. A higher tolerance would lead to marks on the surface of the split material like leather or rubber. Blades are available in different grades of exactness depending on the required exactness on the material to be cut/split. On modern machines in combination with a high grade blade a splitting thickness of 0,2mm for 1500mm material width is possible. For both the vertical and horizontal band knife machines there is a grinding attachment which continuously sharpens the band knife while it is cutting. It is possible to find a nonpowered grinding attachment for the vertical machines but for the horizontal band knife machine the grinding attachment for continuously sharpening the blade is powered by electric motors. Before WW II: several machinery brands on the market: Turner, Clasen, USM, BMD," ]

[ "Shinto origins of sumo The Shinto origins of sumo can easily be traced back through the centuries and many current sumo rituals are directly handed down from Shinto rituals. The Shinto religion has historically been used as a means to express Japanese nationalism and ethnic identity, especially prior to the end of World War II. In its association with Shinto, sumo has also been seen as a bulwark of Japanese tradition. Sumo can be traced back to ancient Shinto rituals to ensure a bountiful harvest and honor the spirits known as kami. In modern times, the canopy over the sumo ring, called the dohyō is reminiscent of a Shinto shrine, the officiator is dressed in garb very similar to that of a Shinto priest, and the throwing of salt before a bout is believed to purify the ring. Prior to becoming a professional sport in the Tokugawa period, sumo was originally performed on the grounds of a shrine or temple. The present \"dohyō\", which is still considered sacred, is in honor of the days when matches were held on the sacred grounds of shrines and temples. The roof over the \"dohyō\" called \"yakata\" originally represented the sky for the purpose of emphasizing the sacred nature of \"dohyō\", which symbolizes the earth. On the day before the beginning of each tournament, the \"dohyō-matsuri\", a ring-blessing ceremony, is performed by sumo officials called \"gyōji\". They are the referees on the \"dohyō\", who judge each sumo match. Their elaborate, colorful costumes are based on ceremonial court robes of the Heian period (AD 794 – 1185). Also their black hats are exact copies of the hats worn by Shinto priests depicted in various Heian art. Dressed in the white robes of a Shinto priest \"gyōji\" purify and bless the \"dohyō\" in a solemn ceremony during which salt, kelp, dried squid and chestnuts are buried in the center of the \"dohyō\". Observing officials and invited guests drink sake, Japanese traditional alcoholic drink as it is offered to each one in turn. The remaining sake is poured over the straw boundary of the \"dohyō\", as an offering to the gods. Shinto ritual still continues to pervade every aspect of sumo. Before a tournament, two of the sumo officiators known as gyōji functioning as Shinto priests enact a ritual to consecrate the newly constructed \"dohyō\". Each day of the tournament the dohyō-iri, or ring-entering ceremonies performed by the top divisions before the start of their wrestling day are derived from sumo rituals. This ceremony involves them ascending the \"dohyō\", walking around the edge and facing the audience. They then turn and face inwards, clap their hands, raise one hand, slightly lift the ceremonial aprons called kesho-mawashi, and raise both hands, then continue walking around the \"dohyō\" as they leave the same way they came in. This clapping ritual is an important Shinto element and reminiscent of the clapping in Shinto shrines designed to attract the attention of the gods. The yokozuna's ring-entering ceremony is regarded as a purification ritual in its own right, and is occasionally performed at Shinto shrines for this purpose. Every newly promoted \"yokozuna\" performs his first ring-entering ceremony at the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo." ]

[ "Minnesota Department of Management and Budget The Minnesota Management and Budget agency, officially the Department of Management and Budget, but also called MMB, is a state cabinet level agency responsible for coordinating the state finances, accounting and budgeting processes. The agency was created by an act of the legislature in 1939 as a result of splitting out specific responsibilities from the Minnesota Department of Administration. The agency coordinates accounting from all other state agencies and public related entities that are required to report data. It runs and administers the statewide financial reporting system called SWIFT. It uses this information along with economic trends from the state economist to provide an overall operating budget for the state. These are written into reports that are frequently cited in the public. It also works with other agencies to provide human resources coordination. In particular it works with the bargaining units across agencies and defines the civil classification system. The core functions include providing training and leadership development for other state agencies as well. Minnesota Management and Budget" ]

[ "2015–16 Fordham Rams women's basketball team The 2015–16 Fordham Rams women's basketball team represented Fordham University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Rams were led by fifth-year head coach Stephanie Gaitley. They were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference and played their home games at the Rose Hill Gymnasium. They finished the season 14–17, 8–8 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the A-10 Women's Tournament where they lost to Duquesne. Forham Rams games will be broadcast on WFUV Sports and streamed online through the Fordham Portal. Most home games will also be featured on the A-10 Digital Network. Select games will be televised. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#76032E; color:#FFFFFF;\"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=\"background:#76032E; color:#FFFFFF;\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#76032E; color:#FFFFFF;\"| A-10 regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#880038; color:#FFFFFF;\"| Atlantic 10 Women's Tournament" ]

[ "Coherent (operating system) Coherent is a clone of the Unix operating system for IBM PC compatibles and other microcomputers, developed and sold by the now-defunct Mark Williams Company (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became open source in 2015, released under a 3-clause BSD License. Coherent was not Unix; the Mark Williams Company had no rights to either the Unix trademark or the AT&T/Bell Labs source code. In the early years of its existence, MWC received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. The delegation included Dennis Ritchie, who concluded that \"it was very hard to believe that Coherent and its basic applications were not created without considerable study of the OS code and details of its applications.\" However, he also stated that: Much of the operating system was written by alumni from the University of Waterloo: Tom Duff, Dave Conroy, Randall Howard, Johann George, and Trevor John Thompson. Significant contributions were also made by people such as Nigel Bree (from Auckland, New Zealand), the later author of Ghost. Coherent was originally written for the PDP-11 range of minicomputers in 1980, then ported to various early 1980s microcomputer systems including IBM PC compatibles and machines based on the Zilog Z8000 and Motorola 68000. Initially sold to OEMs, starting 1983 it was available on the consumer market from MWC directly. At this point, Coherent 2.3 offered roughly the functionality of Version 7 Unix on PC hardware, including the nroff formatter but not the BSD extensions offered by competing Unix/clone vendors; compared to its competitors, it was a small system distributed on only seven double-sided floppy disks, costing only US$500 for a license. \"BYTE\" in 1984 called Coherent a \"highly compatible UNIX Version 7 lookalike\". In 1985 it criticized the difficulty of installation, but stated that \"as a UNIX clone, Coherent is amazingly complete ... it should be easy to port programs ... the price of $495 is a bargain\". Early 1990s reviews of Coherent pointed out that the system was much smaller than other contemporary Unix offerings, as well as less expensive at US$99.95, but lacking in functionality and software support. \"PC Magazine\" called Coherent 3.0 a \"time capsule\" that captured the state of Unix in the late 1970s, without support for mice, LANs or SCSI disks, good for learning basic Unix programming but not for business automation. A review in the AUUG's newsletter was more positive, favorably comparing Coherent to MKS Toolkit, Minix and Xenix, and suggesting it might fill a niche as a low-end training platform. Coherent was able to run on most Intel-based PCs with Intel 8088, 286, 386, and 486 processors. Coherent version 3 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 286, Coherent version 4 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 386. Like a true Unix, Coherent was able to multitask and support multiple users. From version 4, released 1992, Coherent also had support for X11 and MGR windowing systems. Later versions of Coherent (version 4 and higher) supported features common in modern Unix-like systems, including a version of MicroEMACS, access to DOS FAT16 File systems, an optimizing C compiler, and a modified version of Taylor UUCP. The final releases of Coherent also fully supported the iBCS COFF binary standard, which allowed binary compatibility with SCO Unix applications, including WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, and several Microsoft applications including QuickBASIC, Microsoft Word, and MultiPlan. The last 386 versions supported virtual memory, but not demand paging. A Zilog Z8000 port of Coherent was also used by the canceled Commodore 900 system. In 1983, NCSC (a subsidiary of Nixdorf) announced a port of Coherent to IBM mainframes, in the form of a Unix compatibility subsystem for IBM's DOS/VS and DOS/VSE and Nixdorf's Edos/VS and Edos/VSE operating systems, known as Programmer Work Station/VSE-Advanced Functions, or PWS/VSE-AF for short. The Mark Williams Company closed in 1995. On January 3, 2015, Coherent sources were released under the 3-clause BSD license." ]

[ "Sodium in biology Sodium ions (Na) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for the aforementioned functions and for heart activity and certain metabolic functions. The health effects of salt reflect what happens when the body has too much or too little sodium. Characteristic concentrations of sodium in model organisms are: 10mM in \"E. coli\", 30mM in budding yeast, 10mM in mammalian cell and 100mM in blood plasma. In C4 plants, sodium is a micronutrient that aids in metabolism, specifically in regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate (involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation) and synthesis of chlorophyll. In others, it substitutes for potassium in several roles, such as maintaining turgor pressure and aiding in the opening and closing of stomata. Excess sodium in the soil limits the uptake of water due to decreased water potential, which may result in wilting; similar concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis. To avoid these problems, plants developed mechanisms that limit sodium uptake by roots, store them in cell vacuoles, and control them over long distances; excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue, limiting the damage to new growth. Since only some plants need sodium and those in small quantities, a completely plant-based diet will generally be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly conserved ability to taste the sodium ion as \"salty.\" Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium, otherwise only to a few other small monovalent cations (Li, NH, and somewhat to K). Calcium ion (Ca) also tastes salty and sometimes bitter to some people but, like potassium, can trigger other tastes. Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes, acting to regulate blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH. The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is between 115 and 500 milligrams per day depending on sweating due to physical activity, and whether the person is adapted to the climate. Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky; most of it comes from processed foods. The Adequate Intake for sodium is 1.2 to 1.5 grams per day, but on average people in the United States consume 3.4 grams per day, the minimum amount that promotes hypertension. (Note that salt contains about 39.3% sodium by massthe rest being chlorine and other trace chemicals; thus the UL of 2.3g sodium would be about 5.9g of saltabout 1 teaspoon) Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L). A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as hyponatremia, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L. The renin–angiotensin system and the atrial natriuretic peptide indirectly regulate the amount of signal transduction in the human central nervous system, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in all nerves. Sodium is thus important in neuron function and osmoregulation between cells and the extracellular fluid; the distribution of sodium ions are mediated in all animals by sodium–potassium pumps, which are active transporter solute pumps, pumping ions against the gradient, and sodium-potassium channels. Sodium channels are known to be less selective in comparison to potassium channels. Remarkably, researchers have engineered a highly selective sodium-specific DNAzyme and demonstrated its application in detection of sodium in live cells. Sodium is the most prominent cation in extracellular fluid: in the 15 liters of ECF in a 70 kg human there is around 50 grams of sodium, 90% of the body's total sodium content. Some potent neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, increase the sodium ion permeability of the cell membranes in nerves and muscles, causing a massive and irreversible depolarization of the membranes, with potentially fatal consequences. However, drugs with smaller effects on sodium ion motion in nerves may have diverse pharmacological effects which range from anti-depressant to anti-seizure actions. Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the concentration there is about 3.8 times what it is normally in extracellular body fluids. Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. Relative loss of body water will cause sodium concentration to rise higher than normal, a condition known as hypernatremia. This ordinarily results in thirst.", "This ordinarily results in thirst. Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (hyponatremia), a condition which is again sensed by the hypothalamus, causing a decrease in vasopressin hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, and a consequent loss of water in the urine, which acts to restore blood sodium concentrations to normal. Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content. In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium Because the hypothalamus/osmoreceptor system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total fluid content, by first controlling the body's sodium content. Thus, when a powerful diuretic drug is given which causes the kidneys to excrete sodium, the effect is accompanied by an excretion of body water (water loss accompanies sodium loss). This happens because the kidney is unable to efficiently retain water while excreting large amounts of sodium. In addition, after sodium excretion, the osmoreceptor system may sense lowered sodium concentration in the blood and then direct compensatory urinary water loss in order to correct the hyponatremic (low blood sodium) state." ]

[ "Billy Koch William (Billy) Koch (born December 14, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He entered the majors with the Toronto Blue Jays and most recently pitched for the Florida Marlins in 2004. Koch played college baseball for Clemson University from 1994 to 1996. He was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the first round (fourth pick) of the 1996 amateur draft and made his debut in 1999. He made an instant impression by regularly throwing 100 MPH pitches. Koch played in the Olympic Games in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, and was awarded the bronze medal. He was groomed for the role of closer, and had mixed success at the role over the next three seasons. While he was regarded as one of the most dominating pitchers in the league when he was at his best, at times he battled with his control and composure on the mound. Nevertheless, he continued to post improving save numbers (31, 33 and 36) from 1999 to 2001. On December 7, 2001, the Blue Jays, now under new management, traded Koch to the Oakland Athletics for Eric Hinske and Justin Miller. The trade ended up working out for both teams, as Eric Hinske statistically outperformed Koch in his first season with the Jays while Oakland proved to be a good fit for closer Koch. He saved 44 games in 2002 while posting a 3.27 ERA and 93 strikeouts in 93 innings. Koch, however, gave up a critical ninth-inning home run to Minnesota's A. J. Pierzynski in the deciding game of the A's first-round playoff series. That outing would turn out to be the turning point in Koch's career. In 2002 Koch won the Rolaids Relief Man Award with the Oakland Athletics based on his statistical performance. On December 3, 2002, he was once again traded, this time to the Chicago White Sox along with two minor leaguers for Keith Foulke, Mark Johnson, Joe Valentine and cash, but was unable to replicate the success he had experienced with Toronto or Oakland. Due to wild inconsistency on the mound, Jerry Manuel removed Koch from the role of closer, relegating him to middle relief. Billy finished the season with a disappointing 11 saves and a high 5.77 ERA. His troubles continued in 2004. He was once again tried in the role of closer, but saved only 8 games in 24 games played, compiling an ERA of 5.40. He was traded to the Florida Marlins in June for Wilson Valdez, a minor-league second baseman who it was assumed would replace Luis Castillo before the latter signed a four-year contract to remain with Florida. Billy fared better in Florida than he did in Chicago, with a 1–2 record and a 3.51 ERA in 23 games as a setup man for Armando Benítez. Following the 2004 season he was signed to a 1-year contract by his original team, the Toronto Blue Jays, but the team released him during spring training and an angry Koch announced he would not attempt to sign with another team, so that the Blue Jays would be on the hook for 'every penny' of his $950,000 salary. He has not played baseball professionally since then. Most recently, Koch was featured in the film adaptation of the book \"Moneyball\" in 2011 as the A's primary closer for their record breaking 20 game winning streak." ]

[ "Pinscher Pinscher is a type of dog developed originally as ratters on farms and for fighting or guarding, although today they are most often kept as pets. It is considered that German Pinscher is a prototypical Pinscher and one of the oldest German breeds, more closely related to the Schnauzer (once known as Wire-Haired Pinscher) than the Dobermann and other Pinschers. Since the mid-19th-century breeders stopped to crossbreed these coat types, and with the formation of German Pinscher-Schnauzer-Club (PSK) in 1895, were advanced distinct breed varieties. There are several theories on the etymology of the word Pinscher; that it derives from French \"pincer\", meaning \"to seize\" and \"to nip\", or \"to bite\" and \"to grip\" which are possibly related to their function of catching vermin on the farm, that it derives from English \"pinch\" referring to their clipped ears, \"fox terrier\" type of dog (considered that it was a descriptive term meaning \"settler\" or \"terrier\" dog method of working, and not heritage), or biter, although the verb \"pinch\" has the same early 13th century Old North French \"*pinchier\" derivation, which itself possibly originates from Vulgar Latin. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes the following pinscher breeds in : Provisional: There may be other related hunting dogs called \"pinscher\" that are not recognized breeds. In addition, individual breeders often attempt the creation of new breeds which they may call pinschers. One example of these is the Carlin Pinscher, which has been developed by crossing the Pug with the Miniature Pinscher, or other similar breeds. There are a nearly infinite number of sporting clubs, breed clubs, and internet-based breed registries and businesses in which dogs may be registered under whatever name the owner or seller wishes." ]

[ "The Source (Tony Allen album) The Source is an album by drummer Tony Allen recorded in 2017 and released on the Blue Note label. Response was positive, with Metacritic assigning the album an aggregate score of 83 out of 100 based on 9 critical reviews indicating \"Universal acclaim\". The AllMusic review by Matt Collar called it \"an earthy, majestic, endlessly inventive album that caps both his own storied career and points the way toward the future\" observing that \"On \"The Source\", he balances both his jazz and Afrobeat sides, delivering buoyant songs that are equal parts funky jams, harmonic engagements, and modal workouts\". On All About Jazz, Mark Sullivan noted \"African and French musicians playing American jazz, recorded on analog tape: this is fusion of a special kind\". In The Guardian, John Lewis said \"\"The Source\" builds on Allen’s recent mini-LP of Art Blakey covers, but this time he and musical director Yann Jankielewicz invoke other jazz legends\". Pitchfork's, Ben Cardew stated \"On this hybrid album of jazz and Afrobeat, long-time Fela Kuti drummer Tony Allen makes the complex sound effortless. Rarely has percussive innovation sounded this downright satisfying\". All compositions by Tony Allen and Yann Jankielewicz except where noted" ]

[ "Action libérale nationale The Action libérale nationale (ALN, in English: National Liberal Action) was a short-lived provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. It was founded during the Great Depression and led by Paul Gouin. The ALN played an important role in the foundation of the Union Nationale. The party was created in 1934 by dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec. It soon received the support of federal Liberal Member of Parliament Édouard Lacroix and Liberal Member of the Legislature Oscar Drouin. The ALN promoted social justice, nationalism and was not affiliated to any federal party. Its platform included the following proposals: Its ideology was influenced by the social doctrine of the Catholic Church. In order to unite the vote against the Liberal government of Alexandre Taschereau, the Action libérale nationale (ALN) and the Conservative Party of Quebec decided to run only one candidate of either party in each district for the 1935 Quebec election. With 29% of the vote, the ALN elected 26 out of 57 candidates; the Conservatives received 19% of the vote and won 16 seat out of 33 in which they ran a candidate. Less than a year later, Conservative Leader Maurice Duplessis, a rising star in provincial politics, tried to pressure ALN Leader Paul Gouin into merging both parties. While Gouin cuts ties with Duplessis, 22 of his Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) joined the new party, known as Union Nationale, which won the 1936 Quebec election. Gouin did not run for re-election to the legislature in 1936. ALN MNAs Vital Cliche, Wilfrid-Eldège Lauriault and Frederick Arthur Monk ran for re-election as Independents. None of them were elected. Cliche ran as an Action libérale nationale candidate in a by-election held on March 17, 1937, in his home district of Beauce. He was defeated. The ALN opposed conscription and contested the 1939 Quebec election. Other than Gouin who took the leadership, the party was unable to attract any of its former candidates from the 1935 election. Instead René Chaloult and Oscar Drouin, who had grown disillusioned with Duplessis after they joined the Union Nationale, ran as Liberal candidates. The party won only 4.5% of the vote and none of its 56 candidates were elected. It disappeared soon after. Even though the ALN did not survive the 1930s realignment in Quebec politics, many of its policies were eventually implemented by the provincial governments of Maurice Duplessis, Adélard Godbout and Jean Lesage." ]

[ "Spandan Chaturvedi Spandan Chaturvedi is an Indian television child actress. Chaturvedi started her career with the 2012 drama series \"Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera\". After she appeared in several television advertisements. Later she was cast in \"Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki\". Thereafter she appeared as cameo in \"The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir\". In February 2014, Chaturvedi played the role of young Madhubala in Colors TV's show \"Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon\". But In August 2014 - February 2016 she portrayed the role 'Chakor' in Colors TV show \"Udaan\", for which she became popular and won several awards, including the Zee Gold Award for Best Child Actor. Spandan Chaturvedi was born on c.25 August 2007 in Ulhasnagar, Mumbai, to Mr. Sunil Chaturvedi. She completed her first class studies in 2015. Chaturvedi is the cousin sister of Sparsh Khanchandani, who is also an actress. Chaturvedi began her career with the 2012 Yash A Patnaik's drama series \"Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera\", in it she appeared in first few episodes, played the role of young Gunjan. Thereafter Chaturvedi appeared in several television advertisements. Later she played in Colors TV's programme \"Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki\", where she played the role of Aarvi. Chaturvedi appeared as cameo in Disney Channel's comedy series \"The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir\". In February 2014, Chaturvedi roped to play the daughter of Drashti Dhami's character in Ravindra Gautam's soap opera \"Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon\", in which she played the lead role of young Madhubala after twenty years leap in the show. In August 2014, Chaturvedi featured to play the female protagonist in filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt's drama series \"Udaan\", in which she is portraying the lead role of Chakor, a bonded labourer by birth, who faces challenges at the hands of Kamal Narayan (played by Sai Bilal), Fighting to be freed from the bonds of slavery after being mortgaged by her parents Kasturi (played by Sai Deodhar) and Bhuvan (played by Rajiv Kumar). She received fame and critical acclaim for her performance in the series, and won the Zee Gold Award for Best Child Actor, Television Style Award for Most Stylish Nanhe Natkhat and Indian Television Academy Award for Most Promising Child Star - Female . While 100 episodes celebration, Chaturvedi injured herself when a marble table fell on her foot. She was hospitalized for at least ten days, and took one-and-a-half month to recover. In February 2015, Chaturvedi appeared as a guest in K9 Productions comedy series \"Comedy Nights with Kapil\" on Colors TV. In April 2015, Chaturvedi appeared in the print campaign of GR8! Television Magazine, she appeared along with Gautam Gulati on the cover of magazine with the hashtag \"BeWithBeti\"." ]

[ "Mike Redwine Mike Redwine (born May 19, 1964) is a former college football coach. Redwine was the head coach for the MidAmerica Nazarene Pioneers located in Olathe, Kansas. He held that position for 10 seasons, from 1991 until 2000. His coaching record at MidAmerica Nazarene was 53–53–2. His teams made two appearances in the Victory Bowl for 1997 and 1999, losing both games. They also played in the Wheat Bowl for 1995 and 1998, winning and losing one game each. Redwine was the 19th head football coach for the Howard Payne University Yellow Jackets located in Brownwood, Texas. He has held that position from 2005 until the 2007 season. His coaching record at Howard Payne was 13–17." ]

[ "Tara spinosa Tara spinosa, commonly known as tara (Quechua), is a small leguminous tree or thorny shrub native to Peru. \"T. spinosa\" is cultivated as a source of tannins based on a galloylated quinic acid structure. This chemical structure has been confirmed also by LC-MS. It is also grown as an ornamental plant because of its large colorful flowers and pods. Its common names include spiny holdback,\" tara, taya,\" and \" algarroba tanino\" (Peru). \"T. spinosa\" is placed in the Fabaceae family, the Caesalpinioideae subfamily, and Caesalpinieae tribe. \"T. spinosa\" typically grows 2–5 m tall; its bark is dark gray with scattered prickles and hairy twigs. Leaves are alternate, evergreen, lacking stipules, bipinnate, and lacking petiolar and rachis glands. Leaves consist of three to 10 pairs of primary leaflets under 8 cm in length, and five to seven pairs of subsessile elliptic secondary leaflets, each about 1.5–4 cm long. Inflorescences are 15–20 cm long terminal racemes, many flowered and covered in tiny hairs. Flowers are yellow to orange with 6- to 7-mm petals; the lowest sepal is boat-shaped with many long marginal teeth; stamens are yellow, irregular in length and barely protruding. The fruit is a flat, oblong indehiscent pod, about 6–12 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, containing four to seven round black seeds, which redden when mature. \"T. spinosa\" is native to Peru and can be found growing throughout northern, western, and southern South America, from Venezuela to Argentina. It has been introduced in drier parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa and has become naturalized in California. \"T. spinosa\" grows in the nearly rainless lomas or fog oases of the Peruvian coastal desert. Generally resistant to most pathogens and pests, it grows at elevations between 0 and 3,000 m above sea level, and tolerates dry climates and poor soils, including those high in sand and rocks. To propagate, seeds must be scarified (treated to break physical dormancy), and young plants should be transplanted to the field at 40 cm in height; trees begin to produce after 4–5 years. Mature pods are usually harvested by hand and typically sun dried before processing. If well irrigated, trees can continue to produce for another 80 years, though their highest production is between 15 and 65 years of age. \"T. spinosa\" pods are an excellent source of environmentally friendly tannins (tara tannins) most commonly used in the manufacture of automotive and furniture leathers. This growing industry is developing around their production in Peru. Some producers have their own plantations to guarantee constant quality. Tara tannin derivatives are being proposed as antifouling against marine organisms that can grow on ship hulls. Those tannins are of the hydrolysable type. Gallic acid is the main constituent of tara tannins (53%) and can be easily isolated by alkaline hydrolysis of the plant extract. Quinic acid is also a constituent of the tara tannins. Its tannines are colourless or light making them suitable a premordant in the dyeing of cotton and other cellulose fibres. Tara gum is a white or beige, nearly odorless powder that is produced by separating and grinding the endosperm of \"T. spinosa\" seeds. Tara gum consists of a linear main chain of (1-4)-β-D-mannopyranose units attached by (1-6) linkages with α-D-galactopyranose units. The major component of the gum is a galactomannan polymer similar to the main components of guar and locust bean gums that are used widely in the food industry. The ratio of mannose to galactose in tara gum is 3:1. Tara gum has been deemed safe for human consumption as a food additive. Tara gum is used as a thickening agent and stabilizer in a number of food applications. A solution of tara gum is less viscous than a guar gum solution of the same concentration, but more viscous than a solution of locust bean gum. Generally, tara gum presents a viscosity around 5,500 cps (1% aqueous solution). Furthermore, tara gum shows an intermediate acid stability between locust bean gum and guar gum. It resists the depolymerisation effect of organic acids down to a pH of 3.5. This gum is also stable to high-temperature treatment, up to 145°C in a continuous process plant. Blends of tara with modified and unmodified starches can be produced which have enhanced stabilization and emulsification properties, and these are used in the preparation of convenience foods, such as ice cream. Medicinal uses in Peru include gargling infusions of the pods for inflamed tonsils or washing wounds; it is also used for fevers, colds, and stomachaches. The tree can also be a source of lumber and firewood, and as a live fence. Water from boiled, dried pods is also used to kill fleas and other insects. The seeds can be used to produce black dye, while dark blue dye can be obtained from the roots. Tara Gum is shipped at class 50 under NMFC 73140" ]

[ "Tay Forest Park Tay Forest Park is forest park in the council area of Perth and Kinross in Scotland. It consists of a network of forests managed by Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS) that are spread across the Highland parts of Perthshire, and covers 194 km² in total. The park consists of a series of separate woods that are managed for multiple benefits, with an emphasis on recreation facilities for visitors. The park's main visitor centre is at Queen's View near Loch Tummel, where there is a café, gift shop and interpretive displays. Other smaller centres are located at the following locations: At each location there is a car park and waymarked trails for visitors. Some of the site have more facilities, such as toilets." ]

[ "Abulfas Garayev Abulfas Garayev Mursal oglu (; born 13 November 1956) is an Azerbaijani politician, currently serving as Minister of Culture of Azerbaijan. Garayev was born on November 13, 1956, in Baku, Azerbaijan. He graduated from the Azerbaijan University of Languages in 1978. From 1978 until 1980, he worked as the teacher of English in a secondary school in Saatly Rayon. In 1980-1989, he held various positions within the Azerbaijan Communist Party. In 1992, he completed a course at the North-West Academy of Public Administration in Russia. In 1992 through 1993, Garayev worked as a professor at the Azerbaijani Academy of Public Administration. He also attended specialized courses on Management and Marketing in the Russian State Administration Academy in 1992. In 1993-1994, he held several managerial positions at Improtex Commerce. Mr. Garayev is also actively involved in scientific work and pedagogical activities; he is author of several books and is an Associate Professor of Azerbaijan Tourism Institute since 2006. Fluent in Azerbaijani, Russian, English, Turkish, and French. Dr. Abulfas Garayev is the Minister of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan since 2006. Previously, he held the position of Minister of Youth, Sport and Tourism from 2001 to 2006, Minister of Youth and Sport from 1994-2001. Prior to his appointments, he was CEO of “Improtex Commerce” company (1992-1994), worked as a lecturer at the Academy of Political Science and State Administration from 1992 till 1993. Mr.Garayev began his career as an instructor of Organizational Department of Youth League, held several managing portfolios within the organization, from 1981-1985 served as a head of section in Youth League Steering Committee. Mr. Garayev received his PhD in philosophy and culture from the Academy of Social Sciences, Moscow-Russia (1992) and degree from University of Foreign Languages and Pedagogy, Baku, Azerbaijan in 1978. He is chair of the Organizing Committee of the World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue has been holding Baku since 2011 in partnership with UNESCO, UN Alliance of Civilizations, UNWTO, Council of Europe and ISESCO and co-chairman of the Intergovernmental Commission on cooperation between Azerbaijan and Cuba since 2009. During is term as minister of Culture and Tourism, he was the chair of the 6th Islamic Conference of Culture Ministers (2009–2011), headed OIC Tourism Ministers Conference (2006–2008), TURKSOY Permanent Council of Culture Ministers (2009), UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for intangible Cultural Heritage (2013) and CIS Council on Cultural Cooperation. Dr. Garayev was appointed chair of National Organizing Committee of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations 7th Global Forum held 25–27 April 2016 in Baku. He is also President of the ISESCO General Conference for 2015–2018 years as well as chair of the National Commission for ISESCO. He is member of UNWTO Executive Council and vice-chair of the National Commission of Azerbaijan for UNESCO. Mr. Garayev was received Honorary Degree of Doctor of Arts (Hon Darts) of the Coventry University in UK in recognition of his inspirational support to the Baku Process for intercultural dialogue. Abulfas Garayev is married and has a daughter." ]

[ "Pat Brown Edmund Gerald \"Pat\" Brown Sr. (April 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd Governor of California from 1959 to 1967. Born in San Francisco, Brown had an early interest in speaking and politics; he earned a LL.B. degree in 1927, and subsequently began legal practice. As district attorney for San Francisco, he was elected Attorney General of California in 1950 before becoming the state's governor in 1959. As governor, Brown embarked on massive projects, building important infrastructure and redefined the state's higher education system. While running twice for President in 1960 and 1964, finishing second and first in the primaries, respectively, he was never a serious contender in the national conventions. While losing his bid for a third term in 1966 to future President Ronald Reagan, his legacy earns him regard as the builder of modern California. His son Edmund G. \"Jerry\" Brown Jr. was the 34th and is the 39th Governor of California; his daughter, Kathleen Brown, was the 29th California State Treasurer. Brown was born in San Francisco, California, one of four children of Ida (née Schuckman) and Edmund Joseph Brown. His father came from an Irish Catholic family, with his grandfather Joseph immigrating from County Tipperary, Ireland, and his mother was from a German Protestant family. He acquired the nickname \"Pat\" during his school years; the nickname was a reference to his Patrick Henry-like oratory. When he was 12 and selling Liberty Bonds on street corners, he would end his spiel with, \"Give me liberty, or give me death.\" Brown was a debate champion as a member of the Lowell Forensic Society at San Francisco's Lowell High School, where he held twelve offices of student government; he graduated from Lowell in 1923. Rather than pursue an undergraduate degree, he instead worked in his father's cigar store. He studied law at night, while working part-time for attorney Milton Schmitt, receiving an LL.B. degree from San Francisco Law School in spring 1927. After passing the California bar exam the following fall, he began full-time employment in Schmitt's office. Brown ran as a Republican Party candidate for the State Assembly in 1928, but lost; he moved to the Democratic Party in 1934, as the Great Depression had made him lose confidence in the Republican Party. He quickly became a New Dealer, and an active party participant. His second attempt at election to public office came in 1939, running for District Attorney of San Francisco against Matthew Brady, an incumbent of twenty-two years, who beat him handily. Four years after his defeat, Brown ran for district attorney again in 1943 with the slogan \"Crack down on crime, elect Brown this time.\" His victory over Brady was decisive, coming to the surprise of San Francisco politicians, as well as bookmakers who had put 5 to 1 odds against his election. He was reelected to the office in 1947, and after seven years in office, received the support of Governor Earl Warren. He emulated the course followed by Warren when the Governor himself was the Alameda County district attorney. While his actions against gambling, corruption, and juvenile delinquency brought confidence to his office, Brown also sided on the controversial, with his vocal opposition against the Internment of Japanese Americans, as well as efforts to deport Harry Bridges. In 1949, he raided Sally Stanford's elegant San Francisco bordello. In 1946, as the Democratic nominee, Brown lost the race for Attorney General of California to Los Angeles County District Attorney, Frederick N. Howser. Running again in 1950, he won election as Attorney General and was re-elected in 1954. As Attorney General, he was the only Democrat to win statewide election in California. In 1958, he was the Democratic nominee for governor, running a campaign of \"responsible liberalism,\" with support for labor, and forcing the ballot name change of Proposition 18 from \"Right-to-Work\" to \"Employer and Employee Relations,\" whereas Brown's opponent campaigned for such right-to-work laws as Proposition 18 provided. In the general election, Brown defeated Republican U.S. Senator William F. Knowland with a near three-fifths majority, Proposition 18 and other anti-labor ballot measures were voted down, and Democrats were elected to a majority in both houses of the legislature, and to all statewide offices, excepting Secretary of State. Brown attended the September 3, 1960 press conference of then-Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy in San Francisco, Kennedy thanking Brown for being there during his opening remarks. Brown was known for his cheerful personality, and his championing of building an infrastructure to meet the needs of the rapidly growing state. As journalist Adam Nagourney reports: With his administration beginning in 1959, Brown set in motion a series of actions whose magnitude was unseen since the governorship of Hiram Johnson. The economic expansion following World War II brought millions of newcomers to the state which, along with the state's cyclical droughts, severely strained California's water resources, especially in dry Southern California. This began the California State Water Project, whose objective was to address the fact that one half of the state's people lived in a region containing one percent of the state's natural supply of water. Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government.", "Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government. These federally controlled areas were under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Reclamation, which was considering the implementation of a \"160-acre principle\", a policy contained within the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, limiting delivery of federally subsidized water to parcels equal to the size of a homestead, which was 160 acres. This brought strong opposition from the agricultural industry, and as such would require significant splintering of existent land holdings. To relieve this threat to the agricultural economy, Brown and other state leaders began the State Water Project, whose master plan included a vast system of reservoirs, aqueducts, and pipelines powered by pump stations and electrical generating plants to transport the water statewide. This included the capture of the Sacramento River runoff, redirecting the seabound water through the San Joaquin Valley, not only irrigating the arid desert regions, but also providing Southern California, particularly Los Angeles County, with the water required to sustain expansions in population and industry. The entire project was projected to take sixty years, costing $13 billion, nearly $104 billion in 2015 dollars. Opposition to the State Water Project was immediate, especially with Sacramento River Delta users worrying about saltwater intrusion which had already been a concern without factoring in redirection of outward freshwater flow. Residents of the Bay Area and elsewhere in Northern California were concerned about the increase in water draw the South might demand as populations expanded. While Southern support for the project was clear, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California worried that the project did not ensure permanent rights to Northern water. This lead the legislature to amend the plan, prohibiting the state's southern water rights from being rescinded, clearing any remaining reservations from the state's southern water authorities. Governor Brown was a staunch supporter of the plan, energetically opposing critics and seeking solutions. He lobbied Congress to exempt California from the 160 acre rule, lauding the benefit of employment and progress to the state's northern and southern residents, calling for an end to the north-south rivalry. Brown also reduced his introductory bond issuance from $11 billion to $1.75 billion, beginning a television campaign to appeal to residents. Governor Brown insisted on the Burns-Porter Act which sent the bond issue to a referendum; the 1960 vote saw Butte County as the sole Northern California county not voting against the measure. However, the growth in Southern California's population lead to the plan's adoption. The first year of Brown's administration saw the abolition of the cross-filing system which had enabled candidates to file with multiple political parties at once while running for office. The 1964 Supreme Court decision of \"Reynolds v. Sims\" declared unconstitutional California's \"federal plan,\" which had allocated the apportionment of state senators through county lines, as opposed to population-based districts. Now, while San Francisco County had one state senator, Los Angeles County received thirteen; this massive shift in the legislature's composition led Brown, along with Assembly Speaker Jesse M. Unruh, to change the way California government operated. In 1962, the Constitutional Revision Commission, which operated until 1974, was established, proposing changes to the state's 1879 constitution, decreasing length and complexity by nearly fifty percent through ballot propositions recommended by the commission, of which seventy-five percent were approved by voters. Such reforms as the removal of the 120-day limit on legislative sessions, increasing legislator's salaries, and reduced the percentange of signatures required to place propositions on the ballot. Governor Brown insisted on Unruh's reforms which abolished various government agencies, and consolidated others. As part of the state's response to the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union, Brown signed the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960. This new system defined the roles of the University of California, the California State University, and California Community College systems, each with different goals, objectives, offerings, and student composition. It provided a model for other states to develop their own similar systems. Governor Brown sought free higher education for California students, which the Master Plan provided. His successor, Ronald Reagan, would change this policy, insisting on student tuition. Brown's first term as governor was very successful, but failings on important matters to him were costly. Agriculture and special interests defeated his best efforts to pass a $1.25 per hour minimum wage, and Brown's opposition to capital punishment was overruled by the practice's being supported statewide. Brown was a supporter of Senator John F. Kennedy in the 1960 Presidential election, but Brown's California delegation to the Democratic National Convention did not abide by his support for Kennedy, which nearly cost Kennedy his nomination. Brown's opponent in 1962 was former Vice President Richard Nixon. Having narrowly lost the Presidency to John F. Kennedy in 1960, Nixon was not interested in the governorship of his native California so much for being a path to the White House. Unfamiliar with California politics and matters, Nixon resorted to accusing Brown of 'softness' against communism, which was not a successful platform. In the November 1962 election, Brown was reelected governor, with a four-point margin of victory, while Nixon famously held his \"last press conference\", although he would eventually go on to become President in 1969.", "In the November 1962 election, Brown was reelected governor, with a four-point margin of victory, while Nixon famously held his \"last press conference\", although he would eventually go on to become President in 1969. The legislature passed the Rumford Fair Housing Act, which provided that landlords could not deny people housing because of ethnicity, religion, sex, marital status, physical handicap, or familial status. This new law brought a slew of lawsuits against the state government, and led to California Proposition 14 (1964), which overturned the Rumford Act with nearly two-thirds in favor. The U.S. Supreme Court decision of \"Reitman v. Mulkey\" (387 U.S. 369) upheld the California Supreme Court's ruling that the proposition overturning the Rumford Act was unconstitutional. Brown's terms in office were marked by a dramatic increase in water-resources development. The California Aqueduct, built as part of the program, was named for him. He also presided over the enactment of the California Master Plan for Higher Education, fair employment legislation, a state economic development commission, and a consumers' council. He sponsored some 40 major proposals, gaining passage of 35. On August 11, 1965, the Watts riots erupted in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, lasting for a week. On the evening of the same day, Marquette Frye was pulled over on suspicion of driving while under the influence; a field sobriety test was administered, he was arrested, and the police officer called for the impounding of his vehicle. When his mother, Rena Price, was brought to the scene by his brother, a scuffle began, and soon crowds built, snowballing the incident into full-blown riots. By August 13, the third day of riots, Governor Brown ordered 2,300 National Guardsmen to Watts, which increased to 3,900 by the night's end. By the conflict's end, $40 million worth of damage was inflicted, and 1,000 buildings destroyed. This incident began massive protests and riots throughout the state which, along with developments of the Vietnam War, began Brown's decline in popularity. During both terms in office, Brown commuted 23 death sentences, signing the first commutation on his second day in office. One of his more notable commutations was the death sentence of Erwin \"Machine-Gun\" Walker, whose execution in the gas chamber for first-degree murder had been postponed because of an attempted suicide some hours before it was scheduled to take place. After Walker recovered, his execution was postponed while he was being restored to mental competency. After Walker was declared sane in 1961, Brown commuted Walker's death sentence to life without the possibility of parole. Walker was later paroled after the California Supreme Court held that Governor Brown could not legally deny a prisoner the right to parole in a death-sentence commutation. Another prisoner whose death sentence was commuted by Brown committed at least one murder after being paroled. While governor, Brown's attitude toward the death penalty was often ambivalent, if not arbitrary. An ardent supporter of gun control, he was more inclined to let convicts go to the gas chamber if they had killed with guns than with other weapons. He later admitted that he had denied clemency in one death penalty case principally because the legislator who represented the district in which the murder occurred held a swing vote on farmworker legislation supported by Brown, and had told Brown that his district \"would go up in smoke\" if the governor commuted the man's sentence. In contrast, Governor Brown approved 36 executions, including the highly controversial cases of Caryl Chessman in 1960 and Elizabeth Duncan; she was the last female put to death before a national moratorium was instituted. Though he had supported the death penalty while serving as district attorney, as attorney general, and when first elected governor, he later became an opponent of it. During the Chessman case, Brown proposed that the death penalty be abolished, but the proposal failed. His Republican successor, Ronald Reagan, was a firm death penalty supporter and oversaw the last execution in California in 1967, prior to the US Supreme Court ruling that it was unconstitutional in \"Furman v. Georgia\" (1972). Brown's decision to seek a third term as governor, violating an earlier promise not to do so, hurt his popularity. His sagging popularity was evidenced by a tough battle in the Democratic primary, normally not a concern for an incumbent. Los Angeles Mayor Sam Yorty received nearly forty percent of the primary vote while Brown only received fifty-two, a very low number for an incumbent in a primary election. The Republicans seized upon Brown's increasing unpopularity by nominating a well-known and charismatic political outsider, actor and union leader Ronald Reagan. With Richard Nixon and William Knowland working tirelessly behind the scenes and Reagan trumpeting his law-and-order campaign message, Reagan received almost two thirds of the primary vote over George Christopher, the moderate Republican former mayor of San Francisco; his push towards the general election held great momentum. At first, Brown ran a low-key campaign, stating that running the state was his biggest priority, but later began campaigning on the record of his eight years as governor. As Reagan's lead in the polls increased, Brown began to panic and made a gaffe when he told a group of school children that an actor, John Wilkes Booth, had killed Abraham Lincoln, alluding to Reagan's being an actor.", "As Reagan's lead in the polls increased, Brown began to panic and made a gaffe when he told a group of school children that an actor, John Wilkes Booth, had killed Abraham Lincoln, alluding to Reagan's being an actor. The comparison of Reagan to Booth did not go over well, furthering the decline of Brown's campaign. On election day, Reagan was ahead in the polls and favored to win a relatively close election. Brown lost the 1966 election to Ronald Reagan in his second consecutive race against a future Republican President. Reagan won in a landslide; his nearly 1 million vote plurality surprised even his staunchest supporters. Reagan's victory was a dramatic upheaval for an incumbent, whose majority of fifty-eight percent nearly matched that of Brown's own victory in 1958, and Reagan garnered some 990,000 new votes from the larger electorate. Although he left office defeated, Brown's time in office is one which has fared well. Brown was a relatively popular Democrat in what was, at the time, a Republican-leaning state. After his reelection victory over Richard Nixon in 1962, he was strongly considered for Lyndon Johnson's running mate in 1964, a position that eventually went to Hubert Humphrey. However, Brown's popularity began to sag amidst the civil disorders of the Watts Riots and the early anti–Vietnam War demonstrations at U.C. Berkeley. His monumental infrastructure projects, building aqueducts, canals, and pump stations, established new fertile lands in the Central Valley; the Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct was named after him. The state saw four new Universities of California, and seven new California State Universities built, making the Master Plan's education system the largest in the world. While no person elected Governor of California has been denied a second term since Earl Warren defeated Culbert Olson in 1942, Brown's losing bid for a third term to Ronald Reagan was the last time, as of 2014, an incumbent governor lost in the general election (Gray Davis' loss in the 2003 recall was a non-quadrennial election). Today, Governor Brown is widely credited with the creation of modern California. Brown's wife, Bernice Layne, was a fellow student at Lowell High School, but it was not until the completion of his law degree, and her teaching credential, that they began a courtship. Following his loss in the Assembly election, he and Bernice eloped 1929. They would have four children, who were all born in San Francisco: In 1958, as governor-elect, Brown appeared as a guest challenger on the TV panel show \"What's My Line?\" Brown died at age 90 in Beverly Hills and is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma. His funeral was the most recent gubernatorial funeral to be held in the state of California to date, not counting the national state funeral of President Ronald Reagan. Unlike his son Jerry, Pat himself never seriously ran for President of the United States, but was frequently California's \"favorite son.\" During the 1952 Democratic primaries, Brown placed distant second to Estes Kefauver in total votes (65.04% to 9.97%), losing California to Kefauver. During Governor Brown's first term, the national census confirmed that California would become the nation's most populous state. This, along with Brown's political popularity, would contribute to two national Presidential victories, when he pledged his votes to the national candidates, John F. Kennedy in 1960, and Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, at the Democratic conventions. As governor, Brown was again California's favorite son in 1960, winning his home state with a large margin to his only opponent, George H. McLain. Running only in the California primary, the state's sheer population size placed him second, behind the eventual nominee, John F. Kennedy, thus repeating his 1952 state and national rankings. However, only one delegate cast his vote for Brown at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. During the 1964 primaries, by running again only in California, the nation's largest state electorate vote, Brown placed first this time in both the California and the Democratic national primary total, besting the eventual nominee. However, along with over a dozen other candidates, aside from George Wallace, Brown was a stalking horse for incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson, whose nomination was assured. Brown also briefly sought nomination for Vice Presidential candidate for Adlai Stevenson II at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, winning one vote." ]

[ "Wayland &amp; Fennell Wayland & Fennell was an architectural firm in Idaho. Many of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Charles W. Wayland (1874-1953) worked as a drafter in the office of Boise architect William S. Campbell for two years, 1900-1902, then became a partner when the firm was reorganized as Campbell & Wayland. The partnership was dissolved in 1904 when Wayland partnered with Fennell. James A. Fennell (1874-1941) worked as a drafter in the office of San Francisco architect Alexander F. Oakey, then in the office of Butte, Montana, architect J.W. White. Fennell later formed Fennell & Cove in partnership with George B. Cove, headquartered in Butte. In 1904 Fennell relocated to Boise and formed the partnership Wayland and Fennell. Works (attribution) include:" ]

[ "Lake Michigan–Huron Lake Michigan–Huron (also Huron–Michigan) is the combined waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, which are joined through the wide, 20-fathom (120 ft; 37 m) deep, open-water Straits of Mackinac. Huron and Michigan are hydrologically a single lake because the flow of water through the straits keeps their water levels in near-equilibrium. (Although the flow is generally eastward, the water moves in either direction depending on local conditions.) Combined, Lake Michigan–Huron is the largest fresh water lake by area in the world. However, if Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are considered two separate lakes, Lake Superior is larger than either. During the last ice age, the sizes and connectivity of the two basins varied dramatically over time. Sequential advances and retreats of the Laurentian ice sheet repeatedly opened and dammed various possible outlets from the area, as well as providing dramatically varying amounts of meltwater to the system. Numerous proglacial lakes formed in various places and configurations as the ice sheet advanced and retreated. At various times, what is now Michigan–Huron was clearly separated into two or more lakes, and at other times was part of a single, deeper lake. Around 9,000 years BC, as the ice sheet retreated, the modern Lakes Huron, Michigan, and much of Superior, were a single lake known to geologists as Lake Algonquin. Ice sheets dammed Lake Algonquin to the northeast. Before that, Lake Chicago occupied the southern tip of the Lake Michigan basin, at the southern end of the ice sheet. Lake Algonquin and Lake Chicago both drained south into the Mississippi River watershed. Around 9,500 years ago, new pathways draining the system to the east were opened by the retreat of the ice, and proglacial Lake Stanley (precursor of Lake Huron) was separated from proglacial Lake Chippewa (precursor of Lake Michigan), with Lake Chippewa at a slightly higher level. They were connected by the now-submerged Mackinac Channel, which discharged into Lake Stanley over Mackinac Falls. Ongoing warping of the land by post-glacial rebound due to the retreat of the glacial ice continued to modify the drainage structure of the region, allowing the reunification of all three basins (Superior, Michigan, and Huron) as the Nipissing Great Lakes. This arrangement was probably stable for more than 1,000 years, ending only when lake outlets other than the St. Clair River were cut off around 4,000 years ago. The current configuration of the lakes reflects the latest step in a long history of their post-glacial evolution. The connection between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac is wide and deep. This depth compares with the maximum depths of in Lake Huron and in Lake Michigan. Although the Straits create a pronounced bottleneck in the contours of the shoreline and a major constriction in the local bathymetry, defining two distinct basins, they are still deep and wide enough to allow the free exchange of water between the two sides. Because of the link through the Straits, Lakes Michigan and Huron have the same mean water level (in June 2015 it was ). The largest inflow to the system is the St. Mary's River from Lake Superior, and the main outflow is the St. Clair River to Lake Erie; both lie in the Lake Huron basin. The combined effects of seiches (resonant standing waves) and of differing weather conditions (atmospheric pressure, wind) over each basin act to drive water either way through the Straits on a variety of characteristic timescales, at amounts sometimes exceeding for several hours in either direction. However, the long-term average flow through the Straits is eastwards at . Flows into the system from Lake Superior are controlled by the bi-national Lake Superior Board of Control through the operation of locks and canals. Because of the relatively small depth and width of the Straits of Mackinac compared to the water bodies it connects, the distinct basins that these occupy, and historical naming convention, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are normally considered distinct. For instance, these two lakes are typically recorded as separate entries in lists of the largest lakes in the world by area and volume. In the context of hydrology, however, the two are considered one body of water. Because of the hydrologic connectivity through the Straits, some sources have considered the total area and volume of Lake Michigan–Huron when placing this system in a global or regional context. When Lake Michigan–Huron is treated as a single entity, it is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world. Notes Further reading" ]

[ "How to Build a Girl How to Build a Girl is an upcoming American-British comedy film, directed by Coky Giedroyc, from a screenplay by Caitlin Moran and John Niven. It is based upon the novel of the same name by Moran. It stars Beanie Feldstein, Alfie Allen, Paddy Considine, Sarah Solemani, Laurie Kynaston, Joanna Scanlan, Arinze Kene, Frank Dillane, Jameela Jamil, Tadhg Murphy, Ziggy Heath, Emma Thompson and Chris O'Dowd. In November 2014, it was announced Alison Owen and Debra Hayward had acquired rights to the novel of the same by Caitlin Moran, who will also write the script for the film. Owens and Hayward will produce the film under their Monunmental Pictures banner, while Film4 Productions will produce the film. In May 2018, Beanie Feldstein joined the cast of the film, with Tango Entertainment producing and financing the film. In June 2018, Alfie Allen joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Paddy Considine, Sarah Solemani, Laurie Kynaston, Joanna Scanlan, Arinze Kene, Frank Dillane, Tadhg Murphy and Ziggy Heath joined the cast of the film. Daniel Battsek, Ollie Madden, Sue Bruce-Smith, Tim Headington, Lisa Buman, Zygi Kamasa, Emma Berkofsky and Caitlin Moran will executive produce the film under their Film4 Productions and Tango Entertainment banners, respectively. Lionsgate will distribute in the United Kingdom. In August 2018, Jameela Jamil joined the cast of the film. In October 2018, Emma Thompson and Chris O'Dowd joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began on July 16, 2018." ]

[ "Bank Islam Malaysia Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (Jawi: بڠك اسلام مليسيا برحد) is an Islamic bank based in Malaysia that has been in operation since July 1983. Bank Islam was established primarily to assist the financial needs of the country's Muslim population, and extended its services to the broader population. The bank currently provides Shariah-compliant card services and mobile banking, in addition to traditional banking. Bank Islam was set up with an initial authorised capital of RM 500 million and paid in capital of RM 79.9 million; the bank has gradually increased its authorised and paid-in capital to RM 2 billion and RM 563 million respectively. A July 2003 story published in the \"Slobodna Bosna\" magazine of Bosnia suggests that Bank Islam Malaysia is holding or has held deposits worth about EUR 300 million for the benefit of the Third World Relief Agency (TWRA). The story further suggests that these funds have been now made available to Bomsal, a Malaysian – Bosnian joint venture, for the construction of a toll highway. Bosmal itself has confirmed that it had received a financial facility from Bank Islam, for the highway as well as other development projects in Sarajevo. In November 2005, the bank reported a significant loss, amounting to RM480 million (US$127,000,000). The loss was largely the result of non-performing loans from its Labuan offshore unit. Bank Islam conducted an internal investigation into the loss. Noorazman A Aziz, the bank's managing director and CEO since April 2005, left Bank Islam Berhad in June 2006, to be the group Managing Director of BIMB Holdings, parent group of Bank Islam. In June 2006, Dubai Islamic Investment Group, a subsidiary of the Dubai Group the global financial investor of Dubai Holding, declared that they have taken a 40 per cent stake in Bank Islam." ]

[ "Jagúar (band) Jagúar (pronounced ) is a funk band formed in 1998 in Reykjavík, Iceland. They went international in 2000, when they performed at the \"1000 years since the Vikings found America\" celebration in New York City. The band gained critical acclaim for their second album, \"Get the Funk Out\", which won the Icelandic Music Awards' 2001 \"Album of the Year\". The band and its many current and former members continue to be active in the Icelandic jazz scene. The original lineup consisted of Daði Birgisson (keyboards), Ingi S. Skúlason (bass), Jón Indriðason (drums), Börkur H. Birgisson (guitar), Hrafn Ásgeirsson (tenor sax) and Birkir Mattíasson (trumpet), who were interested in playing funk, soul and jazz. In the early days, Jagúar performed in Reykjavík, often playing covers of funk artists such as James Brown, Kool and the Gang, Herbie Hancock and others. The band was soon joined by Samúel Jón Samúelsson on trombone, along with drummer Sigfús Óttarsson (replacing Jón Indriðason). At this time, the band started working on their first album, titled \"Jagúar\". Jagúar released their debut album, \"Jagúar\", consisting of original instrumental material, in November 1999. In January 2000, Birkir and Hrafn left the band. Soon afterward, Kjartan Hákonarsson joined the band on trumpet, and the band toured Iceland in the Summer of 2000. That same Autumn, Jagúar was a part of the \"1000 years since the Vikings found America\" celebration in New York City, where the band played an open-air concert at Pier 17. The band's second album, \"Get The Funk Out\", was released in June 2001, along with the film \"Jagúar, the Movie\", a B-movie spin off. Eyjólfur Þorleifsson then joined the band on tenor saxophone, and Jagúar toured Iceland again in the Summer of 2001, when they met Norwegian band \"The Real Ones\". In September 2001, Jagúar went to Sweden to open for the Swedish metal band Sator. In February 2002, \"Get the Funk Out\" received the \"Icelandic Music Award\" for 2001 Album of the Year. Drummer Sigfús left the band in February 2002, was briefly replaced by Erik Qvik, and then returned in July. That March, the band went to Norway and toured alongside The Real Ones. Trombone player Samúel started adding more vocals to Jagúar's music, and the band toured Belgium and the Netherlands. In early 2003, Óskar Guðjónsson replaced Eyjólfur on saxophone, and Jagúar played their UK debut at The Jazz Café in London. In April, the band played a late night show after their longtime hero Maceo Parker in Brussels, Belgium. Then Óskar was replaced by Australian saxophonist Daniel Rorke. That May, the band went on a three-week tour through Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and UK. In September, the band returned to The Jazz Café to promote their first UK release, \"That's Your Problem Baby\" on Freestyle Records. In October 2003, the band participated in a Tribute to Motown Show at Broadway theater, performing many of their favorite Motown songs, such as Marvin Gaye's \"What's Going On\" and The Temptations' \"Papa Was a Rolling Stone\". Jagúar appeared as a 14-piece big band at the Reykjavík Art Festival in May 2004, performing the music of Icelandic jazz composer Tómas R. Einarsson. The concert was released on a live album titled \"Dance You Idiot!\" In July 2004, the band started working on their third album and performed at the Summer Stage festival in New York. Daniel Rorke was then replaced by Óskar again on saxophone. Jamiroquai producer Al Stone and Mr. Dynamite came to Iceland in August to work with the band on their third album. Jagúar then opened for James Brown in Reykjavík in August. The third album, \"Hello Somebody\", was released in November 2004. Jagúar then performed with Harry Belafonte on Icelandic National Television in December. At the Icelandic Music Awards in February 2005, Jagúar received four awards including \"Best performer\" and \"Jazz Album of the year\". Sigfús left again in May and was replaced temporarily by Hjörleifur Jónsson for a tour to Sweden and UK to promote the UK release of the \"One Of Us\" single. In June, Daði and Börkur also left the band, and in August, Ómar Guðjónsson joined Jagúar on guitar and Jóhann Hjörleifsson joined on drums. Meanwhile, with the addition of Samúelsson's vocals, \"Hello Somebody\" was critically received as \"easily Jagúar’s most accessible effort to date.\" In August 2006, Jóhann was replaced by Einar Scheving on drums, and Jagúar started working on new material for their next album and preparing their live show for festivals and clubs. In February 2007, Jagúar travelled to Denmark to make their fourth album, \"Shake It Good\". Recordings were made at Lundgård Studios in Denmark. Recordings and mix were completed at Hljóðriti, Iceland March–June, and the album was released in August 2007. To date, Jagúar has received several awards, including five Icelandic Music Awards.", "To date, Jagúar has received several awards, including five Icelandic Music Awards. In 2002, \"Get the Funk Out\" won \"Album of the Year\", and in 2005, Jagúar received four more Icelandic Music Awards, including \"Best Performer\" and \"Jazz Album of the Year\". Additionally, in March 2003, \"Hello Somebody\" was selected as \"Album of the Month\" by Icelandic journal \"The Grapevine\". While many members have come and gone, some staying only a few months, the only remaining founder of the band is bassist Ingi S. Skúlason. While not a founding member, trombonist and vocalist Samúel Jón Samúelsson joined the band before the release of their debut, \"Jagúar\". The two are currently joined by Kjartan Hákonarson (trumpet), who joined soon after the \"Jagúar\" release, and by Óskar Guðjónsson (saxophone), Ómar Guðjónsson (guitar) and Einar Scheving (drums). Drummer Jón Indriðason was the first to separate from the band in 1999 and was replaced by Sigfús Óttarsson, who played off and on until 2005. Soon after the release of \"Jagúar\" in 2000, fellow founders Hrafn Ásgeirsson (tenor sax) and Birkir Mattíasson (trumpet) were next to leave the band. Remaining founders Daði Birgisson (keyboards) and Börkur H. Birgisson (guitar) remained until 2005." ]

[ "Florida Atlantic Owls The Florida Atlantic Owls are the athletics teams of Florida Atlantic University. The Owls participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I as members of Conference USA. Florida Atlantic has attracted high-profile coaches for various sports, including Howard Schnellenberger for football and Mike Jarvis for basketball. Former coaches include Matt Doherty, Rex Walters, and Sidney Green. As of March 2018, the Owls are led by athletic director Brian White. The logo and mascot of Florida Atlantic University's athletic teams is the burrowing owl. Owlsley is the name of the mascot for Florida Atlantic University. The presence of this bird has been popular on the land of the university, even preceding the construction of FAU. At the dedication ceremony in 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson even made notice and reference to the popular presence of the bird. In 1971, the National Audubon Society designated FAU's land an official owl sanctuary, honoring the tradition of the bird's presence and moving to protect the birds from attempts to expand construction of the university. Owls are still dominant in their presence on the Boca Raton campus to this day. With the addition of intercollegiate athletics in the mid-1980s, the university used the bird as its mascot - an animal that denotes wisdom, determination and cognizance. Florida Atlantic University fielded its first football team in 2001, coached by former Miami and Louisville coach Howard Schnellenberger. Their first game was a 40–7 loss against Slippery Rock University on September 1, 2001. After just four seasons of existence, the Owls jumped from Division I-AA (now FCS) competition to Division I-A (now FBS), joining the Sun Belt Conference. Through the 2008 season, after eight years of competing in football, the Owls are 47–47 overall. In 2007 they competed in their first bowl game, the New Orleans Bowl, where they defeated the Memphis Tigers 44–27. In 2008, the Owls competed in their second straight bowl game, the Motor City Bowl, where they defeated the Central Michigan Chippewas by a score of 24–21. In 2010, quarterback Rusty Smith became the first FAU player to be drafted. The Owls opened their new on-campus FAU Stadium on October 15, 2011, against Western Kentucky. The Owls' natural rival are the Florida International Golden Panthers, who are located just 50 miles from Florida Atlantic and also compete in Conference USA. The rivals meet annually in a conference match up named the Shula Bowl, after Miami Dolphins coach Don Shula. The first Shula Bowl was played in 2002 at the Miami Dolphins' Pro Player Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium), and since alternated between FAU at Sun Life Stadium and FIU Stadium annually; the first game in the series at the Owls' new stadium was in 2012. FAU leads the all-time series ten games to four. On December 5, 2011, the football program hired its second coach in its history; former University of Nebraska Defensive Coordinator, Carl Pelini. On December 16, 2013, the program hired its third coach in its history; Charlie Partridge. On December 12, 2016, the program hired the fourth coach in program history; Lane Kiffin. Kiffin was formerly the head coach for the Oakland Raiders of the NFL, the University of Tennessee Volunteers, and the University of Southern California as well as the former Offensive Coordinator for the University of Alabama under Nick Saban. Florida Atlantic Baseball fielded its first squad in 1981. Since inception FAU has had only three coaches. Kevin Cooney, most successful coach in school history, was the Florida Atlantic head baseball coach from 1988 through 2008. By many accounts, Cooney built a mid-major dynasty in the baseball world. University of Cincinnati head coach Brian Cleary called FAU \"one of the country's best baseball programs,\" and added, \"it's been an incredibly successful program over the last several years.\" Coach Cooney won his 800th career game on March 15, 2006, when FAU played Columbia. At FAU, Cooney won more than 700 games. The Owls baseball team plays its home games at FAU Baseball Stadium. Currently the Owls are coached by long-time assistant for Cooney, John McCormack. McCormack was an assistant under Cooney at FAU for 18 seasons. 30 years of Florida Atlantic baseball: FAU basketball began play in 1988 and in its 19+ seasons has experienced limited success, marred with frequent coaching changes. Along with the other FAU athletics teams, basketball entered the Sun Belt Conference in the 2006–2007 season, and has shown signs of maturing into a national competitor. The Owls competed on the Division II level from 1988 to 1993 before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference when moving to Division I in the 1993–1994 season. The Owls were coached by Rex Walters in 2006–2008, a former standout at Kansas. Walters played a major role in the Jayhawks' run to the Final Four in 1993. Coach Walters became the 6th head coach of FAU basketball, after Matt Doherty left the university a year into his tenure to coach at SMU. The Owls are currently coached by Dusty May, in his first head coaching opportunity. The Owls play at FAU Arena, commonly referred to as The Burrow. In 2007, their first year as a member in the Sun Belt Conference, the FAU women's softball team became Sun Belt Conference champions winning both the Sun Belt regular-season and the Sun Belt tournament title.", "In 2007, their first year as a member in the Sun Belt Conference, the FAU women's softball team became Sun Belt Conference champions winning both the Sun Belt regular-season and the Sun Belt tournament title. Florida Atlantic University is only the second Sun Belt champion in league history, knocking off defending champions Louisiana-Lafayette, which had won the first seven Sun Belt titles. Additionally, the Lady Owls were only one of two teams to win their final post season game. Coach Joan Joyce was named the Sun Belt's Coach of the Year after guiding the Owls to the top of the conference. Prior to joining the Sun Belt Conference, FAU softball had won nine Atlantic Sun Conference titles in the previous 10 years. The rivalry between FAU and Florida International University was born in 2002, when FIU's newly formed football program signed on to an annual matchup with FAU, alternating between home fields. The game was come to be called the Shula Bowl. All-time, FAU leads the football series. On the basketball court, FIU has been on the better part of the rivalry, leading the all-time series 8–11. In the 2006–07 season, FAU swept the season series (3 games). Troy University has been a long-time rival of FAU, as both schools participated in the Atlantic Sun Conference and now both moved to the Sun Belt Conference. Both schools' baseball teams constantly competed as top programs in the Atlantic Sun, and currently both maintain that elite status in Sun Belt baseball competition. Along with baseball, football and basketball also share in the rivalry. Both programs' football teams cracked the surface as Division I-A competitors around the same time. (FAU created a team in 2001 and joined D-IA in 2004; Troy moved from Division I-AA to D-IA in 2003.) Although FAU football has seen unprecedented success at such a rapid pace against Sun Belt competition, Troy had beaten FAU in all 3 of their football meetings, inciting the rivalry. However, in 2007, FAU defeated Troy in the final game of the season, winning the Sun Belt Conference, and earning a spot in the New Orleans Bowl, the fastest ascent to a bowl game in D-IA history. Owlsley the owl is the official mascot of Florida Atlantic. Fight song: The Florida Atlantic University fight song was created in 2004, in response to the university's growing football program. FAU fielded its first marching band in the 2002 football season, collectively called the Florida Atlantic Marching Owls. FAU Owls home and road games for football and basketball can be heard locally (the \"tri-county area\" of South Florida - Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade counties) on ESPN 106.3 FM on the radio and on the station's webstream. The voice of Owls football is part-time ESPN's Ken LaVicka who shares commentary duties for Owls basketball with Palm Beach radio sportscaster Evan Cohen. All football and basketball games can be heard live on FAU's website, as well. Occasional football and basketball games are broadcast by ESPN Plus, the pay-per-view service from ESPN. These games are available through the \"ESPN GamePlan\" and \"ESPN Full Court\" premium packages. There is also one football game and one basketball game aired on ESPNU per season. The 2006 seasons saw FAU football play Clemson and FAU basketball play North Carolina on ESPNU. The Florida Atlantic University Athletic Hall of Fame inducted its inaugural class of members in 2006. Notable Hall of Famers" ]

[ "RPM (magazine) RPM ( and later ) was a Canadian music industry publication that featured song and album charts for Canada. The publication was founded by Walt Grealis in February 1964, supported through its existence by record label owner Stan Klees. \"RPM\" ceased publication in November 2000. \"RPM\" stood for \"Records, Promotion, Music\". The magazine was reported to have variations in its title over the years such as \"RPM Weekly\" and \"RPM Magazine\". \"RPM\" maintained several format charts, including Top Singles (all genres), Adult Contemporary, Dance, Urban, Rock/Alternative and Country Tracks (a.k.a. Top Country Tracks) for country music. On 21 March 1966, \"RPM\" expanded its Top Singles chart from 40 positions to 100. For the first several weeks of its existence, the magazine did not compile a national chart, but simply printed the current airplay lists of several major market Top 40 stations. A national chart was introduced beginning with the June 22, 1964 issue, with its first-ever national #1 single being \"Chapel of Love\" by The Dixie Cups. Prior to the introduction of \"RPM's\" national chart, the CHUM Chart from Toronto radio station CHUM was considered the \"de facto\" national chart. The final #1 single in the magazine was \"Music\" by Madonna. The modern Juno Awards had their origins in an annual survey conducted by \"RPM\" since its founding year. Readers of the magazine were invited to mail in survey ballots to indicate their choices under various categories of people or companies. The RPM Awards poll was transformed into a formal awards ceremony, The Gold Leaf Awards in 1970. These became the Juno Awards in following years. The RPM Awards for 1964 were announced in the 28 December 1964 issue: A column on page 6 of that issue noted that the actual vote winner for Top Canadian Content record company was disqualified due to a conflict of interest involving an employee of that company who was also working for \"RPM\". Therefore, runner-up Capitol Records was declared the category's winner. The Annual RPM Awards for 1965 were announced in the 17 January 1966 issue, with more country music categories than the previous year: The winners were:" ]

[ "Jeff Bussgang Jeff Bussgang is an American entrepreneur, author and general partner at Flybridge Capital Partners, a venture capital investment firm. The son of Julian J. Bussgang, founder of The Bussgang Theorem, Bussgang grew up in the Greater Boston area and graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Computer Science, and an MBA from the Harvard Business School. Bussgang was a management consultant at The Boston Consulting Group. He joined Open Market, an internet commerce software company that completed an IPO in 1996, and rose to become the VP of marketing and business development. Later, Bussgang co-founded Upromise, a loyalty marketing, and financial services firm, serving as its president and COO. The company was acquired by Sallie Mae in 2006 for $300 million. In 2003, Bussgang joined Flybridge Capital Partners, an early-stage venture capital firm. He also serves as a Senior Lecturer at Harvard Business School. In 2010, Bussgang authored the book, Mastering the VC Game. In 2017, authored the book, \"Entering StartUpLand: An Essential Guide to Finding the Right Job.\" Bussgang serves as co-chairman of the board for the educational non-profit, Facing History and Ourselves. He founded The Graduate Syndicate, is a co-founder and co-chair of the immigration reform non-profit, the Global EIR Coalition(Global EIR Program), co-founder and the chair of The Alliance for Business Leadership and a member of the board of EdX. Bussgang was named one of the 21 most powerful people in Boston by Boston Magazine. Bussgang was also named to the Boston Business Journal Power 50 representing the 50 most powerful business people in the Boston area." ]

[ "Joseph ibn Verga Joseph ibn Verga (Hebrew: יוסף אבן וירגה) was a Turkish rabbi and historian who lived at Adrianople at the beginning of the 16th century. He was the son of Solomon ibn Verga, author of \"Shebeṭ Yehudah\" (Scepter of Judah) who emigrated from Spain to Turkey as a \"Marrano\". Joseph was a pupil of Joseph Fasi, a contemporary of Tam ibn Yaḥya and of the physician Moses Hamon, and belonged to the college of rabbis of Adrianople. He completed his father's work by adding a record of some of the events of his own time and of the age immediately preceding. He knew Latin, and incorporated in the \"Shebeṭ Yehudah\" some narratives which he translated from what he calls the \"Christian language\". He also added a supplication (\"\"teḥinnah\"\") written by himself. Joseph was the author of \"She'erit Yosef\", a methodology of the Talmud, giving the rules that are wanting in the \"Halikhot 'Olam\" of Yeshu'ah ha-Levi and in the \"Sefer Keritut\" of Samson of Chinon. However, Wolf (\"Bibl. Hebr.\" i., No. 880) attributes this book to another Joseph ibn Verga, who lived at Avlona." ]

[ "University of Arizona Museum of Art The University of Arizona Museum of Art (UAMA) is an art museum in Tucson, Arizona, operated by the University of Arizona. The museum's permanent collection includes more than 6,000 works of art, including paintings, sculptures, prints and drawings with an emphasis on European and American fine art from the Renaissance to the present. The museum is located on the UA's campus near Park Avenue and Speedway Boulevard. Admission is free to UA students, faculty, and staff with student ID. It is part of \"the Museum Neighborhood,\" a cluster of four museums within walking distance of each other; the other three museums are the Center for Creative Photography, Arizona State Museum, and Arizona Historical Society (a non-UA institution located just off campus). A university gallery at the University of Arizona existed in the 1930s. In the 1930s, the Works Projects Administration, one of the New Deal agencies, donated 200 lithographs and prints created by artists that it supported. These works formed the core of the museum's initial collection of works. In 1944, University of Arizona alumnus Charles Leonard Pfeiffer donated many American paintings. This was followed by the addition of the Samuel H. Kress Collection, a donation from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, which originally comprised 50 European paintings, in the early 1950s. Museum director Peter Bermingham led the museum for over 20 years, from 1978 to 1998. During his tenure, the museum more than doubled its holdings. Peter Briggs, who had begun his work in the museum as curator of collections in 1990 under Bermingham, was promoted to chief curator, but his contract was not renewed in 2004. On the day after Thanksgiving 1985, shortly after the museum opened, a woman distracted a guard on the museum's staircase while a man working with her cut Willem de Kooning's \"Woman-Ochre\" out of its frame and hid it under his coat while the two left. Guards realized immediately afterward that the painting had been stolen. It was found in 2017 by some Silver City, New Mexico, antique dealers, in the house of a woman who had died, and returned to the museum shortly afterwards. The museum is currently raising funds for its restoration. Among the museum's several different collections are: The expansion of the museum's permanent collection of the museum is funded by the Edward J. Gallagher, Jr. Memorial Bequest, an endowment which has funded museum acquisitions since 1980. The endowment has led to the acquisition of over a thousand pieces, including works by Honoré Daumier, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, José Posada, Käthe Kollwitz, Frank Stella, Richard Diebenkorn, Helen Frankenthaler, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Elizabeth Catlett, and Robert Colescott. The research arm of the museum is the Archive of Visual Arts (AVA). The archive received its first major contribution with Robert McCall's gift of over 200 paintings and drawings to the museum. The gift was announced in 2007 by McCall, who estimated the value of the works to be between $2.5 million and $3 million. Among the donated McCall pieces of space art are \"Mars Outpost\" and \"Mars Metropolis\"." ]

[ "Rocket artillery Rocket artillery is a type of artillery equipped with rocket launchers instead of the more conventional guns, howitzers, or mortars. Types of rocket artillery pieces include multiple rocket launchers. The use of rockets as some form of artillery dates back to medieval China where devices such as fire arrows were used (albeit mostly as a psychological weapon). Fire arrows were also used in multiple launch systems and transported via carts. Devices such as the Korean hwacha were able to fire hundreds of fire arrows simultaneously. The use of medieval rocket artillery was picked up by the invading Mongols and spread to the Ottoman Turks who in turn used them on the European battlefield. The use of war-rockets is well documented in Medieval Europe. In 1408 Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy used 300 incendiary rockets in the siege of Liège. The city dwellers coped with this tactic by covering their roofs with dirt. The earliest successful utilization of metal-cylinder rocket artillery is associated with Tipu Sultan of Mysore. Tipu Sultan's father Hyder Ali successfully established the powerful Sultanate of Mysore and introduced the first iron-cased metal-cylinder rocket. The Mysorean rockets of this period were innovative, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes that tightly packed the gunpowder propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). Tipu Sultan used them against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars especially during the Battle of Pollilur. Although the rockets were quite primitive, they had a demoralizing effect on the enemy due to the noise and bursting light. According to Stephen Oliver Fought and John F. Guilmartin, Jr. in \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" (2008): The Indian rocket experiences, including Munro's book of 1789, eventually led to the Royal Arsenal beginning a military rocket R&D program in 1801. Several rocket cases were collected from Mysore and sent to Britain for analysis. The development was chiefly the work of Col. (later Sir) William Congreve, son of the Comptroller of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, who set on a vigorous research and development programme at the Arsenal's laboratory; after development work was complete, the rockets were manufactured in quantity further north, near Waltham Abbey, Essex. He was told that \"the British at Seringapatam had suffered more from the rockets than from the shells or any other weapon used by the enemy\". \"In at least one instance\", an eye-witness told Congreve, \"a single rocket had killed three men and badly wounded others\". In the Battle of Pollilur (1780) and in the battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British. It has been suggested that Congreve may have adapted iron-cased gunpowder rockets for use by the British military from prototypes created by the Irish nationalist Robert Emmet during Emmet's Rebellion in 1803. But this seems far less likely given the fact that the British had been exposed to Indian rockets since 1780 at the latest, and that a vast quantity of unused rockets and their construction equipment fell into British hands at the end of the Anglo-Mysore Wars in 1799, at least 4 years before Emmet's rockets. Congreve introduced a standardised formula for the making of gunpowder at Woolwich and introduced mechanical grinding mills to produce powder of uniform size and consistency. Machines were also employed to ensure the packing of the powder was perfectly uniform. His rockets were more elongated had a much larger payload and were mounted on sticks; this allowed them to be launched from the sea at a greater range. He also introduced shot into the payload that added shrapnel damage to the incendiary capability of the rocket. By 1805 he was able to introduce a comprehensive weapons system to the British Army. The rocket had a \"cylindro-conoidal\" warhead and were launched in pairs from half troughs on simple metal A-frames. The original rocket design had the guide pole side-mounted on the warhead, this was improved in 1815 with a base plate with a threaded hole. They could be fired up to two miles, the range being set by the degree of elevation of the launching frame, although at any range they were fairly inaccurate and had a tendency for premature explosion. They were as much a psychological weapon as a physical one, and they were rarely or never used except alongside other types of artillery. Congreve designed several different warhead sizes from . The type with a guide pole was the most widely used variant. Different warheads were used, including explosive, shrapnel and incendiary. They were manufactured at a special facility near the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills beside the River Lea in Essex. These rockets were used during the Napoleonic Wars against the city of Boulogne, and during the naval bombardment of Copenhagen, where over 25,000 rockets were launched causing severe incendiary damage to the city. The rockets were also adapted for the purpose of flares for signalling and battlefield illumination. Henry Trengrouse utilized the rocket in his life-saving apparatus, in which the rocket was launched at a shipwreck with an attached line to help rescue the victims. The Congreve rockets are also famous for inspiring the lawyer Francis Scott Key to pen the words the \"rockets' red glare\" in what became the US National Anthem during the War of 1812. After the rockets were successfully used during Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, various countries were quick to adopt the weapon and establish special rocket brigades.", "After the rockets were successfully used during Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, various countries were quick to adopt the weapon and establish special rocket brigades. The British created the British Army Rocket Brigade in 1818, followed by the Austrian Army and the Russian Army. One persistent problem with the rockets was their lack of aerodynamic stability. The British engineer William Hale designed a rocket with a combination of tail fins and directed nozzles for the exhaust. This imparted a spin to the rocket during flight, which stabilized its trajectory and greatly improved its accuracy, although it did sacrifice somewhat of the maximum range. Hale rockets were enthusiastically adopted by the United States, and during the Mexican War in 1846 a volunteer brigade of rocketeers was pivotal in the surrender of Mexican forces at the Siege of Veracruz. By the late nineteenth century, due to improvements in the power and range of conventional artillery, the use of military rockets declined; they were finally used on a small scale by both sides during the American Civil War. Modern rocket artillery was first employed during World War II, in the form of the German Nebelwerfer family of rocket ordnance designs, and Soviet Katyusha-series. The Soviet Katyushas, nicknamed by German troops \"Stalin's Organ\" because of their visual resemblance to a church musical organ and alluding to the sound of the weapon's rockets, were mounted on trucks or light tanks, while the early German Nebelwerfer ordnance pieces were mounted on a small wheeled carriage which was light enough to be moved by several men and could easily be deployed nearly anywhere, while also being towed by most vehicles. The Germans also had self-propelled rocket artillery in the form of the Panzerwerfer and Wurfrahmen 40 which equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. An oddity in the subject of rocket artillery during this time was the German \"Sturmtiger\", a vehicle based on the Tiger I heavy tank chassis that was armed with a 380 mm rocket mortar. The Western Allies of World War II employed little rocket artillery. During later periods of the war, British and Canadian troops used the Land Mattress, a towed rocket launcher. The United States Army built and deployed a small number of turret-mounted T34 Calliope and T40 Whizbang rocket artillery tanks (converted from M4 Sherman medium tanks) in France and Italy. In 1945, the British Army also fitted some M4 Shermans with two 60 lb RP3 rockets, the same as used on ground attack aircraft and known as \"Tulip\". In the Pacific, however, the US Navy made heavy use of rocket artillery on their LSM(R) transports, adding to the already intense bombardment by the guns of heavy warships to soften up Japanese-held islands before the US Marines would land. On Iwo Jima, the Marines made use of rocket artillery trucks in a similar fashion as the Soviet Katyusha, but on a smaller scale. The Japanese Imperial Army deployed the naval Type 4 Rocket Launcher and army Type 4 Rocket Launcher against the United States Marines and Army troops at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and United States Army troops during the Battle of Luzon. Their deployment was limited relative to other mortar types and the projectiles on the 40 cm launcher were so large and heavy that they had to be loaded using small hand-operated cranes, but they were extremely accurate and had a pronounced psychological effect on opposing troops, who called them \"Screaming Mimis\", a nickname originally applied to the German Nebelwerfer tube-launched rocket mortar series in the European Theater of Operations. They were often used at night to conceal their launching sites and increase their disruptiveness and psychological effectiveness. The Japanese 20 cm rockets were launched from tubes or launching troughs, while the larger rockets were launched from steel ramps reinforced with wooden monopods. The Japanese also deployed a limited number of 447mm rocket launchers, termed 45 cm Rocket Mortars by United States personnel who test-fired them at the close of the war. Their projectiles consisted of a 1,500 lb cylinder filled with propellant and ballistite sticks detonated by black powder, which produced a blast crater approximately the size of an American 1,000 lb bomb. In effect, this made the 447mm projectile a type of surface-to-surface barrel bomb. While these latter weapons were captured at Luzon and proved effective in subsequent testing, it is not clear that they were ever used against American troops, in contrast to the more common 20 and 40 cm types, which clearly contributed to the 37,870 American casualties sustained at Luzon. Israel fitted some of their Sherman tanks with different rocket artillery. An unconventional Sherman conversion was the turretless Kilshon (\"Trident\") that launched an AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missile. The Soviet Union continued its development of the Katyusha during the Cold War, and also exported them widely. Modern rocket artillery such as the US M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System is highly mobile and are used in similar fashion to other self-propelled artillery. Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation terminal guidance systems have been introduced. During the Kargil war of 1999, Indian army pressed into service the Pinaka MBRL against Pakistani forces. The system was under development and still was able to successfully perform after which the Indian Army showed interest in inducting the system into service." ]

[ "Howard Lance Howard L. Lance (born December 15, 1955 in East Peoria, Illinois) is an Executive Advisor at The Blackstone Group. On April 14, 2016, Lance was named as President and Chief Executive Officer of MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates effective May 16, 2016. Lance holds an M.S. in Management from the Krannert Graduate School of Management at Purdue University and a B.S. in Industrial Engineering from Bradley University. Lance was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Harris Corporation as well as Chairman of the board on January 20, 2003. On November 1, 2011, Lance retired from Harris Corp. and was succeeded by William H. Brown. Before joining Harris, Lance was president of NCR Corporation and chief operating officer of its Retail and Financial Group. Previously, he spent 17 years with Emerson Electric Co., where he held a number of senior management positions including executive vice president of its Electronics and Telecommunications segment; chief executive officer and director of its Astec PLC electronics subsidiary in Hong Kong; group vice president of its Climate Technologies business segment; and president of its Copeland Refrigeration division. Earlier, Lance held sales and marketing assignments with the Scott-Fetzer Company and Caterpillar Inc. where he began his career in an engineering co-op program. He earned an M.S. degree in management from the Krannert Graduate School of Management at Purdue University and a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Bradley University." ]

[ "Odostomia pratoma Odostomia pratoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. The bluish-white shell has an elongate-ovate shape. Its length measures 2.9 mm. The whorls of the protoconch are deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above which only the tilted edge of the last volution projects. The five whorls of the teleoconch are well rounded, strongly contracted at the sutures, with a rounded sloping shoulder at the summit. The periphery is obsoletely angulated. The base well of the shell is rounded with an obscure umbilical chink. The entire surface of the base and the spire are marked by numerous, slightly retractive lines of growth and exceedingly fine, closely spaced, spiral striations. The aperture is ovate. The posterior angle is obtuse. The outer lip is very thin. The columella is slender, strongly curved, slightly revolute. It is provided with a weak, deep-seated fold at its insertion. The type specimen was found in the Pacific Ocean off Santa Rosa Island, California" ]

[ "Cobra Golf Cobra Golf, based in Carlsbad, California, is an American manufacturer of golf equipment. The company is currently a subsidiary of the German athleticwear and sports lifestyle company Puma, which in turn is part of the French holding Kering. Founded in 1973 by Thomas L. Crow, Cobra produced one of the first utility clubs, the Baffler, long before the use of such clubs became popular. The company was acquired in 1996 by American Brands Inc. (later known as Fortune Brands) and was grouped together under the Acushnet Company umbrella along with the company's other golf brands, Titleist, FootJoy, and Pinnacle Golf. Cobra was acquired by Puma SE. Cobra had a successful relationship with former world number one Greg Norman. In February 2014, Cobra Golf signed a multi-year partnership with the PGA Tour's Honda Classic, making it one of the lead sponsors of the event. PGA and European Tours LPGA Tour Cobra markets a full range of golf clubs. Drivers Fairways Utilities Irons Wedges Putters" ]

[ "Wansbeck General Hospital Wansbeck General Hospital is a district general hospital based in Ashington, Northumberland. It is managed by Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust. The first phase of the hospital, which was designed for low energy consumption, secured a \"Green Building of the Year Award\" after it was completed in June 1993. The second phase, which followed the transfer of services from the old Ashington Hospital, was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2000. The new facility was designed by Reiach and Hall Architects and built by M J Gleeson at a cost of £18 million; it was officially opened by Alan Milburn, Secretary of State for Health in 2003. A new simulation-based training centre was opened by the Duchess of Northumberland in November 2016 and a new oncology day unit was opened in July 2017." ]

[ "S v Mokgethi S v Mokgethi en Andere is an important case in South African law, with the court's determination that, in general, a perpetrator's action, which is a \"sine qua non\" for the death of the deceased, is too remote from the result to give rise to criminal liability if The appellants had been convicted in a Provincial Division of, \"inter alia\", murder committed during a robbery, and were sentenced to death. The deceased was a bank teller and was shot between the shoulder blades during the robbery by one of the appellants. The deceased did not die immediately but only some six months later. On appeal, it was contended on behalf of the appellants that, although the shooting of the deceased was a cause of the deceased's death, it was not a legal cause of his death. According to the evidence, the deceased had become a paraplegic as a result of the shot and had to make use of a wheelchair. His condition improved to such an extent that he later resumed his work at the bank. He was, however, later readmitted to hospital, suffering from serious pressure sores and septicaemia. These had developed because of his failure sufficiently to shift his position in the wheelchair as he had been advised to do by the medical practitioners who treated him. The magistrate in magistrtes' court held, on an application of the above principles to the facts of the case, that the wounding of the deceased could not be regarded as a legal cause of the deceased's death for the purposes of a charge of murder. Accordingly, the convictions of murder and the death sentences had to be set aside and replaced with convictions of attempted murder. The appellants were each sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in respect of this count." ]

[ "Norio Nagayama Nagayama was born in Abashiri, Hokkaido and grew up in a broken home. He moved to Tokyo in 1965 and, while working in Tokyo's Shibuya district, witnessed the Zama and Shibuya shootings. Nagayama killed four people with a handgun between October 11 and November 5, 1968. He robbed the last two victims of 16,420 yen. He was arrested on April 7, 1969. When he was arrested, he was 19 years old and was regarded as a minor under Japanese law. The Tokyo District Court sentenced him to death in 1979, though this was overturned by the Tokyo High Court, which imposed a sentence of life imprisonment in 1981. The Supreme Court of Japan reversed the high court's decision in 1983. This ruling is today considered the landmark decision for application of the death penalty in Japan. The high court subsequently sentenced him to death in 1987, a decision which the Supreme Court upheld in 1990. In prison, Nagayama wrote many novels and became a public figure. His first published work was in 1971. In 1983, he was awarded a prize for the novel . The Japanese writing community was uneasy with his success, given his status as a convicted killer. He was rejected by the Japan Writers' Association, but he received a similar recognition in Saarland, Germany in 1996. His death sentence was contested until his sudden execution on August 1, 1997, just 34 days after the arrest of \"Seito Sakakibara\", the 14-year-old perpetrator of the Kobe child murders. A foundation to save poor people was established by his will. On August 1, 1997, he was hanged at the Tokyo Detention Center. He made no final statement. A 1969 documentary by Japanese New Wave director Masao Adachi tells Nagayama's story through biographical information in a voiceover narrated by the director himself. Instead of editing archival footage or staging scenes with actors, Adachi employs an observational approach, filming the places pertinent to Nagayama’s life (including where his spree took place) in order to express the influence that environments have on politics, social standing/class, and psychology." ]

[ "Cuchillo Negro Creek Cuchillo Negro Creek is a stream in Sierra County, in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The stream is a tributary of the Rio Grande. The stream headwaters are at the confluence of Poverty Creek with Schoolhouse Canyon just east of the community of Winston, south of New Mexico State Road 52 and west of the Cuchillo Mountains at . The stream flows south to southeast passing Chise and Cuchillo. It continues, passing northeast of the Mud Springs Mountains and crossing under I-25 to its confluence adjacent to New Mexico State Road 51. The confluence lies just northeast of Truth or Consequences and just below the Elephant Butte Dam at . The creek derives its name from Cuchillo Negro (\"black knife\"), an Apache chief." ]

[ "Sandžak in the Bala Turkvision Song Contest The participation of Sandžak in the Bala Turkvision Song Contest was originally planned to begin in Turkey, at the Bala Turkvision Song Contest in 2016. Radio Television of Novi Pazar (RTV Novi Pazar) would have been responsible for the selection process of their participant, for their debut in 2016. However, it was confirmed that both the and contests had been cancelled due to the December 2016 Istanbul bombings. Sandžak have yet to announce their plans to make their debut at the Bala Turkvision Song Contest 2017. Bala Turkvision is an annual song contest. Based on the similar format of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, Bala Turkvision focuses primarily on participating Turkic countries and regions. A juror from each nation awards between 1 and 10 points for every entry, except their own. In the Grand Final the jury determines the winner. Unlike the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in which the winning country proceeds to host the following year's event, hosting of the Bala Turkvision Song Contest takes place in the country or region that is also hosting the Turkish Capital of Culture. On 2 October 2016, RTV Novi Pazar (broadcaster for Sandžak), confirmed their participation at the Bala Turkvision Song Contest 2016, with the mechanism to select their debut entrant undisclosed. However, on 8 December 2016, it was announced that both the Turkvision Song Contest 2016 and Bala Turkvision Song Contest 2016 had been delayed until March 2017, marking the first time since either of the inaugural contests, that a postponement had occurred. However, it was later confirmed that both of the 2016 contests had been cancelled due to the December 2016 Istanbul bombings. The contest was rescheduled to take place at the Saryarka Velodrome, in Astana, Kazakhstan. Sandžak have yet to make their first appearance at the Bala Turkvision Song Contest, and therefore there is no voting history to date." ]

[ "Ordination of women in Methodism Methodist views on the ordination of women in the rite of holy orders are diverse. In Britain the Primitive Methodist Church always allowed the ordination of women. Today some Methodist denominations practice the ordination of women, such as in the United Methodist Church (UMC), in which the ordination of women has occurred since its creation in 1968, as well as in the Free Methodist Church (FMC), which ordained its first woman elder in 1911, in the Methodist Church of Great Britain, which ordained its first female deacon in 1890 and ordained its first female elders (that is, presbyters) in 1974, and in the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, which ordained its first femaile elder in 1853, as well as the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches, which has always ordained women to the presbyterate and diaconate. Other Methodist denominations do not ordain women, such as the Southern Methodist Church (SMC), Evangelical Methodist Church of America, Fundamental Methodist Conference, Evangelical Wesleyan Church, and Primitive Methodist Church (PMC), the latter two of which do not ordain women as elders nor do they license them as pastors or local preachers; the EWC and PMC do, however, consecrate women as deaconesses. Independent Methodist parishes that are registered with the Association of Independent Methodists do not permit the ordination of women to holy orders. Some of the groups that later became part of the United Methodist Church started ordaining women in the late 19th century, but the largest group, the Methodist Church, did not grant women full clergy rights until 1956. John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist movement, was the first within his movement to authorize a woman to preach. In 1761, he granted a license to preach to Sarah Crosby. Mary Bosanquet was responsible for Wesley formally allowing all women to preach. In the summer of 1771, Bosanquet wrote to John Wesley to defend hers and Crosby's work preaching at her orphanage, Cross Hall. Bosanquet's letter to Wesley is considered to be the first full and true defense of women's preaching in Methodism. Her argument was that women should be able to preach when they experienced an 'extraordinary call,' or when given permission by God. Wesley accepted this idea, and formally began to allow women to preach in Methodism. Later, Wesley also licensed other women as preachers, including Grace Murray, Sarah Taft, Hannah Ball and Elizabeth Ritchie. Wesley's appreciation for the importance of women in the church has been credited to his mother, Susanna Wesley. It is said that she instilled in him, and in his brother Charles Wesley, a fellow preacher in the movement, a deep appreciation for the intellectual and spiritual qualities of women. Susanna Wesley and other women in the early Methodist movement helped to evangelize and were active members in Methodist activities ranging from band classes to raising funds for the continuation of Methodism and managing educational institutions. John Wesley's views on women can be found in his 1786 sermon \"On Visiting the Sick\". In the sermon, he attacks the requirement of submissiveness that was often imposed on women of the time: \"It has long passed for a maxim with many that “women are only to be seen but not heard.” And accordingly many of them are brought up in such a manner as if they were only designed for agreeable playthings! No, it is the deepest unkindness; it is horrid cruelty; it is mere Turkish barbarity. And I know not how any women of sense and spirit can submit to it.\" Previous to this sermon, John Wesley had also removed the word “obey” from the marriage rite he sent to North America in 1784. After John Wesley's death in 1791, several splits happened within the Methodist movement. The Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1828 and, later in 1844, the Methodist Episcopal Church, South split, leaving a separate Methodist Episcopal Church of the north. The Methodist Episcopal Church previously saw schism, with the departure of some individuals in 1841 resulting in the formation of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, out of which the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches was created in 1968. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South also gave rise to other denominations that split from it, such as the Congregational Methodist Church in 1852 and the Southern Methodist Church in 1940. Wesley's death also marked a shift in the view on women in the church. Some denominations continued to officially sanction the status of women. In 1866, for example, Helenor Alter Davidson was a circuit rider for the Methodist Protestant Church in Jasper County, IN. She later became the first ordained minister of any Methodist denomination. Starting at the end of the 19th century, the Methodist Protestant Church had not only begun to ordain women, but had also granted them full rights as clergy. This was not the case for all denominations. During the next decades, the Methodist Episcopal Church reversed many practices, and publicly emphasized the domestic role of women, refusing to acknowledge their more public role as church leaders and preachers. In 1880, despite support from the Alumni of the Theological School of Boston University, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church refused to ordain many of the female graduates.", "In 1880, despite support from the Alumni of the Theological School of Boston University, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church refused to ordain many of the female graduates. Some of the reasons given for this refusal were: It was for the latter reason that Anna Oliver was not ordained in 1880 despite the fact she had graduated from Boston University School of Theology in 1876, and had served two churches with obvious success. In response, Anna Oliver and her supporters lobbied the General Conference to have all distinctions on the basis of gender removed from the Book of Discipline regarding status for ordination. Anna Oliver prepared pamphlets in which she outlined the reasons to remove the gender basis for ordination; such as the natural gifts and fruit of women to pastor, the sacramental needs of the mission field, the demands of charity, the Golden Rule and appeals to what John Wesley would do. In response, the General Conference not only denied the motion to remove the gender basis from ordination in the Book of Discipline, they revoked the licenses to preach of all those women who currently held them. Two years later, Anna Howard Shaw, who received her theological degree in 1878, was denied ordination on the grounds that \"there is no place for women in the ordained ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church.\" She left the church and was ordained in the Methodist Protestant Church that same year. She later went to be an activist in women's suffrage, and it was due in large part to her leadership that women were eventually granted the right to vote. Margaret Newton Van Cott, an American Methodist preacher born in 1830, devoted her life to evangelism and holding revival meetings across the country. In 1924 The Methodist Episcopal Church granted women the right to be ordained as local deacons and elders. In 1939, the Methodist Protestant Church (with the exception of the Mississippi Conference that continued the Methodist Protestant Church), the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South merged, forming the Methodist Church. In the Methodist Church, women from the Methodist Episcopal Church-South gained the right to ordination, while the Methodist Protestant women gave up full clergy rights in the merger. The politics used to justify this were said to be that the new denomination already faced sufficient problems. The Louisiana Conference, for example, had 5 women who had recently been ordained, Fern Cook, Nettie Mae Cook, Lea Joyner, Elaine Willett and Anna Ruth Nuttall. The newly formed Methodist Church recognized their ordination and accepted them into the conference, yet offered only a few actual appointments. By 1945, only 3 remained in the conference. One of these women, Lea Joyner, was never given an official appointment. She was told, “no church will have you.” She was given a vacant lot and $5,000 and told to start her own church in Monroe, Louisiana. When she died in 1985, she held the distinction of having the longest pastorate in the Louisiana conference, and the largest Methodist church in the world pastored by a woman. The church she started in 1952 had over 2,200 members. In 1942, the Fundamental Methodist Conference split from the Methodist Church and it does not ordain women. The Evangelical Methodist Church split from the Methodist Church in 1945 and does ordain women as elders. On May 4, 1956, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the General Conference of the Methodist Church approved full clergy rights for women. This was done by adding one sentence to the Book of Discipline: “All foregoing paragraphs, chapters and sections of Part III [of the Book of Discipline] shall apply to women as well as to men.” Bishops were now required to appoint every pastor in good standing, regardless of gender. Maud Jensen was the first woman to be granted full clergy rights after this decision, in what is now the Central Pennsylvania Annual Conference. Grace Huck was another woman accepted into probationary status as part of this historic vote, and she was received into full connection in 1958. She recalls the resistance to her ministry by a male member of her church in one of her early appointments. She has been quoted as saying that when the district superintendent told the congregation he was appointing a woman minister, one man shouted, “there will be no skirts in this pulpit while I'm alive.” She also noted that he later became one of her best supporters. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ started ordaining women with full clergy rights in 1889. In 1946, the Church of the United Brethren in Christ united with Evangelical Church to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The Evangelical Church had never ordained women. The Bishops from both churches agreed to not ordain women in the newly formed church, but there was never a vote on it at annual conference. Many churches continued to ordain women with full clergy rights. In 1861, the Free Methodist Church reported the fact that women served as preachers and in 1864, the General Conference of the Free Methodist Church created a class of lay non-pastoral ministers known as Evangelists, who were both men and women. In 1911, the Free Methodist Church started ordaining women as deacons and in 1974, the FMC started ordaining women as elders. As early as 1890, women were ordained as deacons in the Methodist Church of Great Britain.", "As early as 1890, women were ordained as deacons in the Methodist Church of Great Britain. On 2 July, 1974, the Methodist Conference in Bristol permitted the ordination of women as presbyters. The Primitive Methodist Church does not does not ordain women as elders nor does it license them as pastors or local preachers; the PMC does, however, consecrate women as deaconesses. In 1968, when the United Methodist Church was formed from the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, Methodist women clergy were afforded the right of full connection. In 1980, the first woman, Marjorie Matthews, was elected and consecrated as a bishop within the United Methodist Church. In 1984, the first African-American woman, Leontine T. Kelly was elected and consecrated as a bishop. In 2005, Rosemarie Wenner was the first women to be elected bishop outside the United States. She was elected by the Germany Central Conference. Over 12,000 women serve as United Methodist clergy at all levels, from bishops to local pastors. As of 2006, 16 women had been elected as bishops. To try to address the lack of women of color in faculty positions at United Methodist Seminaries, the Board of Higher Education and Ministry created a scholarship program, which has over 40 participants and more than 22 graduates with doctorate degrees in theology. The 2015 Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church stipulates: \"Women may be received on rial and into full connection and be ordained deacon, on the same conditions as men, provided always that this shall not be regarded as a step toward ordination as elder.\" In the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, Antoinette Brown was ordained an elder by Luther Lee in 1853, becoming the first woman to receive holy orders in that denomination (then the Wesleyan Methodist Church)." ]

[ "Europe (magazine) Europe () is a French literary magazine founded in 1923. Created by Romain Rolland and a group of French writers, the literary magazine \"Europe\" began on , published by . In the journal’s first issue, its editor-in-chief, , explained the choice of ′Europe′ as a title: \"We speak of Europe because our vast peninsula, between the East and the New World, is the crossroads where civilisations meet. But it is to all the peoples that we address ourselves [...] in the hope of averting the tragic misunderstandings which currently divide mankind. \"Jean Guéhenno was the next chief editor, from 1929 until 1936, followed by Jean Cassou from May 1936 until 1939. Until 1939, when it was suspended on the announcement of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, \"Europe\" followed the Communists in the anti-fascist struggle. In 1946, \"Europe\" was revived due to the efforts of Louis Aragon, who published it through ′La Bibliothèque française′, merged in 1949 into the publishing company ′Les Éditeurs français réunis′. Pierre Abraham then became its director, which he was until his death in 1974. Pierre Gamarra succeeded him, having acted as editor-in-chief since 1951. From 2009 until 2014, Charles Dobzynski was director while Jean-Baptiste Para remained editor-in-chief of the magazine. Since the 1950s, \"Europe\" has issued thematic titles considered as a reference work. It also contains book and cultural reviews and publishes poetry or fiction. \"Europe\" has published works by authors as diverse as Aragon, Jean-Richard Bloch, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Emile Danoën, Jean Giono, Panaït Istrati, Rabindranath Tagore or Tristan Tzara, for example. There is an Association of \"Europe\" Friends (Association des Amis d\"'Europe\"), which aims to develop cultural life, principally of the literary kind, \"in a spirit of openness and hospitality and in the humanistic tradition which has characterised \"Europe\" since its foundation.\"" ]

[ "Polling system In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a polling system or polling model is a system where a single server visits a set of queues in some order. The model has applications in computer networks and telecommunications, manufacturing and road traffic management. The term polling system was coined at least as early as 1968 and the earliest study of such a system in 1957 where a single repairman servicing machines in the British cotton industry was modelled. Typically it is assumed that the server visits the different queues in a cyclic manner. Exact results exist for waiting times, marginal queue lengths and joint queue lengths at polling epochs in certain models. Mean value analysis techniques can be applied to compute average quantities. In a fluid limit, where a very large number of small jobs arrive the individual nodes can be viewed to behave similarly to fluid queues (with a two state process). A group of \"n\" queues are served by a single server, typically in a cyclic order 1, 2, …, \"n\", 1, …. New jobs arrive at queue \"i\" according to a Poisson process of rate \"λ\" and are served on a first-come, first-served basis with each job having a service time denoted by an independent and identically distributed random variables \"S\". The server chooses when to progress to the next node according to one of the following criteria: If a queueing node is empty the server immediately moves to serve the next queueing node. The time taken to switch from serving node \"i\" − 1 and node \"i\" is denoted by the random variable \"d\". Define \"ρ\" = \"λ\" E(\"S\") and write \"ρ\" = \"ρ\" + \"ρ\" + … + \"ρ\". Then \"ρ\" is the long-run fraction of time the server spends attending to customers. For gated service, the expected waiting time at node \"i\" is and for exhaustive service where \"C\" is a random variable denoting the time between entries to node \"i\" and The variance of \"C\" is more complicated and a straightforward calculation requires solving \"n\" linear equations and \"n\" unknowns, however it is possible to compute from \"n\" equations. The workload process can be approximated by a reflected Brownian motion in a heavily loaded and suitably scaled system if switching servers is immediate and a Bessel process when switching servers takes time. Polling systems have been used to model token ring networks." ]