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74394138
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Domenico Barduzzi
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Domenico Barduzzi (Brisighella, Aug. 5, 1847 - Siena, Feb. 27, 1929) was an Italian dermatologist, hydrologist and scholar of problems pertaining to syphilis and its treatment.
He is considered an innovator in the field of dermatology associated with venereology, especially in the study of dermosyphilopathy. He also distinguished himself in the fields of hydrology, social medicine, history of medicine and also as a politician at the university level.
He was one of the promoters of the establishment of an Italian society of dermatology and syphilography, of which he became secretary.
Biography.
Domenico Barduzzi was born in Brisighella on August 5, 1847, to Carlo Barduzzi, a land surveyor, and Angela Tani, a housewife. He undertook his early studies in his hometown, until 1863, when he took and passed the entrance examination at the Regio Liceo Torricelli in Faenza, and then completed the 1867-1868 school year at the Liceo Dante in Florence.
He obtained a degree in Medicine in 1872 in Pisa, to which he added the Diploma of Free Practice obtained in 1874 in Florence and in 1882 the University Teaching Licence in Dermatology at the University of Modena thanks to his studies in dermatology under Augusto Michelacci. In 1883 he obtained the position of extraordinary professor of Dermosyphilopathy in the University of Pisa and in the following year participated in the competition for the same chair and ranked third, while the winner was Celso Pellizzari, who was already an extraordinary professor in Siena. After Pellizzari's transfer, Barduzzi was initially offered the vacancy in Siena, which he declined, and in 1886 he passed the competition for the chair of clinical dermosyphilopathy at the University of Siena in which he became dean of the Faculty of Medicine in 1901. Rector in alternate years between 1898 and 1912, he retained the professorship until 1922. He received, among others, high honors such as the appointment as Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy in 1891 and the appointment as Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy in 1922, and devoted himself to the study of hydrology, contributing to specialist journals and magazines and taking on numerous offices and positions, including directing the San Giuliano Baths in 1885, and to research in the history of medicine, especially focusing on figures in Italian medicine such as Gentile da Foligno and Fabrici d'Acquapendente, both in 1919.
Barduzzi and the university.
After winning the competition for a professorship in the University of Siena, unable to reconcile family life with his work as a freelancer in Pisa, he moved to Siena only in 1890, when he was appointed full professor. However, this did not prevent him from finding a favorable environment in Siena, quickly integrating himself into the university and city environment. In fact, in 1887 he became an ordinary member of the "Accademia dei Fisiocritici", until being elected its president from 1893 to 1896 and also from 1908 until his death. In 1892 he was elected councilor of the City of Siena, a position he held until 1908.
In addition to being a professor, he also distinguished himself as an administrator and defender of the University of Siena in the post-unification period, which was marked by a climate of great uncertainty for higher education and the University, speaking of parliamentary provisions such as:
Along these lines, in 1894 he founded the University Union, which he directed for five years, a journal to which professors from all over the peninsula contributed, including Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Morselli and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, in which he proposed:
The journal expanded rapidly until it gave birth in 1902 to a nationwide magazine, "L'Università italiana", published in Bologna and edited by Barduzzi himself and Raffaele Guerrieri. Among his other achievements as chancellor of the University of Siena, he coined the university's current historical seal, which was approved by the Consulta Araldica on January 4, 1896.
Barduzzi and dermato-venereology.
Barduzzi officially entered the field of dermatology in 1883 with his appointment as lecturer having already shown his talent for the subject a few years earlier in the two-year period of advanced studies and practice in the discipline in order to obtain the university teaching licence. This degree allowed him to practice under Augusto Michelacci, professor of dermatology, and Pietro Pellizzari, as professor of venereology.
Barduzzi's early studies focused mainly on syphilis and especially on the problems of its treatment. These studies were also influenced by the scientific activity of Pietro Pellizzari, who had conducted experiments on three voluntary subjects (at that time it was not forbidden in Tuscany to subject, especially condemned prisoners, to experiments of a scientific nature) in order to test whether syphilis could be transmitted by blood. Barduzzi, despite the initial fascination with this theory, which he approached with enthusiasm, understood that the most effective way to stop the spread of syphilis was mainly prophylaxis care and the need to address the problem from a social point of view, since there was no valid therapy at the time. Furthermore, Barduzzi became convinced that in order to defend the population from the rampant contagion of syphilis, dermatovenereologists would have to unite in an association, which was founded in 1885 in Perugia: Barduzzi joined the steering committee as secretary, after being one of the promoters of the statute.
He was the promoter in Italy of the use of salvarsan, the arsenical preparation patented by Paul Ehrlich for the treatment of syphilis, sensing the importance of creating a precise protocol for testing the drug and anticipating current pluricentric trials. Prominent among his pupils were Vittorio Mibelli and Pio Colombini; the former achieved great fame even beyond national borders thanks to his description of two new skin diseases, namely Mibelli's angiokeratoma and porokeratosis, while the latter became a professor in Sassari and Modena but failed to continue the master's work.
Barduzzi and hydrology.
In his early thirties, in 1881, Barduzzi began his experience as a hydrologist with the direction of the Castrocaro Thermal Baths in the province of Forlì, and then in 1885 he temporarily obtained the vacant post of medical director of the San Giuliano Thermal Baths in the province of Pisa, a post he then obtained definitively the following year and which he never left again until the end of his career. In the same year he co-founded and promoted the Italian Medical Association of Hydrology and Climatology along with Scipione Vinaj, Pietro Grocco, Luigi Pagliani, and Luigi Burgonzio. He quickly became one of the leading figures in Italian hydrology and climatology between the 19th and 20th centuries, so much so that he was appointed, among the many offices and positions he held, delegate of the Italian Association of Hydrology and Climatology to the International Congress in Brussels in 1897, president of the Ninth National Congress of Hydrology and Climatology in San Remo in 1908 and in 1910 of the Tenth National Congress of Hydrology, Climatology and Physical Therapy in Salò during which he drew the attention of the audience of scholars to the spread of artificially mineralized waters. His hydrological research unhinges the empiricism of the old and obsolete therapy according to which the beneficial properties of mineral water were directly proportional to the high presence of total dissolved solids and demonstrates how their chemical composition is instead fundamental, considering their acidic, basic elements and all those phenomena that have little or nothing to do with overall mineralization. Barduzzi verified how at the basis of the beneficial properties of the waters of the San Giuliano Baths is the presence of considerable radioactivity, which had already been found by the Italian physicist Angelo Battelli and also confirmed in 1908 by Marie Curie. Beneficial properties found especially in cases of eczema, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, in some varieties of acne and prurigo nodularis and especially in varicose ulcers.
Barduzzi vigorously advocated in all his speeches the priority of renewing hydrological studies by combating balneotherapeutic empiricism and the rigorous chemical-physical and clinical study of water sources; he also considered it necessary to supervise with specific regulations the reservoirs with the imposition of frequent chemical and bacteriological analyses. In fact, according to Barduzzi himself, the legislative model to follow is the French one, which had long since regulated the water resources system with specific laws and regulations. He was concerned with crenotherapeutic treatment of skin diseases, but did not neglect other methods of treatment related to crenotherapy such as hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, phototherapy and electrotherapy. He also considered it essential to take care of the water supply, and in particular he dealt with the case of Siena, in which the water system could provide 38 liters of water per person per day, very little compared to the minimum then set at 150 liters per person, believing it essential to follow the idea of Rudolf Virchow, who considered a consistent water supply fundamental to the economic development of a city.
Barduzzi and the history of medicine.
There are basically three crucial moments in Barduzzi's life as a historian of medicine: the establishment of the Italian Society of the History of Medicine in 1907, the founding of the Journal of Critical History of Medical and Natural Sciences as the official organ of the society itself, and the establishment of the Chair of the History of Medicine in Siena in 1922. He is the author of numerous publications on personalities in the history of Italian and European medicine, among whom are Andreas Vesalius, Galileo Galilei, Leonardo da Vinci, Evangelista Torricelli, Vincenzo Chiarugi, Francesco Puccinotti and many others; he also devoted himself with passion to the collection of news about the University of Siena, an effort that took him about twelve years to complete because of the great difficulties he encountered in finding the necessary documents. His most important publications in this regard are: "Cenni storici sull'Università di Siena" (1900), "Documenti per la storia dell'Università di Siena" (1900), "Di alcune vicende storiche moderne dello studio senese" (1902), "Cenni storici sull'origine dell'Università di Siena" (1910), "Brevi notizie sulla R. Università di Siena" (1912).
Through these and a variety of other works he would become the forerunner in Italy for a methodical, precise and rational study of the history of medicine, which would abandon anecdotes and rhetoric to become a real science and thus of fundamental importance in academic study. In fact, he argued how indispensable it is for all physicians to have a clear knowledge of the history of medical scientific doctrines, as it is essential for understanding the objective value of any new scientific discovery, and, again in this regard, he stated in an 1899 paper:
Also in the academic year 1912-1913, at the initiative of the Faculty of Medicine of Siena and with the approval of the Higher Council of Education, he began his teaching of the history of medicine at the University of Siena, then called a free course in Critical History of Medical Sciences. The course was initially classified as a 3rd category, that is, as a supplementary course to be taught free of charge, and was confirmed from year to year until 1922, when Barduzzi was forced to leave teaching due to age limits. He is also the author of two Handbooks of the History of Medicine: the first in 1923, from the origins to the entire 17th century, and the second in 1927, from the 18th century to the present.
Barduzzi and social medicine.
Barduzzi's activity as a thermal therapist, in addition to being the starting point for his career as a hydrologist, also became the moment in which he approached medicine from a social point of view, devoting himself in particular to the care of prophylaxis, already considered of great importance in the prevention of syphilis, and hygiene, practices that he would also consider fundamental in the fight against tuberculosis. Indeed, it was he as president of the "Accademia dei Fisiocritici" who was the first in Italy to set up a standing committee for the fight against tuberculosis in November 1898, and about the importance of hygiene education, he says:
He is also one of the first to identify and analyze the social causes and pathological effects of alcoholism, a scourge of the working class in the early 20th century, even though alcohol was then considered by many even necessary for the nutrition of a man engaged in heavy labor. In this regard he states:
Concerning the bill on the care of abandoned children he denounced, in 1908 at the Dermatological Congress and Physiocritics, the degradation, neglect and the very inability of the relevant institutions to handle the situation itself. The total lack of hygienic and prophylactic standards, the absence of sanitary management, and the carelessness in enforcing the most elementary laws and provisions are the bleak picture that Barduzzi describes on the basis of the data of the Commission of Inquiry. He also raised against the prejudice about syphilis, understanding that the mystery about it prevented the provision of certain data and thus the best way to combat it, and proposed more preventive controls on the health of the wet nurses and the drawing up of precise statistical reports regarding children. Despite the pressure exerted, all the issues raised by the Brisighella doctor are absolutely neglected in the bill, proving to be a text drafted by bureaucrats without any specific medical expertise.
Memories and monuments.
He is portrayed in a bas-relief made by the Sienese sculptor Emilio Gallori in 1915, of which the original cast is kept in the Museum of the University of Siena, while bronze reproductions can be found in the aula magna of the "Accademia dei Fisiocritici", on a plaque commemorating his home in Siena on Via S.Martino and on his grave in the cemetery of Brisighella.
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74394144
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8th Parliament of Botswana
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The 8th Parliament of Botswana was the meeting of the National Assembly of Botswana from 1999 to 2004. It had forty standard members, four specially elected members, and two "ex officio" members. Its members were chosen in the 1999 Botswana general election.
Members.
The following members were elected during the 1999 Botswana general election.
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74394161
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General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial
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The General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial is a monument in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in the city's Logan Circle, the monument honors Galusha Pennypacker, a Pennsylvanian who served as a general officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Work on the memorial first commenced under sculptor Charles Grafly, though after his death in 1929, work was continued by Albert Laessle, a former student of Grafly, who completed the sculpture in 1934. The overall design for the sculpture depicts Pennypacker in classical dress descending from a stylized cannon that is surrounded by two tigers.
History.
Background.
Galusha Pennypacker was a native of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, who enlisted in the United States Army during the American Civil War. He became the captain of a company within the 98th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and was wounded during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in 1865. Shortly thereafter, at the age of either 20 or 22, he became the youngest person to be promoted to the rank of general in the U.S. Army. Following the war, Pennypacker held various military commands in the American South during the Reconstruction era. He retired from military service in 1883 and died in 1916.
Creation.
The idea for a memorial honoring Pennypacker in Philadelphia was the result of a collaboration between the General Pennypacker Memorial Commission and the Pennsylvania State Art Commission. Work on the design of the memorial was begun by Philadelphia-based sculptor Charles Grafly, who had studied at the École des Beaux-Arts and taught at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. However, in 1929, while working on the memorial, Grafly died. However, prior to his death, Grafly had designed the general concept for the monument's appearance, and work on the art continued under the supervision of sculptor Albert Laessle, who had been a student of Grafly. The work was completed in 1934, with the casting done by the Roman Bronze Works of New York City.
Dedication.
The memorial, located near the intersection of 19th Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Logan Circle, was formally dedicated on June 1, 1934, Pennypacker's birthday. The ceremony was attended by a large number of spectators and saw the involvement of many civic groups in the city, including the Grand Army of the Republic posts, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Society of the Cincinnati, and several art societies in the city. The ceremony commenced with a playing of "America" by the 108th Field Artillery Regiment band. The dedication was then called to order by Isaac R. Pennypacker, a cousin of Galusha's, before an invocation was given by the Reverend Louis Washburn of Christ Church, Philadelphia. The memorial was then presented by Richard J. Beamish, the secretary of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on behalf of the governor of Pennsylvania to the city of Philadelphia. The memorial was then unveiled by a granddaughter of Pennypacker's and accepted by J. Hampton Moore, the mayor of Philadelphia. The rest of the ceremony included a presentation of the sculptor, who was introduced to the crowd by architect Warren Powers Laird, an address by Major General William G. Price Jr., a dedicatory prayer by Washburn, and multiple songs, with the ceremony closing to a performance of the Star-Spangled Banner.
Later history.
In 1993, the memorial was surveyed as part of the Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. Since the turn of the century, the memorial has been the subject of several conservation efforts, which have included treatment work done in 2007 and 2019.
Design.
The memorial is in the form of a monumental statue depicting Pennypacker as a muscular, bare-chested figure dressed in classical clothing, including a helmet, sandals, and skirt. He is descending from atop a stylized cannon, taking a large stride with his right leg forward, both hands clenched in fists with his left arm forward. On either side of the cannon are two roaring tigers. This entire sculpture, which is designed in the Beaux-Arts style, is made of bronze and rests on a limestone base. The sculpture has a height of and side dimensions of roughly , while the pedestal has a height of and side measurements of . The front of the base bears the inscription "GALUSHA PENNYPACKER/BREVET MAJOR GENERAL/UNITED STATES ARMY/1842 - 1916", while the statue itself bears the name of the sculptor and foundry marks ("Albert Laessle / Roman Bronze Works, N.Y.").
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74394162
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Mantzavinos
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Mantzavinos (Greek: Μαντζαβίνος) is a surname, named after the western Greek village of Mantzavinata. Notable people with the surname include:
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74394200
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Lupinus ehrenbergii
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Lupinus ehrenbergii is a species of lupine native to Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala. It has been introduced to Malawi, Poland, Tanzania, and New Guinea.
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74394221
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Grand EX'
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Grand EX' () was a Thai string combo band. It was founded by Nakorn Vejsupaporn, who persuaded friends at Bophit Phimuk College to set up a band named "Extreme"; they later participated in the 3rd Thailand Championship String Combo Contest under the name Grand EX'.
Name origin.
Nakorn, who the founders and band leader were fans of both Grand Funk Railroad and The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he combined the names of the two bands to form the Grand Experience. The name was later shortened to Grand EX' after being inspired by Expo '70, a world's fair held in Osaka, Japan in 1970, which was often referred to in promotional material as "EX' 70".
History.
1969-1975: Formation.
Grand EX' was formed in 1969 by a group of students in Grade 5 at Bophitphimuk College, led by Nakorn Vejsupaporn (guitar solo and band leader), and including his friends, Kamthorn Kunanukul (guitar chords), Warawut (bass), Damrong Chuencharoensuk (spokesperson and lead vocalist), Narong Phuek-hawhan (lead vocalist), Prasith Chaiyatho (drums) and Sommart Thoopjinda (organ).
Grand EX' members participated in the Thailand Championship String Combo Band Contest, organized by Music Association of Thailand under the Royal Patronage, during which they were the runner-up in the student category. They also won the media's favorite award, due to their modest clothing of black trousers, white shirts, and ties, in contrast to other rock bands in the competition.
After the contest, some members graduated and went to study at the higher education level, leaving only Vejsupaporn, Chaiyatho, and Hiranwan, who decided to continued playing in the band and to recruit new members. Vejsupaporn became so invested that he chose to waive his right to study at a more prestigious university, so he could continue to be at the same university as Chaiyatho and Hiranwan, which was more convenient for band rehearsals.
Grand EX' became known for playing in clubs, bars and GI camps in the provinces. After about 8 months, more band members resigned, and Vejsupaporn set out to find new members and decided to transition Grand EX' to become a full-fledged string combo band. In 1974 they recruited brass musicians, namely Chay Sangcha-um (saxophone), Sanae Supparat (trumpet) and Somsak Apiwatthirakul (trombone), and a new lead singer, Wasan Taesakul (surname at that time).
1976-1980 : "Couple Birds" and "Luk Thung Disco" 1&2.
In 1976, Warawut, the founded band bassist and the keyboardist left the band, leaving lead singer Taesakul to play the keyboard. The band recruited Add-Thanongsak Arpornsiri to be the new bassist of the band. In the same year, the band welcomed Chamras Saewataporn as the new lead singer and chord guitarist.
In 1977, the band released their first official single, "Couple Birds" (คู่นก), a Thai translation of the Lao song "Khard Ruk" by William Didtavong. After the release of the single, saxophonist, Chay Saeng Cha-um resigned from the band, with Panus Hirankasi becoming the new saxophonist.
In 1979, Grand EX' released their first studio album, "Luk Thung Disco", which mixed the more international disco with the more local luk thung songs that were popular at that time. The album sold well, leading to the band's increased popularity. This was followed by a second album, was recorded live at the Manhattan Club.
In early 1980, Grand EX' released their third album, "Luk Thung Disco 2". After its release, Chamras and Somsak resigned from the band, and Danupol Kaewkarn and Chokdee Pak-Phu joined as new members.
1980-1984 : Golden Era and the end of Classic Line-up.
By the end of 1980, the band's line-up consisted of Nakorn Vejsupaporn (guitar solo, lead vocalist and band leader), Prasith Chaiyatho (drum), Danupol Kaewkarn (guitar chord, lead vocalist), Thanongsak Arpornsiri (bass), Panus Hirunkasi (Saxophone), Sanae Supparat (Trumpet) and Chokdee Phak-phoo (Saxophone, Trombone, keyboard).
In July 1980, Grand EX' released their fourth studio album, "Khuen" (เขิน), which had entirely new songs. On March 8, 1981, they released their fifth studio album, "Women" (ผู้หญิง), to celebrate International Women's Day.
They released their sixth album, a live performance recording at the Chula Auditorium, in July 1981. In October of the same year, they released their seventh studio album, "Grand XO", and had an album release concert at the National Theatre on 31 October, It was the first album opening concert in Thailand and the first album opening concert that was broadcast live on television. The album consisted of ten famous Luk krung songs which were rearranged and remixed. It was a huge success, selling over a million and a half copies.
After this album, Grand EX' decided to move labels from Azona Promotion to TSE Group, which was affiliated with the Thairath newspaper. They released their eighth studio album, "Bupphesanniwat", in March 1982. This was followed by "Nij Nirand", the ninth studio album, in September 1982, and the tenth studio album, "Phromlikit", in October. In this album, the band welcomed Odd-Sarayuth Supanyo, the ninth member of the band the last member of the "classic line-up". After that, they released 3 more albums, namely, "live performances recording, Valentine Laser Concert", "Petch", and "Borisuth", after Borisuth album, which was the 13th studio album released in April 1984. Aod-Sarayuth was the first person to resigned from the band, to founded the first jazz fusion band in Thailand, Infinity, leaving 8 members remaining, later in November of the same year. The band released their 14th studio album, Duang Duean, which was the last album in the classic line-up era, because after the end of the promoted tour for this album, four members was Add-Thanongsak, Daeng-Sanae, Tee-Wasan and Rak-Phanat, had resigned from the band to form a new band. leaving 4 members left such as Nakorn, Danupon, Prasit and Chokdee, who established the band's record label company on behalf of Grand X Family.
1985-2019.
In early 1985, they released their 15th studio album, "Pink Heart" (หัวใจสีชมพู), with the band "Marble" as a back-up band played both in the recording studio and on stage. Later in July of the same year, Grand EX' released the album "Sai-yai" (สายใย), the 16th studio album, and welcomed a new member, Oh-Aisoon Watyanon, a fanclub of the band in the position of lead singer. After the end of the concert tour, Danupol Kaewkarn, the lead singer of the band, decided to leave from the band to become the first solo artist in Thailand. Later, the band get a new member was Arichai Aranyanat, Johnny Anfone, followed by Sutee Sangsareechon, released 2 special albums, and one studio album was "Nirankarn", which was the 17th studio album, before that, Chokdee, the saxophonist, had resigned from the band. and their released the 3 albums, divided into 2 studio albums and 1 special album, with the last album Dai Mai, the 19th studio album released in November 1988. The band played a reunion concert in June 2016.
The band played their final concert in August 2019. Danupol Kaewkarn, Nakorn Vejsupaporn, Johnny Anfone, Thanongsak Apornsiri, Panat Hirunkasi, Chamras Saewataporn, Sutee Sangsareechon, Wasan Sirisukpisai, and Aisoon “Oh” Watayanon all performed.
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74394234
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Japanese destroyer Kagerō (1899)
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was one of six s, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the late 1890s. "Murakumo" took part in the Japanese response to the Boxer Rebellion (1900), saw action in several major engagements during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), and served during (1914–1918).
Construction and commissioning.
Authorized as Torpedo Boat Destroyer No. 9 under the 1897 naval program, "Kagerō" was laid down on 1 August 1898 by John I. Thornycroft & Company at Chiswick, England. Launched on 23 August 1899, she was completed on 31 October 1899 and commissioned the same day.
Service history.
"Kagerō" completed her delivery voyage from England to Japan on 14 March 1899 with her arrival at Sasebo. During 1900, she took part in the Japanese intervention in the Boxer Rebellion in China.
When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in February 1904, "Kagerō" was part of the 5th Destroyer Division of the 2nd Fleet. During the war, she took part in the Battle of Port Arthur in February 1904, the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904, and the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905. During the Battle of Tsushima, "Kagerō" took part in the torpedo attack against the Imperial Russian Navy squadron on the evening of 27 May 1905, then put into port along with the destroyer at Ulsan, Korea, for reprovisioning and repairs. The two destroyers got back underway on the morning of 28 May 1905 to head for a fleet rendezvous, and sighted smoke from the Russian destroyers and in the Sea of Japan about southwest of Ulleungdo at 14:15. At 16:00, they identified the smoke as coming from two Russian destroyers and gave chase at , and as the Japanese closed the range, "Groznyi" received orders at 16:30 to proceed on her own and try to escape. With the range down to at 16:45, the Japanese opened gunfire, and "Groznyi" returned fire and made off at high speed with "Kagerō" in hot pursuit. Meanwhile, "Bedovyi" refrained from firing and promptly stopped and surrendered to "Sazanami", whose boarding party found the wounded Russian fleet commander, Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, aboard and took him prisoner in addition to capturing the ship. "Kagerō" also took part in the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin in July 1905.
On 28 August 1912, the Imperial Japanese Navy revised its ship classification standards. It established three categories of destroyers, with those of 1,000 displacement tons or more defined as first-class destroyers, those of 600 to 999 displacement tons as second-class destroyers, and those of 599 or fewer displacement tons as third-class destroyers. Under this classification scheme, "Kagerō" became a third-class destroyer.
After Japan entered World War I in August 1914, "Kagerō" operated off Tsingtao, China, in support of the Siege of Tsingtao. Later that year, she took part in the Japanese seizure of the German Empire′s colonial possessions in the Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands.
On 1 April 1922 "Kagerō" was reclassified as a "utility vessel" for use as a tug and transport. On 8 October 1924, she was decommissioned, stricken from the navy list, and hulked.
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74394252
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List of ambassadors of the United Arab Emirates to China
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The Emirati ambassador in Beijing is the official representative of the Government in Abu Dhabi to the Government of the People's Republic of China.
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74394289
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Odesan Russian
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Odesan Russian () is a regional dialect of the Russian language spoken in and around the city of Odesa, Ukraine. Influenced heavily by Yiddish and Ukrainian, the Odesan dialect has been variously described by linguists as a Koiné language, a Jewish language, or a mixed language. It is a staple of Odesan culture, appearing in the works of Isaac Babel and Mark Bernes, and is also a source of parts of the fenya criminal jargon.
History.
Odesan Russian emerged amidst the Russification of Odesa during the early 19th century, replacing the previously dominant influence of French and Italian languages. Other important languages in the early development of Odesan Russian were Greek and the Turkic languages. Less distant languages, however, became the primary sources for the Odesan dialect; Ukrainian and Yiddish served as the primary non-Russian influences on the Odesan dialect, with Polish as a less important, but still notable influence.
Since World War II.
With the advent of World War II, Odesa's Jewish population was largely killed in the Holocaust. Further declines were brought on as a result of the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and migration to Odesa from other parts of Ukraine, and today Odesan Russian as it was historically spoken remains most common in the Brighton Beach neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It may also be spoken in Israel. Modern Odesan Russian, while retaining aspects from historical speech, has largely evolved in a different form. The differences have been vast enough for various Odesites and linguists to declare that the dialect is extinct in Ukraine. Other Odesites authors, however, have disagreed with this claim.
Pronunciation, intonation, or gesticulation.
Odesan Russian is influenced partially by Southern Russian dialects, which use Akanye extensively. Another part of the Odesan dialect owing to the influence of Southern Russian is the usage of a voiced velar fricative , rather than the voiced velar plosive found in standard Russian.
An important part of the Odesan dialect is the importance of intonation in determining the meaning of a word. For example, the phrase ("taki da") can either be used to mean yes or no depending on the intonation used. Gestures are also uniquely significant in the Odesan dialect, being used to emphasise a point or show direction.
Vocabulary and grammar.
The vocabulary of Odesan Russian includes significant differences from other forms of Russian, owing to the influence of Ukrainian and Yiddish, among other languages. Some notable vocabulary changes in Odesan Russian include:
Other terms or phrases are completely unique to Odesan Russian:
Another aspect of Odesan Rusian is its differing and relatively liberal grammar rules compared to standard Russian. For example, the term ("za") is used as a preposition similar to "about" (as in "tell me about yourself") in the dialect, rather than the standard Russian ("o"). This, along with the usage of ("s") in lieu of ("nad") in the meaning of "at", as in "I am laughing at you", is credited to Ukrainian influence by linguist Robert A. Rothstein. The dialect is notable for the frequent misuse of grammatical cases, owing in part to the relative simplicity of grammatical cases in Yiddish compared to Russian.
Cultural impact.
The Odesan dialect has come to be seen as a symbol of Odesa in popular culture, reaching its literary peak in the early 20th century. Authors such as Isaac Babel popularised the dialect, as well as Odesa as a whole, throughout the Russian-speaking world with works like "Odessa Stories" (1931), and the dialect later became known for its position in Soviet music, with singers including Mark Bernes.
The Odesan dialect has also established its presence in Russian criminal jargon, or fenya. Certain terms, such as ("Poymat khalturu", meaning to rob the house of a deceased individual or to find additional income in non-criminal slang) have entered public lexicon, while others, like ("ksiva", or "documents"), have entered into non-Odesan fenya.
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James Michael Hurley
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James M. Hurley was an American politician who served as the 21st mayor of Marlborough, Massachusetts. He also served as a member of the Massachusetts general court and mounted an unsuccessful race for congress in 1926.
Political career.
Hurley served as the 21st Mayor of Marlborough, Massachusetts. He was the first mayor of Marlborough elected to a two-year term. He was also the first mayor elected in a non-partisan election under a modified Massachusetts Plan B form of government.
In 1926, Hurley was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative from the 5th Massachusetts' congressional district. He lost to incumbent Edith Nourse Rogers; the first woman elected from New England and just the sixth woman ever elected to congress. Hurley only garnered 28.9% of the vote to Rogers' 71.1%.
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74394316
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List of ambassadors of the United Arab Emirates to Peru
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The Emirati ambassador in Lima is the official representative of the Government in Abu Dhabi to the Government of the Republic of Peru.
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74394317
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Lillian Bayard Taylor Kiliani
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Lillian Bayard Taylor Kiliani (August 3, 1858 – October 10, 1940), also seen as Lilian Bayard Taylor, was a German-American poet, translator, and anti-suffragist.
Early life and education.
Taylor was born in Gotha, Germany, the daughter of Bayard Taylor and . Her father was an American writer and diplomat; her mother was born in Germany, the daughter of astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen. Taylor attended Anna C. Brackett's School in New York City, and Vassar College, as well as several schools in Germany. She also studied art with the Art Students League of New York, and in Berlin.
Career.
Taylor wrote and translated poetry and other texts, including a German translation of "Hamlet" for Edwin Booth in the 1880s. She was active in several German women's organizations, including a stint as president of the German Governesses' Home Association. She was international secretary of the New York State Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage, and an honorary member of the organization's British equivalent. She visited England in 1909, and reported back to American newspapers that there was "no hope in England for woman suffrage."
Personal life and legacy.
Taylor married German surgeon and medical school professor Otto George Theobald Kiliani in 1887. They had a son, Richard, born in 1888, and a daughter, Gladys, who died in childhood. During World War I, her husband served as a surgeon in the German army's medical corps, and their son Richard served in an American regiment. Her mother, who moved back to Germany in 1915 and lived with the Kilianis in Bavaria, died in 1925; her husband died in 1928, and her son died in 1934. She died in 1940, at the age of 83, in Germany. Some of her letters and journals are in the Marie Hansen Taylor papers at Stanford University. In 1925, she donated some of her father's papers to Yale University.
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74394348
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Kruuda
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Kruuda is an Estonian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
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74394362
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Austadius
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Austadius was a 6th-century bishop of the diocese of Nice.
He is recorded briefly in Gregory of Tours' writings, wherein Gregory records that when Saint Hospitius died, he prophesied his own death several days before and had asked for Austadius to prepare his burial. Austadius did this and interred Hospitius in the wall of the tower where the saint had lived.
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74394363
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Guinea men's national under-17 basketball team
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The Guinea national under-16 and under-17 basketball team is a national basketball team of Guinea, governed by the Fédération Guinéenne de Basket-Ball. It represents the country in international under-16 and under-17 (under age 16 and under age 17) basketball competitions.
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74394372
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9th Parliament of Botswana
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The 8th Parliament of Botswana was the meeting of the National Assembly of Botswana from 2004 to 2009. It had fifty-seven standard members, four specially elected members, and two "ex officio" members. Its members were chosen in the 2004 Botswana general election.
Members.
The following members were elected during the 2004 Botswana general election.
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74394399
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Tungari mascordi
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Tungari mascordi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet "mascordi" honours photographer and amateur arachnologist Ramon Mascord (1913–1983).
Distribution and habitat.
The species occurs on Horn Island, off the northern tip of the Cape York Peninsula of Far North Queensland, in open sclerophyll forest habitats. The type locality is Horn Island.
References.
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74394434
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Azam Kamaralzaman
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Raja Azam bin Raja Kamaralzaman (13 July 1918 – 1999), simply known as Raja Azam, was a Malaysian nobleman and politician whom formerly held the position of State Secretary of Negeri Sembilan from 1960 to 1962, and State Secretary of Brunei from 1962 to 1964.
Biography.
Early life and career.
On 13 July 1918, Raja Azam was born in Kuala Dipang, Perak. He was the lone child of Raja Nasibah binti Raja Ismail and Raja Di-Hilir Kamaralzaman ibni Raja Mansur. He attended the Malay College in Kuala Kangsar, where his father also received his education, and where he served as head boy. He claimed, "From the start, we knew that we were being groomed for administrative positions," in a 1996 interview with the Sunday Star. A foundational course was given to him, including history, math, and English. After earning his Senior Cambridge in 1938, he continued his education at Raffles College in Singapore, where he graduated with a certificate in administrative studies.
Career.
Raja Azam started his career in the administrative service in 1942, and the Taiping Land Office was one of his first employers. He had stated in the aforementioned interview that a government worker was supposed to be adaptable and that "(one) had to know the law very well as administrators often beckoned the role of magistrates." He was integrated into the Malayan Civil Service (MCS) by 1952. Raja Azam has previously held the positions of District Officer in Kuala Langat, Selangor, and Commissioner of Lands and Mines in Perlis. Following independence, he served as the State Secretary of Negeri Sembilan from 1960 to 1962 under the tutelage of Tuanku Abdul Rahman and Tuanku Munawir. From 1962 to 1964, he served as the State Secretary of Brunei at the invitation of Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien III to assist in the development of the Brunei civil service.
As a representative of the Sultan of Brunei, he officiated the opening of the Temburong District's penghulu and ketua kampong course on 11 July 1963. Residents of the district presented him gifts. Accompanied by Jaya Rajid, he was given an introduction by the district officer to the participants in the course, held in Bangar. On 20 January 1963, he left Brunei for Malaya by plane after assisting the Bruneian government for two years. The Sultan and other officials sent their farewell at Berakas Airport, with Yusuf Abdul Rahman taking over his position.
From 1967 until 1971, Raja Azam served as Secretary-General in the Ministry of Transport before returning to Malaysia. Tun Abdul Razak asked him to leave the Ministry of Transportation so that he could head the Port Swettenham (now Port Klang) Authority from 1971 to 1977. Later, in 1978, he became the director of Keretapi Tanah Melayu.
Death.
In 1999, Raja Azam died.
Personal life.
Raja Azam was married to Raja Fatimah binti Raja Zainal Azman, the granddaughter of Raja Sir Chulan. He was the father of three daughters and five sons.
Honours.
Raja Azam has earned the following honours;
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74394444
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Eleanor Ison Franklin
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Eleanor Lutia Ison Franklin (1929–1998) was an American endocrinologist and medical physiologist.
Early life and education.
Eleanor Lutia Ison was born on December 24, 1929, in Dublin, Georgia to musician and teacher Rose Mae Oliver and Luther Lincoln Ison, a mathematician and teacher. She attended segrated schools in Quitman, Georgia and Tuscumbia, Alabama. When she was 14 years old, she was valedictorian at Carver High School in Walton County. She started attending Spelman College at the age of 15. She took physics and chemistry courses at Morehouse College. She graduated from Spelman "magna cum laude" with a degree in biology in 1948. She then attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, earning her MS in zoology in 1951. She then returned to Spelman and taught for two years to help her family. She returned to the University of Wisconsin and earned her PhD in endocrinology in 1957.
Academic career.
Franklin was hired by the Tuskegee Institute's Veterinary School. She taught pharmacology and physiology. She was hired by Howard University College of Medicine as an endocrinologist in 1963. After her colleague Anna Epps moved to New Orleans, Ison-Franklin was asked to assume her duties for the Academic Reinforcement Program of the medical school. She later became the associate dean for academic affairs in 1970 and was the first woman to become a dean at the school. She gained full professorship in 1971.
Franklin returned to the physiology department in 1980.
Franklin conducted research at Howard. Her findings on hypertension and cardiovascular physiology were published in the "New England Journal of Medicine". She received grants from the National Institutes of Health, NASA's Ames Research Center and the Washington Heart Association.
She co-chaired the American Physiology Society's committee for the Porter Physiology Development Fellowship from 1984 to 1998, and occasionally "almost singlehandedly ran the Porter program from her office at Howard University". Franklin was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Howard University Board of Trustees. She served as president of Spelman College's National Alumnae Association and director of the Women's National Bank of Washington.
She died after a heart attack on October 2, 1998.
The American Physiology Society's highest-ranked applications for the Porter Physiology Development Fellowship are designated Eleanor Ison Franklin Fellows.
Personal life.
Franklin married George Franklin in 1965 and had a son.
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74394475
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Scuola di Rialto
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The Scuola di Rialto was a public school in Venice founded between 1397 and 1408, through a bequest of Tommaso Talenti. It did not confer degrees, so as not to compete with the University of Padua, the only degree-granting institution in the Republic of Venice. It had a single professor, almost always a patrician, who lectured on terminist logic and Aristotelian natural philosophy. The salary was 200 ducats and the professor was usually chosen by the Senate through open competition. Although Greek was not taught, its knowledge by the professor was valued.
The fourth professor was, unusually, a clergyman, Paolo della Pergola, who held the chair from 1421 until 1455. The republic quashed his attempt to convert the school into a university in 1445. He was succeeded by Domenico Bragadin (1455–1482), the first chosen by competition. The longest serving professor was Sebastian Foscarin, who held the chair from 1505 to 1552. Foscarin had several substitutes over his long career, since he often held public office. One of these substitutes was the future Doge Nicolò da Ponte.
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74394518
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Misophrice
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Misophrice is an Australian genus of true weevils associated with plants in the family Casuarinaceae.
Description.
"Misophrice" adults are quite small weevils. For example, "M. squamiventris" is 2-3 mm long and "M. gloriosa" is 1⅔-2 mm long. They lack the final, claw-bearing segment of each tarsus. Some related genera also have clawless tarsi, but "Misophrice" can be distinguished from these by the funicle of the antenna being 6-segmented (5-segmented in "Anarciarthrum" and 7-segmented in "Thechia"). The first funicle segment in "Misophrice" is stout and about as long as the second and third combined, while the second segment is slightly longer than the third. The rostrum is either entirely glabrous or glabrous except for the base. The body of at least some species is covered in scales.
The elytra of these weevils varies in appearance. In 1927, the entomologist Arthur Mills Lea divided the genus into six groups based on this: elytra tuberculate, elytra with numerous erect bristles, surface (=derm) of elytra entirely covered in scales, surface of elytra entirely black, surface of elytra with isolated dark spots, and surface of elytra at most with base and suture dark.
The internal anatomy of two "Misophrice" species, along with many other weevils, has been studied. The crop is well-developed (and full of pollen grains, in the specimens studied), as is the proventriculus. The mid gut is longer than the hind gut. There are six Malpighian tubules, inserted as a group of four tubules and two tubules separately. The prothoracic ganglion is only partially fused to the mesothoracic ganglion.
Ecology.
"Misophrice" has variously been described as associated with "Casuarina","" "Allocasuarina" or both. According to Lea, the genus is "practically confined" to "Casuarina" and is abundant on them, but has rarely been collected from other plants. A 2011 study reported these weevils on the species "C. equisetifolia", "C. glauca" and "C. cunninghamiana".
"Misophrice" have been described as pollen feeders, presumably based on the aforementioned finding of pollen in adult crops. It is unknown what larvae feed on.
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74394556
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One80 Intermediaries
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One80 Intermediaries is a specialty insurance brokerage firm with offices in the US and Canada. The firm was founded in 2019 () in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2023, it was ranked as the 5th largest MGA/underwriting manager/Lloyd's coverholder. The firm offers access to all major insurance markets in USA, United Kingdom, Asia, and Canada, as well as in-house binding authority for property & casualty, financial lines, personal lines, life insurance, benefits, medical stop loss risks, travel/accident and health, affinity, and warranty coverage.
As of July 2023, One80 Intermediaries has acquired approximately 48 companies, and has an annual revenue of approximately $450 million. One80 has approximately 130 Carrier Relationships In the US, UK, Canada, and Asia. To compliment this, One80 has 105 In-house Underwriting Programs.
One80 Intermediaries has offices in approximately 55 locations including Boston, New York City, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Miami, Atlanta, Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, Omaha, Mountain View, Philadelphia, San Diego, and Seattle; as well as offices in Toronto, Montreal, and Lachine, QC.
History.
One80 Intermediaries, backed by private equity partners Kelso & Company and Goldman Sachs, was founded in 2019, and formally launched on January 7, 2020
As of the second quarter of 2023, the firm had acquired 48 niche insurance platforms across the United States and Canada. and has extended its offerings to include wholesale brokerage, national programs, contract binding, affinity and administrative services and specialty insurance.
Management.
As of August 2023, key people of the company are:
Services.
Services of One80 Intermediaries include:
The One80 Intermediaries platform consists of five key pillars: of National Wholesale Brokerage, Program Business, Contract Binding, Affinity and Administrative services and Specialty Insurance. These business verticals serve private and public sector businesses, non-profits, individual insureds and affinity businesses.
Acquisitions.
Major acquisitions include:
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74394571
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Arthur Ryerson
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Arthur Larned Ryerson (12 January 1851 – 15 April 1912) was an American lawyer and entrepreneur who lost his life on the ocean liner RMS "Titanic", when she sank during her maiden voyage after colliding with an iceberg.
Early life.
"Arthur Larned Ryerson" was born on 12 January 1851 in Chicago, Illinois, USA to Joseph Turner Ryerson (1813-1883) and Ellen Griffin Larned (1822-1881). His father was the founder of the iron and steel company Joseph T. Ryerson & Co. in 1842, where Ryerson would later serve as president of. He studied law and graduated from Yale in 1871. Ryerson went on to practice law and became a partner in the law firm of Isham, Lincoln & Ryerson in Chicago. He also served as the president of St. Luke's Hospital.
Ryerson married Emily Maria Borie on 31 January 1889 and went on to have 5 children. The family moved from Chicago to Otsego Lake, New York due to Ryerson's health. In the spring of 1912, Ryerson took his wife, youngest son and two of his daughters on a vacation to France and stayed in a house in Versailles. Their holiday was however cut short when the family received the news that their oldest son Arthur Larned Ryerson Jr had died in a car accident on 8 April 1912 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Ryerson immediately ended the vacation and booked passage on the first America bound steamer he could find. He booked ticket number 17608 at the cost of £262 7s 6d on the RMS "Titanic", which was to set out on its maiden voyage.
RMS "Titanic".
The Ryerson family boarded the "Titanic" at Cherbourg on 10 April 1912, Mrs. Ryerson also brought her maid Miss Victorine Chaudanson and her youngest son's governess Miss Grace Scott Bowen on board. The group occupied first class cabins B57, B63 and B66. On 14 April 1912 at 11.40 pm, "Titanic" struck an iceberg and began to sink. Mrs. Ryerson had been awake at the time of the collision and woke her husband, family and employees. They got dressed before putting on their lifebelts and headed for the boat deck, where the lifeboats were being prepared to be launched. The family waited on A deck for half an hour before beginning to board lifeboat 4 at 1.50 am. Ryerson's wife, two daughters, his wife's maid and his son's governess were allowed into the lifeboat, but he and his youngest son were not allowed to enter. Ryerson stepped forward and told Second Officer Charles Lightoller (who was loading the boat): "Of course, that boy goes with his mother. He is only 13." After this, his son was allowed to join his family but Ryerson had to stay behind.
After his family had safely departed in lifeboat 4, Ryerson headed for the First-Class smoking room. He was seen there by Archibald Gracie IV at 2 am playing cards with Clarence Moore, Major Archibald Butt and Francis Millet at their usual table. After the men finished their game, they all shook hands and departed back to the boat deck. The "Titanic" sank by 2.20 am and Ryerson perished in the icy waters that night along with 1,500 other people, including 117 other 1st-Class men.
His family was rescued by the RMS "Carpathia" by 8 am, and taken to New York on 18 April 1912. Ryerson's body if recovered, was never identified. A memorial was set up alongside the graves of his wife and cildren in Lakewood Cemetery in Cooperstown, New York.
Media Portrayals.
A Night to Remember (1958).
Ryerson was portrayed by Stuart Nicholl in the 1958 movie "A Night to Remember". His altrecation with Second Officer Lightoller about his son not being allowed in the lifeboat was featured in the film.
Titanic (1997).
In the 1997 James Cameron movie "Titanic", Ryerson can be spotted as a background character and is mentioned by name after Spicer Lovejoy (David Warner) discovers that Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) had stolen Ryerson's jacket earlier in the movie in order to disguise himself.
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74394579
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Adage (disambiguation)
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Adage may refer to:
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74394586
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Lonnie Toft
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Lonnie Toft is a 1970s era American professional skateboarder and snowboarder from Southern California who has also been extensively involved with surfing, wakeboarding and Standup paddleboarding. He was one of the first skateboarders to ride a broader, almost shoe-width boards (20cm-25cm wide). He is the inventor of the eight-wheeled skateboard and along with Gordy Lienemann created the "G-turn" maneuver. He is also the co-creator of the snowboard and was subsequently one of the first professional skateboarders to embrace and promote snowboarding.
Toft was originally sponsored by Pepsi in the early 1970s, performing at skateboarding exhibitions across the United States. Then, in 1976, he became a team rider for the California-based action sports company SIMS who manufactured both skateboards and snowboards. The Sims company's first production snowboard, then called a "skiboard" was a Lonnie Toft Model skateboard deck attached to a polyethylene molded bottom. In April 1979, Toft appeared on the cover of the magazine Skateboarder.
In 2018 Toft was cited by the online portal Surfer Today as "one of the most influential skaters in history" and in 2021, Toft was inducted into the Skateboarding Hall of Fame.
In a video filmed for the Skateboarding Hall of Fame's official website, world champion skateboarder Tony Hawk spoke of Toft, "Lonnie Toft was an awesome surfer and skater." In the same video, skateboarding pioneer Lance Mountain says of Toft, "He is remembered for the eight wheeled board the most, but that is really just a reflection of how innovative this guy was. He pushed the limits of skateboarding and what skateboarding is or could be. He was an innovator. We all grew up on Lonnie Toft." And Todd Haber from the Skateboarding Hall of Fame executive committee said, "He brought us the eight-wheeler. He was also an early advocate of the wide boards and snub noses. A guy from that era that always looked rad on a skateboard."
Early life and career.
Toft grew up surfing and skateboarding in the Oxnard region northwest of Los Angeles. In a 2012 interview given to the action-sports program The Daily Habit (hosted by Pat Parnell), Toft spoke about growing up in Southern California in the 1970s, "The 70's were irreplaceable. Long hair, skateboarding, surfing, traveling. Skateboarding was evolving and the clay wheels gave way to urethane.
The Eight-wheeled Skateboard.
Lonnie Toft is credited as being the creator and popularizer of the eight-wheeled skateboard. In William Sharp's 2019 skateboarding book "Back In The Day" Toft noted that in 1973, his older brother Dan had initially given him the idea. Lonnie immediately bought a pair of clay-wheeled roller skates at a swap meet, took them apart, and fastened them to an extra-wide skateboard deck he had cut from an old door. He said, "I liked to have a variety of boards and the eight-wheeler was just part of my quiver."
Sim's Lonnie Toft Models.
In the late 70's, the Sims company released of series of Lonnie Toft signature model skateboards and snowboards including; the 1977 Lonnie Toft Pro Model skateboard deck, the 1978 Lonnie Toft Eight-wheel model and the 1978 Lonnie Toft Skiboard (snowboard).
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74394613
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Hugh King (soldier)
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Hugh King was a private in the 40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot who was at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade. He swore in a signed contemporaneous affidavit dated 7 December 1854 that he recalled:
During the committal hearings for the Eureka rebels, there would be another "Argus" report dated 9 December 1854 concerning the seizure of a second flag at the stockade in the following terms:
Hugh King was called upon to give further testimony live under oath in the matter of Timothy Hayes. In doing so went into more detail than in his written affidavit, as the report states that the flag like a Union Jack was found:
King's testimony is considered significant by Eureka Jack investigators as the disputed first report of the battle states that: "The flag of the diggers, 'The Southern Cross,' as well as the 'Union Jack,' which they had to hoist underneath, were captured by the foot police." Gregory Blake (2012) leaves open the possibility that the flag being carried by the prisoner had been souvenired from the flag pole as the routed garrison was fleeing the stockade.
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74394652
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Taylor Powell
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Taylor Wilson Powell (born October 21, 1998) is an American gridiron football quarterback for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
College career.
After using a redshirt season in 2017, Powell played college football for the Missouri Tigers from 2018 to 2019 where he played in 15 games over three seasons, where he completed 35 of 76 pass attempts (46%) for 431 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions. He then sat out the 2020 season and transferred to Troy University where he played for the Trojans in 2021. That season, he played in six games, starting in five, where he completed 125 of 189 pass attempts (66.1%) for 1,251 yards with seven touchdowns and six interceptions before sitting out the rest of the season due to injury.
Powell then transferred again to Eastern Michigan University to play for the Eagles in 2022. In his final year of eligibility, he completed 174 of 269 pass attempts (64.6%) for 2,111 yards with 16 touchdowns and eight interceptions.
Professional career.
On May 17, 2023, Powell signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He made the team's active roster as the third string quarterback following 2023 training camp and dressed in his first professional game on June 9, 2023, against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Following an injury to incumbent starter, Bo Levi Mitchell, in the second game of the season, Powell was elevated to the backup role behind Matthew Shiltz. However, Shiltz also suffered an injury in the fifth game of the season and Powell was pressed into his first game action on July 13, 2023. On his first pass attempt, he threw a 17-yard touchdown pass to Tim White. He finished the game having completed two of four passes for 47 yards and one touchdown.
On July 17, 2023, head coach Orlondo Steinauer announced Powell as the starting quarterback for the game against the Toronto Argonauts on July 21, 2023.
Personal life.
Powell was born to parents Mark and Elizabeth Powell. He has one sister, Kailey.
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74394665
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Tuchekoi National Park
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Tuchekoi National Park is a national park in Queensland, Australia. It is situated to the west and south-west of Pomona in the Noosa hinterland.
Geography.
The Park is approximately 390 hectares of bushland surrounding Mount Cooroora, a 439 metres high intrusive volcanic plug.
Walking tracks.
A main walking track leads from the Mount Cooroora Park (carpark and picnic area) to the top of Mount Cooroora with several meandering tracks around the east and north sides of the mountain.
Festival.
Yearly, the King of the Mountain festival and race take place featuring runners racing from the centre of Pomona to the top of Mount Cooroora and back to be named the "King of the Mountain".
Australian band, Midnight Oil, created a theme song for the event when in 1990 they released a single about the race by the same name, King of the Mountain. Although many people think the song is a reference to Peter Brock and the Bathurst 1000 held at Mount Panorama, drummer Rob Hirst confirmed the song is actually inspired by the footrace up Mount Cooroora and the surrounding natural beauty and unique history of the Noosa hinterland.
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74394666
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Chantler
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Chantler is a last name. Notable people with this last name include:
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74394698
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Springleaf (disambiguation)
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Springleaf may refer to:
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74394707
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Seach
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Seach is a last name. Notable people with this last name include:
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74394718
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Dharni taluka
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Dharni is a taluka in Amravati district, Maharashtra. It lies in the Satpura Range and is heavily forested and mainly tribal. Its headquarters are at Dharni. Melghat Tiger Reserve is part of this taluk.
Demographics.
At the time of the 2011 census, the taluka had a population of 184,665, of which 15,761 (8.53%) lived in urban areas. Dharni had a sex ratio of 967 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 64.49% for the population 7 years and above. 14.81% of the population was under 6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 4.28% and 77.00% of the population respectively.
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 68.93% of the population spoke Korku, 8.55% Hindi, 6.72% Marathi, 4.40% Gondi, 3.87% Nimadi and 3.36% Urdu as their first language.
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74394724
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Beating the Odds
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Beating the Odds IBI & Child Development Services, commonly known as Beating the Odds, is a Canadian company that provides therapy to children on the autism spectrum.
Founded by Amber Maloney in 2015, the company initially provided home-care visits, and opened a therapy centre near Barrie, Ontario in 2022.
The centre was shut down in 2023, shortly before the owner was arrested.
Activities.
Beating the Odds IBI & Child Development Services was founded in 2015 by Amber-Lee Maloney (born ). Based in Essa, Ontario, the company provided Applied Behaviour Analysis and Intensive Behavioural Intervention therapies. Initially providing autism therapy via home-visits, the company opened a therapy centre on June 23, 2022. By July 2023, the centre had not obtained a license to operate the therapy centre.
On July 18, 2023, the Ontario Ministry of Education issued a protection order to the school, declaring "an imminent risk to the safety and wellbeing of the children receiving care." The order prohibited the centre from operating. The Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General issued a statement discouraging parents from using the centre. The day prior, the Ontario Provincial Police issued a public advisory about Lauriston Maloney (born ) the husband of Amber Maloney and a convinced sex offender. Lauriston Maloney was operating a construction company, registered to the same address as the centre and lived on the same premises. From 2002 to 2004, Lauriston Maloney operated a business managing sex workers. According to Maloney, one of his workers was under 18 years old. In 2004, Maloney was arrested and charged with offences after a fourteen-year-old girl from Brampton was allegedly forced to perform sex work for one month. In their public advisory, police noted Lauriston Maloney's sixteen convictions in relation to "trafficking and sexual offences involving minors." His convictions occurred in 2004 and 2013.
Parents of the children who attended the centre held a second protest outside the centre on July 19. The same day, Lauriston Maloney and Amber Maloney were arrested. Lauriston Maloney was charged with "two counts of assault, trafficking a person, receiving material benefit from trafficking a person and forcible confinement". Amber was charged with "trafficking a person, receiving material benefit from trafficking a person, administering a noxious substance, fraud and uttering a forged document."
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74394762
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Gippsland line
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Gippsland line may refer to:
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74394770
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Vedanarayana perumal temple, Thirunarayanapuram
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Vedanarayana perumal temple is a Hindu temple located in the Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu, India, dedicated to Lord Vishnu as Vedanarayana. Lord Vishnu showers his blessings in a reclining position with "four Vedas" as his pillow and Teaching the Vedas to Brahma. The structure is Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, it is believed to have been built by the Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagar king. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held there, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the Tamil month of "Chittirai" (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is open from 6 am to 7:30 pm. It is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
Legend.
Brahma once turned arrogant and gained ego as he was the only one who could ‘create’ things in this world. Lord Vishnu wanted to teach him a lesson, Lord Vishnu created a unique idol of himself that left Brahma wondering about its creator. When asked, Lord Vishnu feigned ignorance saying that Brahma was the only one bestowed with the rights of creation. While agreeing to this, Brahma questioned the Lord as to who could have created this image and how this could have appeared without his knowledge and approval. Lord Vishnu brought the truth before Brahma and told that he is the Supreme being and he has no start or end but brahma has an end and an age limit. Maha Vishnu also gave a message to the people at large saying that we should do what is expected of us. However, we should not become arrogant and gain ego for the power, strength or kwoledge we have, because nothing is permanent except Narayana - The Supreme Lord of the universe.
Architecture.
The temple is said to be built by Lord Brahma with "Veda vimmanam". As the temple is present in the banks of Kaveri during a flood the temple got buried. Puranic Scriptures point that King Mahabala Vaanavaraya was taking his huge army to attak Mysore. As it Became dark he took rest at this place. The greatRishi Narada is said to have appeared in his dream that night and asked him to recover the idol here that was lying beneath the earth and to create festivals for the sake of people's well-being. The Lord is believed to have assured him victory in his battle at Mysore. Delighted at this, the king built the temple and dedicated this entire village to the temple.
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74394810
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Tacoa disaster
|
The Tacoa disaster occurred on December 19, 1982 as a result of a fuel oil tank fire on the premises of the "Ricardo Zuloaga" thermal power plant, owned by Electricidad de Caracas and located in Tacoa, a seaside village and an area of Vargas, Venezuela.
Almost all the victims, among whom were many firemen, journalists and bystanders, fell as a result of a massive boilover from one of the affected tanks. It is the worst ever industrial accident in Venezuela by number of fatalities.
The accident.
At dawn, on Sunday, December 19, 1982, the sea-going tanker "Murachí" belonging to Lagoven, a subsidiary of PDVSA, was moored off the Ricardo Zuloaga power plant in Tacoa and about to unload 15,000 tons of fuel oil, which would be used as fuel or power production. Two plant operators climbed atop tank no.8, a 55 m diameter, 17 m high cylindrical atmospheric tank located on a hill, which was scheduled to receive the fuel, for routine checks in preparation for the operation, including a reading of the level in the tank. When they opened the gauging hatch, hot hydrocarbon vapors interspersed with the air creating an explosive mixture. A massive explosion ripped off the tank's conical roof and killed the two operators carrying out the checks.
It is unclear what the source of ignition might have been, although it is speculated that it could be a non-intrinsically safe lamp or even a match used to illuminate the level dip tube. The liquid stored in the tank (no.6 fuel oil, also known as residual fuel oil or bunker C) is non-flammable, as its flash point is 71°C, well above ambient temperature. However, in the conditions in which it was stored on that day, it became flammable, although the mechanism by which this occurred is not fully confirmed. The tank was heated by several steam coils in order to keep the highly viscous fluid in pumpable conditions. On the night of December 18, a high-temperature alarm for tank no.8 had gone off, indicating excessive heating. One of the steam coils was isolated in response. Apart from the contribution of the higher temperature, it is possible that inappropriate blending of the fuel oil was responsible for the presence of lighter components with low flash point.
It soon became clear that Electricidad de Caracas had no contingency plans for a fire in their fuel oil storage tanks. The company lacked a fire brigade, and their staff had no training or instruction. The emergency response was delayed by more than 20 minutes as the first fire engines navigated tortuous roads to reach the remote site. Firefighting apparatus and personnel arrived from across the region over the next few hours, including firemen from the port of La Guaira and the nearby Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía. Most of the equipment was however unable to access the elevated fire site. Under any circumstances, extinguishing an open tank fire of that size would have been extremely difficult; lack of water and foam made this task impossible. The order was given to let the tank burn itself out. However, given the intensity of the fire, action was still required to prevent spread to the neighboring dikes. During the morning, more than 100 firefighters were employed, later joined by more intervention personnel from other entities, including the Guardia Nacional, Metropolitan Police, and PDVSA technicians among others. Media personnel, including from Venezolana de Televisión and El Universal newspaper, arrived at the site to provide news coverage.
Around noon, authorities reported that the situation was under control. However, at 12:45 pm, a massive boilover occurred, i.e. a violent overflow due to rapid boiling and vaporization of a layer of water that was found below the fuel oil. Like an erupting volcano, the tank spewed out a huge lava of blazing liquid that fell on the firefighters and the bystanders. The origin of the water at the bottom of the tank is unclear. At first, the firefighters were blamed for having poured water into the tank, but this theory was later disproved. There is now some consensus that small amounts of water were normally found in the fuel oil at each filling operation, then accumulating at the bottom of the tank due to gravity. The layer of water was drained periodically, but as of the day of the accident this operation had not been carried out for a long time. Also, it is not clear why the water was not drained during the fire; it is possible that the drain valves were surrounded by flames, or perhaps emptying the water was not considered necessary because the risk of boilover was not anticipated.
The inferno set fire to people, houses, trees, parked vehicles and boats floating in the sea about 250 meters from the place. Molten asphalt from the roads mingled with the oil creating a noxious mixture which continued to flow downhill, destroying everything in its path. The exact death toll is unknown; however, estimates are in the region of 150. Of these there were 40 uniformed firefighters, dozens of civil defense workers, 17 plant employees, 10 media workers, and scores of civilians. The fire in tank no.8 was extinguished by the sudden inrush of air during the boilover. However, as the burning oil flowed over into the downhill containment dike, this resulted in a sustained fire around tank no.9, another heavy fuel oil tank. As a precaution against another boilover occurring in tank no.9, the army evacuated 40,000 people from the area. The fire in tank no.9 burnt out two to three days later.
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74394841
|
Ridge Computers
|
Ridge Computers, Inc., was an American computer manufacturer active from 1980 to 1990. The company began as a builder of deskside workstations and workgroup servers and progressed to superminicomputers. They claimed to have produced the first commercially available Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) systems.
Company history.
Ridge Computers was established in May 1980 in Santa Clara, California by six original founders, five of whom had come from Hewlett Packard (HP), and one from Zilog.
The company was named for the Montebello Ridge, where two of the founders used to go cycling.
Ridge's first prototype was running by autumn 1981, and entered beta testing one and a half years later in early 1983. The system was presented at the Comdex show in autumn 1983. The earliest CPUs were bit slice processors built from "Fast" ("F" infix) type 7400-series integrated circuits and Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices.
The Ridge CPU's qualification as a RISC design has been challenged by one source due to its use of variable length instructions, multiple-cycle instruction decode, microcoded control store, and relatively rich instruction set, with over 100 instructions. Other sources reaffirm the Ridge's RISC bona fides.
Ridge faced competition not only from Digital Equipment Corporation's popular VAX-11, but also from other early RISC adopters Celerity Computing and Pyramid Technology, the latter of which began shipping systems in March 1984.
Although considered closer in configuration and capability to contemporary workstations, Ridge described their early systems as "personal mainframes". Their original target market was designers and engineers running scientific and technical applications, including computer-aided design, computer imaging and animation, and scientific research. A significant customer was Pacific Data Images, who switched from DEC VAXen to Ridge 32s, reporting a doubling of performance.
In the early 1980s, the French government was negotiating cooperative technology agreements between French and foreign companies. Also around this time, Jacques Stern, newly installed Director and CEO of Groupe Bull, became interested in adding RISC-based products to his company's offerings. Bull finalized an agreement to share technologies with both Convergent Technologies and Ridge Computers.
Around September 1985, Ridge named Robert J. Kunze, of Hambrecht & Quist Group and Hambrecht & Quist Venture Partners, to their Board of Directors.
In 1986 Ridge began to experience on-going financial difficulties. In early 1986 the company was refinanced, receiving US$1,000,000 out of a planned US$10,000,000 from Hambrecht & Quist, and Groupe Bull. Bob O. Evans, a general partner in Hambrecht & Quist, was appointed chief executive officer.
In mid-1986, Ridge launched an Academic discount program in the UK similar to a program already they had already established in the US.
In 1987 Ridge and Apollo Computer entered into a joint marketing agreement that promoted a hybrid configuration of Apollo workstations networked to a Ridge supermini.
By the late 1980s Ridge realized that unless they implemented their architecture in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) semiconductor technology, it would become uncompetitive. While some experimental CPUs were produced using gate array technology from Fujitsu, no VLSI-based systems were shipped.
In early 1988, Ridge underwent a restructuring that saw a 45% reduction in personnel, Michael Preletz installed as CEO, and a new focus on commercial sales, while delivery of the new CPU for the 5100 model was further delayed. Ridge was dissolved in April 1990.
Reports of the number of systems sold by Ridge Computers vary from four hundred to six hundred units. Several hundred others were manufactured and sold under license by Bull. The total system count has been estimated to have been one thousand systems.
Although not a product of Ridge Computers, the Cerberus multiprocessor simulator used a processor model with an instruction set architecture derived from that of the Ridge 32's CPU.
People.
At their peak, Ridge employed about one hundred fifty people. The founders and some former employees are listed below:
Other staff.
Also at Ridge in some capacity were Dana Craig, David Marlin Hanttula, and Mehdi Jazayeri.
Products.
Ridge Operating System (ROS).
Early Ridge Computers systems ran the Ridge Operating System (ROS). ROS is a message-passing operating system (OS) with inexpensive processes and virtual memory. It's internal structure is significantly different from that of Unix. The ROS kernel and the related original Groupe Bull SPS 9 OS were described as microkernels by the developers who worked on them. The long-term goal was to provide a distributed system with full network transparency.
The basic operating system comprises a small kernel, originally only 8 KB in size, which handles memory management, interprocess communications, and interrupt handling, with other functions provided by a set of server processes. The User Monitor server process presented a Unix-compatible interface to user processes, and the Directory Manager and Volume Manager emulated the Unix file system. Some have called this a Unix compatibility layer. ROS incorporated features from both Unix System V and BSD universes.
One assessment reported poor performance when running ROS in multiuser mode. A paper by Basart identified issues with how ROS handled programs written for a Unix environment, particularly how the OS handled Unix's process fork and kill. Suggested improvements included moving the file system into the kernel, and revising the message primitives used by ROS. Later even the founders saw ROS as a liability in the market.
Bull developed a port of standard Unix SystemV with BSD extensions to the Ridge architecture that they called SPIX, and began selling it on their SPS 9 systems. Later, Ridge began to offer a version of SPIX, called RX/V, on Ridge-branded systems, which eventually supplanted ROS on most Ridge models.
Ridge 32.
The original Ridge 32 (or Ridge Thirty Two) system was announced by the third quarter of 1982. It shipped with Ridge's "V1" CPU design. This processor was partitioned into separate integer, memory management, and floating point units, each with a set of their own registers. Implemented in bit-slice technology, the architecture supported instruction lengths of 16, 32, and 48 bits.
In 1985 Ridge released the revised 32/1x0 and 32/3x0 lines, which included the 32/110, 32/130, 32/310, and 32/330 models. The Ridge 32/530 was released in 1986.
Ridge 32C.
The updated Ridge 32C was released in 1984. It could support from one to four users.
Ridge 32S.
The Ridge 32S was a single-user system released in 1984, slightly after the 32C. It received a revised "V2" CPU board set.
Ridge 32 Turbo RX.
In mid- to late-1987, the Ridge 32 Turbo RX model replaced the 32/1x0 and 32/3x0 lines.
Server/RT.
Ridge's Server/RT was released in March 1986. It was intended for hybrid networks where the Server/RT provided file and processing services to a group of IBM PC workstations.
Ridge 3200.
The Ridge 3200 series was announced in May 1986, with models that could support up to 64 users. The line included the Ridge 3200/90, and 3200/95.
Ridge 5100.
The Ridge 5100 system was announced in September 1987, and was expected to ship in February 1988. The 5100 was to use a new VLSI-based CPU. Ridge called the 5100 their fourth generation RISC system. It was expected to support up to 128 users, and provide performance of 14 MIPS.
The CPU for the 5100 was developed under the name Project Sunrise, and was to be a VLSI CPU implemented in Fujitsu gate arrays. In March 1987, Ridge announced that it had obtained financing for Sunrise. Performance of the early chips were disappointing. In December 1987, Ridge also proposed several architectural modifications that included an increase in the number of registers, the extension of addressing to 64 bits, and fixed-length instructions. The Sunrise CPU never shipped.
Groupe Bull.
Its original agreement with Ridge, signed in April 1984, granted Bull a license to build and sell Ridge-based systems. These would be produced by Bull-SEMS, Groupe Bull's minicomputer division, at their factory in Echrollyes near Grenoble, France, and sold as the SPS 9 series. Under the terms of the agreement, Bull made a capital investment in Ridge, and received a seat on Ridge's board of directors.
In October 1984, Bull acquired 11% of Ridge. Sales of the SPS 9 started in December of the same year.
The first models included the SPS 9/40 and SPS 9/60 running ROS. Later models included the SPS 9/400, SPS 9/600, SPS 9/800, and 9/830.
In early 1988, Bull renamed their remaining SPS model as the DPX 5000.
At the same time that Ridge was starting work on the Sunrise VLSI CPU, Bull's Research Department formed a group with Jean-Michel Pernot to develop a next-generation Ridge-compatible CPU called "Aurore". The Aurore project was cancelled in March 1987, after Ridge announced that they had obtained financing for their Sunrise CPU. The porting effort that Bull faced to accommodate Ridge's proposed architectural changes in the Sunrise CPU, and concerns about the relationship between Ridge, Bull, and Ridge's compiler supplier resulted in Bull deciding to phase out the slow-selling SPS 9 line.
Software and applications.
Some software packages and specialized applications either developed for or hosted on Ridge and Bull-SEMS SPS 9 computers are listed below:
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74394851
|
Box, Cleveland County, Oklahoma
|
Box is a ghost town in Cleveland County, Oklahoma, United States. Not much remains there, besides a cemetery.
History.
Around 1895, a man by the name of George Box established a cotton gin and saw mill in the area that became the town. Box's post office was established on May 7, 1898. On December 4th, 1906, the post office was discontinued. Not much else is known about its history.
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74394867
|
Beach volleyball at the 2023 South American Beach Games
|
The Beach volleyball tournaments at the 2023 South American Beach Games in Santa Marta, Colombia were held between July 18 and 21, 2023 at the "Parque Multideportivo 500 Años".<br>
It was organized by ODESUR, with the supervision of Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol jointly with the Federación Colombiana de Voleibol.
Schedule.
The competition schedule is as follows:
Participation.
Twelve nations participated in beach volleyball events of the 2023 South American Beach Games.
Men's beach volleyball competition.
Knockout stage.
Bracket.
<section begin=bracket /><section end=bracket />
Women's beach volleyball competition.
Knockout stage.
Bracket.
<section begin=bracket /><section end=bracket />
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74394879
|
Walter Grand
|
Walter Jean Tepuatauonini Grand (29 June 1917—6 July 1983) was a French Polynesian soldier and politician who served as president of the Assembly of French Polynesia from 1955 to 1958. He was the first Tahitian decorated for bravery in the Second World War.
Early life and military career.
Grand was born in Papeete and was the eldest of three children. His father died when he was 5 years old. Recalled during the general mobilization of September 1939, he was demobilized on 11 August 1940, with the rank of master corporal. In September 1940, he enlisted alongside his younger brother William in the French Liberation Army, and became a non-commissioned officer in the Pacific Battalion trained by Captain Félix Broche. Their younger brother Marcel enlisted in the New Zealand Army and campaigned in Papua. Grand took part in all the campaigns of his battalion. During the Battle of Bir Hakeim, in which his younger brother also took part (who would be injured there during the exit) and a few cousins (one of whom would be killed during the exit on 11 June), he commanded a truck-mounted 75-gun unit that put out a large number of Rommel's Panzers. During this same battle, he became the first Tahitian to be awarded the Croix de Guerre. He later fought in Italy and Provence before ending the war in Paris with the rank of adjudant.
On 5 May 1946 he returned to his native island aboard the "Sagittaire" and returned to civilian life. For a few years, he worked in inter-island navigation. On 23 August 1947 he married Charlotte Lévy with whom he had three children.
Political career.
In 1951 Grand entered local politics, when businessman Tony Bambridge convinced him to become president of a local branch of the Rally of the French People for the 1951 French legislative election. He was elected to the Assembly of French Polynesia in the 1953 French Oceanian legislative election. Following a dispute in the Assembly on 10 April, a fight broke out between Noël Ilari and Alfred Poroi. Ilari then challenged Poroi to a duel, which Poroi agreed should take place at the end of the day. Grand was appointed one of Ilari's seconds. The duel ultimately did not occur, after Governor René Petitbon broadcast a radio message forbidding it and stationed police at the homes of the participants. After relations soured with Bambridge, the RPF lost its funding, and Grand grew closer to the Democratic Rally of the Tahitian People. In 1955 he made a deal with the RDPT to change the majority in the Assembly, a move which saw him elected its president. As Assembly president, he welcomed General de Gaulle during his private visit to Tahiti in 1956.
He contested the 1956 French legislative election against both Bambridge and Pouvanaa a Oopa, but came third, with only 745 votes.
He contested the 1957 election on a new "France-Tahiti" list, with Gaston Flosse, but was not re-elected. He was subsequently appointed as Minister of Education in the government of Pouvanaa a Oopa. He lost his position as a Minister when the French colonial government dissolved Oopa's government following the 1958 French Polynesian constitutional referendum.
He died in Papeete on 6 July 1983 and is buried in Urania Cemetery.
Honors.
Grand was nominated for the Order of Liberation at the end of the war, but did not receive it. He was instead proposed for the Military Medal and the Resistance Medal, with which he was decorated in 1946.
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74394892
|
Go woke go broke
|
Go woke go broke, also known as get woke go broke, is a catchphrase often used by some within the United States' political right. The term is used to criticize major corporations that publicly align themselves with social justice causes and engage in corporate activism, causes which are commonly associated with the American progressive movement and the Democratic Party. The slogan refers to declining sales in corporations which have also openly supported progressive causes, most commonly transgender rights and efforts to implement a higher prevalence of diversity, equity, and inclusion within businesses.
Etymology.
The phrase "woke", originally a slang term to describe increased awareness for racial injustice, has been adopted by various right-wing groups to label opposing ideas and their proponents. While some individuals and groups, particularly in certain factions of the American right, use it to criticize developments in social justice, the term has also been employed to describe skepticism towards increased government and corporate actions to address climate change, among other contentious social and political issues.
Major affected companies.
The Walt Disney Company.
The Walt Disney Company has faced criticism for its stance on socially progressive causes. After the passage of Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act, colloquially known as the "Don't Say Gay law" due to its restrictions on gender identity instruction in public schools from Kindergarten to 3rd grade, The Walt Disney Company initially did not take a public stance on the matter. However, as public pressure mounted and in response to employees' concerns, Disney eventually publicly opposed the bill. This stance led to a dispute with Republican Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, who had supported the bill's passage and later expansion to all grades K-12. As a result, the Florida legislature repealed and renamed the Reedy Creek Improvement District, a special taxation ward controlled by Disney and hosting the Walt Disney World resort, to the Central Florida Tourism Oversight District. Disney responded by filing a lawsuit against Governor DeSantis and cancelling their expansion plans in Florida. May 2023 data showing Disney's streaming service Disney+ losing four million subscribers also was credited as part of the public perceiving Disney as too enthralled in identity politics and isolating fans who identify with the American right and social conservative movements.
AB InBev and Bud Light.
The beer company AB InBev, which owns Bud Light, partnered with transgender influencer Dylan Mulvaney on April 1, 2023, by sending her custom Bud Light cans featuring her face to celebrate the anniversary of her "365 Days of Girlhood" series, which documented her gender transition. In response, several notable figures on the American right called for a boycott of the company.
The boycott caused massive sales losses for AB InBev and further led to the beer losing its place as America's best selling beer to Modelo Especial. In the month following the advertisement, Bud Light sales dropped between 11 and 26 percent. During a conference call with investors on May 4, 2023, AB InBev's CEO Michel Doukeris said the drop in Bud Light sales "would represent around 1% of our overall global volumes for that period." The company placed its marketing vice president which authorized the promotion, Alissa Heinerscheid, on administrative leave.
Target.
The American retailer Target released its annual pride merchandise collection in May 2023, which sparked a boycott from American conservatives, who perceived that the company was marketing sexually-themed products to minors. The company's stock price decreased by over 10% following the release of the products, and the company has been the focus of scrutiny from several GOP politicians.
Polling results.
A May 2023 poll conducted by Redfield & Wilton Strategies concluded that 72 percent of people aged between 25 and 34, and 70 percent aged between 35 and 44, then the age demographic commonly described as millennials, said that the slogan is largely accurate in describing society.
Usage by politicians.
Many politicians in the Republican Party support a decrease in corporate activism, as well as the phrase "go woke go broke". One member of the House of Representatives, Andy Ogles from Tennessee, introduced the "Go Woke, Go Broke Act", which if enacted would abolish the Department of the Treasury's Advisory Committee on Racial Equity.
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74394935
|
Idyll XVIII
|
Idyll XVIII, also titled Ἑλένης Ἐπιθάλαμιος ('The Epithalamy of Helen'), is a poem by the 3rd-century BC Greek poet Theocritus. The poem includes a re-creation of the epithalamium sung by a choir of maidens at the marriage of Helen and Menelaus of Sparta. The idea is said to have been borrowed from an old poem by Stesichorus.
Analysis.
This is a short Epic piece of the same type as XIII. Both begin, as do XXV and Bion II, with a phrase suggesting that they are consequent upon something previous; but according to Edmonds this conceit, like the "ergo" or "igitur" of Propertius and Ovid, is no more than a recognised way of beginning a short poem. The introduction, unlike that of XIII, contains no dedication.
The scholia tells that Theocritus here imitates certain passages of Stesichorus' first Epithalamy of Helen. The text likely contains allusions to certain passages from lost works by Sappho, and Edmonds thinks Theocritus "seems to have had Saphho's book of Wedding-Songs before him" when writing this poem.
Lang thinks this epithalamium may have been written for the wedding of a friend of the poet's. The epithalamium, chanted at night by a chorus of girls, outside the bridal chamber, was a traditional feature of weddings. Compare the conclusion of the hymn of Adonis in XV.
Sources.
Attribution:
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74394941
|
Eighth College
|
Eighth College is the eighth college at the University of California San Diego with the theme "Engagement & Community". Eighth College will welcome its first undergraduate students in Fall of 2023 and its first transfer students in the Fall of 2025. A logo, seal, or color for Eighth College has not been announced as of July 2023.
Curriculum.
Eighth College has a core curriculum named "Critical Community Engagement". CCE consists of 4 courses, one being upper-division. The courses aim to prepare students to engage with the local San Diego community, as well as a broader global community with hands-on learning, involving an interaction-based course.
Residential life.
Eighth College students will primarily be housed in the new Theatre District Living & Learning Neighborhood (TDLLN) , which is the southernmost residential area, just south of Revelle College. The dormitories at TDLLN are some of the tallest on the West Coast, up to 21 stories tall, providing 2000 beds and a net increase of 300 parking spaces. The community was set to open by fall 2023, but due to construction delays, only a few buildings will be open by then.
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74394949
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Capify
|
Capify is a United Kingdom based alternative finance company.
Headquartered in Altrincham, England, Capify has a second office in Parramatta, Australia.
David Goldin founded AmeriMerchant in 2002, which later became Capify.
History.
In 2002, David Goldin created AmeriMerchant, an online alternative finance company specialising in revenue advance services for small businesses that ultimately became Capify. He was also a founding member and the previous President of the Small Business Financing Association (SBFA), formerly known as the North American Merchant Advance Association (NAMAA).
In 2008, the company expanded its operations to the United Kingdom under the name United Kapital, and extended its presence to Australia as AUSvance. Capify initially focused on delivering merchant cash advance (also known as MCAs). Capify expanded its operations to include typical small business loans in 2008.
In 2015, the company rebranded, unifying all the company's brands under the single name of Capify.
By 2017, the company sold its US division, to focus on the UK and Australian markets.
In 2019, Capify secured a £75 million credit facility from Goldman Sachs.
In 2022, Capify revamped its Quarterly SME Business Confidence Survey and introduced a confidence index, which was designed to measure and evaluate the survey results.
Awards.
In 2023, Capify was nominated as a finalist in the Business Moneyfacts Awards in the category of "Best Alternative Business Funding Provider". Capify UK won the "SME Lender of the Year at the Credit Awards.
In the same year, Capify UK was also shortlisted and won the Credit Awards "SME Lender of the Year - Lending up to £1 million" award.
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74394959
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Ministry of Agriculture (Botswana)
|
The Ministry of Agriculture is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. It was first established as the Department of Agriculture under the Bechuanaland Protectorate in 1935.
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74394966
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Paraíso blanco
|
Paraíso blanco is an upcoming Colombian streaming television series produced by Caracol Televisión for TelevisaUnivision. The series is based on the life of former German-Colombian drug lord Carlos Lehder, inspired by the book "Crazy Charlie" written by Ron Chepesiuk. Sebastián Osorio stars as Lehder. The series premiered on Vix on 20 July 2023.
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74394988
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MQH
|
MQH or mqh may refer to:
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74395003
|
Kimberly Crowe
|
use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) -->
Kimberly Crowe (born February 6, 1968) is an American public speaker, author, and entrepreneur. She is the broadcast personality of the weekly online show, "Speakers Playhouse", and the founder of "Entrepreneurs Rocket Fuel".
Early life and education.
Kimberly was born Kimberly Susan Evarts in Nashua, New Hampshire. She is a graduate of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Career.
Kimberly worked for Volt Technical Resources from 1994 until May 2011. She became a full time entrepreneur shortly after leaving Volt, first creating a staffing company, "Advanced Placement Recruiting", and then created an audiobook company with her son, Drew, before launching "Entrepreneurs Rocket Fuel" in 2018.
Kimberly has been an international inspirational public speaker, keynote speaker, TEDx speaker, and an authority on speak-to-sell. She is the author of "Shift Your Narrative", as well as "Voices of Women" volume 1 and volume 2, and has been a contributing author twice to "The Game Changer" compilation book.
Kimberly is currently the Broadcast Personality and co-host of "Speakers Playhouse". She is the creator of "The Voices of Women Virtual Summit Series", an online transformative program that empowers women to embrace their unique strengths, overcome challenges, and step into their full potential. She is also the co-host of "Podapalooza", a virtual event connecting podcast guests and hosts.
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74395012
|
Tungari monteithi
|
Tungari monteithi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet "monteithi" honours Geoffrey Monteith, Senior Curator (Lower Entomology) at the Queensland Museum, for his collecting skills.
Distribution and habitat.
The species occurs on the Cape York Peninsula of Far North Queensland, in closed riverine forest habitats. The type locality is Gunshot Creek.
References.
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74395014
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Vratnica attack
|
The Vratnica attack was an action carried out by members of the Albanian National Army led by Agim Krasniqi on a Macedonian police station in Vratnica on July 12 2005.
Attack.
At around 1 a.m., two manual rocket launchers and a series of automatic weapon shots were fired at the police station in the village of Vratnica.
In the official statement from the Ministry of the Interior, it is stated that automatic weapons and grenades were fired from three vehicles, and no one was injured.
During the attack, the police station was damaged by gunfire and grenades.
The Macedonian Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski later said the attack was a "provocation" by a regional extremist group allegedly linked to Agim Krasniqi's armed group.
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74395036
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Rosso e Nero
|
Rosso e Nero (Italian: "Red and Black") was a weekly political magazine that was published between 1946 and 1948 in Rome, Italy. The magazine is known for its founder and editor Alberto Giovannini.
History and profile.
"Rosso e Nero" was established in November 1946. Its founder and editor was an Italian journalist Alberto Giovannini who had edited a publication of the University Fascist Group during the Fascist period. The magazine was headquartered in Rome and came out weekly. The magazine featured Giovannini's articles on his political views and his project of reconciling the experience of the former Fascists with the political lines of the socialists. Ignazio Silone and Ugo Zatterin were among the contributors of the magazine. "Rosso e Nero" did not manage to have higher readership and circulation and was eventually closed in 1948.
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74395090
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Marc Murtra
|
Marc Thomas Murtra Millar (Blackburn, England, 1972), better known as Marc Murtra, is a Spanish engineer and entrepreneur, current President of Indra Sistemas since 2021. He is also a board member of Fundació Bancaria "la Caixa" and independent conselor of Ebro Foods, S.A.
Biography.
Son of a cardiothoracic surgeon, he was born and raised in the United Kingdom. He moved to Barcelona and studied industrial engineering and specialized in Machine Mechanics at Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Afterwards, he completed his studies with an MBA in New York, at the Leonard N. Stern School of Business, where he learned from economists such as Paul Krugman or Paul Samuelson, among others.
He started working as a nuclear industry engineer at British Nuclear Fuels Ltd in the UK, and continued as a strategy consultant at DiamondCluster, where he worked for large technology companies.
In 2003 he was appointed director of the local radio station Ràdio Estel and later manager of Barcelona Televisió, Barcelona's local public broadcasting agency.
Between 2006 and 2011, he held various positions in the public sector: manager of social services at Barcelona City Council, general director of Red.es (2006) and chief of staff of Joan Clos while he was Minister of Industry (2006-2008).
In 2011 he went back to private sector and created an investment company, Crea Inversión, and later in 2020 he started working as a managing partner of the investment company Closa Investment Bankers. On the other hand, since 2017 he has been working as an assistant professor of economics and business at Pompeu Fabra University, in Barcelona.
Throughout his career he is or has been a board member of several organizations, including the Fundación la Caixa, Paradores de Turismo de España or Inteco, (currently Spanish cibersecurity Institute, Incibe). Since 2018 he regularly publishes a monthly op-ed column at La Vanguardia.
In 2021 he was appointed Chairman of Indra Sistemas at the proposal of the Government of Spain. Since 2022 he is also an independent advisor of Ebro Foods.
He is the father of three children.
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Artemidorus of Tralles
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Artemidorus () of Tralles was a noted fighter of ancient Greece who lived in the 1st century CE.
He was known to have excelled at the pankration. The writer Pausanias relates that Artemidorus initially competed in the boys' division of the event, but lost owing to his having been too young. Pausanias further describes that he returned several years later and dominated the boys' division in the 212th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (around 69 CE), and in the same Olympiad, after some encouragement, went on to fight and succeed in the adult division as well, emerging as the victor in the men's division. Pausanias also suggests Artemidorus was given the motivation to win after suffering some slight or insult from one of the adult competitors.
He is also mentioned in the epigrams of the writer Martial.
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Flat Fire
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The Flat Fire is an active wildfire near Agness, Oregon in Siskiyou National Forest. Ignited at about 5:51 PM PT on July 15, 2023, the cause of the fire is currently unknown and under investigation. , the fire has burned and is 0% contained.
History.
The fire began about 2 miles south east of Agness, Oregon at around 5:51 PM PT on July 15, 2023. , the fire had burned and was 0% contained.
Cause.
The cause of the fire is currently unknown and under investigation.
Impact.
Levle 3 evacuations have been issued for the area surrounding the Oak Flat Campground in Curry County, Oregon. A temporary evacuation shelter was set up at Gold Beach High School in Gold Beach, Oregon for anyone displaced by the fire. A closure order is in effect for Siskiyou National Forest lands surrounding the fire.
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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Mahatma Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present him as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.
Influences.
Gandhi grew up in a Hindu and Jain religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat, which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of Hindu Bhakti saints, Advaita Vedanta, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and thinkers such as Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. At age 57 he declared himself to be Advaitist Hindu in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported Dvaitist viewpoints and religious pluralism.
Gandhi was influenced by his devout Vaishnava Hindu mother, the regional Hindu temples and saint tradition which co-existed with Jain tradition in Gujarat. Historian R.B. Cribb states that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism.
Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he had grown up with. When he returned to India in 1891, his outlook was parochial and he could not make a living as a lawyer. This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. By moving in 1893 to South Africa he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy.
According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were William Salter's "Ethical Religion" (1889); Henry David Thoreau's "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" (1849); and Leo Tolstoy's "The Kingdom of God Is Within You" (1894). The art critic and critic of political economy John Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa. The most profound influence on Gandhi were those from Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism, states Parekh, with his thoughts "in harmony with the classical Indian traditions, specially the Advaita or monistic tradition".
According to Indira Carr and others, Gandhi was influenced by Vaishnavism, Jainism and Advaita Vedanta. Balkrishna Gokhale states that Gandhi was influenced by Hinduism and Jainism, and his studies of Sermon on the Mount of Christianity, Ruskin and Tolstoy.
Additional theories of possible influences on Gandhi have been proposed. For example, in 1935, N. A. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the Swaminarayan tradition of Hinduism. According to Raymond Williams, Toothi may have overlooked the influence of the Jain community, and adds close parallels do exist in programs of social reform in the Swaminarayan tradition and those of Gandhi, based on "nonviolence, truth-telling, cleanliness, temperance and upliftment of the masses." Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods.
Leo Tolstoy.
Along with "The Kingdom of God Is Within You", in 1908 Leo Tolstoy wrote "A Letter to a Hindu", which said that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish "A Letter to a Hindu" in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi). The letters concern practical and theological applications of nonviolence. Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to compromise. It was at Tolstoy Farm where Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence.
Shrimad Rajchandra.
Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandra, a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. In "Modern Review", June 1930, Gandhi wrote about their first encounter in 1891 at P.J. Mehta's residence in Bombay. He was introduced to Shrimad by Pranjivan Mehta. Gandhi exchanged letters with Rajchandra when he was in South Africa, referring to him as "Kavi" (literally, "poet"). In 1930, Gandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now." "I have said elsewhere that in moulding my inner life Tolstoy and Ruskin vied with Kavi. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him."
Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge [...] in moments of spiritual crisis". He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply.
Religious texts.
During his stay in South Africa, along with scriptures and philosophical texts of Hinduism and other Indian religions, Gandhi read translated texts of Christianity such as the Bible, and Islam such as the Quran. A Quaker mission in South Africa attempted to convert him to Christianity. Gandhi joined them in their prayers and debated Christian theology with them, but refused conversion stating he did not accept the theology therein or that Christ was the only son of God.
His comparative studies of religions and interaction with scholars, led him to respect all religions as well as become concerned about imperfections in all of them and frequent misinterpretations. Gandhi grew fond of Hinduism, and referred to the Bhagavad Gita as his spiritual dictionary and greatest single influence on his life. Later, Gandhi translated the "Gita" into Gujarati in 1930.
Sufism.
Gandhi was acquainted with Sufi Islam's Chishti Order during his stay in South Africa. He attended Khanqah gatherings there at Riverside. According to Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhi as a Vaishnava Hindu shared values such as humility, devotion and brotherhood for the poor that is also found in Sufism. Winston Churchill also compared Gandhi to a Sufi fakir.
Gandhi on war.
Gandhi participated in forming the Indian Ambulance Corps in the South African war against the Boers, on the British side in 1899. Both the Dutch settlers called Boers and the imperial British at that time discriminated against the coloured races they considered as inferior, and Gandhi later wrote about his conflicted beliefs during the Boer war. He stated that "when the war was declared, my personal sympathies were all with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to participation with the British in that war. I felt that, if I demanded rights as a British citizen, it was also my duty, as such to participate in the defence of the British Empire, so I collected together as many comrades as possible, and with very great difficulty got their services accepted as an ambulance corps."
During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million. He encouraged Indian people to fight on one side of the war in Europe and Africa at the cost of their lives. Pacifists criticised and questioned Gandhi, who defended these practices by stating, according to Sankar Ghose, "it would be madness for me to sever my connection with the society to which I belong". According to Keith Robbins, the recruitment effort was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with "swaraj" (self-government) to Indians after the end of World War I. After the war, the British government offered minor reforms instead, which disappointed Gandhi. He launched his "satyagraha" movement in 1919. In parallel, Gandhi's fellowmen became sceptical of his pacifist ideas and were inspired by the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism.
In a 1920 essay, after the World War I, Gandhi wrote, "where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." Rahul Sagar interprets Gandhi's efforts to recruit for the British military during the War, as Gandhi's belief that, at that time, it would demonstrate that Indians were willing to fight. Further, it would also show the British that his fellow Indians were "their subjects by choice rather than out of cowardice." In 1922, Gandhi wrote that abstinence from violence is effective and true forgiveness only when one has the power to punish, not when one decides not to do anything because one is helpless.
After World War II engulfed Britain, Gandhi actively campaigned to oppose any help to the British war effort and any Indian participation in the war by launching Quit India Movement. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi believed that his campaign would strike a blow to imperialism. The British government responded with mass arrests including that of Gandhi and Congress leaders and killed over 1,000 Indians who participated in this movement. A number of violent attacks were also carried out by the nationalists against the British government. While 2.5 million Indians volunteered and joined on the British side and fought as a part of the Allied forces in Europe, North Africa and various fronts of the World War II, the Quit India Movement played a role in weakening the control over the South Asian region by the British regime and ultimately paved the way for Indian independence.
Gandhi on nonviolence.
Truth and Satyagraha.
Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or "Satya", and called his movement satyagraha, which means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth". The first formulation of the "satyagraha" as a political movement and principle occurred in 1920, which he tabled as "Resolution on Non-cooperation" in September that year before a session of the Indian Congress. It was the "satyagraha" formulation and step, states Dennis Dalton, that deeply resonated with beliefs and culture of his people, embedded him into the popular consciousness, transforming him quickly into Mahatma.
Gandhi based "Satyagraha" on the Vedantic ideal of self-realisation, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. William Borman states that the key to his "satyagraha" is rooted in the Hindu Upanishadic texts. According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on "ahimsa" and "satyagraha" were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta. I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas. Gandhi's concept of "satya" as a civil movement, states Glyn Richards, are best understood in the context of the Hindu terminology of Dharma and "Ṛta".
Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement to "Truth is God". Thus, "satya" (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God". Gandhi, states Richards, described the term "God" not as a separate power, but as the Being (Brahman, Atman) of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, a nondual universal that pervades in all things, in each person and all life. According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one soul and therefore equality, that "atman" exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this "atman".
The essence of Satyagraha is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate". A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a "silent force" or a "soul force" (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his "I Have a Dream" speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe."
Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause." Civil disobedience and non-co-operation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering", a doctrine that "the endurance of suffering is a means to an end". This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with truth and justice.
While Gandhi's idea of "satyagraha" as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the "satyagraha" idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland. The untouchability leader Ambedkar, in June 1945, after his decision to convert to Buddhism and the first Law and Justice minister of modern India, dismissed Gandhi's ideas as loved by "blind Hindu devotees", primitive, influenced by spurious brew of Tolstoy and Ruskin, and "there is always some simpleton to preach them". Winston Churchill caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism". Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed".
Nonviolence.
Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale. The concept of nonviolence ("ahimsa") has a long history in Indian religious thought, and is considered the highest dharma (ethical value virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings ("sarvbhuta"), at all times ("sarvada"), in all respects ("sarvatha"), in action, words and thought. Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about "ahimsa" as a political means in his autobiography "The Story of My Experiments with Truth".
Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Nazi Germany, and later when the Holocaust was revealed. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions... If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them." George Orwell remarked that Gandhi's methods confronted "an old-fashioned and rather shaky despotism which treated him in a fairly chivalrous way", not a totalitarian power, "where political opponents simply disappear."
In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, "Hitler killed five million Jews. It is the greatest crime of our time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher's knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs... It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany... As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions." Gandhi believed this act of "collective suicide", in response to the Holocaust, "would have been heroism".
Gandhi as a politician, in practice, settled for less than complete non-violence. His method of non-violent Satyagraha could easily attract masses and it fitted in with the interests and sentiments of business groups, better-off people and dominant sections of peasantry, who did not want an uncontrolled and violent social revolution which could create losses for them. His doctrine of ahimsa lay at the core of unifying role played by the Gandhian Congress. However, during the Quit India Movement, even many staunch Gandhians used 'violent means'.
On inter-religious relations.
Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.
Gandhi believed that Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were traditions of Hinduism, with a shared history, rites and ideas. At other times, he acknowledged that he knew little about Buddhism other than his reading of Edwin Arnold's book on it. Based on that book, he considered Buddhism to be a reform movement and the Buddha to be a Hindu. He stated he knew Jainism much more, and he credited Jains to have profoundly influenced him. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement. Sikh and Buddhist leaders disagreed with Gandhi, a disagreement Gandhi respected as a difference of opinion.
Muslims.
Gandhi had generally positive and empathetic views of Islam, and he extensively studied the Quran. He viewed Islam as a faith that proactively promoted peace, and felt that non-violence had a predominant place in the Quran. He also read the Islamic prophet Muhammad's biography, and argued that it was "not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his own mission." Gandhi had a large Indian Muslim following, who he encouraged to join him in a mutual nonviolent jihad against the social oppression of their time. Prominent Muslim allies in his nonviolent resistance movement included Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Abdul Ghaffar Khan. However, Gandhi's empathy towards Islam, and his eager willingness to valorise peaceful Muslim social activists, was viewed by many Hindus as an appeasement of Muslims and later became a leading cause for his assassination at the hands of intolerant Hindu extremists.
While Gandhi expressed mostly positive views of Islam, he did occasionally criticise Muslims. He stated in 1925 that he did not criticise the teachings of the Quran, but he did criticise the interpreters of the Quran. Gandhi believed that numerous interpreters have interpreted it to fit their preconceived notions. He believed Muslims should welcome criticism of the Quran, because "every true scripture only gains from criticism". Gandhi criticised Muslims who "betray intolerance of criticism by a non-Muslim of anything related to Islam", such as the penalty of stoning to death under Islamic law. To Gandhi, Islam has "nothing to fear from criticism even if it be unreasonable". He also believed there were material contradictions between Hinduism and Islam, and he criticised Muslims, along with communists, who were quick to resort to violence.
One of the strategies Gandhi adopted was to work with Muslim leaders of pre-partition India, to oppose the British imperialism in and outside the Indian subcontinent. After the First World War, in 1919–22, he won the Muslim leadership support of the Ali Brothers by backing the Khilafat Movement in favour of the Islamic Caliph and his historic Ottoman Caliphate, and opposing the secular Islam-supporting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. By 1924, Atatürk had ended the Caliphate, the Khilafat Movement was over, and Muslim support for Gandhi had largely evaporated.
In 1925, Gandhi gave another reason for why he had got involved in the Khilafat movement and the Middle East affairs between Britain and the Ottoman Empire. Gandhi explained to his co-religionists (Hindus) that he sympathised and campaigned for the Islamic cause, not because he cared for the Sultan, but because "I wanted to enlist the Mussalman's sympathy in the matter of cow protection". According to the historian M. Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement.
In the 1940s, Gandhi pooled ideas with some Muslim leaders who sought religious harmony like him, and opposed the proposed partition of British India into India and Pakistan. For example, his close friend Badshah Khan suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer. Gandhi accepted this and began having Muslim prayers read in Hindu temples to play his part, but was unable to get Hindu prayers read in mosques. The Hindu nationalist groups objected and began confronting Gandhi for this one-sided practice, by shouting and demonstrating inside the Hindu temples, in the last years of his life.
Christians.
Gandhi praised Christianity. He was critical of Christian missionary efforts in British India, because they mixed medical or education assistance with demands that the beneficiary convert to Christianity. According to Gandhi, this was not true "service" but one driven by an ulterior motive of luring people into religious conversion and exploiting the economically or medically desperate. It did not lead to inner transformation or moral advance or to the Christian teaching of "love", but was based on false one-sided criticisms of other religions, when Christian societies faced similar problems in South Africa and Europe. It led to the converted person hating his neighbours and other religions, and divided people rather than bringing them closer in compassion. According to Gandhi, "no religious tradition could claim a monopoly over truth or salvation". Gandhi did not support laws to prohibit missionary activity, but demanded that Christians should first understand the message of Jesus, and then strive to live without stereotyping and misrepresenting other religions. According to Gandhi, the message of Jesus was not to humiliate and imperialistically rule over other people considering them inferior or second class or slaves, but that "when the hungry are fed and peace comes to our individual and collective life, then Christ is born".
Gandhi believed that his long acquaintance with Christianity had made him like it as well as find it imperfect. He asked Christians to stop humiliating his country and his people as heathens, idolators and other abusive language, and to change their negative views of India. He believed that Christians should introspect on the "true meaning of religion" and get a desire to study and learn from Indian religions in the spirit of universal brotherhood. According to Eric Sharpe – a professor of Religious Studies, though Gandhi was born in a Hindu family and later became Hindu by conviction, many Christians in time thought of him as an "exemplary Christian and even as a saint".
Some colonial era Christian preachers and faithfuls considered Gandhi as a saint. Biographers from France and Britain have drawn parallels between Gandhi and Christian saints. Recent scholars question these romantic biographies and state that Gandhi was neither a Christian figure nor mirrored a Christian saint. Gandhi's life is better viewed as exemplifying his belief in the "convergence of various spiritualities" of a Christian and a Hindu, states Michael de Saint-Cheron.
Jews.
According to Kumaraswamy, Gandhi initially supported Arab demands with respect to Palestine. He justified this support by invoking Islam, stating that "non-Muslims cannot acquire sovereign jurisdiction" in "Jazirat al-Arab" (the Arabian Peninsula). These arguments, states Kumaraswamy, were a part of his political strategy to win Muslim support during the Khilafat movement. In the post-Khilafat period, Gandhi neither negated Jewish demands nor did he use Islamic texts or history to support Muslim claims against Israel. Gandhi's silence after the Khilafat period may represent an evolution in his understanding of the conflicting religious claims over Palestine, according to Kumaraswamy. In 1938, Gandhi spoke in favour of Jewish claims, and in March 1946, he said to the Member of British Parliament Sidney Silverman, "if the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim", a position very different from his earlier stance.
Gandhi discussed the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine through his lens of Satyagraha. In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach. He said that Zionism was not the right answer to the problems faced by Jews and instead recommended Satyagraha. Gandhi thought the Zionists in Palestine represented European imperialism and used violence to achieve their goals; he argued that "the Jews should disclaim any intention of realising their aspiration under the protection of arms and should rely wholly on the goodwill of Arabs. No exception can possibly be taken to the natural desire of the Jews to find a home in Palestine. But they must wait for its fulfilment till Arab opinion is ripe for it."
In 1938, Gandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. I have known them intimately in South Africa. Some of them became life-long companions." Philosopher Martin Buber was highly critical of Gandhi's approach and in 1939 wrote an open letter to him on the subject. Gandhi reiterated his stance that "the Jews seek to convert the Arab heart", and use ""satyagraha" in confronting the Arabs" in 1947. According to Simone Panter-Brick, Gandhi's political position on Jewish-Arab conflict evolved over the 1917–1947 period, shifting from a support for the Arab position first, and for the Jewish position in the 1940s.
On life, society and other application of his ideas.
Vegetarianism, food, and animals.
Gandhi was brought up as a vegetarian by his devout Hindu mother. The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in Hindu Vaishnavism and Jain traditions in India, such as in his native Gujarat, where meat is considered as a form of food obtained by violence to animals. Gandhi's rationale for vegetarianism was largely along those found in Hindu and Jain texts. Gandhi believed that any form of food inescapably harms some form of living organism, but one should seek to understand and reduce the violence in what one consumes because "there is essential unity of all life".
Gandhi believed that some life forms are more capable of suffering, and non-violence to him meant not having the intent as well as active efforts to minimise hurt, injury or suffering to all life forms. Gandhi explored food sources that reduced violence to various life forms in the food chain. He believed that slaughtering animals is unnecessary, as other sources of foods are available. He also consulted with vegetarianism campaigners during his lifetime, such as with Henry Stephens Salt. Food to Gandhi was not only a source of sustaining one's body, but a source of his impact on other living beings, and one that affected his mind, character and spiritual well being. He avoided not only meat, but also eggs and milk. Gandhi wrote the book "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism" and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication.
Beyond his religious beliefs, Gandhi stated another motivation for his experiments with diet. He attempted to find the most non-violent vegetarian meal that the poorest human could afford, taking meticulous notes on vegetables and fruits, and his observations with his own body and his "ashram" in Gujarat. He tried fresh and dry fruits (fruitarianism), then just sun dried fruits, before resuming his prior vegetarian diet on advice of his doctor and concerns of his friends. His experiments with food began in the 1890s and continued for several decades. For some of these experiments, Gandhi combined his own ideas with those found on diet in Indian yoga texts. He believed that each vegetarian should experiment with their diet because, in his studies at his "ashram" he saw "one man's food may be poison for another".
Gandhi championed animal rights in general. Other than making vegetarian choices, he actively campaigned against dissection studies and experimentation on live animals (vivisection) in the name of science and medical studies. He considered it a violence against animals, something that inflicted pain and suffering. He wrote, "Vivisection in my opinion is the blackest of all the blackest crimes that man is at present committing against God and His fair creation."
Fasting.
Gandhi used fasting as a political device, often threatening suicide unless demands were met. Congress publicised the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. In response, the government tried to manipulate news coverage to minimise his challenge to the Raj. He fasted in 1932 to protest the voting scheme for separate political representation for Dalits; Gandhi did not want them segregated. The British government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. Gandhi's 1943 hunger strike took place during a two-year prison term for the anti-colonial Quit India movement. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. However, his final fast in 1948, after the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos.
Alter states that Gandhi's fasting, vegetarianism and diet was more than a political leverage, it was a part of his experiments with self restraint and healthy living. He was "profoundly skeptical of traditional Ayurveda", encouraging it to study the scientific method and adopt its progressive learning approach. Gandhi believed yoga offered health benefits. He believed that a healthy nutritional diet based on regional foods and hygiene were essential to good health. Recently ICMR made Gandhi's health records public in a book 'Gandhi and Health@150'. These records indicate that despite being underweight at 46.7 kg Gandhi was generally healthy. He avoided modern medication and experimented extensively with water and earth healing. While his cardio records show his heart was normal, there were several instances he suffered from ailments like Malaria and was also operated on twice for piles and appendicitis. Despite health challenges, Gandhi was able to walk about 79000 km in his lifetime which comes to an average of 18 km per day and is equivalent to walking around the earth twice.
Women.
Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and urged "the women to fight for their own self-development." He opposed "purdah", child marriage, dowry and "sati". A wife is not a slave of the husband, stated Gandhi, but his comrade, better half, colleague and friend, according to Lyn Norvell. In his own life however, according to Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi's relationship with his wife were at odds with some of these values.
At various occasions, Gandhi credited his orthodox Hindu mother, and his wife, for first lessons in "satyagraha". He used the legends of Hindu goddess Sita to expound women's innate strength, autonomy and "lioness in spirit" whose moral compass can make any demon "as helpless as a goat". To Gandhi, the women of India were an important part of the "swadeshi movement" (Buy Indian), and his goal of decolonising the Indian economy.
Some historians such as Angela Woollacott and Kumari Jayawardena state that even though Gandhi often and publicly expressed his belief in the equality of sexes, yet his vision was one of gender difference and complementarity between them. Women, to Gandhi, should be educated to be better in the domestic realm and educate the next generation. His views on women's rights were less liberal and more similar to puritan-Victorian expectations of women, states Jayawardena, than other Hindu leaders with him who supported economic independence and equal gender rights in all aspects.
Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food.
Along with many other texts, Gandhi studied the Bhagavad Gita while in South Africa. This Hindu scripture discusses jnana yoga, bhakti yoga and karma yoga along with virtues such as non-violence, patience, integrity, lack of hypocrisy, self restraint and abstinence. Gandhi began experiments with these, and in 1906 at age 37, although married and a father, he vowed to abstain from sexual relations.
Gandhi's experiment with abstinence went beyond sex, and extended to food. He consulted the Jain scholar Rajchandra, whom he fondly called Raychandbhai. Rajchandra advised him that milk stimulated sexual passion. Gandhi began abstaining from cow's milk in 1912, and did so even when doctors advised him to consume milk. According to Sankar Ghose, Tagore described Gandhi as someone who did not abhor sex or women, but considered sexual life as inconsistent with his moral goals.
Gandhi tried to test and prove to himself his "brahmacharya". The experiments began some time after the death of his wife in February 1944. At the start of his experiment, he had women sleep in the same room but in different beds. He later slept with women in the same bed but clothed, and finally, he slept naked with women. In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being naked with several "women or girls" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments. According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run-up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted. Gandhi slept naked in the same bed with Manu with the bedroom doors open all night. Manu stated that the experiment had no "ill effect" on her. Gandhi also shared his bed with 18-year-old Abha, wife of his grandnephew Kanu. Gandhi would sleep with both Manu and Abha at the same time. None of the women who participated in the "brahmachari" experiments of Gandhi indicated that they had sex or that Gandhi behaved in any sexual way. Those who went public said they felt as though they were sleeping with their ageing mother.
According to Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in his final year of life was an ascetic, and his sickly skeletal figure was caricatured in Western media. In February 1947, he asked his confidants such as Birla and Ramakrishna if it was wrong for him to experiment his "brahmacharya" oath. Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. However, Gandhi said that if he would not let Manu sleep with him, it would be a sign of weakness. Some of his staff resigned, including two of his newspaper's editors who had refused to print some of Gandhi's sermons dealing with his experiments. Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example, criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments. Veena Howard states Gandhi's views on brahmacharya and religious renunciation experiments were a method to confront women issues in his times.
Gandhi also supported alcohol abstinence, advocating Prohibition as the only effective way to deal with alcohol usage.
Untouchability and castes.
Gandhi spoke out against untouchability early in his life. Before 1932, he and his associates used the word "antyaja" for untouchables. In a major speech on untouchability at Nagpur in 1920, Gandhi called it a great evil in Hindu society but observed that it was not unique to Hinduism, having deeper roots, and stated that Europeans in South Africa treated "all of us, Hindus and Muslims, as untouchables; we may not reside in their midst, nor enjoy the rights which they do". Calling the doctrine of untouchability intolerable, he asserted that the practice could be eradicated, that Hinduism was flexible enough to allow eradication, and that a concerted effort was needed to persuade people of the wrong and to urge them to eradicate it.
According to Christophe Jaffrelot, while Gandhi considered untouchability to be wrong and evil, he believed that caste or class is based on neither inequality nor inferiority. Gandhi believed that individuals should freely intermarry whomever they wish, but that no one should expect everyone to be his friend: every individual, regardless of background, has a right to choose whom he will welcome into his home, whom he will befriend, and whom he will spend time with.
In 1932, Gandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he began to call "harijans", "the children of god". On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a year-long campaign to help the "harijan" movement. This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy". He accused Gandhi as someone who wished to retain the caste system. Ambedkar and Gandhi debated their ideas and concerns, each trying to persuade the other. It was during the Harijan tour that he faced the first assassination attempt. While in Poona, a bomb was thrown by an unidentified assailant (described only as a sanatani in the press) at a car belonging to his entourage but Gandhi and his family escaped as they were in the car that was following. Gandhi later declared that he "cannot believe that any sane sanatanist could ever encourage the insane act ... The sorrowful incident has undoubtedly advanced the Harijan cause. It is easy to see that causes prosper by the martyrdom of those who stand for them."
In 1935, Ambedkar announced his intentions to leave Hinduism and join Buddhism. According to Sankar Ghose, the announcement shook Gandhi, who reappraised his views and wrote many essays with his views on castes, intermarriage, and what Hinduism says on the subject. These views contrasted with those of Ambedkar. Yet in the elections of 1937, excepting some seats in Mumbai which Ambedkar's party won, India's untouchables voted heavily in favour of Gandhi's campaign and his party, the Congress.
Gandhi and his associates continued to keep in touch with Ambedkar. Ambedkar worked with other Congress leaders through the 1940s and the headed committee of India's constitution in the late 1940s, but did indeed convert to Buddhism in 1956. According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. His approach, too, to untouchability differed from Ambedkar's, championing fusion, choice, and free intermixing, while Ambedkar envisioned each segment of society maintaining its group identity, and each group then separately advancing the "politics of equality".
Ambedkar's criticism of Gandhi continued to influence the Dalit movement past Gandhi's death. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now". According to Ramachandra Guha, "ideologues have carried these old rivalries into the present, with the demonization of Gandhi now common among politicians who presume to speak in Ambedkar's name."
Nai Talim, basic education.
Gandhi rejected the colonial Western format of the education system. He stated that it led to disdain for manual work, generally created an elite administrative bureaucracy. Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies. His methodology sought to treat all professions equal and pay everyone the same. This leads him to create a university in Ahmedabad, Gujarat Vidyapith.
Gandhi called his ideas "Nai Talim" (literally, 'new education'). He believed that the Western style education violated and destroyed the indigenous cultures. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases.
Nai Talim evolved out of his experiences at the Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, and Gandhi attempted to formulate the new system at the Sevagram ashram after 1937. Nehru government's vision of an industrialised, centrally planned economy after 1947 had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach.
In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu child must learn Sanskrit because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language.
Swaraj, self-rule.
Gandhi believed that "swaraj" not only can be attained with non-violence, but it can also be run with non-violence. A military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. While the military is unnecessary in a nation organised under "swaraj" principle, Gandhi added that a police force is necessary given human nature. However, the state would limit the use of weapons by the police to the minimum, aiming for their use as a restraining force.
According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy". In a society of mostly non-violent individuals, those who are violent will sooner or later accept discipline or leave the community, stated Gandhi. He emphasised a society where individuals believed more in learning about their duties and responsibilities, not demanded rights and privileges. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties."
Swaraj to Gandhi did not mean transferring colonial era British power brokering system, favours-driven, bureaucratic, class exploitative structure and mindset into Indian hands. He warned such a transfer would still be English rule, just without the Englishman. "This is not the Swaraj I want", said Gandhi. Tewari states that Gandhi saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Democracy meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life.
Hindu nationalism and revivalism.
Some scholars state Gandhi supported a religiously diverse India, while others state that the Muslim leaders who championed the partition and creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan considered Gandhi to be Hindu nationalist or revivalist. For example, in his letters to Mohammad Iqbal, Jinnah accused Gandhi to be favouring a Hindu rule and revivalism, that Gandhi led Indian National Congress was a fascist party.
In an interview with C.F. Andrews, Gandhi stated that if we believe all religions teach the same message of love and peace between all human beings, then there is neither any rationale nor need for proselytisation or attempts to convert people from one religion to another. Gandhi opposed missionary organisations who criticised Indian religions then attempted to convert followers of Indian religions to Islam or Christianity. In Gandhi's view, those who attempt to convert a Hindu, "they must harbour in their breasts the belief that Hinduism is an error" and that their own religion is "the only true religion". Gandhi believed that people who demand religious respect and rights must also show the same respect and grant the same rights to followers of other religions. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian."
According to Gandhi, religion is not about what a man believes, it is about how a man lives, how he relates to other people, his conduct towards others, and one's relationship to one's conception of god. It is not important to convert or to join any religion, but it is important to improve one's way of life and conduct by absorbing ideas from any source and any religion, believed Gandhi.
Gandhian economics.
Gandhi believed in the "sarvodaya" economic model, which literally means "welfare, upliftment of all". This, states Bhatt, was a very different economic model than the socialism model championed and followed by free India by Nehru – India's first prime minister. To both, according to Bhatt, removing poverty and unemployment were the objective, but the Gandhian economic and development approach preferred adapting technology and infrastructure to suit the local situation, in contrast to Nehru's large scale, socialised state owned enterprises.
To Gandhi, the economic philosophy that aims at "greatest good for the greatest number" was fundamentally flawed, and his alternative proposal "sarvodaya" set its aim at the "greatest good for all". He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the "poor, less skilled, of impoverished background" but also empowered to lift the "rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords". Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi. He stated that the mandate theory of majoritarian democracy should not be pushed to absurd extremes, individual freedoms should never be denied, and no person should ever be made a social or economic slave to the "resolutions of majorities".
Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernisers in the late 1930s who called for rapid industrialisation on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanising and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived. After Gandhi's assassination, Nehru led India in accordance with his personal socialist convictions. Historian Kuruvilla Pandikattu says "it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State."
Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries. Gandhi's economic thinking disagreed with Marx, according to the political theory scholar and economist Bhikhu Parekh. Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as "antagonistic class interests". He argued that no man can degrade or brutalise the other without degrading and brutalising himself and that sustainable economic growth comes from service, not from exploitation. Further, believed Gandhi, in a free nation, victims exist only when they co-operate with their oppressor, and an economic and political system that offered increasing alternatives gave power of choice to the poorest man.
While disagreeing with Nehru about the socialist economic model, Gandhi also critiqued capitalism that was driven by endless wants and a materialistic view of man. This, he believed, created a vicious vested system of materialism at the cost of other human needs, such as spirituality and social relationships. To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. He believed that a better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits.
Gandhism.
"Gandhism" designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted; of central importance is nonviolent resistance. A Gandhian can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism. M. M. Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. It is an effort not to systematise wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature. However Gandhi himself did not approve of the notion of "Gandhism", as he explained in 1936:
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Central volcano
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A central volcano is a type of volcano formed by basalts and silica-rich volcanic rocks. They contain very few or no volcanic rocks of intermediate composition, such that they are chemically bimodal. Large silicic eruptions at central volcanoes often result in the formation of one or more calderas. Central volcanoes can be stratovolcanoes or shield volcanoes.
Central volcanoes undergo periodic eruptions throughout their lifetime, which can span more than a million years. In Iceland, volcanic systems are normally named after an associated central volcano. The largest known glaciovolcanic central volcano on Earth is Mount Haddington, a glacier-covered shield volcano on James Ross Island in Antarctica.
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Zophorame covacevichae
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Zophorame covacevichae is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet "covacevichae" honours Jeanette Covacevich, Senior Curator (Vertebrates) at the Queensland Museum, for her contribution to natural history.
Distribution and habitat.
The species occurs in Far North Queensland, in semi-evergreen vine thicket habitats. The type locality is Forty Mile Scrub, south-west of Mount Garnet.
References.
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1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot
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The Kingston Penitentiary riot of 1971 refers to a prison riot that took place at Kingston Penitentiary between 14 and 18 April 1971.
Background.
Kingston Penitentiary had been opened on 1 June 1835 and was the oldest prison in Canada. The prison was widely considered to be the harshest prison in Canada and in 1971 it held 641 prisoners. At the center of the prison was the dome and in the middle of the dome was a gigantic brass bell that was much hated by the inmates, whose ringing determined everything in a prisoner's life from being woken up at 6:45 am to going to bed at 10:30 pm. Roger Caron, a prisoner at Kingston turned writer wrote about the bell that was rung 100 times every day: "To the cons it was an object of repugnance and outrage, an unjustifiable punishment. A brass monster that we were convinced had been designed solely to shatter our nerves wit its loud and strident ringing. For the prison staff it was the golden cow".
Around the circular dome were 640 cells stacked up on four floors. The cells in Kingston penitentiary were small, cold, drafty, minimally furnished and overrun by rats. Starting in 1966, most of the privileges' enjoyed by the prisoners such as a baseball team, writing for a prison magazine, and almost all recreational programs were abolished. On 18 January 1971, Warden Arthur Jarvis wrote Paul Faguy, the commissioner of penitentiaries where he warned: "There is a high degree of tension at Kingston Penitentiary at this times. In fact it appears to be almost at the point of explosion". Jarvis complained that Kingston penitentiary was overcrowded, there were shortages of guards and many of the inmates feared that new prison of Millhaven would be more harsh.
The riot begins.
William "Billy" Knight, the prison barber, had starting planning an uprising to protest conditions at Kingston penitentiary sometime in March 1971. At 10: 30 pm, 14 April 1971, the bell rang which indicated that the prisoners' were to leave the recreational hall and return to their cells. Knight along with his followers Brian Doge, Charles Saunders Robert Adams, Allan Lafreniere and Leo Barrieault took their places in the line-up together. When one of the guards, Terry Decker, having noticed that Knight's shirt was not tucked in, he ordered Knight to tuck it in, which led Knight who feared that his plan was coming apart, to punch Decker in the stomach. Knight shouted "That's the last fucking order you're going to give!" Saunders seized the keys from Decker while Dodge, Barrieault, Lafreniere and Adams raced into the dome before the guards shut the gate. Dodge tackled a guard, Donald Flynn while Lafreniere attacked another guard Ed Barrett. One guard, Joseph Vallier, froze up with fear and did nothing. Another two guards, Douglas Dale and Kerry Bushell, were overpowered and taken hostage. Within a few minutes, Knight's followers had seized control of the dome and taken Barret, Vallier, Flynn, Dale, Bushell and Decker hostage. Using the keys he seized, Knight started to open all of the cells. Knight, who had a Messiah complex, gave a speech saying: "Brothers! Our time has come to shake off the shackles. We've taken control of the dome and we've got six hostages. You will all be released from your cells".
The first act of the prisoners was to smash the much hated bell. An attempt to take control of the kitchen was unsuccessful and the inmates turned back after a guard fired a warning shot with his shotgun. The hostages were moved to a safe location. Caron wrote: "They knew the value of healthy pawns, knew that without them the authorities were certain to machine-gun their way inside the main cellblock, a dreadful outcome that would have left a lot of people dead". To keep order, Knight created an inmate "police force". Assigned to the inmate police were Brian Beaucage, Barrie MacKenzie and Wayne Ford. Caron wrote that Beaucage, MacKenzie and Ford were the three toughest prisoners at Kingston penitentiary who were all "natural leaders" and were "not to be fucked with" by the other inmates. Knight in a speech rejected calls to kill the hostages, saying: "Brothers! Brothers! Let's not give the pigs the satisfaction of finding a reason to label us as animals to the world. We need the public's support and we won't get it by creating a bloodbath". Upon hearing of the riot, Jarvis ordered all off-duty guards to return and for the guards to be armed with rifles and shotguns from the prison amoury. In a tense stand-off in the gymnasium, Knight met with Jarvis and demanded that he allow the prisoners in the gymnasium who had forced against the wall at gunpoint to be allowed to return to the dome, saying that otherwise he would kill one of the hostages. Jarvis accepted Knight's demand and all 64 prisoners in the gymnasium were allowed to return.
The prisoners celebrated their freedom by going on an orgy of destruction and vandalism. The prisoners in the 1-D range, which housed the child molesters, were markedly afraid of being killed by the other inmates. Knight ordered that the 1-D prisoners be left alone, but several prisoners ignored him and flooded the 1-D range with a fire hose. The prisoners had been forced to attend church services every Sunday morning and the Protestant and Catholic chapels in Kingston penitentiary were sacked and smashed up with a particular venom.
Negotiations.
On the morning of 15 April, Knight met again with Jarvis to demand that he provide the inmates with food and coffee, saying that otherwise he could not guarantee the lives of the hostages. Knight allowed Jarvis to speak with Barrett who advised accepting the demands, saying he and the other hostages were being well treated, but that could easily change. Knight placed a phone call to a journalist, Gerry Retzer, to announce that he was now in control of the prison. At 10:45 am, Knight hosted a press conference where he read out his demands to the media. Knight told the media: "We're sick of being zombies!" Knight demanded that a citizens committee be formed to mediate the crisis, saying that he did not trust the Crown to negotiate in good faith. Both Faguy, and the Solicitor-General, Jean-Pierre Goyer, rejected the demand for a citizens committee. Henry Champ, a television reporter from Toronto along his camera crew were allowed by Knight to enter the prison. After touring the prison, Champ reported that the hostages were not being abused and "it was like a school without teachers". Fearing for the lives of the hostages, the Crown reversed itself on the question of a citizens committee. The committee consisted of a law professor from the University of Toronto, Desmond Morton; Ron Haggart, the crime correspondent of the "Toronto Telegram" newspaper; Aubrey Golden, a Toronto lawyer and a columnist for the "Daily Toronto Star" newspaper; Arthur Martin, a Toronto lawyer; and William Donkin a lawyer from York Region.
In Ottawa, Goyer along with the deputy solicitor-general, Ernest Côté, briefed the cabinet. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau had just married Margaret Sinclair and was on his honeymoon in the West Indies. The acting prime minister, Edgar Benson, chaired the meeting. Goyer spoke in favor of the rejection of Knight's demands and recommended the use of force to end the uprising. The cabinet agreed to deploy the Canadian Army and that if the uprising had not ended by noon on 19 April, the Army would storm the prison. The citizens committee met with Knight and told him that his demand for total immunity for all those involved in the riot was unrealistic. Donkin promised that the committee would ensure that if anyone were charged as a result of their actions, he would ensure that they would represented by good lawyers. Haggart and Martin were flown to Ottawa abroad a Canadian Army helicopter to meet with Goyer and Côté. Goyer told Haggart and Martin that would not grant any pardons. On the evening of 16 April, the soldiers of the Royal Canadian Regiment were deployed outside of Kingston penitentiary and placed a barbed fence around the prison.
The citizens committee met again with Knight, whose patently unrealistic demands soon began to annoy them. By contrast, the committee came to have much respect for MacKenzie, whose common sense impressed them. During the talks, MacKenzie snapped at Knight: "We don't want your ping-pong prizes. Most of your grievances are silly. The object is to get the guys out of here". MacKenzie forced Knight to concede that there would be no amnesty, but in exchange promised the citizens committee that he would have the hostages freed in exchange for prisoners not being transferred to Millhaven. The citizens committee spoke with John Maloney, the regional director of prisons in eastern Ontario, who agreed to accept MacKenzie's terms. The citizens committee believed that the crisis would end, but were undercut by a speech that Goyer gave where he announced that the Crown would not make any deals with Knight. The prisoners' were aware of Goyer's speech by listening to their transistor radios.
The turn towards violence.
Knight made a speech, but was rudely interrupted by Beaucage who stormed onto the stage to scream at Knight "you're full of shit!". The incident marked the collapse of Knight's authority. MacKenzie wanted to surrender in order to save lives, but was opposed by Beaucage who preferred a bloodbath. Caron wrote about Beaucage's demands that: "What was building up inside the dome was a mass suicide pact orchestrated by the insane element".
In an attempt to build trust, Morton visited the prison and issued a statement for the media that declared "the hostages are safe, in good health and are not being threatened". Goyer who was intent upon a military solution to the crisis vetoed Morton's statement being issued to the media. When the prison guards started to hack at the barricaded wooden door to create an opening for a fire hose, the inmates assumed it was the beginning of an assault and shouted "the army is coming! the army is coming!". MacKenzie went to meet the citizens committee, saying the mood was very dangerous in the prison.
One of Beaucage's followers, David Shepley shouted "the fun is about to begin!" and led a group into the 1-B range with the intention of killing the hostages. The hostages were guarded by Ford, an inmate that no-one wanted to fight. Instead, Beaucage, Shepley and a number of other prisoners turned their attention to the inmates of the 4-D range. The inmates of the 4-D were dragged out, tied into chairs and tortured. A child molester, Brian Ensor, was tortured at length and had his throat cut. Bertrand Robert, a man who killed his five children, was beaten with metal pipes as the other prisoners told him "that's for boiling your kids!"
The end.
To put a stop to what was threatening to become a massacre, MacKenzie released the hostages. Without the hostages, the prisoners were forced to surrender.
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Al Houbara Protected Area
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Al Houbara Protected Area is a natural reserve in the United Arab Emirates, and it is located in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. It is named after the large ground bird, Houbara, which belongs in the Arabian Gulf region. This reserve consists of abundant plantation and coastal plains on well-drained sandy and gravelly terrain.
Overview.
It is one of the most important natural reserves based concerned mainly with the settlement of Houbara birds, as it hosts the largest programs for the resettlement of the Houbara birds in the United Arab Emirates. It is allso the only reserve in which sand cats were spotted again after a long absence, according to the reserve's management by the Environment Agency in Abu Dhabi. The reserve extends over an area of 774 km square.
The Arabian Oryx.
In coordination with the Municipality of Al Dhafra Region and under the directives of His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, "the representative of the ruler in the Al Dhafra region and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Environment Authority in Abu Dhabi," the Environment Agency issued a new group of "Arabian Oryx" in the Houbara Reserve, and this group is the first among 100 Arabian Oryx, as Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan confirmed that the reintroduction of the Arabian Oryx led to a change in its status in 2011 in the IUCN Red List, from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable."
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Cardinals–Mets rivalry
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The Cardinals–Mets rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) National League rivalry played between the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Mets. This rivalry was initially an intradivisional affair as both teams played in the National League East from to , before becoming an intraleague rivalry after the Cardinals moved to the National League Central in .
History.
The Cardinals were already established in the National League when the Mets joined the league as an expansion team in . The Mets' first-ever game as a Major League franchise came on April 11, 1962, against the Cardinals. En route to a 120-loss campaign in their inaugural season, New York lost 11–4 to St. Louis at Sportsman's Park (then Busch Stadium). It took the Mets seven years before engineering their first winning season, which they achieved in when they won 100 games and went on to win the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles for their first championship. Along the way, the "Miracle Mets" ended the two-year pennant reign of the Cardinals at Shea Stadium on September 24, 1969, winning the newly established National League East division title with a 6–0 victory behind a four-hit shutout performance from pitcher Gary Gentry and two home runs from midseason addition Donn Clendenon.
In , the Mets edged the Cardinals by 1½ games (New York went 82–79 while St. Louis finished 81–81) to clinch their second National League East title, before losing to the Oakland Athletics in seven games of the 1973 World Series. Other than that, neither team factored into the division race for much of the 1970s, taking a backseat to either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates winning the division during the decade. However, the two teams played in one of the longest games in baseball history, a 25-inning marathon won by the Cardinals on September 11, 1974, at Shea Stadium. In that game, Ken Reitz tied the game 3–3 in the ninth inning with a home run off Mets pitcher Jerry Koosman, and the two teams staged 15 innings of scoreless baseball until Bake McBride scored the winning run following an errant pickoff throw from Mets reliever Hank Webb.
The 1980s marked the emergence of both teams into contenders, and along the way, intensified the rivalry. The Cardinals first returned to prominence in , winning the World Series over the Milwaukee Brewers thanks to their Whiteyball speed-oriented offense led by manager Whitey Herzog and stars such as Ozzie Smith and Willie McGee. However, a big trade involving the two teams in would soon turn the Mets into contenders.
On June 15, 1983, the Cardinals traded National League MVP Keith Hernandez to the Mets in exchange for Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey. Along with the additions of Darryl Strawberry, Dwight Gooden and Gary Carter, the Hernandez trade signaled a change of fortunes for the once-moribund Mets, and by , they emerged as a strong threat to the division-contending Cardinals.
During the 1985 season, the Mets and Cardinals faced off in some memorable encounters. On Opening Day, Gary Carter blasted a 10th inning walk-off home run off Neil Allen to secure a 6–5 win for the Mets. Later in the year, both teams faced off in two three-game series amid a heated division race. On September 12, the Mets temporarily captured first place after defeating the Cardinals 7–6 on a walk-off single from Keith Hernandez. However, the Cardinals eventually won the division title, helped by winning two of three games from the Mets during a series at Busch Memorial Stadium from October 1 to 3. By the end of the season, the Cardinals won 101 games to the Mets' 98, but they went on to lose in the I-70 World Series to the Kansas City Royals.
In , the Mets dominated the league, winning 108 games, the NL East title and eventually the World Series championship against the Boston Red Sox. An early April contest in St. Louis would set the tone for the season, as the Mets swept the Cardinals in a four-game series, part of a run of eight straight victories against St. Louis that season. St. Louis ended the season at a distant third place, winning only 79 games. However, in , the Cardinals reclaimed the division, despite the Mets rallying to within 1½ games of the lead. The key game came on September 11, when Terry Pendleton tied the game at 4–4 in the ninth off Roger McDowell and then Jesse Orosco allowed a pair of 10th inning runs to end the Mets' division hopes. St. Louis won 95 games to New York's 92, but like in 1985, they lost in the World Series, this time to the Minnesota Twins. The Mets won another division title in , but by then the Cardinals began to decline, and the Mets' once-promising core soon disintegrated.
The rivalry between the Cardinals and the Mets faded as St. Louis moved to the National League Central in 1994. Meanwhile, the Atlanta Braves, in the midst of their 1990s divisional dominance, moved to the National League East and soon became the Mets' biggest division rival. Nevertheless, by the late 1990s, both teams returned to contention behind stars such as Mark McGwire and Mike Piazza, and in the 2000 National League Championship Series, they faced off in the postseason for the first time. The wild card-winning Mets would dominate, however, taking the series from the NL Central champion Cardinals in five games. The series could have gone the Cardinals' way if not for injuries to McGwire and an uncharacteristically poor pitching performance from Rick Ankiel in Game 2, one which eventually forced Ankiel to convert to an outfielder later in his career. Mets pitcher Mike Hampton pitched a series-clinching shutout in Game 5, earning the Mets their fourth World Series appearance. However, the Mets lost to the cross-town rival New York Yankees.
While the Cardinals remained contenders for the duration of the 2000s and 2010s behind the leadership of Albert Pujols, Yadier Molina and manager Tony La Russa, the Mets were largely rebuilding during this period. However, they returned to prominence in , led by stars David Wright, José Reyes and Carlos Delgado. With both teams leading their respective divisions, the Cardinals and the Mets squared off in an August 22 matchup at Shea Stadium. The Cardinals led for most of the contest, but in the ninth inning, with St. Louis leading 7–6, Carlos Beltrán hit a two-run walk-off home run past Jason Isringhausen to give the Mets an 8–7 win. The Cardinals and the Mets eventually faced each other in the 2006 National League Championship Series. In a memorable seven-game encounter, the Cardinals narrowly defeated the Mets, helped by a Game 7 ninth-inning go-ahead home run by Yadier Molina off Aaron Heilman. Earlier in the game, however, Endy Chávez kept the game close by robbing a would-be home run from Scott Rolen in left field. St. Louis went on to win the World Series against the Detroit Tigers.
On June 1, 2012, Mets pitcher Johan Santana no-hit the Cardinals 8–0 for the franchise's first no-hitter. The no-hitter was a rare bright spot in the recent history of the rivalry, as the Mets rarely contended during the decade with the exception of , when they made the World Series and lost to the Royals. Both teams came close to meeting again in the 2015 National League Championship Series, but while the Mets defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the Division Series, the Cardinals lost to their archrival Chicago Cubs.
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74395167
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Soddy circles of a triangle
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In geometry, the Soddy circles of a triangle are two circles associated with any triangle in the plane. Their centers are the Soddy centers of the triangle. They are all named for Frederick Soddy, who rediscovered Descartes' theorem on the radii of mutually tangent quadruples of circles.
Any triangle has three externally tangent circles centered at its vertices. Two more circles, its Soddy circles, are tangent to the three circles centered at the vertices; their centers are called Soddy centers. The line through the Soddy centers is the Soddy line of the triangle. These circles are related to many other notable features of the triangle. They can be generalized to additional triples of tangent circles centered at the vertices in which one circle surrounds the other two.
Construction.
Let formula_1 be the three vertices of a circle, and let formula_2 be the lengths of the opposite sides, and formula_3 be the semiperimeter. Then the three Soddy circles centered at formula_1 have radii formula_5, respectively.
Descartes' theorem, two more circles, sometimes also called Soddy circles, are tangent to these three circles. The centers of these two tangent circles are the Soddy
centers of the triangle.
Related features.
Each of the three circles centered at the vertices crosses two sides of the triangle at right angles, at one of the three "intouch points" of the triangle, where its incircle is tangent to the side. The two circles tangent to these three circles are separated by the incircle, one interior to it and one exterior. The Soddy centers lie at the common intersections of three hyperbolas, each having two triangle vertices as foci and passing through the third vertex.
The inner Soddy center is an equal detour point: the polyline connecting any two triangle vertices through the inner Soddy point is longer than the line segment connecting those vertices directly, by an amount that does not depend on which two vertices are chosen. By Descartes' theorem, the inner Soddy circle's curvature is formula_6, where formula_7 is the triangle's area, formula_8 is its circumradius, and formula_9 is its inradius. The outer Soddy circle has curvature formula_10. When this curvature is positive, the outer Soddy center is another equal detour point; otherwise the equal detour point is unique. When the outer Soddy circle has negative curvature, its center is the isoperimetric point of the triangle: the three triangles formed by this center and two vertices of the starting triangle all have the same perimeter. Triangles whose outer circle degenerates to a straight line with curvature zero have been called "Soddyian triangles".
Excentric circles.
As well as the three externally tangent circles formed from a triangle, three more triples of tangent circles also have their centers at the triangle vertices, but with one of the circles surrounding the other two. Their triples of radii are formula_11 formula_12 or formula_13 where a negative radius indicates that the circle is tangent to the other two in its interior. Their points of tangency lie on the lines through the sides of the triangle, with each triple of circles having tangencies at the points where one of the three excircles is tangent to these lines. The pairs of tangent circles to these three triples of circles behave in analogous ways to the pair of inner and outer circles, and are also sometimes called "Soddy circles". Instead of lying on the intersection of the three hyperbolas, the centers of these circles lie where the opposite branch of one hyperbola with foci at the two vertices and passing through the third intersects the two ellipses with foci at other pairs of vertices and passing through the third.
Soddy lines.
The line through both Soddy centers, called the "Soddy line", also passes through the incenter of the triangle, which is the homothetic center of the two Soddy circles, and through the Gergonne point, the intersection of the three lines connecting the intouch points of the triangle to the opposite vertices. Four mutually tangent circles define six points of tangency, which can be grouped in three pairs of tangent points, each pair coming from two disjoint pairs of circles. The three lines through these three pairs of tangent points are concurrent, and the points of concurrency defined in this way from the inner and outer circles define two more triangle centers called the Eppstein points that also lie on the Soddy line.
The three additional pairs of excentric Soddy circles each are associated with a "Soddy line" through their centers. Each passes through the corresponding excenter of the triangle, which is the center of similitude for the two circles. Each Soddy line also passes through an analog of the Gergonne point and the Eppstein points. The four Soddy lines concur at the de Longchamps point, the reflection of the orthocenter of the triangle about the circumcenter.
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74395169
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Bulbophyllum amorosoanum
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Bulbophyllum amorosoanum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines.
Description.
Plants are epiphytes with creeping terete rhizomes with ovoid to ellipsoid, unifoliate, pseudobulbs that are 2.5 – 4 mm long with a diameter of 1.9 - 2.3 mm. The pseudobulbs are covered in a papery sheath. The leaves are elliptic, glabrous with dimensions of 2–5 mm × 1.5–2 mm. The inflorescence arises from under the pseudobulb and is 15 mm with a single orange flower. The peduncle is 11 mm long and terete. The flower has a triangular dorsal sepal 2.4 mm × 0.8 mm, ovate lateral sepals that are 3 veined and 2.7 mm × 1.3 mm, and linear petals that are 1.1 mm × 0.3 mm. The lip of the flower is narrowly tongue-like with a papillose abaxial surface. The column is 0.3 mm × 0.4 mm.
Distribution.
The plant is found growing moss cushions of branches and trunks of trees in deeply shaded rain forest in the Kalatungan Mountain Range at elevations between 1200 and 2100 meters.
Taxonomy.
This species was first collected on July 15, 2016, in Bukidnon at elevations of 1200 meters.
"Bulbophyllum amorosoanum" was described in the German journal Die Orchidee in 2017 by Mark Arcebal Naive, Dr. Miguel David De Leon, and Jim Cootes. The plant was published online as "Bulbophyllum amorosum". The species is in Bulbophyllum sect. Macrocaulia and is most similar to "Bulbophyllum montense" but differs in the shape of the lip, petals, and sepals.
The plant was named after Dr. Victor Amoroso from Central Mindanao University, Philippines.
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74395170
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Raiderlin Carrasco
|
Raiderlin Carrasco is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish Liga F club Sporting de Huelva and the Venezuela women's national team.
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74395194
|
Remote integration model
|
Remote integration model, also known as REMI and at-home production, is a method of live production for television broadcasts and video distribution that transmits live feeds to a single centralized production facility or workflow for integration into a finished feed, which is then distributed to broadcasters.
Initially developed as a less staff- and equipment-intensive alternative to on-site production of live sports events using production trucks or local studios, REMI grew in popularity in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television, which required heavily isolated remote work. However, the practice — particularly in live sports productions — is subject to criticism for the compromises in image quality, stability, and the detachment of commentators and producers operating sometimes thousands of miles from the events they're covering.
History.
NBC Sports deployed a remote production workflow for the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were hosted in Atlanta, Georgia. To reduce the amount of on-site staff needed to cover all events, producers instead had taped and time-shifted footage transmitted from events to a single centralized production facility at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City nicknamed the "virtual International Broadcast Center", allowing on-site producers to focus on live broadcasts. NBC continued the practice in subsequent Olympic Games, and in 2013 established a permanent remote International Broadcast Center in Stamford, Connecticut.
Early REMI productions relied on high-bandwidth T1 lines and grew into higher-speed connections and IP routing capabilities as they became available, in order to accommodate increases in broadcast display resolution and the number of cameras in use.
Alongside the growth of in-house REMI studios, independent remote-production service providers expanded into providing full REMI services and commentary on contract to other events and leagues. For example, VISTA Worldlink, which had engaged in global-commentary rebroadcasts of Major League Soccer (MLS) and CONCACAF matches, expanded into providing full REMI services and commentary on contract to United Soccer League competitions, National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the U.S. Open Cup, and MLS.
Lowering production costs.
Sports leagues with smaller broadcast budgets began deploying REMI productions to allow for more live-broadcast and livestreamed matches. For example, with A+E as a broadcast partner in 2016, the National Women's Soccer League produced match livestreams using REMI practices with budgets as small as $10,000 per match, compared to $50,000 to $100,000 for television broadcasts using a production truck. The Premier Hockey Federation used REMI production to expand its match availability to its full season and produce its first linear television broadcasts. NASCAR consolidated its remote production to a studio in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 2019 where it produced 30 events remotely.
Use during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television forced live event coverage to adapt to strict rules on isolation. Entities already using REMI methods were able to return to broadcasting events since most production staff and commentators already operated in remote, isolated facilities.
Isolation measures required to control the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 also led live television production companies to adopt REMI practices in sports and fields that previously had not deployed them. For example, NBC used practices from its Olympics coverage to produce college football broadcasts that had traditionally relied on extensive on-site production. ESPN migrated National Basketball Association coverage to REMI productions based in Bristol, Connecticut, continuing into the 2021–22 NBA season. The 47th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2020 adapted to REMI production after the in-person ceremony was cancelled.
Methods.
In traditional remote broadcast production, multiple cameras routed to a vision mixer and microphones routed to a mixing console, operated by a technical director receiving orders from a director in an on-site studio or production truck. A REMI workflow instead routes camera and audio feeds via dedicated fiber optic, communications satellite, or facility or cellular internet connections to a remote production center. Such consolidation allows one production staff and set of equipment to produce multiple events, in sequence or simultaneously, without traveling, setting up, and tearing down production equipment between events. For simple one-camera productions, only a single on-site camera operator might be necessary.
This workflow also allows commentators to call events from the live feeds without being on-site. For example, all NBC Sports commentary of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing was done remotely.
REMI production methods can be further streamlined by use of cloud computing production tools, further eliminating part or all of the centralized production facility. BT Sport engaged a test of such a cloud-based workflow for a UEFA Youth League match using aggregated cellular links and local broadband to also eliminate the need for dedicated transport connections.
Drawbacks and criticism.
REMI productions rely on IP transport from the venue to the remote production facility, which can be subject to outages if redundant transport methods aren't available on-site. Failures can result in compression artifacts or outages, which can affect the collection of sports analytics data and social media coverage of live events. Players in the NWSL complained when match footage was unavailable for review, or when camera angles weren't available to review goals or important plays.
Tight budgets facilitated by REMI production can result in low-quality productions that doesn't meet viewers' expectations, leading to organizers being forced to increase spending on equipment and on-site staff to compensate.
Off-site commentators are limited to what cameras and microphones can record and can be tasked with calling several consecutive games per day, leading to facutal errors, omissions, and mischaracterizations of the an event's atmosphere. On-site staff can be subject to communications latency from off-site producers. Commentary can become sufficiently delayed from live events to be recognized by viewers. Viewers can also recognize attempts to make commentators sound or appear to be reporting live from an event when they're remote.
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74395197
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Zophorame hirsti
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Zophorame hirsti is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet "hirsti" honours David Hirst, Arachnologist at the South Australian Museum, for his research on heteropodid spider taxonomy.
Distribution and habitat.
The species occurs in Far North Queensland, in open forest habitats. The type locality is the Tinaroo Dam on the Atherton Tableland.
References.
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74395207
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Misskey
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Misskey is an free and open-source software used for running self-hosted social networking services. It was originally developed by "syuilo", a Japanese software engineer. The main service was first developed as a bulletin board, but then the open-source community started to add short "Notes" and a timeline function to the service growing it into a microblogging site. Those key features allowed the program and community to grow to its current size.
Overview.
A user's post is called a "Note". As with other open-source social networks, users can join or create servers. Each server is managed by different administrators, in different locations.
The origin of the Misskey name is from the lyrics of , a song released by the Japanese singer .
History.
Development.
Misskey publishes its source code to GitHub. You can modify the code as long as you publish it based on AGPLv3. Since Misskey also publishes , you can create a personal application through the code. The translation uses .
Technology.
The code is written with TypeScript and Node.js. is used as a database software while is used as the Web client since February, 2018. Misskey users can interact with users on any other server that supports .
Differences from Mastodon.
Misskey and Mastodon are both distributed social networks based on ActivityPub.
But their programming languages and library are different and their APIs are not compatible.
When it began, Misskey was not designed as a distributed social network, so its main philosophy isn't based on an decentralized approach.
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74395226
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Therese Simonsson
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Therese Simonsson is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish Liga F club Sporting de Huelva.
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74395227
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List of foreign players in Singapore Premier League
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This is a list of foreign players who have played for football clubs in the Singapore Premier League, which commenced play in 1996.
- Players playing in their own nation club but is above the age of 23
- Foreigners playing in the invited club
- Players that play in a club originally from Singapore
- Players change nationality
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74395231
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Richard Saller
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Richard Paul Saller (born October 18, 1952) is an American professor of European studies. He is the former provost of the University of Chicago and the former dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, where he currently teaches.
On July 19, 2023, Stanford University president Marc Tessier-Lavigne announced he would resign after an inquiry found he co-authored papers with "serious flaws". Stanford University's board of trustees appointed Saller to serve as an interim president beginning on August 31.
Early life and education.
Saller was born in 1952.
Career.
University of Chicago.
In 1984, Saller began teaching Roman social and economic history at the University of Chicago. He became a dean in 1994 and the university's provost in 2002. As dean, he attracted controversy for asking the university to shut down its educational department.
Stanford.
In April 2007, Saller was made the dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. He stepped down in September 2018 to teach full-time.
Awards and distinctions.
Since 1986, the Saller Dissertation Prize has been awarded at University of Chicago for outstanding dissertations.
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74395232
|
Kazakhstan's 27th electoral district
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The Electoral district No. 27 (; ) is a single-mandate territorial constituency in Kazakhstan, represented in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Parliament. It is one of three constituencies within the Turkistan Region as its seat is centered in Turkistan, which includes the regional districts of Saryagash, Keles, Kazygurt, Maktaaral, and Jetisai.
The constituency was originally formed for the 2004 legislative election and existed until being abolished in 2007. However, it has been reestablished in 2022 and is currently represented by deputy Temir Qyryqbaev (Amanat) since March 2023.
Geography.
The Electoral district No. 27 is situated in the territory of Turkistan Region which includes the districts of Saryagash, Keles, Kazygurt, Maktaaral, and Jetisai. The village of Saryagash serves as the seat of the constituency. The electoral district shares borders with No. 26 (Turkistan Region) to the north and No. 25 (Turkistan Region) to the west.
History.
The Electoral district No. 27 was formed for the 2004 legislative election as a result of redistribution originally within the boundaries of East Kazakhstan Region, and Valery Doskalov served as deputy from the constituency. From there, the electoral district continued to exist until its dissolution following the 2007 amendment, which led to the abolition of all constituencies as part of the transition from a mixed-member majoritarian representation to a fully party-list proportional representation system. The change affected the composition of all seats in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Kazakh Parliament beginning with the 2007 legislative election.
In December 2022, the Electoral district No. 27 was reestablished by the Central Election Commission in the territory of Turkistan Region, which came into effect on 1 January 2023 as a result of the 2022 amendment. The adoption of this amendment marked the reintroduction of a mixed electoral system for electing Mäjilis deputies, with the use of numbered constituencies being reinstated for the first time since 2004. It made its debut in the 2023 legislative election, with Temir Qyryqbaev becoming the elected representative of the constituency.
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74395256
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Beach handball at the 2023 European Games – Women's tournament
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The women's beach handball tournament at the 2023 European Games was held from 20 to 22 June at the Tarnów Beach Arena.
Preliminary round.
"All times are local (UTC+2)."
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74395263
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Anna Sofia Ulrika Hagman
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Anna Sofia Ulrika Hagman is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish Liga F club Sporting de Huelva.
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74395266
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Apokalipso
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Apokalipso (Apocalypso) is the first solo album of Croatian singer Darko Rundek. The album contains 12 songs, of which the title track and "Señor" are hits. The name itself comes from the words apocalypse and calypso. The album was released at the transition from 1996 to 1997.
Background.
After the breakup of Haustor in the early 90s, Rundek moved to Paris because his wife and then newborn son lived there. In Berlin, he receives the Ake Blomström Award.
During the war, he was a music editor at the Radio Brod station. The radio began with an experimental program on April 7, 1993 in order to start the regular program on June 1st of the same year. On February 28 of the following year, the broadcast of the program was canceled, and then it returned to the air for a short time in early March. Many newspapers around the world, including The Observer and Newsweek, wrote about Brod's work.
After the interruption of the broadcasting of Radio Brod, he gave an interview to Vreme zabave, a monthly supplement of the weekly magazine Vreme.
Album.
The title track was performed for the first time in 1995 at Fiju Briju Festival in Zagreb. The album contains songs mostly inspired by calypso music, but it also has rock motifs. It was recorded in Paris and Zagreb during 1995 and 1996.
The album was awarded with Porin for Song of the Year, Hit of the Year, Best Male Vocal Performance and Best Video. Album also won four Black Cat awards.
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74395283
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Matematika zločinu
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Matematika zločinu () is a 2023 three-part film miniseries directed by Peter Bebjak and produced by D.N.A Production for Voyo. The author of the scenario is Tomáš Bombík. The series was filmed under the Voyo Original brand.
Plot.
The series is inspired by a real event and by a podcast of the same name. by investigative reporter Magdalena Sodomková and documentarian Brit Jensen. It is about journalist Sobotková who receives letter by prisoner Tomáš Toman from Indonesian prison. He was arrested as a fugitive from justice. However, he claims that he did not commit the crime for which he has served 12.5 years.
According to him, he was sent to prison by a questionable opinion of a forensic expert Kraus who is nicknamed the Mathematics of Crime. Journalist Sobotková gradually gets into Toman's case and discovers that many things are not right. The question remains whether she can believe Toman's version of events, especially given that he has been punished for similar activity in the past.
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74395337
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Esther Banda (footballer)
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Esther Banda (born 21 November 2004) is a Zambian footballer who plays as a defender for Bauleni United and the Zambia women's national team.
International career.
Banda made her senior debut for Zambia on 18 June 2022 in a 1-1 friendly draw with Morocco. After that, she was also at the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations, albeit as an unused substitute.
On 3 July 2023, Banda was named to the squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.
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74395350
|
Anastasija Poļuhoviča
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Anastasija Poļuhoviča (born 6 March 2005) is a Latvian footballer who plays as a forward for Sieviešu Futbola Līga club SFK Rīga and the Latvia women's national team.
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74395370
|
Kazakhstan's 28th electoral district
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The Electoral district No. 28 (; ) is a single-mandate territorial constituency in Kazakhstan, represented in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Parliament. It covers the entirety of Ulytau Region, including all its regional districts, with its seat being centered in Jezkazgan.
The constituency was originally formed for the 2004 legislative election and existed until being abolished in 2007. However, it has been reestablished in 2022 and is currently represented by deputy Erbolat Satybaldin (Amanat) since March 2023.
Geography.
The Electoral district No. 28 is situated in the territory of Ulytau Region, and its administrative center, Jezkazgan, serves as the seat of the constituency. The electoral district shares borders with No. 19 (Karaganda Region) to the northeast, No. 20 (Kostanay Region) to the northwest, No. 10 (Aktobe Region) to the west, along with No. 21 (Kyzylorda Region), No. 26 (Turkistan Region) and No. 16 (Jambyl Region) to the south.
History.
The Electoral district No. 28 was formed for the 2004 legislative election as a result of redistribution originally within the boundaries of East Kazakhstan Region, and Vera Sukhorukova served as deputy from the constituency. From there, the electoral district continued to exist until its dissolution following the 2007 amendment, which led to the abolition of all constituencies as part of the transition from a mixed-member majoritarian representation to a fully party-list proportional representation system. The change affected the composition of all seats in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Kazakh Parliament beginning with the 2007 legislative election.
In December 2022, the Electoral district No. 28 was reestablished by the Central Election Commission in the territory of Ulytau Region, which came into effect on 1 January 2023 as a result of the 2022 amendment. The adoption of this amendment marked the reintroduction of a mixed electoral system for electing Mäjilis deputies, with the use of numbered constituencies being reinstated for the first time since 2004. It made its debut in the 2023 legislative election, with Erbolat Satybaldin becoming the elected representative of the constituency.
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74395374
|
Emanoel Araújo
|
Emanoel Araújo (15 November, 1940, Santo Amaro, Bahia – 7 September 2022, São Paulo) was a Brazilian artist, art curator, and museologist. He specialized in numerous art styles, including, among others, sculpting, graphic design, and painting. He also served as the director of numerous museums in Brazil, including the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo and Museu Afro Brasil, the latter of which he established in 2004. He has recounted his work as "a collection that became one of the largest museums in Latin America".
Biography.
Araújo was born into a family of goldsmiths in the city of Santo Amaro, in the state of Bahia. His first art exposition was in his home state of Bahia in 1959. Afterwards, he moved to Salvador to study at the School of Fine Arts at the Federal University of Bahia. In 1972, he won the gold medal at the third International Biennale for Graphic Design in Florence, Italy. From 1981 to 1983, he directed the Bahia Museum of Art and the São Paulo Museum of Art. In 1988, he lectured graphic design and sculpting at the Arts College of City University of New York (CUNY). From 1992 to 2002, he was director of the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, during which time the museum went under major renovations, including the installation of modern security and climate control systems. He also oversaw the creation of the Friends of the Pinacoteca Association, which oversees the gathering of resources for the museum.
From 2004 to his death, he served as director of the Museu Afro Brasil, a museum dedicated to the culture and history of Afro-Brazilians. He often described the Museu Afro Brasil as his greatest accomplishment. In 2009, he was awarded the Order of Ipiranga by the state government of São Paulo, one of state's highest honors. The award was presented by then-governor José Serra.
Araújo died on 7 September 2022 at 81 years old, at his home in São Paulo.
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74395386
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Marta Pandini
|
Marta Teresa Pandini (born 21 March 1998) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Inter Milan.
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74395390
|
176BIZ
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176BIZ (pronounced "BIZ ichi nana roku") was a Japanese visual kei rock band which lasted in Early 2005 to March 2009.
History.
176BIZ was formed by in 2005 as a duo under the name Betty by vocalist Yuu and bassist Tara. In 2006 guitarists Toki and Setsuki, and drummer Kasumi joined the band and changed their name to 176BIZ.
176BIZ released their first Mini-Album in 2007 titled "Bleach Way".
On August 31, 2007, at their live show bassist Tara announced that he would be departing from the group, later on that year Kouta would join and become the new bassist for the band.
On August 27, 2008, 176BIZ released their second full-length album "[Hello]".
In January 2009 176BIZ announced that they would be disbanding. 176BIZ played their last live On March 16, 2009.
Members.
Past Members
Discography.
Albums
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74395413
|
Furcatoceratops
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Furcatoceratops (meaning "forked horned face") is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. The type species is Furcatoceratops elucidans.
Discovery and naming.
The holotype specimen, NSM PV 24660, is a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton of a moderately-sized subadult. The skeleton preserves, among other elements, numerous elements of the skull, a nearly complete left front- and hindlimb, parts of the pelvis and most of the vertebral column. The specimen was excavated from Triebold Paleontology Incorporated’s “12-020” site, a quarry in the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation in Fergus County, Montana. The quarry is located approximately 7 kilometres North-West of the town of Winifred. NSM PV 24660 was collected from rocks of the upper Coal Ridge Member, lying approximately 20 meters below the overlying Bearpaw Formation. Based on a Bayesian geochronological model from a 2022 study by Ramezani "et al.," the horizon from which the holotype was collected is recovered as approximately 75.6 (~75.3-75.9) Ma.
The holotype is currently housed at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tsukuba, Japan, and was named as a new genus and species of ceratopsid in 2023. The generic name, "Furcatoceratops", comes from the Latin "furcatus", meaning "forked", and the Greek "ceratops" meaning "horned face". The specific name, "elucidans", is Latin for "enlightening".
Classification.
In the 2023 study that first described the animal, "Furcatoceratops" was included in a phylogenetic analysis with other ceratopsian dinosaurs and found to nestle within the clade Nasutoceratopsini. Other members of this clade of early branching centrosaurines include "Avaceratops" and "Nasutoceratops", both also hailing from the Campanian of the United States.
Paleoenvironment.
The Judith River Formation has produced the remains of several dinosaurs, several of which have been recovered in the early days of paleontology, as well as others identified more recently. Among others, "Furcatoceratops" coexisted with fellow ceratopsids "Avaceratops", "Medusaceratops", and "Spiclypeus", the hadrosaur "Brachylophosaurus", the ankylosaur "Zuul", the tyrannosaur "Daspletosaurus", and the giant alligatoroid "Deinosuchus".
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74395414
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Meshal Al-Hamdan
|
Meshal Al-Hamdan (; born 14 May 2003) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Saudi Professional League club Al-Fateh.
Club career.
Al-Hamdan began his career at the youth team of Al-Fateh. On 2 September 2022, he signed his first professional contract with the club. He made his debut on 1 January 2022 in the league match against Al-Nassr.
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74395448
|
The Internal Market (novel)
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The Internal Market is one of the most notable stories by the Moroccan writer Muhammad Shukri, and it was published in 1997 by Al-Jamal Publishing.
Overview of The Novel.
"The Internal Market" is a biographical novel, in the same vein as Shukri's other novels, especially the ones published after his novel "For Bread Alone", published in 1983. In his novel, Shukri focuses on character-development and the dynamic between them instead of focusing on the plot. The novel portrays the alienation experienced by the protagonist, who embodies Shukri himself, offering thorough descriptions of his loneliness and alienation in the city. Shukri picked the internal market as the setting of the novel as it is the place of impoverished and marginalized Moroccans during that period.
Literary Criticism.
Critics agree that the novel depicts the state of marginalization experienced by Moroccans during that time period. The late Spanish poet, Juan Goytsolo, said about Muhammad Shukri that he "looked at the life of his country from the bottom, and saw what those in power do not see or are unable to see." As for Arab writers, they that he was "a story" and that he "mocked modern Arab culture." As for Shukri, he said that his aim in the novel is to portray the ugliness that exists in his life and the lives of others, and in society in general.
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74395461
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George F. Koster
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George Fred Koster (1927–2012) was an American physicist.
Foster served in the United States Navy during World War II. He completed his doctoral dissertation in 1951, titled "The Effects of Configuration Interaction on the Hyperfine Structure", advised by Bernard Taub Feld at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and later joined the MIT faculty. While teaching at MIT, Foster was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1962.
Foster was married to Frances J. Grigg until her death in 2010. The couple raised three children. Foster died in Brookline, Massachusetts, in May 2012, aged 85.
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74395465
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Ahmed Al-Julaydan
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Ahmed Al-Julaydan (; born 8 March 2004) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Saudi Professional League club Al-Fateh.
Club career.
Al-Julaydan began his career at the youth team of Al-Fateh. On 2 September 2022, he signed his first professional contract with the club. He made his debut on 6 April 2023 in match to Al-Khaleej.
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74395471
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Giampiero Mughini
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Giampiero Mughini (born 16 April 1941) is an Italian essayist, journalist and television personality.
Life and career.
Born in Catania, Mughini started his career founding in his hometown the leftist political and cultural magazine "Giovane Critica". in 1970 he settled in Rome, where he collaborated with numerous publications, including "Paese Sera", "Lotta Continua", "L'Europeo", "Panorama", "Il Foglio". The author of numerous essays, his best known work is "Compagni addio", a pamphlet in which he justified his detachment from the leftist ideology.
Beyond his literary and journalistic activities, Mughini is well known for his television appearances as a political and sport pundit; a frequent guest in "Maurizio Costanzo Show", he was a permanent guest in the Italia 1 football talk shows "L’appello del martedì", "Controcampo" and "Tiki Taka". In 2022, he was a contestant in "Ballando con le Stelle", the Italian version of "Dancing with the Stars".
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74395482
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Campeonato Cearense de Futebol Feminino
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The Campeonato Cearense de Futebol Feminino is the women's football state championship of Ceará State, and is contested since 1983.
List of champions.
Following is the list with all recognized titles of Campeonato Baiano Feminino:
Titles by team.
Teams in bold stills active.
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74395493
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Mount Lawson (Washington)
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Mount Lawson is a mountain summit in Jefferson County of Washington state.
Description.
Mount Lawson is part of the Olympic Mountains and set within Olympic National Park and the Daniel J. Evans Wilderness. It is located south-southeast of Mount Olympus and the nearest higher neighbor is Mount Zindorf, to the northwest. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains to the North Fork Quinault River and topographic relief is significant as the summit rises above the river in .
History.
This peak was originally named "Mount Grady" by the 1889-90 Seattle Press Expedition to honor Henry W. Grady, editor of the "Atlanta Constitution" newspaper, and the expedition applied the Mount Lawson toponym to the 4,810-foot peak which is southwest. An 1896 National Geographic map labeled the landform "Jingo Peak." Over the years mapmakers shifted the Lawson name to its present position while the Grady and Jingo names fell into disuse and today Peak 4810 is officially unnamed.
The mountain's toponym honors Victor Lawson (1850–1925), the publisher of the "Chicago Daily News" and president of the Associated Press from 1894 through 1900. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.
Climate.
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Lawson is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Olympic Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Olympic Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall (Orographic lift). As a result, the Olympics experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.
Geology.
The Olympic Mountains are composed of obducted clastic wedge material and oceanic crust, primarily Eocene sandstone, turbidite, and basaltic oceanic crust. The mountains were sculpted during the Pleistocene era by erosion and glaciers advancing and retreating multiple times.
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74395500
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Kleinziegenfelder Tal
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Kleinziegenfelder Tal (lit German: Kleinziegenfeld Valley) is approximately twelve kilometers long, located in Upper Franconia. It serves as the starting point of the Weismain Valley funnel in the Weismain-Alb region and is entirely situated within the town of Weismain, in the Lichtenfels district of Bavaria. The valley lies in the northernmost part of the Franconian Alb and is traversed by the Weismain River. It encompasses several inhabited settlements, with a combined population of approximately 240 residents. The valley is entirely encompassed by the Franconian Switzerland - Franconian Jura Nature Park and is particularly popular among hikers and motorcyclists.
Description.
The valley stretches in a north-south direction, situated between the towns of Weismain and Kleinziegenfeld in the Lichtenfels district of Upper Franconia. It is located approximately 24 kilometers northeast of Bamberg. Flowing through the valley is the Weismain River, and the entire area is designated as a protected nature reserve. The sides of the valley are formed by towering limestone cliffs, which are eagerly used by climbers. Within the valley, one can find the villages of Kleinziegenfeld, Großziegenfeld, Arnstein, Wallersberg, Schammendorf, and Weismain, all of which are part of the town of Weismain. The valley is renowned for its notable rock formations, including the Red Wall, Rolands Rock, Petrified Giant, Blade, Stone Monk, and Praying Nun. A local legend surrounds the Stone Monk, claiming that "once upon a time, a hermit resided there, who, on the day of his passing, directed Christ away from the door as he journeyed through the Kleinziegenfeld Valley, and consequently, turned into stone." The Stone Monk stands as an iconic symbol of Weismain.
Flora.
The Kleinziegenfeld Valley is characterized by its dense deciduous and mixed forests. In the vicinity of Kleinziegenfeld and Wallersberg, there are predominantly dry and semi-dry grassland slopes adorned with scattered juniper growth. These slopes have been shaped over centuries through the extensive sheep-grazing practices of the local villagers in the Jura region. The continuous grazing prevented the proliferation of dense vegetation, and the shepherds would periodically clear the juniper bushes to maintain clear sightlines for monitoring their herds.
The valley boasts a diverse array of flora, including a variety of flowers, grasses, and ferns. Among them are columbines, mountain asters, yews, fringed gentians, spring gentians, large-flowered foxgloves, honeysuckles, golden thistles, pasque flowers, perennial flaxes, liverworts, lilies of the valley, various orchids, carnations, Solomon's seals, cowslips, daphnes, ostrich ferns, Turk's cap lily, centauries, white helleborine and red helleborine, pseudorchis albida, and willowleaf yellowleaf. Some of these plant species are considered rare, endangered, and thus protected.
Tourist Attractions.
The Kleinziegenfeld Valley offers a captivating landscape with its rocky hills, castle ruins, romantic half-timbered villages, and numerous mills. One of its notable attractions is the presence of the Apollo butterfly, which represents the last known occurrence of this species in Franconia. This butterfly is closely associated with the open, unspoiled limestone cliffs found in the area. The caterpillars of the Apollo butterfly rely solely on the white stonecrop "(Sedum album)" as their food source, which grows exclusively in this region. Additionally, visitors can admire the juniper slope near Kleinziegenfeld, where a statue of a cyclist is clearly visible on a rock above the village.
Statue of cyclist Claudius.
The original statue of a cyclist was installed in 1905 by two brothers from Kleinziegenfeld, who aimed to create a distinctive landmark in the area. Using sawdust and wood, they crafted a life-sized figure dressed in a tailcoat and top hat, mounted on a penny-farthing bicycle, and securely positioned it on the rock. Interestingly, this bicycle was also the first and only one in Kleinziegenfeld at that time. The idea for this unique installation was proposed by Georg Ammon, a grammar school professor in Regensburg who hailed from Kleinziegenfeld. The exact motivation behind the statue's placement is no longer documented, and several theories exist: it might have been erected to commemorate the era when the Kleinziegenfeld valley attracted numerous cyclists or to serve as a contrast to the cannons and dragoons situated on other rocky outcrops. Another explanation suggests that a cyclist once intended to cross the valley using a bridge that had long vanished, and instead of turning back, he is immortalized on the rock to this day.
Initially, the figure stood on the rock for several years until it was blown away during a strong storm. In 1933, a new statue of a cyclist was built. Because it carried a swastika flag, the statue was dismantled during World War II so as not to draw the attention of the Allies to the village. In 1952, a third statue was built, which had to be renovated in 1971 after vandalism. In the process, the legs and arms were made of solid spruce wood with joints. The Claudius statue has carried a red and white flag since 1952.
Hiking trails.
Apollofalter-Wanderweg (Apollo butterfly trail): A designated circular hiking route, approximately six kilometers in length, was established by the Landschaftspflegeverband Lichtenfels e.V. (Lichtenfels Landscape Conservation Association) and the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment and Consumer Protection. It traverses the central part of the valley and connects the villages of Weihersmühle, Arnstein, Kleinziegenfeld, and Schrepfersmühle. Two small parking lots near Kleinziegenfeld and Arnstein, equipped with information boards, serve as convenient entry points for hikers. The paths along the trail are mainly paved, but there are also sections with gravel. Additionally, the hiking trail offers opportunities to explore additional routes and extend the hiking experience. The primary objective of the trail is to provide a chance to explore and gain knowledge about the natural habitat of the rare Apollo butterfly.
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74395515
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Street furniture in Barcelona
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The Street furniture in Barcelona is managed by the Department of Ecology, Urban Planning and Mobility of the City Council of Barcelona. It developed in accordance with the progress made in urban planning of Barcelona as a whole and, in general, with the historical and territorial evolution of the city, and in line with other defining factors of public space such as architecture, urban infrastructures and the adaptation and maintenance of natural or construction spaces. Although their main characteristic has always been functionality, as a general rule they have often been objects of design and aesthetic consideration, since they furnish the public space where urban society develops.
The urban evolution of Barcelona has been constant since its foundation in Ancient Rome to the present day, although it has been since the 19th century when it was accentuated thanks to the Cerdá plan and the aggregation of neighboring municipalities. It was also by the end of that century when the street furniture began to have a special consideration and to be the object of design and planning, thanks to the work of the successive people in charge of Buildings and Ornamentation of the City Council such as Antoni Rovira i Trias and Pere Falqués.
It encompasses a series of elements for the urban management of the city and the planning and execution of all the factors related to the adaptability of the physical environment to human life and the development of society, such as street light, benches, waste container, post boxes, fountains, traffic lights, public transport stops, pavement, flower boxes, kiosks, parking meters, payphone among many other objects and elements of micro-architecture.
Urban elements.
Barcelona has an area of 102.16 km2, 25.7% of which is public space (16.3% streets and the rest are green areas). In 2009, there were 703,540 urban elements in Barcelona's public spaces, one for every 8 m2 of sidewalk.
As a general rule, urban elements must meet certain criteria: design, based on aesthetic quality, authenticity and originality; functionality and ergonomics; easy maintenance and low cost; accessibility and safety; and social and environmental sustainability. For their installation and maintenance, a study must be made of the terrain and social needs, which is usually based on pre-established municipal regulations. Depending on the element to be installed, the ideal material must be studied (the most commonly used are wood, stone, concrete, metal, glass and plastic), its resistance, its maintenance –one factor to take into account is vandalism–, its placement and its use. Other factors that have been considered in recent times have been sustainability and multi-functionality. Its economic cost should also be considered in terms of its technical characteristics, the investment-amortization ratio, its purchase and manufacturing cost, its assembly and installation, its maintenance and its consumption of water, gas or electricity. Finally, a factor to take into account is its accessibility and ease of use, especially in consideration of people with reduced mobility or some type of physical or sensory disability.
There is a wide variety of urban elements, which can be classified according to their function:
Common urbanization elements:
Elements for pedestrian protection:
Signaling:
Lighting and traffic control:
Urban furniture:
Public service elements:
Information and propaganda elements:
Commercial elements:
Historical evolution.
Background.
The concept of street furniture is relatively contemporary, so it cannot be extrapolated to past times, times in which no special interest was placed on the common elements of civic coexistence. From medieval or modern times there are still some fountains that, although they were for public use, were of individualized construction, so we cannot speak of a systematized project to regulate their use and distribution. Some examples are: the fountain of Santa Ana, in the avenue of Portal de l'Àngel with Cucurulla (1356); the fountain of San Justo, in the square of the same name (1367); the fountain of Santa María, in the square of the same name (1403) and the fountain of Puertaferrisa, in the street of the same name (1680).
Another precedent of public lighting is nighttime illumination, which was carried out by means of "tederos" installed on public thoroughfares, with fuel made of resinous wood or pitch. In 1599 Barcelona had 60 tederos in its public streets, some of which are still preserved, such as those in the "Plaza del Rey" or in the church of "Santa María del Mar". Later on, it evolved to lanterns of fuel oils, of which in 1752 there were 1500 scattered around the city; due to their cost, they were only lit on dark nights.
Attention to urban elements began incipiently in the 18th century, when the urban environment began to be considered worthy of beautification and accommodation of citizens' needs, and the regulation of aspects such as sewage and sanitation networks, or the separation between pedestrians and vehicular traffic, began.
However, it was in the 19th century when street furniture became an integral part of any urban planning process in the city and became the object of design and special planning for its construction according to pre-established needs and a predetermined location. This was especially helped by factors such as the new industrial manufacturing processes that emerged at that time and the use of materials such as iron, which allowed mass production and resulted in greater strength and durability.
During that century, the definitive separation of public roads between the roadway and the sidewalk for pedestrians was established, which offered a perfect platform for the placement of a series of elements aimed at regulating civic activities and accommodating the space to the needs of the population. Among the first elements installed were benches, of which the first public ones were stone ones installed in the "Paseo de San Juan" (1797), the garden of the General (1815) and various squares located in the lots left by burned or disentailed convents in 1835–1836; fountains, which proliferated at this time thanks to the canalization of the waters of Moncada by the Marquis of Campo Sagrado, although they were individualized fountains and were not yet built in series, as would later become common; and the kiosks, whether for the sale of newspapers, flowers, pets, lottery, drinks or other products –including occasional ones, such as firecrackers for the festival of San Juan, ice cream in summer or chestnuts in autumn– of which the most paradigmatic are those located on La Rambla, which appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
This hatching of urban elements was favored by the development of new technologies, such as gas lighting, initiated in 1842 by the company "Sociedad Catalana para el Alumbrado por Gas", being the first Spanish city to use it. The first illuminated streets were La Rambla, Ferran street and San Jaime square. In 1845 there were already 500 gas lanterns, and at that date standing street lights appeared. In 1880 electric lighting appeared, gradually replacing gas lighting on public streets: in 1882 the first street lights were placed in the "Plaza de San Jaime", and between 1887 and 1888 La Rambla and the Paseo de Colón were electrified. For a time, between 1885 and 1912, oil, gas and electric lights coexisted: in 1905 there were 711 oil, 13,378 gas and 228 electric streetlights; in 1913 oil disappeared, and in 1967 gas. The generalization of electric lighting did not take place until the beginning of the 20th century, with the invention of the light bulb, and was not completed until 1929.
In Barcelona, as in the rest of Europe and unlike American cities, street furniture was controlled exclusively by the city council, which established careful regulations for its installation. The new urban products were entering the market through catalogs or their diffusion in the international exhibitions that used to take place at that time, such as the one held in Barcelona in 1888. Companies such as the French Durenne or Val d'Osne, or the German Mannesmann, placed their products all over Europe, and helped to make urban furniture a fashionable object of both practical and aesthetic appreciation.
The introduction of street furniture in Barcelona was favored by Ildefonso Cerdá, who in his Plan de Ensanche already included many of these elements as integral parts of the urban fabric. This was probably influenced by his visit to Paris, where elements such as kiosks, clocks, fountains and other urban elements were common and were the object of special planning. The Parisian influence was preponderant in this first stage of Barcelona's street furniture, not only in terms of inspiration but also in terms of specific commissions from French companies, such as the "Ville de Paris-type" street lights commissioned in 1866 from the Val d'Osne foundry, or the "Montmartre-type" wall lanterns with lanterns, of which there are still several in the old quarter.
Another pioneer in the introduction of street furniture was Josep Fontserè, author of the project of the Citadel Park (1872), which included some innovative design elements, some of which were designed by his assistant, a young Antoni Gaudí who worked as a draughtsman to pay for his studies. His work was also a fountain-fountain-clock in the Mercat del Born (1875), made of cast iron; it had a base with a fountain with spouts coming out of swan figures, on which were four sculptures of nereids holding gas lanterns, with a clock on top. This design was very similar to the crowning of a monumental fountain designed by Gaudí for the "Plaça de Catalunya" as a degree project for the 1876–1877 academic year at the Barcelona School of Architecture, which suggests that it could have been the work of the architect from Reus, who at that time was working as a draughtsman for Fontserè.
Gaudí himself was responsible for one of his first projects, the Girossi kiosks, a commission from a merchant that would have consisted of twenty kiosks scattered throughout Barcelona, each of which would have included public toilets, a flower stall and glass panels for advertising, as well as a clock, calendar, barometer and thermometer; however, it was never realized. Another unrealized project of Gaudí's was the electric lighting for the Muralla de Mar (1880), which would have consisted of eight large iron street light decorated with plant motifs, friezes, coats of arms and names of battles and Catalan admirals. Even so, the modernist architect made two models of street light that still survive: those of the "Plaça Reial" (1878) and those of Pla de Palau (1889).
On the other hand, in the field of design, it is worth mentioning the collection of drawings entitled "Álbum enciclopédico-pintoresco de los industriales" (1857), by Lluís Rigalt, a compendium of drawings of various industrial designs made at the time in the fields of gardening, casting, marble and stone work, cabinetmaking, jewelry, architecture and applied arts.
Development and planning.
Despite these early precedents, street furniture did not begin to be systematically planned until the appointment in 1871 of Antoni Rovira i Trias as head of Buildings and Ornamentation of the City Council. This architect was the first to make a special effort to combine aesthetics and functionality for this type of urban adornment. Until the year of his death in 1889, he was responsible for a large number of products installed on the public streets. Some of them were imported, generally from France: in 1876 he replaced the fountain in the "Plaza Real" with an ornamental fountain manufactured by the French company Durenne, the Three Graces Fountain; in 1877 he began the installation of public urinals also of Parisian origin known as vespasian ("vespasienne"), made of metal with a circular body with a capacity for six people, above which rose a hexagonal section for advertising, crowned by a cupulite. However, he also personally designed a large number of these elements: in 1875 he designed an iron and palaster table for the sale of flowers on La Rambla, where he also placed a wooden kiosk for drinks in 1877, the Canaletas kiosk; In 1877 he designed a fountain for the "Plaza de Jonqueres" that later spread throughout the city, made in series by La Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima; in 1882 he placed some public urinals on the Paseo Nacional (now Paseo de Juan de Borbón), and the following year he designed another model of urinal inspired by a model of the New York firm Mott Iron Works, which was distributed throughout the city; between 1882 and 1886 he designed the railing over the retaining walls of the railroad ditch in Aragón street, as well as the railings, stone benches, street light and iron jugs of the "Paseo de Colón"; and in 1886 he was also in charge of the railings, ornamental jugs and finishing details of the Salón de San Juan (today's Paseo de Lluís Companys).
Rovira's successor was Pere Falqués, who continued to embellish the city with original designs of great artistic value, in keeping with the modernist style in vogue at the time. Thus, in 1889 he designed a fountain-farola for Canaletas, at the beginning of the Rambla near the "Plaza de Cataluña", which has become an icon of the city; the model was later extended to other places in the municipality. Near the Canaletas fountain he installed in 1890 a kiosk for drinks, which replaced Rovira's wooden one. In 1893 he designed another fountain-farola for the "Plaza de San Pedro", of Gothic inspiration. In 1896 he designed a kiosk for resting and stopping cars with a clock and public telephone, located on the corner of Gran Vía and Paseo de Gracia. In 1905 he designed the "Bancs-Fanals" of Paseo de Gracia, as well as the street lights of "Plaza del Cinco de Oros", which today are located on Gaudí Avenue.
During this period, numerous models of wall lanterns, column lanterns and candelabras appeared, with different technologies that evolved from gas to electricity. Wall street lights were available with lanterns (square or hexagonal) or with a hanging globe (one, two or three); street lights could have a column and lantern luminaire (circular, square or hexagonal), globe or with a "lyre" type top; and candelabras could have from two to six lanterns, circular, hexagonal or lyre. There was also a model of column lantern with a built-in mailbox, located on the "Via Layetana" and disappeared in 1913. Other models had supports for tram cables for a time.
At the end of the 19th century the streets began to be urbanized with flagstone sidewalks and cobblestone sidewalks, which were replaced in the 1960s by asphalt. The cobblestones were usually made of Montjuic stone, 25 cm in diameter, while the sidewalk tiles were usually made of cement mortar, in 20 x 20 cm tiles, with various designs including one with flowers created by Josep Puig i Cadafalch or one with marine motifs created by Antoni Gaudí (Gaudí tile). In 1906 the City Council approved six types of sidewalk tiles, made from 1916 by the Escofet company, made of hydraulic cement. In 1916 tiles with letters also appeared, which allowed the names of the streets to be written on the sidewalks; they stopped being installed in the 1960s, since when they have gradually disappeared, although there are still some examples, such as in Londres and París streets.
Maintenance and mass production.
After the period of splendor of urban furniture led by Rovira and Falqués, the successive city councils that governed the city did not take a special interest in this field, beyond the maintenance of existing elements or their replacement by others of little creativity. Occasional exceptions were the urbanization of "Avinguda Diagonal" or the renovation of the urban landscape for the 1929 International Exposition.
In the 1920s, several subway public toilets were installed to replace the unhygienic Vespasian toilets, such as those in "Plaza Cataluña", "Plaza Urquinaona" and "Plaza Teatro". Those in "Plaza Urquinaona" (1920-1998) also included showers and various services, such as a hairdresser, manicurist, bootblack, perfumery and notary, as well as a lottery stand and payphone.
In 1928, with a view to the celebration of the International Exposition, the first public waste container were installed, the "Tulipa" model, consisting of a metal cylinder with vertical bars that opened like a flower at the top. They were a novelty at the time, since the awareness of street cleanliness was not very well developed at that time. For the Exposition, some temporary street lights called "dancer" were also installed in the middle of the streets, suspended from cables with tensors placed from façade to façade. After the event they were removed, although in 1990 some were reinstalled on Avinguda del Tibidabo.
It should be noted that in 1929 the first traffic lights were installed to regulate vehicular traffic: the first was located at the intersection of Balmes and Provenza streets, and by the end of the year there were ten operating throughout the city, regulated by agents of the Guardia Urbana. The Civil War meant a halt in the installation of traffic lights, which was reactivated in the 1950s. In 1958 the first synchronization took place, in "Via Layetana". In 1984 the Traffic Control Center was opened, which in 2004 controlled 1,500 traffic light crossings.(88)
In 1930 some curious benches designed by Félix de Azúa were installed on the "Paseo de San" "Jua""n" that contained books inside, the so-called "library benches", which had glass cases on their central backrest inside which housed books for free reading, dispensed by a civil servant. After the Civil War the benches lost this function, and in the 1950s they disappeared in a renovation of the promenade.
During the Franco era, pragmatic and economic criteria predominated over aesthetic ones, together with a lack of coordination in the placement of these elements in the public space. Among the few novelties in these years, we can mention the continuous jet fountains, of which there were two main varieties: between 1940 and 1960 several fountains of artificial stone were installed, with a tripartite base, octagonal shaft and circular bowl with floral reliefs, from which a vertical jet fell into the same bowl; the second was between 1960 and 1970, made of pink conglomerate, with a circular base and conical section shaft.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the municipal architect Adolf Florensa put special emphasis on the design of new pavements for various areas of the city, especially in the Ciutat Vella district. The result was the Pavement of several emblematic places in the city: that of "Plaza de San Jaime" (1953), made with dark basalt in combination with white limestone, which forms a grid of squares that inscribe a rectangle on the perimeter of the square; that of "Plaza de Cataluña" (1959), which with terrazzo slabs of different colors (white, maroon, green and cream) forms an oval pattern with six trapezoids inside and a star or wind rose in the center; and the Pavement of La Rambla, made with vibrazo of undulating shapes (1968).
In 1974 a renovation of Passeig de Gràcia was carried out in which garden benches made of "trencadís" ceramics were added, in imitation of the modernist benches designed by Pere Falqués. That same year Òscar Tusquets and Lluís Clotet designed the "Catalano" model bench, made of steel, with a deployé seat painted with silver-colored polyester resin, and with an ergonomic profile inspired by the undulating bench in Park Güell designed by Gaudí; it was the first exponent of a change of attitude and a commitment to design and innovation in urban furniture.
Innovation and design.
The situation changed with the arrival of democracy and the new socialist governments in the city, which bet on art and design as a sign of the city's identity. A campaign was then launched both to recover the historical heritage and to install new elements in which design predominated as a defining factor of the new urban complements. To this end, the Urban Elements Service was created in 1991, under the Projects and Works Department of the Barcelona City Council, whose main objectives were to establish criteria for the selection, placement, standardization and renovation of urban elements with a clear commitment to design and modernity. Three main guidelines were adopted: to recover the old designs originating in the 19th century, such as romantic benches, cast iron fountains and street lights; to take the municipal initiative as the main promoter of urban projects; and to design specific urban furniture for each project, as one more element of any urban intervention. At the head of the new department was Màrius Quintana, responsible for the selection of urban furniture and its awarding through public tenders to new designs by the most prestigious architects and designers. The urban projects of this period, according to Quintana, "signified an increase in the level of design and a commitment to modernity and innovation in both spaces and urban furniture".
A clear example was the award in 1986 of the new bus shelters ("Pal-li" model) for bus stops to the design by Josep Lluís Canosa, Elías Torres and José Antonio Martínez Lapeña, a practical but at the same time innovative, aesthetic and contemporary design. Shaped like a baldachin, they consist of a tubular steel structure with a roof and a yellow polyester bench. This model also combined functionality with economy, since the incorporation of advertising –thanks to Jean-Claude Decaux's idea– made it possible to pay for its maintenance, in a perfect combination that was extended to other elements of the city.
Since then, many architects and designers have created different models of street furniture for the city: Jaume Bach and Gabriel Mora ("Barcina" planter, 1982); Beth Galí ("Lamparaalta" street light, 1983, with Màrius Quintana); Antoni Roselló ("Marítim" model of ONCE kiosk, 1986); Jordi Henrich and Olga Tarrasó ("Pep" street light, 1988; "Nu" bench, 1991); Albert Viaplana and Helio Piñón ("U" bench, 1988); Josep Maria Civit (Telefónica call shop, 1989); Jaume Artigues ("Levit" bench, 1989); Leopoldo Milá Sagnier ("Montseny" bench, 1990); Pedro Barragán ("Prim" street light, 1991); Enric Batlle and Joan Roig ("Atlantida" fountain, 1991); Montserrat Periel ("Linea" railing, 1993); Andreu Arriola and Carme Fiol ("G" bench, 1995; "Sarastro" fountain, 1995); Enric Pericas (Bus Platform, 1995); Moisés Gallego and Franc Fernández ("Condal" newsstand, 1996); Norman Foster ("Foster" canopy, 1998); Elías Torres and José Antonio Martínez Lapeña ("Lama" fountain, 2004); Terradas Arquitectes ("Diagonal" tile, 2014); etc.
One of the most important factors considered in the design of urban furniture in recent years has been accessibility criteria, for the elimination of architectural barriers that hindered the transit of people with physical disabilities, or the installation of special signage for the blind. Another important factor has been the criteria of sustainability, energy efficiency and respect for the environment. An example of this has been the new bus stops introduced in 2010 that incorporate a solar panel, the so-called "solar information stop" (PSI), which incorporates a digital panel that works with GPS to display the waiting time of the buses.
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74395522
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Saad Al-Shurafa
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Saad Al-Shurafa (; born 23 October 2004) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Saudi Professional League club Al-Fateh.
Club career.
Al-Shurafa began his career at the youth team of Al-Fateh. On 2 September 2022, He made his debut on 22 May 2023 in match to Al-Ettifaq, replacing Khalid Al-Ghannam.
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74395526
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Kollam Public Library
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The Kollam Public Library is a public library located in Kollam, Kerala, India. It was founded in 1973 by K. Ravindranathan Nair, a prominent cashew businessman, who donated the profits of his film "Achanani" to build the library. The library is located in the Cantonment area of Kollam.
The library has a collection of over 100,000 books, including books in Malayalam, English, Hindi, Tamil, and Sanskrit. It also has a collection of magazines, newspapers, CDs, and DVDs.
History.
K. Raveendranathan Nair, a Kollam-based cashew industrialist, produced the Malayalam movie Achani in July 1973. The movie was a box-office success, and Nair donated the entire profits from the venture to the construction of a public library in Kollam. This library is perhaps the only one in the country with a genesis linked to a movie.
The idea for the library had germinated in the minds of Nair, physician T. Kurien, and two journalists, M.S. Sreedharan and Devanand, in early 1973. They met with the then District Collector M. Joseph, who was supportive of their proposal. Nair's donation of nearly Rs.15 lakh (a large amount at the time) enabled the library to be built. It was inaugurated in January 1979 by then Prime Minister Morarji Desai.
The ad hoc conference was called by the Collector to discuss the need for a public library in Kollam and to get the government to allocate suitable land in the city to house the library. The meeting was successful in registering a society, under the Travancore-Cochin Charitable Societies Act, named the Quilon Public Library and Research Centre (QPLRC).The immediate task of the society was to identify land. The society office-bearers met TK Divakaran and put forth a suggestion for allocating some land from the Rest House complex at Chinnakada.
The Rest House complex was a large property that was owned by the government. It was located in a prime location in Kollam, and it was well-suited for a public library. The society's request was granted, and the government allocated some land from the Rest House complex to the QPLRC.
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74395537
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Infantry of the Indian Army
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The Infantry of the Indian Army is the largest combat arm of the Indian Army. It consists of personnel, who historically have engaged in ground combat on foot. It presently also consists of mechanised and airborne infantry.
History.
The infantry was historically the first combat arm in any army. The present regiments of the Indian Army trace their origin to the British East India Company, when Indians were employed to protect their trading stations. From the middle of the eighteenth century, the three presidencies of the company began to maintain armies at Calcutta (Bengal Army), Madras (Madras Army) and Bombay (Bombay Army). The presidency armies had their own Regiments and cadre of European officers. There were European regiments, where both the officers and men were Europeans, as well as 'Native' regiments, which were officered by Europeans, but the other ranks were Indians. The recruitment of Indians was usually done locally, with battalions each drawn from single castes, or and from specific communities or geographical areas. This pattern of recruitment continues to this day in many of the older regiments. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 55 out of 70 infantry regiments of the Bengal Army were disbanded and more infantry regiment raised from Punjab and those including Gorkhas. Indian troops maintained internal security in the country, fought for the defence of the North-West Frontier and were sent abroad to take part many conflict zones of the British empire. The infantrymen subsequently served in the two world wars with distinction.
Regimental organisation.
Each regiment consists of more than one infantry battalion. A battalion is commanded by an officer of the rank of Colonel. The battalion is further divided into four rifle companies, one headquarters company and at times a support company. Each company is commanded by an officer of the rank of a Major or a Captain. A company will have three platoons, which in turn will have three sections. In addition, each battalion has a Ghatak platoon, which is a special operations capable reconnaissance platoon. An infantry battalion usually has a strength of 15-20 officers and 650-800 other ranks. The latter includes Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs), Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and other ranks (ORs).
Regiments.
The Indian Army has three types of regiments based on class composition-
Based on role, the regiments can be classified as-
The regiments, date of formation, regimental centre, number of battalions (regular, Territorial Army (TA) and Rashtriya Rifles (RR), motto and war cry are as follows -
¶ The Dogra Regiment, Garhwal Rifles, Kumaon Regiment have a scout battalion each, in addition to the above-mentioned battalions. Arunachal Scouts is affiliated to Assam Regiment, Ladakh Scouts to Jammu and Kashmir Rifles and Sikkim Scouts is to 11 Gorkha Rifles.
§ Since the Gorkha Regiments have relatively smaller number of battalions, 1 Gorkha Rifles and 4 Gorkha Rifles provide troops for 15 Rashtriya Rifles battalion, 3 Gorkha Rifles and 9 Gorkha Rifles for 32 Rashtriya Rifles battalion, and 5 Gorkha Rifles and 8 Gorkha Rifles for 33 Rashtriya Rifles battalion. 3 Gorkha Rifles and 9 Gorkha Rifles are affiliated to 137 Composite Eco-Task Force Battalion (Territorial Army).
Infantry School.
The Infantry School is the alma mater of infantry and rose from a small training establishment to its present form in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh on 1 April 1948. The headquarters and major training facilities are located at Mhow. It is also the location for the infantry museum. The Junior Leaders’ Wing is located at Belgaum, Karnataka and the Non Commissioned Officers’ Academy is at Binnaguri, West Bengal. In addition, officers and men might be sent to specialised training establishments like the High Altitude Warfare School and Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School.
Infantry Day.
Infantry Day is celebrated on 27 October every year to commemorate the landing of infantry troops at Srinagar airport in 1947. This momentous act turned back the Pakistani invaders from the outskirts of Srinagar and was a turning point in the 1947 War.
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74395556
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Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande
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Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande was a leader of Communist Party of India. He was a member of Bombay Legislative Assembly and served as leader of the opposition from 1959 to 1960.
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74395560
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2023 Zambian Charity Shield
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The 2023 Zambian Charity Shield (also known as The 2023 Carling Black Label Samuel ‘Zoom’ Ndhlovu Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) will be the 58th Charity Shield match, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Super League and the ABSA Cup winners. The Charity Shield match acts as the dress rehearsal for the Super League season. The match will be played by Power Dynamos the league champions of the 2022/23 season and Forest Rangers winners of the 2023 ABSA Cup tournament.
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74395561
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The Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Uganda
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The Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Uganda is the official diplomatic mission of the Government of South Sudan in Uganda. It was established in the capital Kampala in 1998 to provide diplomatic engagement and pursue the interests of the Government and people of South Sudan in Uganda.
The Head of Mission of South Sudan in Uganda is Amb. Simon Juach Deng who was appointed as ambassador BY South South Sudan President Salva Kiir in October 2022.
Mission.
The diplomatic mission in Uganda was established to ensure both South Sudan and Uganda enjoy cordial relations and the mission's mandate is to forge closer relations between the people of the Republic of South Sudan and the people of the Republic of Uganda.
Location.
The Embassy of South Sudan in Uganda is located at Plot No.2 Sezibwa Road behind Sheraton Hotel and near Serena Hotel and Nakasero Primary School in Nakasero, Kampala, Uganda.
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74395570
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List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance members
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The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, () is a political alliance of centre to far-left political parties in India led by the Indian National Congress. It is a coalition of 26 political parties in India to take on the ruling National Democratic Alliance led by Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Indian general elections.
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74395572
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Great Oulu fire of 1705
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The great Oulu fire of 1705 was a conflagration that destroyed the parts of the city of Oulu, Finland. It consists of two fires in total, the first of which occurred on 20 July 1705, and the second on 28 August of the same year. A total of 144 houses and 121 granaries from the third and fourth districts of the city burned down in the fires.
The July fire was the largest of these. The fire started in Knuutti Juhonpoika's kitchen, where the maid Valpuri Pietarintytär was preparing liquor mash. Aided by the strong wind, the fire spread quickly in the then IV district, and practically the entire district burned to the ground. The fire in August started when the fire escaped from the shed of Tuomas Jakku's house. The fire destroyed 39 of the houses that were saved from the previous fire, and in addition most of the granaries in the Hahtiperä area also burned.
The area of the city was reduced by moving the customs fence towards the city center. Those whose estates were outside the customs fence were given estates in the center of the city. It was decided to leave free space between Hahtiperä's waterfront sheds and the town's houses.
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74395608
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Kazakhstan's 29th electoral district
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The Electoral district No. 29 (; ) is a single-mandate territorial constituency in Kazakhstan, represented in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Parliament. It covers the entirety of East Kazakhstan Region, including all its regional districts, with its seat being centered in Oskemen.
The constituency was originally formed for the 2004 legislative election and existed until being abolished in 2007. However, it has been reestablished in 2022 and is currently represented by deputy Luqbek Tumaşinov (Amanat) since March 2023.
Geography.
The Electoral district No. 29 is situated in the territory of East Kazakhstan Region, and its administrative center, Oskemen, serves as the seat of the constituency. The electoral district shares borders with No. 8 (Abai Region) to the west.
History.
The Electoral district No. 29 was formed for the 2004 legislative election as a result of redistribution originally within the boundaries of East Kazakhstan Region, and Viktor Yegorov served as deputy from the constituency. From there, the electoral district continued to exist until its dissolution following the 2007 amendment, which led to the abolition of all constituencies as part of the transition from a mixed-member majoritarian representation to a fully party-list proportional representation system. The change affected the composition of all seats in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Kazakh Parliament beginning with the 2007 legislative election.
In December 2022, the Electoral district No. 29 was reestablished by the Central Election Commission in the territory of East Kazakhstan Region, which came into effect on 1 January 2023 as a result of the 2022 amendment. The adoption of this amendment marked the reintroduction of a mixed electoral system for electing Mäjilis deputies, with the use of numbered constituencies being reinstated for the first time since 2004. It made its debut in the 2023 legislative election, with Luqbek Tumaşinov becoming the elected representative of the constituency.
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74395614
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Results of the 2004 Australian Capital Territory general election
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This is a list of Legislative Assembly results for the 2004 Australian Capital Territory general election.
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