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Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir (born 24 October 1950) is a biologist and a professor at the University of
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Iceland.
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Professional career
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Hrefna completed the national standard lower secondary school examination from Kvennaskólinn í
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Reykjavík (Reykjavik Women's Gymnasium) in 1966 and a matriculation examination from the
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Mathematics Department of Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík (Reykjavik Junior College) in the spring of
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1970. She graduated from the University of Iceland (UI) with a BS (90e) in biology in the spring of
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1973. Her final project was on the ecology of insects. A year later, she finished a graduate
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program from the same department (BS 120e), emphasising insects and other land arthropods. She
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investigated their abundance and distribution on the south side and top of Mt. Esja. She pursued
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studies in ecology at University College of North Wales, Bangor, (1975-1976) and completed a
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master's there. The research project was on competition for food between closely related freshwater
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flatworms. She worked under the supervision of Prof. T. Reynoldson. Hrefna started a doctoral
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programme in 1977 in the Zoology Department of the University of Liverpool in England and completed
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it in 1980. Her supervisor there was Professor G.A. Parker who was a pioneer in evolutionary
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studies emphasising reproductive behaviour and evolution of differences between the sexes and had
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worked a great deal on the yellow dung fly. Hrefna's doctoral project was in this field, where the
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emphasis is to interpret animals' behaviour, in the light of ecology and evolution (behaviour
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ecology/sociobiology). The title of the dissertation is Evolutionary Aaspects of Sexual Dimorphism
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in Size: Studies on Dung Flies and Three Groups of Birds. She was the first woman in Iceland to
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complete a doctorate in animal ethology. After returning home, she completed teacher certification
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at the University of Iceland (1982).
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During her years of study, she worked one summer at the Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories (1971). In
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1973 and 1974 she assisted Prof. Arnþór Garðarson (UI) with research on the vegetation in the
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Þjórsá River Wetlands. In the summers of 1975 and 1977, she worked for Prof. Agnar Ingólfsson (UI)
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doing research on the distribution of coastal invertebrates in Iceland. She assisted with practical
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teaching in ecology and zoology with her studies in winter 1974–1975. After finishing her doctoral
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programme, she taught part-time at the Biology Department of the University of Iceland and
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Hamrahlíð Junior College (two years). In the fall of 1982, she was hired as assistant professor in
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biology at Iceland University of Education (KHI) and was promoted to associate professor in 1987
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and then to professor in 1999. With the merger of Iceland University of Education and the
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University of Iceland in 2008, she became professor at UI's School of Education. Her students at
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the School of Education have been pre-service teachers selecting biology/natural science as their
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major and in-service teachers who have been doing continuing education courses in biology,
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environmental education and outdoor education. At the University of Iceland, she was the principal
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teacher in ethology (animal behaviour) first in spring 1981 and then, usually, every other year –
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last in 2018. She has supervised students (Icelandic and French) in master's studies in ethology,
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in addition to many teacher education students in their final projects for B.Ed. and M.Ed. degrees.
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She has also taught a course on the ethology of horses at Hólar University College, Iceland
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(2011-2013).
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Research
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Hrefna's research in biology has focused on ethology (behavioural ecology). For example, she has
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worked on the reproductive behaviour of dung flies and arctic char. Since 1996, she has worked with
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many experts and students on the (social) behaviour of the Icelandic horse, focusing on dominance
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orders, what determines an individual horse's positioning, and friendship patterns, how their
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behaviour (aggression, mutual grooming) is affected by group composition in pastures, their
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behaviour and time budget in the wintertime and with French colleagues on the natural weaning of
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foals. Her research has received support from the Icelandic Centre for Research, UI's Research Fund
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and other parties. In addition, the research has been presented at many conferences and meetings in
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many parts of the world and published in peer reviewed journals.
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Hrefna has participated in studies in natural science education, given talks, written articles and
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chapters in books on educational theory on biology and environmental education, written course
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materials for elementary schools in zoology and made a film on the reproductive behaviour of arctic
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char in Lake Thingvallavatn, along with Karl Gunnarsson. She belonged to a workgroup of the
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National Centre for Educational Materials and was for a long time a counsellor at the centre
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regarding translations and the selection of course materials in biology.
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Other work and projects
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Hrefna has been trusted to serve in various committees where full confidence is needed at the
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University of Iceland and outside it. She was the first woman member of the Student Council's Board
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of Directors 1973–1974. At KHI, for example, she was a department chair, a member of the School
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Council, semester manager, member of the Continuing Education's Faculty Council, and chair of the
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selection committee. After merger of the Universities, she was a member of the Faculty Council of
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the Faculty of Teachers. She was the chair of the Electives Division and is now the School of
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Education's representative on UI's Promotion Committee. She was on the selection committee of the
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Agricultural University of Iceland in Hvanneyri and was appointed to the selection committee for
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the Knowledge Centre in the Faroe Islands. She has been a member of the professional group of
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natural and environmental sciences for The Icelandic Centre for Research. She sat on the
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Professional Council of Hagþenkir, Association of Non-fiction Writers, for several years, and on
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the Allocation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Association of Self-employed Scholars.
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She was a member of the Board of Directors of KHI's Teachers Association and a confidante for six
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years and on the Board of Directors of the Professors Association in Iceland and its representative
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to a consultants group for a wages committee for many years.
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Hrefna has been a member on the boards of directors of professional associations and interest
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associations in the fields of biology and conservation. She sat on the Board of Directors of the
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Biology Association of Iceland and was on the editorial board of Náttúrufræðingur (Natural
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Scientist) for the Icelandic Natural History Association (HÍN = NHA) for 28 years. She was twice a
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member of the Board of Directors of Landvernd, Icelandic Environment Association (7 years). She was
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on the Board of Directors of the Southwest Iceland Nature Conservation Association (4 years). She
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chaired the Board of Directors of Reykjanesfólkvangur (outdoor recreational area) and is now a
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member of NHA's Board of Directors for the second time.
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Childhood and personal life
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Hrefna grew up in Reykjavik but always spent her summers in the countryside as a child and youth.
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Parents: Sigurjón Sigurðsson, banker (b. 1920, d. 2013), and Björg Ólafsdóttir (b. 1921). Her
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husband is Sigurður Sveinn Snorrason, professor in biology at the University of Iceland. They have
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two children, Björg and Snorri.
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Main written works
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Articles
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Sigurjónsdóttir, H and G.A. Parker. 1981. Dung fly struggles: evidence for assessment strategy.
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 8: 219–230.
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Sigurjónsdóttir, H. and Gunnarsson, K. 1989. Alternative mating tactics of arctic charr, Salvelinus
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alpinus, in Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26: 159–176.
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Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir, M. van Dierendonck, Anna G. Þórhallsdóttir and Sigurður Snorrason. 2003.
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Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion. Behaviour, 140: 783–804.
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Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir and Hans Haraldsson. (2019). Significance of Group Composition for the
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Welfare of Pastured Horses. Animals, 9, 14.
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Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir og Sandra M. Granquist. (2019). Hátterni hesta í haga - Rannsóknir á
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félagshegðun. Náttúrufræðingurinn 89 (3-4) bl. 78–97, 2019.
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Henry, S.; Sigurjónsdóttir, H.; Klapper, A.; Joubert, J.; Montier, G.; Hausberger, M. Domestic Foal
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Weaning: Need for Re-Thinking Breeding Practices? Animals 2020, 10, 361.
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Books
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