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Co(ox)(H2O)2BrCl shown as H2O's cis; Br, Cl cis; Cl trans to Ox and again with all things constant except the Br is trans to Ox.
Co(ox)(H2O)2BrCl shown as H2O's cis; Br, Cl cis; Cl trans to Ox and again with all things constant except the Br is trans to Ox.
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Figure 1.79: a) Removing the crystals and filter paper from a Buchner funnel, b) Drying the crystals on a watch glass, c) Scraping crystals off filter paper before obtaining a mass (note: these are different crystals than those in b).
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A Lewis structure depicts a boron atom that is single bonded to three chlorine atoms, each of which has three lone pairs of electrons.
A Lewis structure depicts a boron atom that is single bonded to three chlorine atoms, each of which has three lone pairs of electrons.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): When a small amount of \(\ce{Na2CrO4}\) solution is added to a sample containing \(\ce{Pb^{2+}}\) ions in water, a bright yellow precipitate of \(\ce{PbCrO4}\) forms. (CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported;PRHaneyviaWikipedia).
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of a substance occur when conditions of temperature or pressure favor the associated changes in intermolecular forces. (Note: The space between particles in the gas phase is much greater than shown.)
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The oxygen atom is bonded to an isopropyl group and a methyl group.
The oxygen atom is bonded to an isopropyl group and a methyl group.
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The time taken for the falling ball to pass from mark 1 to mark 2 is used to obtain viscosity measurements.
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\) The time taken for the falling ball to pass from mark 1 to mark 2 is used to obtain viscosity measurements.
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A photo of beakers, flasks, and graduated cylinders is shown. Each piece of glassware holds a different color liquid.
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Laboratory glassware, such as Pyrex and Kimax, is made of borosilicate glass because it does not break when heated. The inclusion of borates in the glass helps to mediate the effects of thermal expansion and contraction. This reduces the likelihood of thermal shock, which causes silicate glass to crack upon rapid heating or cooling. (credit: “Tweenk”/Wikimedia Commons)
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An image of two C connected with a line. Both C's has two H's connected where the top H has a dashed line and the bottom H has a shaded triangle. On the very top of the Lewis Structure there is a red oval shape that is named "pi bond" and on the very bottom there is the same oval shape but is named "sigma bond."
An image of two C connected with a line. Both C's has two H's connected where the top H has a dashed line and the bottom H has a shaded triangle. On the very top of the Lewis Structure there is a red oval shape that is named "pi bond" and on the very bottom there is the same oval shape but is named "sigma bond."
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Acyl group, formyl group, and acetyle group attached to an 'acyl-X' group. The R groups are on the left of the compound and highlighted in red while the acyl X group is on the right of the compound and highlighted in blue.
Acyl group, formyl group, and acetyle group attached to an 'acyl-X' group. The R groups are on the left of the compound and highlighted in red while the acyl X group is on the right of the compound and highlighted in blue.
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Figure \(\sf{\PageIndex{17}}\). Seven-coordinate complexes containing ligands that encourage the formation of seven-coordinate geometries. Note that while in [NbOF6]3-and [UO2F5]3-the oxo ligands occupy axial positions, the Osmium complex shown possesses an oxo ligand in an equatorial position. This is likely because the parent octahedral complex, in which the oxo ligand is not present, possesses an expanded outer N-Os-N angle of 121.655° that opens to 154.161° to accommodate the oxo group. Drawn based on the structures reported in references 9 and 10. This work by Stephen Contakes is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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The reduction of iron (iii) oxide and aluminum oxide leads to iron and aluminum respectively.
The reduction of iron (iii) oxide and aluminum oxide leads to iron and aluminum respectively.
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Alkene between carbons 1 and 2. Step 1: Arrow from alkene to R3+. R3 attaches to carbon 1, carbon 2 has positive charge. Two different pathways. 1: Base attacks hydrogen on carbon 1. Text: no isomerization. 2: Base attacks hydrogen on carbon 3. Text: isomerization.
Alkene between carbons 1 and 2. Step 1: Arrow from alkene to R3+. R3 attaches to carbon 1, carbon 2 has positive charge. Two different pathways. 1: Base attacks hydrogen on carbon 1. Text: no isomerization. 2: Base attacks hydrogen on carbon 3. Text: isomerization.
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A weather map of the United States is shown which points out areas of high and low pressure with the letters H in blue and L in red. Curved lines in grey, orange, blue, and red are shown. The orange lines are segmented. The red and blue lines have small red or blue semi-circles and triangles attached along their lengths. In dashed white lines, latitude and longitude are indicated. Underlined three and four digit numbers also appear across the map.
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): Meteorologists use weather maps to describe and predict weather. Regions of high (H) and low (L) pressure have large effects on weather conditions. The gray lines represent locations of constant pressure known as isobars. (credit: modification of work by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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The diamond is subdivided into four smaller diamonds. The upper diamond is colored red and is associated with fire hazards. The numbers in the fire hazard diamond range from 0 to 4. As the numbers increase, the chemical’s flash point decreases. 0 indicates a substance that will not burn, 1 indicates a substance with a flashpoint above 200 degrees Fahrenheit, 2 indicates a substance with a flashpoint above 100 degrees Fahrenheit and not exceeding 200 degrees Fahrenheit, 3 indicates a substance with a flashpoint below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and 4 indicates a substance with a flashpoint below 73 degrees Fahrenheit. The right-hand diamond is yellow and is associated with reactivity. The reactivity numbers range from 0 to 4. 0 indicates a stable chemical, 1 indicates a chemical that is unstable if heated, 2 indicates the possibility of a violent chemical change, 3 indicates that shock and heat may detonate the chemical and 4 indicates that the chemical may detonate. The lower diamond is white and is associated with specific hazards. These contain abbreviations that describe specific hazardous characteristic of the chemical. O X indicates an oxidizer, A C I D indicates an acid, A L K indicates an alkali, C O R indicates corrosive, a W with a line through it indicates use no water, and a symbol of a dot surrounded by three triangles indicates radioactive. The leftmost diamond is blue and is associated with health hazards. The numbers in the health hazard diamond range from 0 to 4. 0 indicates a normal material, 1 indicates slightly hazardous, 2 indicates hazardous, 3 indicates extreme danger, and 4 indicates deadly.
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) hazard diamond summarizes the major hazards of a chemical substance.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Mass/Volume Percent.The 0.9% NaCl concentration on this IV bag is mass/volume percent (left). Such solution is used for other purposes and available in bottles (right). Figures used with permission from Wikipedia
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Left: methyl vinyl ketone molecule. Right: methyl methacrylate molecule.
Left: methyl vinyl ketone molecule. Right: methyl methacrylate molecule.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{54}\) Comparison of the atomic displacement parameters observed in the disordered BF4-anion from [Cu(Ph-dpa)(styrene)]BF4at data collection temperature (a) T = 213 K and (b) T = 298 K. Thermal ellipsoids are set at the 25% level.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\). Frost diagrams for the first transition series at pH 0. This work by Stephen Contakes is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): In an isolated B atom, there are one 2s and three 2p valence orbitals. When boron is in a molecule with three regions of electron density, three of the orbitals hybridize and create a set of three sp2orbitals and one unhybridized 2p orbital. The three half-filled hybrid orbitals each overlap with an orbital from a hydrogen atom to form three σ bonds in BH3.
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Three-Dimensional Representation of Methane molecule.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Three-Dimensional Representation of Methane © Thinkstock. The methane molecule is three dimensional, with the H atoms in the positions of the four corners of a tetrahedron.
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The 1 H N M R spectrum of para-bromotoluene shows peaks at 0 (T M S), 2.3, 7.0, and 7.4 parts per million.
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): The1H NMR spectrum ofp-bromotoluene.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\): Artist's simulation of the UV-Vis spectrum of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): A portion of the ionic crystal lattice of lithium hydride, LiH. (a) Lithium ions, Li+, (color) and hydride ions, H–, (gray) are shown full size. In a macroscopic crystal the regular array of ions extends indefinitely in all directions. (b) “Exploded” view of the lattice, showing that each Li+ion (color) is surrounded by six H–ions (gray), and vice versa. (Computer-generated). (Copyright © 1976 by W. G. Davies and J. W. Moore.)
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In the example for P-type, boron is shown as an example. Boron is electron deficient and so it gains electron from the valence band of the semiconductor. This is labeled as hole transport. Phosphorus is used an example for N-type. Phosphorus wants to lose its electron from its valence shell and so there is electron transport from phosphorus to the conducting band. The empty space in P's orbital is called a fixed hole.
In the example for P-type, boron is shown as an example. Boron is electron deficient and so it gains electron from the valence band of the semiconductor. This is labeled as hole transport. Phosphorus is used an example for N-type. Phosphorus wants to lose its electron from its valence shell and so there is electron transport from phosphorus to the conducting band. The empty space in P's orbital is called a fixed hole.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The Electrolysis of Water. Applying an external potential of about 1.7–1.9 V to two inert electrodes immersed in an aqueous solution of an electrolyte such as H2SO4or Na2SO4drives the thermodynamically nonspontaneous decomposition of water into H2at the cathode and O2at the anode. (CC BY-SA-NC; anonymous)
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Heatmap generated from microarray. Rebecca C. Fry. Systems Biology in Toxicology and Environmental Health, Chapter 4 (Kindle Location 1954). Elsevier Inc.
Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Heatmap generated from microarray. Rebecca C. Fry. Systems Biology in Toxicology and Environmental Health, Chapter 4 (Kindle Location 1954). Elsevier Inc.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Illustration of the Area Shared by Two Electron Pairs versus the Angle between Them
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Figure 5.2.5 The Bipyridyl (bipy) ligand. Donor atoms are denoted red.
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Several tools are needed for the sample preparation using Method 1
Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Several tools are needed for the sample preparation using Method 1.
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Firefighters aim hoses spraying water at a large building mostly consumed by fire.
Firefighters aim hoses spraying water at a large building mostly consumed by fire.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Basic principle of a flash-photolysis relaxation experiment where an excitation pulse purturbed a system at equilibrium and the subsequent dynamics are resolved in time.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Drops of concentrated sulfuric acid rapidly decompose a piece of cotton towel by dehydration. (CC BY-SA 3.0;Toxic Walker).
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Left: ascorbic acid molecule. Right: thiamine molecule.
Left: ascorbic acid molecule. Right: thiamine molecule.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Space-filling model of bradykinin. (Public Domain;Fvasconcellos)
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Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Molecules with Polar Bonds. Individual bond dipole moments are indicated in red. Due to their different three-dimensional geometry, some molecules with polar bonds have a net dipole moment (HCl, CH2O, NH3, and CHCl3), indicated in blue, whereas others do not because the bond dipoles cancel due to symmetry (BCl3and CCl4).
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Figure 13.4.12. Separation module for flow injection analysis using a liquid–liquid extraction. The inset shows the equilibrium reaction. As the sample moves through the equilibration zone, the analyteextracts into the organic phase.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The order of the vectors in the determinant determines the sign. (CC BY-NC-SA;Marcia Levitus)
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The work of Nobel Prize recipient Fritz Haber revolutionized agricultural practices in the early 20th century. His work also affected wartime strategies, adding chemical weapons to the artillery.
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An isolated oxygen atom owns six valence electrons. When bound, oxygen owns all non-bonding electrons and one electron from each covalent bond.
An isolated oxygen atom owns six valence electrons. When bound, oxygen owns all non-bonding electrons and one electron from each covalent bond.
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A photo and a map, labeled “a” and “b,” respectively, are shown. Photo a shows a man in a body-covering safety suit working near a series of blue, plastic coated containers. Map b shows a section of land with the ocean on each side. Near the upper right side of the land is a small red dot, labeled “greater than, 12.5, m R backslash, h r,” that is surrounded by a zone of orange that extends in the upper left direction labeled “2.17, dash, 12.5, m R backslash, h r.” The orange is surrounded by an outline of yellow labeled “1.19, dash, 2.17, m R backslash, h r” and a wider outline of green labeled “0.25, dash, 1.19, m R backslash, h r.” A large area of light blue, labeled “0.03, dash, 0.25, m R backslash, h r” surrounds the green area and extends to the lower middle of the map. A large section of the lower middle and left of the land is covered by dark blue, labeled “less than 0.03, m R backslash, h r.”
Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\): (a) After the accident, contaminated waste had to be removed, and (b) an evacuation zone was set up around the plant in areas that received heavy doses of radioactive fallout. (credit a: modification of work by “Live Action Hero”/Flickr)
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This figure shows two barometers. The barometer to the left contains a shallow reservoir, or open container, of mercury. A narrow tube extends upward from the reservoir above the reservoir. This tube is sealed at the top. To the right, a second similar setup is shown with a reservoir filled with water. Line segments connect the label “vacuum” to the tops of the two narrow tubes. The tube on the left shows the mercury in the reservoir extending in a column upward in the narrow tube. Similarly, the tube on the right shows the water in the reservoir extending upward into the related narrow tube. Double-headed arrows extend from the surface of each liquid in the reservoir to the top of the liquid in each tube. A narrow column or bar extends from the surface of the reservoir to the same height. This bar is labeled “atmospheric pressure.” The level of the water in its tube is significantly higher than the level of mercury in its tube.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): In a barometer, the height,h, of the column of liquid is used as a measurement of the air pressure. Using very dense liquid mercury (left) permits the construction of reasonably sized barometers, whereas using water (right) would require a barometer more than 30 feet tall.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The Photoelectric Effect(a) Irradiating a metal surface with photons of sufficiently high energy causes electrons to be ejected from the metal. (b) A photocell that uses the photoelectric effect, similar to those found in automatic door openers. When light strikes the metal cathode, electrons are emitted and attracted to the anode, resulting in a flow of electrical current. If the incoming light is interrupted by, for example, a passing person, the current drops to zero. (c) In contrast to predictions using classical physics, no electrons are emitted when photons of light with energy less thanEo, such as red light, strike the cathode. The energy of violet light is above the threshold frequency, so the number of emitted photons is proportional to the light’s intensity.
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Two Lewis structures are shown and connected by a double-headed arrow. The left image shows a number two next to a nitrogen atom with a lone electron and a lone pair of electrons. The nitrogen atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom with two lone pairs of electrons. The right image shows two nitrogen atoms, each with one lone pair of electrons, single bonded to one another. Each is also double bonded to an oxygen atom with two lone pairs of electrons.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): This shows the equilibrium between NO and N2O2. The molecule, N2O2, absorbs light.
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Figure 3.1.3 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, as Published in the German JournalAnnalen der Chemie und Pharmaciein1872.Thecolumn headings “Reihen” and “Gruppe” are German for “row” and “group.” Formulas indicate the type of compounds formed by each group, with “R” standing for “any element” and superscripts used where we now use subscripts. Atomic masses are shown after equal signs and increase across each row from left to right.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\): A Concept Map for Conversions. This is how you construct a conversion factor to convert from one unit to another.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): The periodic table shows how elements may be grouped according to certain similar properties. Note the background color denotes whether an element is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal, whereas the element symbol color indicates whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\) The Earth's average annual temperature.Source:Robert A. Rohde for Global Warming Art.
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Two oxygens with six valence electrons are bound to nitrogen through single bonds; another oxygen with four valence electrons bound to nitrogen through a double bond.
Two oxygens with six valence electrons are bound to nitrogen through single bonds; another oxygen with four valence electrons bound to nitrogen through a double bond.
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Figure 4:Principle of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can differentiate into any type of somatic cell. Source:https://beyondthedish.wordpress.com/2015/08/08/new-york-stem-cell-foundation-invents-robotic-platform-for-making-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells//
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Separation module for flow injection analysis using a liquid–liquid extraction. The inset shows the equilibrium reaction. As the sample moves through the equilibration zone, the analyte extracts into the organic phase.
Figure 33.2.12
. Separation module for flow injection analysis using a liquid–liquid extraction. The inset shows the equilibrium reaction. As the sample moves through the equilibration zone, the analyteextracts into the organic phase.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Analysis of zirconium in a mass spectrometer produces a mass spectrum with peaks showing the different isotopes of Zr.
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Chemical reaction diagram with two scenarios: A shows two diatomic molecules forming two different diatomic molecules. B reverses the reaction, resulting in the original diatomic molecules.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): An ineffective collision (A) is one that does not result in product formation. An effective collision (B) is one in which chemical bonds are broken and a product is formed. (CC BY-NC; CK-12)
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Relationships among Criteria for Thermodynamic Spontaneity. The three properties of a system that can be used to predict the spontaneity of a redox reaction under standard conditions are K, ΔG°, and E°cell. If we know the value of one of these quantities, then these relationships enable us to calculate the value of the other two. The signs of ΔG° and E°celland the magnitude of K determine the direction of spontaneous reaction under standard conditions. (CC BY-NC-SA; Anonymous by request)
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Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): A gas produced in a chemical reaction can be collected by water displacement.
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This figure shows four rectangles. The first is shaded yellow and is labeled, “Mass of M g ( O H ) subscript 2.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a second rectangle which is shaded pink and is labeled, “Moles of M g ( O H ) subscript 2.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a third rectangle which is shaded pink and is labeled, “Moles of N a O H.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a fourth rectangle which is shaded yellow and is labeled, “Mass of N a O H.”
This figure shows four rectangles. The first is shaded yellow and is labeled, “Mass of M g ( O H ) subscript 2.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a second rectangle which is shaded pink and is labeled, “Moles of M g ( O H ) subscript 2.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a third rectangle which is shaded pink and is labeled, “Moles of N a O H.” This rectangle is followed by an arrow pointing right to a fourth rectangle which is shaded yellow and is labeled, “Mass of N a O H.”
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Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The Reaction of Metallic Zinc with Aqueous Copper(II) Ions in a Galvanic Cell. (a) A galvanic cell can be constructed by inserting a copper strip into a beaker that contains an aqueous 1 M solution of Cu2+ions and a zinc strip into a different beaker that contains an aqueous 1 M solution of Zn2+ions. The two metal strips are connected by a wire that allows electricity to flow, and the beakers are connected by a salt bridge. When the switch is closed to complete the circuit, the zinc electrode (the anode) is spontaneously oxidized to Zn2+ions in the left compartment, while Cu2+ions are simultaneously reduced to copper metal at the copper electrode (the cathode). (b) As the reaction progresses, the Zn anode loses mass as it dissolves to give Zn2+(aq) ions, while the Cu cathode gains mass as Cu2+(aq) ions are reduced to copper metal that is deposited on the cathode. (CC BY-SA-NC; anonymous)
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Scheme \(\PageIndex{5}\): Metal binding and deprotonation activates water as a nucleophile.
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Three general structural formulas are shown. The first one shows the carbonyl carbon bonded to two R groups, the second shows one R group and one Ar group and the third one shows bonding to two Ar groups.
Three general structural formulas are shown. The first one shows the carbonyl carbon bonded to two R groups, the second shows one R group and one Ar group and the third one shows bonding to two Ar groups.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): Splitting of the degenerate d-orbitals (without a ligand field) due to an square planar ligand field.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Illustration of tetragonal distortion (elongation) for an octahedral complex.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Polar versus Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. (a) The electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared by both hydrogen atoms. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) The chlorine atom attracts the electrons in the bond more than the hydrogen atom does, leading to an imbalance in the electron distribution. This is a polar covalent bond.
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Electrostatic potential maps constituting the ball-and-stick models of (trifluoromethyl)benzene and toluene show redness around fluorine atoms and in the ring region, respectively.
Electrostatic potential maps constituting the ball-and-stick models of (trifluoromethyl)benzene and toluene show redness around fluorine atoms and in the ring region, respectively.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The molecular orbital diagram and photoelectron spectrum of dinitrogen. (CC-BY-NC-SA; Libretexts)
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Diagram showing electron transitions for a hydrogen atom: Lyman series (n>1 to n=1), Balmer series (n>2 to n=2), Paschen series (n>3 to n=3), Brackett series (n>4 to n=4).
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The electron energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. (CC BY-NC 3.0; Christopher Auyeung via CK-12 Foundation)
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Figure 10.7.6. External standards calibration curves for the flame atomic emission analysis of Na in a salt substitute. The solid blackline shows the ideal calibration curve assuming we match the matrix of the samples and the standards using pure KCl. The lower of the two dashedredlines shows the effect of failing to add KCl to the external standards, which decreases emission. The other dashedredline shows the effect of using KCl that is contaminated with NaCl, which causes us to underestimate the concentration of Na in the standards. In both cases, the result is a positive determinate error in the analysis of samples.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Ion–Dipole Interactions in the Solvation of Li+ Ions by Acetone, a Polar Solvent
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Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Tertiary Protein Structure Interactions. Four interactions stabilize the tertiary structure of a protein: (a) ionic bonding, (b) hydrogen bonding, (c) disulfide linkages, and (d) dispersion forces.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Ethene and Propene. The ball-and-spring models of ethene/ethylene (a) and propene/propylene (b) show their respective shapes, especially bond angles.
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2 molecules of 2,3,5-trichlorphenolate reacts with two molecules sodium chloride to produce TCDD
2 molecules of 2,3,5-trichlorphenolate reacts with two molecules sodium chloride to produce TCDD
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Light emanates from a light source and travels through an entrance slit. It hits a collimating mirror and its redirected toward a diffraction grating. This contact separates the different wavelengths of light which then travels to a focusing mirror. Lastly, the focused wavelengths travel through an exit slit and hit a detector.
Figure 10.1.12. Schematic diagram of a monochromator that uses a diffraction grating to disperse the radiation.
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A graph is shown. The horizontal axis is labeled, “P ( a t m ).” Its scale is marked at 0, 1, and 2. The vertical axis is labeled, “P V ( a t m L ).” This scale includes markings at 0, 22.4, 22.5, and 22.6. Two curves and two lines are drawn of varying colors. One line is a horizontal, blue line extending right from about 22.42 a t m L on the vertical axis, and is labeled, “Ideal gas.” The remaining two curves and one line start at the same point on the vertical axis. A green line extends up and to the right slightly on the graph, reaching a value of approximately 22.46 a t m L at 2 a t m. This green line is labeled, “H e.” An orange curve dips below the horizontal ideal gas line initially, then increases to cross the line just past 1 a t m. This curve reaches a value of about 22.52 a t m L at 2 a t m. This curve is labeled, “C H subscript 4.” A purple curve dips below the horizontal ideal gas line initially, then increases to cross the line at about 0.8 a t m. This curve reaches a value of nearly 22.62 a t m L at nearly 1.2 a t m. This curve is labeled, “C O subscript 2.
A graph is shown. The horizontal axis is labeled, “P ( a t m ).” Its scale is marked at 0, 1, and 2. The vertical axis is labeled, “P V ( a t m L ).” This scale includes markings at 0, 22.4, 22.5, and 22.6. Two curves and two lines are drawn of varying colors. One line is a horizontal, blue line extending right from about 22.42 a t m L on the vertical axis, and is labeled, “Ideal gas.” The remaining two curves and one line start at the same point on the vertical axis. A green line extends up and to the right slightly on the graph, reaching a value of approximately 22.46 a t m L at 2 a t m. This green line is labeled, “H e.” An orange curve dips below the horizontal ideal gas line initially, then increases to cross the line just past 1 a t m. This curve reaches a value of about 22.52 a t m L at 2 a t m. This curve is labeled, “C H subscript 4.” A purple curve dips below the horizontal ideal gas line initially, then increases to cross the line at about 0.8 a t m. This curve reaches a value of nearly 22.62 a t m L at nearly 1.2 a t m. This curve is labeled, “C O subscript 2.
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Graphic: Boolean Operators. Three sets of overlapping circles. First pair: one labeled "enterprise," one is "business." Both are colored in purple, and underneath is "enterprise OR business" with OR in red. Second pair: "economy" and "finance." Both are white, with only the small part overlapping in purple. Underneath, "economy AND finance," with AND in red. Third pair: "enterprise" and "Star Trek." Enterprise is purple but Star Trek is white. Underneath, enterprise NOT Star Trek, with NOT in red. Bottom right drawing of stylized Dr. Spock from Star Trek.
Graphic: Boolean Operators. Three sets of overlapping circles. First pair: one labeled "enterprise," one is "business." Both are colored in purple, and underneath is "enterprise OR business" with OR in red. Second pair: "economy" and "finance." Both are white, with only the small part overlapping in purple. Underneath, "economy AND finance," with AND in red. Third pair: "enterprise" and "Star Trek." Enterprise is purple but Star Trek is white. Underneath, enterprise NOT Star Trek, with NOT in red. Bottom right drawing of stylized Dr. Spock from Star Trek.
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Strong base and alkyl halide react to form an alkene, an alcohol and a halogen anion. Text: bond-breaking and bond-forming occurs simultaneously, no carbocation intermediate.
Strong base and alkyl halide react to form an alkene, an alcohol and a halogen anion. Text: bond-breaking and bond-forming occurs simultaneously, no carbocation intermediate.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): A Blue Copper Protein. In both the oxidized and reduced forms of a blue copper protein, the copper is coordinated by four ligands (two histidine imidazole nitrogen atoms, a cysteine thiolate sulfur, and a thioether sulfur of a methionine) in a roughly tetrahedral arrangement.
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Figure 13.1. Outline of the major components of an industrial ecosystem.
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Two molecules of carbon attached to a red, blue, black and green ball (labeled A and B). Dashed line separates molecule A and B to show mirror plane. A and B are reflections of each other.
Two molecules of carbon attached to a red, blue, black and green ball (labeled A and B). Dashed line separates molecule A and B to show mirror plane. A and B are reflections of each other.
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On left: Three rows of four atoms with 4 connected showing square packing. On right: Half of the atoms shift so the middle row only has three atoms. An atom is now inside the connected atoms showing centered packaging.
On left: Three rows of four atoms with 4 connected showing square packing. On right: Half of the atoms shift so the middle row only has three atoms. An atom is now inside the connected atoms showing centered packaging.
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Image A is of John F. Kennedy giving a speech to a large crowd of people. Image B is of George W. Bush speaking through a bullhorn, surrounded by several rescue workers.
Image A is of John F. Kennedy giving a speech to a large crowd of people. Image B is of George W. Bush speaking through a bullhorn, surrounded by several rescue workers.
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Calculator shows number, 3.84951 to the 18th power
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): This calculator shows only the coefficient and the power of 10 to represent the number in scientific notation. Thus, the number being displayed is \(3.84951 \times 10^{18}\), or \(3,849,510,000,000,000,000\). Source: "Casio" Asim Bijarani is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Ion-Pair Formation. In an ion pair, the cation and the anion are in intimate contact in solution and migrate as a single unit. They are not completely dissociated and individually surrounded by solvent molecules, as are the hydrated ions, which are free to migrate independently.
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13.jpg
Figure \(\PageIndex{14}\): Primary insertion occurs in ZN-catalytic system to give regioselective products.
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PCFranckCondon.png
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Transition from the ground state to an excited vibrational state within the excited electronic state.
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In a test tube, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas in single displacement reaction.
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): (First image) Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to give off hydrogen gas in a single-displacement reaction. (Second image) Sodium metal reacts vigorously with water, giving off hydrogen gas. A large piece of sodium will often generate so much heat that the hydrogen will ignite.
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This table has two main columns and four rows. The first row for the first column does not have a heading and then has the following in the first column: Initial concentration ( M ), Change ( M ), Equilibrium concentration ( M ). The second column has the header of “[ C H subscript 3 C O subscript 2 H ] [ H subscript 2 O ] equilibrium arrow H subscript 3 O superscript plus sign [ C H subscript 3 C O subscript 2 superscript negative sign ].” Under the second column is a subgroup of four columns and three rows. The first column has the following: 0.10, negative x, 0.10 minus sign x. The second column is blank. The third column has the following: approximately 0, positive x, x. The fourth column has the following: 0.10, positive x, 0.10 plus sign x.
This table has two main columns and four rows. The first row for the first column does not have a heading and then has the following in the first column: Initial concentration ( M ), Change ( M ), Equilibrium concentration ( M ). The second column has the header of “[ C H subscript 3 C O subscript 2 H ] [ H subscript 2 O ] equilibrium arrow H subscript 3 O superscript plus sign [ C H subscript 3 C O subscript 2 superscript negative sign ].” Under the second column is a subgroup of four columns and three rows. The first column has the following: 0.10, negative x, 0.10 minus sign x. The second column is blank. The third column has the following: approximately 0, positive x, x. The fourth column has the following: 0.10, positive x, 0.10 plus sign x.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\):Relationships between hydrogen ion concentration, hydroxide ion concentration, pH and pOH.
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H2O molecules connected together in a hexagon shape
Figure 2.6e Simplified Diagram of Hydrogen Bonds between Water Molecules
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the two carbon-oxygen bonds are same in a carbonate but different in carboxylic acid
the two carbon-oxygen bonds are same in a carbonate but different in carboxylic acid
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alt
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Sample of sodium hydroxide as pellets in a watch glass. (Public Domain; Walkerma.)
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clipboard_e527b0e161c4736ca4e6059c5eb5a98e7.png
Figure 8.2.17 Tanabe-Sugano diagram of the d8octahedral complex (Attribution: Chem507f091 / Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...no_diagram.png)
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In a cyclobutane ring, C1 and C2 are each wedge bonded to methyl groups and dash bonded to hydrogen atoms, respectively.
In a cyclobutane ring, C1 and C2 are each wedge bonded to methyl groups and dash bonded to hydrogen atoms, respectively.
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The graph shows monopoly profits as the area between the demand curve and the average cost curve at the monopolist's level of output.
The graph shows monopoly profits as the area between the demand curve and the average cost curve at the monopolist's level of output.
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http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Images/cycxarom.gif
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Images/cycxarom.gif
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HEUraniumC.jpg
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): A billet of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex Plant. Original and unrotated.
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Steam distillation setup with Claisen adapter. Mint leaves are visible in the distillation flask.
Figure 5.56: Steam distillation of mint.
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Two photos are shown and labeled “a” and “b.” Photo a shows a model of the ITER reactor made up of colorful components. Photo b shows a close-up view of the end of a long, mechanical arm made up of many metal components.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): (a) This model is of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) reactor. Currently under construction in the south of France with an expected completion date of 2027, the ITER will be the world’s largest experimental Tokamak nuclear fusion reactor with a goal of achieving large-scale sustained energy production. (b) In 2012, the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory briefly produced over 500,000,000,000 watts (500 terawatts, or 500 TW) of peak power and delivered 1,850,000 joules (1.85 MJ) of energy, the largest laser energy ever produced and 1000 times the power usage of the entire United States in any given moment. Although lasting only a few billionths of a second, the 192 lasers attained the conditions needed for nuclear fusion ignition. This image shows the target prior to the laser shot. (credit a: modification of work by Stephan Mosel)
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Graph showing a horizontal infinity symbol with a blue dot at the intersection point, on a plain white background.
Figure 5.1.4 : Solution to the Harmonic Oscillator. Displacement (y-axis) is plotted as a function of time.
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This figure includes three images. Image a is a black and white image of a hydrogen balloon apparently being deflated by a mob of people. In image b, a blue, gold, and red balloon is being held to the ground with ropes while positioned above a platform from which smoke is rising beneath the balloon. In c, an image is shown in grey on a peach-colored background of an inflated balloon with vertical striping in the air. It appears to have a basket attached to its lower side. A large stately building appears in the background.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): In 1783, the first (a) hydrogen-filled balloon flight, (b) manned hot air balloon flight, and (c) manned hydrogen-filled balloon flight occurred. When the hydrogen-filled balloon depicted in (a) landed, the frightened villagers of Gonesse reportedly destroyed it with pitchforks and knives. The launch of the latter was reportedly viewed by 400,000 people in Paris.
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Diagram of a water molecule showing two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a V shape. Arrows indicate the direction of the bonds.
Diagram of a water molecule showing two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a V shape. Arrows indicate the direction of the bonds.
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Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Niels Bohr with Albert Einstein at Paul Ehrenfest's home in Leiden (December 1925).
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