PreSelect
Collection
2 items
•
Updated
id
stringlengths 50
55
| text
stringlengths 54
694k
|
|---|---|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/2 | Lab Stumbles Upon 'Immortal' Flesh
But fortunately, when the colony was first discovered she isolated the cells and put them in a series of petri dishes, where they continued to grow and multiply.
Then she preserved some of the cells through freezing, making sure that she would have a continuous supply for further experimentation.
What, she wondered, could have caused all this?
Magical Chromosome
She feared initially that the cells were “tumorigenic,” meaning they could produce cancerous tumors, thus accounting for their unorthodox life style. But laboratory experiments ruled out the possibility. The cells were implanted in animals and tissues where tumors would be expected if indeed the cells were precancerous.
“Not a single tumor formed,” she says.
But what could account for the fact that they refused to die?
The answer, the researchers found, rested in a single strand of one chromosome. Chromosomes are the tiny strands of genetic material that contain the DNA that determines the characteristics of the entire cell, and chromosome 8 had a duplicate string of DNA.
That appears to be the only difference in the cells, and the reason for their “immortality.” In all other ways, she says, they are exactly the same as the “normal” cells from the original sample.
But, she insists, she did nothing that might have caused that mutation.
It apparently happened, she adds, while the cells were in the petri dish, but at this point no one knows why the mutation occurred, or why it should have affected the life span. The research moved beyond the excitement of finding something new earlier this year when she met with Michael Schurr, a surgeon in the university’s burn center.
Schurr asked her to sit in on an operation.
The patient was a farmer who suffered burns over 98 percent of his body when a propane tank exploded last year. “The only part of him that wasn’t burned was the part covered by his boots,” Allen-Hoffman says.
She watched as Schurr attempted to spread thin sheets of skin, the best that could be obtained from the victim’s feet, over various parts of his body. The sheets were about the texture of “wet tissue paper,” she says, illustrating just how difficult the surgeon’s task was.
Skin Factory Possibility
It was an electrifying moment for Allen-Hoffman, who realized that if the immortal cells she has in her lab can be used for human skin grafts, Schurr someday will have a ready supply of disease-free human skin that could improve a burn victim’s chances of survival immeasurably.
Schurr is now a member of the research team, gearing up for tests that could lead to human trials. It remains to be seen whether the cells will be rejected by the victim’s body, and whether the new skin will, indeed, perform as expected.
It’s all a bit mind-numbing, Allen-Hoffman says, since she is convinced she did nothing to cause the cells to become immortal. What she did, however, was exactly the right thing.
“Our contribution to this whole thing is a very humble one,” she says. “And that was we recognized what we had,” and took the necessary steps to protect and preserve it.
Bravo, no matter how it eventually turns out.
• 1
• |
• 2
Join the Discussion
blog comments powered by Disqus
You Might Also Like... |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/14 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a Tablet running Android 4.0.3. Its DOMO x3g, works fine except that when I connect an external usb keyboard to it,it doesn't show up any recognition or anything.While USB pen drives, hard drives easily work on the tab... Any solutions?
share|improve this question
Is it a standard 'HID' keyboard-device, or a more complex USB keyboard? Check this on a PC (Windows or Linux). – david6 Nov 23 '12 at 7:50
add comment
2 Answers
Yes, I had the same issue, it never worked for any PC USB Keyboards, except the one which we bought from DOMO, that nCase K6. That K6 worked perfectly (even to my PC). But a PC USB mouse worked on my DOMO Slate X3G. Buy a nCase K6 or, preferably you could install USB Host Controller from Play Store, as said by the first answer.. That should fix your issues.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Install USB Host Controller from Google Play, and run it.
share|improve this answer
If possible, please provide a link to the app. :) – geffchang Jan 17 '13 at 10:49
Any explanations to the background, why this app should help -- or at least what it does? – Izzy Jan 17 '13 at 11:53
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/15 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
My AAkash 2 tablet has a mini-USB port and comes with a cable to convert the mini port to standard USB female port for connecting flash drives etc.
I want to connect the tablet to a laptop using this port. For this I bought the standard male-male USB cable, which attaches to the female port of the USB connector of the tablet and female port of the laptop.
But no devices are found by either the laptop or the tablet. Do I need to make any setting changes to make this happen?
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
You will most likely need to install appropriate USB drivers on your PC in order to have the tablet recognized by Windows (assuming your laptop has Windows OS installed.)
Datawind's site doesn't seem to have any drivers available for download, so your best bet would be to contact them directly, or try your luck with a Google search (be mindful of viruses posing as drivers).
share|improve this answer
Good-buy to the old times of special drivers, a while already now there's the Universal USB driver available which should work with most devices. All Hail to Kosh, once more :) – Izzy Jun 4 '13 at 14:49
@Izzy: I tried the Universal USB Driver, but it wasnt able to detect the android tablet that I had connected, any more ideas. – Chintan Pathak Jun 7 '13 at 15:25
No other then as Chahk already mentioned: contact the manufacturer/seller. – Izzy Jun 7 '13 at 15:31
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/20 | TY - JOUR T1 - SEcretion of bile in response to rectal instillations AU - GARBAT A AU - JACOB I H Y1 - 1929/09/01 N1 - 10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 JO - Archives of Internal Medicine SP - 455 EP - 462 VL - 44 IS - 3 N2 - Various studies in connection with the physiology of the secretion of bile have clearly shown that bile is being secreted constantly. The passage of bile into the intestines, however, occurs at intervals; for the liver, unlike every other gland except the kidney, has in connection with it a reservoir, the gallbladder, in which the bile accumulates and from which it is only expelled periodically.One must, therefore, clearly understand and distinguish the bilesecreting from the bile-expelling mechanism. Heretofore, investigators attempting to study these two phases of secretion and expulsion have limited themselves to the response obtained after oral administration of different foods and chemicals. With the aid of the dye method, which visualizes the gallbladder, one is able to demonstrate the rate of filling and emptying of this reservoir following the intake of various foods and drugs. It is difficult to tell, however, whether the flow of bile thus obtained SN - 0730-188X M3 - doi: 10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 ER - |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/24 | (navigation image)
Search: Advanced Search
Anonymous User (login or join us)
View movie
item imageitem imageitem imageitem image
View thumbnails
Play / Download (help[help])
(62.1 M)Ogg Video
(85.6 M)h.264
(1.9 G)MPEG2
All Files: HTTPS
Jason ScottGET LAMP: Mary-Ann Buckles (November 6, 2007)
something has gone horribly wrong 8-p
Prefer flash? · Embed · Questions/Feedback?
As soon as I'd heard of Mary Ann Buckles' story, I wanted to interview her, but it turned out to be a lot harder than I'd expected. She was featured in an article by Michael Erard in the New York Times in 2004, talking about how her pioneering work in game studies, a classic dissertation, had not been of interest to her in her life since academia, and she'd never looked back. In fact, she'd thrown out all her work years ago. After a bit of detective work, I tracked her down and asked her to be in the film, and she agreed, reluctantly, to sit for one. She was a delight! She had all sorts of opinions on these games once we got going, and she was really clear about them. She ended up becoming a major sequence in GET LAMP as well as getting a small bonus feature about some of her other thoughts she'd not worked on since then.
This is also the source of one of my favorite memories of the entire production. Finding out I'd be travelling that day to interview Jeremy Douglass, who was getting an actual, bona fide doctorate in text adventures, she said "Oh, I might have something for him" and went into the other room, returning with her academic robes she'd worn for her doctorate. "Do you think he'd like this?"
I can't even begin to describe the look on Jeremy's face when I brought these to him. A high point.
Producer: Jason Scott
Audio/Visual: sound, color
Language: English
Individual Files
Movie Files MPEG2 h.264 Ogg Video
edited-buckles.m2t 1.9 GB
85.6 MB
62.1 MB
Image Files Animated GIF Thumbnail
edited-buckles.m2t 435.2 KB
6.5 KB
Information FormatSize
getlamp-buckles_files.xml Metadata [file]
getlamp-buckles_meta.xml Metadata 1.9 KB
getlamp-buckles_reviews.xml Metadata 2.8 KB
Other Files Video Index
edited-buckles.m2t 581.4 KB
Write a review
Downloaded 12,250 times
Reviewer: Jason Scott - - November 21, 2012
Subject: Interviewer here.
These interviews are compilations of answer clips that were used in the movie GET LAMP. When I tried putting full raw interviews up, people screamed my questions were repetitive and boring. Which they are, since they're 100% designed to elicit responses and help the interviewees work through memories that are upwards of thirty years old. The camerawork comes from wanting more than one static shot for the movie for each person. When you are working on the fly with a camera like the Panasonic HVX-200, the LCD screen is not a reliable focus verification, and so the best method is to zoom in, focus, and then zoom out to the shot you need.
Reviewer: enchantedsleeper - 4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars - November 21, 2012
Subject: Content excellent, execution questionable
If I could rate the content of this interview separately from the presentation, I would give the content 5 stars and the execution 3. Mary-Ann Buckles expresses her views clearly and in an engaging manner, drawing intriguing comparisons between her own youth and the youth of today. After watching this, I'm dying to read her dissertation! But the way the interview footage has been put together baffles me. Some of the clips and indeed the end of the interview cut her off mid-sentence, leaving me wondering what the rest of that thought was going to be. It's very jarring and makes me wonder just what the editor's intention was in cutting the clips off at that specific point. If you're going to cut the clip short, at least find a natural break or the end of a sentence in which to do so! This problem was much more prevalent in the Orcutt interview, but it was still present here. It also wouldn't hurt to include the questions that were being asked, because what use is an answer without the context it was being given in? Finally, I found the camera work to be somewhat amateurish and distracting - zooming in and out mid-sentence, or zooming right in so that Buckles' eyes fill the screen - what was the idea behind that particular shot? It came across like a seven-year-old playing with their parents' camera.
In short, a fascinating interview but I wish I could have seen more of it. Why not just provide the original footage for download? Why edit at all?
Terms of Use (10 Mar 2001) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33 | x FOX and Friends Saturday
x susan rice
Set Clip Length:
're not. i know. you know ronny folks who save hundreds of dollars switching to geico sure are happy. how happy are they jimmy? happier than a witch in a broom factory. get happy. get geico. fifteen minutes could save you fifteen percent or more. - [laughing] woman: i used to wonder, why would a jew, a christian, and a muslim ever get together? - hello, hello. woman: and then i finally got it. they had a lot more in common than doughnuts. - ♪ love can build a bridge - ♪ oh, love and only love - ♪ between your heart and mine ♪ male announcer: a message from the foundation for a better life. >> stand up, chuck, let them see you. oh, god love you. what am i talking about? i will tell you what. you are making everybody else stand up though, pal. this is a big [bleep] deal. >> thank you dr. pepper. chancellor, dr. paper. >> they are going to put you all back in chains. >> why don't you all sit down if you have seats. thank you. i didn't realize you didn't have seats. i apologize. >> classic. >> vice president joe biden known for going off teleprompter every now and then. here is the la
Excerpts 0 to 1 of about 2 results.
(Some duplicates have been removed)
Terms of Use (10 Mar 2001) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/35 | x Ten O'Clock News
x candlestick park
Set Clip Length:
. that they do tonight in dallas. the all about baby steps for this team. they to take two of three on the trip. curry started to get into the flow. barnes had 20 points 12 rebounds. 99-99 here. curry with the no-look for david lee. who had 17 points. season high 19 rebounds. the warriors take it in dallas. 105-101. no dirk, however for the mavs. that's the sporting life for a monday night. we'll see who starts for new orleans. >>> thank you for trusting ktvu, channel 2 news. we'll see you the next time news breaks. >> ktvu morning news starts at 4:30, we'll be monitoring that strike and whether it's effecting port and airport operations.
Excerpts 0 to 0 of about 1 results.
Terms of Use (10 Mar 2001) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/50 | Universal Access To All Knowledge
Search: Advanced Search
Anonymous User (login or join us)
Search Results
Results: 1 through 1 of 1 (0.002 secs)
You searched for: mediatype:movies AND collection:more_animation AND subject:"Adhish"
[movies]Montgomery High Rubik's Cube Club Advertisement
This is a cool animation I made in 3DS Max 7 advertising the Montgomery High Rubik's Cube Club, and although it is only 14 seconds long, it took a helluva lot longer to make, I'll tell you right now!
Keywords: Adhish; Yajnik; Adhish Yajnik; Rubik's; Cube; Rubik's Cube; Montgomery High; Rubik's Cube Club
Downloads: 241
Advanced search
Group results by:
> Relevance
Related creators
Related mediatypes |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/67 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I upload youtube videos over night using a computer running Ubuntu 11.10 as it really eats my bandwidth. But it's normally done when I'm not around, so it wastes quite a bit of energy leaving it running. Is there any way for me to make it shut down after it's finished?
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
Instead of using a browser, you can have a look at uploading via a script - you can then create another script which invokes the Youtube Uploader script and then calls the
sudo shutdown -h now
share|improve this answer
You should rather run the whole script as root. If you place a sudo command in the script, it will ask you probably for your password after uploading the video. – lumbric Feb 21 '12 at 14:41
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/68 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What intrinsic purpose does the static unity panel hold for the OS?
There has to be a great reason for this thing to HAVE to be here. It ONLY goes away in fullscreen apps and I can't use everything fullscreen
Why can the unity panel not be hidden?
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
The Unity panel cannot be hidden because the code doesn't currently allow it. Why it doesn't allow it is because nobody has added the code to allow it. Is it written in stone that it has to be that way? I don't know. I doubt it. If you can come up with good solutions to the problems that arise when the panel is hidden, I'm very confident they will be considered. But it is important to not think about these things too subjectively. We can't consider one part of the puzzle at a time. We have to consider all of it simultaneously. For instance, we don't want the desktop to feel completely different if a window is maximized or not. That would be inconsistent and confusing.
The top panel is used for indications, and these are important. Because unlike other operating systems and desktops, notifications doesn't stay open. So you need a way to see that something has happened if you haven't been looking at the screen. This could be done differently, but then other issues tend to pop up.
The panel itself doesn't actually consume much extra space. Because it also saves space that was previously used by the window menu bars. So the screen real estate is just used somewhere else. If you have more than one window open, then it will often consume much less space than was previously used. In any case, on a large screen, the panel doesn't consume much space.
The smaller a screen becomes, the more likely it is that you'll maximize your windows and use one at a time. In that case, the panel doesn't consume any space at all. The window decorator will be merged into it, so even if it is still visible, it doesn't consume any extra space! Neat trick, that one.
In multiple screen scenarios, however, the discussion about whether it should be visible on all screens is valid and interesting. I don't know if any conclusions have been drawn in that regard. It might be that it should be configurable. But that's not an easy discussion either. There are so many possibilities, but we probably wouldn't want to have all those options in code and in config GUIs. Perhaps one good option would be to use the same choice as for the launcher? But some might not like that. My guess is that this will become configurable in some way in the future, but that it won't happen in 12.04. But that's just a guess.
I hope this at least helps explain why it isn't obvious that it should be possible to hide the panel. Or at least not obvious enough that it should take precedence over other tasks. And like everything else, you know, development resources are limited.
share|improve this answer
wow. thanks. wow. – Eliran Malka Oct 16 '12 at 10:27
on ubuntu 12.10, it got implemente! but I got it hidden by pressing alt+super+rightClick and auto-hide option; now I cannot undo it, I am lost.. dconf-editor has nothing about it I think.. – Aquarius Power Oct 7 '13 at 18:18
add comment
12.04 official release allows auto-hide of the unity panel.
Open System Settings and click on Appearance and select the Behavior tab to adjust the settings.
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
He's talking about the top panel, this setting is for the launcher – Jorge Castro Apr 28 '12 at 5:02
Thanks, Jorge. I like the unity launcher. It's not entirely fair to compare 12.04 to Windows, but even with XP I can autohide every notification zone and customize a mac style dock-like toolbar, built into the OS. – newboldrob May 17 '12 at 5:09
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/69 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do I set Nautilus to use same window on double click when browsing folders? This would be similar to how windows works. Right now, my Nautilus opens a new window of nautilus if i double click a folder. To use the same window I have to remember to nicely click the little arrow icon to expand the folder.
So, is the default behavior changeable?
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Try the following
Go to 'Edit' -> 'Preferences' -> 'Behaviour'
Uncheck Open each folder in a new window
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
:) great minds think alike ... – Jakob Apr 13 '12 at 21:14
That answer was really close but it gave me the hint I needed. On my disto of CentOS 6.2 I needed to check the box that says "Always open in browser windows." – djangofan Apr 13 '12 at 22:22
add comment
Edit » Preferences » Behaviour » Open each folder in its own window
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/70 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to get Docky ton act like Gnome-Do? I installed just the docky package. I would like it to be able to search for other things that are not in the dock. Is this possible or would it just be easier to install Gnome-Do separate.
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Lucid's version of Gnome-Do still has the Docky interface available, and it will act like Gnome-Do when you push the keyboard shortcut for Gnome-Do. You shouldn't even need to have Docky installed separately. The version in Maverick removed the Docky interface. (Both are numbered in the about dialog, however.)
Once you have a version of Gnome-Do without Docky removed (see below), the next thing is to run Gnome-Do. If Gnome-Do doesn't pop up when you run it, summon it with Windows Key + Space. Click the downward-pointing triangle on the top right corner of Gnome-Do and click Preferences. Click on the Appearance tab and select the Docky theme in the drop-down at the top of the tab. You can then configure Gnome-Do just as you would configure Docky.
The versions of the gnome-do packages after ( and removed the Docky theme. Maverick is also missing the gnome-do-docklets package.
You could download gnome-do and gnome-do-docklets from the Ubuntu Lucid repositories (you could probably still install Maverick's version of gnome-do-plugins with it). It looks like the only fix you'd miss out on is one for crashes caused by GNOME Keyring. I'm not experienced enough to guarantee this will work right, but I'd do it on my own computer. I have at least checked to ensure there aren't any dependency issues.
A surer, but more difficult, approach, would be to build the latest release of gnome-do but reverse the effects of the patch debian/patches/03_disable_docky.dpatch.
share|improve this answer
No; does not have Docky. – mgunes Oct 11 '10 at 21:50
Looks like it's probably a difference between what's in Maverick and what's in Lucid. I updated my answer and I'll look into it more momentarily. – Firefeather Oct 11 '10 at 22:53
Okay, I've updated my answer again; it now contains information on why the Docky feature is there on in Lucid but missing on in Maverick. – Firefeather Oct 11 '10 at 23:17
I found a blog post posted today that advocates the same approach. – Firefeather Oct 12 '10 at 23:05
Thanks everyone, I guess I will have to survive having them as separate programs for now. Thanks for the great answers! :) – russjr08 Oct 17 '10 at 15:40
show 1 more comment
For now, you'll need to install them separately and use them without integration; Docky was split from Do a while ago. The next Do release will likely reintroduce Docky integration.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/71 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
With the latest Oneiric updates, I've been unable to use Second Life, a virtual reality simulator, in Ubuntu. I assume it has something to do with the NVidia driver, since the error in the console says:
WARNING: createWindow: LLWindowManager::create() : Error creating window.
WARNING: LLViewerWindow: Failed to create window, to be shutting Down, be sure your graphics driver is updated
I guess I could file a bug on Launchpad, but I'm not sure where to file it. Does anyone have any insight into what may be causing this problem? It was working fine a week ago, and older viewers (Imprudence viewer anyway) still work fine.
share|improve this question
Can I suggest you use ubuntu-bug linux - title the bug report "oneiric" and let the moderators move it to the correct package. – fossfreedom Sep 19 '11 at 11:36
@fossfreedom Presumably you don't mean that the bug report's title (i.e., summary) should be "oneiric", but rather that the bug should have the oneiric tag. ...But it will be automatically created with that tag if ubuntu-bug is used on an Oneiric system, as is there case here. – Eliah Kagan Nov 12 '11 at 1:44
However, linux is almost definitely not the right package for this (and it should not be used as a catch-all package when the right package is not known). You should instead use ubuntu-bug to file this against xorg or xserver-xorg or xserver-xorg-video-nv or the Nvidia driver package nvidia-current. In fact, you can file it against any one of those (I suggest xserver-xorg) and then add the others with Also affects distribution on the Launchpad bug page. The packages that are wrong can then be marked Invalid by triagers/developers. – Eliah Kagan Nov 12 '11 at 1:44
add comment
closed as off topic by fossfreedom Apr 4 '12 at 18:31
1 Answer
It is likely you need to reinstall the NVidia drivers - here is what i did. I assume you have the NVidia drivers someplace NVIDIA-driver-x86.205.196.run or somesuch.
CTRL-ALT-F1 - gives you a login screen - login and then stop the X-windows so you can reinstall or update the drivers thus
sudo service gdm stop
then find your directory with the drivers in and
sudo sh NVIDIA-driver-x86.205.196.run and it will build it for you.
restart x-windows - sudo service gdm start and you're back!
login and you ought to be good to go.
share|improve this answer
He is talking about Ubuntu 11.10, gdm is not used. – Bruno Pereira Nov 12 '11 at 1:33
In addition to that, you should install the nvidia drivers from the ubuntu repositories. – bodhi.zazen Mar 6 '12 at 3:59
add comment
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/82 | Information for "Illinois' 2nd Congressional District"
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic information
Display titleIllinois' 2nd Congressional District
Default sort keyIllinois' 2nd Congressional District
Page length (in bytes)3,216
Page ID190440
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Indexing by robotsAllowed
Number of views1,797
Number of redirects to this page1
Counted as a content pageYes
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorJennifer S (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation18:13, 18 December 2011
Latest editorJennifer S (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit14:01, 12 February 2014
Total number of edits32
Total number of distinct authors8
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)7
Recent number of distinct authors2
Page properties
Transcluded templates (26)
Templates used on this page: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/97 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I broke the lever of my shifter (SRAM X7) when I fell off my bike on a trail. I think it just fell off the unit. I can see where the lever is connected to the mechanism that pulls the cable. Can I replace just the lever, and not have to buy the entire shifter?
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
It's extremely unlikely that you will be able to buy parts for a cheap shifter. The whole unit costs $US25 with free shipping.
Imagine you could buy just the lever wholesale for $3. Then you'd pay the wholesaler $3 to find it and pack it for you, then the $3 postage cost. So your "$3" part is going to cost you $9. Plus you're probably going to want the mounting parts for that lever, but they're unlikely to be available separately (the economics get even worse for 2c screws), so there will be a kit of parts including the lever, ratchet mechanism and whatever attaches it to the body. But that kit costs $10 plus the $6 S&H. So you have saved $9 over buying a whole new lever.
Now the shop cuts the old cable off the bike, installs the new parts, new gear cable and outer, and set everything up. Which is about $20-$40 of labour, plus $10 for the cable and outer.
The total cost is about $16 + $10 + $20 = $46-$66. Or $55 for a whole new lever, fitted. New whole lever is an easy job, taking apart the old one is tricky so will probably take longer.
From a bike shop's point of view that's a $9 saving in exchange for the risk that you're wrong about how much damage was done. If the pivot that that lever sits on has bent the repaired lever won't work properly. There's a whole range of problems like this, but you as the customer won't care, you will just come in and say "you fixed it, but it doesn't work". After the first time this happened they stopped doing it, and only fit whole new parts.
So bike shops will not order the "parts kit", only a few keen cyclists who do their own repairs will. Instead of selling hundreds of these kits, SRAM will only sell ten. And maybe another ten next year. Or not, since the overhead cost of each product is non-trivial and if something is only going to sell a hundred units at $10 they're not going to bother.
Which is what you see happening.
share|improve this answer
Good explanation of economics and why parts cost so much. – ʍǝɥʇɐɯ Jun 7 '11 at 14:18
Thanks for your answer!!!!! very informative! and smart, I will buy the whole shifter then... probably in a local shop to get free instalation! so the economics make sense. – Gerardo Jaramillo Jun 8 '11 at 2:28
add comment
@Moz has provided a very good answer to this, however, do hunt around on eBay for what-you-may-find, you also might have one of those bike shops nearby that keep broken-but-useful parts (where they may have what you want) and also be aware that these levers come in a set, you only want one (a replacement) not the set of two.
Consult your LBS.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/98 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What are the signs that a fork needs an oil change?
I'm asking this because lately my RS Revelation (1yo) seems stiff. I checked the sag and found I should increase it... so I did, but it's still using almost the same amount of travel (I check the o-ring at the end of a ride). Moreover, on rough terrain (gravel), I feel an incredible amount of vibrations that hurt my fingers.
Are these the signs? (in other words: will an oil change solve these problems?)
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Over time forks become less responsive (move slower basically), but as this effect happens over the course of 12-18 months (the usual fork oil and seal lifetime), it's difficult to notice as you just get used to it. So most fork manufacturers tell you to change it after so many miles.
This responsiveness loss happens for a couple of reasons on different types of damping systems, on mine (Boxxers) it's because of pollutants in the oil itself - 'dust' from the bushes, dirt, seal flake off, etc.
You can get a rough idea of the state of your fork oil just by looking at it, new stuff is clear tinted yellow. I've seen fork oil come out looking like mercury from the sheer quantity of bushing dust in it...
Technically you only need to change seals once they start leaking oil, but of course that usually means that they've already failed their job - if you ride a lot in dirty conditions (which you should be!) they want changing every year.
Bushes only need changing once there's excessive play between your stanchions and sliders, this usually takes years but you can test the same way you would for testing a headset.
share|improve this answer
Oil itself can degrade, plus the pollutants this answer mentions, as oil degrades and contaminates it changes its viscosity and other properties. Many suspension designs rely on these properties to achieve the ride quality they provide. Changing the oil should be not an expensive service a your local bike shop. – Jahaziel Jan 24 '12 at 17:57
add comment
I usually only replace the oil when the level gets low (which should only happen if a seal is leaking), although I think many manufacturers do recommend changing it periodically.
Typically the only regular maintenance I do to my forks, other than inspecting the oil level, is to re-grease the stanchions. A lot of forks have a grease port on the outside that you can inject some grease through, or I will drop off the legs and clean and re-grease the stanchions, using some good fork grease.
I would look up the service manual for your fork too. It probably makes some suggestions as to what the maintenance schedule should be.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/99 | 201 reputation
bio website twitter.com/lordsauce
location London, United Kingdom
age 39
visits member for 2 years, 9 months
seen Dec 23 '13 at 18:18
Snowboarder, skier, mountain-biker, rock-climber, mountaineer, cheese-lover and geek, stuck in London but longing for the mountains.
This user has no recent positive reputation changes
This user has not asked any questions
1 Vote Cast
all time by type
1 up 0 question
0 down 1 answer |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/146 | Classic C.O.C. lineup rolls into Zydeco
Published: Tuesday, March 13, 2012, 9:33 PM Updated: Wednesday, March 14, 2012, 12:17 PM
COC band shots (2) low res.jpg
Corrosion of Conformity (C.O.C.) from North Carolina is definitely a band with an interesting history. Though the group formed 30 years ago as part of the hardcore-punk scene, they have developed and evolved their sound (or sounds) while playing almost every type of metal under the sun. From crossover thrash to blues-based stoner rock, the band has traveled down many different paths during their long and storied career.
For 2012, one of the band's earliest lineups has reformed, and it appears that the evolution finally has come full circle. The group's new self-titled album features the trio formation of the band best known for their challenging yet classic 1985 "Animosity" release. This lineup of C.O.C. will headline the show at Zydeco with destructive openers A Storm of Light and Zoroaster on March 18. The show begins at 9 p.m., and tickets are available online for $15 in advance and $18 day of show.
Phillip Lawless for Birmingham Box Set: I know the new self-titled album just came out. I wanted to ask how the recording sessions went for the album.
Woody Weatherman: Basically, it was definitely one of the easiest trips to the studio that we've ever done. I mean we pretty much had our [stuff] together. So we, you know, kind of been playing the songs live for a while ... well, most of them, not all of them. Working out the kinks and all that stuff. And by the time we got in the studio, man, it just rolled right on. The way we do it in the studio is like Mike and I just kind of get in the room with Reed, get the drums all miced up, have some amps off in another room, slap the headsets on, and we just kind of play like we're playing live. Let Reed do his thing, man. And that's basically how we get the drum tracks going. Then we just start stacking stuff up. This time around, man, it really went smooth. No worries.
BBS: You said you were playing some of the new songs live. How did these songs come together? Did different members bring them in, or did you guys jam and write together?
WW: A lot of both. Probably 80 percent of it, everybody just showed up and had three or four songs in their head that they wanted to contribute. Some of them were sort of partial songs. Here's a for instance. I showed up, I had a tune that I wanted to do, but it only had a couple parts. And so I played the parts for Mike, you know, five minutes later he had some other stuff and we just threw it together and started making songs that way, you know. If you can't come up with the whole thing, you just kind of get together and ... we've all worked together for so long that we can make stuff like that happen pretty easy.
BBS: C.O.C.'s new era is kind of the old era, I guess. What led to you guys getting back together as a three piece and moving on without (former vocalist and guitarist) Pepper Keenan?
WW: A kind of funny part of the story is Pepper was kind of the catalyst for getting us all back together because he had been out on the road with Down for a while and sort of noticed that there was some interest in having Corrosion come over and do some festivals in Europe. And so he sort of hit us all up, because Mike and Reed and I live pretty close to each other. We started jamming in anticipation of that, and that really never materialized, you know, due to a few factors. But we just kept on jamming, and the next thing you know we were writing music and playing shows and having a good time. And we just kept on rolling with the ball.
BBS: Correct me if I'm wrong, but you're the only member that's been on every C.O.C. album.
WW: That's what they tell me.
BBS: Was there a secret to that, or was it just carrying on to carry on?
WW: I guess I just was the only one that kept on hanging around, you know. I mean, with that being said, man, it's just awesome to have Reed (drummer) back in the fold. Especially, you know, after him being gone for like really a whole decade, man, he wasn't in the band. And that's really been the catalyst for making all this stuff work, having him back and it just makes the stuff flow so easy, you know, having the three original guys. It's been a lot of fun.
BBS: You guys were revisiting the second album, "Animosity," and a little bit of the first on a previous tour. Is there anything you remember about recording those early albums?
WW: Those things, especially like, yeah you're talking going all the way back to like "Eye for an Eye" or something like that, I mean we had no idea what going to the studio was. We didn't, you know, we had no clue. We just were writing these punk-rock songs having a good time and wound up, you know, with microphones in front of our amps and trying to capture it. But, you know, we would record that whole damn album like in a day. We'd just set up and just start burning through songs, you know. We had really no clue on what it took to capture stuff on tape and, you know, that you're supposed to take a little bit of time or whatever. But, you know, you live and learn. Of course by the time we got around to doing "Animosity," we did half, side two of that record in Raleigh, N.C. We rode out to Los Angeles to do side one. And that was kind of our first foray into a real studio and whatnot. I guess the learning process started then. You know man, it was all good times, you can't complain.
BBS: As young kids, were you guys on any kind of crazy punk tours? Were there any older bands you played with that were noteworthy or interesting?
WW: Oh man, yeah dozens. You know, we were kids ourselves when we first hit the road. I mean, we were playing dives, we were just trading off gigs with, you know, punk-rock bands in other towns. It would be like, "Man, well you put us up and let us play your town and we'll do the same for you if you come our way." And that was how we kind of traded out and got to tour back then. Because there was like this whole network, and even if you were an unknown band just starting out, I mean you could travel around this sort of hardcore, you know, punk rock network. And that's the way we did it, man. And just from a very early stage, like whenever we did that "Eye for an Eye" record back in '84 or whatever, we pretty much hit the road right off the bat. I think we did a couple runs that summer, went out west. Yeah, that was just the way that we sort made a name for ourselves was just hitting the road.
BBS: You guys were playing a different style, and then you came back and performed the whole "Animosity" album. Did you have to work on your speed metal chops again or was it like riding a bike?
WW: It was kind of like riding a bike. But I tell you, some of those tunes, like the stuff on "Technocracy," they're pretty challenging. I mean there's a ... they're fast and there's some crazy changes and lots of parts, you know, stuffed in there. I tell you, it was definitely fun relearning some of them. There were a few that we had played live through the years, thrown in sets at different times, but doing the whole, it's kind of challenging. Because, yeah, they're a little faster than some of the stuff we've been playing, you know, on the last few records. But man, they're ... that stuff is a blast to play live. We're having a great time doing it. I mean this upcoming tour we're keeping a lot of that stuff in the set, and doing a lot of, of course a lot of the new record. And even some, you know we've got a couple things off like "Deliverance," you know, stuff like that we're tossing in there for fun. So we've got a pretty wide variety happening on this tour coming up.
BBS: Are you guys still doing a song off "Blind"? It seems like I heard you were playing "Vote with a Bullet."
WW: Yeah, sometimes we do a little taster of that, you know, just for fun.
BBS: Was the "Blind" lineup revamp in 1991 the band's decision, or did the record label have something to do with taking the band in that direction?
WW: Nah, no record label stuff. I mean that was just us, you know, doing our thing. There were things at the time and the place, and that was what felt right at the time, you know, throwing that lineup together. And we had a ... we made a good record and had fun on the road. It kind of fell apart, that particular lineup, whenever it came time to start working on the "Deliverance" album. It didn't really work out that way. But we made the changes and made it happen like we always do.
BBS: Now, 30 years later, being on the road, how has it changed for you guys? Is it a different routine, or does it have a lot in common with the early days?
WW: Hey, we're still in a van, playing some of the same venues as a matter of fact. There's still a few venues that are still hanging there, you know, year after year. But, I mean, it's kind of the same thing, you know. Obviously we used to do crazier stuff when we were younger. We would do, I mean, crazy drives. We would just kind of kill ourselves and not really know it just cause we didn't care. You know, kids just get out there, "Ah, it's only 15 hours to the next show. We'll leave after we play and we'll get there in time to play." We used to do a lot of that kind of stuff. You know, we try to take it a little easier on ourselves, driving distances and all that kind of stuff these days. Other than that, man, you know we're still out there doing it, having fun. So it's kind of the same thing.
BBS: You're touring with a good number of up-and-coming younger bands. Have any of those bands that have caught your eye? Is there anybody that you're impressed with?
WW: Ah man, there always is. Well, this tour coming up I'm really excited about. We've got the Torche guys; Valient Thorr who are another Carolina act, so we're real stoked about that; and A Storm of Light, who I'm really excited to see live. I mean we always try to ... if it's our tour, we try to throw something together that's, you know, pretty cohesive, but not exactly the same thing. Like we don't want to go out where every band is the same thing over and over. You know, we try to get a little diversity in there, a little variety without it going too far off the deep end. And I think this tour is going to be fun. We've got a bunch of other dates that we haven't announced yet. We're going to be heading out west and, you know, up into Canada and stuff. So we've had a lot of people going, "Man, you never come to Canada anymore!" So we're getting ready to.
BBS: No offense, but the vocals with this lineup have improved tremendously. Was that something you all worked on, or have you all just had more time to mature as vocalists?
WW: Well, you know, Mike of course really brought his A-game to the album. And he did a great job. And Reed sings three songs on the record too, you know. Thankfully, I didn't sing much. They don't want me to sing. I just stick to the six strings they allow me to twang on. But yeah man, Mike really stepped up to the plate. He did a great job, and so did Reed. I mean those guys, you know they worked on their stuff and worked on their lyrics and, you know, spent some time on it.
Sponsored Links
More stories in Birmingham Box Set
Previous story
Jack White Brings His Groove to Alabama
Next story
White Rabbits Bring Milk Famous to BottleTree Cafe
Most Active Users
What's this?
Users We Love
Popular Tags
What's this? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/196 | "Have you accepted Madoka Kaname as your lord and savior?"
But seriously, here's a thread for the Anime I finally finished (something I should've done sooner) and could not love anymore than I already do.
So all those who are fans of this series feel free to discuss the series, characters, themes, etc. If you don't like this Anime, well, I'd advise clicking the back button but if you stay, try to be civil.
Oh, yeah and beware of spoilers (use tags). Like below: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/223 | Howard Cosell
From Boxrec Boxing Encyclopaedia
Revision as of 05:07, 3 January 2013 by Slugger (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Class of 2010
Observer Category
Hall of Fame bio:click
Howard Cosell
• Cosell (born Cohen) was a lawyer who became a sports announcer.
• He became well-known for his interviews with Muhammad Ali and his work on ABC-TV's "Monday Night Football."
• He announced his retirement from boxing commentary in December 1982 due to the beating Randall (Tex) Cobb recieved at the hands of Larry Holmes.
• He died at age 77 of a heart embolism at the Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, April 13, 1995.
• Howard Cosell Gallery
Personal tools
Boxrec Database |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/228 | small text medium text large text
More Information
CLP AuthorSheets are bibliographies produced by the Reference Services Staff at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's Main Library. The primary goals of this project are:
1. To develop guides to critical essays on authors commonly researched by students;
2. To provide access to critical essays which may not be easily found on the CLP online catalog, and;
3. To provide quality content on the Internet for members of the Pittsburgh community.
All the resources listed in CLP AuthorSheets are available in the Main Library of Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. CLP library card holders may have titles held for them by contacting Reference Services at 412-622-3175. Materials may also be reserved electronically through the CLP online catalog.
Each CLP AuthorSheet will provide the following information:
1. A listing of anthologies and collections in which criticism on an author's work appears;
2. A link to books dedicated to criticism on an author's works in the online catalog;
3. When applicable, citations to relevant journal and magazine articles.
4. General subject headings describing the relevance of the work. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/239 | This Sunday’s Gospel: Ask and You Shall Receive
Bible readingI’ve often heard people say that they don’t want to trouble God with their petty needs and concerns. After all, he has more important things to attend to, like running the universe.
Yet, the New Testament makes God out to be a glutton for punishment. Not only does Jesus often urge us to ask for what we need, (“Ask and you shall receive” Lk 9:11), but he praises the people, like Bartimaeus, who ask in the loudest, most obnoxious of ways (Mk 10:46-52). And to top it off, he tells stories in which he showcases rude, relentless people who wake up their neighbors in the middle of the night (Lk 11:5-8). My all-time favorite is the nagging widow who won’t give the judge a moment’s rest till she gets what she wants (Lk 18:1-8).
The unjust judge simply wanted to get the lady off his back. He wanted the widow to stop bugging him. But God appears to want us to bug Him. And keep bugging Him. Why? Maybe because He’d rather us look to Him for assistance than to the idols of this age. Perhaps because he knows that asking Him for help strengthens the virtue of humility in us since it is an admission that we are not in total control of the universe and just might need His help. Perhaps because He is a loving Father and likes being with us, even when we come just to ask Him to open his wallet.
When I was a teen, I thought that prayer was about nothing but asking for stuff. I prayed that God would keep my parents from finding out about certain things I’d done. I prayed that the best-looking girl in the class would like me. After all, Scripture says to ask.
But Scripture also tells us what to ask for. And there is the rub. We are often wrong about what to ask for, because we misidentify what will really make us happy. God knows us better than we know ourselves, since He created us. And He loves us more than we love ourselves, because He is our Father.
So before talking to Him, which is a dimension of prayer, we need to listen to Him, which is an even more important dimension of prayer. We were given two ears and only one mouth for a reason.
But how do we listen to him? One privileged way is through Scripture. These words are guaranteed to be His, for they are inspired, breathed by the Holy Spirit, divine words in human words (2 Tim 3:16). This does not just mean that the Holy Spirit moved once, guiding the authors when they wrote the words down thousands of years ago. It means that the Holy Spirit dwells in these words as in a Temple and beckons us to enter to meet him regularly, for a life-changing rendezvous. These words are not simply a wearying catalogue of ideas we need to hold, facts we need to believe, or rules we need to observe. Instead they are meant to be a fresh, personal, energizing communication from God each time we hear or read them. They are food for our souls.
Most of us don’t eat once a week. We eat daily. Several times a day in fact. So we should gather up the manna of God’s word at least daily, maybe even several times a day.
So you don’t have much time for quiet prayer and extensive Bible reading? Join the club. You may not have time for a daily Thanksgiving feast, but I bet you snack a few times a day. There are scriptural, bite-sized snacks called the Psalms that have been the backbone of prayer for God’s people for nearly 3,000 years. The psalms are God’s inspired word through which He speaks to us, but they happen to be cast as prayers that we can use to speak with Him. That kills two birds with one stone. And they cover everything that we could possible want to say to God. “Thank-you,” “praise you,” “why are you doing this to me?” “please help me!,” etc. There are even a few asking God to smash our enemies. These would have been perfect for Moses to have used while praying during the battle with Amalek (Ex 17:8), except they hadn’t been written yet.
If you have time for three meals or snacks a day, you have time for at least three Psalms a day.
image credit: shutterstock
Marcellino D'Ambrosio, Ph.D.
Subscribe to CE
(It's free)
Go to Catholic Exchange homepage
• mmudi
God is love and he created all out of love and gave his son out of love for humanity, who often forget that they are greated in his own image, He breathed his very own spirit into us and he knows our needs. All we need is to bear in mind that we are soul-beings with a purpose on earth that God will see through as long as we put him first . |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/255 | Lego, the world's most famous toy, turns 80
'Firefly' fan builds ultimate Serenity Lego spaceship
Mars Curiosity rover gets the Lego treatment
In our twisted pop geek culture, it's not cutting-edge technology until it's been replicated with the most simplistic of child's toys. With that in mind, congrats are due to NASA's Curiosity rover, which has finally been reduced to a scale model made of Legos. Oh yea, the full-size rover also landed on Mars yesterday. … Read more
Lego Olympics: Sporting triumphs re-enacted in stop-motion
Hot wheels: Motorized Lego wheelchair buzzes and rolls
We've seen some impressive Lego creations recently, including a robotic arm and a giant jet engine. We can now add a working motorized wheelchair to the list.
The Lego wheelchair is a prototype capable of moving a nearly 200-pound person around. The wheelchair uses quite a few bits from the Lego Mindstorms line. There are 12 Rotacaster multi-directional wheels providing the rolling.… Read more
Rolls-Royce revs up giant Lego jet engine
Giant Lego bridge clicks in Germany
Before giant Lego trees and flowers popped up in the Australian Outback, a honking huge Lego bridge made an appearance in Germany.
Late last year, street artist Megx pulled out the primary colors to transform the underside of a bridge into an optical illusion. Clever use of color and shading makes the bridge in Wuppertal look like it's built from an interlocking set of massive Lego bricks.… Read more
Life-size Lego trees, flowers sprout up in Australia
Lego 'Lord of the Rings' sets astound in hands-on video
One ring to rule them all, and in the darkness build them! Yes, here's a sight for Sauron's eyes -- we've gone hands-on with the yet-to-be-released "Lord of the Rings" Lego sets ahead of their U.K. release. Hit play in the video below to see what manner of Uruk-hai-jinks Lego has in store for Tolkien fans. … Read more
Build Legos in Chrome with Google Build
The Lego land grab is on. Google Chrome and Lego Australia fastened themselves together to roll out Build, a Web app for Chrome that lets you build impressively realistic Lego structures right within Google's browser.
To get started, you can browse the map to find an open plot or click the blue Build button and have Build find one for you. Each plot is a 32-by-32-peg square, and you are given 1,000 virtual bricks to use. There are 10 different type of Lego bricks in 10 different colors, plus two extras: a door and a window. (My son … Read more |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/265 | Category:Church Whitfield
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Jump to: navigation, search
English: Church Whitfield is a village just north of Dover in Kent, England. It is virtually part of the larger area of Whitfield and, like it, part of the town area of Dover. Part of the village is called Pineham. St. Peter's Church is a 10th Century Saxon Church largely rebuilt in Norman times, though the church is first mentioned in 762 AD.
This category has only the following subcategory. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/284 |
So jealous of Cleveland's offensive line
1. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
17,996 Messages
584 Likes Received
i think the process is ongoing and believe we will get there so you are preaching to the choir with that.
doug free is an 8m per player. he is supposed to be really good.
tyron smith is a 9th overall pick. he is supposed to be really friggin good.
costa graded great for the 5 minutes he actually played and may well be pretty good.
nate livings has been pretty good when not asked to protect the clueless OT and OCs revolving in.
bern has been a miss in the FA process. that happens but he was brought in as a stop gap for cheap.
i neither believe we have ignored the ol, nor that the ol is any good. i think like 20 other nfl teams this team has issues it is dealing with from injuries.
do the redskins suck at rushing the passer because they didn't use any resources there or because they lost a couple good players?
mostly i think this hilarious ol uproar after a game where we see stop gaps and new boots across the line is both childish and little ignorant of reality. instead of being glad we found a way to win and score 20 second half points people are busy crying. we will never again see parnell take his first LT snaps. bern his first OC snaps. dockery take his first snaps of this season. all that happened sunday. and when we couldn't help out our worst ol, the rt, he was exposed as a scab.
2. Doomsday101
Doomsday101 Well-Known Member
73,361 Messages
778 Likes Received
I agree. Dallas is using a patch work OL right now and last week lineup ended up with 3 changes on it. It was a struggle and not pretty but they got things going on offense in the 2nd half and they got the job done.
3. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
No. There's a few I wouldn't want. And if I'm going to be envious, I'd prefer to do it over a line that's a lot better than ours, not any that are just slightly better.
4. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
3,973 Messages
129 Likes Received
...and fifteen years later, here we are with a mediocre line for the fifteenth year in a row, with one unquestionably good player who happens to have been a first round draft pick, arguing about whether or not it makes sense to use first round draft picks on OL ... and lots of fans who see nothing unusual in that...
5. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
I don't think Dallas Cowboys fans want that at all. No one is holding Cleveland up as the perfect way to build a team.
Some people here seem to have accepted Dallas' failures to build an offensive line by saying things such as either it can have a quality offensive line or quality skill players. That shouldn't be the case.
Dallas' failure to have a quality offensive line this season is a result of the choices they have made in building the line. The team doesn't have to use first-round picks for five years to get the line it wants, but other teams' success in building an offensive line AND having quality skill players show that they do have to invest in the line more than picking up late-round picks and castoffs.
Now, my original point had nothing to do with all that, as I was simply dreaming of what Romo would look like behind such a line, but I did feel compelled to point out that I don't think any fans are saying we prefer having a line over having players to excel with one.
The funny thing on offense, at least, is that we'd still have the same skill players, except for Dez, if we'd used first- or second-round picks on linemen. Romo and Austin were UDFAs; Witten and Murray were third-round picks. Our defense, though, is loaded with players we used those picks on the last few years (Lee, Carter, Claiborne, Jenkins, Spencer, Ware, Spears).
6. Deep_Freeze
Deep_Freeze Well-Known Member
6,592 Messages
95 Likes Received
Well this is what was in my head when I first read this thread. The need is there, but alot of fans on this board just go completely overboard with it and I had to vent earlier. If it was said incorrectly, I apologize, but being 'jealous' of the Cleveland Browns....I mean really?!?!
Come on man.
7. Alexander
Alexander What's it going to be then, eh?
21,467 Messages
2,157 Likes Received
Why would you not be jealous of an offensive line that is keeping their QB clean and doing their job every Sunday? I would kill for that. And that is where the Browns are right now. And they have their own injury issues they have had to struggle with and they are starting rookies. But they can gain a yard if they need it and their QB is not running for his life.
This was not about being jealous of anything else with the Browns.
8. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
In fact, I even like our owner better than theirs. :)
9. Kangaroo
Kangaroo Active Member
9,893 Messages
0 Likes Received
The Chiefs have a really good oline as well and a running game they just need a QB :eek:. Yet they are terrible it is amazing some of the teams with better lines suck.
Pitts line has been terrible all year Ben covers up part of the issues like everyone says Romo covers up oline issues.
The Eagles oline is in the toilet after all the injuries and makes Dallas line look good.
10. JBond
JBond Active Member
6,682 Messages
21 Likes Received
The Chiefs? Really? No. Just stop.
11. Kangaroo
Kangaroo Active Member
9,893 Messages
0 Likes Received
Have you watched them this year the oline has been good their QB play has been terrible and they turn the ball over way to much
12. TTexasTT
TTexasTT Well-Known Member
1,926 Messages
737 Likes Received
Yeah I watched them a little after Winston made the big issue about Cassell being cheered after being KOd. The protection isnt too bad and Charles is racking up some good games.
13. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
17,996 Messages
584 Likes Received
thats just patently false and complete BS.
this OL was VERY GOOD for many of those 15 years.
flozell, gurode and others were quite quality players.
the OL was a team strength on some of those sad teams we during that period.
we are on about year 3 of crap ol play. 1 year with declining, expensive vets who had previously been very good and 2 years of rebuilding it.
nonsensical posts like this are why i hate this fan base. it is a complete lack of honesty or reference.
14. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
17,996 Messages
584 Likes Received
You are providing the right answers and still not making the obvious logical truths out of it.
Dallas had a lot of holes. They were going to patch some positions. Last year CB simply kept them from winning games, period. They had zero chance with TNew, Jenkins and Scandrick.
So we could have signed the top OG on the market for Brandon Carr money. But can you imagine this pass defense minus Carr??? Seriously. I don't even know what CB would have started alongside Scandrick while Jenkins is out.
Dallas has rebuilt it's old, slow ILB corps by adding Lee and Carter? Were those bad draft picks? Did we not need to draft DeMarco Murray?
Where are all these wasteful picks?
People are just inherently dishonest in these evaluations. Dallas missed on a number of reasonably high draft picks along the OL. IT ISNT BECAUSE THEY IGNORED IT.
2003: Al Johnson round 2
2004: Jacob Rogers round 2, Steve Peterman round 3
2005: Rob Pettiti round 6 (listed because he had a reasonable NFL career)
2006: Pat McQuistan round 7 (but still in the NFL today)
2007: James Marten round 3, Doug Free round 4
2009: Robert Brewster round 3
2010: Sam Young round 6 (((RW11 pillaged draft))))
2011: Tyron Smith round 1, David Arkin round 4
If we turn 2 of the 6 guys we drafted in the top 4 rounds I have highlighted into average NFL OL we are not even looking at OL as an area of weakness.
15. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
916 Messages
115 Likes Received
If you look at Deep_Freeze's posts you'll find that's his MO, although to be fair he's not the only one.
16. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
916 Messages
115 Likes Received
And if we had their OL, I sure we'd be more that three wins ahead.
17. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
916 Messages
115 Likes Received
This OL was never “Very Good” in any of the past 15 years.
Sure we had some quality players but the unit as a hole was made to look soo much better by the elusiveness and ability of one Tony Romo.
How good did Adams, Gurode, Davis etc. look with Bledsoe behind centre?
18. CowboysFaninDC
CowboysFaninDC Well-Known Member
2,545 Messages
56 Likes Received
they do. they really haven't been blown out of any games this year but 1. they are learning and they go into the 4th quarter in the game, each time. they haven't been an easy out at all for anyone
19. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
3,973 Messages
129 Likes Received
Slightly exaggerated, maybe. Patently false and BS, no and I think you know it, thus the defensive overreaction on your part. You named some good players but failed to name the year we weren't mediocre for more than a few games at a time. I will do your job for you -- 2007. Adams, Kosier, Gurode, Davis, Colombo. 2007 was the exception thst proved the rule and even those guys weren't consistently great that year. If memory serves they had already started breaking down by December.
20. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
3,973 Messages
129 Likes Received
One: they were going after those guys because their OLs sucked. Two: five is not that many picks in the first three rounds for an 8-year-period (03-10), especially considering none were first rounders.
I do grant that BP tried and whiffed. After whiffing, I think the FO got gun shy on early round OL picks.
Share This Page |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/287 | 101 reputation
bio website pvle.be
location Brussels, Belgium
age 32
visits member for 1 year, 1 month
seen Feb 26 '13 at 21:42
.NET Developer with some experience in Java. Now working in C# again, at last.
Eager to learn from experienced peers and from my mistakes!
This user has not participated in any tags |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/292 | Power saving mode with Symbian^3
From Nokia Developer Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Article Metadata
Code ExampleArticle
Created: symbianyucca (21 Dec 2010)
Last edited: hamishwillee (30 May 2013)
Power saving mode (PSM) was introduced with Symbian^3. With it some processes in the device can go to more power saving mode according to their own logic.
When PSM is enabled it following system resources are disabled in order to save battery:
• Bluetooth,
• WLAN Scanning (WLAN connections still take place),
• Display settings (clock and screensaver)
• Tactile feedback,
• Vibration,
• 3G->2G,
• Keypad tones
• Audio feedback
Additionally any other process could also take account of PSM and save power when PSM is enabled.
PSM can be manually enabled/disabled in two ways:
• From the menu shown when the off-button in pressed, and
• From the pop-up that comes when clicking the battery icon on the home screen.
PSM mode can also be controlled with CPsmClient client API. This API is not part of the public SDK, but can be found in Symbian's open source.
Monitoring of PSM can be handled by constructing the CPsmClient and then calling RequestPowerSaveModeNotification(). Note that the function works in a one-shot mode, thus after an error notification or notification of changed status, it needs to be called again.
iPsmClient = CPsmClient::NewL( *this );
Current PSM can also be checked with PsmSettings() function as illustrated in the following code snippet:
TInt err( iPsmClient->PsmSettings().GetCurrentMode( iActivePsm ) );
if ( err == KErrNone )
switch( iActivePsm )
case EPsmsrvModeNormal:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: ModeNormal"));
case EPsmsrvModePowerSave:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: ModePowerSave"));
case EPsmsrvPartialMode:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: PartialMode"));
PSM can be changed with ChangePowerSaveMode() function call, and once using it, remember to cancel the monitoring with the CancelPowerSaveModeNotificationRequest() function call.
A full example of using PSM can be found from: My PowerMode.zip
Also additional method using central repository for monitoring PSM can be found from: My PowerMode Rep.zip
This second example would only require central repository API, thus even though the central repository would not be available on pre-Symbian^3 devices, the code would be safe to use, as long as the KErrNotFound error would be handled. Whereas the first example required static linking to a library which might not be available in pre-Symbian^3 devices.
49 page views in the last 30 days. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/293 | From Nokia Developer Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Article Metadata
Created: timothytripp (10 Apr 2007)
Last edited: hamishwillee (26 Jul 2012)
From The RealView Compilation Tools Web Page at ARM.com:
The ARM® RealView® compilation tools have been researched and developed for over 16 years to provide optimum support for the ARM architecture. The compilation tools deliver the full set of software components required to build C and C++ applications targeting the 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb® and Thumb-2 instruction sets.
The compilation tools in RealView Development Suite are developed directly with new ARM architectures enabling specific optimizations for each of these ARM architectures and delivering significant improvements in code speed and size.
GNU Interoperability Create highly optimized applications for Embedded Linux and Symbian OS using the compilation tools in RealView Development Suite. RealView Development Suite provides unprecedented ease-of-use for customers seeking interoperability between ARM and GNU toolchains that are compatible with the Application Binary Interface (ABI) for the ARM architecture, allowing flexible deployment of open-source and commercially supported tools throughout software development teams.
The compilation tools in RealView Development Suite include:
Optimizing ISO C Compiler Optimizing ISO C++ Compiler Linker Assembler Image Conversion Tool ARM Object File Librarian/Archiver C Libraries RogueWave C++ Standard Template Libraries Optimizing ISO C/C++ Compiler and Assembler
Main Features:
FullISO C and C++ Support Implementation of ARM C/C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture Enables mixing of object code compiled with other ABI compliant compiles, e.g. GNU Industry-leading code size optimization Industry-leading code performance optimization Compilation for 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb and Thumb-2 instruction sets Selectable debug and optimization levels Processor-specific optimizations for all ARM architectures Object files conform to industry standard ELF and DWARF Powerful macro assembler for ARM, Thumb and Thumb-2 instructions Linker
ELF and DWARF industry standards supported for object file and debug table formats Seamless interworking of ARM Thumb and Thumb-2 object code Scatter-loading feature supports placement of code and data within sophisticated target memory maps Automatic removal of unreferenced code areas Image Conversion Tool
Converts from ELF images into other downloadable and ROMable formats Binary, Motorola 32-bit S-record, Intel Hex-32 and Byte Oriented Hex formats are supported Displays information about the input file, e.g. disassembly output or symbol listings ARM Object File Librarian/Archiver
Enables sets of ELF object files to be collected together and maintained in libraries Supports merging of libraries C and RogueWaveC++ Libraries
The full ISO standard C libraries consist of: Functions defined by the ISO C library standard Target-dependent functions used to implement the C library functions in the semihosted execution environment Helper functions used by the C and C++ compilers Target-dependent C library functions can be re-implemented for any execution environment (semihosting) The floating-point library uses the ARM floating-point environment, which is an implementation of the IEEE 754 standard for binary floating-point arithmetic The Rogue Wave C++ Standard Template Library contains: The functions defined by the ISO C++ library standard The Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library version 2.02.03 Helper functions for the C++ compiler Semihosting Support Semihosting is the mechanism by which ARM targets communicate input/output requests from application code to a host computer running a debugger. This mechanism could be used, for example, to allow functions in the C library, such as printf() and scanf(), to use the screen and keyboard of the host rather than the target system's resources.
Internal links
This page was last modified on 26 July 2012, at 07:10.
47 page views in the last 30 days. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/297 |
any similar ceremony or action of initiation, dedication, etc.
a trying or purifying experience or initiation.
Christian Science. purification of thought and character.
1250–1300; Middle English < Late Latin baptisma < Greek bapt(ízein) to baptize + -isma -ism; replacing Middle English bapteme < Old French < Late Latin, as above
baptismal [bap-tiz-muhl] , adjective
baptismally, adverb
postbaptismal, adjective
pseudobaptismal, adjective
rebaptism, noun
2. induction, admittance, introduction. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To BAPTISM
World English Dictionary
baptism (ˈbæpˌtɪzəm)
2. the act of baptizing or of undergoing baptism
3. any similar experience of initiation, regeneration, or dedication
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
c.1300, bapteme, from O.Fr. batesme, bapteme (11c., Mod.Fr. baptême), from L. baptismus, from Gk. baptismos, noun of action from baptizein (see baptize). The -s- restored in later 14c. Figurative sense is from late 14c. Phrase baptism of fire "a soldier's first experience
of battle" (1857) translates Fr. baptême de feu; the phrase originally was ecclesiastical Gk. baptisma pyros and meant "the grace of the Holy Spirit as imparted through baptism." Later it was used of martyrdom, especially by burning.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
baptism definition
The ceremony of initiation into Christianity; in most Christian churches, it is considered a sacrament. Persons baptized either have water poured on them or are immersed in water; some groups of Christians insist on immersion. The effect of baptism, in Christian belief, is to cleanse persons of their sins, so that they are born into a new life with Jesus. Most churches baptize members when they are infants, but some groups, like the Baptists, insist on adult baptism. Jesus himself was baptized. (See John the Baptist.)
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Example sentences for BAPTISM
Baptism has traditionally been seen as necessary for salvation.
Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin
of adam.
The anabaptists also have stood historically against the practice of infant
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/298 | any pontifex.
any high or chief priest.
a bishop.
the Roman Catholic pope, the Bishop of Rome.
1600–10; earlier pontife < French, short for Latin pontifex pontifex
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To Pontiff
World English Dictionary
pontiff (ˈpɒntɪf)
a former title of the pagan high priest at Rome, later used of popes and occasionally of other bishops, and now confined exclusively to the pope
[C17: from French pontife, from Latin pontifex]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
c.1600, "high priest," from Fr. pontif (early 16c.), from L. pontifex, title of a Roman high priest (see pontifex). Used for "bishop" in Church Latin, but not recorded in that sense in English until 1670s, specifically "the bishop of Rome," the pope. Pontifical, however,
is used with this sense from mid-15c.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
pontiff definition
Another name for the pope. Pontiff comes from a Latin word, meaning “bridge builder,” that was used as a title for some of the priests of ancient Rome.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Example sentences
Copyright © 2014 Dictionary.com, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/299 | array processor
Computing Dictionary
array processor definition
(Or "vector processor") A computer, or extension to its arithmetic unit, that is capable of performing simultaneous computations on elements of an array or table of data in some number of dimensions.
The IBM AltiVec (the "Velocity Engine" used in the Apple G4 computers) is a vector processor.
Common uses for array processors include analysis of fluid dynamics and rotation of 3d objects, as well as data retrieval, in which elements of a database are scanned simultaneously. Array processors are very rare now (1998).
Array presentation (
Cite This Source
Previous Definition: array
Words Near: array processor
More from
Synonyms and Antonyms for array processor
More from
Search for articles containing array processor
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/302 | noun Chemistry.
a white crystalline solid, C 9 H 11 ClN 2 O, used as a herbicide, especially for broad-leaved plants. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To monuron
Previous Definition: monureid
Next Definition: mony
Words Near: monuron
More from
Synonyms and Antonyms for monuron
More from
Search for articles containing monuron
Example sentences
The production of monuron is typical of the general process used to manufacture this family of pesticides.
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/303 | a hair style in which the hair is rolled under, usually at shoulder-length.
a youth or man who works as a page, as at a hotel.
Also, page boy.
1900–05; page2 + boy Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To pageboy
World English Dictionary
pageboy (ˈpeɪdʒˌbɔɪ)
1. a smooth medium-length hairstyle with the ends of the hair curled under and a long fringe falling onto the forehead from the crown
2. a less common word for page
3. another word for page
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Example sentences
The pianist bows, his pageboy hairdo flopping about his solemn face.
He worked as a waiter trainee, then a pageboy a at a club.
During last four robberies, the subject wore a pageboy hat with jeans and a long sleeve button down shirt.
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/304 | rio muni
Río Muni
[ree-aw moo-nee]
the mainland province of Equatorial Guinea on the Guinea coast: formerly the mainland portion of Spanish Guinea. 10,040 sq. mi. (26,003 sq. km). Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To rio muni
Previous Definition: rio mexcala
Next Definition: rio negro
Words Near: rio muni
More from
Synonyms and Antonyms for rio muni
More from
Search for articles containing rio muni
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/306 | an bohr
Medical Dictionary
Bohr (bôr,), Niels Henrik David. 1885-1962.
Danish physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
Previous Definition: an arm leg
Next Definition: an eye an eye
Words Near: an bohr
More from
Synonyms and Antonyms for an bohr
More from
Search for articles containing an bohr
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/308 | Free Software Foundation!
Join now
From Free Software Directory
Jump to: navigation,
'cvschk' is a Perl program which transforms the 'cvs status' output to an ASCII table sorted according file status. It gives an overview of which files are new and which have been changed. Note that the program does *only* local checks of files. If you have fast access to the CVS repository, then consider using cvsstat, which can also tell if other people have made newer versions of the files. It's also designed for CVS 1.9; earlier or later versions may require changes to the script.
Related Projects
Download External-link-icon.png version 1.12 (stable)
released on 4 January 2002
LicenseVerified byVerified onNotes
GPLv2Janet Casey29 August 2001
Leaders and contributors
"Email" Peter Toft Maintainer
"Email" Lars G.T. Jorgensen Contributor
"Email" Ole Tange Contributor
Resources and communication
Audience Resource type URI
Bug Tracking,Developer,Support E-mail
Software prerequisites
Kind Description
Required to use CVS v. 1.9
Required to use Perl 5.004
Personal tools |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/309 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
It starts with one mistake and compounds to several other.
Number one, the plan was to spray the interior doors and since we did not have a good inside place to do it, we had to do it outside. It was hot and humid but that did not seem to be a problem as the day before I sprayed one of the doors and it turned out fine.
However, the next day I had one of the employees do the spraying and another grabbed a 3/8" nap roller and started back-rolling to prevent drips. By the time I caught it they had all the doors done (13 in all). I was worried about it but the paint was initially laying down and leveling out and looked as good as the previous day's door.
Then it all went horribly wrong. About two hours later it started to create a stipple effect but overly exaggerated. It has been several days since and it shows signs of leveling but not enough to create a smooth finish that the customer wants. The paint is still tacky a week later and I need a solution to fix the doors. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated. By the way the paint is Valspar premium.
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Sand them LIGHTLY with 120 and then 220 grit on an random orbital sander, taking care not to burn through the paint that's already on, and then re-spray.
When spraying, lay the doors flat. Apply a THIN coat of paint. The doors can be stood up once the paint has flashed. Try to do it in a place that's out of the sun and preferably out of any blowing dust.
It's probably going to take two coats, honestly, to get decent coverage and finish. Between coats, if you got dust in the paint during the first coast, use a "between coats finishing pad" from 3M. (You would use steel wool if you were using an oil-based product, but you're using a latex product, so you need to use a non-metallic pad.) Take your time, or you'll just waste product, as you've already seen.
If you have to backroll to control drips, whoever is applying it is applying WAY too much product. Thin coats. THIN coats. (Although you'd probably have been mostly OK if they'd just used a foam roller instead of the 3/8 nap one.)
share|improve this answer
The only thing that I'd add is to make sure you clean all the dust off after sanding either with a microfibre cloth or with tacky "cheese cloth". – Stephen Aug 12 '11 at 12:44
add comment
Karl Katzke is absolutely right with his advise. I'll add a couple more observations. Since you mentioned the paint was still tacky days after applying, that is an indication that way too much paint was applied and/or humidity is high slowing the drying process.
Second observation: Never back brush with a 3/8 roller if you want a smooth finish. By definition, that nap height will give you an orange peel finish with untreated paint. For doors and cabinets, back brush with a good, wide Purdy Xtra Glide nylon/poly brush or a high density one inch diameter foam roller. I really recommend using a brush for this job.
Third: Treat the paint with 15 to 20% Flotral. Even high end paints will spread smoother and level better with a good dose of Flotral. Flotral will not effect the color or coverage ability, but will give you more time to work it before flashing and really helps eliminate brush marks and orange peel. Using Flotral when spraying is almost a must do with thick, heavy pigmented paints.
Fourth: Be sure the paint on the doors you need to sand is completely dried and cured before you attempt to smooth it out. If the paint is even slightly tacky or gummy under the surface, it will roll if you try to sand it, making even a bigger mess than what you have now. Get the doors into a warm area with good ventilation, outside in direct sunlight is good, and low humidity. Test sand a very small area to determine if paint is cured enough to sand. This process is going to be painful, unfortunately new paint, especially over applied paint is very difficult to sand for days.
Last: Always spray or even brush paint doors in the horizontal position whenever possible. It is worth the extra time to lay the doors flat on a nail or minimal contact stand. This method really makes a huge difference with raised panel or detailed doors.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/310 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have been working on remodeling my bathroom. As part of the renovations we have decided to replace our old tub with an acrylic claw foot tub. The tub is extremely light weight. I am assuming that it needs to be anchored some how so that there isn't constant strain on the plumbing for the drain. I talked to the plumber who helped me move the plumbing when I first started the remodel, but he did not have any answers for me. My floor is ceramic tile, and there is basement below the bathroom so I can get underneath the floor if needed. What is the best way to anchor this tub?
Here are a couple of pictures of the tub: Claw foot tub
And from underneath: Under side
Under side of feet
share|improve this question
What are those legs made out of? Are you sure this thing is designed to be functional? I can't believe one small bolt per leg can support a full load of water + a person! – Tester101 Oct 14 '11 at 20:32
There should be holes or notches for screws in the feet - can you post a photo of the bottom of the inside of the leg? – ChrisF Oct 14 '11 at 20:56
@Tester101 the feet are metal and it feels pretty sturdy once the tub is sitting on them, but I was a bit leery of them as well. – heavyd Oct 14 '11 at 22:48
That tub looks like it can hold quite a bit of water, so keep in mind water weighs ~8.33 lbs/gallon. I'm guessing that tub holds at least 600 lbs of water, plus the weight of the tub + a person... That is a lot of weight on those legs (and the floor). I'm no engineer (@Doresoom is the resident engineer), but I wouldn't trust that kind of weight on those feet. – Tester101 Oct 15 '11 at 0:38
There is going to be a lot of force pushing down, and I'm thinking those (tiny) bolts are going to act like a hinge and allow the legs to deflect out. Too much weight, and the tub will look like Bambi on the frozen pond. – Tester101 Oct 15 '11 at 0:41
show 3 more comments
1 Answer
I believe you just set it on the floor and let the weight of the tub and connected drain pipes keep it from moving.
If you are really worried about it moving you could mount some sort of small block to the floor behind where each leg will sit. It would not be attached to the blocks but with for of them the tub would not be able to move. But that may not work well with your tile floor.
share|improve this answer
The weight of the tub will definitely not be enough. The 2 pictures above I took by holding the tub up with one hand and holding the camera with another, and it was not a strain to take. As it is the tub would move if you bump into it. – heavyd Oct 14 '11 at 23:48
I would contact the manufacturer and see what they say. – Craig Oct 17 '11 at 16:20
add comment
Your Answer
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/311 | Siebel Communications Server Administration Guide > Developing a Communications Driver >
Testing Communications Drivers
The Communications Driver Test Engine (Test Engine) is a standalone tool that simulates parts of a Siebel environment for you to test the reliability and capacity of the communications driver that you develop.
The Test Engine does not test the Communications Server or your communications configuration elements. You can use the Test Engine to test your communications driver when connected to your CTI middleware by specifying appropriate driver parameters in the definition file (.DEF) that you develop for testing your communications driver.
Before using the Test Engine, you configure settings for your communications driver. The Test Engine writes the results of the test to log files. You can specify the log file names by configuring the .DEF file. For example, using Siebel CTI Connect, you can specify log file names as follows:
• Driver:DriverLogFile = "ctctestengine.log"
• Service:ServiceLogFile = "CTC_agent1.log"
For additional information about communications drivers, see Configuring Communications Drivers and Profiles.
Table 86 describes the format that your .DEF must adhere to in order to simulate multiple calls. An example .DEF file follows the procedure below.
Table 86. Format of Definition File
This section ...
Must contain ...
Driver Parameter
Driver parameters to connect to the CTI middleware.
Where n = the Agent's identifier
Parameters necessary to initialize agent login.
Description of job to simulate.
Description of tasks that comprise the job.
Enter the device commands here that a communications driver supports to make sure that the commands and the communications driver function correctly.
The following procedure describes how you run the Test Engine tool to test a communications driver.
To test a communications driver
1. Copy your .DEF file into the BIN subdirectory of your Siebel Server or Siebel client installation directory.
2. From a command line, navigate to the BIN directory identified in Step 1.
3. At the command prompt, execute the following command:
On Windows:
CommDriverTestEngine.exe definition_file language_code
On UNIX:
CommDriverTestEngine definition_file language_code
For example, on Windows:
CommDriverTestEngine.exe anExampleDefinitionFile.def ENU
The Test Engine tests your communications driver and writes the output to the specified log files.
Sample Definition File
The following sample definition file tests the communications driver that Siebel Systems provides with the Siebel CTI Connect module. It is a limited example that demonstrates some of the entries that can appear in a definition file. This example tests the following scenario:
• An agent (Agent#1) performs one job (Job_MakeCallReleaseCall) that loops four times.
• This job includes the following tasks:
• Call extension number 56016 (Task_MakeCall).
• Wait for two seconds (Task_Wait2sec).
• Release the call (Task_ReleaseCall).
• Wait for five seconds (Task_Wait5sec).
The content of the .DEF file is as follows:
[Driver Parameter]
Driver = "Dialogic CTI"
Driver:LogicalID = "V7CTCTSLINK"
Driver:CIMServer = "EGHTSGPW05"
Driver:CTCServer = "EGHTSGPW05"
Driver:NetworkType = "ncacn_ip_tcp"
Driver:SwitchType = "0"
Channel Type = "Voice"
Channel String = "CTC Phone"
Library Name = "sscmctc"
LogDebug = "TRUE"
Driver:DriverLogFile = "ctc.log"
LogFile = "testengine.log"
StartDelay = "2"
Elapse = ""
Service:ServiceLogFile = "CTC_agent1.log"
Service:DNList = "54615"
LogDebug = "TRUE"
Job1 = "Job_MakeCallReleaseCall"
Loop = "4"
Task1 = "Task_MakeCall"
Task2 = "Task_Wait2Sec"
Task3 = "Task_ReleaseCall"
Task4 = "Task_Wait5Sec"
DeviceCommand = "MakeCall"
PhoneNumber = "56016"
CallNotifyText = "Call from Siebel..."
Wait = 2
Wait = 5
DeviceCommand = "ReleaseCall"
Siebel Communications Server Administration Guide |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/320 | Default Avatar
2 Responses
1. Clayton Correia Clayton Correia
Here is the default user avatar for DPADD. The gamepad icon is from this set, which is awesome: here
DPADD is a rails app that I'm designing and building in my spare time. It's mission is to help gamers journal their gaming lives, keep track of games they want to play and follow what others are playing.
If anyone is interesting, I've put up a very "meh" coming soon page where you can sign up for the DPADD public beta which I'll be launching in a few weeks. See: dpadd.com
Feedback, comments, thoughts..etc always appreciated!
over 1 year ago
2. Pete Lada Pete Lada
Really like that pattern. Nice!
over 1 year ago
keyboard shortcuts: previous shot next shot L or F like |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/328 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 7.62x54R)
Jump to: navigation, search
Type Rifle
Place of origin Russian Empire
Service history
In service 1891–present
Used by Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Finland[1][dead link]
Warsaw Pact
North Korea
United States
Wars Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Russian Civil War
Winter War
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Soviet war in Afghanistan
Yugoslav wars
Gulf War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Cambodian–Thai border dispute
Russia–Georgia war
Libyan civil war
Syrian civil war and many others
Production history
Designed 1891
Produced 1891–present
Case type Rimmed, Bottleneck
Bullet diameter 7.92 mm (0.312 in)
Neck diameter 8.53 mm (0.336 in)
Shoulder diameter 11.61 mm (0.457 in)
Base diameter 12.37 mm (0.487 in)
Rim diameter 14.40 mm (0.567 in)
Rim thickness 1.6 mm (0.063 in)
Case length 53.72 mm (2.115 in)
Overall length 77.16 mm (3.038 in)
Case capacity 4.16 cm3 (64.2 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in)
Primer type Berdan or Boxer Large Rifle
Maximum pressure 360 MPa (52,000 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
Test barrel length: 73cm, 28inch
Source(s): [2][3]
From left to right: 7.62×54mmR, 7.62×39mm and 7.62×25mm.
The 7.62×54mmR is a rimmed rifle cartridge developed by the Russian Empire and was introduced as a service cartridge in 1891. Originally designed for the bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle, it was used during the late Tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period to the present day. The cartridge remains one of the few standard issue rimmed cartridges still in military use and has the longest service life of all military issued cartridges in the world.[4]
The American Winchester Model 1895 was also chambered for this cartridge per a contract with the Russian government. The 7.62×54mmR is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov and other sniper rifles, as well as some modern machine guns like the PKM. Originally, the round was designated as "Трехлинейный патрон образца 1891 года" - (Three-line cartridge model of 1891). It then became widely known under the designation "7,62мм винтовочный патрон" (7,62mm rifle cartridge). The round has erroneously come to be known as the "7.62mm Russian" (and is still often referred to as such colloquially), but, according to new standards, the "R" in the modern official C.I.P. designation (7.62 × 54 R) stands for Rimmed, in line with standard C.I.P. designations. The name is sometimes confused with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the 7.62×39mm cartridge used in the SKS and AK-based (AK-47) rifles.
The 7.62×54mmR is the oldest cartridge still in regular combat service with several major armed forces in the world. In 2011 the cartridge reached 120 years in the service mark. The 7.62×54mmR is currently (December 2013) mainly used in sniper rifles like the Dragunov sniper rifle and machine guns like the PKM. The ballistic performance is slightly better than the .308 Winchester/7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (7.62×63 mm) with its higher service pressure and case capacity can outperform the 7.62×54mmR, especially when same length test barrels are used in this comparison.[5] The 7.62×54mmR's case capacity prevents it from reaching the most powerful .30-06 loads, but even with this limit, it has been used to successfully kill large bears. Because of performance similar to the iconic American .30-06 cartridge, a similarly rich military and historic heritage and amazing longevity, the 7.62×54mmR is nicknamed "the Russian .30-06" by some. It is also one of the few (along with the .22 Hornet, .30-30 Winchester and .303 British) bottlenecked, rimmed centerfire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War.
The 7.62×54mmR originally had a 13.7 g (210 grain) "Jager" round-nosed full metal jacket (FMJ) bullet. Due to experiences in the Russo-Japanese War, the projectile was replaced in 1908 by the "L" 9.5 grams (147 gr) spitzer bullet, which basic design has remained standard to the present.
Sniper Rounds[edit]
To increase accuracy for the Dragunov SVD, the Soviets developed the 7N1 variant of the cartridge in 1966. The 7N1 was developed by V. M. Sabelnikov, P. P. Sazonov and V. M. Dvorianinov. It used match-grade extruded powder instead of the coarser ball propellant and had a 9.8 g (151.2 gr) boat-tailed FMJ jacketed projectile with an air pocket, a steel core and a lead knocker in the base for maximum terminal effect. Produced by “Factory 188” (Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant), cartridges are only head-stamped with the number “188” and the year of manufacture. It came packaged 20 loose rounds to a paper packet, 22 packets to a metal “spam” tin, and two tins per wooden case for a total of 880 rounds. The individual paper packets, hermetically sealed metal 'spam' cans, and wooden shipping crates were all distinctly marked Snaiperskie ("Sniper") in Cyrillic. Even the wax wrapping paper for the paper boxes was covered in red text to make sure it wasn't misused.
Cartridge dimensions[edit]
The 7.62×54mmR has 4.16 ml (64 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The pronounced tapering exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions. Although the design did not help improve reliability, the cartridge's shape remains the same to the present day.
7.62 x 54 R cartridge.svg
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) guidelines the 7.62×54mmR case can handle up to 390 MPa (56,564 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
The attainable muzzle velocities and muzzle energies of the 7.62×54mmR are comparable with the .308 Winchester. The spitzer bullets used in the military variants have a particularly elongated shape which results in a favorable ballistic coefficient and sectional density, contributing to an adequate long range performance and energy retention. http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinAmmo023.htm
When used with modern hunting bullets, the 7.62×54mmR is capable of taking game in the medium to large sized class(CXP2 and CXP3). In Russia the 7.62×54mmR is commonly used for hunting purposes mostly in sporterized Mosin–Nagant rifles and civil Dragunov variants (Tigers).
Basic specifications of 21st century Russian service loads[edit]
The 7.62×54mmR rounds in use with the Russian Armed Forces are designed for machine guns and sniper rifles. As per 2003 there were several variants of 7.62×54mmR rounds produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.
a conventional steel-core bullet is designed to engage personnel and weapon systems. The bullet has a steel core. The tip has no distinguishing colour. It can penetrate a 6 mm (0.2 in) thick St3 steel plate at 520 m (569 yd) and 6Zh85T body armor at 110 m (120 yd).
an enhanced penetration bullet is designed to kill personnel wearing body armor. The bullet features a heat strengthened core. The tip is uncoloured. A sealing lacquer belt on the mouth of the case is red-coloured.It can penetrate a 6 mm (0.2 in) thick St3 steel plate at 660 m (722 yd) and 6Zh85T body armor at 800 m (875 yd).
with the T-46 tracer bullet is designed for fire adjustment and target designation. The bullet has a green tip and the tracer burns for 3 seconds.
with the B-32 armor-piercing/incendiary bullet is designed to defeat light armored targets. The bullet has a black-red tip.
a sniper round designed to kill single targets from a sniper rifle. The tip of the bullet is uncoloured.
Cartridge designation[6][7]
Accuracy of fire at
300 m (328 yd)
7.62×54mmR is widely available both as military surplus and new production, but less so for match-grade rounds. Most surplus ammunition is steel-cased and uses Berdan primers, which effectively hinders its use for handloading. However, with the increased popularity of surplus Eastern-bloc Mosin-Nagant, SVT-40, and PSL rifles in the United States, Boxer primed ammunition and unfired cases are increasingly available; these cases take large rifle primers.
Cartridge derivatives[edit]
The 6.5×54mmR cartridge used in many Vostok brand target rifles in the 1960s and 1970s is a necked down version of the 7.62×54R.
List of 7.62×54mmR Firearms[edit]
Machine guns[edit]
Alternative names[edit]
• 7.62 Russian
• 7.62 Mosin-Nagant
• 7.62 Dragunov
• 7.62×54R
• Rimmed Russian
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/330 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Unesco International Book Year report[edit]
In a publication analyzing the 1972 International Book Year, an estimate was given that as many as 57% of the citizens of an unnamed European nation known for their production of important books did not read books, or that 43% were book readers. Estimates for other industrialized nations' active readers ranged from 33 to 55%.[3]
Commentary from authors, businesses and educators[edit]
Jim Trelease, author of The Read-Aloud Handbook, has stated that this trend away from the written word is more than worrisome, and that it's tearing apart culture. People who have stopped reading, he says, "base their future decisions on what they used to know...If you don't read much, you really don't know're dangerous."[4]
American historian Daniel Boorstin, in 1984, while serving as librarian of Congress, issued a landmark report: "Books in Our Future". Citing recent statistics that only about half of all Americans read regularly every year, he referred to the "twin menaces" of illiteracy and aliteracy. "In the United States today," Boorstin wrote, "aliteracy is widespread."[4] In the United States, a 2008 study reported that 46.7% of adult Americans did not read a book not required for work or school during 2002.[5]
Another alert to this phenomenon was a 1991 editorial in Fortune magazine by Stratford P. Sherman (with Laurie Kretchmar). It refers to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading. Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, is quoted on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.
Kylene Beer's 1996 study connected aliteracy with reading motivation in teens. She noted unmotivated readers complained about not connecting with the text and could not "see" or visualize what was happening in the book. The inability to relate to the characters reduced the desire to read.[6]
Robert Putnam, in his book "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community" argues that television has fragmented our society.[4]
Ways to create readers[edit]
A boy in Laos selects a book to read for his school's new Sustained Silent Reading program.
Motorola is mentioned as making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach their workers reading skills, and Ford Motor Company is described as, since 1982, having already sent 32,000 workers to a similar program. Publisher Simon & Schuster was quoted as predicting a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.[7]
Steven Layne's book, "Igniting a Passion for Reading" discusses several proven methods that readers can do to increase the desire to read in others.
One method is to read aloud, both to children and adults. Reading aloud allows the listener to hear the story without struggling through decoding the words and possible frustration.[8]
Another method, used in schools, is to encourage students to read every day, choosing for themselves what to read, and reading simply for enjoyment. This is often referred to as Sustained Silent Reading (SSR). Dr. Stephen Krashen, a leading proponent of SSR, looked at 54 studies of such programs and found that in general they were successful at improving reading skills and building a reading habit.[9]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ Cohen, Roger (January 6, 1991). "The Lost Book Generation". The New York Times.
2. ^ Ramsey, John (2002). "Hell's Bibliophiles: The fifth way of looking at an aliterate". Change 34 (1): 50–56.
3. ^ Anatomy of an International Year
4. ^ a b c The Washington Post. August 21, 2012 |url= missing title (help).
5. ^ National Endowment for the Arts. "Reading on the Rise". Retrieved 2008.
6. ^ Beer, Kylene (1996). "No time, no interest, no way! The 3 voices of aliteracy". School Library Journal 42 (2): 30–33.
7. ^ Sherman, Stratford P. (November 18, 1991). "AMERICA WON'T WIN TILL IT READS MORE And instead it's reading less. Yet reading is strongly connected to communicating, thinking, imagining -- the skills any country will need to compete globally". CNN.
8. ^ Layne, Steven L. (2009). Igniting a Passion for Reading: Successful Strategies for Building Lifetime Readers. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57110-385-7.
9. ^ Krashen, Stephen D., 2011. Free Voluntary Reading. Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited, chapter 1. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/331 | Anna Watkins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anna Watkins MBE
Anna Watkins.jpg
Personal information
Birth name Anna Rose Bebington
Full name Anna Rose Watkins
Nationality United Kingdom
Born (1983-02-13) 13 February 1983 (age 31)
Leek, England
Residence Wokingham, Berkshire
Education Natural Sciences
Alma mater Newnham College, Cambridge
Occupation Student
Years active 2001–
Height 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Country Great Britain
Sport Rowing
Event(s) Double sculls
University team Newnham College Boat Club
Club Rob Roy Boat Club
Leander Club
Turned pro 2003
Partner Katherine Grainger
Anna Rose Watkins MBE (born 13 February 1983), is an English rower. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal in Double Sculls and has won 4 medals in the World Championships, most recently a successful defence of her world title with Katherine Grainger, in Bled, Slovenia in 2011. She won a gold medal in the double sculls at the London 2012 Olympics.
Early life[edit]
Watkins was born and raised in Leek, Staffordshire, where she attended Westwood College.[1] She studied Natural Sciences at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she started rowing in 2001.
She is currently attending the University of Reading as a PhD student in mathematics.[2]
In September 2009 she married Oliver Watkins, a part-time rowing coach, who was studying for a Ph.D in engineering at Cambridge where the couple met.[3] The couple live in Wokingham, where Oliver works for the McLaren Formula One team as a suspension specialist. Anna announced in March 2013 that the couple were expecting their first child, due in September 2013.[4] Anna gave birth to a baby boy which they named William James.[5]
Sporting career[edit]
She took her first strokes with Newnham College Boat Club and was captain of lower boats and then secretary for the club. Watkins represents Leander Club in rowing events.
At Cambridge, her college crew were Head of the Cam in 2003 before she moved onto the World Class Start talent identification programme run by UK sport and based at Rob Roy Boat Club.[6] In 2004 she made her international debut, winning a gold medal in the Coxless IVs at the World Under 23 Regatta in Poznan, Poland with crewmates Natasha Page, Beth Rodford and Alison Knowles.
In 2005, Watkins made her senior international debut with the Women's Eight, achieving a 5th place at the World Championships in Gifu, Japan. She also won an Under 23 bronze medal at the World U23 Rowing Championships in Amsterdam.
In 2006 Watkins switched to sculling and began competing in the double scull, a boat class she has remained with since then. The World Championships in 2006 were on home water at Eton Dorney, the venue for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Watkins partnered Annabel Vernon and they came in fourth place having won the World Cup series earlier that season.
For the next two years Watkins's partner was Elise Laverick. In this combination they won bronze medals at both the World Championships and at the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. The Olympic medal came after a difficult season battling with glandular fever, and at the time was the closest any British oarswoman had come to an Olympic gold with the three medal winning crews separated by 0.23 seconds.[7]
In 2009 Watkins once more partnered Annabel Vernon and won a silver medal at the World Championships in Poznan, Poland.
In 2010 Watkins joined forces with Katherine Grainger for the first time. In their double scull they had an unbeaten season culminating in their victory at the World Championships in New Zealand. They were named World Rowing Female Crew of the year[8] and also the Sunday Times Women's Sports Team of the year for 2010.[9] Individually, Watkins became Champion of the Thames in the annual championships, the Wingfield Sculls.
In 2011 Watkins beat her partner Katherine in the British Rowing Team trials.[10] They joined forces again in the double scull and continued their unbeaten run, finishing the season with another World Championships gold. Watkins retained her title in the Wingfield Sculls, setting a new record time.
At the 2012 London Olympics, Watkins and Katherine Grainger broke the Olympic record in the semi-final of the double sculls. Subsequently they won the final to take the gold medal.[11][12]
Watkins was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to rowing.[13][14]
Olympic Games[edit]
• 2012 London - Gold, Women's Double Sculls
• 2008 Beijing - Bronze, Women's Double Sculls
World Rowing Championships[edit]
World Rowing Under 23 Championships[edit]
• 2005 - Bronze, Coxless Pair
• 2004 - Gold, Coxless Four
GB Rowing Team Senior Trials[edit]
• 2012 - 2nd, Single Scull
• 2011 - 1st, Single Scull
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Town honours its Olympic ace Anna". The Sentinel. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
2. ^ "SportsPark | BUCS | British Universities & Colleges Sports". 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
3. ^ "Olympic medallist weds man who set her on path to glory". 30 October 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
4. ^ "Anna Watkins: Olympic rowing champion is pregnant". BBC News. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
5. ^ "Congratulations". British Rowing. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
6. ^ "Internationals". Rob Roy Boat Club. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
7. ^ John Simpson in Taunton Updated 39 minutes ago (10 April 2011). "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Retrieved 6 November 2011.
8. ^ [1][dead link]
9. ^ "Watkins and Grainger win Sunday Times Women's Team of the Year Award". British Rowing. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
10. ^ "Watkins in eye-catching win over Grainger at GB Rowing Team Assessment". British Rowing. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
11. ^ "Olympics rowing: Anna Watkins & Katherine Grainger smash record". Retrieved 30 July 2012.
12. ^ "Olympics 2012: Great Britain win four golds in 24 hours". BBC Sports. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
14. ^ [2] Cabinet Office
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/333 | Bradford system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
To measure the fineness of sheep wool fiber before microscopes and lasers were so used, English wool handlers in the city of Bradford described wool by estimating (with experienced eyes) how many 560-yard hanks of single strand yarn could be made by a good spinner from a pound of "top." (Top is cleaned combed wool with the fibers all parallel) The finer the average diameter of a single wool fiber, the more hanks could be spun. From a pound of "64s," for example, sixty-four such hanks could be made (more than 20 miles!). From the finest wools, more than 80 hanks could be spun; from the strongest, perhaps 36 or fewer. Using ranges denoted by the stronger end (that is “44s” ran up to “46s”) wool lots were classified and prices derived.
The Bradford count may be biased no matter how experienced the rater is; also it relies heavily on number of crimps (regular undulations) per inch, which has a not-very-strong correlation with actual average fiber diameter.
More objective measuring systems are rapidly replacing its use in the international market, though it is still widely used among shepherds and breed associations. The United States Department of Agriculture in 1968 issued official standards (for the U.S.A. only, not applicable worldwide) which assigned ranges of average fiber diameter (AFD) and maximum standard deviation to each of the Bradford counts. For example, wool with average fiber diameter in micrometers from 28.60 to 30.09 was to be called "54s."
In the last ten years, objective measurement of several fiber characteristics has become faster and more available and is likely to replace the Bradford count system in all commercial arenas. The spinning count, with all its lore, will not disappear overnight.
Average fiber diameter, although a salient characteristic of sheep breeds and the major determinant of end-uses for wool, is only one of many factors that determines wool quality. For a good discussion of wool classing see Wool Grading, a 1996 article by Rodney Kott of Montana State University. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/334 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Brassavola flagellaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Epidendreae
Subtribe: Laeliinae
Alliance: Cattleya
Genus: Brassavola
R.Br., 1813
Type species
B. cucullata
See text.
Eudisanthema Neck. ex Post & Kuntze
Lysimnia Raf.
Tulexis Raf.
Brassavola is a genus of 20 orchids (family Orchidaceae). They were named in 1813 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown. The name comes from the Venetian nobleman and physician Antonio Musa Brassavola. This genus is abbreviated B. in trade journals.
These species are native to the lowlands of Central America and tropical South America. They are epiphytes, and a few are lithophytes. A single, apical and succulent leaf grows on an elongated pseudobulb.
The orchid yields a single white or greenish white flower, or a raceme of a few flowers. The three sepals and two lateral petals are greenish, narrow and long. The base of the broad, sometimes fringed lip partially enfolds the column. This column has a pair of falciform ears on each side of the front and contains twelve (sometimes eight) pollinia.
Most Brassavola orchids are very fragrant, attracting pollinators with their citrusy smell. But they are only fragrant at night, in order to attract the right moth. Longevity of flowers depends on the species and is between five and thirty days.
In 1698 Brassavola nodosa was the first tropical orchid to be brought from the Caribbean island Curaçao to Holland. Thus began the propagation of this orchid and the fascination for orchids in general.
Lady-of-the-night Orchid
Brassavola nodosa
The species of Brassavola have been divided into four sections:[1]
B. sect. Brassavola[edit]
This monotypic section, erected by H. G. Jones in 1969, contains the type of the genus:
B. sect. Sessilabia[edit]
This section, erected by Rolfe in 1902, is characterized by narrow labella with fimbriate margins to wider labella with entire margins.
B. sect. Cuneilabia[edit]
This section, erected by Rolfe in 1902, is characterized by narrowly constricted labellum bases. The sectional type is B. nodosa
B. sect. Lateraliflorae[edit]
This section, erected by H.G.Jones in 1975, is characterized by laterally-borne inflorescences. The sectional type is B. acaulis
Brassavola is in the same alliance as the genera Cattleya and Laelia. They have been used extensively in hybridization and represent the B at the beginning of the names of such crosses. For example, Blc. is Brassolaeliacattleya.
Some Hybrid Greges[edit]
1. ^ H. G. Jones: "Nomenclatural revision o the genus Brassavola R. Br. of the Orchidaceae" Ann. Naturhistor. Mus. Wien" 79(1975)9—22
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/335 | Bridges in Kiev
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bridges in Kiev (top to bottom): Moskovskyi Bridge, Metro Bridge, Paton Bridge.
This article deals with the bridges in Kiev over the Dnieper River and its tributaries. For the bridge-like structures elsewhere in the city, see articles on Kiev's architecture and transport.
Kiev, that historically was situated on the right bank of the Dnieper River, covers both banks of the river whose width, as it flows through the city, reaches some several hundred metres. Additionally, several tributaries fall into the Dnieper inside or just north or south of the historic city. Currently there are eight bridges spanning across the river and a few dozen bridges across the canals and Dnieper tributaries.
Due to the location and the width of the river, the bridges have always been a very attractive and hard to realize option throughout the long history of Kiev.
The temporary floater bridges were known to have existed since the 12th century. The stationary bridges existed in Kiev from mid-19th century, but none of them survived through the turbulent events that followed the 1917 Russian Revolution.
Early history[edit]
According to the chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the Dnieper River in the area was built in the 1115. It was located near Vyshhorod or, according to different accounts, near the Vydubychi Monastery. Records exist about another floater in the 17th century with stationary approaches from the shores.
Such bridges could only be temporary as Dnieper ices in most winters at the Kiev's latitude and the pillar's icing and the roaring ice drift each spring remain a concern even for modern bridges. Additionally, the river stream was especially strong before the Dnieper was dammed in the 20th century. Therefore, the cross-river traffic was carried by boats and ferries throughout centuries.
First stationary bridges: late 19th to early-20th century[edit]
Nicholas Chain Bridge.
From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, Kiev was served by two stationary bridges. Both bridges had similar fates. Built at the times of the industrial revolution in the Russian Empire these engineering masterpieces of their time survived World War I and the Russian Civil War. Both were blown up in 1920 by the Polish troops retreating from Kiev following their unsuccessful armed intervention into Ukraine.
Nicholas Chain Bridge[edit]
Amand Struve Railroad Bridge.
The first stationary bridge in Kiev was built between 1848 and 1853.[1] This 770 m (2,526 ft)-long Nicholas Bridge was a chain suspension bridge rested on five pillars. Being one of the largest and most beautiful bridges in Europe, it was the pride for the city until it was blown up in 1920 by the Polish troops. The heavily damaged bridge was not subject to the restoration and in 1925 a new bridge was constructed in its place under the name Yevheniya Bosh Bridge (see below).[2]
Struve (Darnytskyi) Railroad Bridge[edit]
The second stationary bridge was built in 1868-1870 with the construction supervision conducted personally by Amand Struve.[3] This over 1 kilometre long railroad truss bridge was initially named to its constructor, engineer Struve. Standing on 13 piers, over 1 km (0.62 mi) long, the bridge was the longest in Europe at that time. During the construction Struve first in the Russian Empire used caisson method to lay the foundation . On February 17, 1870 the first train by the Kiev-Kursk railroad company arrived through the bridge to the Kiev railroad station. Similarly to the Nicholas Bridge, the Struve Bridge survived World War I and the Civil war, but was blown up in 1920 by the retreating Polish troops (see: Kiev Offensive).
Rusanivsky bridge[edit]
The bridge was built in 1906 and was blown up in 1943 by the retreating forces of Nazi Germany. Rusanivsky bridge connected the Darnytsia region with the city of Kiev by the Brovary chaussée (highway). The bridge was designed by architect V.Apishkov. In 1965 in its place was erected the Metro Bridge and the Rusanivsky Metropolitan Bridge (extension of the first) which both are part of the Svyatoshyno-Brovary Subway Line (SBL).
Between WWI and WWII[edit]
New bridges were built in the early Soviet years but were destroyed in the first months of the 1941 Nazi German invasion. Restored by forced labor of war prisoners and civilians during German occupation they were blown up again by Germans when they retreated from Kiev in November 1943.[4]
Bosh bridges[edit]
Yevheniya Bosh Bridge. Photo of 1930s.
Within months after the Polish troops blew up the original chain bridge, that very summer 1920 the Ukrainian engineer Evgeny Paton proposed the reconstruction project that would have reused the old chains to be lifted from under water. However, rusting made the metallic parts of the old bridge unusable and for the following two years Paton worked on several projects of the Nicholas bridge's restoration. He ended up proposing to construct a totally new bridge but this proposal was declined by the supporters of the reusing of the old elements from underwater. The year of 1923 passed in arguing between the two proposals. The construction overseen by Paton was finished by 1925 and the completed bridge was named after the former Soviet People's Secretary of Internal Affairs and a fierce Bolshevik Yevgeniya Bosch.[5]
Following the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, the bridge was destroyed on September 18, 1941 by retreating Soviet forces. A pontoon bridge was built on its place by forced labour under German occupation, which was destroyed again by German troops retreating from Kiev.
Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The replacement Darnytskyi railroad bridge was built in early 1920s but shared the fate of the Bosh Bridge. Destroyed in the first months of the Great Patriotic War, it was restored during German occupation by forced labor, and was destroyed again by retreating German troops.
During the Battle of Kiev, Red Army's attempt to catch the bridge by landing forces was unsuccessful. The Germans blew up the bridge on the eyes of the Soviet landing force unit. The landing unit was disbanded for the operation failure.
Immediately after the liberation a temporary wooden bridge was built at the location of the blown up Darnytskyi bridge by the Red Army engineers in the record thirteen-day time (some sources cite thirty days) in the urgency to facilitate the pursuit of the German army on its retreat from Ukraine. The record short construction time plan was met despite the frequent German bombing raids. 50,000 Kievans took part in the bridge construction.
Underwater tunnels[edit]
A few years before World War II the Soviet government planned two underground railroad lines to be laid underneath the bedrock of Dnieper river. One tunnel line (Northern) would have stretched from the Obolon neighborhood (Obolon Raion) and to what is known as Vygurivshchyna (Desna Raion) near Voskresenska Slobidka on the left-bank of Dnieper in the close proximity of Troieschyna. Another line (Southern) was planned to cross Dnieper from the Zhukiv Island to Osokorky (Darnytsia Raion). The project came up in a fear that in case of a war the bridges over the Dnieper were a vulnerable part of the regional transport infrastructure, and tunnels might be a long-term strategic solution.
The construction started in 1936 was planned to be finished sometime in 1944. The NKVD oversaw the project, drafting hundreds of military, civilian and prison workers to work on it. The underdeveloped technology of the time required special makeshift caissons (vertical mines for ventilation and soil extraction) to be built in the middle of the river. Due to technical failures and the start of the war, the construction was never finished or even disclosed to the public. The builders were able only to connect the Right Bank with the close Zhukiv Island (where the present-day southern port is situated). The flooded entrance to the tunnel and abandoned caissons can now be seen in the forests and bays of Holosiivskyi Raion. Contemporary amateur researchers believe that a large secret base component of the project, including a train station, barracks and mass graves of workers, are also located in the depths of the tunnels.[6]
After the start of the World War II all tunnel construction (known as the Construction No.1) was suspended and afterward recognized as unreasonable. Nonetheless the entrances to the unfinished tunnels still exist around the mentioned neighborhoods, which are mostly unguarded.
Modern bridges[edit]
Note: Bridges are listed southwards along the river flow.
Moskovskyi Bridge[edit]
The Moskovskyi Bridge.
The automobile-only Moskovskyi ("Moscow") Bridge (50°29′26″N 30°32′09″E / 50.49056°N 30.53583°E / 50.49056; 30.53583), designed by the architect A.V.Dobrovolsky and engineered by G.B.Fux, was built in 1976. It is a cable-stayed bridge, with the beam of the main span being held by a cluster of steel ropes which are fixed to a 115 meters tall A-pylon.[7] The bridge consists of two spans: a 816 m (2,677 ft) long and 31.4 m (103 ft) wide span across the Dnieper and a 732 m (2,402 ft) long, 29.1 m (95 ft) wide span across the Desyonka, a Dnieper tributary.
The northernmost of the city bridges, Moskovskyi Bridge is a key structure on the northern end of the Kiev Smaller Ring Road, connecting Petrivka to the densely populated north-eastern residential neighborhoods, mainly Troieschyna. From the moment of its construction the bridge was built as a high-speed motorway, which it remains to this day.
Podilskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The Podilskyi Railroad Bridge (50°29′01″N 30°32′50″E / 50.48361°N 30.54722°E / 50.48361; 30.54722) is made of steel trusses. It was originally built in 1929 and was known as Petrovskyi Bridge at that time. Like other bridges, it was blown up in the course of World War II, but was not heavily damaged and was reopened in 1944.[8]
The Podilskyi Railroad Bridge completes the railway circle around Kiev. However, the bridge is limited to slow-speed rail traffic due to its age.
Harbour bridges[edit]
Rybalskyi (Fisherman's) Bridge[edit]
A steel bridge connects Podil neighborhood to the Rybalskyi Peninsula over the Kiev Harbour. In the 1990s, the bridge was found unsafe for automobile traffic and since 2001 it was reserved for pedestrians only. The bridge is fenced off from February 2, 2009 and will be dismantled.[9]
Havanskyi Bridge[edit]
The automobile-only Havanskyi ("Harbour") Bridge was opened on 17 December 2007 for automotive traffic from Podil towards Obolon across Havan' (Ukrainian: Гавань) — the harbour in the mouth of the former Pochayna River, with the construction being started in 2003, serving as a substitute for the closed Rybalskyi Bridge. On October 23, 2010 the bridge was opened for two-way traffic together with an adjacent flyover on the right bank.[10]
Parkovy (Pedestrian) Bridge[edit]
The Parkovy Bridge
The Parkovy Bridge aka Pedestrian Bridge (50°27′25″N 30°32′03″E / 50.45694°N 30.53417°E / 50.45694; 30.53417), designed by architect V. Suvorov and engineered by V. Kiriyenko, was built in 1957. The bridge is a light construction 400 m (1,312 ft) in length that connects Kiev to the park-area Trukhaniv Island. This is the only bridge constructed specifically for the pedestrian traffic over the Dnieper fairway, and for this reason it's formally included in the number of Kiev bridges across Dnieper.
Venetian Bridge[edit]
The automobile-only Venetian Bridge, designed by architect A. Ilyashenko and engineered by V. Koval, was built in 1966. The bridge spans the Venetian Canal dividing the Hidropark Island and the Dolobetskyi Island.
Rusanivka Bridges[edit]
The Rusanivka Bridges were built in the 1960s over the Rusanivka Canal, connecting the neighborhood with the rest of Left Bank city. There are 5 bridges, 2 of them are exclusively pedestrian. Prior to World War II Rusanivka has been connected to the rest of Kiev by a bridge, but it was destroyed during the war. The Rusanivka bridges are a popular place for amateur fishermen.
Metro Bridge[edit]
Metro Bridge seen from the Right-bank Dnipro embankment.
The auto-and-rail Metro Bridge (50°26′35″N 30°33′50″E / 50.44306°N 30.56389°E / 50.44306; 30.56389), engineered by G. Fux and Y. Inosov and built in 1965. The bridge is used for both the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line of Kiev Metro and automobile traffic (being part of the Brovary Parkway). The Metro bridge consists of two spans as it links the central Hidropark island as well as the left and right banks. The larger span consists of an elevated central Metro span and side automobile spans on separate, lower estacades. Both the Metro and automobile paths have a distinct arched contour. This was because the Metro line continues into the hill of the right bank with the Dnipro station.
The smaller span called Rusanovsky Bridge which links the Hidropark with the left bank is a more conventional level estacade with two northern traffic lanes and a southern Metro path.
Paton Bridge[edit]
The 1,543 metres long automobile-only Paton Bridge (50°25′38″N 30°34′55″E / 50.42722°N 30.58194°E / 50.42722; 30.58194), built in 1953, is the longest of the Dnieper bridges in the city. It was the first fully welded steel construction of such length in the world to the date of completion and it was the longest bridge in Europe at that time. The bridge was named after Evgeny Paton, the famous welding engineer who developed the technology for the structure. He died a few weeks before the construction was completed, never seeing his masterpiece.
Initially carrying the automotive traffic and cross-Dnieper tram lines, the bridge have recently been renovated. The tram rails were removed and the electric trolley bus infrastructure was added to the bridge. Shutting down the tram line that historically served the bridge has met the mixed reception from the Kievans, despite the municipal authorities claimed that the tram service over the bridge has become impractical.
The bridge currently has 3 traffic lanes in both directions and one reversible lane connecting Pechersk to the Left Bank.
Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The old Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge (50°24′58″N 30°35′11″E / 50.41611°N 30.58639°E / 50.41611; 30.58639), engineered by I. Barenboym and E. Radzevich, was built in 1949. It took the place of an older bridge, which was destroyed in 1941 in the first days of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (see the earlier history section.).
New Darnytskyi Bridge[edit]
The New Darnytskyi Bridge is an auto-and-rail bridge, constructed 50 m (164 ft) south of the existing Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge. The bridge carries 2 lanes of railroad, and 6 lanes of auto traffic.[11] The bridge's expected capacity is 60,000 vehicles and 120 pairs of trains per day.[12] Already operational as itself, the bridge complex now lacks road connection ramps from some directions which are still under construction. Additional railroad links to match new bridge' capacity are also being constructed. On September 27, 2010 the railroad part of the bridge was officially opened; on March 31, 2011, road traffic opened.[13] As of the last government notice, the bridge was expected to be completed in 2012.[12] Following the construction of the bridge, a new major passenger terminal will be completed in the Darnytsia Railway Station on the Left Bank of the city.
Pivdennyi Bridge[edit]
The auto-and-rail Pivdennyi ("Southern") Bridge (50°23′41″N 30°35′23″E / 50.39472°N 30.58972°E / 50.39472; 30.58972), designed by the architect A. Gavrilov and engineered by G. Fux, was built in 1990. It is the second metro bridge in Kiev, serving both the Syretsko-Pecherska metro line and automobile traffic. The shrouds holding the spans on the bridge are supported by a two-column ferroconcrete construction 115 m (377 ft) in height.
The bridge currently has 3 traffic lanes in both directions. It connects the Vydubychi to the rapidly-developing left-bank Darnytsia neighborhood, completing the southern end of the Kiev Smaller Ring Road route.
Bridges in construction[edit]
Construction of the Podilsko-Voskresensky Bridge.
Due to a large traffic increase since the late 1990s, more bridges are needed to avoid traffic jams on and around already existing bridges.[citation needed] Specifically, the central rail route from the central railway terminal via the Darnytskyi Bridge is overloaded, limiting the railroad traffic in Eastern Europe.
Two bridges are currently under construction (one, the New Darnytskyi Bridge, already operational) and one more[which?] is planned according to the Kiev Development Plan. In addition, in 2006 a project was unveiled to provide decorative night illumination to most of the bridges.[14]
Podilsko-Voskresensky Metro Bridge[edit]
The construction of a new 7 km (4 mi) long metro/automobile bridge (50°28′18″N 30°32′40″E / 50.47167°N 30.54444°E / 50.47167; 30.54444) is underway on Trukhaniv Ostriv, on the midway between existing Moskovskyi Bridge and Parkovy Bridge. The bridge is a part of the future Podilsko-Voskresenska Line, and it will carry 3 lanes of auto traffic in both directions. The construction is contracted by the Kiev municipality.
Alternatives to bridges[edit]
Moskovskyi Bridge in evening
Tunnel projects[edit]
Despite the mid-20th century failure, the idea of underriver tunnels, which is relied on much advanced metro technologies, is still on Kiev city planner's table. Tunnel projects are recently being included in some of proposed Kiev development plans as a way to move the main traffic flows in the city center underground. However, most experts[who?] agree that such projects are both unaffordable and technically infeasible at this time.
Recently, Kievavtodor road company and the institutes of Kievdormostproekt and Kievproekt were working out plans for a tunnel system which would connect the left and right banks of Kiev.[15] City authorities welcomed the plan, which would ease the traffic congestion of Kiev's bridges.[15]
Emergency bridges[edit]
In case of war/terrorism emergency, the makeshift pontoon bridges are to be established in the city. A special Pontoon-Bridge Brigade of the Armed Forces is based on the Left Bank, ready to use its truck-based automatic bridges and docking boats. Such equipment allows automobile and limited railroad connection over the river, and is frequently used in military maneuvers.
1. ^ "Lantsiuhovslyi Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
2. ^ pdf
3. ^ "Struve Railroad Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
4. ^ "Кiевскiй телеграфъ № 279". Кiевскiй телеграфъ (Kievsky telegraph) (in Russian).
5. ^ "Yevheniya Bosh Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
6. ^ "N/A". «ФАКТЫ» Facts and Comments (in Russian).
7. ^ "Moskovskyi Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
8. ^ "Kiev's bridges.". Kyiv Guide (in Ukrainian).
9. ^ Kyiv Closes Rybalskyi Bridge For Pedestrians, Ukrainian News Agency (February 5, 2009)
10. ^ Kyiv news(Ukrainian)
11. ^ "Projects of South-West railroad". South-West railroad (in Ukrainian).
12. ^ a b Pivdenno-Zakhidna railways launches rail traffic on Darnytsky bridge, Kyiv Post (May 11, 2009)
13. ^ Cabinet Increases Financing Of Construction Of Darnytsia Bridge In Kyiv By 36% To UAH 1.5 Billion In 2011
14. ^ "Urban Construction council's materials". 8 November 2006 (in Russian).
15. ^ a b (Russian) Корреспондент » Главная » Киев » Правый и левый берег в Киеве могут связать тоннелями
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/336 | Callisto (moon)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Discovered by Galileo Galilei
Discovery date January 7, 1610[1]
Alternative names Jupiter IV
Adjective Callistoan, Callistonian
Orbital characteristics
Periapsis 1869000 km[a]
Apoapsis 1897000 km[b]
Semi-major axis 1 882 700 km[2]
Eccentricity 0.0074[2]
Orbital period 16.6890184 d[2]
Average orbital speed 8.204 km/s
Inclination 0.192° (to local Laplace planes)[2]
Satellite of Jupiter
Physical characteristics
Mean radius 2410.3±1.5 km (0.378 Earths)[3]
Surface area 7.30×107 km2 (0.143 Earths)[c]
Volume 5.9×1010 km3 (0.0541 Earths)[d]
Mass (1.075938±0.000137)×1023 kg (0.018 Earths)[3]
Mean density 1.8344±0.0034 g/cm3[3]
Equatorial surface gravity 1.235 m/s2 (0.126 g)[e]
Escape velocity 2.440 km/s[f]
Rotation period synchronous[3]
Axial tilt zero[3]
Albedo 0.22 (geometric)[4]
Surface temp. min mean max
K[4] 80±5 134±11 165±5
Apparent magnitude 5.65 (opposition)[5]
Surface pressure 7.5 pbar[6]
Composition ≈ 4×108 molecules/cm3 carbon dioxide;[6]
up to 2×1010 molecules/cm3 molecular oxygen(O2)[7]
Callisto /kəˈlɪst/[8] (Jupiter IV) is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. It is the third-largest moon in the Solar System and the second largest in the Jovian system, after Ganymede. Callisto has about 99% the diameter of the planet Mercury but only about a third of its mass. It is the fourth Galilean moon of Jupiter by distance, with an orbital radius of about 1,880,000 km.[2] It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating.[9] Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its revolution around Jupiter, so that the same hemisphere always faces inward; Jupiter appears to stand still in Callisto's sky. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because it orbits farther away.[10]
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts.[13] Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters (catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits.[13] At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material.[4] This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants.[14] The absolute ages of the landforms are not known.
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide[6] and probably molecular oxygen,[7] as well as by a rather intense ionosphere.[15] Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation.[16] Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the formation of a subsurface ocean at a depth of 100–150 km and a small, rocky core.[17]
The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto leaves open the possibility that it could harbor life. However, conditions are thought to be less favorable than on nearby Europa.[18] Various space probes from Pioneers 10 and 11 to Galileo and Cassini have studied Callisto. Because of its low radiation levels, Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jovian system.[19]
Discovery and naming[edit]
Callisto was discovered by Galileo in January 1610 along with three other large Jovian moons—Ganymede, Io, and Europa.[1] Callisto is named after one of Zeus's many lovers in Greek mythology. Callisto was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of Lycaon) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, Artemis.[20] The name was suggested by Simon Marius soon after Callisto's discovery.[21] Marius attributed the suggestion to Johannes Kepler.[20] However, the names of the Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Callisto is referred to by its Roman numeral designation, a system introduced by Galileo, as Jupiter IV or as "the fourth satellite of Jupiter".[22] In scientific writing, the adjectival form of the name is Callistoan,[23] pronounced /ˌkælɨˈst.ən/, or Callistan.[14]
Orbit and rotation[edit]
Callisto (bottom left), Jupiter (top right) and Europa (below and left of Jupiter's Great Red Spot) as viewed by Cassini
Callisto is the outermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. It orbits at a distance of approximately 1 880 000 km (26.3 times the 71 492 km radius of Jupiter itself).[2] This is significantly larger than the orbital radius—1 070 000 km—of the next-closest Galilean satellite, Ganymede. As a result of this relatively distant orbit, Callisto does not participate in the mean-motion resonance—in which the three inner Galilean satellites are locked—and probably never has.[9]
Like most other regular planetary moons, Callisto's rotation is locked to be synchronous with its orbit.[3] The length of the Callistoan day, simultaneously its orbital period, is about 16.7 days. Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0072–0.0076 and 0.20–0.60°, respectively.[9] These orbital variations cause the axial tilt (the angle between rotational and orbital axes) to vary between 0.4 and 1.6°.[24]
The dynamical isolation of Callisto means that it has never been appreciably tidally heated, which has had important consequences for its internal structure and evolution.[25] Its distance from Jupiter also means that the charged-particle flux from Jupiter's magnetosphere at its surface is relatively low—about 300 times lower than, for example, that at Europa. Hence, unlike the other Galilean moons, charged-particle irradiation has had a relatively minor effect on the Callistoan surface.[10] The radiation level at the surface of Callisto is equivalent to a dose of about 0.01 rem (0.1 mSv) per day.[26]
Physical characteristics[edit]
Near-IR spectra of dark cratered plains (red) and the Asgard impact structure (blue), showing the presence of more water ice (absorption bands from 1 to 2 µm)[27] and less rocky material within Asgard.
The average density of Callisto, 1.83 g/cm3,[3] suggests a composition of approximately equal parts of rocky material and water ice, with some additional volatile ices such as ammonia.[11] The mass fraction of ices is between 49–55%.[11][17] The exact composition of Callisto's rock component is not known, but is probably close to the composition of L/LL type ordinary chondrites, which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites. The weight ratio of iron to silicon is 0.9—1.3 in Callisto, whereas the solar ratio is around 1:8.[11]
Callisto's surface has an albedo of about 20%.[4] Its surface composition is thought to be broadly similar to its composition as a whole. Near-infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of water ice absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 micrometers.[4] Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on the surface of Callisto, with a mass fraction of 25–50%.[12] The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and UV spectra obtained by the Galileo spacecraft and from the ground has revealed various non-ice materials: magnesium- and iron-bearing hydrated silicates,[4] carbon dioxide,[28] sulfur dioxide,[29] and possibly ammonia and various organic compounds.[4][12] Spectral data indicate that Callisto's surface is extremely heterogeneous at the small scale. Small, bright patches of pure water ice are intermixed with patches of a rock–ice mixture and extended dark areas made of a non-ice material.[4][13]
The Callistoan surface is asymmetric: the leading hemisphere[g] is darker than the trailing one. This is different from other Galilean satellites, where the reverse is true.[4] The trailing hemisphere[g] of Callisto appears to be enriched in carbon dioxide, whereas the leading hemisphere has more sulfur dioxide.[30] Many fresh impact craters like Lofn also show enrichment in carbon dioxide.[30] Overall, the chemical composition of the surface, especially in the dark areas, may be close to that seen on D-type asteroids,[13] whose surfaces are made of carbonaceous material.
Internal structure[edit]
Model of Callisto's internal structure showing a surface ice layer, a possible liquid water layer, and an ice-rock interior
Callisto's battered surface lies on top of a cold, stiff, and icy lithosphere that is between 80 and 150 km thick.[11][17] A salty ocean 50–200 km deep may lie beneath the crust,[11][17] indicated by studies of the magnetic fields around Jupiter and its moons.[31][32] It was found that Callisto responds to Jupiter's varying background magnetic field like a perfectly conducting sphere; that is, the field cannot penetrate inside Callisto, suggesting a layer of highly conductive fluid within it with a thickness of at least 10 km.[32] The existence of an ocean is more likely if water contains a small amount of ammonia or other antifreeze, up to 5% by weight.[17] In this case the ocean can be as thick as 250–300 km.[11] Failing an ocean, the icy lithosphere may be somewhat thicker, up to about 300 km.
Beneath the lithosphere and putative ocean, Callisto's interior appears to be neither entirely uniform nor particularly variable. Galileo orbiter data[3] (especially the dimensionless moment of inertia[h]—0.3549 ± 0.0042—determined during close flybys) suggest that its interior is composed of compressed rocks and ices, with the amount of rock increasing with depth due to partial settling of its constituents.[11][33] In other words, Callisto is only partially differentiated. The density and moment of inertia are compatible with the existence of a small silicate core in the center of Callisto. The radius of any such core cannot exceed 600 km, and the density may lie between 3.1 and 3.6 g/cm3.[3][11] Callisto's interior is in stark contrast to that of Ganymede, which appears to be fully differentiated.[12][34]
Surface features[edit]
Galileo image of cratered plains, illustrating the pervasive local smoothing of Callisto's surface
The ancient surface of Callisto is one of the most heavily cratered in the Solar System.[35] In fact, the crater density is close to saturation: any new crater will tend to erase an older one. The large-scale geology is relatively simple; there are no large Callistoan mountains, volcanoes or other endogenic tectonic features.[36] The impact craters and multi-ring structures—together with associated fractures, scarps and deposits—are the only large features to be found on the surface.[13][36]
Callisto's surface can be divided into several geologically different parts: cratered plains, light plains, bright and dark smooth plains, and various units associated with particular multi-ring structures and impact craters.[13][36] The cratered plains constitute most of the surface area and represent the ancient lithosphere, a mixture of ice and rocky material. The light plains include bright impact craters like Burr and Lofn, as well as the effaced remnants of old large craters called palimpsests,[i] the central parts of multi-ring structures, and isolated patches in the cratered plains.[13] These light plains are thought to be icy impact deposits. The bright, smooth plains constitute a small fraction of the Callistoan surface and are found in the ridge and trough zones of the Valhalla and Asgard formations and as isolated spots in the cratered plains. They were believed to be connected with endogenic activity, but the high-resolution Galileo images showed that the bright, smooth plains correlate with heavily fractured and knobby terrain and do not show any signs of resurfacing.[13] The Galileo images also revealed small, dark, smooth areas with overall coverage less than 10,000 km2, which appear to embay[j] the surrounding terrain. They are possible cryovolcanic deposits.[13] Both the light and the various smooth plains are somewhat younger and less cratered than the background cratered plains.[13][37]
Impact crater Hár with a central dome. Chains of secondary craters from formation of the more recent crater Tindr at upper right crosscut the terrain.
Impact crater diameters seen range from 0.1 km—a limit defined by the imaging resolution—to over 100 km, not counting the multi-ring structures.[13] Small craters, with diameters less than 5 km, have simple bowl or flat-floored shapes. Those 5–40 km across usually have a central peak. Larger impact features, with diameters in the range 25–100 km, have central pits instead of peaks, such as Tindr crater.[13] The largest craters with diameters over 60 km can have central domes, which are thought to result from central tectonic uplift after an impact;[13] examples include Doh and Hár craters. A small number of very large—more 100 km in diameter—and bright impact craters show anomalous dome geometry. These are unusually shallow and may be a transitional landform to the multi-ring structures, as with the Lofn impact feature.[13] Callistoan craters are generally shallower than those on the Moon.
Voyager 1 image of Valhalla, a multi-ring impact structure 3800 km in diameter
The largest impact features on the Callistoan surface are multi-ring basins.[13][36] Two are enormous. Valhalla is the largest, with a bright central region 600 kilometers in diameter, and rings extending as far as 1,800 kilometers from the center (see figure).[38] The second largest is Asgard, measuring about 1,600 kilometers in diameter.[38] Multi-ring structures probably originated as a result of a post-impact concentric fracturing of the lithosphere lying on a layer of soft or liquid material, possibly an ocean.[23] The catenae—for example Gomul Catena—are long chains of impact craters lined up in straight lines across the surface. They were probably created by objects that were tidally disrupted as they passed close to Jupiter prior to the impact on Callisto, or by very oblique impacts.[13] A historical example of a disruption was Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
As mentioned above, small patches of pure water ice with an albedo as high as 80% are found on the surface of Callisto, surrounded by much darker material.[4] High-resolution Galileo images showed the bright patches to be predominately located on elevated surface features: crater rims, scarps, ridges and knobs.[4] They are likely to be thin water frost deposits. Dark material usually lies in the lowlands surrounding and mantling bright features and appears to be smooth. It often forms patches up to 5 km across within the crater floors and in the intercrater depressions.[4]
Two landslides 3–3.5 km long are visible on the right sides of the floors of the two large craters on the right.
On a sub-kilometer scale the surface of Callisto is more degraded than the surfaces of other icy Galilean moons.[4] Typically there is a deficit of small impact craters with diameters less than 1 km as compared with, for instance, the dark plains on Ganymede.[13] Instead of small craters, the almost ubiquitous surface features are small knobs and pits.[4] The knobs are thought to represent remnants of crater rims degraded by an as-yet uncertain process.[14] The most likely candidate process is the slow sublimation of ice, which is enabled by a temperature of up to 165 K, reached at a subsolar point.[4] Such sublimation of water or other volatiles from the dirty ice that is the bedrock causes its decomposition. The non-ice remnants form debris avalanches descending from the slopes of the crater walls.[14] Such avalanches are often observed near and inside impact craters and termed "debris aprons".[4][13][14] Sometimes crater walls are cut by sinuous valley-like incisions called "gullies", which resemble certain Martian surface features.[4] In the ice sublimation hypothesis, the low-lying dark material is interpreted as a blanket of primarily non-ice debris, which originated from the degraded rims of craters and has covered a predominantly icy bedrock.
The relative ages of the different surface units on Callisto can be determined from the density of impact craters on them. The older the surface, the denser the crater population.[39] Absolute dating has not been carried out, but based on theoretical considerations, the cratered plains are thought to be ~4.5 billion years old, dating back almost to the formation of the Solar System. The ages of multi-ring structures and impact craters depend on chosen background cratering rates and are estimated by different authors to vary between 1 and 4 billion years.[13][35]
Atmosphere and ionosphere[edit]
Induced magnetic field around Callisto
Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide.[6] It was detected by the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) from its absorption feature near the wavelength 4.2 micrometers. The surface pressure is estimated to be 7.5 × 10−12 bar (0.75 µPa) and particle density 4 × 108 cm−3. Because such a thin atmosphere would be lost in only about 4 days (see atmospheric escape), it must be constantly replenished, possibly by slow sublimation of carbon dioxide ice from Callisto's icy crust,[6] which would be compatible with the sublimation–degradation hypothesis for the formation of the surface knobs.
Callisto's ionosphere was first detected during Galileo flybys;[15] its high electron density of 7–17 × 104 cm−3 cannot be explained by the photoionization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide alone. Hence, it is suspected that the atmosphere of Callisto is actually dominated by molecular oxygen (in amounts 10–100 times greater than CO
).[7] However, oxygen has not yet been directly detected in the atmosphere of Callisto. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) placed an upper limit on its possible concentration in the atmosphere, based on lack of detection, which is still compatible with the ionospheric measurements.[40] At the same time HST was able to detect condensed oxygen trapped on the surface of Callisto.[41]
Origin and evolution[edit]
The partial differentiation of Callisto (inferred e.g. from moment of inertia measurements) means that it has never been heated enough to melt its ice component.[17] Therefore, the most favorable model of its formation is a slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disk of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation.[16] Such a prolonged accretion stage would allow cooling to largely keep up with the heat accumulation caused by impacts, radioactive decay and contraction, thereby preventing melting and fast differentiation.[16] The allowable timescale of formation of Callisto lies then in the range 0.1 million–10 million years.[16]
The further evolution of Callisto after accretion was determined by the balance of the radioactive heating, cooling through thermal conduction near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus convection in the interior.[25] Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all icy moons. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point, due to the temperature dependence of ice viscosity.[42] Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales.[42] It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime.[17][42] For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid lithosphere with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the endogenic activity on the Callistoan surface.[42][43] The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there, water ice exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the ice I on the surface to ice VII in the center.[25] The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting differentiation that would have otherwise formed a large rocky core and icy mantle. Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.[43]
The current understanding of the evolution of Callisto allows for the existence of a layer or "ocean" of liquid water in its interior. This is connected with the anomalous behavior of ice I phase's melting temperature, which decreases with pressure, achieving temperatures as low as 251 K at 2,070 bar (207 MPa).[17] In all realistic models of Callisto the temperature in the layer between 100 and 200 km in depth is very close to, or exceeds slightly, this anomalous melting temperature.[25][42][43] The presence of even small amounts of ammonia—about 1–2% by weight—almost guarantees the liquid's existence because ammonia would lower the melting temperature even further.[17]
Although Callisto is very similar in bulk properties to Ganymede, it apparently had a much simpler geological history. The surface appears to have been shaped mainly by impacts and other exogenic forces.[13] Unlike neighboring Ganymede with its grooved terrain, there is little evidence of tectonic activity.[12] Explanations that have been proposed for the contrasts in internal heating and consequent differentiation and geologic activity between Callisto and Ganymede include differences in formation conditions,[44] the greater tidal heating experienced by Ganymede,[45] and the more numerous and energetic impacts that would have been suffered by Ganymede during the Late Heavy Bombardment.[46][47][48] The relatively simple geological history of Callisto provides planetary scientists with a reference point for comparison with other more active and complex worlds.[12]
Size comparison of Earth, Moon and Callisto
Possibility of life in the ocean[edit]
As with Europa and Ganymede, the idea has been raised that extraterrestrial microbial life may exist in a salty ocean under the Callistoan surface.[18] However, the conditions for life appear to be less favorable on Callisto than on Europa. The principal reasons are the lack of contact with rocky material and the lower heat flux from the interior of Callisto.[18] Scientist Torrence Johnson said the following about comparing the odds of life on Callisto with the odds on other Galilean moons:[49]
The basic ingredients for life—what we call 'pre-biotic chemistry'—are abundant in many solar system objects, such as comets, asteroids and icy moons. Biologists believe liquid water and energy are then needed to actually support life, so it's exciting to find another place where we might have liquid water. But, energy is another matter, and currently, Callisto's ocean is only being heated by radioactive elements, whereas Europa has tidal energy as well, from its greater proximity to Jupiter.
Based on the considerations mentioned above and on other scientific observations, it is thought that of all of Jupiter's Galilean moons, Europa has the greatest chance of supporting microbial life.[18][50]
The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), due to launch in 2022.[52] Several close flybys of Callisto are planned during the mission.[52]
Old proposals[edit]
Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission.[53] ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects.[54] EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.
Potential colonization[edit]
Artist's impression of a base on Callisto[55]
In 2003 NASA conducted a conceptual study called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the outer Solar System. The target chosen to consider in detail was Callisto.[19][56]
The study proposed a possible surface base on Callisto that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System.[55] Advantages of a base on Callisto include low radiation (due to its distance from Jupiter) and geological stability. Such a base could facilitate remote exploration of Europa, or be an ideal location for a Jovian system waystation servicing spacecraft heading farther into the outer Solar System, using a gravity assist from a close flyby of Jupiter after departing Callisto.[19]
A December 2003 NASA report expressed the belief that a manned mission to Callisto may be possible in the 2040s.[57]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1-e).
3. ^ Surface area derived from the radius (r): 4\pi r^2.
4. ^ Volume derived from the radius (r): \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3.
5. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): \frac{Gm}{r^2}.
7. ^ a b The leading hemisphere is the hemisphere facing the direction of the orbital motion; the trailing hemisphere faces the reverse direction.
8. ^ The dimensionless moment of inertia referred to is I/(mr2), where I is the moment of inertia, m the mass, and r the maximal radius. It is 0.4 for a homogenous spherical body, but less than 0.4 if density increases with depth.
9. ^ In the case of icy satellites, palimpsests are defined as bright circular surface features, probably old impact craters; see Greeley et al. 2000.[13]
10. ^ To embay means to shut in, or shelter, as in a bay.
1. ^ a b Galilei, G.; Sidereus Nuncius (March 13, 1610)
2. ^ a b c d e f "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson, J. D.; Jacobson, R. A.; McElrath, T. P.; et al. (2001). "Shape, mean radius, gravity field and interior structure of Callisto". Icarus 153 (1): 157–161. Bibcode:2001Icar..153..157A. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6664.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Moore, Jeffrey M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Bierhaus, Edward B. et al. (2004). "Callisto" (PDF). In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B. Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press.
8. ^ kə-LIS-toh, or as Greek: Καλλιστώ
10. ^ a b Cooper, John F.; Johnson, Robert E.; Mauk, Barry H.; et al. (2001). "Energetic Ion and Electron Irradiation of the Icy Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Icarus 139 (1): 133–159. Bibcode:2001Icar..149..133C. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6498.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuskov, O.L.; Kronrod, V.A. (2005). "Internal structure of Europa and Callisto". Icarus 177 (2): 550–369. Bibcode:2005Icar..177..550K. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014.
12. ^ a b c d e f Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1999). "The Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Greeley, R.; Klemaszewski, J. E.; Wagner, L.; et al. (2000). "Galileo views of the geology of Callisto". Planetary and Space Science 48 (9): 829–853. Bibcode:2000P&SS...48..829G. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00050-7.
14. ^ a b c d e Moore, Jeffrey M.; Asphaug, Erik; Morrison, David; et al. (1999). "Mass Movement and Landform Degradation on the Icy Galilean Satellites: Results of the Galileo Nominal Mission". Icarus 140 (2): 294–312. Bibcode:1999Icar..140..294M. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6132.
15. ^ a b Kliore, A. J.; Anabtawi, A; Herrera, R. G.; et al. (2002). "Ionosphere of Callisto from Galileo radio occultation observations". Journal of Geophysics Research 107 (A11): 1407. Bibcode:2002JGRA.107kSIA19K. doi:10.1029/2002JA009365.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Spohn, T.; Schubert, G. (2003). "Oceans in the icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter?" (PDF). Icarus 161 (2): 456–467. Bibcode:2003Icar..161..456S. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00048-9.
18. ^ a b c d Lipps, Jere H.; Delory, Gregory; Pitman, Joe; et al. (2004). "Astrobiology of Jupiter's Icy Moons" (PDF). Proc. SPIE 5555: 10. doi:10.1117/12.560356.
19. ^ a b c Trautman, Pat; Bethke, Kristen (2003). "Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)" (PDF). NASA.
20. ^ a b "Satellites of Jupiter". The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
22. ^ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. Bibcode:1892AJ.....12...81B. doi:10.1086/101715.
23. ^ a b Klemaszewski, J.A.; Greeley, R. (2001). "Geological Evidence for an Ocean on Callisto" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1818.
25. ^ a b c d Freeman, J. (2006). "Non-Newtonian stagnant lid convection and the thermal evolution of Ganymede and Callisto" (PDF). Planetary and Space Science 54 (1): 2–14. Bibcode:2006P&SS...54....2F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.003.
27. ^ Clark, R. N. (1981-04-10). "Water frost and ice: the near-infrared spectral reflectance 0.65–2.5 μm". Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (B4): 3087–3096. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.3087C. doi:10.1029/JB086iB04p03087. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
28. ^ a b Brown, R. H.; Baines, K. H.; Bellucci, G.; et al. (2003). "Observations with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) during Cassini's Flyby of Jupiter". Icarus 164 (2): 461–470. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..461B. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00134-9.
29. ^ Noll, K.S. (1996). "Detection of SO2 on Callisto with the Hubble Space Telescope" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1852.
30. ^ a b Hibbitts, C.A.; McCord, T. B.; Hansen, G.B. (1998). "Distributions of CO2 and SO2 on the Surface of Callisto" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1908.
31. ^ Khurana, K. K.; et al. (1998). "Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto" (PDF). Nature 395 (6704): 777–780. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..777K. doi:10.1038/27394. PMID 9796812.
32. ^ a b Zimmer, C.; Khurana, K. K. (2000). "Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations" (PDF). Icarus 147 (2): 329–347. Bibcode:2000Icar..147..329Z. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456.
33. ^ Anderson, J. D.; Schubert, G.; Jacobson, R. A.; et al. (1998). "Distribution of Rock, Metals and Ices in Callisto" (PDF). Science 280 (5369): 1573–1576. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1573A. doi:10.1126/science.280.5369.1573. PMID 9616114.
34. ^ Sohl, F.; Spohn, T; Breuer, D.; Nagel, K. (2002). "Implications from Galileo Observations on the Interior Structure and Chemistry of the Galilean Satellites". Icarus 157 (1): 104–119. Bibcode:2002Icar..157..104S. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6828.
35. ^ a b Zahnle, K.; Dones, L. (1998). "Cratering Rates on the Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Icarus 136 (2): 202–222. Bibcode:1998Icar..136..202Z. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.6015. PMID 11878353.
36. ^ a b c d Bender, K. C.; Rice, J. W.; Wilhelms, D. E.; Greeley, R. (1997). Geological map of Callisto. U.S. Geological Survey.
37. ^ Wagner, R.; Neukum, G.; Greeley, R; et al. (March 12–16, 2001). "Fractures, Scarps, and Lineaments on Callisto and their Correlation with Surface Degradation" (PDF). 32nd Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
38. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. Controlled Photomosaic Map of Callisto JC 15M CMN (Map) (2002 ed.).
39. ^ Chapman, C.R.; Merline, W.J.; Bierhaus, B.; et al. (1997). "Populations of Small Craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: Initial Galileo Imaging Results" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1221.
40. ^ Strobel, Darrell F.; Saur, Joachim; Feldman, Paul D.; et al. (2002). "Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Search for an Atmosphere on Callisto: a Jovian Unipolar Inductor". The Astrophysical Journal 581 (1): L51–L54. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..51S. doi:10.1086/345803.
41. ^ Spencer, John R.; Calvin, Wendy M. (2002). "Condensed O2 on Europa and Callisto" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal 124 (6): 3400–3403. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3400S. doi:10.1086/344307.
42. ^ a b c d e McKinnon, William B. (2006). "On convection in ice I shells of outer Solar System bodies, with detailed application to Callisto". Icarus 183 (2): 435–450. Bibcode:2006Icar..183..435M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.004.
43. ^ a b c Nagel, K.a; Breuer, D.; Spohn, T. (2004). "A model for the interior structure, evolution, and differentiation of Callisto". Icarus 169 (2): 402–412. Bibcode:2004Icar..169..402N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.019.
44. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (2008-08-03). "Constraints on gas giant satellite formation from the interior states of partially differentiated satellites". Icarus 198 (1): 163–177. Bibcode:2008Icar..198..163B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.004.
45. ^ Showman, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (March 1997). "Tidal evolution into the Laplace resonance and the resurfacing of Ganymede". Icarus 127 (1): 93–111. Bibcode:1997Icar..127...93S. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.5669.
47. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (March 2010). "Origin of the Ganymede/Callisto dichotomy by impacts during an outer solar system late heavy bombardment". 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010). Houston. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
48. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (2010-01-24). "Origin of the Ganymede–Callisto dichotomy by impacts during the late heavy bombardment". Nature Geoscience 3 (March 2010): 164–167. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..164B. doi:10.1038/NGEO746.
49. ^ Phillips, T. (1998-10-23). "Callisto makes a big splash". Science@NASA.
50. ^ François, Raulin (2005). "Exo-Astrobiological Aspects of Europa and Titan: from Observations to speculations" (PDF). Space Science Reviews 116 (1–2): 471–487. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..471R. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1967-x.
51. ^ Morring, F. (2007-05-07). "Ring Leader". Aviation Week & Space Technology: 80–83.
52. ^ a b "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter". BBC News Online. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
55. ^ a b "Vision for Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. 2004.
56. ^ Troutman, Patrick A.; Bethke, Kristen; Stillwagen, Fred; Caldwell, Darrell L. Jr.; Manvi, Ram; Strickland, Chris; Krizan, Shawn A. (28 January 2003). "Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)". American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings 654: 821–828. doi:10.1063/1.1541373.
57. ^ "High Power MPD Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) for Artificial Gravity HOPE Missions to Callisto" (PDF). NASA. 2003.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/337 | Charles Curtis Craig
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Charles Curtis Craig (18 February 1869 – 28 January 1960),[1] was an Irish UnionIst and later Ulster Unionist politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for constituencies in County Antrim from 1903 to 1929, taking his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The son of a self-made millionaire whisky distiller, among his brothers was Northern Ireland's first Prime Minister, The Viscount Craigavon, PC.
South Antrim by-election, 1903[edit]
Craig first stood for Parliament at a by-election in 1903 for the South Antrim constituency, after the sitting Unionist MP William Ellison-Macartney had left the Commons to take up the post of Deputy-Master of the Royal Mint.[2] He defeated a Russellite opponent to win the seat.[3]
South Antrim by-election, 1903
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Irish Unionist Charles Curtis Craig 4,464 55.25 +0.86
Russellite Unionist Samuel Robert Keightley 3,615 44.75 +44.75
Majority 849 10.51 +1.73
Turnout 10,236 78.93 +13.86
Irish Unionist hold Swing N/A
Craig held the seat through four subsequent general elections.[4]
Antrim constituency[edit]
The South Antrim constituency was abolished for the 1922 general election and Craig was then elected as one of the two MPs for the re-established Antrim constituency, and held that seat until he retired from Parliament at the 1929 general election.[4]
Craig was sworn as a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 5 December 1922,[5] one of two new members admitted on the last day before the Anglo-Irish Treaty came into effect, on 6 December 1922. Although it was never formally abolished, the Irish Privy Council effectively ceased to exist with the creation of the Irish Free State, and on 12 December, ten members were sworn of a new Privy Council of Northern Ireland. Craig was not one of those first appointments, but was appointed on 27 Sep 1923 as the thirteenth member of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland.[5]
In the 1922–1924 Conservative Government, led by Andrew Bonar Law and then Stanley Baldwin, Curtis was appointed in February 1923 as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Pensions, and held that post until first Labour government took office in January 1924.
1. ^ "House of Commons constituencies beginning with "A" (part 2)". Leigh Rayment's House of Commons page. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
2. ^ "Macartney, William Grey Ellison-1852-1924". Dictionary of Uster Biography. (via the wayBack machine). Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
3. ^ Brian M. Walker, ed. (1978). Parliamentary election results in Ireland 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 327, 383. ISBN 0-901714-12-7.
4. ^ a b Brian M. Walker, ed. (1978). Parliamentary election results in Ireland 1918–1992. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-901714-96-8.
5. ^ a b "Privy Councillors – Ireland". Leigh Rayment's peerage pages. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
External links[edit]
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
William Ellison-Macartney
Member of Parliament for South Antrim
Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of Parliament for Antrim
With: Hugh O'Neill
Succeeded by
Joseph McConnell
Hugh O'Neill |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/338 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Two priests wearing clerical clothing while walking the streets of Vienna, Austria
Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. In a pejorative manner, "clericalism" is often used to denote an ecclesiolatry approach to issues beyond the church by either clergy or their supporters while the term has also been applied in a pejorative manner to describe the cronyism and cloistered political environs of the Church, mainly in reference to the Roman Catholic Church. The phenomenon of clericalism is not restricted to the ordained, as it occurs in purely secular guilds, such as academia, the legal and medical establishments, and the public-safety clergy:the police and military.[1]
Outside of Catholicism, clericalism is used to denote the divisions between ordained clergy and lay leaders in some churches while the older meaning of the term—an application of church-based theory or thought to secular issues—seems rather lost in most current uses of the term. In the aforementioned use of the term, it is important to discern the difference between a belief in a separation of church and state—which is not truly involving of clericalism—and the belief that church leadership should not be an internal and cloistered body that answers only to itself or that such leaders should not act as a powerful force in matters beyond the internal concerns of their church. Much debate in recent years over the sexual-abuse scandals in the Roman Catholic Church has brought about charges of "clericalism" in the sense of bishops and other leaders covering up the misactions of clergy under their leadership. In this application of the term, clericalism has come to imply a division between ordained church leaders—that such leaders have an exclusive society unto themselves—and the lay followers.
Much debate over clericalism appears to dwell on whether the high clergy should have as much control over church offices and functions as they do, and whether the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of the traditional Catholic systems of promotion for clergy is effective in contemporary society. Again, while the Catholic Church is most commonly at the centre of issues germane to clericalism it is not the only faith where charges of clericalism have been brought forth by those who feel the clergy has too much influence or should be reformed. Therefore the debate over clericalism and anti-clericalism is often really a debate over how and by whom the church should be lead and directed.
Léon Gambetta, a noted anti-clerical French politician, famously said that Clericalism is the enemy (Le cléricalisme, voilà l'ennemi).[citation needed]
See also[edit]
1. ^ George B. Wilson, S.J. Clericalism: The Death of Priesthood. 2008. Liturgical Press, Collegeville, MN. |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
📑 Paper | 🔨 fastText Classifier | 🤗 Released Dataset | 📦 Repo
PreSelect-100B is a curated ~100B token pretraining dataset that achieves great performance on various benchmarks. It is filtered by PreSelect-Classifier at 10% threshold, where the pool is a randomly sampled subset of DCLM-refinedweb, which is a cleaned version of Common Crawl raw data but without any model-based filtering.
Benchmark results
Trianing using PreSelect curated dataset achieve superior results than other dataset selection methods on various downstream tasks and below are comparisons.
Citation
- Downloads last month
- 206
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files (First 5GB):
3.05 GB
Number of rows (First 5GB):
1,204,379
Estimated number of rows:
54,515,675